HEALTH DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DELHI
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- HEALTH DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DELHI
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RF_IH_5_SUDHA
To
Dr.Ravi Narayan,
St.John Medical College,
Bangalore- 560 034
From
Vvrswolw
Virinder Singh, Convener, FAIR,
Deptt. of Pol. Sc. Arts Block IV
Panjab University Chandigarh-160014
National Convention
ON
Researchers’ Daq, 1981
"Research, Freedom, and Social Progress in India"
6—8 March, 1982
ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION
Dear Sir,
A.
Last year Federation of Associations of Indian Researchers,
(FAIR) christened the anniversary of Sir C. V. Raman, Nov., 7 as
“Researchers’ Day" and had decided to .celebrate it to highlight .
the state and problems of research all over the country. With
its motto, "Research with Dignity for Human Progress”, FAIR is
marching ahead towards the restructuring and reorientation of
reseat ch-policies and research-activities. In 1981, Reseaschers'
Day will be devoted to the discussion of some important issues
which are going to be taken up at the National Convention of
Researchers on “RESEARCH, FREEDOM AND SOCIAL
PROGRESS IN INDIA”, to be organised on 6—8 March, 1982.
On the occasion of Researchers’ Day 1981, we invite you to
advise us regarding the Conference. We will highly appreciate if
you send us a writeup for inclusion in the Souvenir which
will be issued to mark the occasion,
Research and Socio-Economic Development ■—
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
B.
Reorientation of Reseat ch for Industrialization.
Fabrication of indigenous technology through research.
Research and Agricultural Development.
Research in academic institutions and its relevance for
industrial development.
Impact of Research on Indian People.
Research Policy and Social change.
Research and Socio-Economic Development.
Meaningful research in social sciences.
Policy and Planning of Research in India
Indian Research Services (IRS) as a means to stop brain
drain and improve the quality of research.
Comprehensive Research Policy suited to the needs of
India.
iii)
Rational utilization of the limited research allocations.
iv)
Planning of research and the status of researchers.
v)
Neglect of research in Social Sciences & Humanities.
i)
ii)
C.
Organisation and Management of Research
Role of Research Development Councils—CSIR, ICMR,
ICAR, ICSSR NCAER, NCERT, ICHR, etc.
Need of a National Information System for efficient
conduct of research.
iii)
Participation of researchers in Policy Planning and Deci
sion making Bodies.
iv)
Research in the Universities and the role of University
Grants Commission.
v)
Bureaucratisation of Research Institutions.
vi)
Research as Faculty Improvement device.
vii)
Time—bound schemes and the quality of research.
i)
ii)
with regards.
Dated 1st November. 1981.
Your Sincerely,
D.
Freedom and Research
Institutionalized Research and Academic Freedom.
Government- sponsored research & Academic Freedom,
Senior—Junior Relationship and Academic Freedom.
Socio—economic status of researchers and Academic
Freedom.
v)
Constitutional Guarantees for Academic Freedom.
vi)
Conceptual slavery, Borrowed Methodology & Academic
Freedom.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Virindef Singh, Convener, FAIR,
Deptt. of Pol. Sc. Arts Block IV
Panjab University Chandigarh-160014
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OKHLA NEIGHBOURHOOD COMPREHENSIVE
HEALTH AND WELFARE PROJECT
FOR THE YEAR..1973
This is the second year of the project e'xefcut©d, to provide
Comprehensive Health and Welfare Services with the partici
pation of the following agencies:-
I.
HI.
Holy Family Hospital Community Health Department
acting as the nuclctus for the Community Health CompQajnt
of the project.
Holy Family Hospital Outpatient and Inpatient
for the referral services,
III.
Holy Family Hospital Nursing School for training
programme of Nursing Students in Community Health
Department.
IV.
Dr. Zakir Hussain Memorial Welfare Society acting
as the nuclews for the Welfare and Social programmes
of the project.
Jamia School of Social Work for training programmes
of Social Work students.
VI.
Don Bosco Technical and Training Scho'ol1' for educat
ional and referral services.
With the Coordinated efforts of the above agencies the activit-.
ius of the project were aimed at:
a)
b)
Neighbourhood development and
Total family care through integrated health
welfare and educational services.
aims are being achieved by developing a coordinated
programme for families of the Neighbourhood interms of Social,
Recreational, Educational, Economic and Health activities.
The Programmes have been made possible through the assistance
of the following agencies
i)
ii)
iii)
Zentralstelle fur Entwicklungshife EV., Germany for
the major portion of the activities,
OXFAM for referral and family Welfare Counselling
programmes,
Catholic Relief Services for Nutritional Supplements,
vi)
Holy Family Hospital Ladies Auxiliary through its
generreus grants;
Indo German Social Service Society for
the legal holders share of the project;
CARITAS for Doll Production Unit;'
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
xiv)
Delhi Administration,
Delhi Municipal Corporation,
Central Social Welfare Beard,
New Delhi T/B, Centre,
UNICEF,
Other referral hospitals and agencies in the city,
National programmes in the area.
iv)
v)
The attivities of the Project during the year.1973 have been
highlighted in the subsequent pages.
The first portion cf the report covers the programmes under
Community Health Component and the second portion covers the
Welfare and Social pro gram...os.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - A PROBLEM
IN A SEMI-URBAN HEALTH PROGRAMME
Dr. Marie Tobin,
Director of Community Health Department,
Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi-110 025.
A project entitled " An Experience of the Okhla
Neighbourhood Comprehensive Health and Welfare Pilot
Project (ONPP) " was started in 1972 and based on already
existing health and welfare activities. It was a joint
effort of various agencies involved in these activities.
The objective of the Pilot Project was neighbourhood
development and total family care through integrated
health and welfare and educational services.
An evaluation of the project was carried out in
December 1974, covering all fields of endeavour. This
paper deals specifically with the findings related with
Community participation. Analysis of the Pilot Project,
showed that while some health targets were achieved,
the project did not achieve effective community partici
pation. Factors contributing to this were nature of the
service community, poor organisation and administration,
inadequate understanding of the Project by field staff
and beneficiaries, and lack of committment of the staff
to the project.
Recommendations have been made for consideration
by the Project holders in extending the programme for
another two years. Some fundamental questions will be ■
posed on the basis of the experience of ONPP.
tieu-ii — 2.
14, Copernicus Lane
New Delhi - 110001
Phone : 384544 P.P.
(A Group of young Volunteers)
Registration No. S/8276
QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER
Vol. 2 No 1
1979
Dear Friend,
We do hope you all received our new year greetings and good wishes. Since we sent the last Newsletter to you,
we have made a marked progress towards achieving our goals.
During December’78, January ’79 we have diligently worked out an annual plan of action for ‘Prerana’ and
are determined to work hard and keep the set schedules. A brief outline of the plan is given below for your
reference:—
Activity
Time Target SI.
1979—1980 No.
Activity
Time Target
1979—1980
No. \
Pr°?ra"""c
A.
Physical
(i) Level Playground
October ’79
(i) Balwadi 2 day/week
July '79
Development
(ii) Ventillation (10 Houses)
October ’79
(iii) Levelling approach
Road.
(ii) Age group 7-14 yrs.
Twice/week
June '79
December’79
(iii) 15-30 yrs. (Males)
2/wk to be raised
to 4/wk.
July '79
(iv) 15-30 yrs. (Females)
1 hr/twice wk.
June ’79
B.
C.
Education
Economic
(i) Adult Literacy
D.
June ’79
(ii) Adult education
(Family life education)
June ’79
(iii) Balwadi Extension to
66 children (Review
curriculum)
July ’79
(iv) Contact neighbouring
schools for admission
June ’79
(v) Coaching Classes
July ’79
Sports cultural day
once/ 6 months
July,
January ’80
(vi) Library
May ’79
Annual Function
once/year
December’79
Painting competition
once/6 months
July,’79
January '80
1. Village Level
(i) Raise income by Rs. 40/- Septembcr’79
per month for 20
families.
E.
(a) Duster making (10
families.)
May ’79
(b) Dairy farming piggeries
July ’79
(ii) Local Savings Co. op.
February ’80
(2) Central fund 15,000/-
December ’79
(a) Sale of accumulated
material of Production
Centre
July ’79
(b) Raise 100 new sponsors
June ’79
(c) Donation through banks
July ’79
(d) Annual Fund Raising
December ’79
(v) 60 yrs.
Balwadi Storey telling
Sessions-oncc/wcck
July ’79
(vi) Feature Filming
Once/6 months
June,
December '79
(i) Survcy-Sohal
-Dairy
April '79
July ’79
(ii) Formation local
committee.
a. Village Level
May ’79
b. Mahila Ma nd a I
June ’79
(iii) Appointment of
Full time field worker
June ’79
(iv) Full time Ext. Worker
April '79
(v) Field Volunteers raised to
15 regular ones.
June ’79
(vi) Accounts Audit.
May ’79
In our planning, we have been very realistic and kept
the availability of various resources in mind. We
invite your observations and suggestions on the
same. Following is a brief programme report for
you—
Educational Programme
A.
a.
Balwadi (i) Most of the 33 children now in a
Balwadi II are being motivated to join the class
I in the neighbouring Municipality Schools.
New admissions will now be taken for Balwadi
I. The children from the neighbouring village
‘Dairy’ will also be given more opportunities for
availing of these services. If needed, a new Bal
wadi may be started in the ‘Dairy’ area itself.
b.
(ii) The Balsevika has been given a salary raise
and will now receive Rs. 210/- p. m. on the expiry
of the probation period on 31st April 1979.
b.
Adult Education : A group of 40 women (ages
between 15-45 years) have got together under
the banner of ‘Mahila Mandal’ and have elected
their own executive committee of 6 women.
Following this, a full time lady worker was appo
inted as ‘Gram Sevika’ (Village level worker) to
work towards the women’s progress. She is
well qualified with two years training in tailoring
and embroidery after having done her higher
secondary. She has already won the hearts of
the ladies and is working six hours per 'day in
small batches of women. The present emphasis
is on literacy (Numbers and Hindi letters) and
stiching-tailoring with the ultimate objective of
adding many more dimensions to the programme
such as—Health, Family Planning, Child deve
lopment, Nutrition, recreation etc. Two sewing
machines have been provided by ‘Prerana’ for
use by the women who do not possess any mach
ines—those who do own one, get their own
machines. In the joint meeting held by the
women, they decided to pay a fees of Rs. 3/P. M.. Keeping the provision of concessions and
freeships as and when required.
Economic Programme
B.
a.
Poultry, Piggery, Dairy, : Various efforts at
motivating the really poor and needy families to
embark on scientific poultry farming (with the
generous co-operation of the department of
Animal Husbandry/Govt. of India) have met
with strong resistance. With the exception of
Dairy farming, the two former trades are viewed
as ‘low’ and so much taboo is attached that so
cial ostracization is proving a big hurdle towards
making this program a success. However end
less efforts are on to motivate, and educate the
villagers.
The Floor Mops: The floor mops weaving is
scheduled to re-start from the 1st of May 1979
and the villagers are eagerly looking forward to it.
Your help in marketing of the same will go a
long way in supplementing the family Incomes of
the really ready families. In this area we request
you to buy your yearly stocks (or in monthly
instalments) from us. We do assure you of good
quality products and will keep the price as near
the market rates as possible. Please do write
to us at our office address and let us know of
your requirements.
C.
Recreation Programme
A formal children’s club has been formed with
a total membership of 25 children. This club
has local leadership and get together 3 times per
week. They have even created a Central fund
by charging a nominal 0.25 paise fees per month
per member.
D.
Health Programme
Continues to run smoothly as before; however
due to various unavoidable circumstances, the
proposed new dimensions to the health pro
gramme have not yet been added.
E.
Miscellaneous
a.
b.
Survey: The long overdue survey of the village
was completed and the data is being processed.
It shall be presented to you in our subsequent
issues.
Sponsorship Drive: With the appointment of
another full time worker and raise in the salary of
the Balsevika, it has become imperative that we
immediately contect a large number of sponsors
who would be willing and regular in their
contributions. We have now two catagories of
sponsors:—
(i) Educational sponsors—for Balwadi children.
(ii) General sponsors—for overall village develop
ment programmes.
For both the above we issue sponsorship cards.
Whereas we welcome sponsors in both the cate
gories, our need at the moment is greater in
category two i.e. the general sponsors. If you
are interested or you know of anyone else who
is, please write to us immediately.
We are happy to inform you all that the Principal
and staff of ‘Janaki Devi College’ New Delhi, have
actively associated themselves with our programme and
we are working out joint programmes with them. We
are thankful to all the staff members and specially the
Principal and field volunteers who have offered support in
the sponsorship and women’s development programmes.
That is all for this newsletter. We must also inform
you that in an executive council meeting held recently,
it was decided to change the earlier decision and bring
out half yearly Newsletters instead of quarterley ones.
This has been necessitated due to various practical
problems.
We send you our best wishes.
In the recent executive council elections held at New Delhi, the following new
members were elected unanimously—
1. Miss Geeta Verma
President
2. Mr. Shailendra Mehra
Vice-president
3. Mr. Ashraf Ali Khan
Treasurer
4. Mr. Abrar A Khan
General Secretary
5. Mr. Surendrajeet Raj
Joint Secretary
6. Mrs. Archana Prabhakar
Executive Member
7. Mr. Arun K. Arora
8. Dr. Gopal
9. Mr. K.K. Sharma
10. Miss Kiron Wadhera
How you can help Prerana to help the needy :
WE AIM
AS A VOLUNTEER
— To work for the needy community in order to help
them to help themselves.
AS A MEMBER
(a) Fee for employed-Rs. 5/— registration fees plus
Rs. 20/- annually.
(b) Fee for unemployed Rs. 5/— registration fees plus
Rs. 10/- annually.
AS A SPECIALIST
By offering your most solicited advise in the organi
sation for effective running of the different welfare
activities.
AS A DONOR
(a) By donating in cash.
(b) By donating in kind—articles like medicines, books,
play material, clothings, building material, furni
ture & transport facilities for volunteers etc.
AS A SPONSOR
By contributing a minimum sum of Rs. 5/- per month
for the various village development projects for which
we issue sponsorships cards.
_ To put into practice professional knowledge
and skill; philosophies and ideologies of the con
temporary social work.
— To organise programmes for child and family
welfare; health and hygiene; welfare of youth and
aged; education and recreation; and training-cumproduction centre as per the needs of the com
munity.
— To seek the fullest community participation by way
of time, money and energy—even at the cost of a
slow rate of progress.
— To make the ‘loose ends meet’ by making available
to the needy the already existing resources in the
society.
— To involve ourselves in such research designs and
experiments which shall open new and more effective
vistas for helping the needy community.
— To provide a field work area for training of the
personnel of professional courses.
Printed at Kalpana Printing House, L-4, Green Park Exin., New Delhi-110016.
to
14 Copernicus Lane,
New
Delhi - 110001
Phone : 383826 P. P.
REtRSR
(A Group of young Volunteers)
Registration No S/8276
Vol. II No. 1 & 2
NEWS LETTER
Dear Friend,
Due to certain unavoidable delays the Vol. 2
ino. 1 & 2 could not be brought out in time
hem we have brought out a combined issue. The
‘Prerana’ news since Jan., 78 is as follows :—
1i.
Educational Programme :
T’ *s a pleasure to inform you that 26 children
. .tudying is Bal wadi II have been successfully
• ' motivated to join Class I in the Corporation School
situated approximately 1 mile from the village.
These children had successfully completed their
2nd year in Balwadi. We are now busy enrolling
new children for Balwadi I, for this purpose
motivation through ‘ home visits ’ is being
conducted.
1978
village. With the principle of community participa
tion in mind, the village leaders were involved from
the early stage with the engineer, the supervisor and
Prerana volunteers in the planning and implementa
tion of this project. Each house hold contributed a
sum of Rs. 20/- or labour in lieu of the same. We have
still to recover this amount from 15 defaulters who
have failed to pay due to various reasons. In total approx
Rs. 1200/- were collected from the village and Prerana
pooled in the rest i. e. Rs. 3500/- The drainage system
in itself has stood the test of the heavy rains which
flooded Delhi and near by areas during the recent
monsoons. It has certainly proved, it’s efficiency and
th.e villagers are generally satisfied by the same.
4.
Genera] :
i.
Santnagar Clinic : Due to various unforseen
ptoblems—transfer of local volunteers and doctors
the group has decided to close down the clinic at
Santnagar. As had been mentioned in the earlier
newsletter, this clinic was still in the experimental
stage.
Adoption of adjoining area :
ii.
We are happy to have a large number of sincere
and regular sponsors for the Balwadi functioning
who promptly and punctually send the sponsor
ship subscription. Our humble request to those
who have either discontinued or been irregular to
kindly get in touch with us.
2.
Health and Hygiene
ii.
i.
Regular weekly health clinics are being held
alongwith informal health education.
ii.
Education regarding planned parenthood and the
advantages of small family home is imparted to
the women and menfolk informally during their
visits to the clinics or otherwise during home
visits.
It was being considered quite seriously for some time
to expand the work area from Sarai Sohal alone to
near by villages such as Nangal Dairy. They are
much more heavily populated areas, Dairy in itself
has a population of approximately seven thousand.
Efforts are on to explore the possibilities of starting
projects in the Dairy area first.
3.
Drainage System :
We are happy to write that as planned earlier during
the year we have been able to complete the project of
the installation of a low cost drainage system in the
For this purpose discussions with the local formal and
informal leaders are being held. Already some
children are availing the ‘Balwadi’ services and we
have occasional patients during the Doctors Sunday
visits.
iii.
Adult Education :
Wc are very seriously considering the possibilities of
starting this much needed programme by combining
the population of ‘Sarai Sohal’ and ‘Dairy’ villages.
With the current emphasis by the govt, on this prog
ramme and the possibilities of getting grants for the
same Prerana is making serious efforts to start this
project.
iv.
Animal Husbandry :
As per our projected plan for 1978, the Deptt. of
Animal Husbandry, Govt, of India was centacted to
explore the possibilities of starting such projects
‘Dairy Farming’ ‘Poultry’ and ‘Piggeries’ in the
village. Three officials from this Deptt. visited the
village talked to the villagers and assesed the total
situation. However no decision has yet been taken
in this regai d.
How you can help Prerana to help the needy :
AS A VOLUNTEER
AS A MEMBER
(a) Fee for employed Rs. 5/- registration fees plus
Rs. 20/- annually.
(b) Fee for unemployed Rs, 5/- registration fees plus
Rs. 10/- annually.
AS A SPECIALIST
By offering your most solicited advise in the
organisation & effective running of the different
welfare activities.
AS A DONOR
By donating in cash.
By donating in kind-articles like medicines, Books
play material, clothings, building material, furni
ture & transport facilities for volunteers.
AS A SPONSOR
By contributing a minimum sum of Rs. 5/- per month
for the various village development projects for which
we iss.ue sponsorships cards.
WE AIM
— To work for the needy community in order to
help them to help themselves.
— To put into practice professional knowledge and
skill; philosophies and ideologies of the con
temporary social work.
— To organise programmes for child and family
welfare; health and hygiene; welfare of youth and
aged; education and recreation; and trainingcum-production centre as per the needs of the
community.
— To seek the fullest community participation by
way of time, money and energy-even at the cost
of a slow rate of progress.
— To make the ‘loose ends meet’ by making availa
ble to the needy the already existing resources
in the society.
— To involve ourselves in such research designs and
experiments which shall open new and more
effective vistas for helping the needy community.
— To provide a field work area for training of the
personnel of proffessional courses.
A GROUP OF VOLUNTEERS
<r>£j-n. -a)
WE AIM
RELRMl
a group of volunteers
14-Copernicus Lane
New Delhi-110001
Phone : 383826 P. P.
Registered under Societies Act vide
Registeration No. S/8276.
HOW YOU CAN HELP PRERANA
TO HELP THE NEEDY :
AS A VOLUNTEER
AS A MEMBER
(a) Fee for employed-Rs. 5/- registra
tion fees plus Rs. 20/- annually.
(b) Fee for unemployed-Rs. 5/- regis
tration fees plus Rs. 10/- annually.
AS A SPECIALIST
By offering your most solicited
advise in the organisation for effec
tive running of the welfare
activities.
AS DONOR
(a) By donating in cash.
(b) By donating in kind-articles like
medicines, books, play materials,
clothings, building material, fur
niture and transport facilities for
,
■ volunteers etc.
AS A SPONSOR
l^fcBycontributing a sum of Rs. 5/”Bk^th/per child towards the
- To work for the needy community
in order to help them to help them
selves.
- To put into practice professional
knowledge and skill; philosophies
and ideologies of the contemporary
social work.
- To organise programmes for child
and family welfare, health and
hygiene, welfare of youth and aged,
education and recreation, and training-cum-production centre as per
the needs of the community.
- To seek the fullest community parti
cipation by way of time, money and
energy—even at the cost of rate of
progress.
- To make the ‘loose ends meet’ by
making available to the needy the
already existing resources in the
society.
- To involve ourselves in such research
designs and experiments, which shall
open new and more effective vistas
for helping the needy community.
- To provide a field work area for
training of the perssonel of profes
sional courses.
hUni
a group of volunteers
HOW IT CAME TO BE :
Prerana took birth in September 1974' when a small group of trained social
workers inspite of their job commitments, family responsibilities and social obligations
were able to find sufficient time, energy and resources to work for the downtrodden
sections of the society this was made possible solely because of the overpowering and
genuine desire and spirit of the group to help the needy and also because of the
continuous enthusiastic encouragement they received from their family members,
friends and teachers.
SOMETHING ABOUT THE APPROACH :
Let it be very clear that'Prerana'is not a charity giving organisation with a
view to put into practice the professional knowledge and skill of the contemporary
social work, 'Prerana' has organised the welfare programmes in such a way so as to
secure maximum community participation by way of time, money and energy. 'Prerana'
has therefore organised realistic and economical welfare activities at the level of the
community's existing living patterns. The already existing resources in the community
have been fully tapped. Also with the principle of making the loose ends meet,
'Prerana' has made available to the needy community the already existing resources in
the rest of the society. To ensure community participation local committees of active
individuals are formed for each programme with a few overall incharges. The involment of 'Prerana' also in these committees is to act as catalysts—a precipitating factor
and guide. All this has of course involved endless patience and a very slow rate of
progress, but then social change cannot be brought about over night. Again, in all
the programmes, with a purpose of developing in the people a sense of participation
and dignity, a minimum monetary contribution has always been encouraged.
The first step was the selection of ‘Anant Ram Dairy' urban slum comprising
of approximately 600 Jhuggies (5,000 population).
Here, keeping in view the felt needs, the following welfare programmes were
started :—
1.
Creche, 2. Balwadi, 3. Evening educational classes,
activities, 5. Health and Hygiene programme, 6. Adult literacy.
4. Recreational
All these programmes were functioning quite effectively till ultimately under
the ‘Resettlement of slums’ scheme, this slum was removed to trans Jamuna area,
Prerana had to thus quit this site of work.
THE TIRING SEARCH FOR APPROPRIATE WORK SITE
Then began the endless task of looking for another site of work. 'Laxmi Bai
Slum' was visited but ultimately given up due to certain unfavourable conditions.
Later in collaboration with Lajpat Bhawan, work was also begun at ‘Indra Labour Camp'
Lajpat Nagar. Beginning was made in the areas of Adult literacy and Health and
Hygiene. A camp was also held between N.S.S, (Dayal Singh College) Lajpat Bhavan
and Prerana. However, work had to be given up here too, again due to the resettlement
scheme and certain other problems.
FROM SLUM TO VILLAGE
It was during the demolition of the slums that the residents of this particular
urban village approached Prerana for help, realising the extreme state of neglect ot tnis
village,‘Prerana decided to adopt this site inspite of the fact that it is very tar away
from the residences of the volunteers.
This small village (with app. 500 residents) is situated on Delhi-Najafgarh
road over an area of app. 1 sqr. mile. There is a heterogenous mixture of various
castes like Lohars, Gujars, Harijans, Brahmins etc.
The following activities have been started since October 1975 :
With the enthusiastic cooperation of All India Institute
of Medical Sciences, Prerana has been
able to hold :
1.
Medical Programme :
a;
Regular fortnightly health clinic with
special emphasis to gynaecological
problems in the village.
b)
c)
Immunisation against typhoid.
Health educational classes for a
group of educated (at least middle
pass) boys.
A VOLUNTEER DOCTOR PAYING A
HOME VISIT TO AN INVALID PATIENT
2.
THE YOUNG ONES OF THE 'BALWADI'
3.
Evening Education :
momentum.
Educational Programme :
a) Balwadi for preschool age children,
under this
44 children are
securing educational & recrea
tional help from a trained Balsevika. The salary of the teacher
and other recurring expenses are
being taken care by : (i) Contribu
tion of Re. 1/- p. m. by each
parent (ii) sponsorship scheme
here interested individual contri
butes Rs. 5/- per month per child.
Prerana has been able to raise
above 55 regular sponsors.
YOU CAN HELP US BY ARRANGING
FOR MORE SPONSORS.
Or after school education. This programme has vet to ciain
J
YOU CAN HELP US BY GETTING US IN TOUCH WITH ACTIVE VOLUNTEERS.
Production Centre: With the idea of
providing opportunity of eco. growth for
local women and young girls this pro
gramme was started. In this the raw
material coarse cotton threads obtained at
a comparatively lower price as a waste
product from a factory is used by the
women to weave colourful ‘Daries’ or rugs
of various sizes and shapes. More and
more women are getting involved in this
programme and receiving training at the
hand of a local woman who is an expert
in this art. Later on it was discovered
that quite a few women are experts in
weaving colourful fanes. This area of their
existing art was tapped and more then 20
PRODUCTION OF TRADITIONAL
women (& trainees) are involved in
HANDICRAFTS BY THE LOCAL WOMAN
producing fans.
YOU CAN HELP US IN THE SALE OF D RIES AND FANS AND PROVISION OF
RAW MATERIALS AND DYES.
4.
Recreational Centre : Under this programme quite a few children and'young men
collect for a few hours in the evening & play various indoor
outdoor games. This
programme again has to be organised in much better way with the help of active
volunteers. YOU CAN HELP US BY DONATING PLAY MATERIAL.
6. Construction of the Chaupal and school rooms : It has been a matter of pride
and success for Prerana that with its consistent and patient efforts & motivation, the
community’s enthusiasm about building of a chaupal and two ‘school rooms became
extremely over powering so much so that the villagers themselves were able to raise
funds exceeding Rs. 1,500 entirely on their own where as Prerana contributed a sum of
Rs. 500/- cash and kind. Not only this, two villagers donated large piece of land, doors,
windows for this purpose. The rest of the required material was happily brought by
them, and most of men, women and children all enthusiastically got together and
5.
gave ‘Shramdan’ towards this cause. Indeed
this programme helped to develop a healthy
spirit of cooperation & mutual respect. Prerana
naturally was involved in all the activities of
Shramdan. Two rooms are already ready and
the final touching is being given.
FROM BARREN TO THE BLOOM
The sp.rit is high. A slow and steady progress is on way & Prerana is
considered very much a part of village now. They are invited to many village functions,
people come to them in moments of personal distress & happiness to share. They are
no more guests or outsiders who have come to help. This is the biggest achievement
of all the bondage of mutual understanding & belongingness which will go a long
way in helping towards the betterment of the community.
Our plans for tomorrow :
A. We have been very fortunate to get the understanding & valuable support of the
Federation of Railway officers Association. In collaborations with this organisation we
hope to start in near future.
i.
Another higher class under the educational programme.
ii.
Improve the drainage system of the village with the help of skilled personnel.
iii.
Clean & construct the village well, a much needed task.
B. The leaders of another village ‘KANJHAWLA’ have approached Prerana and are
very keen that we should start two balwadis in their village. Grouud work has been
done and the feasibility of the programme, keeping in mind the large distances,
financial implications, time shortage is being worked out.
We call ourselves ‘Prerana’ because it is
the most befitting term spinning together
our philosophies, aims, objectives and
approach.
For Prerana
means
‘MOTIVATION’, the basic principles of
contemporary social work. We aim not
to make needy communities dependent
upon us but—‘TO HELP THEM TO
BECOME SELF SUFFICIENT’. We propose
to start various activities, get the
community fully involved in its adminis
tration, functioning of various programmes
and get them directly in task with the
available resources and thus gradually
withdraw when we feel that community
can stand on its own feet and help itself.
This is our ultimate objective and final
MOTIVATION—THE ONLY ANSWER
success. It may sound to you as an 'Utopian Concept' but we feel after three years
of practical experience that it is possible-even though it will take a Iona time and
endless patience.
We seek your cooperation to help those who are lost and crushed They
need a helping hand, to pull them up so that they can again stand-walk and run.
Printed at : KHAIRI PRINTING PRESS. 3617, KATRA DENA BEG. LAL KUAN. DELHI-11000
ngw-glm tern "after” tear regt amn to aranr g i regf Mtt regren agt, regf reaarrg MV regt i
tea rere smrg regt, nn amrerar fairer Mt raw regt i ren: ga rarer ream' rente retare if (jar ^w, gar ten
?ter< rearnr g i ng regw to gt ? Marr gt ? ng ga rerte te srq-tet ffc, farer, rernman ar nfafaafn na fatfa
11 to farart referarfa Miter are aftear tear Mt reraaaremrret % fan ren arete ter wrer if gt ten remr t na
rearm faa MV fa ngf gtte i are retnn MV rpr ngmter rerasnamr area | na rerer ngf, arrrm t nrw
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With
Compliments
With Compliments from :
from
I
BHARAT ROPE STORES
BRITISH AIRWAYS
NEW DELHI
Head Office : .
6081, BARI MARKET,
DELHI - 110006
Phone : 513181
Our Sponsors Write
It is not difficult to identify a philanthropist who would happily bear all the
expenses of running a'Balwadi'in a needy community. But our aim as professionals
was quite different-we preferred to involve a larger number of individuals who were keen
to help their less fortunate bretheren by contributing a monthly sum of Rs. 5/- per
child out of their humble earnings.
This involvement created an awareness in a large section of the community
regarding the need of well organised welfare programmes and also provided opportunity
to help the needy.
Following are the views of some of our sponsors regarding PRERANA,
Balwadi, and its functioning :
a)
"The urge for doing something noble by way of serving others in distress is
often inborn but one does not often get an opportunity for putting these ideals
into practice for, unless well organised social services are available, it be
comes a cry in wilderness ; individual efforts often get bogged down by redtapism, oppositions etc. In this context the 'Sponsorship' scheme organised by
'Prerana' of bringing together like minded donors for one single purpose—
namely education of deprived children offers an excellent opportunity. Moreover,
what like most is, that under this scheme the donors get an opportunity to
communicate directly with the receipient
"
Hari Ram
Indian Bank,
Kashmere Gate, Delhi.
b)
"Prerana is doing remarkable work by providing services like Balwadis, Health
and Hygiene programmes, recreational activities, production centre etc., to the
needy communities keeping in view the ideal of making them self reliant.
It has exceeded in its achievements as compared to its modest expectations
and has effectively utilized the professional knowledge and skill, philosophy
and ideology of contemporary social work. The sponsorship scheme gives
an excellent opportunity to the people who want to participate in such pro
grammes but have financial and other limitations such as those of time and
energy. My best wishes for a bright future "
—Arsinder Singh Kohli
Mehrauli,
New Delhi.
c)
“I sm proud of this group of dedicated young children of ours who have not
limited themselves to the welfare of their families, friends and themselves
instead have reached out to those who are much more in need and distress.
The excellent organisation of the ‘Balwadi’ and the use of ingenious ideas for
its economical and realistic functioning is an eye opener to all those who are
always looking around for more and more resources for setting up ‘ideal’
centres, laying foundations, organising expensive inaugurations and in this
course loose the precious money, time and energy.
May God Bless them ..
—R. S. Verma
Retd. Govt. Official
Satna (M.P.)
d)
“When we realise that more than half the population of this country lives in
villages under extremely strained and difficult circumstances ; and that illitracy
is so rampant and the biggest course of the country, we begin to feel the
strong need that the young and educated people should reach out for these
unfortunate ones and help them out.
■Prerana' has done excellent work in this area in the village 'Sarai Sohal’.
Besides the other programmes I specially appreciate the way they meet their
financial needs of ‘Balwadi’ through ‘Sponsorship scheme' whereby they
involve so may persons in a good cause and also provide them opportunities
for developing awareness about other needy sections
"
—Sushma Bhutan!
Moti Bagh
New Delhi
e)
“Prerana through its various efforts during the past few years have proved
that idealism & dedications among young people is even now not outdated. In
an age of increassing cynicism it requires great determination to preserve any
hope. I am reminded of ‘Walter Ben jamin'who wrote during the dark years
of world war II ■—
“It is for the sake of those-without Hope that hope is given to us.”
—M. A. Abdul Rasheed
Aligarh
More than sixty sponsors are contributing regularly for the functioning of Balwadi.
We are grateful to each one of them individually.
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are rrere rrtga an ’prmre an
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refia nt f I aa fir aH^tn ref
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re aft faare arrfian ata gn an nan gaga ait ataa aa 1
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ana afh nsf+ai rea, reffa ata at a^t aag it are rear & reanta aft nh agr
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aa aa ngaa ar fafi aian ftar^ 1
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rant ata afta aw fan aa anra f, sfh trar anar at are art f, ah srfir aw ata aaar rar ^agr
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■b Bum
No Snakes and Ladders play for us.
An ever ascending path.
For Torch-bearers its tortuous one,
noverthlass the pleasure of achievements.
j,
has been oijrs.
•«hKxno<».
R & D is another pioneering effort and addition. both exacting and demanding
Moulding powdwi constantly looking to improvements in quality
Moulding Tj»ii oivi.ion new requirements, demands inside and outside
the country: Persevaringly we full-fill
the same.
Raw-materials for thermosets
Moulds'for compression and injection
is7i
Machinery for compression moulding
moctunr*
Resins for Plywood, textile
tors
and foundry.
Hexamln* Plant
*,
>
t ■
..
.
,
Hydraulic
Also developing an indigenous know-how
Plastics Lid
20/6,Mathura Road. Faridabad (Harygnaj
& SON
HIRA LALL
EXPORT HOUSE RECOGNISED
BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
20-EAST PARK AREA, KAROL BAGH,
POST BOX
2558,
DELHI - 110005
NEW
For Wonderful World of Decor items Remember
HIRA LALL & SON
WHO are bridging the gap between India & the Globe
By Manufacturing & Exporting their Fabulous
HANDICRAFTS
&
HANDLOOMS
(Brass Art Ware, Wooden Carvings, Ivory Carvings,
Imitation Jewellery, E. P. N. S. Wares, Spectical
Frames,
Watch
Straps,
Sports .Goods,
Stainless Steel Cutlery, All Kinds of
Textile Rugs, Namdhas, Cotton and
Woollen Rugsj. Readymade Garments etc.)
Head Office: ■
20-East Park Area,
Karol Bagh, New Delhi-5
Telephones : 522588,
522747
522867
Telex : 2720
Cable : HANDWORKS
n
Overseas Office :
3000 Hannover 51
Wietzendiek 1
(West Germany)
Branch Office :
81-A Prince Road,
Harpal Nagar,
Moradabad
Tel : (0511) 65760
Cable HIRALAL
Tel : 3444, 3333
dELHI -
No. 2502
Child Care
Delhi/Maharashtra
v^^Mobile Creches for Working Mothers' Children/ 5B~ Telegraph
Lane, New Delhi-110001
?
Bombay branch was opened in 1971/72.
1.
Started in
2.
Coverage. Delhi In 1975, the number of centres was 27,
12 of which were new. 2700 children were covered. Also,
17 adult literacy centres with 275 men and 75 female
students were run. Bombay has 8 centres in operation.
Approximately 850 children were covered.
3.
•: ■ • ' ■ _
Activities
The objective is to provide facilities for construction
and other women labour to leave their children in an
organized creche while at work.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Creches for children under 3 years.
Pre-schobl education for 3-6 year olds (815 children
in Delhi).
Primary education to prepare the disadvantaged
children to enter corporation schools
(175 children in Delhi)
Arts and Crafts for all children, excursions,
camps, etc.
-•
Vocational Training for older children.
Health - regular visits by doctor; immunization;
maintenance of health records; (8138 children
treated in Delhi; plus 2023 adults).
Supplementary Nutrition including special diets
for under threes, snacks for older children.
Adult Literacy.
Community Work - mothers' meetings, including
demonstrations.
Training for own as well as other institutions'
staff.
'"’"’I
aviuG
/.'oaE-seQOO'1
No. 2502
2
Personnel & Training (Delhi only)
a. Creche workers. & teachers - 105; continuous iriservice training sessions - % day each month.
b. Other staffs school supervisors - 8;
art teachers - 4; doctors - 4; nutritionists - 2;
education planner - 1; trained, teachers - 2;
research & evaluation - 6; administration - 6;
carpenters - 3; adult literacy coordinator - 1;
adult literacy supervisors - 3; adult literacy
instructors - 21 (total 170).
7.
■Sponsorship/Funds. The voluntary organization is
supported by a law which provides for creches and
other facilities for children of construction labour
with part of the cost being met by the building
contractors, and part.by government. In addition,
the organization gets donations and raises funds.
11.
Contact.
12.
References; Annual Report for 1975 of Mobile Creche;
WIO Unicef's note.
Note;
Ms Meera Mahadevan, Mobile Creches, Delhi.
Information on items 5, 6, 8-10 not available.
beuHi -b
Voluntary Action : AVARD
Are you acquainted with "Voluntary Action” ? May be not. It is AVARD’s month
ly journal devoted to rural development and:,the activities of . voluntary- agencies. It) was
started many years ago but had to suspend publication last December on account of the
exigencies of the Emergency.
"Voluntary Action” resumes publication, from October in a new format. It will cover
a wider canvas than before, taking in the environment, appropriate technology and
rural development policyiri addition to reportage on voluntary action'and international
experience in these areas.
We hope that "Voluntary Action” will provide a link between and a common meet
ing ground for voluntary action groups wherever they be and whatever the scope of
their activity. The object is to build a communications network that will inform and
inspire all those engaged in voluntary action and rural development. :
We would.like to.intvoduce.ney' groups, describe their .projects, evaluate .their ef
forts and know of their .progress and problems..Their experience would be .invaluable
for others who could learn from them and might-, conceivably have answer's to : their
questions.
We would invite you to make "Voluntary Action” your journal. It costs no more
than Rs 12 per annum inclusive of- postage. Subscribe to it-Write for it.-Send -Us a-copy
of your objectives or memorandum of association your project reports, or annual re
ports together with’ full' address, range of interests and areas:of activity; Ybur seminar
papers would always interest us.
.,
,
We.,would welcome comments, rejoinders, and Letters to the "Editor; or just ques
tions that we coufd try and' aijswer or get 'others tq ansjver'. . .
.’ , ’
Would you have the time and the inclination to be a correspondent for "Voluntary
Action” in your area or region? We could use such talent.
' '
Don’t feel isolated or tod small'of insignificant t6”maffef;';Ydlt are reievanb 'and' can
more effectively become part of a larger national movement by joining AVARD,
whose objectives are probably not dissimilar.,to, your iPwn. .,
Membership of,.AVARD costs no more than Rs. 25 per annum. The AVARD family
already includes some 150 members in every part of the country. Why riot' jom and en
large this voluntary fraternity. Should you do so, you will be erititled''t6 a’ffee copy of
"Voluntary Actidri’” as Well:
' ..'i
'-.--..si Ck: «
AVARD is in the. process of. setting up a documentation and information centre in
Delhi with a nucleus of over 4,000 books on rural development and voluntary action
collected over the past decade. You could use this or write to it for data that you re
quire. Your participation would in any event enable AVARD to set up this Documenta
tion Centre on a stronger foundation. In time—sooner rather than later—AVARD would
like to set up or join in setting up similar regional documentation centres.
Membership is open to individuals, institutions, voluntary agencies, associations of
agencies, and donor agencies.
Do join : NOW
CATEGORIES OF AVARD MEMBERSHIP
(Cialises 4 & 5 of the Rules and Regulations)
The Association will have the following categories of membership:
i. Organisational Member
(a) Any Voluntary Organisation or institution actively engaged in any form of rural develop
ment or contributing in any manner to the promotion of the aims and objective's of the Association
shall be eligible for membership of the Association subject to the acceptance of the Executive Com
mittee.
(b) Specialised Institutions in various social and economic fields having bearing on rural deve
lopment, mainly the institutions engaged in training, research and education etc., shall be eligible for
the membership of the Association subject to the acceptance of the Executive Committee.
if. Individual Member
The Executive Committee may on its own motion admit individuals in recognition of their
distinguished services in the field of rural development as Individual Memtjers of the Association'.
Hi. Associate Institutional Member
Institutions Which are engaged in related activities not covered by the above clauses and which
are desirous of being associated with the work of the Association shall be eligible for the mem
bership of the Association subject to the acceptance of the Executive Committee.
io. Donor Member
Any organisation or institution paying a sum of Rs. 1,000/-or above per annum will be referred
to as Donor Member. Such organisation or institution will not, however, be entitled to any special
rights or privileges other than those of the membership category to which it belongs.
v. Life Member
Any institution dr organisation as defined in Clause 4 (i), (iiij & (iv) paying a sum of Rs. 2,500/lumpsum or more would be considered as Life Member of the Association.
FEE FOR MEMBERSHIP
(a) All members on enrolment shall pay an admission fee of Rs. 10/- besides their annual subs
cription.
(b) The minimum annual subscription would be:
Rs. 25/- per annum
(i)
Organisational Member
(ii)
Individual Member
Rs. 10/- per annum
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Associate Institutional Member
Donor Member
Life Member
Rs. 25/- . per annum
Rs. 1,000/- per annum
Rs. 2,500/- or above in lumpsum
Membership Form
AVARD
C-6 (first floor), Community Centre
Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi-110016
The General Secretary,
Association of Voluntary Agencies
for Rural Development.
Please enrol
(name of the organisation)
.................................................. as a member of
Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development (AVARD).
We have read the Memorandum and Rules of the Association and are in agreement
with its aims and objects.
We are sending Rs
and Rs
through Cheque No
.............................. (Rs. 10/- as admission fee
)
as annual subscription for the year
.............. /Postal Order/Money Order in the
name of the Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development.
Name & Address of Member
(Block letters)
Enrolled under Rule No. 4 of the Rules of the Association as per
Signature
Resolution No
of th*
Executive Committee Meeting held on
General Secretary
Subscription Form
Voluntary Action
C-6 : (first -floor), Community Centre
Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi-110016
The Editor,
I/We wish to subscribe to "Voluntary Action”, AVARD’s monthly journal.-'
My annual subscription of Rs. 12 is enclosed...Cash /Cheque/Postal Order.
Name/
Name of association/
Voluntary agency
:
\
Postal'address
Telephone, if any
:
Telegraphic address
. • ,iZ . -
-I
.
..
>d0 rfrr.r
..
Names and addresses of others who, would be interested :-
.
.
I will be’ able to write occasionally.
I will be glad to be a regional/area correspondent for "Voluntary Action.”
I enclose herewith/shall send you some literature about my organisation.
am
c
Association
of Voluntary
Agencies
for Rural
Development
A 1, KAILASH COLONY
NEW DELHI 110048
TELEPHONE : 619125
GRAM : VOLUNTARY/NEW DELHI
HE Association of Voluntary Agencies for
T Rural Development (AVARD) was created
in 1958 to meet the need for a federation to solve
problems faced by voluntary agencies within the
country. As in the context of India’s needs the
number of such developmental agencies is small,
AVARD was also expected to help formation of
such voluntary agencies.
Starting from 1958, AVARD has enlisted 129
embers spread wide over the country. These
members, which are all engaged in various aspects
of rural development work, come from almost all
states including the till-late difficult areas like Naga
land, interior of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.
The members of AVARD represent varied interests
and areas of voluntary action like panchayati raj,
health, family planning, adult education, training,
research, teaching, rural reconstruction and develop
ment.
As a federation of voluntary agencies engaged
in rural development, AVARD started its work by
providing a national platform to foster understand
ing between grass root people’s organizations. A
.number of national, state level and regional confe
rences of voluntary agencies were organized with a
view to delineate the problems of these agencies.
Evaluation was also done by AVARD in respect of
official and non-official rural development work.
level, AVARD resolved to fill up this gap through
its own efforts of mobilising men and resources. For
this, AVARD created at its headquarters a Research
and Development Cell with persons drawn from
various disciplines. However, all through AVARD
has felt that local communities have to be made
self-reliant to attend to their own needs, the. help
of AVARD acting only as a catalytic agent.
ASSOCIATION FUNCTIONS
AVARD acts as a clearing house of information
for its members. It keeps them informed about
the activities and areas of operation of different
member-agencies. It brings to their notice any
assistance, both public and private, which they
can avail of. AVARD as an associated body attends
to problems referred to by its members and helps'
solve them. Its suggestions are always available at
short notice to them as well other bodies engaged
in similar work. AVARD helps develop areas of
cooperation and undertanding among voluntary
agencies, groups and individuals. Strengthening of
existing agencies, and fostering development of new
agencies are the important aims of AVARD. To
promote the cause of voluntary action, AVARD
brings out a monthly journal entitled “Voluntary
Action”.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF AVARD
As a result of these conferences and evaluation,
AVARD felt that voluntary action in rural areas
can be made meaningful only throngh visible deve
lopment in some/all sectors of economic life of
communities. And since there is sheer lack of
relevant skills and crucial resources at the local
To fulfil its manifold objects; AVARD’s struc
ture is presently being streamlined. When this
process is complete, AVARD would have the fol
lowing units, each with its own programme, the
General Secretary on behalf of its Executive Commi-
ttee co-ordinating all these activities to fulfil overall
objects :
1:
2:
3:
4:
Overall Direction
Social Action
Evaluation, Clearing House and Publication
Planning, Research and Technical Consul
tancy
5: Appropriate Technology
6: Experimental Projects
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
The role of voluntary agencies for social welfare
is known and spreading all over the world. AV ARD
wants to be a co-partner in such a social change.
For this, it keeps itself informed about activities of
such bodies abroad. It wants to establish contacts
with international bodies/agencies working in
relevant areas. As per its faith that people-to-people
help and cooperation is a good adjunct to inter
government help for a healthier international order,
AVARD would like to share whatever experience
and competence it has gathered with neighbouring
countries.
Unlike academic institutions, AVARD believes
in action-oriented research and planning. Work in
these areas has been designed taking into account
the recommendations of a number of regional conferences of voluntary agencies, special youth con
ference and other seminars, which AVARD has
conducted, as a result of which a clear idea was
obtained of the needs of micro situations and
potential of voluntary agencies. More than a
dozen such planning exercises have been completed
or in process. An assurance to implement the plan
prepared by it evokes generous cooperation from
AVARD. Realising that the problem of planning
and development in a country of India’s size is
stupendous, AVARD contributes its mite to expand
expertise in the area of micro-level planning and
execution. Towards this end AVARD has organised
seminars, workshops and training programmes for
the benefit of the functionaries of-voluntary agencies.
To implement programmes of development in
selected areas, AVARD has on its rolls part time
and full time consultants, technical persons and
administrative staff. A project officer is always a
full time employee of AVARD. To discharge its
duties efficiently, AVARD believes in building conti
nuous rapport with local people. For this, its
local member agencies play the pivotal role and to
strengthen these agencies, AVARD’s regional con
ferences have constituted state level regional com
mitties.
RESEARCH, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
MEMBERSHIP
The rural scene differs from place to place.
AVARD’s activities of planning and development
provide it with opportunities to research into the
unfolding socio-economic situations. Its studies on
the Panchayati Raj in the initial stages of this ex
periment, its evaluation of youth and women’s
programmes and its directory on bio-gas illustrate
this point.
Membership of AVARD is open to all those
voluntary organizations or specialized institutions
actively engaged in rural development or in fields
with a bearing on rural development. Individual
membership is also extended on its own initiative.
The membership fee differs by type of membersindividual, associate, organizational, donor, life
member etc.
'ooribt. ,Vidr.
BAA/Galo.IE -Sguf.
'
FUNDS
AVARD raises its funds from admission fee,
membership fee, grants, contributions, donations,
service charges, sale of publications and specific
contributions from donors for projects. The
donors may be local, state and central governments
as well as national and international, non-political
welfare agencies. In case of international agencies,
AVARD prefers grant in the shape of commodities
like wheat and fertilizers to be routed through the
normal channels of appropriate ministries of the
Government of India
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
President
Vice-President
Treasurer
Members
General Secretary :
Jayaprakash Narayan
Radhakrishna
Rajeshwara Patel
Balbhadra Prasad
C.
L.
Jain
K.D. Gangrade
Kalipada Das
Mathura Prasad Singh
Tripurari Satan
Sugata Dasgupta
K. Viswanathan
A.C. Sen
AVARD’s SENIOR STAFF MEMBERS
N.F. Kaikobad, Head, Department of Urban &
Rural Community Development, Tata Institute of
Social Sciences.
1. S.D. Thapar
Research Director
2. R.L. Goyal
Accounts Officer
Pandit Patankar, Expert on Behavioural Sciences.
3. M.V. Sastri
Planning Officer
N. Krishnaswamy, Expert on Youth Programmes.
4. P.M. Tripathi
Project Officer
5. Ramnath Rai
Project Officer
6. A.K. Sachdeva
Economic Analyst
7. B.N. Juyal
Sociologist
8. Om prakash
Geographer
9. R.P. Agrawal
Agronomist
10. T. Bhattacharjee
Civil Engineer
11. UdaiVir Singh
Veterinary Doctor
12. Vinod Kumar
Civil Engineer
13. Raman Pathik
Agricultural Officer
14. S. Chakrapani
Social Organizer
15. Satyavrata
Social Organizer
CONSULTANTS
M.J. Bhatt, Consultant Chief Engineer (Formerly
Chief Engineer, Durgapur Steel Plant).
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
1.
The Musahri Plan
2.
Integrated Development Programme of
Bolpur Block (West Bengal).
3.
Development of a Tribal Region: Banpur
Block, District Puri, Orissa.
4.
Rural Development Plan: Selected Blocks,
Nagaland.
5.
Meitei Villages, Imphal East Block, Manipur:
Rural Development Plan.
6.
Planning for a Debt Ridden Community :
Adhaura Block, District Rohtas, Bihar.
7.
History of Rural Development in Modern
India (published jointly with the Gandhian
Institute of Studies, Varanasi).
8.
Training in Voluntary Action.
9.
Introducing Voluntary Agencies in India.
Arun Joshi, Director, Shri Ram Centre for Indus
trial Relations and Human Resources.
10.
BIO-GAS : Achievements and challenges
by M. A. Sathianathan.
Sugata Dasgupta, Sociologist, Director, Gandhian
Institute of Studies.
11.
Irrigation Plan : Jaipurhat Thana, Bangladesh
12.
Comprehensive Area Development—Report
of a Workshop.
S.N. Ranade, Principal, Delhi School of Social
Work.
K.D. Gangrade, Head, Department of Field Work,
Delhi School of Social Work.
Printed by : B.K. SAGAR at Sagar Printers 4 Publishers,
NEW DELHI-110003
LHI-l
N.S.S. BULLETIN
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES (AS DEFINED IN IIT NSS CONSTITUTION)
The goal of NSS will be education through social action. The purpose will be (1)
to enrich the student’s personalityand deepen his understanding of the social environment
in which he lives. To develop in him an awareness and knowledge of social reality.
(2) to arouse in him a concern for the well being of the community. Totmake him resource
full and to have him utilize the resources for the well being of the community.
* NSS provides experience in group living with a view to promoting better realisation of
the importance of team work;
* NSS undertakes and executes programmes to meet community needs;
* NSS provides work experience as might be helpful to students in finding avenues of
employment.
NATIONAL SERVICE
SCHEME
nr-.A tt'lTY HEALTH CEL
C°p-i rtFloor)St.MarkG:
^^'^^GALOBE-SeOOOl
N. S. S. ORGANISATION
Outgoing Office Bearers (1975-76)
Staff >
Dr. H. L. Satbi
Dr. O. P. Sharma
Dr. S. K. Suri
Dr. L. D. Ahuja
S indents
A. R. Bhagat
Programme Coordinator (Admn)
Maths Deptt.
—dp—
(Field Activities')
—do—
President, Publicity and orientation
Committee
Chemistry
President, Blood Donation and
Institutional Visit committee
Chemistry Deptt.
General Secretary
Aravali.
Blood Donation and Institutional Visits Committee
Sachchidanand Tyagi
Vipin Sharma
A. K. Bhagat
Vijay Aivalli ■
Secretary (second semester)
Secretary (first semester)
Executive
Executive
Shivalik
Jawalamukhi
Vindhyachal
Vindhyachal
Camp Committee
Secretary
Executive
Executive
Executive
Executive
Raj Kumar Jain
K. P. Singh
R. S. Bhargava
S. K. Jain
Yogesh Andley
Jwalamukhi
Nilgiri
Nilgiri
Jwalamukhi
Nilgiri
Publicity and orientation Committee
R. C. Awasthi
Rakesh Kathuria
Y. N. Chandna
Secretary
Executive
Executive
Vindhyachal
Kumaon
Jwalamukhi
In coming office bearers (1976-77)
StaffTo be Announced Programme coordinator (Admn)
To be Announced Programme coordinator (Field activities)
To be Announced President, blood donation and institutional
visits committee
To be Announced President, Publicity and orientation committee
Students
Ajay Kumar
Genl. Secretary
Vindhyachal
Blood donatiqn and institutional visits committee
Vijay Aivalli
Koushikes Saha
Yogesh Andley
Secretary
Executive
Executive
S. R. Kale
A. Pandey
Reuben Marandi
Sunil Kumar
Vinod Aggarwal
Secretary
Executive
Executive
Executive
Executive
Jwalamukhi
Aravali
Nilgiri
Camp CommitteeNilgiri
Jwalamukhi
J walamukhi
Karakoram
Aravali
Publicity and orientation committee
Y. N. Chandna
Manmohan Singh
Sanjeev Sareen
Shailendra Jain
Secretary
Executive
Executive
Executive
Jwalamukhi
Aravali
Aravali
Jwalamukh
ANNUAL
REPORT
It has been an era of changing directions
in the NSS. An era of Achievement.
New Activities arose and goals were
redefined. The following is a brief of activi
ties under various headings.
LONG TERM CAMPS
A long term camp at village Ayanagar
was the first activity of the year, It was a
ten days camp devoted to health nutrition
and sanitation needs of the village. Help of
Lady Hardinge Medical College was taken.
All praise is due to Dr. (Mrs) Bhardwaj and
her students for making the camp a success.
About 1300 Villagers were motivated and
vaccinated.
Non Student Youth
Student Youth :
Male : 2
.Male : 21
Female : 2
Female : 27
In July 1975 a comprehensive Tree Plan
tation Drive was organised in IIT Delhi.
Some trees were obtained from MCD & some
from IIT Nursery. 95 students took part and
792 trees were planted out of which more
than 600 have survived and are thriving.
The second long term camp was held in
village Rajokri in December 1975 in colla
boration with Indian Council of Social wel
1975-76
fare. The president of the Council, Shri
Kailash Chandra gave all help in carrying
out various projects in the village. Through
his good offices the students of Bharatiya
Mahila Vidyalaya and Kalindi College joined
hands with us to help, us put up an all
round development project in the village.
They made it easier for us to put our ideas
across to the women folk of the village.
Their workshops on food health, nutrition,
embroidery and sewing were commendable
and benefitted about 150 women.
The boys arranged various lectures and
film shows on khadi and Village industries.
Three persons were selected for cottage in
dustry and work on their respective propo
sals is in progress. A family planning educa
tion programme was launched. We got
through 25 cases of sterilisation which is a
good figure for our first effort in this direc
tion. A model drain about 250 feet, long was
constructed near the school. The labour was
provided by the boys and material by the
panchayat.
STUDENT YOUTH
I. LT.
35
Kalindi College
22
Bharatiya Mahila
Vidyalaya
10
TEACHERS
4
1
1
BLOOD DONATION & INSTITU
TIONAL VISITS COMMITTEE
LITERACY
Under Mr. Rakesh Kathuria’s pioneering
effort literacy work again began to look up.
He organised on a fairly regular basis literacy
classes for mess staff and villagers from
Ber Sarai and Katwariya Sarai. 25 persons
were benifitted.
Three Blood donation days were held on
12-8-75, 13-8-75 and 19-2-76. They created
one record after the other. The present one
day Blood Donation Record stands at 186
units.
First Aid classes were held with the help
of St. John’s Ambulance Association of
India. Thirty students took part in this.
PUBLICITY & ORIENTATION
COMMITTEE (P O C)
The FUC had a very successful year under
Mr R. C. Awasthi. It organised an orienta
tion programme in September 1975 which
was attended by 122 boys and 66 girls. No
less than seven teachers were involved. The
Director General of Youth Services, Lt.
General Candeth remarked that it was a p'iy
that few institutions hold so well organised
orientation progrommes.
Visits to Blind School were continued as
before. Mr. A. K. Bhagat added a new
dimension td lite service df the blind by
preparing tape recorded lesSdns for thenj.
Some blind bfelsdris presented a gdod mtisic'al
recital in a Classical music evening organised
in ilT. Fortlie first time an antiadulteratidn
cell Was set up which picked up samples froin
various shops all over South Delhi. Through
the Indian Council of social welfare the
samples were analysed by the National
Institute of Nutrition at Hyderabad and some
Were found adulterated. The Corporation
has been requested to take suitable action.
CAMP
A charity show was organised on Septem
ber 29. The total earnings were ks. 5300Rs. 2500/-were donated to the flood relief
fund of Indian Red Cross and rest was set
aside for various welfare schemes under NSS.
COMMITTEE
In the previous semester thfe POC gained
a camera and tWb projectors. With these it
shkll grow more capablb of carrying out its
fiiiictidnS in the corhirig year.
Week-end visit's tb Ayanagar and Gwalpap'ahdri Were hfcld.
AYANAGAR : Children’s classes were held
to help them get on with studies.
PLANNING FORUM :
GWALPAHARI : One well was made pucca.
The bridge was repaired and made safer.
A cofnbrehensive survey of the Village was
carried out. The village youth were
provided with facilities to play volley-ball
The library set up by IIT was given a face
lift (an almirah was added to it and 120
more books were placed in it). Various
film shows on Khadi and Village Indus
tries were arranged. An estimate of the
area of land to be levelled was prepared.
This committee was appointed on aii ad
hoc basis sometime in September 1975 with
Mr Ajay Kumar as Secretary. The activities
Which were carried out fa'ridef the baniifcr of
this committee are as follows :
A questionnaire was formulated for pur
poses of survey. Nti Kale & Mr. Wakhlu put
in commendable work in the formulation.
The results of the survey are presented
elsewhere in this bulletin. Various books on
4
village industries, dairy and agriculture were
added to the assets of NSS. Printed matter
on National plans was obtained from the
planning Commission and circulated amongst
NSS members. Mr Ashok Ahuja, Mr. R. P.
Gupta and Mr. R. C. Awastbi were quite of
some help in suggesting various engineering
projects capable of being taken up by final
yearites in their course work.
one semester course on NSS in second year
Also projects on rural needs shall be offered
to final yearites as course work. For bring.
ing about this change credit is due not onlyto dogged pursuance by the NSS group but
also largely to the interest shown by Director
IIT & Dean of students and no less to thedynamic effort put in by our programme coor
dinators.
GENERAL
A long term camp was planned to be held
in May. For this a training was proposed
to be carried out in April 1976, on village
industries & agriculture. Special thanks are
due to Dr. A Rama Rao of Khadi & village
Industries Commission, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Director General of Indian Council
of Agricultural Research for help in providing
excellent training in their respective fields.
Space has been acquired for setting up an
NSS activity centre. It shall include an
office, store, lecture room and a library on
national plans, agriculture, village industries
and general social welfare.
NEW TRENDS
Last but not the least I thank all the office
bearers who have helped this organisation
rise to greater heights. Just as they have been
wishing the organisation success in every
breath of their lives, the organisation wishes
them success in every breath of its life.
For the first time ever a design group was
taken to the village by Prof M. C. Chaturvedi. The boys were asked to study the
problems and to work out optimum solutions.
In December 1975 a group of boys was
sent to District Shabdol, Madhya Pradesh.
The project was to.—
(a)
(b)
ADARSH RATTAN BHAGAT
General Secretary NSS
Study forest and power resources of the
region with a view to devising ways
of effective use of these resources for
area development;
1975-76
study the effects of Orient paper Mills,
Amlai on the environs and to find out
ways to eliminate harmful effects and to
conserve forest and water resources.
VIVEKANANDA SAYETH
How can they preach of love who cannot
bear another man to follow a different path
from their own ? If that is love, what is
hatred ?
It was very encouraging to note the procedings of the Indian Science Congress at
Waitair. The emphasis on use of technology
on rural and Indian needs was in the eyes of
the NSS group a very desirable step. As sta
ted earlier a list of engineering projects was
drawn up and circulated to the senate. This
was taken up in the Deans’ meeting. A
proposal is under way to introduce a 3 credit
I do not trust the man who never weeps;
he has a big block of granite where the heart
should be.
5
NSS Shall Extend Maxi-mum possible help to those
interested in working on these-Suggested projects the
Results of which can be profitably used in Rural areas
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1.
2.
3.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Study the construction of house from
local resources. Construction of roof
from vegetable waste; stronger mud wall.
Study of the pottery Industry run by a
potter. Improvement in the potter wheel
operation; study of better clays and
better and efficient ways of heat
treatment.
Study the construction of cheap road
alternative to the costly metallization of
roads; prevention of marsh formation oh
kucha roads during rains.
1.
Animal drawn Harvester :
2.
Non-transport uses for bicyle mechanism
Study various possibilities bke spinning
etc.
3.
Pencil making machinery : suitable
machine for a house-hold industry.
4.
Suitable wheel for a Bullock cart: Improve
ments to increase the durability and
reduce the burden on the animals.
Windmill Design for various ranges of
wind speeds and of various power
capacities.
Small Engine (I. C.) running on bio-gas:
of different h. p. to be used for irrigation
and other purposes. '
Investigate on channels for carrying
water for irrgation, methods by which
seepage of water can be avoided in the
channel.
Improvement of Rabat : smaller size of
gears, less spilling back water; prevention
of rusting of buckets, alternative bucket.
5.
4.
Study construction of bridges: simple
designs and construction with local
materials.
5.
Bunds and small Dams: study of various
designs which can be easily implemented
with minimum materials and man-power;
study of reinforcement of these structures
7.
TEXTILE ENGINEERING
8.
1.
2.
3.
6.
Vegetable dyes: extracting dyes from
vegetable materials.
Rope from different materials available
locally: using different vegetable fibrous
materials for ropes.
Increase durabilty of handloom
Khadi
CHEMISTRY
Timber seasoning: Treatment with chemi
cals for protection against weather and
insects.
2. Synthesising a fuel for a lamp: Substitute
for Kerosene oil.
3. Equipment for obtaining drinking water
Cheap apparatus to obtain drinkable
germ-free water.
4. Study the possibility of strengthening of
wood: Where, less strength is required,
wood may substitute metal pieces.
1.
cloth
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1.
Windmill operated Generator : Capacity
upto 3 KW.
2.
Water powered 2 or 3 KW. lighting plan
Using river flow or small falls in the hills
6
N S S
At
Work
Survey Data
Being Analysed
Making the
Well ‘Pucca’
Panchayat well
Gwalpahari
NSS
« t
Work
Strengthening the
Base of the Planks
Gwalpahari Link
Bridge
Survey for Land
Levelling in
Gwalpahari
NSS
At
Work
Mealtime, Primary
School Gwalpahari
Film Show at
Gwalpabari
N S S
Rajokri Project
C onstruction of
Model Drain
At
W or k
5.
Pre-preparation of mate.ials for anaerobic
digestion to accelerate fermentation in
Bio-gas plant.
2.
Fibre waste utilization: A study of ways
in which in can be used fo various use
ful purposes.
6.
Raising new materials like algae through
harnessing solar energy : Increasing rate
of production of algae using solar energy
3.
Using sugar cane waste . nd corn stalk
in any other way besides ; s fuel.
4.
7.
Determination of fermentation parame
ters as function of (a) Temperature (b)
Viscosity (c) Agitation (d) Pressure (e)
Pulversing-determining particle size for
solids like straw, vegetable, cay cases.
Easy empirical relations between these
parameters and the quantity of products
(gas, fertilizer etc).
A container for grains : a substitute for
jute iu making sacks wh re jute is not
grown.
8.
9.
Maintaining proper P.H. to obtain opti
mum fermentation rate.
Chemicals to accelerate fermentation:
catalyst etc.
PHYSICS
1.
Solar Pump : for lifting water to small
heights.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
1.
Refining of used lubricating oil: a small
equipment for refining on small scale
(for a petrol pump)
2.
Oil expelling mechinery for
(a) Oil seed crops "| simple in design
(b) for groundnuts j manually or animal
(c) for sunflower | driven. Study of
seeds
| existing systems to
| increase their efficieJ cy.
3.
Problem of corrosion of metallic parts in
bio-gas plant.
GENERAL
1.
Grain Drying Equipment : A cheap equip
ments using non-traditional sourre of heat
energy for faster dyring.
Significant Details of the
of the Survey
The survey was conducted n January &
February 1976 in two parts ( ) Populat:on,
education, transport & com nunicauon (b)
agriculture. It was found in (a), only 16%
of the Villagers had primary education and
only 10% had middle and sec- ndary educa
tion. (b) 33% have less than 5 acres
of land where as 25% have moie than seven
teen acres of land. Nearly 40% have tube
wells the rest depend upon ram.
Population Analysis
0—5
5-10
10-15
15-20 .
20-25
25-30 1
30-35
35-40
40-45 •
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70 =>
M
F
Married
<P
EDUCATION
M
s>
46
46
32
37
29
29
13
12
08
08
06
01
03
02
03
23
31
25
18
22
12
13
07
07
02
06
01
02
04
03
0
0
07
28
42
38
24
17
13
10
12
02
05
06
05
03
36
22
05
00
00
01
02
00
02
02
00
01
00
01
00
01
09
10
13
03
01
02
00
00
01
00
00
02
01
00
00
02
14
07
io
04
02
01
00
00
00
00
00
00
176
209
75
43
1
158
40
275
1
451
209
TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION
Listen To Radio
Watch TV
Travel (By Bus)
Transportation (goods)
35%
10%
75.5%
40%
15%
7%
COOKING FUELS
100%
Wood And Cowdung
12
(Camel)
(Truck)
(Cart)
LAND HOLDINGS
Land Holdings. R. Fr/
(in acres)
interval
(Total
Land)
No.of
families
R.Fr/
(Cultivable
interval
Land)
No of
families
R/Fr
(Irrigated
interval
Land)
No of
families
0—2.51
2.51—5.01
< 5.01—7.51
7.51-10.01
10.01-12.51
12.51-15.01
15.01-17.51
17.51-20.01
20.01-22-51
22.5i-25.6i
25.01-27.51
27.51-30.01
30.01-32.51
Total
4
8
3.
8
2
—
—
4
2
1
—
1
1
34
(0.144)
(0.040)
(0.053)
(0.053)
(0.013)
(0.013)
(0.234)
(0.0?2)
(0.038)
(0.018)
(0.096)
(0.036)
(0.096)
(0.024)
(00,48)
(0.024)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.027)
(0.027)
(0.027)
11
3
4>
8.
1
1
—
2
2
—
—
2
2
30
(0.018)
(0.018)
13
4
2
1
—
—
—
1
1
—
_
_
__
22
AVERAGE YIELD OF CEREALS
Average yield is in maunds/Bigha (multiply by two
to get quintals/acre)
Yield
Average
0—1.1
1.1-2.1
2.1-3.1
3.1-4.1
4.1-5.1
Frequency (Families Having
The AV. Yield)
14
5
1
1
2
13
R.Freqvency
Class Interval
.609
.218
.0435
.0435
.687
Analysis for Means of irrigation
used by the farmers
Means of irrigation
No of Families
15
1. Tubewell
16
2. Rain
6
3. Bund
1
4. Well
5. Peraan wheel (Rehat)
3
1
6. Hand pump
Majority of people use tube well and
depend on rain.
—
Fertiliser used
Insecticides
Yes
23
Agricultural Advice
4.
Machinery (Do’not
include tube well)
5,
Soil testing
4
5
29
28
1
32
—
Livestock Distribution
Goats
Buffaloes
Cows
Camels
Sheep
Horses
Hens
Oxen
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
1.
2.
3.
No
10
22
108*
78
99**
9
0
0
0
49
*Two families own 30 Goats each
♦♦One family owns 30 Cows.
Projects on The Run
second grade citizenship and these settle
ments are fast becoming dens of thieves.
gamblers, drunkards, thugs, rebels etc.
Our studies of Madangir revealed that
most dwellers were originally such residents
of villages as had either lost their economic
base in the village or being economically
weak had been lured into the city by its seem
ing economic benefits. The shortage of space
in the city led' them to temporary crowded
colonies. Originally these colonies were near
the residences of well to do middle class.
Slowly and slowly as these colonies became
an eyesore, they were shifted to Madangir.
The various eminent social workers whom we
met in Madangir. told us that the shifting to
sites such as Madangir where these people
became out of touch with the middle class is
against the interest of uplift of these people.
Living near the middle class, they had to
buy standard stuff from standard shops; their
children studied in better school; the
young and the growing learnt manners and
customs from them; the municipality paid
quicker attention to their complaints. In the
present set up has created a psychology of
We decided to strike the problem at its
grass roots by striving to provide suitable
employment to people in' villages. The
beginning was to be made in Gwalpahari.
As figures elsewhere in the bulletin will
show, the average yield in Gwalpahari is
very low. The reason is improper irrigation
due to undulating terrain. Various land de
velopment agencies were contacted. Sh. A.D.
Malik, Chief executive councillor and chief
Small Farmers Development agency promised
help. He sent three men to survey the area
and estimate costs of levelling. The estimate
costs in a few cases turned out to be higher
than the cost of the land itself. In order to
reduce the costs involved we requested Mis.
Kirloskar Oil Engines to provide us a tractor
free of hire charges, for that part of the land
14
which could be levelled by a tractor. Mr.
B.S.Sohal, the sales manager has assured us
a tractor sometime in mid July, 1916.
ough to beer a car or a 'normaly loaded
bullock cart, but weak enough to desist
a person
from
trying to take across
a truck or a heavily loaded cart. The
railing should be such as to provide ample
safety but discourage children from climbing
on to it for fun. The link between Mandi
and Gwalpabari was studied by civil engine
ers. It is proposed to install a pipe bridge
to keep the link intact during monsoon. The
water would pass through the pipes whereas
the carts would go over them.
The Deputy Director of Agriculture has
agreed to provide a model farm in the village.
The farmers desiring to have it on their lands
shall apply to the Agriculture Deptt.
Haryana. The labour shall be provided by
the owner, seed and fertilisers by the govern
ment. The produce shall be the property of
the owner. As a result of downstream see
page, there are minor rivulets on the other
side of the bandh and the grass surrounding
these has hardened............. The agricultural
scientists whom we took to the village have
advised that after cleaning and lining, the
rivulet be led into a reservoirs. Along the
rivulet on the. sides of the reserviors and
bandh, eucalyptus be planted, thus provid
ing stability to the soil and softening the
grass. The only snag in the scheme is that
the villagers would destroy the plants as
they fear that if a forest grows on the village
land, the land would be taken overby the
forest deptt. To allay their fears it is pro
posed that a written assurance be given to
to the sarpanch of the village by the officials
concerned and a copy of the relevant papers
be kept with the patwari. Also the income
from the eucalyptus complex would go to the
panchayat and the panchayat would be made
responsible for maintaining the trees.
The socio-economic condition of the
Harijans is quite backward. There are ele
ven families of Jatav Harijans and three of
Bhangies. The former make their living by
working as labour on the lands of others,
the latter by cleaning, sweeping etc. As they
are highly economically . dependent upon
others they often have to do'Begar’ (work
without payment). Even the Harijan Pancha
yat Member has to do ‘Begor.’
Sometime in 1970 or 1971, some of the
common land of the village was distributed
by the villagers amongst themselves. In the
process, the Harijan families also got two
acres of land each. The ownership papers
of the land have not yet been given to these
people. To legalise the distribution the
higher caste people of the village took
some applications from Harijans and some
from their own kinsmen and filed a petition
in a court of law asking for grant of owner
ship. The court upheld the distribution
and decreed that ownership be given to all
concerned. The court order is still to be
carried out. The land given to' Harijans is
of a very poor quality and requires exten
sive preparation. Talks with various Hari
jan welfare boards are in progress to help
these people.
With the help of Khadi and Village Indus
tries Commission, one case has been pushed
through to the stage of procurement of loan
for setting up an oil ghani.
For rapid development of the village it is
a must that proper road communication
should exist between it and its neighbouring
areas. Though a bridge has deen built bet
ween the two Gwalpaharis, it does not fulfil
the requirements. It should be strong en
15
Outline of the course on Technology and
Rural Development
Syllabus :
Level
Credits
Prerequisite
=
=
=
200
3(3-O-O)
Nil
Contents
1.
Agriculture: size of the farm; Productivity, crop pattern, fertilisers and- pesticides,
storage and marketing.
2.
Khadi and Village Industries : Subsidiary and' off-section occupations, Khadi, Handi
crafts and village industries.
3.
Civil Engineering : Surveying and levelling, common1 building materials,. Brick industry
and Pottery, Rural housing, location of underground sources of water, laying of water
courses, soil conservation, soil testing, Bunds and-small dams, Genera! thumb rules for
estimation and costing.
4.
Textile Engineering : Weaving, spinning and dyeing; Khadi industry, fibre industry,
coarse cloth from jute and other fibre.
5.
Energy and Ecology : Energy resources-renewable and non-renewable; Energy-Ecology
considerations-avoiding imbalances with nature; harmony between man and nature;
pollution and pollution control.
Sources of Rural Energy 1 Manpower; animal power hydro power, bio-gas; solar energy;
wind energy, rural electrification; (design and development of appropriate technology
for same)
Humanities and Social Sciences :
Sociology : Caste, untouchability, social security, population, family planning, public
health, family and marriages.
Psychology : Crime. Beggary, Illiteracy, Poverty, Women and their problems.
Political Science : Community Development and Rural Administration, Rights and
Duties of Governmental functionaries.
Economics
: Banking and Financing in Rural areas-the traditional approach and the
recent changes, Analysis of the implementation programme.
6.
Printed at Tokas Printers, Munirka, New Delhi Phone 74709, July 1976
b£cnt -7
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAUZ KHASNew Delhi-110029.
»INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1
Background, and Programme Proposals
Concept
The concept of Rutal Development has taken new dimensions
since the 1976-77 Budget speech of the Union Finance Minister.
Shri C. Subramaniam, A special paper on 'Startegy For Integrated
Rural Development' was presented to the Parliament along with
the budget documents and a sum of Rs. 15 crores was earmarked
for such efforts. Resource inventories and action plans are
being prepared ( and looked after by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan) for
the 19 selected districts in different states. This gives a
hope and satisfaction to those who had felt so much the need .
for such a programme.
This, of course, is a begining. Yet certain things have
to be examined from the very begining itself. The programme
of rural development has found its place since the very concep
tion of our first development plan. The distinction is rightly
made that "the new programme sets out concrete lines of action
and programmes of development, which are being pursued with a
sense of urgency and with clear cut time schedules, attempting
a balancedand integrated pattern of resource use, by harnessing
the potential of science and technology , while the earlier
programmes have often been marked by a fragmented and compart
mentalised approach in formulation and a ■‘■top-down’ , inflexible
one way system of implementation'.1 But to us youngesters this
really does not satisfy. Before going further, let me give our
background and the workdone,
I
Background
.There is always at all times, a young generation aspiring
to achieve new ideals in all spheres of life, If rightly led
and channelised, this youth spirit can transform itself into
something very constructive amd meaningful, otherwise if left
to degenerate due to lack of apportunities, proper guidance and
motivation would lead to frustration.
The present disparities existing in the society, particular
ly between the urban and the rural areas motivated some younger
scientists in various institutes to come together, discuss and
evelve a proper plan of action so that their energies, experience
professional background and skills find a right application
for the benefit of those who deserve the most. Naturally the
first step was to go to villages and see for themselves the
conditions existing, to understand the process of development,
the bottlenecks of the programmes and to find a practical way
out. This they tried to do through their institutions, within
the available facilities and framework. The last three years
experience has given some insight into the problems, how to
: '_TH CS-t
CONJWlUk'
BAN'3’
. Marks Ro
2
tackle them and the changes required for further development.
The question was not obiviously to satisfy the individuals'
urge to do something but how could the fate of more .than
five and a half lacs of villages of India improve and the 80%
of its population becomes a part in the mainstream of mational
life and national development.
As is now accepted, the State programmes of rural develop
ment so far failed to provide the impulse for sustained growth
or for-broad-based development. In the voluntary fields, the
Gandhian institutions trying to keep the legend of constructive
work of preindependence period, have probably accepted the
failure to take up the challenge and are just mainten: ,ing their
existance. Several new voluntary organisations and rural centres
have come up recently iniciated by young enthusiastic persons
with the background of modern science and technology. They may
differ with each other in approach and strategy but have the
common objective and concern for the rubai poor. These in them
selves may be some very good examples of city youths going to
rural areas for development activities, but these are examples
in isolation and exception which can not be followed in general
and thus fail to become a process.
Then there were some new and encouraging developments.
Organisations like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Department of Science and Technology, Indian National Science
Academy and Indian Science Congress Association were showing
increasing interest in the matter and were taking up various
projects. CSIR had started adopting districts for rural deve
lopment work in'..various states. INSA undet the Chairmanship
of Dr. D.S. Kothari, started a small working group to discuss
about the problems of ptili ing science for the benefit ofthe
ruralpopulation. ISCA had choosen"Science and Integrated Rural
Development" as the focal theme for its 63rd Session held at
Waitair in January 1976 and developdd 'An agenda for action'.
This showed a new trend that the scientific community was
feeling its social responsibility and • trying ■ tofind a suitable
way out to apply itself to the work of Rural Development. All
these effoits are well received by the Government which had
shown great concern and will to implement them.
(
We had a chance to .interact with these various organisations
and participate in some/theee developments that have taken place.
We could discuss the subject quite in detail with eminent scien
tist like Dr. D.S. Kothari, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, Dr. Y. Nayudamma and others. We are in close touch with the various volun
tary groups working in this field. This has brought us to some
. clear-cut conclusions about the approach, strategy, plan of
,■ action and implementation. All this has not been sheer theortical exercise but is backed by practical experience in some areas.
Approach and Strategy
Rural Development in India is not a question of providing
some charitable services in villages through voluntary agencies
or students, not of opening extension centres of Institutes 1
located in metropolitan cities. It is a question of development
- 3 -
planning which must realise that no developmental activity
will have any meaning unless it has its toots in villages,
its basis as the economic, social and cultural -background of
the people and aimed at improving the fate of the last and
the weakest men in the society. Shus perhaps a total reorien
tation has to be brought about.in all fields like Science and
Technology, Industries, Agriculture, Institutes and Medical
Sciences ect. This is not possible unless there is a strong
committment and a will to do it at the highest circles of the
State. This awareness is quite visible now. It will be worth
quoting Shri C. Subramaniam here "There is no doubt, however,
that a pervading and powerful rural bias will have to be
injected into the existing range of institutions extension
net works, commercial organisations, administrative bodiesand
sciencific agencies. There are limits to which such orienta
tion can be imparted to the existing personnel through
teaching and propaganda. The problem will have to be tackled
in terms of structure,economic incentives and motivation.
Methods of recruitment and training,curriculum of activities,
standards of performance,and systems of rewards and punishmentsin a word, the entire system- will be needed to be revamped
and geared with the clear massage that the national leader
ship will brook no delay or obstruction in this regard".
The other aspect is the involvement of the youths in the
programme. No government has perhaps ever succeeded to brigg
about a major and permanent changeright upto grass toot levels
into the masses without a popular involvement of the people
themselves. Legislation and, other such measures can help
implementation but -will not make people accept certain things
and act accordingly. It needs personal approach to convince
them and convey the massage to their hearts. Youthscan only
act as agents of this change and .carrier of this massage.
Their idealism enthusiasm and energy has to be properly har
nessed and channelised.
The strategy obiviously has to incorporate these elements
of giving a reorientation to the existing system, involving
people at all levels and enthuising youths with the idea of
taking up the challenge. We have/atart/re search, academic
and educational institutes as they are the reservoirs of
youths' energy and rational intelligentsia. It is a very right
approach to take up one or more districts in each state, but
this too may become a 'top heavy' agragement as there seems
to be not much initiative comming from below.' So, though plans
may be prepared for all the selected districts in various states
a model trial should ]?e made in an area where some basic work
has already been done and a team of young enthusiastic scien-'
tis s from variousdiscipiinesis available to take up the cause
in its full swing and spirit.
The approach , of course, has to be an Integrated one.
Life in a village cannot be seen separately in technological
agriculture, health or social departments. Agriculture may
be weak because of poor health of the people or say because of
lack of technology available. Technology may not be intro
duced unless agriculture production is increased or say it
may not be accepted because of some social inhibitions or some
old traditions prevailing.
Superstitions may not be removed
without creating scientific, temper and so on. So the working
- 1+ -
team should include people from all these fields with a
perfact understanding and coordination among theiji.
6hange
No meaning-ful/can really be affected unless the team
goes and.1 stays in the villages. The gap between the
cities and the villages has to be narrowed down. Necessary
changes in structure and status have to be brought about
so that more and more people opt for working and staying in
villages. Also the oldest type of b^ain drain from villages
to cities has to be.stopped by creatixxg necessary facilities
and opportunities in villages.
Involvement of local people is a must. We may prepare
a basic frame of working to start with but all flexibility
has to be provided to account- for and accomodate- local condi
tions and requirements which we shall learn only in field
operation.
PROPOSAL:
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi has been
giving increasing emphasis on the application of science
and technology to the development of rural areas. The
faculty members and students have shown keen interest in the
venture. The students particularly, under the National
Service Scheme, have done some useful work in some villages
in the vicinity of Delhi.
Gawalpahari - a village on Delhi-Harvana Border
and about 20 Kms. from the Institute was adopted about three
years back for rural development work. Actually some more
villages like Ayanagar, Rajokri, Rajpur Khurd and slum areas
like Madangir had been taken up to make a comparative study,
which finally led us. to concentrate upon one village,
Gawalpahari, to do something more constructive and meaning
ful and evolve a pattern of working which can be useful and
multiplied by any other Institute in other villages. The
approach had been different from the traditional :one of
putting in manual labour by the students in cleaning streets,
wells or making pits etc. We stressed upon proper inter
action among the students and the village community so that
they understand each other and work in a coherent manner.
We started from what the people felt as their basic needs,
how thev could be met within the existing situation and
the changes required for further progress. Economic needs
come first and agriculture is the base of rural economy.
So we had taken up projects like land levelling, setting
up a Power Ghani, soil testing, bridge construction etc.
Next projects on the list are Dairy Development, Dispensary,
Road construction and education suited to the local needs.
It is now proposed to extend1 it to a project of
'Integrated Rural Development' through the joint efforts of
With Gawalpahari
as centre, we can extend the area to surrounding villages
within a distance of 10 km.
V&a-^I.I.T, A.I.I.M.S., I.A.R.I.,ahd J.N.U.
A
The groups from these Institutes, interested in
the work of rural development are already in close contact,
have exchanged ideas, and. discussed the proposal in detail.
Thev all agree with the approach. It is needed to plan and
organise it properly. Special emphasis should be given to
women and children in the villages. Institutions like
Lady Irwin College and others which have some experience in
the field may be associated. Organisations like I.C.A.R.,
S.I.R. , D.S.T., and Department of Rural Development should
C.
provide the necessary guidance and patronage.
This experiment may be a model trial, for the
plans, being prepared for the'Integrated Rur.al Development'
Programmes. We have the team of Young Scientist from these
different fields who have shown their dedication through
their work and are prepared to take up the challenge. The
strong commitment, back-ground, understanding and team work
will prova a break through towards this new approach of rural
development. One successful experiment will create great
enthusiasm among others to take up similar projects. All the
Institutes involved bring institutes of national importance,
their initiative will bear a great impact on others and
contd.............. 1.
create a sense of obligation to involve themselves to
carry the work to larger effects and multiplication throughout
the coun'trv. These institutes may also take the initiative
to organise other institutes in their respective fields and
mobilise the youths to take up the cause of rural development.
PLAN 0? ACTION;
This meeting should, if all else is agreed upon
in principle, prepare' a plan of action for work in the area.
A meeting of the Heads, of th.pjse institutes may later on be
convened and a concrete plan of action be submitted for
their consideration. If accepted and approved by the various
institution, we can go ahead with the.formal organisation and
start the implementation.
The participating institutes should define their
roles clearly and take up various 'Tasks’ in the area
according to their background, manpower and other facilities
available. Work of all the institutes has to be closely
coordinated, sunlimented' and integrated with each other.
Though details can be chalked out by each institutes,
following mav be considered as the salient features of the
programmes of each institute:1.
TECHNOLOGY:
g
’
Need to open up non-agricultural pursuits in the
rural areas is. very obvious. Land-man ratio is already such
that engaging more workers on landj excep;t for special purposes
and on special occasions may not prove very productive.
Agriculture, itself.can be made highly remunerative by linking
it with broad consumer market-through the medium of agrobased
industries. This, may also serve as alternative job market for
the educated urban as well as rural youth. I.I.T. should,
therefore, take up.-a practical programme of. Hural Entreprene-urship forming cooperatives in village s’wi th a view to utilize
the skills already available in the form of art through the
induction of modern scientific technological tools available.
2.
HEALTH;
Traditional structure of health services in the
village has collapsed under the' systematic approach of modern
medicines. The modern medicine s'..'on the other hand cannot
provide its curative services to such a large number of
villages. Preventive approach to health care has, therefore,
to be emphasised. The health services have to be linked with
agriculture such that the productive capacity of a farmer is
not affected by the delivery of health services. A net work
of health services has to be provided in the village exactly
where the people work. Hospital oriented approach could be
discouraged. This can be done by
permanent stay in the
village of a team of Doctors and para professional health
tworkars which should be derived not only from the department
of community medicine, instead members from different
departments must be involved to give a rural bias to their
programmes. Whether the coordination of this team can be done
by the department of community (Medicine or a special cell
has to be openedfor this purpose, remains to be seen by the
respective Institute. This team shall have yet another '
•-
contd...
M
it
important task of training local youth to give a meaningful
impetus to th ■> health services. The whole programme is
anticipated to ultimately provide alternative system of
health services which could also be followed elsewhere.
3.
AGRI CULTURE:
Advice, demonstration and services in agriculture
are necessary for the farmer to adopt modern agricultural
practices. To achieve this a team of agricultural scientist
should establish a rapport with the villagers, win their
confidence and help them to increase their production. The
extension division of I.A.R.I. has already such programmes
in villages. New manpower and facilities should be mobalised
for this programme. A team of younger, sci«nti st is already
showing great enthusiasm and Interest end a’ programme
can be organised and planned by the Pusa Institute.
4.
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
Change of attitudes and' wav of thinking is
important. Social norms and social behavior determines to a
great extent the acceptability of a new programme. This
will require a basic study and understanding of existing
conditions. Survey work will have-to be carried out to know
the various aspects of the rural life; Malady-Remedy
analysis would have to be made to identify the problems and
suggest right .type of solution within the existing situation
or the new measures necessary to be taken up. Centre for
Regional Development and Planning of J.N.JJ. can play an
important role in this direction. Centres like 'Studies in
Science Policy' can provide with more intensive data and
background and help in evolving right type of strategy for
taking science to villages.
5.
ORGANISATION:
.
i)
Working Groups: From each institute, there will be a
working group staying in the villages. These will consist of
atleast two younger scientists and a senior scientist from
each institute. These will be the permanent links of their
institute in the area. Academic and financial arrangements I)
have to be made for their stay and working in the area by j
the respective institute.
.
ii)
Operational Base: As suggested in 'A note on
Integrated Rural Development' (ICAR) it is quite realistic to
set up a Rural Science and Technology complex in a village in
the project area that will serve as the base from which several
of the key operations will be conducted. The complex may house
the following:.
a)
b).
Accommodation for the working and the visiting groups.
Service and training cum demonstration centres for
Health, Agriculture and Technology.
.
iii)
Cells:
Each institute should have a cell consisting
of younger and senior scientists derived from different
departments of the Institute.. The Cell may have some
permanent positions. The functions will be
(a) to provide technical expertise in different disciplines to
the working group in the village.
(b)
to provide necessary facilities from the institute for
implementation of various projects in the villages.
contd.
c)
to work for the'involvement of diff erent departments,
students and staff in the programme.
iv). Coordination Committee:
A coordination
committee consisting of two younger scientists and one
senior scientist, at least one from the working group,
from each institute should be formed. The headquarters
could be at IIT Delhi 'dth its Diractor as the Chairman of
the Committee. (a) It will look after the preparation of
the programmes and their implimentation. It will maintain
liaison with administrative and financial bodies which have
to be involved in implementation'of the. projects. It will
also maintain links with similar other experiments going on
in .different rural centres.
v) . Advisory Committee:
An Advisory Committee
consisting of the different Heads of the Institutions,
representatives of Department of rkiral Development, C. S.I.R.,
C.A.R. j D.S.T., Financial Body and the local District
I.
authorities mav be constituted to guide and provide patronage
to the programmes.
FINANCES:
( 1) •
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
S.T, Complex:
Land - to be donated by village.
Stones-to be donated by village.
Labour-to be provided by the students and villagers.
Construction material - to cost 10,000/- -JdLnt Poolings
Working Group:
Institute will finances their stay and acti viti es<
(3)
(4).
Projacts:
to be financed by different institutes,
DST, CSIR, DRD, I OMR.
financial arrangement to be made bv
institutes.
,a
z
RAJENDRA PRASAD
I.I.T. DELHI
/
PROPOSAL FOR ANANDGRAM - 'THE JOY VILLAGE'
A Cultural Village Complex for Itinerant
Performing Artists and Traditional Craftsmen
A.
A Statement on Alternative Reserttlement
B.
Background
C.
The Cooperative
D.
Anandgram
E.
Budget
F.
Appendix
Bhule Bisre Kalakar Sahakari Samiti
C/0
Rajeev Sethi
Flat 4, Shankar Market
New Delhi 110001 India
tel. 45107
April 10, 1978
47/1'(BANGALOaE-5eubd1
-S'
RESETTLEMENT : OUR ALTERNATIVE
A statement from the people of Shadipur Depot Jhuggi Colony,
New Delhi, May 1976
We are, all of us - traditional puppeteers, singers, bhopas
balladeers, jhoola-wallahs, animal trainers, jugglers, circus
artists (nuts), toy-makers, wood-carvers, peep-show wallahs,
street entertainers, etc.
Nowhere else in the country is there to be found such a close
and* compact community of professional performers and craftsmen;
nowhere in the country would such a community be as extensive
or contain quite such a variety of skills.
We are mostly itinerant but we need a base which we can call
our home.
We began to migrate to this city 20 years ago; and 10 years ago
we came together as a community in an area of 3 acres in Shadipur
Depot. We are now about 150 families. This has become our home;
and it has developed in such a way that strangers to the city, and
indeed, many city-dwellers themselves, would not have believed
possible.
We have preserved our rural life-style intact even as we respect
and observe the civic laws of the city.
Indeed, we have become an integral part of the city's varied
culture. Anyone who needed our skills knew at once where and how
to contact us. Traditional artists who visited this city were able
to located us with ease. We can honestly say that we feel our commun
ity has benefited the larger community of the capital.
We have entertained foreign dignitaries as we have the man in the
street. We have given their children toys to play with. Our
decorative crafts have reached the homes not only of Delhi's citizens
but of the world.
We feel that our community of 150 families represents a major crafts
industry of the capital.
We find we are now being moved to resettlement colonies such as
Sultanpuri and are scattered far away from one another. This spells
the break-up of our community and our way of, life.
-2 How can we organize in the future as we have so far ? How will those
people who draw on our professional skills find us when they need us ?
For sometime now we have been thinking among ourselves about a small
but permanent theatre where we would have regular showings of our
puppetry and other performing arts both for the citizens of Delhi and
for those visiting from abroad.
Side by side with this, we feel we should benefit from having a salesoutlet that we could manage ourselves without intervention or
financial under-cutting by middlemen.
We feel it may benefit the Government to build a Cutlure and
Tourist Centre and yet with very little outlay; for where else
would it find such skilled and centralized human resources ?
Maybe you, the Government can help us to organize ourselves as
responsible citizens with land to live and work on. The question
of resettlement itself would be not problem for us; but please
let this not interfere with our aspirations !.
We, the undersigned, are willing to surrender the land-allotments
given to us as separate members in favour of an area where we can
live and work side by side.
Signed by 138
Heads of families
May 1976
ANANDGRAM - 'THE JOY VILLAGE'.
A Cultural Village Complex for Itinerant performing Artists
and Traditional Craftsmen.
B.
Background.
Less than a decade ago, residents and visitors who cared to walk
the streets of an Indian city could easily find a peep-show wallah
gladly showing all comers his picture scroll of "twelve-maund washer
woman", or chance upon a magician holding audiences spell-bound with
his clever showmanship and street 'hypnosis'. The passerby could
also witness an animal trainer convince his monkey to take a bridg,
watch his dog leap through a wheel of fire, or see the 'bhalluwallah'
asking his bear to ride an onlooker's bicycle.
A family of acrobats whose children would put a professional gymnast
to shame could be found looming over the heads of a standing crowd
gathered for a'Tamasha'. One could easily locate jugglers performing
in an open square or a puppeteer performing his traditional ballad
plays with hilarious comic interludes. A'behrupia,' the street
impersonator, would arrive in a market square and create a sponta
neous crowd of laughing shoppers.
Street urchins would shout and run in delight as the familiar sound
of drumming announcing these wandering performers was heard approach
ing the neighborhood. The more well-to-do will remember how the
puppet-show wallah always turned up to erect his little stage
in time for the children's birthday party.
Nowadays, we see fewer and fewer of these 'pilgrims of joy'.
Decades ago they left their villages to come to the cities in search
of new patrons. Now they have started to leave again: "Life is not
what it used to be
Too many rules and regulations. "
One of the definitions of beggary in the Bombay Prevention of Beggary
Act of 1959, which is. still in force in Delhi, is "Soliciting or
receiving alms in public places - under any pretence such as singing,
dancing, forture-telling, performing or offering any other article
for sale."
No one has cared to allot special places around Delhi, in parks,
open grounds or mohallas, for instance, where these professional
street artists can earn their daily bread with dignity.
Today, puppeteers and ballad singers wait in abject lines outside
development agencies for contracts to do message-loaded ’folk dramas'.
Others have deserted the street and the courtyards altogether, preferring
4
to be called "stage artists", because prestigious academics have
made them self-conscious about their 'art'. Too many have been
forced to compromise traditional expression with the vulgar require
ments of the drunken rich at weddings and qawwali evenings
straight out of Bombay films.
Most continue to joint the wretched stream of the unemployed.
It is not that these performers have lost either a sense of
discernment or their native skills. It is a question of survival for the performers themselves and their timeless craft.
The result is confusion, lack of direction, and a debilitating
sense that their skills are no longer of use. Perhaps, too, those
who are concerned to see the city grow have not yet gauged the
potential of such communities.
The wandering performing artists of this country must number in
thousands. There has never been any census and nor have they been
identified as a special group. Most of them have never benefitted
from any development programme of the Government or other agencies
for professionals. They remain scattered and forgotten, wandering
from place to place and living wherever they can pitch up a ragged
ten and put three stones to mark their hearth.
C.
The Cooperative Society of Neglected and Forgott en Artists.
One hundred and fifty families of Delhi street performers had
somehow managed to survive as a village community unitl their
Shadipur Depot Jhuggi Colony was bull»dozed. Many have returned
to Shadipur to camp in makeshift tents or on the open ground, but
there is a constant threat of harrassment from the police and others
without a vision. Under the current resettlement schemes of the
Emergency resettlement, they will be evicted yet again and dispersed
to far-flung colonies unless another alternative is found.
Resettlement itself is not under question, but how to make it work
better, both for the Government and the people, is the main purpose
behind this proposal.
In June 1977, to unite against impending dispersion and for recog
nition as traditional performers and craftsmen, the squatters of
Shadipur Depot and elsewhere - the puppeteers, singers, magicians,
acrobats, jugglers, musicians, toy and instrument makers, etc. banded together to form India's first "Cooperative Soceity of
Neglected and Forgotten Artists ", the Bhoole Bisre Kalakar Sehakari
Samiti.
5
The Cooperative is being registered as an Industrial Cooperation
under the Cooperative Registration Act of India. The members are
required to pay Rs. 50/- as
share capital and Rs. 10/- as member entrance
fee. Only traditional performing artists and craftsmen can become
members of the group. The members are selected by a Selection Committee
composed of the performers themselves. The office holders are elected
by members. There are no outside patrons of Board of Directors. Those
professionals interested in helping the Cooperative are called Friends,
and receive Rs. 1/- honorarium. The Cooperative, however, can hire the
services of any outside person according to the wishes of the Managing
and General body.
The Cooperative today has about 60 members who have been selected
and another 30 associate members who have paid their share capital.
There are many more who have filled their forms and are collecting
money to become members.
The members have already earned more than four times their share capital.
What the Cooperative has done so far :
Tune 1977
After holding several meetings with Government officials, media
people, etc. for almost six months, the group finally decided to form
themselves into an Industrial Cooperative. All other forms of Cooperatives
could not cover the professional aims of our proposed members.
A unique function was held on the lawns of Smt. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay's
residence in the presence of about thirty guests and 150 performing artists.
July 1977
26 puppet shows sponsored by the Sangeet Natak Academy were distributed
for Rs. 75/- each. The shows were performed in Public Hospitals, schools,
and houses for handicapped and the aged. At the hospitals the members
were also helped to get their medical examinations.
The Cooperative provided transport fees to groups who went for subsequent
check-ups.
August 1977
The National Institute of Design contracted the Cooperative to perform
in the Theme Pavilion of the Agri-Expo. A repertory of twelve types of
shows was prepared and members earned from Rs. 50/- to Rs. 150/each depending upon the programme required by the client.
contd
6
6
January 1978
In the fall of 1977, the Guardian newspaper of U.K. wrote a one-page
article on the functions of the Cooperative. As a result, the BBC
sent a film production team from its World About Us series to film
a 50 minute colour documentary on the social history of the group,
and the formation and activities of theCooperative. The film is
to be released in May 1978, and the Cooperative will receive a free
print. Each member of the Cooperative earned Rs. 75/- from the film,
and about Rs. 10,000/- was distributed to other performing artists
from outside. Delhi.
The Cooperative participated in the PATA Conference by staging a most'
unusual fair for the Taj Group of Hotels, . The show was held at the
construction site of their forthcoming hotel in New Delhi. Every
member, including associate members, received Rs. 125/- from the show.
About 30 non-member performing artists from outside the Cooperative
were also employed.
May - December 1978
A book on the tales of wandering performing artists and traditional
craftsmen is being prepared for publication.
A format for puppet-training workshops is being prepared for educa
tional institutions and development agencies.
The main task for the Cooperative is to start building Anandqram,
the cultural village complex described in this proposal.
D.
ANANDGRAM - " THE JOY VILLAGE " .
Recently, it has been a felt need that Tourism should also emerge
out of its 'Five Star' western-oriented culture. Tourism itself is
changing its value-patterns and shows an inclination to step out of
highways, cabaret lounges and plush bars frequented largely by the
local nouveau riche.
The New Tourist is here for more than a comfortable visual experience.
He wants, however idealistically, to get into the 'soul' of the place:
"The Real India". Too many already have been tempted to drive Cadillacs
into the village to catch a glimpse of "the vanishing past". Others
have virtually converted villages into show-laces for tourist where
the villagers themselves can be hired to demonstrate 'culture'.
Needless to say, this is as damaging as it is unrealistic.
Yet the need for a 'rural experience' cannot be overlooked. We need
to create an ethnic environment where professional showmanship is a
way of life •
7
Anandgram, which is to be the pioneering project of the Bhoole Bisre
Kalakar Cooperative will be a Cultural village complex to permanently
house the families of the members,. To be situated on ten acres of
land in convenient relationship to the city, Anandgram will include
a complex of indigenous style habitat for 150 families, several
courtyard theatres, a fok arts museum with special emphasis on
puppetry and theatre crafts, and common facilities for handicrafts
such as woodcarving, embroidery, pottery, straw-work, and the
construction of toys and musical instruments. The Cooperative will
promote these and other traditional skills through training courses
and experimental workshops for popular performing arts. It will also
maintain a hostel for itinerant folk artists that visit the capital
from different regions of India. The complex will house a research
component for indigenous cosmetics and homemade medical remedies.
The complex will consist of market squares with craft shops and
retail and wholesale outlets along with several street stalls for
ethnic foods and spices. There will also be other community facilities
to make the village more self-sufficient and self-sustaining.
The visitor to Anandgram, whether a tourist or a resident, will
gain an immediate experience of the craft process. In addition,
the complex would provide a ground for popular media that could
actively feed the entertainment and information industries. Their
skills already reach about 30,000 people a day, in and around Delhi.
Offering a continuing carnival of ethnic jhullas and other amusement
circuses and a variety of lesser known performances, Anandgram will
be an effective catalyst for the permanent reintegration of India's
traditional popular folk performing artists and the urban community.
The most important factor to keep in mind at present is the urgency
with which the project must proceed before the scattered and
individual families begin to send down roots wherever they have
been displaced to, and before they leave their Delhi base. At the
moment, the people are ready to build. One hardly experiences
such initiative for self-help housing.
E.
BUDGET.
The project will be implemented in three stages :
A.
B.
C.
Phase One - Preparation of a Comprehensive Scheme and Site.
Phase Two - Workshop for Review and Presentation of Scheme.
Phase Three - Construction of Village Complex.
8
This proposal requests initial funding for pPhases One and Two.
Phase One will cover expenses incurred in locating a suitable
building site and developing the comprehensive building plan.
Phase Two, to begin after the completion of the comprehensive
plan, is a special workshop on indigenous building techniques and
human settlements to be held in Delhi . Professionals such as
Dr. Hassan Fathy will be invited to analyse and review the work
done. The workshop may be coordinated with organizations such
as the National Institute of Design Ahmedabad and the All India
Handicarafts Board. The purpose of the workshop will also be to
prepare a multimedia portfolie for the presentation of the plan to
prospective funding organizations and other interested people.
Cost estimates for Phase Three, the construction of the complex
itself, ''will be determined after completion of Phases One and Two.
9
Phase One - Location of a Suitable Building Site and Preparation of
Comprehensive Building Scheme.
Duration : 3 months.
1.
Salaries for Design Team - Architect, Civil Engineer,
Design Consultant, Draftsmen, Graphic Designer,
Master Masons, Theatre Expert, Crafts Consultant, CopyWriter, Secretary, Accounts Officer, Community
Representatives, Project Coordinators :
rs>
43,000
(The above does not include Govt. Rep. Delhi
Administration,Tourism, Education, Culture,
University etc.)
2.
Rental for Office/Shed :
3.
Office Facilities and Supplies :
1,200
4.
Telephone, Postage, Telegrams :
3,000
5.
Model, Blueprints, Drawing Equipment for
Exhibit of Plan :
6.
1,500
5,000
Display for Exhibit of Plan :
3,000
7.
Transportation :
6,000
8.
Miscellaneous and 10% Contingency :
Subtotal
Rs.
7,300
70,000
Rs.
80,000
Phase Two - Workshop and Presentation.
Duration : 15 days, New Delhi.
1.
Travel Grants and Per Diems for Dr. Hassan
Fathy, two other international experts, &
15 professionals from India :
2.
Rental of Workshop Premises :
5,000
3.
Honorariums to Performing Artists and
Professionals to be included in the
Presentation (about 80 people) :
15,000
4.
Mobile Stage Sets, Theatrical Props,
Costumes, etc.
15,000
5.
Telephone, Postage, Telegrams, Stationery
1,500
6.
Transportation :
2,500
7.
Miscellaneous and 10% contingency :
11,000
Subtotal
Rs.
130,000
GRAND TOTAL
Rs.
200,000
>(111
.TIMES
5978 OCTOBER 1-1.5
RS. 1.50 Q A TIMES OF INDIA PUBLICATION
THE YOUNGER WAY TO GROW
HE FRINGE PEOPLE
Our bodies
ourselves
{Continued from page 17)
From there they are carried to the
prostate gland which secretes a thick,
milky fluid that mixes with the sperm
to make semen.
...
Sexual stimulation leads to erection
of the penis caused by a supply of
blood being sent to the tissues of the
penis which consequently grows firm
and erect and increases in diameter
and length. A mature man’s penis
when erect can measure anywhere
from 4.5 to 8 inches in length. Its
langle ranges between 20 and 40
degrees to the vertical, exactly corres
ponding to the angle of the vagina.
Ejaculation occurs when an erec
tion culminates in a series of quick,
short spurts of semen.
Almost
immediately afterward, the erection
disappears although it may linger for
up to five minutes or so.
male sexual response. Erection and
ejaculation can be brought on not
“Pubertyfor me meant suddenly get only by direct physical manipulation
ting very interested in girls and mastur of the sexual organs (masturbation,
bating a lot. I had my first ejaculation foreplay or sexual intercourse) but
while masturbating. I must have also by a purely mental phenomenon
been 13 or 14 at that time. Since my —a dream or a fantasy. In the first
parents had explained the physiology case it is regulated purely by nerve
of sex to me long before, I knew impulses in the spine, in the second it
that what was happening to me was is the brain that stimulates the spinal
quite normal. It only meant that an nerves which then cause the erection.
nlready enjoyable activity was even
Whether caused by thoughts,
more fun though a little messy. dreams, physical manipulation or
Even when I had wet dreams and simply by the early morning need to
messed up the sheets and my clothes, urinate, most adolescent as well as
my parents were very understanding adult males have erections frequently.
so that I never felt ashamed or If the erection does not end in ejacu
lation the blood flooding the veins
embarrassed."
of the penis is simply re-absorbed into
The first ejaculation in a man’s the circulation system of the body.
life corresponds in degree of impor Even if the erection does end in ejacu
tance to a woman’s first menstruation. lation this does not mean that the
It may occur at night during a dream body is wasting energy and thus
in which case it is termed a nocturnal becoming weakened. Ejaculations
emission or wet dream. It may also are the body’s normal way of getting
occur during masturbation. This rid of excess semen. There is no such
illustrates an important point about thing as having too many ejacula
tions because the body knows its
own limits and erection will simply
not be possible if that limit is reached.
A few months after their first
ejaculation young men begin to find
that their voices are breaking and
becoming lower in tone. This is
caused by a sudden and rapid increase
in the size of the voicebox and is a
part of the general growth spurt.
Around this time facial hair also
begins to make an appearance, but as
with every other aspect of puberty,
there is no hard and fast rule as to
timing or rate of development. If it is
remembered that there is great varia
tion from individual to individual
and that there is no particular norm,
the changes of puberty will cause
less anxiety and concern to young
people who are afraid to ‘fall
behind’ or ‘race ahead’ of their
contemporaries.
Readers may send in queries which
will be answered by a panel of
doctors.
Youth Times October 1-15 197S 21
bBLW - S
DNNOWWNS
RAJEEV SETHI=
The grassroots man
etwees
the inspired and the
JD uninspired, the difference is
perhaps only a spark. The inspired
do not have to work from bor
rowed flint, they generate their own
energy and keep’themselves charged.
To say thatRajeev Sethi is definitely
‘inspired’, is not to say that he has
never floundered. In fact,
the
strength of his inspiration lies in
his return to a direction of his
choice, after a short detour. In his
capacity as a creative, person he
was carried away to Paris at an
early age, just as pretty girls get
picked for air hostesses and models,
or socially smart young men find
themselves in tea tasting.
Paris had perhaps been a dream,
like it is for many creative people.
For good oriental talent it is not
always difficult to become easily
‘picturesque’ in the West or go even
further and border on the ‘purple’.
For a while, Rajeev did fall into
these categories. However, Pierre
Cardin was not a bait that held him
too long. Rajeev was able to see
through the Paris scum. And so
the mascara and the haute couture
did not drown him. Fortunately,
he could enter his dream and follow
it himself.
He made a trip home amidst the
confusion and contradictions of
‘making it big’ in the West or coming
back and ‘contributing’ to India. I
had occasion to meet him then.
In June 1971 I wrote to an
undecided Rajeev in Paris: ‘‘It’s
only when the breeze has blown
us West/We see our dusty India/
Brass-belled and jewelled and
haloed - in its Bandhani.. ./‘Out
teeth arc made of ivory’, wesay/‘The
22
Rural arts and crafts have through the
years remained unchanged. Could fresh
patterns be evolved, innovations made
to give new life to the old art forms?
The search has led Rajeev Sethi to
an exciting experiment.
Youth Times October 1-15’1978
AN INNOVATOR IS NOT
SOMEONE WHO IS LESS THAN
AN INVENTOR, MORE THAN
A DISCOVERER. HE IS NOT
ONE WHO TALKS OF EVOLU
TIONARY OR REVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE. AN INNOVATOR IS
SOMEONE WHO BRINGS ABOUT
CHANGE. HE TAKES A SIDE
STEP FROM THE MAINSTREAM
AND, AFTER A FRESH LOOK AT
THINGS, REMOULDS THEM.
WHATEVER HIS/HER FIELD BE,
THE INNOVATOR’S WORK IS
A REFRESHING WHIFF, A
BREATHER.
THIS COLUMN IN YOUTH
TIMES WILL NOW BE A REGU
LAR FEATURE TO PUBLICISE
THE WORK OF ‘YOUNG INNO
VATORS ’ IN VARIOUS FIELDS.
SO THAT THE WINDS OF
CHANGE ARE ENCOURAGED
TO BLOW. SO THAT WE
REMAIN
YOUTHFUL.
Youth Times October 1-15 1978 23
synthetic West is lame’. It was volved in age-old crafts. “One
not, by any means, a new dilemma, has to work patiently with crafts
but time has shown that the answers men, learning from each other,
that Rajeev was considering were convincing them slowly that new
certainly a rethinking on some of designs can mean a wider market.
India’s basic cultural problems. But it’s not always easy to be patient.
By the end of 1971, having seen his Imagine the God-fearing Shias turn
India from a distance and getting ing out pin-ups in walnut wood or,.
the necessary perspective to acknow for that, matter, Omar Khayyam
with his wine goblets,” Rajeev makes
ledge and admire it, he was back.
Nevertheless, till 1975, he remain his point smiling. “They are ig
ed involved in several programmes noring the extreme restraint of their
that kept taking him around the tradition.”
“The* pity”, Rajeev explains “is
world. As the Design Consultant
to the Secretary General of the that the craftsmen have been sepa
United Nations World Population rated from their buyers. Under
Conference and on special appoint royal patronage, they kept in direct
ment to several national and touch with the users of their crafts.
international agencies dealing in Later, with the arrival of the British,
subjects ranging from habitat to the the missionaries, or even the Indian
emancipation of women, Rajeev Civil Servants’ wives, the consumers
conceived and excecuted some of the remained close to the craftsmen.
most unique media presentations seen Victorian forms did infiltrate, but
at international developmental con at least there was a change, a pro
gresses. World Press and Television gression. Now design is a totally
have covered his projects as some static concept, The term chaloo
of the most original communication craftsmen is easily accepted.”
Rajeev has sat through Kashmir’s
efforts made by a designer from this
part of the globe. But though snowy winters, working and desig
Rajeev had found a base at home, ning with talented traditional crafts
he still felt he needed a full time men. This has resulted in some
involvement in his own country, to fine wine glasses in zangalu and
“take my time off from this interna chikri wood which have a very con
temporary look. Or buckles, bro
tional circus”.
Today he is the nucleus of several oches and pill boxes that can interest
projects in the country which he the jet-set.
described and discussed with Youth
Extensive travel in the lesser
known places of Kashmir helped
Times.
Rajeev trace out s.everal traditional
patterns from old turbans and
Kashmir’s Crafts
dresses, quaint paisleys, designs
from the old silk routes and of the
1.
First, there is Kashmir, colonial period, all of which
changeless as its mountains and can be reincorporated in today’s
lakes; its tourist’s image perpetuat fashion mainstream. “As much as
ing our notions of tradition. “Kash Rs. 10 lakhs of material travels out of
mir has been sitting so smugly Jammu and Kashmir to be printed
thinking that its exotica will sell”, in Delhi and Bombay, while local
said Rajeev, “but one of these days craftsmen are turning into peons,
the exotica will fall on its face”. cycle repair men or labourers in
This is what provoked him to accept factories.”
the challenging job of a design
Continuing this process of updat
consultant with the Kashmir Gov ing traditional designs Sethi has
ernment. Challenging, because it is also given a modern, almost futuris
not always easy to break through the tic look to ‘Zoon’—the Kashmir
traditional designs of a people in Handicrafts Emporium .in Delhi.
24 Youth Times October 1-15 1978
2.
The second project of our
young innovator is down in the
neighbouring state of Haryana.
Here Rajeev worked on an ambi
tious . socio-economic project to
preserve the folk arts which are
disappearing in the wake of Har
yana’s rapid industrialisation and its
expanding urban centres.
Grassroots work
A quote on the file of the Rural
Community Facility and Culture
Centre reads, “Culture springs
from the roots /And seeping through
to all the shoots/To leaf and flower
and bud/From cell to cell, like green
blood/Is released by rain showers/
As fragrance from the wet flowers/
To fill the air. But culture that is
poured on men/From up above,
congeals them/Like damp sugar,
so they become/Like sugar-dolls,
and when some/Life-giving shower
wets them through/They disappear
and Melt into/A sticky mess”.
This goes a long way to explain why
Rajeev chose to work at the grass
roots rather than spend his ■ life
raising or lowering the necklines
and hemlines of the Paris made
moiselles.
The Haryana project, located in
a small village called Garhi Bohar,
near Rohtak, was slowly gaining
momentum when government funds
were discontinued, chiefly due to
the high-handed action of a single
bureaucrat. He had not even once
cared to visit the village or listen W
to the villagers and the Gram Panchayat who spent months running
from pillar to post to get their Cen
tre re-opened. “Suddenly lack of
finances and a lack of trust in the
project’s usefulness by a handful
of officials, sitting far away and who
have no right to run our lives, brou
ght everything to an unexpected
halt,” Rajeev recalls with sorrow.
“A culture that has been allowed to
rot has surely got to learn to pay
off the debts incurred while putting
it on the right track”.
For the first time in the country
a comprehensive programme to
update rural cottage industry pro
ducts and educate rural consumers
was initiated in this manner. Craft
skills that have so far catered to
the cities were being re-used to suit
the requirements of the rural people.
While new rural products such as
footwear for the farmers, durries
etc. were being created, no finance
was given to organise their pro
duction or marketing. The plan
for the whole Centre, unique in its
architectural concept, along with
details of activities, was prepared by
Rajeev. A programme that re
quired intense inter-departmental
co-operation at the field level now
lies buried with some committee
or the other, formed almost a year
It has been a long road for 1lajeev—from Paris to Rohtak.
, ago by Haryana Tourism.
3. The third project in which India. But when it comes to doing
/ . In the absence of adequate local
fairs, festivals, places of pilgrimage Rajeev is involved at the moment something for our day to day prob
and congregation in Haryana, new is. that of Anandgram, the ‘joy lems most people have little time
to spare.”
places of interest have to be created village’.
So far, Rajeev’s main concern
However, several agencies and
for local people. Otherwise the
•obvious will happen: we will only had been with updating outmoded people at least admit that they are
designs
or
preserving
those
that
considering
the proposal to house
have gatherings around the highway
dhabas, the truck culture of Haryana. would soon be lost to us. But this these 150 families in a single com
project
goes
a
step
further
and
plex.
Meanwhile,
the families huddle
Asked if the private sector would
together, struggle together and com
have been more receptive to his touches the human element.
This
is
a
well-worked
out
.pro
pose an anthem for their one and
project, Rajeev- explained that he
had not intended to produce just gramme to house itinerant perform only society, which the itinerant
one pilot project on donations and ing artistes and traditional crafts bards sing in Rajasthani.
Speaking to Rajeev and studying
grants. Through his involvement men in a complex within the city
with the Government, he had hoped of Delhi. His day is now spent his credentials, one is convinced
to cover the whole state with a dealing with the many problems of that his efforts are not stray shots
specific programme and then spill the 150 families of puppeteers, sin in the dark. They are a serious
beyond to the rest of India. Now gers, bhopas (balladeers), jhoola- attempt to resolve the incongruities
isolation and stagnation will once wallahs, animal trainers, jugglers, of India’s fascinating tradition after
'again dog the craftsmen who had acrobats, circus artistes, toy-makers, it faced the challenge of colonisa
revived their pride in their skill. wood carvers, peepshow wallahs, tion (which polluted the purity
The pieces of folk art collected or street entertainers and other similar and retarded its development and
donated for their ‘Dehati Kala artistes who are living in an modernisation.
When Rajeev hopes that the car
Kendra’ museum by the villagers interesting community in the jhuggi
may be fossilised in the room where colony of Shadipur Depot in West riers of our folk tradition and culture
do not become misfits in the village
they were stored. The idea of a Delhi.
Hounded by the police, legally or in the city, or change to alter
living museum—a rural reference cell
for craftsmen and consumers who outlawed from the street, deprived nate professions, or that the city
have so far only relied on their oral of a stage, where is so much talent people do not become culturally
culture—has died a sudden death. to go? The idea of Anandgram rootless under the ridiculous cover
Plastic shoes, acrylic lungis and has received a lot of lip service, of internationalism, we can only be
nylon bags will reign again while and much solid and constant help with him.
Or do we want the India of to
the Government moves its files from from people like Mrs. Kamla Devi
meeting to meeting, or simply sits Chattopadhyay, Rajeev explains. morrow to be suspended between
“This is true of many new ideas in parenthesis ?
over them.
Youth Times October 1-15 1998 25
At Shadipur bustee in
Delhi, folk artistes and per
formers — jugglers,
jhoola
wallahs, puppeteers, magicians
and many more—have orga
nised themselves into a unique
co-operative society. Youth
Times investigates.
BY SUJATA MADHOK and
RANJANA SENGUPTA
26
Youth Times October 1-151978
T is a long road from Rajasthan
Depot in Delhi. But
Imanyto aShadipur
wandering bard, juggler, and
snake charmer has travelled the dusty ?
desert tracks to the big city. They'
come looking for fame and fortune;
they are lucky if they find two square
meals and a place to squat among kin
in a settlement in West Delhi.
To urbanites there seems nothing
unusual about the Shadipur basti.
It’s just another slum colony. But
ask the children of Shadipur—you
may find them half a mile from the
Above: A Shadipur smile.
Left: Victim of the movies—the
bioscope.
basti—dragging brushwood home to
cook the night meal with. Ask them,
as we did, where to find the people
who put up the “Kathputli ka natch"
(puppet-shows). And they shout,
“We will show you.”
They direct you to the basti, to a
colony of tents in the distance, and to
the settlement under the overbridge.
They run. dragging thorny branches
behind them. At the basti, dropping
Above .-Where the puppet calls the tune.
Above right: An impromptu meeting at
the Shadipur Basti.
Right :A lithe little girl, acrobat Anili,
does a coin trick.
Youth Times October 1-15 1978 27
their burdens they cluster about you,
joined by many more children.
The elders crowd about too. An
old man brings out yellowing photo
graphs of himself staging a magic
show. He thrusts a sheaf of testi
monials before us—they all certify
that Karim Baksh is a master magi
cian. Among his clients have been
Dom Moraes, George Fernandes,
Simon Winchester of the Sunday
Tinies, diplomats from various
embassies and private individuals.
We question other inhabitants
about their place of origin ....
Jhunjunu, Sikar, Ajmer, Sirohi,
Nasirabad Chhawani.... the names
of all Rajasthan roll off their lips with
resonance. Yes, most of them have
a little land back in the village. They
go home for weddings and some years
in time for the kharif harvest. There
is nostalgia in the voices of the older
men.
Though settled in Delhi these
artistes are traditionally nomadic.
The puppeteers believe their ances
tors were Bhatts, bards and enter
tainers at the royal courts of Rajputana. Under the patronage of
Amar Singh Rathor some of them
turned puppeteers. The pride of
their repertoire is still the saga of
Amar Singh. The puppeteers now
carve dolls and puppets for sale.
Much of their craft is exported by
fashionable houses.
peepshow. The antiquated gramaphone loudspeaker on top creaks out
film tunes and you see pictures
through peepholes on the sides. We
peeped at the garish,-buxom figures
of Vyjanthiraala and Hema Malini.
The owner informed us that people
prefer these to the devotional pictures
of Ram and Sita which he had on
show earlier.
Across the railway line a long pole
used for shows lies by the ticket office.
The acrobats or nats from Alwar
perform for us. A young woman
goes through a series of handstands
and cartwheels with ease. Then
she bends over backward, till her
head touches the ground, and picks
up with her eyelids two coins placed
on the ground. Eight-year-old
Amli does the same tricks, but keeps
missing one of the coins. She is
made to repeat the trick till she picks
up both coins triumphantly.
Real Friend
Further on, we join Rajeev Sethi,
the soft spoken urbane young man
who has been acquainted with the
performers and their problems for
the last eight years. Sethi is making
efforts to strengthen a cooperative
society of the artistes. Called the
Bhule Bisre Kalakar Sahakari Samiti,
literally the Society of Neglected and
Forgotten Artists, it was established
in June 1977. The spirit behind the
A Demonstration
cooperative movement, Sethi dis
claims any official position on the
One puppeteer gives us a demon cooperative. He calls himself
stration. He winds the strings of a “just a friend of the artists” and
kathputli round his fingers and slips warmly refutes any political bias.
‘Raju Bhaiya’, as he is known.
on a couple of bells. The puppet
jerks alive, bowing and coquettishly has established a real rapport with
these people. He drags the coo
picking at its tatty, spangled skirts.
Among the trunks, beddings and perative through its teething troubles,
sleeping babies, there are many signs explains its aims patiently to them
of the dwellers’ occupations. A and can silence their endless quarrels
dholak (drum) lies silent next to with a wave of his graceful hands.
And in the tightly packed basti,
pots and pans; a puppet’s head
with its lack of basic amenities and
peeps out of a box.
A brightly painted wood and tin privacy, disputes are inevitable. As
contraption stands proudly
on Sethi takes us round we are conscious
wheels. It’s a bioscope, a kind of of sudden tensions and hostilities. A
28
Youth Times October 1-15 1978
dispute occurs over the location of
a tent Sethi has provided for visitors
and doctors. We go to the home
of puppeteer Manglu Ram, the Pre
sident of the Cooperative. We find
only his son—today’s urban dream
by way of Bombay, dressed in high
heeled shoes, flared trousers and
shirt open to the waist. The tent is
pitched over Manglu Ram’s own tent.
Professional Jealousies
By now a crowd has gathered and
an impromptu meeting takes place.
Professional jealousies and com
petitiveness are obvious. Someone
wants to know why five particular
artists were chosen for a performance
at the USIS. Sethi explains that
this was just a preliminary, he is^j
hoping to arrange a tour to the US
and for it performers would be sele
cted systematically.
He asks why two doctors who had
come from the Holy Family Hospital
were thrown out of the basti. The
people point responsibility to a distant
tent, outside which stands a jhoola
(a roundabout with painted horses
as seats). A massive woman comes
out shouting, while' her husband,
the jhoola wallah, stands by sullenly
putting in a word or two. She is
objecting loudly to the location of a
community tap near her tent. She
describes the slush graphically. The
crowd mutters, their comments
taking on a communal colour as
the jhoola wallah is a Muslim in a^
predominantly Hindu community.
Sethi pacifies the woman, promising
to move the tap.
There is obviously little privacy
in the tents and none at all in the
homes under the overbridge. Still,
each household has a distinct, jea
lously guarded floor area and woe
betide the child who ventures into a
neighbour’s ‘home’ unasked.
There is only one community tap,
no sanitation; open drains and flies
are aplenty. During the Emergency the basti was demolished and the
people were resettled in distant places
The children run after us. We ask them if they can read, they
say no.... but they can sing....
like Sultanpuri. The community traditional skills take them in the noisily into the small flat. The
city? They run after us tugging at packed room filled with bidi smoke
was torn apart and scattered.
After the Congress downfall the our clothes. We ask them if they can and whiffs of charas. The meeting
performers returned to Shadipur but read, they say no.... but they can was a hubbub that lasted four hours.
When Sethi asked at the beginning
insecurity still haunts them. They sing....
may be evicted yet again. They have
The Cooperative aims at substan what they were there for, one ans
preserved their rural life style within tially improving these conditions. wered, “Zameen”. Land is their
the city because they are a large Its plans include a cultural village ultimate security. They are wary,
group of people from the same cul complex, close to the city, to house skeptical folk.
tural tradition. To separate them members. The village is to be
There were prolonged arguments,
would be to destroy their way of called Anandgram (the Joy Village). on the selection of three people for
life. To move them far out of the Besides rural style homes Anand training as health workers, on selec
city would mean depriving them of gram is to have several courtyard ting someone to buy a medical tent
their livelihood. At present they theatres, a folk art museum, common and on grading of artists. Money for
.depend-on street entertainment and facilities for crafts like woodcarving, the tent was reluctantly fisted into a
Vlshows at private homes besides con embroidery, pottery and straw work, big ceramic pot. There were only
tracts with All India Radio, the a hostel for visiting artists, experi four women present, dressed up in
Sangeet Natak Akademi, the Song mental workshops for the arts, craft loads of silver jewellery, embroidered
and Drama Division and various shops and stalls for ethnic foods and cholis and pink peeling nailpolish.
development agencies who want spices.
They spoke up confidently through
“message loaded” performances.
their “ghunghats”.
Each family manages to earn
Sethi kept order with a bell. These
Ambitious Plans
Rs 300-600 monthly, including the
people trust him—at least as far as
womenfolk’s earnings from domestic
they trust each other. They have
chores in the homes of the well-toThe complex will offer tourists a still to develop the cooperative ethos,
do. Employment is erratic, depen “rural experience” and create ' “an but as we leave there are glimmerings
dant on luck and skill; there is never ethnic environment where profession of a consensus. Gradually, per
enough for a rainy day. Middle al showmanship is a way of life”. haps, the basis for a democratic
men, who get them work, skim off These are indeed
ambitious functioning will be achieved.
most of the earnings.
plans. While the performers do
The Cooperative seems their only
Entertaining on the streets is a have powerful friends, like Kamala hope. It is an organised attempt at
hazardous occupation. Under the Devi Chattopadhyay, they have far unity. But the artists will have to
Prevention of Beggary Act of 1959, to go.
adjust to city life. One wonders
“soliciting or receiving alms in public
Registered as an Industrial Coope where their search for an urban iden
(jjlaces—under any pretence such as rative, by now there are 60 members tity will lead them. Will they adapt
singing or dancing, fortune telling, and 30 associate members who have themselves and their art to the new
performing or offering any other paid up the share capital of Rs 50 ways?
article for sale”, is an offence.
and the membership fee of Rs 10;
The content and language of their
The children help with the house Members are selected by a Committee
performances are not always com
hold chores, with the babies and of the performers and office holders
municable to urban audiences. If
outside piece work. They are train are elected. So far the Cooperative
Anandgram preserves this ethnic
ed early in the traditional crafts and is acting as an agency for distributing
culture intact will it not be an
lend a hand in the performances. contracts such as shows at the Agri
anachronism? Will it become a
But the city neglects them as it does Expo last year.
showplace of exotica, a remnant of
their elders. None of them go to
But wage rates and grades have still “the glorious Indian heritage” adver
school, they get none of the advan
to be worked out. These were discu tised in tourist pamphlets?
tages of government funded schemes
ssed at a meeting in Sethi's Shankar
Or will it be part of a living vital
for free milk, meals and special nutri
Market office.
tradition? What will happen when
tion. They are bright, eager, crea
the
fringe people come home?
Fifty
to
sixty
people
straggled
tive, but how far will their talents and
Youth Times October 1-15 1978 29
Lapland: where the Sun
BY RUPA CH1NAI
O this is the land of the mid
night sun, I thought. We were
in the very north of Sweden. Having
travelled across Europe, little did I
know that the best was yet to come—
that a cold, barren land would re
present one of the most heart-wann
ing experiences of my life.
Just above the Arctic Circle lies
the tiny village of Jokkmokk. Here
live the Samic people, commonly
known as Laplanders. That morn
ing in mid-March, as we headed
for this village, the ground was
covered in deep snow, dazzling white
in the sunlight. Stately coniferous
trees swept gracefully over the gently
rolling countryside. Occasionally
we saw the hoof-marks of reindeer.
The lakes and rivers were solid ice.
Once or twice we saw a lone figure
out in the middle of the frozen lake,
sitting patiently by the hole he had
drilled in the ice, catching fish.
S
The Arctic Circle
As we came to the line of the Arc
tic Circle (there was a sign board
saying so) the bus driver, sensing our
excitement, obligingly stopped a few
yards away, so we could actually
have the thrill of walking across that
famous imaginary line.
Parrot
fashion I had studied all about it in
school, little dreaming I would my
self be there one day!
A Samic village does not consist
of a group of houses, but a group of
families. All the houses were cen
trally heated, clean and homely. A
few families owned cars. For the
Saame their culture and way of life
is tied to the reindeer, which supplies
their basic needs. Reindeer skin
for their traditional costumes, meat
and milk for food. The bones and
antlers to be turned into tools or
tourist souvenirs. Almost every
family had a little workshop in its
30
YouthTimes October 1-15 1978
basement. They are talented in
their craft, carving beautiful knives,
bowls and pendants from reindeer
horn.
For generations the nomadic
Saame roamed with their reindeer
herds in the northern regions of
Norway, Sweden, Finland, and
Russia, unhampered by boundary
lines. Although national boundaries
divide them today, they still basically
feel like one people, speaking the
same language although the dialects
differ.
The group of Asians with whom I
was travelling was invited to Jokk
mokk by Lars Pirak, the famous
Samic artist, and his wife Astrid.
SANJIVINI
Sanjivini —the life giver—is
the name of our organisation.
In the past 20 months we have
helped desperate people to
bring hope and meaning into
their lives. People on the
verge of suicide; people in
severe depression; people
having family problems, ma
rital crises and adolescent
turbulences; people fighting
alcoholism, drug addiction,
delinquency and loneliness.
What we have given those
who knocked on our door is
a new reason to live and face
their problems.
Sanjivini came into being
on March 15, 1976 as a joint
venture of young volunteers
inspired by the Samaritans
Befrienders International.
There is a growing need
in India for a place like
Sanjivini, to counsel and help
people with everyday problems
that they still shy away from
talking about in a public set
up. An understanding of
their emotional and psycho
logical maladjustments can
avoid a crisis or suicide, but
social
constraints
make
Often it is the client’s hands—
tortured and clenched—that
speak more than him. The
volunteers at Sanjivini know
how to ‘listen’ to them too.
callers hesitate. To them
Sanjivini offers a hand and
promises to weather the storm
with them.
approach us in hope of a solu
tion. We have had some 500
callers and have never turned
anyone away.
Our clients come from all
backgrounds. Apart from
Delhi and its neighbouring
districts they have come from
as far as Nagpur, Bombay and
Hoshangabad. Some tele
phone; others too far away,
mail and share their difficul
ties. Mostly, they reach out
in desperation after reading
about us. The tremendous
press coverage during our
first year, helped many to
Yet we are not a charity
organisation. Our help con
sists of being a listening post
to the despairing and suicidal.
Clients may remain anony
mous and be befriended by
phone or letters. Their pro
blems are confidential between
them and the volunteer. We
respect their faith in us by
keeping their counsel. We
offer them friendship, a wider
perspective, and a better
insight into their problems. We
will be with them through all
the stages of their emotional
adjustment. Our services are
supplemented by experienced
professionals and agencies
who provide the necessary
treatment for those who re
quire specialised help. San
jivini thus plays a vital role as
a ‘referral’ agent in Delhi and
ensures that a client receives
the appropriate expert treat
ment. We are a mediator
between home and clinic.
Sanjivini is manned by a
dedicated group of 40 volun
teers. These ordinary men
and women from all walks of
life have time to spare and a
keen desire to help. Volun
teers need to have a special
inborn skill, for listening is a
difficult task. They are care
fully picked, screened and
trained. Four training pro
grammes have been organised
so far, to orient new volun
teers into the Sanjivini
‘culture’ by way of lectures,
role-play sessions and discus
sions. These are conducted
by experts from related fields
like psychiatrists, psycholo
gists, counsellors, lawyers, and
doctors. We counsel, receive
calls, type, write, visit homes
and hospitals, and are willing
to do anything else our work
calls for.
However, we are severely
handicapped by lack of funds,
lack of working place and
Volunteers are picked after a
thorough screening and then
trained in three-week sessions.
short staffing. Like all volun
tary organisations our only
source of income is an annual
fund raising campaign. We
are fighting these problems
but without the support of
the community our growth is
impeded.
There is a reward in the
act of helping a fellow human.
As a client once wrote : “You
have saved me from taking
my life, by sharing my pain
and accepting me. I have no
words
”
Sanjivini—the name and place
that spells hope and home for
all friendless persons.
.
I
Dedicated volunteers happily
d0 the routine paperwork that
is an important part of
Sanjivini'.,s day-to-day running
and well organised activities.
as others see us....
sanjivini in figures
Clients from March 76 to Jan. 78 : 485
Male 3/3,
Female 112
Maximum in age group 21-25
Daily clients average : 4
suicides in india : 1975
Total number : 42,890; per day; 117
Male : 60.8%; Female : 39.2%
I Causes : Dreadful diseases ; 15.4%;
Quarrel with in-lawst 9.5%
Method : Poison : 29.7%: Hanging : 20.3%
“People suffering from depression,
marital disharmony, drug addiction,
feelings of guilt or inferiority or
alcoholism, will find a sympathetic
listener in Sanjivini
”
The Statesman
233.76
“What impresses one about "Sanjivini”
is the earnestness and the genuine
enthusiasm of those working for it
”,
Hindustan Times
14.5.76
“It justifies its mythological name
which saves many a precious life in
desperate need of patient listening,
consoling and counselling.
The atmosphere of unnecessary noise and
chattering, gossiping and dress exhibi
tionism. so common a sight in many
welfare, agencies was totally absent
here. A welcoming atmosphere of hushed
voices prevailed
”
Morning Echo
21.1.77
e
we plan to have . . .
®
larger and independent premises to have longer working hours, better
facilities and more staff.
®
training programmes to recruit more volunteers. ■
®
a Day Centre — with occupational and recreational therapy.
•
a quarterly news letter.
•
public lectures and seminars.
®
by offering your spare time and volunteering to help. If you have
the quality of humility and doubt your suitability, you are probably the
person we are looking for.
*
by being more ‘aware’ and referring any one you may meet in distress
at home or elsewhere, to Sanjivini. Help us in our crisis intervention
efforts. You may save a life.
•
by helping our clients in an honorary capacity if you are a professional
in any field related to our work.
you too can help . . .
•
by being a friend and giving or raising money to support our work.
Donations are exempted from Income Tax.
and lastly, if you have problems which you cannot handle — do not be
afraid to approach us.
sanyivini
society for mental health
dial:
388741
Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110001
Open from : 3.00 to 7.30 p.m. on all seven days of the week
and also 10.30 to 1 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays.
; always there to help you
annual
report
1977 - 78
sanjivini
society for mental health
,S^maa/
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^■iedett/et/a-/ /Av
^econtA 'SA?nn£vel4atjf <YoeAAla&on&,
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rxA J^AaiaA'i/a ^taA/a ^/iaivaH.
xA^Qtf
On behalf of all members of Sanjivini Society for
Mental Health, I am happy to present to you our
annual report on the occasion of our Second
Anniversary Celebrations.
It seems only yesterday that many of us met on
these lawns to celebrate the very first birthday of
this organisation. However, these past 12 months
have been filled with new experiences and challenges.
Milestones which seemed beyond reach have been
achieved.......... yet the ultimate goal still seems far
away. We have moved a little closer towards our
dream of having a 24 hour crisis intervention centre
with a network in every district. The small Sanjivini
bud planted so recently, has blossomed into an
established independent body, and has carved a
niche for itself amongst the Delhi welfare organisa
tions.
Among the events of the last year, the procure
ment of a maintenance grant from the government,
stands out as a major step forward. With the
experiences gathered in the first year, we have conti
nued to provide satisfactory services to our clientele.
At the same time, we have been able to strike out in
a new direction, and establish rapport with many
social, educational and welfare organisations. One
hopes that by March 1979, we will have moved
even closer to our goals.
Who ne.eds Sanjivini? Present day society is full
• of lonely,distressed individuals who carry a burden
of guilt, shame and fear due to their problems.
There is often just no one who cares enough to listen
and share. Moreover, these individuals do not have
the confidence to disclose their feelings to their own
family and friends. They are desperate to find a
solution, yet they know not where to go, whom to
turn to and finally seek an answer in mental break
down or suicide. It is tragic that society has accepted
self-centredness as a norm and we are so engrossed
in our own lives, that we are unable to respond to
the needs of those around us.
What then does a Sanjivini volunteer do to help?
A ‘volunteer’ means a simple, open human being
with a capacity to listen and empathize. We look
for ordinary people with humility who are sensitive
and understanding and only wish to join the organi
sation to help fellow human beings and renew the
spirit within them.
It is amazing how each one of us, having work or
family responsibilities, still are able to give regular
time, several times a week, to Sanjivini. Our ages
vary from 20 to 60 and we stem from all possible
backgrounds and cultures. Even diversity in profes
sion doesn’t seem to prevent us from being a wellknit family with a binding spirit. Our goal is one
and devotion to the cause shines out as the common
element in every volunteer. Working at Sanjivini
is a rich experience; one not only gives a new life to
another individual, but it also enriches oneself.
At present we have a band of 40 volunteers. The
Sanjivnites are always there to help a distressed
caller. The duty shifts ensure the presence of at-
least three volunteers to run the show on all days
of the week. Apart from the time they spend
listening to the clients in person, over the telephone
or by correspondence, they also make home and
hospital visits and handle all administrative duties
that may crop up. Depending on his basic back
ground and personality, each volunteer discovers the
area of work which is of greatest interest to him;
and therefore besides his regular work load, takes up
greater responsibilities in that field, We thus have
our own ‘experts’ in research, screening, recording
and public relations, to name a few.
Our volunteers provide a vital link between home
and clinic, and are stepping-stones for reaching the
appropriate . professionals for those in such need.
Their orientation hence, has to be planned in a
special way.
BACKGROUND OF VOLUNTEERS
Table I
Age
Groups
20-25
25 - 30
30-35
.35-40
Above 40
Total
Table II
Marital Status
Married Unmarried
3
—
4
1
3
11
24
8
—
—
—
32
Total
27
8
4
•
3
43
Educational _____ Sex
Status
Male
_____
Female
„
10
12
22
Post-Graduate 8
13
21
Total
25
43
Graduate
18
Training Programmes
Our training programmes are a unique feature
of our working and in the past year we have been
able to evolve better techniques of learning and
evaluation.
In view of the kind of ‘befriending’ and crisis
intervention we provide, we work more in terms of
preparation than training. The purpose is not to
make us professionals nor is it an end in itself. No
human being can ever be trained for this because
each person who comes in for help is different, each
situation is different, each.problem is different.
The implication of selection is equally important
because some of us clearly, would not only make
poor counsellors, but could harm both the client
-and ourselves. Volunteers have to be carefully
hand-picked and nurtured into our style. Some
people think such “Samaritans” are born not made;
■ this may be true, but a great deal can be done in
training ordinary men and women by developing
their imagination, their intuition and their basic
understanding of human nature. We must not
forget that we deal with people who have problems,
not problems who are people.
This, year our fourth programme was held in
August/September and was more comprehensive
and an improvement on the earlier ones. Applica
tion forms were carefully prepared to help us
screen the initial lot, although selection continued
right through the training session. From previous
experience, we decided to lay more emphasis on
role play and discussion than mere lectures.
Experts from various related fields delivered
lectures to create a basic awareness of technical
facts about suicide and mental health. The remai
ning lectures were handled by the senior volunteers
themselves,. and the experiment proved really
successful. They were able to create an informal
atmosphere, which allowed for free discussion and
participation; which in turn furnished us with ex
cellent feed-back. Authentic cases were enacted
to actually demonstrate the techniques of interview
ing, telephone counselling and handling of crises.
Extracts from lectures and books were also distri
buted to supplement the above.
A detailed list of the itinerary follows :
Lectures delivered by experts :
1.
(a) Factors that lead to stress in our com
munity.
(b) Definition of a problem.
2.
Introduction and differentiation of Psychia
tric disorders.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Counselling and approaches to counselling.
Referral System—Panel discussion.
What is a crisis ? Crisis intervention.
Religion, Culture and Counselling.
Marriage Counselling.
Drug addiction and Alcoholism.
Aspects handled by the Volunteers :
1.
Sanjivini’s role in the community.
2,
Methodology of counselling at Sanjivini.
3.
The handling of correspondence cases.
4.
Interviewing techniques—role play and case
discussions.
to new ideas and prompts us to improve our
services.
We were fortunate to have with us :
Name
1.
Cristina Ocampo Ferrer,
Philippine Christian University,
Social Work Department.
Topic
Group
Interaction
Session.,
5.
Telephone counselling and role play.
6.
Work-shops.
7.
Role play and evaluation.
8.
Group discussions.
3. Dr. A. Venkoba Rao.
Prof, of Psychiatry,
Madurai Medical College.
9.
Functioning at Sanjivini.
4.
Dr. D. Mohan,
Asst. Prof. Dept, of Psychiatry,
A.I.I.M.S.
Review on
Crisis Inter
vention.
5.
Mrs. Apostal,
I.F.S.W.
Discussion on
Telephone
Crisis calls.
After completion of the programme, selected
volunteers are inducted into the day-to-day
functioning and kept under the supervision of
senior colleagues. They are carefully observed
for the first few months for consistent enthusiasm,
regularity and ‘openness’, which helps us know how
good our evaluation was. It is possible for a lot of
teaching to take place without any learning taking
place. We therefore emphasize effective in-training
wherein volunteers have ample opportunity to
practice the skills learnt.During the course of the year, we have organized
several talks to add to the, volunteers knowledge
and keep up their interest. Learning from the
rich experiences of experts in the field, exposes us
2.. Roy Prideaux,
H.M.I., Retired Principal, U.K.
Suicide :
Some
Perspectives.
In the coming year we hope to hold at least
two more training programmes, in view of the rapid
expansion of our services. We propose to include
several items of role-play, taped playbacks of
recorded telephone and face to face sessions, work
shops and discussion groups. We are in touch
with similar ■ organisations abroad and have sought
information about their methods of training and
are confident of incorporating even more effective
means of preparation.
To move further into the community we plan
to arrange special programmesforparticulargroups.
These would include nurses, students and teachers
and other small groups of interested people in
whom a general awareness of mental health may
be created. Such schemes will help us in our
long-term community ‘out-reach’ programme.
emotional crisis and in the throes of a social crisis,
those with suicidal intent or who have attempted
suicide, come with problems ranging from lone
liness, depression, personality disorders, marital
disharmony, alcoholism, drug addiction, family
and social malajdustment, to psychosis and neurosis.
While life is a constant struggle for most of us,
sometimes such difficulties overcome us; unless
such a crisis is intervened in time the frustration
may drive us to make a desperate bid for escape
from life and its struggles.
Clientele
Over 500 desperate people have sought our
help since we initiated our services. Persons in an
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF CLIENTELE (1976-78)
Type
0 - 15
16- 20
21 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
51 - 60
61 and
above
No age
Total
Male
10
33
80
81
57
36
20
16
59
392
Female
8
28
20
16
27
12
1
-
15
127
Total
18
61
100
97
84
48
21
16
74
519
number and percentage of visiting and correspondence cases
Clientele
Year
Visiting
(%)
1976-77
78.62
21.38
290
1977-78
88.20
11.80
229
Total
82.85
17.15
519
Correspondence .
(%)
Total number
of clients
' ' '
Clients may need anything from a one day
talking-out session for an immediate crisis, to
months of counselling for handling a deep-rooted
personality disorder. Some are fortunate to cross
the hurdle within a short period and emerge as
better individuals with a well-built resilience for
the future, never requiring Sanjivini again. We
provide this immediate need. Others, due to cir
cumstances and personal inadequacies need, longer
therapeutic intervention as well as support during
the crisis that may arise. Here we work with the
clients and their environment to bring about better
adjustment and acceptance. The ultimate aim,
whatever the problem, is to help the person be
himself and be able to cope with the stresses and
strains he encounters.
aid. The summer months of April, May and June
brought a far higher inflow of clients than
November/December, where it dropped down con
siderably. January has again shown a steady rise.
Like the previous year, this annum has also
shown the erratic nature of the number seeking
It is interesting to note how publicity plays a
---- lead role in determining the- percentage- of—clients.
There is also an interesting change in the mode
of contact. In our first year of functioning, due
to- large scale national publicity, the number of
correspondence cases was very high and use of
the telephone was limited, This year, however.
the number of visiting clients has increased and
have often been referred to Sanjivini by others, who
have been helped successfully. More relatives and
friends come about their dear ones' who' have
problems and numerous institutions, schools,
colleges and offices have sent distressed members.
This year, there has been a significant decrease
in the number of correspondence cases since there
was more publicity in Delhi on a local basis, than
on a national scale. Clients thus were mostly
Delhi based and visited Sanjivini personally, or were
encouraged to do so through letters.
With a regular visiting clientele, came the need
to redefine our services, shifting the emphasis more
towards crisis intervention and the referral of long
term cases to the appropriate professionals. The
emerging complex pattern demands more home
visits and need to reach out into the community
for further effectiveness.
Our role as a referral source is increasing and
coordination with welfare institutions, hospitals
professionals and para-professionals has become
essential. Sanjivini is today an asset to the existing
mental health services in Delhi. Statistics tell us
that the capital has only one mental hospital and the
remaining in-patient wards, O.P.D’s and private
psychiatrists can deal with only a limited number.
They consider Sanjivini a welcome addition and
refer to us those cases which require our kind of
‘befriending’ and need more than the medication
they can provide. We are fortunate to have the
assistance of most government hospital psychiatric
departments and some private psychiatrists give
free help as well. Lawyers, police officials, marriage
counsellors and medicos are others on our panel.
A study was conducted to study the effective
ness of our referral system. In 1976-77 itself we
had referred 74 cases. This formed almost
30% of our clientele in that year. Considering
this large number it was important for us to
evaluate our referral system. A study was
thus conducted to find out mainly three aspects.
Firstly, whether the clients contacted the agencies
they were referred to, frequency of visits made and
extent of help received. Secondly, the study em
phasized in finding out whether the clients had
received help from any other agencies. Lastly, an
attempt was made to get suggestions from the
clients how we could improve our referral system.
This first research attempt was made by way of a
prestamped returnable questionnaire. These were
posted to only 54 clients as 20 had no addresses.
Out of these 23 responded with varying answers.
Of the total responses, 21 of the clients had contact
ed the concerned agency. This speaks volumes on
the motivation effectiveness of the volunteers on the
clients who responded to the questionnaire. 13
clearly stated that they were helped; two clients
reported Complete recovery from their problem
while other 4 reported partial recovery. Out of
the responses not acknowledging help or gain, the
reasons are attributed to personal problems and
causes, non-cooperation of agency and wanting
help only from Sanjivini.
It is apparent that these facilities are inadequate,
however sincere the efforts of those working in the
field. We hope definite steps will be taken by those
concerned, to improve the existing system both
qualitatively and quantitatively.
Every case that visits Sanjivini is first screened
to gauge the extent and nature of his problem. In
the informal and non-clinicab atmosphere of
Sanjivini’s little office, he is made comfortable and
listened to by senior volunteers. Screening helps
us decipher what course of action to take. Accor
ding to the language, background, sex and problem
of the caller, the case is transferred to the most
suitable volunteer with full reassurance about con
fidentiality and anonymity.
at the fairly quick resolution of a specific crisis.
It is usually the main type of help offered by non
professional helpers and self-help groups. The
distinguishing feature of crisis intervention as a
form of psychotherapy is its aim of achieving
various well delineated goals within a short period
of time. Since it is goal directed, the therapist
does not attempt to deal with the person’s entire
personality, but only with problems currently
bothering the individual.
In a crisis case, of course, the question of trans
ferring a case does not arise since immediate hand
ling is required. Those needing the attention of
experts are referred directly or often the volun
teer guides the family members and gives the neces
sary support.
We have had numerous clients of this category;
many coming from far flung corners of India. Some
cases have needed the intervention of more than
one type of expertise and a joint effort has helped
to combat the crisis successfully. These crises in
clude suicidal attempts, unexpected disruptive life
occurances, bereavement, sickness or disability.
Follow-up is an important facet in the handling of
such desperate people.
Crisis intervention is not a technique but rather
a phrase, describing a certain kind of help aimed
CLIENTELE DATA—EVALUATED IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
Category
Successfully
Terminated
Successfully terminated
and referred
Dropped .
Referred and Dropped
Referred
Current____________
1976-77
Visiting
Corres
pondence
1977-78
Visiting
Corres
pondence
Total
79
22
38
2
141
11
79
647
6
_
31
—
8
1
10
69
2
32
51
■■_ ■
11
1
2
11
21
190
9
89
69
DETAILS OF TIME SPENT WITH CLIENTS
1976 - 77
1977 - -78
Average span of dealing with visiting cases
45 days
22 days
Average span of dealing with correspondence cases
46 days
45 days
Average number of sessions with each client
5 approx.
3 approx.
Average number of sessions daily
3
3
Range of sessions of clients
:
Range of span of dealing with visiting cases
:
1 - 575 days
Range of span of dealing with correspondence cases
. :
1 - 270 days
A glimpse at the clientele data in a comparison
of the two years of our services, presents a mixed
picture. Apparently this year a lesser number seem
to have approached us. However, the total strength
of clients has actually been more, considering a 50%
back log of current cases from last year. Factually,
in 1977-78 we handled 374 clients. Secondly, there
is a clear increase in the number of dropped cases.
Reviewing this category, we find that a fairly high
percentage of cases were registered which were
outside Sanjivini's perview. Again, a larger number
1-150
of them were added to the list even though the
clients themselves never approached us—it was
only their friends or relatives who came to seek
information. In addition, the volunteers evaluation
of a ‘dropped’ case has been subjective and coloured
by their idealism. Differences can also be seen in
the time spent with clients i.e. span of dealing and
average number of sessions. This is a clear indi
cation that we are moving towards short term
handling of cases, which is our objective and the
goal of crisis intervention.
The past year’s data indicates that a large
number of cases come with marital problems leading
to interpersonal conflicts, family crisis, separation or
divorce; sexual inadequacies, personality differen
ces, interference by. and conflicts with the in-laws,
extramarital involvements, a specific problem with
one of the spouses i.e., addiction to drug or alcohol,
mental illness and a physical handicap. These may
be one or several of the factors leading to marital
disharmony. Often partners had to be called
separately and only after numerous individual
sessions, joint sessions could be held to talk out
their differences.
Youth comprise another major category of our
clientele. Distressed students and young people
between the ages of 20 to 30 come with a wide
spectrum of problems ranging from loneliness,
depression and severe anxiety due to broken love
affairs, examinations, family conflicts, addiction to
drug of alcohol, sexual problems, adoloscent iden
tity crisis to mental illness. Working with the
families in such cases is important in helping them
to overcome their problems.
largely of children with behavioural problems or
cases of mental retardation-accompanied by various
emotional problems. Most of these clients were
referred out to institutions or special educators and
the follow-up and family guidance was done by our
volunteers. Among the older clients, are those with
pre and post retirement depression, loneliness due
to inactivity and change of life patterns caused by
social and biological factors, and diseases such as
senile dementia and melancholia.
Another common feature seen in cases of whatever
nature, is the initial visit made by a relative or
friend. They come to seek information and advice,
being partially involved in the problem situation,
and once motivated and reassured, bring the client
to us. Sometimes, they are unable or fear to
approach the client, and various means have to be.
planned and adopted to ensure that suitable help
is given to the disturbed person.
Finances and Fund Raising
Prognosis may be better in cases involving youth,
since there is more openness and flexiblity in values
and attitudes. Sometimes, behavioural patterns get
firmly set and then extra efforts have to be geared to
wards environmental adjustments, as we have found
amongst many cases having marital problems.
One of the major accomplishments this year has
been the sanction of a grant from the Department of
Social Welfare. This maintenance grant is a great
turning point in our growth, as it has helped us
realise so many of our future plans. With this
financial security, we can channelize more energy
into improving our services than into worrying
about raising sufficient funds to keep our centre
alive.
Recently, many troubled parents have sought
help for their children’s problems. These consisted
As in all voluntary organisations, a great deal
of effort has to be expended on raising the requisite
finances and fund-raising has been an integral part
of our activities.
and two over the external services, both in English
and Hindi.
An extremely successful dance recital by Swapnasundari was organised on 23rd January, 1978. The
volunteers with their tireless efforts and drive, were
able to raise about Rs. 45,000/-, mostly through
advertisements released in our brochure. Large
contributions were received by way of donations
and a major portion of this income has been kept
aside for financing long-term projects. This became
possible only thanks to the maintenance grant re
ceived from the Department of Social Welfare,
Ministry of Education and Social Welfare.
Articles were published about us in the Hindustan
Times, Hindustan, Dateline Delhi, Sun Magazine,
Caravan and the Souvenir of the Indian Psychiatric
Society. One advertisement was released for en
rolling more volunteers and space was also donated
for informing the public about our free and con
fidential services. Both these advertisements earned
a good response and we plan to have a regular
advertising campaign with the support of our
generous donors.
Publicity
The publicity we have received this year, has
been of a different nature from the previous year.
Although fewer news items and articles were written
about us, communication on a personal level has
increased a great deal.
In May 1977, a popular programme “People,
Places and Things”, of Delhi T.V. gave a half an
hour coverage about Sanjivini. In this presenta
tion, volunteers, clients and members of the panel
of experts were interviewed, and mock role play
sessions to bring out the special nature of our
training, were shared with the public. This
feature was also shown at many other T.V. stations
in India and brought a thunderous, response. AH
India Radio has also covered Sanjivini numerous
times. There were three interviews over ‘ Yuv Vani’
Recently we have printed pamphlets giving an
insight into how we help people; again to reach
out to both new volunteers and prospective clients.
Our brochure this time contained several articles by
eminent professionals on various aspects of mental
heath, so as to create a basic awareness about this
field.
In persuance of our objective of touching
particular groups in the community, we visited
numerous institutions and organisations. Sanjivini
volunteers were invited to deliver lectures at several
of the Delhi University Colleges. These included
Lady Irwin College - M.Sc students, Dr. Zakir
Hussain Memorial College - Psychology Society,
Delhi School of Social Work-orientation of new
students and Lady Shriram College - Psychology
Association.
The Rotary Clubs of Faridabad and Meerut also
invited us to address their members and everywhere
there were lively discussions and a positive res
ponse. Over these past 12 months, we have been
visited by many foreign and Indian professionals.
These have included social workers, psychiatrists,
educators and members of similar voluntary orga
nisations from England, Switzerland, Sweden,
Philippines and the States.
The post graduate nurses specialising in psychia
tric nursing, came to observe Sanjivini’s working as
part of their training. A student from the Delhi
School of. Social Wotk was placed with us for her
Block Field Work Training, for a period of 2 months.
Women police trainees have also visited Sanjivini as
one of the welfare agencies, they cover during their
orientation.
regular contact and learn from the experiences of
others.
In the immediate future, we hope to shift to
larger premises which is one of our most pressing
needs. While we have made excellent progress here
in Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan, our expansion in terms
of increased working hours, volunteer strength and
clientele, will be possible only when we acquire
independant, larger accommodation. We will then
provide a full 12 hour service with three working
shifts, everyday of the week.
The Future
With the acquisition of larger premises, we are
on the threshold for the fulfilment of a long cherished
dream of running a Day Centre. We hope that this
will be a haven for those who need a place to spend
their day, in the most constructive manner that their
problems permit. These are people whom the family
finds it difficult to cope with; professionals have
nothing to offer beyond medical treatment; hospitals
find it impossible to accept all .of them in their occu
pational therapy centres, and for whom society can
find no useful employment.
On securing governmental aid we were able to
increase our staff, which was a dire need, since the
only full time employee was finding it impossible
to cope with the ever increasing work load. We
have employed another volunteer on a full time
basis as well as a part time accountant and typist.
These funds have also permitted us to start a small
library for the volunteers. We shall be subscribing
to national and international journals to maintain
Where and to whom can such people turn?
Anyone working in the field of mental health, would
agree that a place for such people, is a crying
need in Delhi today. Here these individuals can
find friendly acceptance, some interesting and useful
occupation, and a chance to interact with others
all of which will help them in functioning more
adequately and gain deeper faith in themselves.
In December, a Sanjivini representative was
invited to attend a national seminar on Youth and
Family Planning at Madras, and several volunteers
attended the International Psychiatric Seminar held
recently in Delhi.
We hope to materialize this plan in the coming
year by recruiting the necessary staff and equipping
ourselves appropriately.
—Dr. P.C. Chunder, and the Ministry of Educa
tion and Social Welfare, for the financial
support and interest in our endeavours.
Another proposal for 1978 is to bring out a
quartely journal. The objective is to publisize our
activities, specially to highlight our unique method
of helping people, and to educate the public about
the basic mental health issues. This would be
circulated among agencies and individuals working
in the same field as well as other social, educational
and welfare organisations in Delhi and outside.
—Mr. Chaya and Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, for
giving us these premises and their continous
cooperation.
Looking back, 1977 has exposed us to the deeper
problems which most voluntary organisations must
face as they grow. Unlike the first year, which was
spent finding our feet, this time we have grappled
with major issues, in establishing ourselves in all
aspects of administration including budgeting, tax
exemptions, research and programming. Numerous
policy decisions needed re-evaluation and all rules
and regulations had to be streamlined. To main
tain a delicate balance between the idealistic
approach and working of a close-knit group, and
the inevitable formalization of procedures, is a
difficult task. For the effectual growth of an
organisation like ours, the aspirations of a group
spirit must blend with the changing functional needs.
Before concluding, I would like to extend our
deep gratitude to all those who have helped
Sanjivini. We are indebted-beyond words to :
—All the busy professional experts, who have
always found time for a Sanjivini referral and
help train our volunteers.
—All the generous donors who have contributed
towards our cause.
—The journalists, printers, artists and other
personnel in various organisations, who have
given so much at the time of need.
—And of course to the volunteer, associate and
life members of Sanjivini, for sharing so much
of themselves and their invaluable services.
Today, while we celebrate, over a hundred
people have commited suicide in our country and
three times as many have, made a desperate attempt
at their lives. The thought of hundreds of beings
living in loneliness and fear, is terrifying. We can
only accept these harsh realities and hope that this
bitter truth spurs us on with added courage and
determination. Let each one of us strive to help
those in need in.our own little way and together we
may make a headway.
those who assist us
agencies
professionals
Dr. Venkoba Rao,
Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry,
Madurai Medical College.
Dr. D. Mohan,
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
AH India Institute of Medical Sciences. .
Dr. S. Dayal,
Senior Medical Officer, Psychiatric Department,
Willingdon Hospital.
Father Cassasnovas,
Marriage Counsellor, Indian Social Institute.
Dr. Mrs. V. Veeraraghavan,
Reader, Delhi.School of Social Work.
Dr. H.P. Verma,
Chief Anaesthetist, Loknayak J.P. Narayan
Hospital.
Dr. A.S. Mahal,
Private Psychiatrist,
Dr. H.C. Mehndiratta,
Private Psychiatrist.
Mr. S.B. Wad,
Advocate, Supreme Court.
Dr. S.C. Malik,
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry,
G.B. Pant Hospital.
Dr. R. Ray,
Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, All
India Institute of Medical Sciences.
Dr. N.G. Chakraborty,
Private Psychiatrist.
AH India Institute of Medical Sciences
The Samaritans, Bombay
Student Counselling Centre,
Bhawan
Bhartiya
Vidya
Delhi School of Social Work
Indian Social Institute
G.B. Pant Hospital
Loknayak J.P. Narayan Hospital
Model School for Mentally Deficient Children
Willingdon Hospital
Institute of Criminology & Forensic Sciences
Okhla Centre for Mentally Retarded
Alcoholics Anonymous
Safdarjang Hospital
Legal Aid Centre, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan
Yoga Centre, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan
Charak Clinic
Old Age Society
Transcendental Meditation Centre, Delhi
Lajpat Bhawan
Rama Krishna Mission, Delhi
Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Delhi
the executive committee
Honorary General Secretary
Kiran Sharma,
Director, Sanjivini
Joint Secretary
Geeta Verma
Counsellor, Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan
Joint Secretary
Arvind Raj Arora
Deputy Director, Sanjivni
Treasurer
Rakesh Sharma,
Service
Joint Treasurer
Shailendra Mehra,
Businessman
Public Relations Officer
Jayshree Mukherjee,
Special Educator, Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan
Executive Members
Dr. H.S. Sethi,
Junior Resident, Dept, of Psychiatry, A.I.I.M.S.
Yogesh Mathur,
Personnel Officer
Ashok Poduval,
Airport Officer, I.A.A.I.
Parvinder Singh,
Bank Officer, P & S Bank
Rita Kaul,
Housewife
Geeta Rao,
Lecturer in Psychology, Delhi University.
you can help sanjivini. . . .
•
by offering your spare time and volunteering to help. If you have the qualify of humility
and doubt your suitability, you are probably the person we are looking for.
•
by being more ‘aware’ and referring any one you may meet in distress at home or
elsewhere, to Sanjivini. Help us in our crisis intervention efforts. You may save a life.
•
by helping our clients in an honorary capacity if you are a professional in any field related
to our work.
•
by being a friend and giving or raising money to support our work.
exempted from Income Tax.
Donations are
and lastly, if you have problems which you cannot handle—do not be afraid to
approach us.
sanjivini
dial : 388741
society for mental health
Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110001
Open from : 3.00 to 7.30 p.m. on all seven days of the week and also 10.30 to
1 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays.
the sanjivini family .
Honorary General Secretary
Kiran Sharma,
Executive Director, Sanjivini
Joint Secretary
Geeta Verma
Counsellor, Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan
Joint Secretary
Arvind Raj Arora
Student, M.Phil., Social Work
Treasurer
Rakesh Sharma, .
Service
Joint Treasurer
Shailendra Mehra,
Businessman
Public Relations Officer
Jayshree Mukherjee,
Special Educator, Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan
Executive Members
Dr. H. S. Sethi,
Student, M.D. Psychiatry, AfIMS
Yogesh Mathur,
Personnel Officer
Ashok Poduval,
Airport Officer, I.A.A.I.
Parvinder Singh,
Bank Officer, P & S Bank
Rita Kaul,
Housewife
Geeta Rao,
Lecturer in Psychology, Delhi University
just a few words . . .
.
to,
.
Swapnasundari and her troupe •
The Principal, Mr Chhaya, and staff of Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan
Mrs Panna Bharatram
Messrs. Siddhomal & Sons
Weston Electronics Ltd.
Dalmia Dairy Industries
Dalmia Cement (B) Ltd.
The Brittania Biscuit Cp. Ltd.
Allan Fernandes
Prohir and Aruna Dasgupta
Gouri Shankar
Reboti Bhushan Ghosh
Bijon Bhattacharya
Nand Katyal
Murari Saha
Tapan Chatterjee
Subroto Roy
Jacob George, Kalpana Printing House
Radhika Shaunik, Abha Tewari and Anshoo Nath
The staff of Shri Ram Centre for Art & CultureAll the donors for their generous contributions
All the volunteers, associate and life members for their
endless efforts and unfailing spirit.
Thank you for everything
Sincerely,
SANJIVINI
those who assist us . . .
professionals
agencies
Dr. Venkoba Rao,
Professor and Head Department of
Psychiatry, Madurai Medical College.
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Dr. D. Mohan,
Assistant Professor, Department of
Psychiatry, Al! India Institute of Medi
cal Sciences.
Dr. S. Dayal,
Senior Medical Officer, Psychiatric
Department, Willingdon Hospital.
Father Cassasnovas,
Marriage Counsellor,
Institute.
Indian Social
Dr. Mrs. V. Veeraraghavan,
Reader, Delhi School of Social Work.
Dr. H.P. Verma,
Chief Anaesthetist,
Narayan Hospital.
Loknayak
Dr. A.S. Mahal,
Private Psychiatrist.
Dr. H.C. Mehndiratta,
Private Psychiatrist.
Mr. S.B. Wad,
Advocate, Supreme Court.
J.P.
The Samaritans, Bombay
Student Counselling Centre, Bhartlya
Vidya Bhawan
Delhi School of Social Work
Indian Social Institute
G.B. Pant Hospital
Loknayak J.P. Narayan Hospital
Model School for Mentally Deficient
Children
Willingdon Hospital
Institute of Criminology 4 Forensic
Sciences
Okhla Centre for Mentally Retarded
Alcholics Anonymous
Safdarjang Hospital
Legal Aid Centre,
Bhawan.
Bhartiya
Vidya
Yoga Centre, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan
Dr. S.C. Malik,
Charak Clinic
Assistant Professor, Department of
Old Age Society
Psychiatry, G.B. Pant Hospital.
Dr. R. Ray,
Transcendental Meditation Centre, Delhi
Senior Resident, Department of Psy
chiatry, All India Institute of Medical Lajpat Bhawan
Sciences.
Rama Krishna Mission, Delhi
Dr. N.G. Chakraborty,
' Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Delhi
Private Psychiatrist.
there are others too . . .
Bombay
THE SAMARITANS, Sevaniketan, Sir J.S. Road, Byculla, Bombay.
The Bombay Samaritans is a branch of Befrienders International formed
in 1960 by Mr. Nader H. Dinshaw with a band of volunteers. They give help
primarily to those who are in crisis, and offer full psychiatric treatment and
counselling, free and in complete confidence. Non-professionals work in
collaboration with professionals in providing crisis intervention to those in
distress. Initial sessions are taken by a psychiatric social worker and a
psychiatrist, and the case is later ‘befriended’ by a volunteer. Individual
counselling, group therapy, yoga, music and games as well as a round-theclock telephone answering service are there for those who seek help.
Bangalore
MEDICO PASTORAL ASSOCIATION, 1 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore.
This association also has a suicide prevention programme started by
Dr. S.S. Jayatham in 1972. The emphasis of this programme is to educate the
public to be sensitive and help those prone to suicide, and to counsel and
follow up those who attempt suicide. Besides working at the centre itself,
volunteers also work in the hospital setting. The education of the community
through the organisation of seminars, relevant plays and publication of
research materials are other activities undertaken. They have recently opened
a Halfway Home for people who have attempted suicide and whose families are
not able to look after them.
Sanjivini
When stones and thistles strew your path
And the going is rough.
When dark clouds gather, doubts assail,
And you've had enough.
When there is none to hear and help
There's no need to despair—
Find friendship, time and empathy,
Sanjivini will care !
Strict confidentiality,
A patient, ready ear
By trained workers who would like
To banish doubt and fear.
To help you face up to the task
This dedicated band
Gives faith and understanding
And lends a helping hand.
VISHWA YUVAK KENDRA
International Youth Centre
The Vishwa Yuvak Kendra (International Youth Centre) is a
multi-purpose youth centre set up by the Indian Youth Centres Trust.
It is housed in its own building. The building of the Kendra was
inaugurated by the late Dr. Zakir Husain, President of India on the
22nd December, 1968. Located in the Diplomatic Enclave, only a few
yards away from the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial in Teen Murti, it
commands a panoramic view of the city. Its bold and novel archi
tecture, the pleasing colour scheme and its clean and youthful
atmosphere have won all round appreciation.
Dr. Zakir Husain Opening the Kendra
The Kendra has an interesting history. In 1959, the Executive Com
mittee of the Indian Assembly of Youth came to the conclusion that if
youth work had to be developed in the country on scientific lines, a
National Youth Centre should be established, which would provide on
a continuous basis, training in youth work to workers of youth
organisations. The Committee also visualized the Centre as an
•
international meeting place for young people from all over the world.
Since a Centre of this type had to have a certain permanency, it was
also decided to set up an independent Trust, which would command
the necessary respect and support.
Support
The project was blessed by the then Prime Minister, Shri Jawaharlal
Nehru, who evinced a keen interest in its development. The Ministry
of Education also agreed to provide a matching grant of six hundred
thousand rupees towards the cost of the building. The Ministry of
Works, Housing and Supply supported the proposal by allotting a two
acre plot of land in the Diplomatic Enclave. Internationally the project
was supported by the UNESCO which included it in the International
Gift Coupon Schemes. Several national youth councils and National
Commissions of UNESCO also expressed their support to the project.
Encouraged by this wide ranging support, a Trust was set up on
11th August, 1961 with the following as the Trustees
Shri Moraiji Desai (Chairman)
Smt. Indira Gandhi
Shri Naval H. Tata
Shri Ravindra Verma
Viren J. Shah
Shri Ramkrishna Bajaj (Managing Trustee).
The Trust soon took steps to construct the building and the first
phase of the building programme was completed in December, 1968.
Changes have taken place in the composition of the Trust since it
was first constituted in 1961. In 1974 Dr. Malcolm S. Adiseshiah,
formerly Deputy Director General of the UNESCO succeeded Shri
Morarji Desai as Chairman. Smt. Vijayalakshmi Pandit who had
joined the Trust in 1965 succeeded Dr. Adiseshiah as the third Chair
man of the Trust in August, 1977.
What it does
The objectives of the Kendra can be broadly divided into three,
viz. (a) training in youth work, (b) research and documentation, and
(c) promotion of international understanding. The Kendra seeks to
develop a cadre of trained youth workers and youth leaders in order
to supplement and strengthen the efforts of youth organisations and
governmental agencies. Towards this end, it has already organized
nearly five hundred training courses, workshops, seminars, etc. The
training courses are mainly meant to assist the trainees in
assessing the needs and problems of that segment of youth
population with which they have to deal.
developing suitable need-based programmes to respond to the
needs and problems of youth, and in
acquiring necessary skills in modern methods of youth work.
A Seminar in Progress
The duration of the courses varies from ten days to three months.
Special mention may be made of the Three Month Certificate Course
and of the Advanced Course in Methods and Practice in Youth Work.
The trainees are usually full-time or part-time workers or leaders of
national, state or local youth organisations, officials of youth service
agencies or of state governments. The training programmes have
covered those working with rural youth, young industrial workers,
e
university students, young women, tribal youth etc. Most of the trai
ning programmes are organized in the Kendra at New Delhi. A number
of courses are also conducted in the states.
Participants for these courses are selected from nominations recei
ved from youth organisations and youth service agencies from different
parts of the country. The courses are generally conducted by the
Kendra faculty which consists of the Director of the Kendra and seven
other Programme Officers.
The following are some of the courses conducted by the Kendra
Three Month Certificate Course in Youth Work
Advanced Course in Methods and Practice in Youth Work
Working with Youth Groups in Local Communities
Methods of Social Group Work for Youth Workers
Orientation Course in Youth Work
Use of Communication Aids in Youth Work
Leadership Training and Personality Development
Methods of Conscientisation for Youth Workers
A group of young visitors with Sint. Vijayalakshmi Pamlit
Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Besides conducting training courses, the Kendra also organises
issue oriented seminars with a view to providing an opportunity to
young people to ventilate their views on vital issues of national interest
which have a bearing on the lives of youth. Subjects covered by such
seminars have included‘National Youth Policy’; ‘Problems of Young
Working Women', ‘Future pattern of Indian Society’, etc.
Research
Research and documentation occupy an important place in the
work of the Kendra. Since empirical data on the situation of Indian
youth is not readily available, the Kendra has made a modest beginn
ing in conducting a few research studies. Some of its research publi
cations are Student Unions in India, Dynamics of Student Agitations, The
New Bread Winners, Youth Power in Gujarat, Youth Leadership in
India.
Guide Books in Youth Work
In order to assist youth workers, the Kendra has published five
guide books in youth work. These are A Library Primer for Youth
Workers, Communication Aids in Youth Work, Project Work: A Method
of Training Youth Workers, Working with Youth Groups in the Com
munity and Youth Work in India : Scope and Strategy.
Lecture Series
The Kendra has initiated a lecture series under which eminent
individuals are invited to give a series of public lectures related to
young people. The series enables such persons to share their thoughts
on important questions with the larger public. Three of the recent
series of lectures were by Prof. V.V. John on Youth and National
Goals, Dr. Sugata Dasgupta on Gandhi for Youth and Dr. M.S. Gore
on Indian Youth : Processes of Socialisation. The texts of these
lectures have been published.
Asian Youth Documentation Centre
In 1970 the Kendra set up its Asian Youth Documentation Centre
with financial support received from the UNESCO. The Documentation
Centre publishes a bulletin which is widely distributed in India and
abroad. Some of the subjects dealt with in the bulletins include
Youth Service Schemes of Government of India and State Govern
ments, Legislation for Youth in Japan, India and Hong Kong, Youth
e
Services Corps of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Facilities for Vocational
Education and Experiential ’ Learning - The Graduate Volunteer
Scheme.
Kendra Newsletter
This bi-monthly newsletter keeps the Kendra in touch with its
ex-participants. Apart from details of the Kendra’s programmes it
carries news from the library and articles on youth affairs in India
and elsewhere.
Library
There is a library specially useful to youth workers. It contains a
large number of books, periodicals, press cuttings, etc., from all over
the world on matters related to youth.
International Understanding
A third aspect of the Kendra’s work is promotion of international
understanding. The Kendra hostel provides inexpensive and clean
accommodation of different types to students, youth workers, teachers
and other visitors from all parts of the country and abroad. It is an
ideal meeting place for people to meet informally and to know each
Library
other better. The hostel is also widely used by youth and student
groups from India and abroad.
Seminar and Conference Facilities
With five seminar rooms and a large auditorium, the Kendra
provides excellent facilities for small and large meetings. Voluntary
organisations will find these facilities not only attractive but within
their means.
Management
A Typical Room in the Hostel
The Trust has the overall responsibility for the management of the
Kendra. It also provides the broad policy guidel'.ies. In discharging
this responsibility, it is assisted by a Programme Advisory Committee
consisting of the Trustees, experts and youth leaders which advises on
the different types of programmes to be undertaken and by a Hostel
Management Committee, which advises on matters relating to the
management of the Hostel. There is a nominee of the Government of
India on this latter Committee. There is a Managing Trustee who
acts on behalf of the Trust. The Director of the Kendra is responsible
for the day-to-day management of the Kendra including the detailed
planning and implementation of the various programmes.
V4bu Yuvak Kendra, Circular Road, Chanakyapuri,
Wftew Delhi-110021, India. Phone 373631-5
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Qj^i^&^ltrr^ —
EVERY ISSUE IS A WOMEN’S ISSUE
"
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«
Manushi No.6 was printed soon after No.5 as we had a lot of
important material that couldfi’t wait. In it, we have written
about the drought that ravaged the country through 1979-80.
Since then, floods have taken their toll' and as we mail copies,
the dark shadow of police and army repression in the wake of
communal riots, is spreading across the country. Violence,
triggered off by a few extremists in both communities, engulfs
the lives of innocent people and provides a convenient^excuse
for the State to pass draconian ordinance (see page 16 for a
sample), impose press censorship, arrest grass-root level
organizers and brutally crush the ever more uncontrollable
popular protest against inhuman living conditions, soaring
prices, unemployment, destitution and violent death. After
this issue was printed, we received more than a dozen reports
of protest demonstrations by newly forming women's organizations
in different places, against violence on women.
As half of every community, women suffer all the consequences of
riot, repression, curfew, scarcity, but have no power to take
decisions 'within the community. Is it not time we tried to
examine the situation from women's point of view? One or two
small surveys have suggested that women, having the most to lose
from communal disharmony, and living as they do in close contact
’with each other in mohallas, facing common problems like
scarcity of drinking water and essential commodities, are least
violently communal in their attitudes, and usually feel that
there are vested interests behind the riots. Women take no part •
in the violence and destruction during riots yet are the worst
hit victims in all communities. Is it not time we as women
intervened in our own lives which are being torn apart? History
shows that our tradition of non-violence need not be a sign of
helplessness. Can it not be channelized into a collective
women's power against extremist communal ideology amongst both
Hindus and Muslims, and against repressive governmental measures?
We request our readers to write us what they think and feel on
these issues. Particularly, do send us information of how tvomen
were affected by the riots in various places (the press has
systematically under-reported atrocities on women), their experi
ence and.the.questions arising in their minds from that experience.
We feel that from such a sharing, the budding women's movement
in this country can develop a feminist analysis of phenomena like
drought, floods, inflation and communal violence, which though
seemingly unrelated, are all engineered by the powers-that-be to
maintain the gap between the powerful and the powerless.
WOMEN COME TOGETHER
The Forum Against Rape, Bombay, is organizing a National Women's
Conference on November 1,2,3, Topics for discussion: Activities
of various women's groups - exchange of experience; Rape and
proposed amendment of rape laws; Different forms of women's
oppression! Feminism and Socialism; A practical programme for
co-ordination between women's groups. Venue: Seth Isardas
Varandmal Dharamsala, Opposite
Railway Station, 3rd Road, Khar,
Bombay-52. Accommodation available. All interested women &
women's groups welcome.
r7
- 2 -
SUPPORT OUR SISTERS IN GOA
In Manushi No.4, we had reported on the plight of women hostelers
(students & working women) in the Institute Nossa Senhora Da Piedade,
Panjim. For over a year, they are being harassed by the Archbishop
of Goa, who wants them to leave so that he can demolish the
Institute and construct a commercial complex. Legal documents of
1894 prove that the Tnstitute was established for the benefit of
women, its ownership vests with government, and the women are entitled
to stay there, particularly as it is the only government women's
hostel in Panjim. Yet the authorities are inactive, because the
Archbishop has great financial power. The women are being deprived
of amenities, taken to court, physically attacked and slandered in
Goa churches with such statements as: "If this is the way they
behave, one can imagine the kind of wives they will make!" They
are waging a very brave struggle for women's right to live independ
ently, and have appealed to Manushi readers (as individuals & orga
nizations) to show solidarity in the following ways: 1. Give
publicity to the case whereever you live or work - talk about it,
show the Manushi report around, put up a poster. 2. If you belong
to a women's or civil liberties organization, send an investigative
team to conduct an independent enquiry. 3. Write to the following
i
authorities so that they are pressurised into taking action:
Chairman, Catholic Bishops' Conference of India, CBC I Centre,
Ashok Place, New Delhi; Cardinal Prefect, Congregation for Bishops,
Palozzo Della Concelleria, 00120 Citadel Vatican, Rome; Chief
Minister, Goa, Daman & Diu, Secretariat, Panjim, Goa; Home Minister,
Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi; Rt. Rev. Mgrs, Raul Gonsalves,
Archbishop of Goa & Daman, Paco Patriarchal, Panjim, Goa.
Please emphasise: The women inmates' immediate need of a hostel;
the long-term need of hostels for women, of which there are too
few; The fact that the women inmates are legal beneficiaries to the
hostel and the institute, according to the documents of 1894.
(Further details available with Manushi)
OUR FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
With this issue, Manushi is six issues oldl The sympathy and
support of all of you has kept Manushi alive and will continue to
do so, we hope, through the days of struggle which, lie ahead.
Printing the fifth and sixth issues almost together was very
slightly more economical. However, since it gave us less time to
collect advertisements, we had to incur a debt of Rs. 15,000.
Hence the delay in the Hindi issue, which is now in press. Postage
rates have also increased and this means added expenditure.
All those who have been receiving Manushi since the first issue,
please do renew your subscriptions at the new rates. Also, do
participate in enlarging the growing network of communication
between women and women's groups. One way of doing this is
enrolling new subscribers to Manushi, as so many of our readers
constantly do. When sending us the names of new subscribers,
please indicate from which issue onwards they would like to
receive Manushi.
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The following pages attempt to explain .
what we are about. We give you an
initial picture of C-ENDIT. Further
information on specifics and details is
■
always available through-our individual
project reports and papers, or informally
through correspondence and discussions'. -
AREA OF INVOLVEMENT
>ely on print and verbal media. The
ip of Visual communication and aural
imunication was lost; also, a large
iber of people -who w.ere non-literate.
Id-not avail of carefully designed and
licable messages. The more recent
messages, like film,- video and audiotape
and other audiovisual aids, came to
represent only technology, to the detrime
of the subject matter. Or else, the
ultimate objective of communicating certa
ideas more effectively to an individual
became submerged in the exploitative
and/or manipulation concept of mass
media, or the c
Thus, understood!
instructional;.tech
areas of commun
it from other me1
The interest and
Centre is in th
'.development of
zand supporting
and aural media
extends to alii
and informatio
application inc
situation, in-serv
training, general
as nonformal edu<
-
skills, through non-literate media in
rural.areas and communication and
interchange of ideas in developmental
f^-qgriahimesi.
■ Q.ur projects include a wide range:
production of films, film loops, video and
audiotapes and other materials for
education and extension programmes;
&CILITIES
Supporting this work are facilities. F:
production equipment on 16mm and Sup
portable video equipment for field and
studio work, capabilities for graphic a
work and still photography, a library
AND PEOPLE
CENDIT was formed by people who
shared a common concern and interest
in improving communication media but
brought to it their own particular skills
research and media backgrounds broadcasting, writing, filmaking and
graphic arts, who contribute
design and production and car
in communication resea'rc
have an active intei
education and social change
in constant touch with develop
.this area and use Of media in thes
contexts. Many have ;ex'perie.rice iyi
training others in the preparation and use
of media materials.
e
Professional skills are enriched by the . .
varying academic disciplines of these
people - economics, anthropology, social
sciences, natural sciences and the
humanities. The acdent is on innovation,
not specialisation." Not on rigidity, but
on multi-disciplinary functioning. The
nature of work, to be effective, calls for
constant innovation and application of
.'
' one’s basic skills and training to develop
i new programmes adapted for different
i '^£eds and situations. A multi-disciplinary
, ’'Sfperience has built a self-sufficient
| team that can understand each other's
i requirements and handle work much more
I meaningfully.
|
CAPABILITIES
is combination of expertise and
t allow’s us t'o extend our
’ to different areas. Programme
'duction: film, 16mm
■ bund tape, video, and
jects
adcast test and an extended
'U.- 5.
'■
W:
■ .„
project in Family Planning Communication
in rural areas which would consist of
programmes in several media. One of .
our proposed projects is production of
video programmes for labour welfare.
’
■
■
’’
I
|
The first phase of the project in family
planning communication, sponsored by .
the Family Planning Foundation was
concerned with Communication Research
which is another of our activities. A
research project we recently completed
was for the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting. This was a study of the
effectiveness of films on innovative
agricultural practices.
DOCUMENTATION AND
INFORMATION
.
Video documentation for record of event:..
For instance, one of our recent
assignments was to record a month long
UNESCO Regional Workshop on Family
Planning Communication Research. ■
'■ ■ Information collection, like the Survey
of Audiovisual Equipment available with
educational institutions in India that we
are doing for the Centre for Educational
Technology. Or our own project,
National Information Bank of Instructional
Technology (NIBIT), which is to be a
computerised information system
covering all npnbook media, primarily
servicing educational institutions and
extension units. This means, collecting
particulars for about 50,000 educational
institutions in the country, and other
prospective user institutions, over a
lakh of titles, several equipment
manufacturers and programme producers,
and then corelating and constantly
updating this information for servicing
user requests.
D e sig n e d by B im an esh Roy C h o u d h u ry
V
CONSULTANCY AND TRAINING
NIGAH
Our information and experience equips
us to have the consultant status that we
established in thb'se areas with various
• government and United Nations agencies.
NIGAH is adjournal that we bring out'.
Its concernHs with areas that CENDIT
is concerned with, but it is not an organ
of CENDIT.; It seeks to give information
and bring to light developments all over
the world in these areas and offer a
forum for interchange of ideas. But
doing this for ourselves attracted a
publisher to entrust us with providing
editorial services for his magazine on
communication arts.
Sb; involvements expand, skills are
adapted and.expertise increases, growing
around a basic nucleus of activities
and-interest. A versatile team has
capabilities of performing a wide range
of jobs with maximum proficiency. And
the range, ban be as expensive as the
innovati.pn'Jand'expertise brought to each
'individual job.
We can also conduct short-terna training
'• courses and workshops in media, production
and use, and equipment handling and
maintenance. These can be geared to
the immediate a,nd specific needs of the
participants who. will benefit from both
fieldwork as well as technical instruction
and background i'nformation. Training
can be given in parlous media and for
different areas of application.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
AND NON FORMAL EDUCATION
An attempt to u?p'e media in rural areas
for family planning communication'
heightened ourysnitial interest in different
methods of nonlormal education and the
use of media fc^r community development.
This resulted, .'among other things, in an
experiment' with the use of video in a
rural community, and a proposal for an
extended project in nonformal education
based on our Experience in these areas.
primed at Pauls Press
PARAMETERS FOR EVALUATION OF A PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROGRAMME
.Ly
zr.N.u.
Dr.D. Banerji, Professor,
Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 67.
•
Primary health care is a qualitatively different approach
to deal with health problems of a community. • It represents'
a new philosophy in the field of community health. The .ends
of a primary health care approach are the same as those-'of
several other approaches that have been successfully adopted
earlier in many countries of the world namely, effectively
meeting the health services needs of a population. It is,
however, the means that are adopted to attain the ends which
distinguishes this approach from other approaches that have
hitherto been been followed.
Unlike the other approaches, which involved taking
medical and public health technology to the people, the
primary health care approach starts from the people. This
starting from the people in order to meet their health needs
implies a fundamental shift in the role of technology in a
community health programme: it means subordination of techno
logy to the peoplej instead of subordinating people to a
technological package that is handed down to them and of
•’ educating" people to accept the given package of technology.
Promotion of self reliance in the health services by handing
over the tools to the people so that they themselves are able
to cope with the bulk of their health problems forms the
sheet anchor of the primary health care approach. This approac
also ensures that when people feel the need for having more
elaborate technological supports to cope with their health
problems, they are given a,ccess to such technology through
various levels of the pre-existing community health service
system.
Evaluation of primary health care programme is thus of
two categories: first, evaluation of the degree to which the
health needs of the people are met, both in terms of the
process of meeting such needs as well as in terms of specifie
epidemiological criteria? second, evaluation of the degree to
which the community itself takes action in dealing with its
health problems.
btci-fl- itf
'HEALTH SURVEY TECHNIQUES' ALIGARH PROJECT - AN OVERVIEW
■by
Dr. R.K. Sanyal and
Dr. P.L. Trakroo,
National Institute of Health and
Family Welfare,
New Delhi*
National Institute of Health and Family Welfare
in collaboration with two other institutions from
Sevagram, Gandhigram are experimenting with the
feasibility of involving school teachers in the delivery
of health care to rural population. The Aligarh project
which started in 1977 is a part of this study and is
divided in three phases, i.e. the Diagnostic Phase, the
Intervention Phase and the Evaluation .phase. The
project has completed the first two phases and presently
is in process of terminal evaluation phase. The paper
highlights some of the methodologies utilised for
conducting this experiment, the design of the study
and some interim findings and reactions of the people
where the teachers are posted for providing health care
services.
It was found that nearly 85 per cent of the
community members are satisfied with the health care
services provided by the teacher, and 62 per cent of
them had an occasion to contact the teacher. Further
it was found that the teachers could retain all things
taught to them during training. On the job performance
showed that teachers in the. experimental phase with
incentives have shown higher performance compared
to those without any incentives. Nineteen per cent of
the teachers provided assistance to other health
workers in conducting mass meetings etc. The experience
reflected a view that the teacher could be a better
choice for involvement in the delivery of health
care to the population.
—- ,s'_
April 39, 1980
PERCEPTION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE 3Y MEDICAL STUDENTS*
By
Dr. prabha Ramalingaswami Sc A.Shyam **
Chairman
Centre of social Medicine and Community
Heal th
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Nev; Delhi-67
*
Paper prepared for the ICMR Symposium on "Evaluation of
Primary Health Care programme", to be held at ICMR,
New Delhi, from April 21-23, 1980.
’ll
** Research Investigator, project on Estimation of Cost
of Medical Education’1*
,\FirstF'o°r)1
. ■ -rH CI.LL
Marks
.. 560 OS*
BANGALORE
'primary Health Care',
'Doctor as a Team Leader*
and Community Health Worker's Scheme' are some of the concepts^
that are often discussed at Various forums. What do these
actually mean to a medical student? What understanding does
he have of these concepts? In an effort to find answers to
i
the above questions I had undertaken a study on the attitudes i
of medical students. I am presenting before you some of my
f
findings.
The Sample;
The sample consisted of 533 final year medical
students from ten medical colleges. The criteria used for
■
selecting the medical colleges for this study are (1) that
they should represent different types of medical colleges
?
|
in existence and (2) that they should have as wide a geographic
distribution as possible. This was achieved by taking into
account the following;
a.
Nature of the Institution; whether the college
was one where postgraduate education was imparted
or not —and the number of admissions undertaken \
at the undergraduate level.
b.
Man agemen t; SOme colleges are run by state
and central governments, some by missionary
and other voluntary organisations and finally
some colleges which have started as a private
capitation colleges and later taken over by
government.
The following colleges have been included in this
study. These are(Table I)
con td. . .
|
2
table i
Colleges
No. of Student
1.
Alleppey
36
2.
Benaras
38
3.
Cuttack
79
4.
Delhi (Lady Hardinge)
46
5.
Guntur .
6.
Hyderabad (osmania)
37
7.
Ludhiana(C.M.C.)
39
: 98
8.
Trivandrum
43
9.
Wardha
62
10.
Warangal
55
Total. No.of Students
533
-3
Methods of Data Collection:
The students were administered in a class room a
questionnaire containing a number of sections. The students
filled up the questionnaire in the class itself, on the
average the students took an hour — hour and quarter
(6o-75 minutes) to complete the questionnaire, one of the
sections of the questionnaire contained questions on primary
Health Care such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a.
What is meant by primary Health Care?
b.
What is its relevance to India?
a.
What is Community Health Worker* s Scheme?
b.
What are your views about the scheme?
£t is often said "Doctor as a 'team leader' "
in your opinion
a.
what is that team?
b.
what are its duties and importance?
80% of the Indian population lives in thevillages — what are the inplications of this
for health field?
As can be seen,
these questions are open ended— the
students have been requested to write whatever they knew—
they were assured that there were no r4ghh or wrong answers.
To ensure that the students take the questionnaire seriously
and write whatever they actually knew. I explained to the
students the purpose of the study requested them to come out
feely with their views. After giving the instructions for the
questionnaire myself and my investigator were moving among the
students and were making sure that the students understood
the questionnaire and were answering every question, we had
contd,
even kept pens ready to offer those students v/ho said they
forgot their pens or the ink was over. Thue every effort
was made to ensure that we were interested in the students
views on these issues. The^-students also had taken the
questionnaire seriously and answered it as carefully as they
possibly could.
Analysis of the Data?
For each of the questions the students have given
a variety of responses which reflect their understanding
of these concepts, on the basis of the responses some cate
gories have been formulated. Before I present these before
you I must point out here that some of the students had given
more than one response to the question— all these responses
have been scored without reference to the number of responses
given by a student as long as each response is different from
the other. The responses to the various questions have been
given below in the form of tables:
table it
a.
What is meant by Primary Health Care?
Response
No. of Students (533)
Mistaken for pHC
.
prevention of diseases and p.H.
programmes
Health Care
Basic Health Services
Medical Care
Health Education
80
-
242
161
56
44
10 6
Nutrition Education
32
MCH
73
15,01%
45. 40%
-
con td. .
30.21%
10.51%
8. 26%
19.89%
6.00%
13.70%
5
No, of Students (533)
Response
Sanitation
Clean water
Easly diagnosis
Easly available minimum care
Definition I
WHO
F.P
II
28
23
—
5.2 5%
-
21
8
-
4. 32%
3.94%
28
-
1.50%
5.25%
17
17
-
3.19%
-
3. 19%
20.08%
11.82%
107
63
General Terms
No Response
-
-
-
table hi
What is its relevance to India?
Response
No.of Students( 533)
Good
318
Bad
Mistaken for pHC
29
For Health promotion
Poverty & Correlates
No idea
59
43
20
87
-
-
contd,
59.66%
5. 44%
11.07%
8.07%
3. 75%
16,32%
table
iv
What is Community Health workers Scheme?
Response
No.of Students (533)
Bare Description
62
-
Selection process
68
-
12.75%
Training aspects
55
-
10.32%
11.63%
Mistaken for a Paramedical worker
29
-
5.44%
promotion of health
175
-
32,83%
8.82%
Simple health care
15
Under pi-IC
47
-
Comprehensive health care
12
-
2.25%
No idea
143
-
26.82
2.31%
table v
What are your views about this Scheme?
Response
No, of Students( 533)
Good
239
-
44.84%
Bad
92
-
17.26%
Depends on C.H.V.
61
-
11.44%
No idea
151
-
28.33%
TABLE VI
Doctor as a 'Team Leader’..
Response
No. of Students);533)
Medical Officers
213
-
39.96%
Nurses
129
-
24.20%
Compounder
47
-
8.82%
Lab Technician
47
-
8.82%
Paramedical Staff
117
-
21.9 5%
ANMs
52
-
9.06%
Basic He<jilth workers
67
-
12.50%
Health Visitors
25
-
4.69%
Health Assistants
21
-
3.9 4%
Sanitary Inspectors
21
-
3.9 4%
Health Educators
16
-
3.00%
Medical Social Workers
31
-
5.82%
Midwife
16
-
3.00%
Community Health Worker
8
-
1.50%
Patients and Community and Public
28
-
5. 2 5%
contd. .
table
VII
What are its duties and importance?
Response
No, of Studen ts( 533)
Preventive Care
212
-
39.77%
Health Care
170
-
31.89%
Medical Care
10 2
-
19.14%
Comprehensive Health Care
73
-
13. 70%
Heal th Education
130
-
24. 39%
Service to the Community
107
-
20.0 3%
MCH
29
-
5.44%
FAmily Planning Work
40
—
Ko idea
45
2.50%
8.44%
contd,
table viii
Students who mentioned three or more members of the
health team
No. of Responses
No. of Students (533)
3
81
-
15.20%
4
5o
-
9.38%
5
41
-
7.69%
6
11
-
2.06%
7
7
-
1.31%
8
2
-
0.38%
9
1
-
0.19
An extensive statistical analysis of the data is
in progress. Even without the help of statistical analysis
some implications of this study stand out. These are on
primary Health Care&
1.
That there are a sizeable number of students
who do not know what primary Health Care is
(11.82%) or its relevance to India (16.32%).
2.
That there are many students who have mistaken
this for a primary Health Ccn tpe( 1.5%) .
3.
That there are many (20.08%) students who talk
about this in general terms ( which is another
form of talking nicely about things one does
not know) .
4.
That only 8/533 i.e. 1.5% talk about easily
available minimum care.
Although there is lot of confusion prevailing in the
minds of the medical students the redeeming feature is that
242/533 i.e. 45.4% had talked in terms of prevention of
diseases and public health and 318/533 i.e. 59.66% called it
good.
About the much talked about Community Health Worker’s
Scheme — the less said the better.
The basic aspects of the Community Health workervs
Scheme such as the description, selection process and training
aspects are known to a small number of students.
Description
11.63%
Selection
12.75%
Training
10.32%
contd.. .
About 26.32% have no idea of this scheme. What is
more interesting is that 17.26% have called it bae.
Now about the Health Team, As can be seen from
Table VI, the students are confused 21.95% dismiss the
members of the team as paramedical staff. As one can see most
of the students are not aware of the various categories of
paramedical staff. If you look at Table VIII the number of
students who have named three or more members of the team—
this invariably includes the name of the doctor and then
others. It is only 15.2% that named 3 members. The interesting
feature is that nearly 4o% of the students emphasised this
preventive care as its duty.
The data is still being statistically analysed. However,
even with the results which are available and which I have
presented before you one thing becomes clear i. e. the final
year medical students do not have a proper understanding of
these concepts. Yet one gets the feeling that majority of the
students do realise especially the ‘primary Health Care* as
being good for the country.
My humb’e submission is that it is as important to
give the medical students a proper understanding of these
concepts, as it is to develop a health delivery system to
implement these ideas and certainly it is less difficult
than the latter. If the undergraduate medical students who are
future of medical profession have a proper understanding of
their concepts and develop a positive attitude towards them
then the chances of developing a meaningful primary health
care system are good.
Acknowledgement;
I am most grateful to the Principals of the medical
colleges who have given me all the help and facilities for
conducting this study in their colleges and the students who
had patiently answered the questionnaire.
A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE
POPULATION AFTER FOUR YEARS OF INTENSIVE HEALTH
CARE SERVICES PROVIDED THROUGH A MEDICAL COLLEGE
IN VILLAGES OF MEHRAULI BLOCK OF DELHI
. VC sr?
Dr.C.S.Chuttani, Professor,
Department of Preventive and Social Medicine,
University College of Medical Sciences, Ring Road, New Delhi,
A Project was undertaken five years hack in
a number of villages in Mehrauli block for delivery
of comprehensive health care through medical college
with the objective of improving the health status of
the people. One small health centre was established
in each of the eight villages under the project. The
space was provided by the local panchayats, free of
cost, while the centres were equipped and financed
by the College. Services were provided by the staff
of the PSM Department and interns of the College.
These Services included O.P.D. services, domiciliary
antenatal and postnatal services, domiciliary neonatal
services, care of under fives, immunization of infants
and children, school health services and in-built
health education and refenral services to the hospital.
Family folders were maintained at the Centre
for every family in the village. In the folder the
records were maintained for births, deaths, morbidity,
family planning methods adopted by the couples, antena
tal and postnatal care and immunization. Special
records were maintained for all children under five
years of age.
The data collected in the last four years
will be presented and the merits and demerits of the
•onventional parameters used for the assessment of
the health status of community will be discussed.
&£ZH| -16
SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE INTEGRATION OF
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
WITH
AREA DEVELOPMENT
by
' Dr. J-s» GiU, Asstt. Prof,
Deptt* of Preventive and Social Medicine,
All India Institute of Medical Science, Ansari Nagar,
New Delhi-110 029.
Development is a most important national objective.
At the peripheral level India is attempting integrated area
development. Primary Health Care is obviously a component
of such area development. I-j; must be integrated with the
overall strategy of development.
Such integration was attempted during my work with
gross roots voluntary agencies. It included three approaches:
a] - Preparation of rural development plans at the block and
sub-block (Anchal) levels. Health was included in such
plans from the very beginning.
b] - Addition of Primary Health Care to ongoing programmes
of area development carried out by Voluntary organizations.
c] - First-hand experience of planning and implementation of
integrated rural development was gained by initiating a
new Voluntary agency called "GRAVIS " in village Daula
of Distt* Meerut/ U*Pi in 1976*
Lessons Learnt
Many benefits were reaped by following such as inte
grated approach to planning, implementation and evaluation. A
few examples are given below:
1] Rationalization of the whole procedures and avoidance of
duplications. Example: socio-economic surveys; 2] Better tea;..
work as all the workers were working together for the same
goals; 3] Better community involvement; 4] Better inter-sectoral
coordination and cooperation; 5] Simplification of procedures;
6] Avoidance of several contradictions and pitfalls; and 7]
comprehensive approach to problems of environmental pollution,
forestry, and others.
beixi, — 17
_I
health information system for primary health care
A) |H S J. ISoJ
by
Dr. L. M. Nath,
Dr. S. Chaudhary, and
Dr. V.P. Reddaiah,
Centre for Community Medicine,
Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029.
The paper discusses the reasons
for requiring health information feedback
from the primary health workers.
The major
purposes of information collection
-
work
audit, evaluation of programme and statistics
for health planning are all discussed in
detail.
A plea is made for minimum, meaning
ful data collection - meaningful’not only for
health planning and evaluation but most impor
tant, for the primary health worker.
-is.
AN OVERVIEW OF INTEGRATED CHILD
DEVELOPMENT SERVICES SCHEME
by
Dr4 M»M* Rajendran, Jt. Secy.,
[Nutrition and Child Development] Ministry of Social Welfare,New Dell
ICDS attempts to provide a package of integrated
nutrition, health and educational services to children
below six years of age and expectant/nursing mothers,
to achieve all round development of children! Although
health components from major part of the package, ICDS
is much more than a mere health programme. It> inter
alia> attempts to reduce wastage of human resources
by tackling such contributing factors to infant and
child mortality as malnutrition, low birth weight,
communicable diseases, nutritional anaemia among expectant
women, unsafe drinking water, ignorance regarding general
health and nutrition. The programme is located in back
ward rural/tribal areas and in urban slums where it can
be safely presumed that the incidence of such contributing
factors will be maximum! The programme has in-built
mechanism for continuous monitoring and evaluation of
nutrition and health matters by AIIMS and Medical Colleges'
located near the projects. T^e entire programme is also
being evaluated by the Programme Evaluation Organisation
[DEO] of the Planning Commission. Interim reports from
PEO and preliminary results of AIIMS evaluation have
indicated definite gains from the programme and have also
indentified areas where further improvements are needed.
There is, however, no doubt that the Scheme has been able
to establish basic soundness in its approach.
~ ^lro-r^^'‘^^cf
I
’/J^l^f
£?
*7
■o-t-^Z^c/
<A?i
V
•f
•&
'^>>{12.
^1
T
y-^^ Z
o’ 3 4
yr0^!
.^1-lcJ '2'--
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— /S’
EVALUATION OF HEALTH CARE PLANNING
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TOPS.
by
All
Dr. B.N. Tandon,
Department of Gastroenterology,
India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029.
Integrated Child Development Services project
was started in 1975 with the following objectives:
to improve the nutritional and health
status of children in the age group
0-6 years;
ii] to lay the foundations for proper psycho
logical, physical and social development
of the child;
iii] to reduce the incidence of mortality,
morbidity, malnutrition and school
drop-out;
iv] to achieve effectively coordination of
policy and implementation amongst the
various departments to promote child
development;
v] to enhance the capability of the mother
to look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child through
proper nutrition and health education.
i]
It may be noted that objectives i] and iii]
are directly related to the delivery of nutrition
and health services. The project was started for
the following reasons:
The nutrition programmes primarily or
...2...
-:2:-
exclusively distributing the food by carry-home
system without complimentary inputs of primary
health care were not resulting in expected
benefits. Small size project, example by WIN
and Narangwal, have demonstrated that if nutrition
and health services are provided together, there
are significantly better results in reference to
morbidity and mortality in children. I-t was
Considered desirable to see if the conclusions
drawn by properly controlled population studies
tan be applied to a national programme. ICDS
therefore, started with a premise that earlier
controlled studies have conclusively demonstrated
the value of package of health and nutrition ser
vices to the children. Our main task was to see
whether ICDS organisation can deliver the package
of services successfully. We did consider it use
ful as a secondary task to measure one or two
important health indices as impact of the delivery
of the ICDS services.
Well-defined population by proper statistical
approach was covered for health and nutrition survey.
The 10 percent of each project population was surveyed.
The bench-mark survey was carried out which was foll
owed by second survey 10-12 months later and a final
survey 22-24 months later. The results of the first
and 3rd survey were compared to discuss the outcome
of the programme.
'CVS
'h Co.
-b)
C-hc
catalogue 01
Educational
Material
VHAI
Making off a Special Drink
15 flash cards
Rs. 12.00
Better Diarrhoea Care is now available as FUmstrips/Slide Sets and as
Flash Cards for use in group health education.
Making of a Special
Drink
**
15 flash cards
Rs. 12.00
Better Diarrhoea Care Is now available as FUmsirips/SMe Sets and as
Flash Cards for use In group health education.
INDEX
A
An
B
C
Ch
D
E
F
H
M
Md
N
Ns
P
HR
S
Administration
Anaesthesia & Surgery
Blindness & Eye Care
Community Health Care
Child Health
Communicable Diseases
Environmental Health
Family Planning & Population
Health Education
Maternal Health Care
Medicine
Nutrition
Nursing
Pathology
Records
Skin Diseases including Leprosy
Suppliers of health materials &
other information
8
9
9
10
12
15
16
17
17
18
20
20
22.
23
23
24
26
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with others.
READ AND PASS ON
1
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................
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Voluntary Health Association of India
C-14 Community Centre
Safdarjung Development Area
NEW DELHI 110016
Where There Is No Doctor
Indian Version
(Revised for India)
Pages 500
Rs. 29.00
Better Diarrhoea Care
Pages 32
Rs. 1.95
Rs. 2.50 with protective cover
Where There Is No Doctor is not a conventional medical book. The scope
of this excellent 500 pages book with nearly 1,000 illustrations enables a
reasonably educated person to acquire enough knowledge of
*what to do in emergency situations and
*what preventive measures to take to keep the village healthy.
This book is for mothers, midwives, health workers, teachers, village
leaders, social workers, priests, pastors, religious leaders and everyone
who is interested in health care.
A must for all homes, sub-centres and dispensaries.
Yet another Better Care booklet
Simple messages on diarrhoea in young children, are illustrated with field
tested photos, line drawings and cartoons. This booklet helps the literate
villager or the peripheral health worker recognize symptoms dehydration
and how to make a simple but effective Rehydration drink at home.
There is also a section on danger signs and when to refer the patients.
Preventive measures are emphasized.
Better Diarrhoea Care
35 frames
Filmstrip Rs. 20.00
Slideset Rs. 30.00
Making of a Special Drink
15 flash cards
Rs. 12.00
Better Diarrhoea Care Is now available as Hlmstrips/Sllde Sets and as
Flash Cards for use in group health education.
Better Care in VD
Pages 48
Price Rs. 5.50
Better Child Care
Pages 52
Rs. 3.50
A profusely illustrated pocket guide in specially simplified language,
designed to Inform peripheral health workers and literate public about
venereal disease and its control.
48 pages, 40 photographs (including 20 in colour) and 20 line drawings
and cartoons. English ready. Hindi and other languages to follow.
48 basic ideas on good child care. It is a simple and easy-to-read teaching
aid illustrated with 52 telling visuals, many in colour, pretested in different
parts of the country.
It is about pregnancy, child birth, lactation, nutrition, and all the
preventive measures that a mother should take to keep her child healthy.
Your answers to
Better Care in Leprosy
Pages 64
Rs 4.50
—
—
—
—
—
—
what causes leprosy?
how does leprosy spread?
should people fear leprosy?
how can we recognize leprosy?
how do we treat leprosy?
how can people with leprosy protect themselves from injury
and deformity?
A 64 pages profusely illustrated pocket guide in specially simplified
language designed to inform peripheral health workers about leprosy
and its control. The booklet emphasizes early leprosy, early recognition,
early treatment, avoidance of deformity, prevention of complications,
regular treatment to reduce unwarranted fears of misunderstanding
about leprosy. Colour illustrations have been used where necessary
for distinguishing leprosy from similar disease.
2
Is Your Child Blind In
The Dark?
Teaching Village Health
Workers — a Guide
Rs. 43.00
The Feeding and Care off
Infants and Young
Children
Pages 128
Rs. 12.00
Unmounted colour poster on Vitamin A.
Available in Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati, Malayalam,
Telugu, Oriya and Hindi.
Basic, illustrated book concept and training of VHWs. The contents were
drawn from prolonged discussions with village health workers, health
teams, medical professionals, government officials, social workers, and
social scientists.
Model lesson plans in an expandable folder. The sample lesson plans
attempt to uniquely present messages through rural life situations.
Audio visual supplement contains sample instructions and materials.
This book authoritatively and clearly interprets the best ideas from recent
Indian research on child care and nutrition. The advice given is practical,
based on the author’s many years of experience as Professor of
Paediatrics at Safdurjang Hospital, New Delhi. Clinical aspects of child
care and nutrition are combined with practical advice on how to deal with
the major childhood problems in the country. Dr Ghosh believes that
nutritional deficiency in Indian children is caused by insufficient food,
rather than incorrect food. This is often due to the ignorance of the
mother, when the child is dependent upon her for food.
3
Shishu Palan
Pages 22
Re 1.00
Health Care Off Children
Under Five
Pages 98
Rs. 7.15
Packs in it the best ideas on recent Indian research on child care. The
book concentrates on the nutritional needs of mothers and children and
how these can be met. It is addressed to doctors, nurses, multipurpose
health workers, nutritionists and all those responsible for village level
workers.
The main aims of the under-fives’ clinic arete supervise the health of all
children up to the age of five years, prevent malnutrition, immunise the
children against preventable diseases and to providesimple treatment for
their common ailments.
The under-fives' clinic is an Ideal setting for demonstrating, in a practical
way, the inter-relationship between matemaland child health and family
planning. In this clinic there is a team approach which aims at using all
grades of health workers to the maximum of their ability and training, by
responsible delegation of duties, especially to the nurses and auxiliary
nurse midwives who are the first to come into contact with the
community.
The studied planned change attempts to reintegrate and indlgenize the
Indian Hospitals —
hospital so that it can serve in a manner and style better suited to the land,
the people, and the resources.
Planned Organizational
The specific research areas stem from Likert’s planned change model,
which places people in the central position in the organisational effort to
participative management
Changes in their Structure DrmoveCaroltoward
Huss MHA, Ph D, the author is among the pioneers of Health
Care
Administration Education in India.
& Functioning
Pages 330
Rs. 35.00
Pages 192
Rs 20.00
Practical guidelines in accounting
Thoroughly tested and adapted to meet local needs for a simple system
which conforms to good accounting standards
Fully illustrated with sample forms, journal and ledger pages, etc.
Includes book keeping principles, chart of accounts, handling cash and
bank accounts, payroll etc.
Suitable for use for hospital administrators, accounting managers, etc.
Earlier made available to members as Accounting Guide for Voluntary
Hospitals.
Tuberculosis Is Curable
A set of 15 flashcards on treatment of tuberculosis, illustrations in black
and white.
Rs. 15.00
Health educators may add appropriate colour. The script is available in
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil,
and Telugu.
An Accounting Guide for
hospitals and nursing
homes
Manual for Child Nutrition
in Rural India
Pages 198
Rs. 17.00
Bom of the famous Narangwal project, this manual of 12 chapters
adequately covers the scope of nutrition in rural India.
The basic principles of nutrition are defined and thoroughly discussed
with examples, illustrations, graphs and charts and specified and general
remedial instruction is given.
Protein, vitamin and calorie contents of popular foods is given along with
examples of balanced menus and recipes for infants and growing
children. Special chapters on “Feeding the Family” cover the food
requirements of the expecting mother, the nursing mother, the infant,
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(tentative)
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for basic principles and practices. The book seeks to put together notes.
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management. And what it could be.
Edited by S. Srinivasan of the Health Care Management team, VHAI, the
book is a beautiful example of the team effort it advocates. VHAI has
carried out training, development and on-the-spot help projects in the
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Goal Setting Guide —
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To help those interested in imporved management of their departments.
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practical instruction in sufficient detail to be usable and refers only to
what is possible in terms of apparatus and drugs available in India. More
importance is placed on principles which can be applied
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Health for the Millions
Watch this Bulletin for new health publications available from VHAL This is
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Goal Setting Guide—a Self Appraisal for
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Personnel in Church Related Institutions
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Performance Approach to Cost Reduction
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Human Relations in Health Service
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Basic Managerial Skills for All
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Appropriate Technology Source book
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Voluntary Agencies and Housing—a report on
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Health Has Many Faces
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Health Care and Human Dignity
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Planning Dialogue in the Community
Before and Beyond Objectives and
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Health Promoters of Raigarh-Amblkapur
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Ch-3
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Primary Child Care—a manual for
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Primary Child Care—10 sets of slides for use
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Paediatric Priorites in the Developing Wbrfd
Starting an Underfives Clinic
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Indigenous Calendar for Mother and Child
Clinics—to calculate birth date or
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Studies on Preschool Children
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Health and Sicknesses of Children
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Child Health—Quesions you may ask
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Breast Feeding—a description of norma! suckling
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Cancrum Oris— aetiology and management
Charting of Growth in Normal Children—new
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Childhood Development—milestones
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Growth—diagrams illustrating normal growth, only
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Kwashiorkor—common causes of early death
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Leprosy In Childhood—a description of the disease
Sores
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Your Baby Can be Healthy
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Caring for Baby
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Care of the Newborn in Developing Countries
Breast Feeding: the Biological Option
Child Care in the Tropics
Handbook of Tropical Paediatrics
Practical Mother and Child Health in
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Our Children Need Nutritious Food
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Better Nutrition Healthier Nation
More About Child Care
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Tuberculosis is Curable
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colour
colour
colour
B&W
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
E-5
E-7
E-13
E-15
E-16
E-17
E-18
E-19
E-63
Health Education in Environmental Health
Programmes
Environmental Sanitation in India
Uncommon Remedy for a Common Problem—the
sanitary latrine
Simple Bacteriological Analysis of
Drinking Water Supplies
An Intermittent Water Filter
Low Cost Tubewells
Village Sanitation Improvement Scheme
Simplified Approach to Aquaprivy Construction
Prevention is Better Than Cure
.25
4.00
B&W
colour
16
E-64
Do's of Cooking
F/chart
LH
16
AP
12.00
3.00
Reprint
Book
Book
F/cards
F/cards
F/cards
F/chart
F/strip
VHA1
6
124
CHA
124
CHA
CMCV
18
CMCV
9
CMCV
11
LH
21
GIRHFP 49
SM
p
AP
AP
AP
AP
MPA
.50
25.00
10.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
9.00
25.00
.25
5.00
2.50
4.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
4.00
colour
colour
colour
colour
B&W
F/cards
F/cards
F/strip
CMCV
14
CMCV
13
GIRHFP 56
AP
AP
AP
16.00
16.00
25.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
colour
colour
B&W
colour
English
Hindi
FAMILY WELFARE AND POPULATION
F-36
F-37
F-40
F-55
F-56
F-64
F-68
F-80
F-81
F-82
F-84
F-85
F-86
F-87
F-88
F-89
CD
Population Problem—a view point
Population Education for Quality of Life
Natural Approach to Family Planning
Family Planning the Easy Way
Modem Methods of Family Planning
Cost of Another Child
PariuarNiyojan
The Family Planning Worker—how he covers
2000 population
How Life Begins (on sex education)
Pramila Grows Up (on sex education)
Family Planning Made Easier—for training workers
in conception and contraception
Towards a Prosperous Family—motivating couples,
no methods mentioned
Campaign for Family Planning—how to organise
mass campaigns
How Do I Integrate FP & MCH, how can an ANM
cover 10,000 population
Service Camps for FP
Modem Methods of Family Planning
Contraceptive Devices, Methods of Family Planning
p
F/strip
GIRHFP 40
APM
40.00
7.00
F/strip
GIRHFP 30
PM
25.00
4.00
B&W
F/strip
GIRHFP 77
PA
35.0Q
6.00
B&W
F/strip
F/graph
Slides
GIRHFP 48
CMCV
6
TALC
24
PA
PM
PM
25.00
20.00
20.00
4.00
4.00
B&W
colour
colour
Book
Book
ISPCK
WHO
132
81
A
S
3.00
32.00
1.00
Hindi
Book
SBH
22
AL
14.00
3.00
HEALTH EDUCATION
H-4
E-5
H-7
Suuasth Jiuan Ki Or
Health Education in Environmental Sanitation.
Programmes
Ways to Better Health
17
C-10
H-6
H-16
H-20
H-43
Cm
Teri
The Functional Analysis of Health Needs and
Services
Health Education and Community Health Behaviour
Health Education—the missing link
How to Scientifically Prepare Our Own Flashcard
Sets
Fifty Universal Health Messages
Communication in Health—ways in which a health
worker may improve communication
Techniques for Effective Reading and Learning—
for students of all levels to improve their
learning techniques
Book
Asia
192
SM
60.00
12.00
Reprint
Reprint
Reprint
VHAI
VHAI
VHAI
10
5
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free
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Slides
TALC
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AP
20.00
Book
Book
Posters
Book
Reprint
Reprint
Slides
DGHS
WHO
IRC
OL
VHAI
VHAI
VHAI
47
110
10
623
4
5
30
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SMP
SM
MPA
1.00
32.00
15.00
55.00
.50
.50
20.00
Book
AMRF
23
MS
12.50
colour
colour
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
M-l
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
Training of Dais
Traditional Birth Attendants
Antenatal Clinic
Clinical Obstetrics
Study of 1000 Conceptions
Anaemia in Pregnancy
Training of Dais—to teach improved methods of
delivery to traditional birth attendants
Obstetric Emergencies
Practical Mother and Child Care—a manual for
para medical worker
Book
.40
4.00
11.00
.25
.25
4.00
OL
124
AP
18.00
M-16
Information For Mothers and Midwives
Booklet
VHAI
38
LAMP
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NIEF
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LH.
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Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation
Before the Baby Comes—antenatal care
Planning a Safe Delivery
Care of the Pregnant Mother
Reprint
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F/cards
F/charts
2.50
M-30
M-61
M-72
M-73
8
30
7
15
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LP
AP
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16.00
12.00
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4.00
3.00
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B&W
4.00
C-20 reprint
B&W
colour
Hindi/
English
Mahila Mandal
Maternal-Child Health Clinic
Physiology of Women—conception and pregnancy
in simple diagrams
Mother’s Health Records
Married Women’s Health Record (see records)
Practical Mother & Child Health in Dev. Countries
Malnutrition in India—with particular reference
to childhood
Management in Child Health—principles of management
for health centres
F/charts
F/cards
UH.
VHAI
Slides
Chart
Chart
Book
Slides
Slides
MR
Mental Retardation
Slides
Ms
Severe Measles—suggestions as to how and
why it is severe
Newborn Care—simple low cost care in the first
weeks of life
Newborn Development-^differentiating premature
and small-for-dates newborn
Newborn Kemicterus—prevention through
identifying ‘At Risk’ children
Newborn Lung—its physiology and pathology
Protein Calorie Deficiency, a description
Paediatric Haematology—common haematological
conditions found in tropical countries
Pathology of Tuberculosis in Childhood—microscopic
and macroscopic
X-Rays in Childhood—some diagnostic X-Rays
for students to study
Nutrition Education or Education in Child Care
School Health
M-75
M-77
Phw
HR-2
HR-12
Ch-94
MI
Mnc
Nbc
Nbd
NbK
NbL
PcD
Ph
TbP
Xrc
Ch-44
Ch-45
3.00
2.00
B&W
B&W
AP
AP
12.0tf
8.00
TALC
24
VHAI
2
VHAI
2
MacMillan
24
TALC
PM
APM
APM
PM
PM
20.00
.27
.27
37.15
20.00
TALC
24
PM
20.00
colour
TALC
48
PM
40.00
forth
com
ing
colour
Slides
TALC
24
PM
20.00
colour
Slides
TALC
24
PM
20.00
colour
TALC
24
PM
20.00
colour
Slides
TALC
24
SM
20.00
colour
Slides
Slides
Slides
TALC
TALC
TALC
24
24
24
SM
PM
SM
20.00
colour
20.00
20.00
colour
colour
Slides
TALC
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Slides
TALC
24
M
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Reprint
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6
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16
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.25
19
MEDICINE AND ILLNESS CARE
Md-4
Mdr5
Md-6
Md-7
Md-8
Md-9
Md-10
First Aid to the Injured
English, Hindi and all regional Languages
Kapoor’s Guide for General Practitioners part I
part II
Clinical Pharmacology
Progress in Clinical Medicine (Third Series)
Asthma and other Allergies
Profiles of Clinical Practice
Diagnosis and Management of Medical Emergencies
An Introduction to Psychiatry
Symptom Treatment Manual
Md-1
Md-2
Book
Book
Book
StJohn’s 182
Amb.
Kapoor 171
Kapoor 189
Book
Book
Book
Book
Book
Book
Book
ELBS
AH
0L
0L
OUP
CLS
SBH
714
568
174
363
741
174
42
PA
5.00
1.00
M
M
22.00
30.00
5.00
6.00
M
SM
M
SM
SM
PM
APM
45.00
40.00
14.00
17.00
70.00
10.00
6.00
English
10.00
2.50
3.00
2.50
1.50
Md-11
First Aid
Booklet
VHAI
28
LAMP
2.00
Md-13
Medical Care in Developing Countries
Booklet
OUP
PM
50.00
Md-14
Md-20
Md-21
Right and Wrong Use of Modem Medicines
Home Cures
How to Take Care of Sick Person
Booklet
Booklet
Booklet
VHAI
VHAI
VHAI
538
40
23
28
LAMP
LAMP
LAMP
2.50
2.00
2.00
.50
0.50
0.50
C-20 reprint
C-20 reprint
C-20 reprint
Md-22
*Md-23
Cig
Tonics—how much of an economic waste
Confessions of a Medical Heretic
Clinical Genetics—this complex wel explained
Reprint
Reprint
Slides
VHAI
VHAI
TALC
6
8
24
SM
SM
SM
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.50
20.00
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4.00
colour
Leaflet
VHAI
4
ALP
1.00
.40
.50
NUTRITION
N-4
Anaemia Recognition Card English/Hindi
—also available in regional languages
Mid Arm Circumference Measuring Tape
Tape
VHAI
6
ALP
2.00
.75
N-9
N-12
Nutrition for Mother and Child
Mid Arm Circumference Measuring Strip
Book
Strip
N1N
VHAI
59
4
PM
ALP
3.50
1.00
1.00
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N-18
N-76
N-78
Address of Weighing Scales Suppliers
Feeding your Baby
Super Porridge
Reprint
F/cards
F/cards
VHAI
VHAI
VHAI
17
17
PM
AP
AP
free
8.00
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2.00
N-3
English/
Hindi
Hindi
B&W
B&W
20
N-84
N-86
N-100
Ch-19
Ch-54
BF
Ch-91
Fbr
Ml
Ntr
PEM
Ch-48
Ch-49
Ch-54
Ch-65
Ch-66
Ch-75
N-14
N-15
N-16
N-17
N-23
N-24
Balanced Diet for the Baby
Better Nutrition Healthier Nation
More About Child Care
—child care before birth
—diagnosis of undemutrition
—causes of undemutrition
—treatment of undemutrition
Breast Feeding
Feeding your baby
Breast Feeding
Breast Feeding: The Biological Option
Fibre in Human Diet—an excellent arid amusing
epidemilogical account of the importance of
dietary fibre
Malnutrition in India—with particular
reference to childhood
Nutrition Rehabilitation—as developed in India
Pathology of Experimental Malnutrition—
microscopic appearances in animal tissues
■ Monitoring Growth and Development
Exercise on the Use of Growth Charts
Feeding Your Baby—tells about correct
child nutrition
Head Lice
Child Safety
When your Child is Sick
Nutrition Rehabilitation—its practical application
Nutritive value of Indian Foods
A Manual of Nutrition for Auxiliary Nurses and
Midwives
(English, Hindi, Telugu)
Manual for Child Nutrition in Rural India
Child’s Bangle for Detection of Undemutrition
Nutrition Folders—a set
F/graph
F/graph
CMCV
CMCV
6
6
PM
PM
20.00
20.00
4.00 i' colour
colour
4.00
Slides
Leaflet
Slides
Slides
Book
Slides
VHAI
70
VHAI
12
VHAI
30
TALC
24
MacMillan 86
TALC
24
APM
PA
APM
PM
PM
SM
60.00
1.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
20.00
10.00
.40
4.00
Slides
TALC
24
PM
20.00
colour
Slides
Slides
TALC
TALC
24
24
PM
SM
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20.00
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colour
Reprint
Reprint
Slides
VHAI
VHAI
VHAI
18
2
30
PM
PMA
APM
1.50
free
20.00
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free
4.00
B&W
F/cards
F/cards
F/cards
Book
Book
Book
CMCV
8
CMCV
10
VHAI
14
Tri-med 130
202
NIN
NIN
60
AP
AP
AP
SM
SMP
A
16.00
16.00
8.00
22.00
8.00
2.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
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Book
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Leaflets
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NIN
271
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B&W
colour
colour
4.00
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21
N-26
N-30
N-31
N-00
N-l
N-2
N-5
N-8
N-13
N-57
N-58
N-62
N-63
N-67
N-68
N-29
N-73
Nutrition for Developing Countries
Early Detection and Prevention of Protein Calorie
Malnutrition
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School
Lunch Programmes, Suitable for South India
and North India
Better Diet At Low Cost
Balanced Diet for Adults in India
Teaching Nutrition to Mothers
fighting Malnutrition with Hyderabad Mix
Anaemia Poster
Good Nutrition—a set of 4 posters
—Eat greens for good health
—Mixed food keeps baby healthy
—Functions of food
—Breast mik best for babies
Balanced Diet for the Family
Baby's Diet from Birth to One Year
Better Nutrition Healthier Nation
Key to Health, Clean Food and Water,
Good Hygiene
Supplementary Feeding for Babies
Our Children Need Nutritious Food
Using the Method of Paulo Freire in Nutrition
Education; an experiment plan for community
action in Northeast Brazil
Lathyrism
Book
Book
ELBS
PP
240
75
PM
PM
30.00
10.00
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2.50
Book
NIN
35
AP
1.50
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Reprint
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Poster
NEIF
NEIF
VHAI
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IRC
41
29
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25.00
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4.00
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B&W
4
1
PM
PM
PA
PA
LA
Poster
F/cards
F/cards
F/cards
F/strip
CMCV
CMCV
CMCV
CHEB
CMCV
CMCV
CMCV
NEIF
10
10
8
32
LA
AP
AP
AP
PM
8.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
25.00
.20
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
colour
colour
colour
colour
B&W
F/chart
Poster
Book
LH
CHEB
CU
10
1
55
AP
LA
PM
9.00
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22.00
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F/cards
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Book
Book
VHAI
WHO
VHAI
NIN
8
28
302
50
P
SP
P
A
1.00
15.00
11.00
van
.40
3.00
2.50
so
NURSING
Ns-1
Ns-3
Ns-19
N-16
List of Nursing Schools & Colleges in India
Community Health Nursing for Tutors
Nursing Survey of India
Manual of Nutrition
colour
PATHOLOGY, LABORATORY AND PHARMACY
P-8
Blood Transfusion
Poster
IRC
2
LA
1.00
.40
P-21
The Uses, Dosage and Precautions for Common
Medicines
Booklet
VHAI
41
LAMP
2.50
0.50
P-28
P-29
PEM
TbP
Handbook of Medical Laboratory Technology
A Medical Laboratory for Developing Countries
Pathology of Experimental Malnutrition
Pathology of TB in Childhood—microscopic
and macroscopic
Hospital Formulary
Book
Book
Slides
Slides
CMA1
ELBS
TALC
TALC
303
328
24
24
PM
MPA
SM
SM
35.00
30.00
20.00
20.00
7.00
Book
CMCV
357
M
10.00
2.50
P-70
colour
C-20 reprint
colour
colour
RECORDS—HOME BASED
Records retained by the patients can make it easier to deliver high standard health care. This provides an economical, time saving, highly mobile device to
ensure proper follow up for better results. Since the publication of these cards in 1973, hundreds of hospitals have adopted them. Proper training of staff
and education of tire patients is necessary before introducing these records.
HR-0
HR-1
HR-2
HR-3
HR-4
Plastic Envelope for Record Card (10x29.5cm)
Child Health & Weight Record (growth charts)
—in all major Indian languages and Nepali
combined with English
Mother's Record for Pregnancy and After
for clinic use
—in all major Indian languages and Nepali
combined with English
Tuberculosis Record
—available in Hindi, Marathi, Malyalam, Nepali,
Kannada, Oriya, Telugu, and Bengali combined
with English
Records for School Children or Adults
—available in all major Indian languages
with English, and in Nepali/English
Envelope
Card
VHAI
VHAI
1
L
.23
.23
.20
.20
Card
VHAI
1
L
.23
.20
Card
VHAI
1
L
.23
.30
Card
VHAI
1L
L
.23
.30
23
HR-5
HR-7
HR-9
HR-10
HR-12
HR-20
HR-6
,
HR-22
HR-24
Leprosy Records
—available in Hindi, Marathi, Bengali,
Nepali, and Oriya combined with English
Eye-Record—used for eye camps or eye OPD
—available in Hindi, Punjabi, combined with
English
Immunization-Identification Card for Mass
Immunization Programmes and all Out-Patients
Insert and Continuation Card (fits with
HR-1, HR-2, HR-3, HR-4.HR-5 HR-7 & HR-12)
Married Women’s Health Record—fertility and
pregnancy record for village maternal care,
Diagnostic Index Cards for daily Coding of
Diseases of OPD or Inpatients for Use
in Hospitals
Patient Retained Health Records—an illustrated
manual describing use of all patient retained
records alongwith sample cards
Simple Village Survey and House to House Survey
(how to organise a village health survey)
Completely Revised with Sample Forms
A Record System for Community Health
Card
VHAI
1
L
.27
.30
Card
VHAI
1
L
.27
.30
Card
VHAI
1
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.10
.15
Card
VHAI
1
L
.10
.15
Card
VHAI
1
L
.27
.30
Card
VHAI
1
L
.10
.15
Book
VHAI
61
SMP
8.50
2.00
Book
VHAI
31
MP
5.00
1.50
Reprint
VHAI
4
P
.50
.25
Book
Posters
Book
Book
Book
HKNS
HKNS
HKNS
WHO
SI
116
6
104
28
96
PA
LA
PM
PM
PA
7.00
8.00
13.00
22.00
10.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Book
Book
SI
SI
96
507
PA
SM
Book
LM
342
MAP
10.00
55.00
pa on
2.50
10.00
son
English/
Hindi
English/
Hindi
SKIN DISEASES (including Leprosy)
S-l
S-2
S-3
S-4
S-6
S-6
S-7
S-9
Manual for Public Health Nurses in Leprosy
Leprosy Posters
Leprosy Diagnosis and Management
Leprosy in Children
Skin Disease for Medical Auxiliaries, Rural
Physicians and Lay Sufferers
Thwacha Ke Rog
Practice of Dermatology
A Manual of Leprosy
colour
2.50
Hindi
S-10
Prevent Body Itch
Poster
CMCV
LA
2.00
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S-16
Skin Problems
Booklet
VHAI 23
LAMP
2.00
0.50
colour
S-32
SO
S-41
Hints on Diagnosis and Treatment of Leprosy
Better Care in Leprosy
The Well Wisher—one act play on Leprosy
Hitnishi
A Set of 4 One Act Plays on Leprosy
—Do it Now, Do It Quickly
—Not Alone
—Team Work
—Restored
Ramu Recovers from Leprosy
A New Life for Sunder Raj (early signs of
leprosy)
Scabies
Hands that Feel No Pain
Painless Feet—result of leprosy
What Causes Leprosy
Scabies
Early Signs of Leprosy
Skin Diseases of Children in the Tropics and
their Management
Leprosy in Childhood—a
description of the disease
Classification of Leprosy—new understanding
that immunology leads to improved classification
Sores
Leprosy Patient's Records (see records)
Book
Book
Leaflet
Leaflet
Leaflets
GMLF 51
VHAI 64
LM
4
LM
4
LM
P
APM
LA
LA
1.50
1.00
.40
.40
1.00
(English)
in Hindi
English
la
5.00
4.50
1.00
1.00
4.00
F/cards
F/cards
CMCV 12
CMCV 16
AP
AP
16.00
16.00
4.00
4.00
colour
colour
F/cards
F/cards
F/cards
F/graph
F/graph
F/graph
Slides
CMCV 9
CMCV 18
CMCV 15
CMCV 12
CMCV 12
CMCV 6
TALC 24
AP
AP
AP
PM
PM
PM
M
16.00
16.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
colour
colour
colour
colour
colour
colour
colour
S—42
S-51
S-52
S-53
S-59
S-6O
S-81
S-83
S-84
SK
LP
LpcN
Ch-79
HR-5
1
Slides
TALC 24
M
20.00
Slides
TALC 24
SM
20.00
F/cards
Records
VHAI
VHAI
12
1
AP
8.00
.27
colour
colour
B&W
2.00
.30
colour
NAME AND ADDRESSES OF SUPPLIERS OF
HEALTH MATERIALS
(mentioned in this catalogue)
Amold-Heinemann Publishers (India) Pvt Ltd, AB/9. Safdarjung Enclave,
New Delhi 110 016
The Alver Press, Alverstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Asia Publishing House, Indira Palace, Connaught Circus, New Delhi 110 001
Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, Pondicherry 605 002
Banarsidas Bhanot, 1268 Napier Town, Jabalpur 482 001
Catholic Bishop’s Conference of India, CBCI Centre, Ashok Place, New Delhi 110 001
Catholic Hospital Association of India, CBCI Centre, Ashok Place, New Delhi 110 001
Central Health Education Bureau, Directorate of Health Services. Government of
India, Kotla Road, New Delhi 110 002
Christian Literature Society, Post Box 501, Park Town,
Madras 600 003, Tamil Nadu
Christian Medical Association of India. Christian Council Lodge,
Nagpur 440 001, Maharashtra
Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh House,
2 Eaton Gate, London SW1W 9BL. United Kingdom
Christian Medical College and Brown Memorial Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab 141 008
Christian Medical College and Hospital. Vellore. Tamil Nadu 632 004
Cornell University, Program on International Nutrition and Development Policy, Ithaca,
New York 14853 USA
Directorate of Health Services, Government of India, Nirman Bhavan,
New Delhi 110 001
English Language Book Society, C/o British Council. 21 Jor Bagh. New Delhi 110 003
Frank Brothers & Company (Publishers) Pvt (Ltd). Chandni Chowk, Delhi 110 006
Family Welfare Centre. 21 Museum Road. Bangalore 560 025, Karnataka
Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Planning. Ambathurai
R.S. P.O., Dt Madurai, Tamil Nadu 624 309
Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation, Hindi Nagar. Wardha, Maharashtra 442 103
Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh. 1 Red Cross Road, New Delhi 110 001
Indian Academy of Paediatrics, Kailash Darshan. Kennedy Bridge Bombay 400 007
Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 016
Indian Red Cross Society, 1 Red Cross Road, New Delhi 110 001
Indian Social institute, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003
Indian Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge, Kashmiri Gate. Delhi 110 006
P.O. Kapoor for S.S. Trust, 16 Rajat Apartments, Mount Pleasant Road
Bombay 400 006
Helen Kellar International, 22 West 17th Street, New York. NY 10011, USA
Government of Kerala Press, Trivandrum, Kerala
Karnataka Voluntary Health Association, CSI Hospital Complex. Colonel Hill Road.
Bangalore. Karnataka 560 051
26
LH
LM
LMHEC
MacMillan
MFC
NEIF
NIN
OUP
OL
PGI
PP
R B
SAB
Sagar
Saunders
SBH
SI
Social
Audit
St John’s
TALC
Literacy House, P.O. Alambagh, Lucknow 226 005, UP
The Leprosy Mission, 4th Floor. Sheetla House, 73-74 Nehru Place. New Delhi 110 019
Leprosy Mission Health Education Centre, Naini, Allahabad, 211 008, UP
MacMillan Company Of India Ltd, 2/10 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002
Medicofriends Circle, 21 Nirman Society, Vadodara 390 005, Gujarat
National Education and Information Rims Ltd, National House, Tulloch Road,
Appolo Bunder, Bombay 400 039
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 007, AP
Oxford University Press, 2/11 Ansari Road, Darya Gan), New Delhi 110 002
Orient Longman, 3/5 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110 002
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 35C Tardeo Road, Popular Press Building,
Bombay 400 034
Rama Brothers Educational Publishers, Bank Street, Karol Bagh, New Delhi 110 005
South Asia Books, Box 502, Columbia, Mo. 65201 USA
Sagar Publications, 72 Janpath, Ved Mansion, New Delhi 110 001
W.B. Saunders Company, West Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19105, USA
C.H. Programme, Shanta Bhavan Hospital, Box 252, Kathmandu, Nepal
Skin Institute, Opp. Lady Sri Ram College, Greater Kailash, New Delhi 110 048
Soclel Audit Ltd, Munro House, 9 Poland Street, London W1V 3DG, U.K.
St John’s Ambulance, 1 Red Cross Road, New Delhi 110 001
Foundation for Teaching Aids at Low Cost, 30 Guilford Street London,
WC1N 1 EH, United Kingdom
We alm to make materials available at the same price as from the original supplier. A few
suppliers°do not give trade discount to us. In which case you may obtain slightly lower
prices by writing direct to them. But if you order many items at the same time and especially
by rail, it will cost less to get everything from VHAI.
•Such as ICMR, IRC, HKNS, NIN, TBAI. WHO.
27
Policy for mail order
Due to long delays in receiving payments, we must ask for payment of
our bills by one of these methods:
For GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS:
Supplies will be
made only against
official'purchase or
ders. Payment should
be made within 30
days of receipt of
the materials.
For NON GOVERNMENT CUSTOMERSzSupplies will be
made by V.P. Post
(small parcels)
Documents through
Bank and parcels by
rail/road freight to pay
(for big parcels)
For NEPAL, BHUTAN, BANGLADESH: Full payment inadvance
or against proforma
invoices.
For ALL OTHER COUNTRIES:
Dollar or Sterling Draft/
Cheque in advance or
against proforma in
voices for full payment
DOLLAR PRICES MENTIONED IN THE CATALOGUE
INCLUDE SEA MAIL POSTAGE AND PACKING CHARGES
ONLY.
Air mail postage varies according to the weight of the parcels and will
be charged extra.
5% packing charges on all orders on invoice value of Rs 1000/- and
below actual freight/postage extra.
28
3% packing charges on all orders on invoice value of Rs 5000/- and
below actual freighi/postage extra.
FREE PACKING AND FORWARDING ON INVOICE VALUE
OF Rs 5001/- AND ABOVE (by rail road, freight to pay only
and not by post).
Terms of Trade
a.
In the absence of specific instruction as to the mode of despatch,
all goods will be sent by what is considered to be the most suitable
method.
b.
All goods are sent at the purchaser’s own risk. All packages leave
our premises properly checked and packed and receipts obtained
for those sent by road/rail/post
c.
All goods are charged at the prices and rates current on the day of
supplying them. Prices are subject to alterations without notice.
d.
Errors in invoicing or shortage of materials in the parcels must be
brought to our notice at once and no claim will be accepted after
30 days of receipt of the materials. Non receipt of the ordered
materials within a reasonable time (say 30 days) should be
notified.
e.
Goods supplied correctly to order are neither taken back nor
exchanged.
f.
Packing and transportation charges must be paid to us in case the
parcels are refused by the customers.
g.
Discount on prices is allowed only on certain titles published by
VHA1 (see inside back cover of the catalogue). It is not possi
ble for us to give any discount on items we distribute
but are published by other agencies.
h.
Make all payments in favour of “VOLUNTARY HEALTH AS
SOCIATION OF INDIA’’ by money order/bank draft on any New
Delhi bank or cheque (out station cheques must include bank
charge a Re 1/- for every 100 Rupees and part thereof).
29
Appropriate Technology for Health
N-3
Anaemia Recognition Card showing anaemic and healthy lips in colour. Available in
English, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil, Oriya and Bengali, for use of all
field workers, VHAI, 4p
LPA
Re 1.00
$ 0.40
N-4
Arm Circumference Measuring Tape—plastic, 30cm xO. 1cm. Of Improved insertion
type for accurate measuring of result For detection of serious malnutrition at any age.
Instructions on tape in Hindi & English. Illustrated explanation in English, for all field
workers. VHAI
SP
Re 2.00 .
$ 0.50
N-23
Child’s Bangle for detection of undemutrition Written explanation 2p with 4 cm
bangle sample, VHAI, 1975
MPA
Re 1.00
$ 0.40
•
N-12
Arm Circumference Strip for nutrition screening of children from 1st to 5th birthday.
Colour coded for severity of undemutrition. With illustrated folder in Hindi & English
VHAI AL, parents
Re 1.00
$ 0.40
30
30% Members’ Discount
on all direct orders from
(i)
(ii)
members of state voluntary health
associations
rural health programmes in
developing countries
on the following VHAI publications
A-2
A-4
A-20
A-27
A-36
An-131
C-25
Ch-1
Ch-3
N-17
S-40
HR-6
C-20
Management Process in Health Care
Goal Setting Guide—a self appraisal for
hospital departments
Accounting Guide for hospitals and
nursing homes
Accounting Guide for hospitals and nursing homes
Indian Hospitals—planned Orgnizational
Changes in their Structure and Functioning
A Manual of Anaesthesia for the
Small Hospital
Teaching Village Health Workers—a guide
to the process
Feeding and Care of infants and
Young Children
Health Care of Children Under Five
Manual for Child Nutrition in Rural
India (forthcoming)
Better Care in Leprosy
Palient Relamed Health Records
Where there is no doctor (Durable Edition)
VHAI-THE HEALTH
COMMUNICATIONS
PEOPLE
VHAI assists in making health a reality for all the people of India with
their involvement and participation through the voluntary health sector.
The Voluntary Health Association of India (VHAI) is a secular, non
profit Registered Society formed by the Federation of Voluntary Health
Associations organized on state or union territory basis.
Membership in the State Voluntary Health Associations (VHA) is
open to all private non-profit health institutions without reference to
religion or community.
The VHA movement encourages individual members to assist each
other in a common endeavour of providing health care to the less
privileged sections of society.
1981 Catalogue and Mail Order Service
This is a catalogue 01 the health materials which are available from Voluntary Health Association of India. VHAI provides these as an
educational and inforiiiation service. This is a collection of the best available educational materials and technical information, helpful
tor those in rural health and development programmes and for those working in hospitals. Only the most appropriate items have been
included.
This catalogue contains more information for the buyer. When ordering by mail it is difficult to select appropriate materials. It is also
difficult tor those working in remote places to keep up to date with all the health materials being produced in India and neighbouring
countries. Many suppliersare official agencies or societies who do not advertise. We collate information from many sources to make it
more convenient for tho^bordering materials'from rural places.
Th is is the seventh catalogue and the mail order service is now six years old. This year the catalogue has a circulation of 10,000. It goes
to a wide cross-section of voluntary hospitals, previous customers, government departments and official agencies. A surprising number
of people have still not seen our catalogue. We ask that you share it with others in your institution, and with others interested in health
and development programmes.
We welcome suggestions and sample items for consideration for listing in our next catalogue Intending authors are invited to share
their plans with us.
Please visit us at our office opposite the Li.T. Gate, south of Safdarjung Hospital. We are open Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5.30
pm. Our Phone numbers are 652007 & 652008
Voluntary Health Association of India
C-14 Community Centre
Safdarjung Development Area
New Delhi—11 0016
This catalogue cancels all our previous catalogues
Filmset by N.K; Enterprises New Delhi.
VHAI
assists
in making
health
a reality
for all
the people
of India
with their
involvement
and
participation
through
the
voluntary
f
health
X/'
sector
j
**
■ VHAI is for all of India
- It is a federation of fifteen voluntary
• health associations in fifteen States/
Regions. These include Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhy^-'Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya,
North-western Region (Punjab, Jammu
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
, Haryana), Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu,
-jjittar Pradesh and West Bengal. Its
•■■^Krvices are available also for other
States, not yet officially affiliated.
VHAI is
a non-profit registered society.
Its constitution is SECULAR.
Open to all
Membership in VHAI and opportunity for
its services are in principle open to all
health institutions in the voluntary
non-profit sector of health care irrespective
of religious affiliation.
Community health
VHAI conducts seminars,
workshops, and other education
programmes on community health. VHAI
also assists other associations with
seminars in this field.
VHAI promotes the education of village
based COMMUNITY HEALTH
VOLUNTEERS.
VHAI helps people to develop or extend
community health services and
programmes.
■d
, o
Health care
administration
g“
x|
courses are VHAI’s way of imparting
managerial skills to hospital and health
centre personnel.
ij to
—
h 2
VHAI conducts seminars and workshops § ■
on Hospital Administration, Community §
Building, Hospital Finance, Accounting,
j
Communications, Planned Change in
p
Hospitals.
VHAI provides a unique fifteen month
VHAI also gives on the job training by a
CORRESPONDENCE COURSE and
Residency programme in Health Care
Administration.
VHAI assists nurses
to assume new roles in the community.
VHAI is involved in the revision of syllabi
for nursing personnel to include more
community health and the preparing of
teaching aids and materials.
VHAI shares expertise with schools of
nursing and other organisations in
continuing education, by workshops on
* Nursing management and supervision
* Improving patient care
* Improving written and practical exams
* Health education.
Anaesthesia course
for nurses
The purpose is to make this medical
science available at lower levels, so that
smaller rural hospitals may have the
benefit of a qualified nurse anaesthetist.
Our nurse anesthesia graduates can
also assist in larger hospitals. After the
academic course, there is an additional
year of residency in the nurse’s own
hospital, for her to gain facility and greater
confidence.
Liaison
with Government and other agencies
comes naturally to VHAI.
VHAI’s personnel habitually visit
Government Ministries and offices to get
information for our members, to follow up
their petitions, and promote good health
care legislation.
We keep in contact with numerous
national and international organizations,
and encourage the formation of
associations similar to ours in other
countries.
Co-ordinators from VHAI's central office
keep in contact with the State VHA's and
assist them with their activities.
Health Publications
VHAI puts together its field experiences
in the form of health learning materials.
VHAI .collects, sifts, screens and
distributes suitable health learning
materials from all over the world.
VHAI publishes its official magazine,
"Health for the Millions" every two
months. This keeps its people up to date
with what's happening in the field of
health care.
VHAI provides
information
to its members. We have a data bank
and personnel to provide members and
interested public with useful facts,
statistics, materials for seminars, and
addresses pertaining to the voluntary
sector of health care.
It all began
in Bangalore, in January, 1969, with a
conference of leaders of voluntary
hospitals and health associations. VHAI
was organized on a national basis with its
presenfname at a meeting in Madras,
September, 1974.
VHAI is governed
VHAI publishes books, pamphlets, flash
cards, flannelgraphs, film strips and slides.
by a General Body in which there are
representatives of the constituent State or
Regional members. There is an Executive
Board which manages affairs between
general body meetings. There is a central
office with staff in Delhi. Supervision of
the central office is ip care of an Executive
Director. He is appointed by the Executive
Board.
The Philosophy of THAI
What is our NEW VISION of health care?
What makes it appealing ? All we have
to say is contained in the simple words:
"COMMUNITY HEALTH”. We begin
with the community. Our goal is a healthy
community. Our aim is to maintain the
health of the community.
We promote SOCIAL JUSTICE in the
provision and distribution of health care.
Persons and associations classed as
VOLUNTARY have a great opportunity
to help people see the value of good health.
We help them to want health services.
It is good for us to encourage people
to demand health services as a HUMAN
RIGHT.
The health services we speak of are mainly
basic or primary. These most commonly
meet the needs of the largest
number of people.
We believe in a REFERRAL SYSTEM.
Primary health care is the base of the
pyramid. This is most important. But it
rises towards hospitals and medical
education.
We believe in PEOPLE. We work with
people. We believe that people grow
better when they are encouraged to do
whatever they can for themselves.
We hope that good health may become
a reality for all the people of India.
We say that TAX MONEY marked for
health must be reasonably shared with
all the people. It is mainly the Government’s
duty to provide health services for the
people.
We believe also in RESEARCH, higher
knowledge and the advancement of
health science.
But our first faith is in SHARING.
We emphasize health service for the poor
and neglected. They are in greater need.
We know enough already to provide all
citizens with simple health care. If the
poor do not have health, it is not because
we do not have sufficient knowledge. It is
because we as the organized people of
India lack the will. Our OLD HEALTH
SERVICES have been built to favour the
educated, the privileged and the powerful.
Such areas are the practice of virtue, such
as love, friendship, charity,justice, including
social justice, mercy, prudence, courage,
temperance, service of neighbour,
especially of the poor, the deprived, the
weak, decency, humility, personal and
familyjfidelity, observance of reasonable
laws, repentance and spiritual healing,
the building of community, reaching out to
world community.
Our NEW VISION is community and
community health. We wish all goodsand
services to be more equally shared
with the whole community.
The world community joins us to proclaim:
HEALTH CARE FOR ALL BY THE
YEAR 2000 I
The Spiritual Testament
of VHAI
Can VHAI, due to being open to all, have
NOBLE SPIRITUAL IDEALS? Theanswer
is a resounding YES. From the beginning
our principle has been to
EMPHASIZE AREAS OF AGREEMENT
and de-emphasize areas of controversy.
People are not merely individuals. All of us
are also social, political, economic and
religious.
Within religion there are areas of
controversy. But there are also large
areas on which virtually ALL GOOD
PEOPLE AGREE.
Even prayer, meditation and contemplation
can be common. Some prayers are
particular to one person or religion, but
others can be generally accepted by
everybody.
If we would try to estimate what is
common to all religions, especially the
larger and more developed ones, we could
surmise that a very high percentage would
be common.
It is certain that all the above beautiful
aspirations are agreed upon as part of the
idealism of all religions.
We in VHAI, following our principle of
emphasizing what is common, inspire our
members to the ideals listed above.
Our working together is always religiously
inspiring. We do not compare our
religions. We do not try to prove that one
is better than the other. Each of us,
both singly and in groups, brings the best
of our religious heritage to bear upon the
goals we jointly pursue. Each of us is
free individually and socially to practice
fully and to join with members of his/her
own religion in all religious exercises
of one’s choice.
Our way of life is a noble religious
expression. We join hands and hearts
to do all we can together. We encourage
the freedom of each one's personal call.
We are upon to the highest spiritual
accomplishment and commitment.
Interested persons are invited to write for
further information as desired.
You may ask for a syllabus for the
Correspondence Course in Health Care
Administration,
or for the Anaesthesia course for Nurses.
A catalogue of our Publications is available
free on request.
You may inquire about
a particular type of seminar that may
interest you.
Address :
The Voluntary Health Association of India
C-14, Community Centre, SD A
New Delhi 110016
Phone numbers : 652007, 652 008
Residence of Executive Director 652466
Printed April, 1980
17
No.
1501
Health
Punjab
Department of Community Medicine
Ludhiana.
Christian Medical College,
2.
Coverage.
area.
3.
Activities. Home visiting important. Stresses
immunization, family planning, under-5 clinic and post
natal care.
50,000 in city slums and 60,000 in rural
4.
Personnel and Training. Interns, ANMs of cdllege/govt.
11.
Contacts■ Dr C.M Harbans Dhillon, Prof. & Project
Director, Prof. B. Houre, O&G Dept.
12.
Reference; VHAI
Note;
No information available on items 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
No. 1701
Health
Tamilnadu
Deenabandu Medical Mission, R.K. Pet. Chingleput dist.
1.
Started in 1955
2.
Coverage. 20,000, especially from poorest 40 per cent.
3.
Activities. Include monthly injections for contra
ception and tubectomy.
4.
Personnel and Training.
wives .
11.
Contact.
12.
Reference.
Notes
No information available on items 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Village and volunteers and mid
Dr Prem John, MPH
VHAI
EXPERIENCES OF OPERATING PRIMARY .HEALTH CARE IN
RURAL TRAINING CENTRES OF MEDICAL COLLEGE,ROHTAK
by
Social and
Dr. Y. L.
Preventive
Vasudeya,
Medicine,
Professor,
Medical College,
Rohtak.
Primary medical care for all by the end of
.2000 AD is a goal set by the Alma atta declaration
for which India is a signatory. The present commu
nication to highlight the experiences of delivery
of primary medical care in India settings [field
practice areas]. It also brings out the efforts
which have gone into the development of front line
community health volunteers in terms of their
recruit training and continued on the job training.
The paper enunciates the perceived utility of these
workers, by the community and tangible performance
of these workers; minimum health information system
developed at their level is also brought out in some
details. Primary medical care for vulnerables through
the set up of anganwadi workers under ICDS Scheme is
another model which has been operative in our setting
and experiences of this model have also been eluci
dated. The emerging referral system with the incep
tion of these categories of workers is acquiring
newer dimensions and appears to be much more meaning
ful. The paper also enunciates the attempts made
for the training of indegenous birth attendants and
change in their traditional practices.
HMWnq — 3
EXPERIENCES OF OPERATING PRIMARY ^HEALTH CARE IN
RURAL TRAINING CENTRES OF MEDICAL COLLEGE,R0HTAK
by
Social and
Dr. Y. L.
Preventive
Vasudeya,
Medicine,
Professor,
Medical College,
Rohtak.
Primary medical care for all by the end of
,2000 AD is a goal set by the Alma atta declaration
for which India is a signatory. The present communieation to highlight the experiences of delivery
of primary medical care in India settings [field
practice areas]. It also brings out the efforts
which have gone into the development of front line
community health volunteers in terms of their
recruit training and continued on the job training.
The paper enunciates the perceived utility of these
workers, by the community and tangible performance
of these workers; minimum health information system
developed at their level is also brought out in some
details. Primary medical care for vulnerables through
the set up of anganwadi workers under ICDS Scheme is
another model which has been operative in our setting
and experiences of this model have also been eluci
dated. The emerging referral system with the incep
tion of these categories of workers is acquiring
newer dimensions and appears to be much more meaning
ful. The paper also enunciates the attempts made
for the training of indegenous birth attendants and
change in their traditional practices.
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH CARB PROBLEM - SOLVING METHODOLOGIES
by
Dr. Mrs. H. Dhillon, Dr. B. Cowan, Dr. H .N. S. Grewal, Deptt.
of Community Health and Social and Preventive Medicine,
Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab.
A highly effective pattern of comprehensive health care,
covering a total of 1 lakh people [50,000 urban and 50,000 rural]
is being attempted through CMC LudhianaOne field worker is employed for every 5000 population
In rural areas great care is taken in the selection and training
of middle aged women CHWs the 'extension arm' of field workers.
Especially the local 'dais' must be included. The main task of
the CHWs is health education and motivation.
A simplified system of data collection and health
recording has been evolved, which is now being taken up by the
State Directorate. I-f. depends upon three simple tools l]Master
register containing ba.seline data, monthly changes, lists of
pregnant mothers and children 2] Family folders, and 3] Worker's
Dairy.
Little can be achieved, however, without the skilled
direction of the key figure, the medical team leader. Govern
mental staffing pattern in Punjab and some other states, with
1 doctor per lOjOOO population and one male and female multi
purpose worker per unit of 5,000 is more than adequate. The
detailed pattern worked out at the CMC, with its rational
recording system, is considered both feasible and replicable.
STRENGTHENING OF HEALTH SERVICES IN A COMICTITY
DEVELOPMENT BLOCK IN HARYANA
Dr. Vijay Kunar and
Dr. N. K. Jain,
Deptt. of Community Medicine, PCI
and P.H.C.
Raipur Rani, Haryana.
Joint efforts of PGIj Chandigarh and Haryana
health Directorate during the past 5 years have led
to strengthening of health services at the level of
a community development block. Highlights of this
programme are: a] Institution of ongoing training
programme for more than J25 health workers of diffehnt
categories in the block; b] introduction of cost
effective interventions in the treatment of diarrhoeal
disease in children a.nd prevention of neonatal tetanus
fcr reduction in infant mortality; c] Community parti
cipation through voluntary village health committees in
18 villages; d] Development of functional referral
linkages between villages, subcenters, PHC, Tehsil
hospital and tertiary institution; e] implementation
of health education programme; f] evolution of simple
record keeping for monitoring of health of the community.
The records are designed so that even illiterate and
semiliterate health workers can fill them.
Studies have been completed on beliefs, attitudes
and treatment seeking pattern of people during health and
disease and on training, background and performance of
various categories of health workers in order to further
strengthen the programme.
A unique feature of the project is that unlike
other projects it is organised within the framework of
facilities provided by the State with only minimal
inputs for strengthening and evaluation.
JULY 1985
_____________________________________________________________________ —-------A NEWSLETTER OF THE ASHOKA FELLOWSHIP REGD. OFFICE: 59. REGAL BUILDING. CONNAUGHT CIRCUS. NEW DELHI 110001. PHONE 321943.
INTRODUCTION
The Ashoka Fellowship is a world
wide association of independent
individuals with deep social concern
and with capacity and drive to
translate this into realistic and
effective action for change. Ashoka
Fellows are innovators who have
undertaken path-breaking action in
various fields of public cause, such as
environment advocacy, release and
rehabilitation of bonded labour, anti
corruption movement, and
educational reform. Their
involvement is quite distinct from
conventional social service—worthy
in itself—in that it is a creative and
strategic personal response to the
great challenges of our times. By
raising new issues and creating new,
NEW IDEAS AND HELP
Here are a few of the practical new
ideas members of the Ashoka
network have developed:
* Anti-Corruption Centres
* Food Without Land
* Environmental Education
• Making Hospitals Hospitable
* Release and Rehabilitation of
Bonded Labour
One or more of these ideas may
help to extend your work. If so, their
innovators would be happy to
help you.
ANTI-CORRUPTION
CENTRES
Petty officials have for long
harrassed small farmers and the poor.
Revenue and forest officers,
demanding bribes or protection
money, have all too often personified
the law.
Finding a practical, politically
feasible way of making the law
those engaged in public work know
proven models their impact extends
far beyond those they serve directly. where they can turn for help if they
The Ashoka Fellowship programme want to take up some of these ideas,
began in India in 1982. It is now also and to introduce the members of the
extended Ashoka family to one
functioning in Indonesia with an
another.
active support chapter in North
America. New initiatives are planned I Please join us in the important
■ work of helping the next generation
for Brazil, Nigeria and Mexico.
I of practical innovators come up for
Ashoka Foundation members, who
I the public good. It is they,
are themselves successful social
ultimately, who define new issues and
entrepreneurs, help the new Fellows
demonstrate new ways. If you know
with experience-based advice, key
references and professional guidance. of someone who has such a practical
vision and who is ready to launch
In addition Ashoka ensures its
into it full time, please write as soon
Fellows personal financial
as possible to our Executive
independence during a mutually
Director, Kishore Saint, The Ashoka
agreed one to four year period.
Foundation, 11-A, Fatehpura,
The Ashoka Foundation is a non
profit organisation constituted under Udaipur, Rajasthan 313 001.
Ashok Advani, Chairman
the Societies Registration Act, I860.
•Kirtee Shah,
President
This communication, which will be
Kishore Saint, Executive Director
issued every four months, is designed
Tejbir Singh, Managing Director
to share new usable ideas, to let
* Citizens (initially encouraged by
Farmers’ groups organised by
Anand) bring complaints.
• The anti-corruption Centre
investigates and, if it finds the
complaint is justified, establishes
a client relationship by charging
IN THIS ISSUE . . .
a fee of Rs. 25.
In this initial issue you will find:
* The Centre develops evidence
and works the complaint through
Section
Begins
administration, courts, etc.
• NEW IDEAS AND HELP
Pg. 1
drawing on established working
• FELLOWSHIP NEWS
Pg. 3
relations with honest, helpful
• INTRODUCTION TO
officials and the anti-corruption
NEW FELLOWS
Pg- *
staff.
Please send in your suggestions for
• It reinforces its work and
future issues to Tejbir Singh, 59
independence by working closely
Regal Building, New Delhi-110 001.
with and writing often in the
local press.
citizen’s satisfaction that he/she is in
Other groups are bringing up new
charge and can control events.
centres in other areas modeled on
Ashoka Associate Anand Kothadia, Anand’s work. For further
information contact Anand Kothadia,
an agricultural graduate working in
Rural Development Research
Karmala, Maharashtra, has
Institute, Karmala, District Solapur,
demonstrated over the last two years
Maharashtra.
an approach that works:
protect citizens against this
corruption-raj would have far
reaching implications, not only for
honest administration, not only for
the rule of law, but also for the
FOOD WITHOUT LAND
Some highly nutritious foods can
be grown without land. For those
struggling with poverty and
malnutrition, they offer an important
avenue of escape.
Ashoka Fellow Iwan Nusyirwan of
Jogjakarta, Indonesia, plans to be
his country’s Johnny Appleseed of
mushroom farming, bringing the jobs
and nutrition this crop promises—
without requiring land, which is all
but unavailable there. (The Island of
Java, with 60 percent of Indonesia’s
170 millions, ties with Bangladesh as
the most densely populated place on
this planet.)
Indonesian Ashoka Fellow, Iwan Nusyrlwan:
cultivating mushrooms
Iwan trains hundreds of mushroom
farmers, helps organize cooperatives,
produces seed mushrooms,
manages a cooperative marketing
arm, has developed many varieties of
bottled and canned mushrooms (key
for managing the inventory of the
perishable product), and works to
open new marketing channels. The
farmers he has helped start, operate
from both urban and village
locations.
He has found straw mushrooms,
which are grown on plastic covered
stacks of trays, and certain species of
wood mushrooms that will grow
happily on wodcl floating on irrigated
rice paddies, especially useful so far.
By harvesting several trays a day, a
family can be self-supporting.
Because mushrooms are not a
traditional food, Iwan has had to
work hard at opening market
channels. He’s succeeded for
example, in selling direct to
restaurants, getting street vendors to
sell mushroom satay (kabab) along
with the longstanding favourite
chicken satay; and in providing
canned and bottled mushrooms to
distributors. Even so he calculates
that only one tenth of one percent of
the potential market in even his
home region has been reached so far.
For more information, contact Iwan
Nusyirwan, care Yayasan Ashoka
Indonesia, Jalan Kemang, Raya
No. 1, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta,
Indonesia.
Two female rabbits can provide a
steady, sufficient flow of valuable
protein for a family of five with only
a few backyard raised hutches and a
food supply of grass, vegetable
leftovers, and a little bran. The
droppings are good fertilizer and the
furs are quite valuable. Mamur
Suriaatmadja by demonstrating the
economic and health value of rabbit
raising in seven Indonesian villages,
intrigued Indonesia’s President, who
launched an 8 billion rupiah (10
crore rupees) rabbit programme.
Contact Mamur for help at
YAPIKA, Jalan, Diponegoro 30,
Bandung, Indonesia.
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
Children don’t learn to think, let
alone to solve problems creatively,
by memorising and chanting together
set responses. This antiquated,
factory model of stuffing children
with facts is still very much the
norm.
Veteran Bombay teacher and
Ashoka Fellow, Gloria de Souza, saw
how harmful this factory approach
was, even in excellent private
schools. She also wanted to help
reverse the demoralization reflected
in a poll showing that 70 percent of
the students hoped to emigrate.
She developed a new approach and
made it work in her own school at all
levels. Called‘environmental
education’, her approach involves the
students in discovering how the world
works by exploring that world
themselves. Biology comes alive by
exploring courtyard and street trees,
mosses, birds, etc. Why is the moss
only found on the north side of the
tree? History lives in the surrounding
buildings and peoples.
Gloria has developed new problem
solving materials (being published by
Macmillans, a grade a year) and back
up resource banks for public and
private, formal and informal schools.
Much of what is so remarkable about
her approach is that she has made it
work in schools even with extremely
high pupil/teacher ratios and with
often limited teacher backgrounds
that characterize the bulk of Indian
schools, through such techniques as
team teaching. The Bombay
Municipal Corporation has invited
her to bring her approach to its 1700
school system. She’s also helped
other parts of the country get
Educationist Gloria de Souza : nipping 'brain
drain' in the bud
started, often through requests from
impressed fellow Ashoka colleagues.
She’ll be happy to help if you contact
her: Gloria'de Souza, Parisar Asha,
C/o St. Xavier’s Institute of
Education, 40 New Marine Lines,
Bombay 400 020 Phone (291833).
RELEASE AND
REHABILITATION
Despite estimates that India has 5
million bonded labourers, politicians
and officials of Maharashtra
maintained until recently that there
was no such thing in their region.
That is until Ashoka Associate, Vivek
Pandit, drew national attention to
hundreds of bonded labourers in one
small area alone just north of
Bombay city as he helped them claim
their release.
Finding and helping these extra
ordinarily dependent human beings
to stand up and claim their
independence is hard enough. But to
then help them develop the
confidence and skills to stand on
their own two feet is even harder.
ingenious fund-raising programme
that has built up a major capital fund.
For information and help in
launching similar programmes
contact Naginbhai Shah, Purnima
House, Shahpur Mill Compound,
Ahmedabad-380 001.
Vivek Pandit: rehabilitating bonded labour
FELLOWSHIP NEWS
Anupam Puri has launched an Ashoka
Committee in the New York Indian
community along with P. Chatterji, A.
Bhide, J. Lalwani and others.
Kishore Saint’s effort to arrest the
increasing impoverishment of the
people and the desertification of the
land in the until recently green
Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, centers on
building a broadly-based local
coalition and government support for
a tree planting programme on private
lands, combined with short term
income generating-activities. Kishore
has also been active in his native
Punjab trying to help the
communities there regain mutual
understanding and goodwill.
Dr. H. Sudarshan’s work with the
tribal people of Karnataka’s BR Hills
continues to expand. In January
1985, 2000 of his clients held an
annual meeting during which the
Chief Conservator of Forests
sanctioned them 50 hectares of fruit
tree pattas, another step in his work
to reconcile the needs of the forest
with those whose hunger he is
fighting. He has also been in touch.
with other tribal areas on health
matters and is helping start a
Karnataka drug-action network to
fight against the use of banned and
harmful drugs.
Vasudha Dhagamwar continues her
MAKING HOSPITALS
public interest law advocacy at the
HOSPITABLE
Supreme Court in Delhi and
Regenerating the denuded Aravallis
elsewhere in alliance with voluntary
An old man’s mature son is
Ashok Advani, Tejhir Singh and
grass-roots organizations. Although
unconscious and obviously very
Shyam
Chainani have been
ready to help on a broad range of
seriously ilL He borrows 70 rupees
collaborating in a series of legal and
and spends much of it getting his son issues, she is focusing especially on
administrative
challenges designed to
those
displaced
by
dams
and
other
to the public hospital in Ahmedabad.
subject development on urban
major development projects. She
His son is admitted, but soon the
cantonment
lands
to minimum land
hopes
to
force
the
cost-benefit
father is faced with extra expenses
use and building controls.
analysis, done before such projects
not covered by the hospital—even
The Ashoka Board has delayed
medicines and the catheters required begin, to take into account the price
start-up of Ashoka in Brazil, Nigeria
for an operation. He doesn’t have the of dislocation, and also to win full,
right-to-know access to information
or Mexico pending greater progress
money; the whole environment is
regarding such projects for those to
in fund-raising.
foreign and frightening.
be affected. Last summer she helped
Ashoka Indonesia has completed
In taking his son to the
Vivek Pandit's struggle to force the
its second round of Fellow selections.
Ahmedabad hospital this man was
government to provide help for
The new Fellows are working
lucky. Naginbhai Shah, selected by
predominantly in rural areas in fields
Ashoka last November, has created a bonded labourers he is helping
. release and now she is helping
ranging from demonstrating practical
simple, entirely unbureaucratic
approach that immediately helps the I Ashoka president Kirtee Shah's efforts alternatives to chemical pesticides, to
I on behalf of Bangalore slumdwellers
a variety of income generation
poor deal with the forbidding and
I
facing
bulldozer
evictions.
innovations.
unaffordable hospital. Every day he
and his volunteers are there:
Anil Agarwal’s second edition of the
1985 Ashoka Retreat
• They interview patients and
State of the Environment in India,
The 1985 annual Members’ and
make on the spot judgement of
twice as meaty as its groundbreaking
needs.
1982 predecessor, will be out shortly. Fellows’ Retreat will be held in late
September at Dr. H. Sudarshan’s
• They issue chits redeemable at
Write Anil at the Centre for Science
specified suppliers for medicines, and Environment, 807 Vishal Bhavan, headquarters in the BR Hills,
Karnataka.
It will follow a meeting
etc. in consultation with the
95 Nehru Place, New Delhi 110 019.
with Southern voluntary organization
doctors.
' Arun Shourie, 1984 Fellows Panelist,
leaders. The next meeting of the
* They stay with a needy patient
was the guest of honour at a dinner
1985 Fellow’s (selection) Panel is also
till he leaves the hospital.
given by 50 Ashoka volunteers in
scheduled for that week at the BR
All this is supported by an
America this April. Founder member Hills. Detailed invitations follow.
Despite laws assuring rehabilitation
help is not actually available. Vivek
has had to fight hard and long,
assisted by Ashoka public-interest
lawyer Vasudha Dhagamwar, to get the
government activated in this matter.
Vivek is anxious to help other
voluntary groups learn how to spot,
release and rehabilitate these truly
poorest of the poor. Contact Vivek
Pandit, At Post Dahisar, Taluk Vasai,
District Thane-401303, Maharashtra.
INTRODUCING OUR
NEW FELLOWS
book-manufacturing facility and is
now in the middle of launching a
“talking book” unit'that will record
books onto cassettes (an easier and
more durable medium for the blind).
He, and a growing group of
volunteers he organized, have done
all this in their free time.
Now an Ashoka Associate, Arvind
will focus his full energies on a new
undertaking— the launching of
production units staffed by the
handicapped and also managed by
these workers on trusteeship
principles. The first unit he plans to
launch will manufacture artificial
limbs such as the ‘Jaipur foot’.
Patients must now wait a long time—
up to several years—to get such help.
Although average life expectancy
has grown dramatically since
independence, our public health care
system remains greatly flawed.
Rani and Abhay Bang
Arvind Pitre
Two most remarkable doctors,
Ashoka Fellows, Abhay and Rani Bang do far better in reaching those it
have been struggling for years to find should.
a way to bring better health to
At the same time they will be
everyone, especially the poor. Abhay undertaking applied policy research
grew up in the Gandhian movement, with massive potential impact
including early work with Vinoba
Pneumonia is the second largest child
Bhave. Rani comes from a family
killer, chiefly because hospital
with strong commitments both to
treatment is required. The Bangs will
medical service and, in her
try to train village workers to
grandparents’ generation, to public
diagnose and handle it.
service. Both Abhay and Rani were
Gynaecological disorders, which can
In many ways this new thrust is a
placed first in prestigious national
cause village women pain,
logical next step for Arvind. A
medical competitions, and both have psychological hurt, and illness for
business
graduate with strong
spent years trying to help rural
decades have long been left
entrepreneurial drives, and
people, especially in the Wardah
unstudied. The Bangs will study all
experience in business as well, he has
area. They have helped them take
aspects of the problem, including the
the skills and interest to create such
charge of their lives, working out
psychological, and evolve patterns of
production units. Concerned with
rapidly from health to issues ranging
care appropriate for the village.
equal
worker involvement since
from grain banks to the enforcement
Arvind Pitre has over the last five
college, trying to create a successful
of minimum wage. They have also
years established a number of
demonstration of trusteeship
helped organize and lead a national
voluntary programmes to serve the
shared management with the hope of
group of medical professionals
poor and especially the disabled. This eventually spreading it widely in
similarly concerned with the social
work includes sponsoring roughly 50
India, is a parallel passion. And, the
dimension of health care.
physically handicapped students this
25 percent of profits the trusteeship
After a year’s study towards a
year, twice last year’s total, through
idea makes available for community
Masters in Public Health at Johns
food, health, and educational support work will provide a core of support
Hopkins University, U.S.A., they
in a context of personal family
for the sort of work he’s been
have, returned to launch a
involvement. He has been organizing struggling to fund over the last five
programme that is practical as it is
emergency relief and has launched a
years. Moreover, this project will
sweepingly creative. It promises
book bank for the poor. Focussing
help a growing number of
significant changes both in the
increasingly on the handicapped, a
handicapped persons find what is
delivery of services and in public
concern rooted in his seeing how his
ultimately the single most important
health priorities and policy.
deaf and dumb sister has had to
and difficult step towards
They are moving to one of the
struggle, he has built up a braille
independence—a good job.
country’s most backward districts,
Gadchiroli (the south-eastern corner
of Maharashtra) this summer. Almost
totally rural, it has a large tribal
population, only 22 percent literacy,
meagre transportation and no
industry. Health care is almost non
existent, although new government
REGD. OFFICE: 59. REGAL BUILDING. CONNAUGHT CIRCUS. NEW DELHI 110001. PHONE 321943.
services are coming in.
The Bangs will operate
independently of the government and
at the same time through it and with
it at all levels. They will not create a
parallel private system, the usual and
far less-risky approach of most
private health organizations. Instead
they will seek to find practical ways
with the Gadchiroli government
workers to show how the country’s
only mass scale health system might
CHANGEMAKERS
•fF
CHANGEMAKERS
MARCH 1987
A NEWSLETTER OF THE ASHOKA FELLOWSHIP REGD OFFICE: 59. REGAL BUILDING, CONNAUGHT CIRCUS, NEW DELLHI 110 001. PHONE 350135
Tha past year has seen the addition of
six new fellows and associates. Their
profiles are included in this issue. With
these selections Ashoka concerns have
expanded into new problem areas such
as slum children and youth welfare,
students’ self and social awareness, early
childhood education and
academic improvement of the
disadvantaged. Even social enterprise as
a concept gains serious attention, new
fellowship and support arrangements are
coming into being for independent
individual effort in the social field. At the
same time questions are being raised
about the exclusive or overly
individualist emphasis which obscures
the reality and strength of group effort in
public enterprise. In the international
context Ashoka has been launched in
Brazil bringing its presence in four
countries: Brazil, India, Indonesia and
USA. Ashoka International President
William Drayton puts it “Ashoka is
the first association of public service
enterpreneurs. As such it should help
define one of society’s most critical but
least understood roles. If society
understood and began to think more
about these essential sparkplugs of
change, it would almost certainly do far
more to encourage them.” There is an
implicit recognition that global dimension
of today’s problems requires ‘sparkplugs
of change’ not only in the ‘developing’
countries but also in the ‘developed’
nations whose policies, lifestyles and
values are often at the root of present
day crises. Ashoka as a fellowship o.f
public service enterpreneurs facing a
common predicament seeks to
transcend donor project holder schism
in much of ‘First World-Third World’ aid
and philanthropy relationship.
EDUCATION,
ACTION AND
RESEARCH IN
COMMUNITY
HEALTH
at all levels and is going to be
watched with keen interest. A
process of bringing together the
voluntary groups in the area has
begun. These include the rural
labour initiatives of Mohan Hirabai
Hiralal, an Ashoka associate.
SPARKPLUGS OF
CHANGE
Rani and Abhay Bang were
selected as fellows last year with a
project to develop independent
administrative, training and research
interventions to improve the public
health system in the rural-tribal
Garchiroli district of Maharashtra.
They moved to the project area in
August and have finalised
arrangements with the state
government, Indian Council of
Medical Research and Planning
Commission for collaboration in
funding, research and policy impact.
Their arrival in the area has been
hailed by the local press. The
‘unprecedented’ decision to give
control and responsibility of
government health institutions to a
voluntary body has been welcomed
SELF-MANAGED
TRUSTEE OWNERSHIP
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
MANUFACTURE
UNIT RUN BY THE
HANDICAPPED
For social entrepreneurs there are
often excruciating gaps between their
ideals and the hard reality they have to
NEW IDEAS
Here are some more new ideas that
Ashoka network members have initiated:
® Education, Action and Research in
Community Health
8 Self-managed Trustee Ownership—
Artificial Limbs Manufacture Unit
Run by the Handicapped
IN THIS ISSUE
8
o
8
8
•
®
In this issue you will find:
EDITORIAL
NEW IDEAS
INTRODUCTION TO NEW
FELLOWS
FELLOWSHIP NEWS
FEEDBACK
FELLOWSHIPS
negotiate with and through. Arvind
Pitre’s experience in giving shape to his
dream illustrates this in ample measure.
Obtaining a site to locate the artificial
limbs manufacture unit, convincing
artisans to work together as partners
and trustees, arranging funding and
subsidies and ensuring marketing and
servicing linkages, have stretched his
energies and persuasion capacities to
the fullest. There were blind alleys and
false leads but he has persisted working
through a wide array of potential
helpers, notably Karnataka Health
Institute, Ghatprabha, Dr. P.K. Sethi
inventor of ‘Jaipur foot’, Fellowship of
Physically Handicapped, Industrial
Credit and Investment Corporation of
India (ICICI), State Bank of India
(Industries Cell and Innovative Banking
Department) and others. At long last his
efforts have born? fruits.and ICICI have
come through with a project grant worth
Rs. one lakh. This will enable him to
obtain cash-credit and soft loan facilities
from the ^ank to begin manufacturing
operations.
INTRODUCING OUR NEW
FELLOWS
Dr. Jude Henriques, a lecturer in
Sociology of Education at the prestigious
Tata Institute of Social Sciences,
Bombay has had a long-standing
involvement in the education of the
disadvantaged. His doctoral work was
focussed on the theme of alternatives in
education. In the course of his work to
evaluate adult education programmes he
Centre in Bombay, has gone through in
her own life the experience of being
oppressed as a woman. She has
captured this with vividness and
sensitivity in her autobiography ‘My
Story—Our Story, of Rebuilding Broken
Lives’, and drew upon it for her work in
helping women in distress. As an
Ashoka Fellow she wishes to
concentrate on enabling women to gain
recognition, training and access to
qualitatively better and non-traditional
employment opportunities. She will also
undertake building bridges between
policy makers and community workers
on women’s issues.
Alphonse Jemonie is a self-made
person tutored the hardway in the
school of life. He left formal education
early in life, grew up in the slum areas of
Bangalore and did various industrial
jobs. It is in the course of these that he
became interested in the situation of
fellow-workers and unemployed youth in
slums. He brought the workers together
to create in them concern and
responsibility for unemployed youth.
Dr. P. Venkat Rao, at 33, has an
impressive track record of academic
study teaching and research and social
work involvement in and around
Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. His
doctoral work was on ‘Development of
Weaker Sections in Medak District in
Andhra Pradesh’. As a faculty member
of the postgraduate College of Social
Work, Osmania University, he broke the
routines and took his students on peace
was confronted with the problem of
extremely low performance in night
schools. This led him to analyse the
problem in depth and to develop an
innovative strategy to improve
performances in mathematics through a
more relevant curriculum which is
experience-based. His future work aims
at consolidating this approach and
extending it to other subjects. It is also
designed to change community and
parents’ perception of their children’s
potential and creating a more supportive
social environment for learning.
This is how ‘Goodwill International
Association’ was formed and it took
steps to form groups in the slums for
youth welfare and training. Alphonse has
also done a spell of work with rural
marginal farmers assisting them to avail
benefits from government schemes. As
an Ashoka Associate he plans to give his
full-time energies for strengthening the
work with the unemployed youth in the
slums by evolving stable local
organisation, skill training and opening
up job opportunities.
Ms. Flavia D’Mello, till recently the
Secretary and Co-ordinator of Women’s
Heera Lal Sharma, with origins in a
village in Southern Rajasthan and a
postgraduate degree in Political Science,
marches during riots, relief work after
cyclones and for service in hospitals and
jails. Together with others he started the
Centre for Environment Concerns in
Hyderabad. As an Ashoka Associate, he
proposes to orient action groups and
non-government organisation towards
environmental issues and help them
reconceptualize ‘development’. He also
wishes to initiate a citizens’ movement
for right to information on environmental
issues, right to a safer environment and
right to participation in planning and
monitoring environmental aspects of
development.
has been involved in adult education and
rural development work for over a
decade with Seva Mandir, a premier
voluntary organisation in the area. In the
course of this he has acquired wideranging experience in planning,
implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of varied activities such as
agricultural improvement, biogas plants,
health education etc. In the new phase
of his work as Ashoka Associate he
aims to evolve an approach that
increases self-confidence of the poorer
communities for self-planned and self
managed development of their resources
on a co-operative and sustainable basis.
A postgraduate in Child and Family
Studies from Syracuse University, New
York, Rupen Das has been working as
an Executive Director in the toys
in Bangalore. He became concerned
about pre-school education with the
arrival of his own daughter, now three
years old. He has also been in touch with
some of the recent findings in learning
theory, especially regarding multiple
intelligences and skill literacy. With this
background he wishes to develop an
innovative curriculum and supportive
aids for the age group 2 to 5 years. An
experimental school and teacher training
are also part of the design in his
programme.
FELLOWSHIP NEWS
Gloria de Souza’s Environment
Education Resource Centre in Bombay
has gained funding support from
UNICEF and AGA KHAN
FOUNDATION to extend its work in
Bombay and rural Maharashtra.
Anil Agarwal's Citizens’ Report on
State of India’s Environment, 1984-85
has attracted attention at the highest
level of decision-making in the
government. He has been asked to give
audio-visual briefings for various
committees of the Union Cabinet,
Ministries, Planning Commission and for
the general public through Doordarshan
the national TV network.
Forest and Rural Development
Agencies.
Ashok Advani and Kirtee Shah
attended the Ashoka Society
International Retreat in the USA in June
1986. Kirtee Shah, toured the USA and
met the various groups and individuals
active in Ashoka support work.
Bill Drayton spent a month touring
After getting over 700 tribal bonded
labourers released from the landlords,
Vivek and Vidyutlatha Pandit and their
colleagues in Shramjivi Sanghathana (a
people’s organisation) and Vidhayak
Sansad (support organisation), have
launched action for the long-term
sustainable and self-reliant rehabilitation
of the released families. Together with
the threats, rewards and recognition
have come from three organisations in
Maharashtra Yuva Jagar Award of
Chhatra Bharati and Yuva Shakti Award
of Ruprang for Vivek and Barrister Nath
Pai Yuva Puraskar for Vidyutlatha.
Vivek’s team has evolved its own
participative training to impart initiative
and responsibility amongst the people
themselves. A detailed case study of this
method is being prepared. A
consultation on the whole issue of
rehabilitation of released bonded
labourers has been held in early January
with the active involvement of
management experts, bank officials,
local administration and voluntary
agency workers. In March the conviction
of a landlord holding bonded labourers
has been secured for the first time after
the enactment of Bonded Labour
Abolition Act 1976.
Mohan Hirabai Hiralal has advised
farmers’ organisations on issues relating
to tribal marginal and small farmers and
labourers and their environmental
resources. He has also held
consultations amongst voluntary
workers towards a more responsive and
supportive relationships amongst
individuals and organisations.
Kishore Saint with colleagues in
Ubeshwar Vikas Mandal undertook
locally self-managed protection and
regeneration measures on private and
village degraded pastures and woodlands
in the Aravallis with assistance from
National Wasteland Development Board,
Society for Promotion of Wastelands
Development and the Rajasthan State
Brazil to set up a fellowship programme
in that country. Two selections for
fellows and associates were held in July
and December 1986. Rathin Roy from
Madras took part as a guest panelist in
July selection.
FEEDBACK
• “I was delighted to receive a copy of
Change Makers—March 1986. It is .
indeed a unique concept.”
Professor M.L. Dantwala '
Emeritus Professor
University of Bombay
Bombay
• “Having worked for about a decade in
a voluntary organisation called ‘Gram
Vikas Kendra’, engaged in Rural
Development programme in the district
of Singhbhum, Bihar, I have been losing
hopes in expecting a better future for
the villages in India. This desperation
and disappointment have been due to
lack of availability of young spirited
persons in Eastern India, who could
bring intended change in the profile of
our villages and who would prefer to
stay among our rural folk. March 1986
issue of CHANGE MAKERS has
created a new hope in me. Ashoka
Fellowship scheme to be an answer to
my frustration.
Kindly accept my congratulations to
your endeavours in highlighting the
efforts of youngmen who are making a
New India”.
Shri H.S. Verma
Gram Vikas Kendra
Jamshedpur
• “The Newsletter is indeed very
informative and depicts the work of
many devoted development workers in
different parts of the country”
Praful Kumar Sahoo
Vishwa Yuvak Kendra
New Delhi
FELLOWSHIPS
Ashoka Foundation invites
applications for its Fellowship
Programme for 1987. The fellowship is
intended for support to highly motivated,
competent and creative individuals who
wish to launch public service and public
cause initiatives.
These should be self-designed and
self-managed projects in such fields as
environmental protection, ecologicallysound development, community health,
poverty alleviation, consumer interests,
civil liberties and human rights,
educational and social re-construction,
cultural regeneration, peace action or
any other sphere of contemporary
human concern selected by the
candidate.
The selected fellows will be provided a
personal stipend sometimes working
expenses and advisory service for a
period of one to four years after which
the fellow is expected to become selfreliant. Those interested are requested
to send an outline of their proposal
accompanied by a brief biodata:
Kishore Saint
Executive Director
Ashoka Foundation
11A, Fatehpura
UDAIPUR-313 001 (Raj.)
Tel. 27335
concern for truth or the law of love.”
RESPONSIBILITY OF
A CONSCIENTIOUS
INDIVIDUAL
GANDHI’S VIEW
“GANDHI having seen both the old
world and the new, made a sharp
distinction between two ideas of
individual freedom. The first of these
he would regard as license and he
would not call it freedom at all. We
find it in people who act from greed or
mere possessiveness or hunger for
power. The second is real freedom, as
represented, for instance, by the .'
conscientious objector, whose ultimate
allegiance is to his own conscience and
who acts in obedience to a passionate
For Gandhi this distinction was
crucial: a society is to be judged by
what kind of freedom it promotes. It is
freedom in the second sense which is
of inestimable value to mankind and
which society should seek to protect to
the utmost extent. In a passage in
Harijan (1942), Gandhi writes:
“Individual freedom alone can make a
man voluntarily surrender himself
completely to the service of society. If
it is wrested from him, he becomes an
automation and society is ruined.”
From ‘Gandhi and Parliamentary
Democracy’ by Amlan Datta, The
Illustrated Weekly of India, 18th
August, 1985.
COMING EVENTS
•
Ashoka International Roar-d-
Meeting
•
Retreat
•
Selection
CHANGEAMKEBS
REGD. OFFICE: 59, REGAL BUILDING, CONNAUGHT CIRCUS, NEW DELHI 110 001. PHONE 350135.
BOOK POST
Shri Ravi Narayan
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CHANGEMAKERS
MARCH 1988
A NEWSLETTER OF THE ASHOKA FELLOWSHIP REGD OFFICE: 59, REGAL BUILDING, CONNAUGHT CIRCUS. NEW DELLHI 110 001. PHONE 350135
ASHOKA INDIA 1982-1987
Independent public service initiatives
led by individuals of caliber and commit
ment have played a key role in shaping
modern India’s Social History since the
days of Gopa) Krishna Gokhale and Ser
vants of India Society. After in
dependence pioneering social ventures
have been continued by successive
generations of concerned yitizens and
professionals and have attracted private
philanthropic support as well as national
and international public aid. Ashoka
Fellowship in India is one manifestation
of these efforts related to the concerns
and challenges of the eighties.
Ashoka India has selected and sup
ported 34 fellows and associates so far in
such diverse fields as rural reconstruc
tion, environment, health, tribal and
nomadic communities, slums, education.
women’s issues, legal aid and cultural
heritage. All except six are below forty in
age. They represent eleven states with
the largest concentration of thirteen in
Maharashtra. The selection process.
refined and resorted, involves identifica
tion. preliminary submission of idea, first
MOUNT ABU RETREAT
Away from the scorching heat, the
cool serenity of Mount Abu pregnant
with the promise of the monsoon provid
ed the right ambience for the members
and fellows to share, to reflect and to
grow together. Though not clear at the
beginning, the objective came into focus
as each fellow talked about his or her
concern and involvement. Each presen
tation was questioned and analysed to
touch the heart of the matter and of the
person. Eventually some of the key
aspects and assumptions of independent
public service enterprise were examined
in the light of experience so far.
All Voluntary Effort is Self— Initiated.
In Final Analysis it has to be
Self - Evaluated.
scrutiny, detailed proposal, visit and in
terview by a panel.
The newsletter and an information
folder are the two means for announcing
new fellows, for making this opportunity
known and for updating our constituency
or organisation and policy. Some of the
fellows regularly make the headlines in
the regional press and their work has
received coverage in the prestigious
journals.
Support and resources networks are
beginning to evolve in major centres like
Bombay, Bangalore, Madras, New Delhi
and Ahmedabad. Exploratory efforts
have been made among donors in the
corporate sector with encouraging
responses which indicate that there is an
understanding of this genere of social
efforts amongst the younger leaders of
business and industry.
The overall response to five years of
Ashoka India is an appreciation of en
couragement and support to indepen
dent social effort, especially of alter
native and innovative nature. Criticism
comes from established institutional and
historic - movemental sides for whom in
dividual will and initiative have sub
sidiary place in social change. Exclusively
individualist emphasis has been question
ed and team/group support suggested.
Social enterprise as a concept has gained
currency with the emergence of new
fellowship support arrangements.
Ashoka foundation today is at a
critical stage in its growth. As a result of
the experience gained a quantum jump
in the extent and quality of its work is
possible. This can be achieved through
adequate staff support and organisational
infrastructure.
PRESENTATIONS
The fellows presentations fell into
three broad categories:environmental,
social and urban.
In the ENVIRONMENTAL context,
Sudhirendra Sharma’s concern with
Himalayan ecology and voluntary effort
expresses itself through the Environment
& Energy Group (EEG), New Delhi with
its own feature service. His aim is to
revitalise the citizen effort through in
teraction and exchange at the field level.
P. Venkat Rao a social work teacher
has taken time off to become a practi
tioner and campaigner on environmental
issues through the Centre for Environ
ment Concerns, Hyderabad. Vasant
Gangawane is working at the grassroots
in Ratnagiri district on mini - watershed
management models. He has been also
trying to convince Maharashtra govern
ment for the adoption of this approach
on a large scale in the Western Ghats.
Heeralal Sharma has been engaged in
organisational and educational work with
tribal communities in south Rajasthan.
His particular emphasis is on quality
leadership at the local level.
Everyone recognized the value and
validity of these efforts in their own right
and at the specific level. But what about
their wider impact? Do they make a dif
ference to the course of development?
Do they coalesce and join others similar
ly engaged to become an alternative cur
rent? How does that happen?
On the RURAL SOCIETAL FRONT.
young Dadasaheb More decided to
write about his own kinsfolk, the
nomadic Kudmude Joshi of
Maharashtra. He also took on the
challenge of their rehabilitation, of life
and livelihood with dignity in the altered
circumstances of late twentieth century.
IN THIS ISSUE
In this issue you will find.O EDITORIAL
O MOUNT ABU RETREAT
© INTRODUCTION TO NEW
FELLOWS
O INTERNATIONALLY SELECTED
NEW FELLOWS
© FEEDBACK
• FELLOWSHIPS
Renake. an older warrior for
the same cause, has been pre-occupied
with ensuring the availability of voting,
residence, employment and educational
facilities to these people through ad
vocacy and legislative action. Aditya
Patnaik in Orissa has built up a band of
young activists for the cause of Lodha
tribals and other rural communities. Ar vind Pitre, a young commerce graduate,
has taken up the cause of the handicap
ped in a novel way. He has set up an
artificial limbs—Jaipur Foot-fabrication
Unit managed by the handicapped on
trusteeship basis, in Belgaum and Bom
bay area. Mohan Hirabai Hiralal. in
pre-dominantly tribal Gadchiroli district,
is engaged on several interrelated issues
of employment guarantee, minimum
wages, protection of forests and resisting
big dam construction by the people
themselves. Naginbhai Shah, with his
colleagues in Ahmedabad, has evolved a
unique mode of assistance to needy pa
tients in hospitals through a personally
and promptly managed distress reliefDardiunu Rahat-Fund.
All these initiatives, each a pioneer in
its own way, have highlighted the pro
blem and plight of the neglected and
deprived. They have also demonstrated
what can be done by determined address
to keep the issue on public agenda and
create viable solutions. At least in one
case, in Gadchiroli, there is concern with
the basic causes of misery and an at
tempt to stem the forces of destruction.
In the URBAN sphere. Alphonso
Jemonie of Goodwill International Cen
tre, Bangalore, an association of con
cerned factory workers, over the years
’has developed training opportunities for
unemployed youth in slums. School
drop-outs have been helped to become
self-employed fitters, tailors, mason etc.
Alphonso is also working with children
who are rag-pickers. Ashok Salvi is in
volved in the housing problem in twelve
Pune slums. Through community
leadership, training and organising
resource centres for slum dwellers, he is
promoting people's active participation in
slum improvement. Jude Henrique. a
sociologist at the Tata Institute of Social
Science, Bombay, has pioneered learn
ing and teaching methods to improve
academic achievement amongst children
from uneducated homes. He is now con
sulting with UNICEF for a wider applica
tion of his approach. Flavio Agnes. a
woman activist opposed to the sexist
division of labour, is working institution
Balkrishna
to evolve training and job opportunities
for new roles for women in fields with
technical skills. Auijit Pathak, with doc
torate in sociology from Jawahar Lal
Nehru University, New Delhi is engaged
in research and dialogue with college
students towards discovering an authen
tic self-identity and role in the current
crisis situation. Gloria de Souza having
pioneered environment-oriented educa
tion in her own working as a teacher,
is now leading Parisar Asha, a
resource centre for environment educa
tion in Bombay. The centre provides
curricular, material and training support
to municipal and private schools for
transforming routine rote teaching into
discovery-based education linked to
children’s immediate environment.
Ashoka fellows are persons who look
beyond the horizon not as poets with vision
but as enterpreneurs who cannot rest till the
change they have conceived becomes a
reality.
THE FELLOWS AND THE
FELLOWSHIP
ASHOKA’s focus on the individual
person and the concept of fellowship
were examined in some depth. Each
individuals’ ideas, efforts, growth and
linkages are of prime interest. The
emphasis is on potential rather than
proved success.Therefore, there is
considerable risk element in selection
and support. This can be reduced by
timely, judicious advice and guidance
when needed. However, this cannot
become an imposition. How is this
facilitated in a’highly dispersed
constituency with diverse interests? This
has been the weakest aspect of
fellowship support. Can the fellows
themselves take a lead in this and
establish linkages on geographical or
common interest basis? Fellowships
concern seems to have become restricted
to environment, rural development and
urban slum improvement fields. How do
we reach out other areas of public
activity, viz., education, technology,
consumer interests, journalism etc.?
Above all there is need for much more
sharing on an on — going basis and for
initiatives at involving other fellows and .
members. This may or may not be
mediated by the executive team. It was
recognized that the expansion of
fellowship and the strengthening of its
quality essentially depended upon
successful fellows' active participation in
these functions.
REFLECTION
In the reflection following the presen
tations several critical issues bearing
upon individual initiated change
process came into focus.
Kirtee Shah, President, Ashoka India,
led the discussion by wondering about
the implications of ones work say after a
decade. Today we built 500 houses
through legitimate conviction about
people’s need. Do we expand and do
the same to the tune of 5000 houses?
Or. do we work out a strategy and
process that reiterates what we have
ASHOKA INTERNATIONAL
initiated? Change requires many skills
One of the significant developments
Should a change - maker attempt to put since the last Retreat has been the
together these in one place and build an launching of ASHOKA BRAZIL with ten
institution? What are the implications of
fellows. "Ashoka is now at work in
this diversion of one s energy and yet can three of the four biggest nations of the
the goal be accomplished without these
South which are also four of world's
skills? As Ashok Advani. Chairman,
largest six," beamed Bill Drayton.
Ashoka India, asked. "As individuals can “Chairman.Ashoka International
we be content with micro — changes?
ASHOKA INDONESIA Executive
What are an individual's scope and means Secretary. Teguh Arkono shared the
for influencing the levers that operate
experience of fellowship in his country.
the larger system?" In a future perspective
ASHOKA USA was represented by
questions were raised about individual
Julien Phillips and Steve Hadley, both
fellows' and ASHOKA's vision of a
members of ASHOKA International. In
different world. We seem to have opted
USA the concept of public service
for an open conscience and situation
entrepreneur is well understood but it is
guided approach with well thought - out
very expensive to support a fellow. In
practical plans but with ample room for
relation to countries like India. Indonesia
innovation. Is this adequate? Can we
and Brazil, it is best understood by those
remain oblivious and indifferent to the
active in social change and by returned
unfolding of historical and civilizational
peace corps volunteers. The fellows'
processes? If not how do we relate to
reports help in deepening the
these?
understanding not only of their concern
and effort but also of the reality in their
countries.
ASHOKA’s experience of the past
five years represents a confident
beginning in independent public service
effort. The overall response is an
appreciation of encouragement and
support to concerned, committed and
capable individuals. In some quarters it is
seen as having the potential for helping
creative alternatives of the kind
supported by the Right Livelihood
Awards.
INTRODUCTION TO NEW
FELLOWS
• ■ .
Dr. Nandini Mundkur, a paedia
trician in her mid — thirties with
extensive has launched a model inter
disciplinary programme amongst the
children and families of Bangalore’s slum
communities to screen and, with the
families initiate early childhood remedial
work for exceptional children who have
difficulties and problems including
slowness in learning. She expects to
carry-out this idea and keep its cost low
both through the para-professionals and
with parents who will contribute their
voluntary time to help others, once their
own children have begun to benefit.
The early intervention clinic offers a
multipronged diagnostic-treatmenteducational-counselling programme, all
integrated in one action plan for making
the disabled child an effective member of
the society. It is a combined effort of a
psychologist, occupational and speech
therapist, child development officer and
personnel ained in special education for
behaviour management training along
with exercises through games to
overcome speech and other handicaps.
Parents too are as much part of the
clinic session as their children because
the early intervention programme is
essentially a 'home management
programme’ in which parents are taught
how to stimulate the child during the
hours away from the clinic for achieving
the maximum effects.
Early intervention is relatively a new
concept in India and there are only five
centres in the country located in New
Delhi, Bombay, Madras, Vellore and
Nagpur.
Dr. Nandini’s initiative and efforts will,
hopefully, improve the quality of life of
mentally retarded children in India.
Dr. Thara, a student of Psychiatry
has in the past taken initiative to conduct
several independent research
programmes of high quality with the
objective of contributing towards a
brighter future for the mentally ill. She
has been instrumental in setting-up
Schizophrenia Research Foundation
(India)—a voluntary organisation devoted
to the cause of mentally ill. Presently,
she is the Deputy Director of the same
organisation and had also shouldered the
responsibilities as the Joint Secretary of
the Board of SCARF.
According to them the greatest
drawback of the present education
system is that it is divorced from rural
society. As they say in Gujarati Thodu
Bhane to Kam Chhode, Jaju Bhane
to Gam Chhode (When a person
receives a little education he stops
working, when he receives more he
leaves the village). Based on this, their
project aims to revive the rural mission of
Gandhian post-basic school as a means
of educational change. The focus will be
on 600 students and 20 teachers in five
basic schools with whom a special
programme of reality and .value based
education and involvement in rural life
will be developed.
Located at village Lotia in Radhanpur
Taluka of Banaskantha District in Gujarat
they plan to work in 25 villages over a
period of three years.
The idea Dr. Thara has brought forth
is of reaching the community and
viewing mental illness in India in the
larger perspective through the family
intervention package based on their
needs and requirements. Broadly
speaking the package consists of
educating, in simple terms, the people
who live with the patient about the
illness, to teach each family the skills to
deal and cope with the patient, form a
support group of such families to interact
with each other, arrange treatment and
medical management including
counselling and aftercare, and resource
mobilisation for providing employment to
the patient/relative and help in
improving the living conditions.
Raju and Deepti are a husband and
wife team called’Prayog’working together
in the field of education and rural
reconstruction.
Yambem Laba an economist by
training and based in Imphal. is
concerned about the environmental
degradation in Manipur State. His project
aims at tapping the youth power as a
means for improving the situation. He
plans to achieve this by involving the
youth through mountaineering, trekking
and adventure programmes which would
provide not only awareness and an
exposure of socio-economic realities but
would also generate ideas for measures
to save the situation from further
destruction.
Each adventure course of 30 days
duration for 100 trainees has seven days
provision for community work. With an
average estimate of five such courses in
one year Yambem is able to create a
ready stock of 3,500 mandays to be
utilized for specific reconstruction
activities and programmes in the project
area.
INTERNATIONALLY
SELECTED NEW FELLOW
The teacher. Maurice Bazin, has a
dream: to change science education in
the Rio de Janeiro State and create a
place where people can experience
science and its uses for themselves. The
writer. Joel Rufino. also has a dream: to
establish communication channels with
street kids through their own culture.
Bazin and Rufino have been working to
make their dreams reality, now they have
something in common: both of them are
among the first Ashoka Fellows in Brazil.
Both are very enthusiastic about the
possibility opened by Ashoka’s support.
“It’s great to have financial independence
without having to account for each cent.
The relationship between Ashoka and its
Fellows is one of total confidence,”
comments Bazin.
Bazin's project, “Space for Living
Science" involves about 25 people who
are students and teachers of science.
With the help of the Education Ministry,
it has brought science education to public
squares.
Two months ago Bazin and his
collaborators received a 10-year free
lease of public land near the Tijuca
subway station in Rio. They intend to
build a dynamic, hands-on living
museum.
They are very happy with their new
home and spent the day recently
cleaning up. This is, believes Bazin, an
example of what distinguishes an Ashoka
Fellow: “his project is his life; there’s no
separating the two.”
FEEDBACK
making for the eradication of bonded
labour system in Maharashtra. There is
no doubt that their work has created a
certain impact.
I would like -to know more about
Ashoka International and its activities. If I
can do my bit for the organization, it will
be my privilege and pleasure”
“Many thanks for keeping me on the
mailing list of “CHANGE MAKERS”. I
have received a copy of the March 1987
issue. The information on the projects
undertaken by Rani and Abhay Bang
and Shri Arvind Pitre will be very en
couraging not only to them but also to
the young voluntary workers of the
country. For your information, I was pre
sent at the inauguration of the Jaipur
FELLOWSHIPS
Foot project initiated by Pitre at the Kar
nataka Health Institute. Ghatprabha. A
Ashoka Foundation invites applica
group of about 35 persons from Bombay
tions for its Fellowship Programme for
visited Bhatprabha on that occasion and
1988. The fellowship is intended for sup were delighted to see Shri Piter’s dream
port to highly motivated, competent and come into reality. We also benefitted a
creative individuals who wish to launch
lot from getting to know the noble social
public service and public cause initiatives. worker. Dr. Vaidya of the K.H.I. and his
family. Shri Pitre keeps constant touch
These should be self — designed and
with me and gives the necessary feed
self - managed projects in such fields as
back. 1 am sure his new venture will
environmental protection, ecologically succeed.
sound development, community health,
poverty alleviation, consumer interests,
It was also noteworthy that your
civil liberties and human rights educa
Foundation has awarded fellowships to
tional and social re - construction,
several deserving persons from various
cultural regeneration, peace action or
parts of the country. I have particularly
any other sphere of contemporary
some knowledge about the contribution
human concern selected by the
which Vivek Pandit and his wife are
candidate.
The selected fellows will be provided
a personal stipend sometimes working
expenses and advisory service for a
period of one to four years after which
the fellow is expected to become
self-reliant. Those interested are re
quested to send an outline of their pro
posal accompanied by a brief biodata:
Kishore Saint
Executive Director
Ashoka Foundation
11 - A, Fatehpura
UDAIPUR-313 001 (Raj.)
Tel. 27335
Thanking you
P.J. Joshi
JAMNALAL BAJAJ FOUNDATION
Bajaj Bhawan, 226 Nariman Point
BOMBAY-400 021
® I got your Newsletter - CHANGE
MAKERS, March, 1987.
I was glad to notice that you are
making an attempt like Gokhale’s Ser
vants of India Society to create a cadre
of public service entrepreneurs.
I shall be watching your progress with
interest.
M.P. Chitale
M.P. CHITALE & CO.
Chartered Accountants
Hamam House,
Ambalal Doshi Marg, Fort,
BOMBAY - 400 023.
CHANG QUAKERS
♦
REGD. OFFICE: 59. REGAL BUILDING. CONNAUGHT CIRCUS. NEW DELHI 110 001. PHONE 350135.
• wa-vi Narayan
Shri
t Block.
• yjth Mam i-T-
Fur Private Circulat.en
The response to CONTROVERSY came up to expectations - though, it is to be
confessed, not in the manner that was originally anticipated. As is clear from the statement
of the response given above CONTROVERSY was not at all controversial. The uncapped
thoughts did not light any spark and there was no explosion. So what was all the fuss about ?
Look at it this way: CONTROVERSY IS STRICTLY FOR THOSE NOT JOO
SCARED TO THINK. For such it would be .dangerous and highly explosive. The majority •
response as formulated above proved it to be a damp squib. Ergo, the majority proved too scared for any controversial issue !
Further, either CONTROVERSY did not reach the right hands due' to purely
technical reasons or it could not have reached these simply because. there are no ‘ riglft ’
hands at present! The second alternative of course is to be preferred !
to
what
need for
But suppose, just suppose, that there are- people, and quite a majority
who are too scared to think ? Then could it not be said that CONTROVERSY
the medicine the doctor ordered ? Bitter though it undoubtedly is ?
of them,
was just
Consider:
CONTOVERSY *?■
if there are
people
not ’ too
scared
think
then
So is it clear why the majority response was quite up to expectations ? CONTROVERSY
is not going to do any one’s thinking for him or her. Forget it ! CONTROVERSY will prove
explosive only in so far as it raises controversies - even in its direct failure to do so !
Ah-ha, the smarter will say, so CONTROVERSY intends to come out on top win or
lose ? Sure thing. Does any one know a better way than to have a dead certainty going for
one ?
.
Even better than Paradise is a fool’s paradise !
- The Serpent.
■ 2
RELIGION
We continue our quest for the whys,
wherefores, hows of social relationships. :The
last time we had •seen that apart from, mere
ly geographical factors - the earliest civilisa
tions grew up around the mouths of rivers
e. g. Tigris, Nile, Indus, etc. - tver which
man had little or no direct influence, early
civilisations were held together by the bond
of religion.
In one scene it can be said that religion
has been an influence in conditioning man’s
relationships from the earliest times to the
present. On the other hand it is also to
be noted 1 ) that it has played contradictory
roles, binding sections of society together
while also pitting one section against another,
and 2) that it has played at times a primary
role in social life, at others, a subsidiary one.
♦
Further, the term religion, we find, covers
a widely differing set of responses ranging
from animism to the absolute. If we look
for* something common in all religions we
come up with the following; all religions con- cern themselves with the hereafte r and the
tioned by the spatio - temporal environ
ment that he finds himself in! In other
words,- different spatio - temporal environ
ments will give rise to different concep
tions of a transcendental world and man
can overemphasize his ‘ spiritual ’ world
only at the cost of his ’ material ’ one
and vice - versa.
Are these not some of the lessons of
history ? Will not a reflection on them help
at understanding how an acient ‘spiritual’
India finds itself in the present - day mess
and equally the utter bankruptcy of the socalled ‘ developed ’ world ?
But let us not seek all the answers in
our quest merely in the gelations of man to
the immediate and to the transcendental We
have already seen that there is Economicshis relations to ‘ Nature ’ ‘ and Politics - his
relations to his fellowpan. There may yet be
other relationships that we may have to*.
consider ! .
-
beyond.
Now, whatever gave man the idea .of
a hereafter and a beyond 1 To say that it
is natuial to man is insufficient. For how
. then to explain the wild variety and often
^contradictory natures of religions ?
Our controvesrial proposition in this re
gard then is that religion represents nothing
else but the need of man to transcend his
immediate spatio-temporal environment, the
here and now, for his very survival ! •
Looked at in this way two points become
immediately clear :
1-
2-
•
Man can transcend his immediately
spatio-temporal env ronment not
only
by blindly bebeving in a hereafter and
a beyond as in r ligion but by attemp
ting tb reason about it - philosophy by carrying out investigations about ittheoretical science - ; by scientifically
theorising about it-meta-physics !
Since man for his survival needs to
transcend h.s spatio-temporal environment
but survives only in a spatio-temporal
one, cleatly the minner of his transcen
ding and the form it takes must be condi
A Controversial Thought
To Ponder On
‘The problem of this world can be solved
by prayers’
Such a. declaration has many implications. We
shall reflect on two : 1 ) that there is an Almihgty
who when duly appealed to will solve the pro
blems of this world; 2) that man himself when he
prays derives certain psychological strength with
which he then proceeds to ' solve the problems of
the world.
If the first how come the problems in the
first place ? To test the faith of the faithful ?
Surely a. poor Almighty that!
If the second should it not be clearly stated
that prayer is naught else but a psychological
device ? If it is objected that it will then lose
its value, two further questions arise: -'a) what
value could it have had in the first place seeing
*hat it was rooted in ignorance? b) what validity
does a conception of mankind have that postulates
that some - those who know that prayer is merely
a psychological device - perpetuaUy exploit others those
that do not. so know it- on the basis.of the
latter’s
ignorance ?
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WHAT
V Mam, I B| k
^bng3/a
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Ban^icre.56oo34
India
FREEDOM OF RELICION
ONE MEANING ;
THE FREEDOM OF RELIGION BILL, 1978
A Bill to provide for prohibition on conversion from one religion to.another by use of force or in
ducement "or by fraudulent means and for matters incidental thereto.
Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-ninth year of the Republic of India as foilows:1. (i) This Act may be called the Freedom of Religion Act, 1978.
(ii) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, appoint.
.-2.
In this Act unless the context otherwise requires,
(a)
‘conversion’ means renouncing one religion and adopting another;
(b)
‘force’ shall include a show of force or a threat of injury of any kind including threat of divine
displeasure or social excommunication;
M
(c)
‘fraud’ shall include misrepresentation or any other fraudulent contrivance;
(d)
‘inducenaent’ shall include the offer of any gift or gratification either in. cash or in kind and shall
also include the grant of any benefit either pecuniary or otherwise;
(e)
‘minor’ means a person under eighteen years of. age.,
. ....
3. ' No person shall convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious
faith t<5 another by the use of force or by inducement or by deceit or by any fraudulent means nor
V.
shall any person abet any such conversion.
'
4.
Any person contravening the provisions contained in section 3 shall, without" prejudice to any civil liability,
y
be punishable with imprisonment of either description which may extend to one year or with fine which
may extend to three thousand rupees or with both; provided that in case the offence is committed in
respect of a minor, woman or a person belonging to the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe, the punish
ment shall be imprisonment to the extent of two years and a fine up to five thousand - rupees.
5.
An offence under this Act shall be cognisable and shall not be -investigated by an officer below the rank
of an Inspector of Police. ■
6:
No prosecution for an offence under this Act shall be made without the sanction '.of the Magistrate of.
the District or such other authority, not below the rank of a Sub-Divisional Officer, as may be authorised
by him in this behalf.
'
.
•
.
.
7. ' The provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1558 shall not apply "to the punishment of offences
committed .under this Act.
.
.
.
8.
The Central Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act.
STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS
One of the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the'Constitution is the right to profess, practise and propa- . gate religion of one’s choice.
Conversion from one religion to another', done by free consent and will,' cannot be questioned. But state
* protection is required where it is sought to be attained by threat, undue influence, allurement or wrongful in4nc-m-nt The importance of providing this protection to persons belonging to the Scheduled Castesand Sche^duled Tribes is all the more necessary and cannot be ignored. The policy of the State should be directed to
New Delhi :
The 21st November, 19/8
O. P. Tyagi
■
achieve this aim.
Hence this Bill.
2
ANOTHER MEANING:
Authority <& Freedom
Introduction - There is only one sensible
point of view, from which to discuss the
question of the freedom of religion and
that is the secular view-point
We have used the word ‘ concession ’
advisedly. Religious and other leaders did
not arrive at this generous . view out of
volition and/or conviction but were forced .
into it through necessity i. e. the fear all
religions may be equally wiped out 1 The
result is that religious leaders tend to move
away from it at the slightest opportunity
e. g. minorities in one country will f-ght
vociferously for their rights but . will not
fight for the rights of minorities in those
countries where their denominations are the
m-jorities! So also insecure majorities
will adhere to the secular point of
view as long as they are insecure, but as
soon as th y attain dominant positions, they
will then seek to impose their denomination
on all others. We can see this happening all
over.the world with regard to all religions
Why ? Let us say that this ‘ freedom ’
is discussed from the point of view of any
one religion. This would mean that freedom
.of - religion means freedom to follow that
particular religion. Clearly what is demanded
for that particular religion must
also.
hold good for all ether religions. If this is so
then we may say that this is the secular
point of view, that is, that freedom of reli
gion means the freedom for all religions. .
But the point is that it is never in fact
seen in this manner for each religion sees
itself as the only true religion. Hence what
it demands for itself it denies; to all other
religions.
A funny conclusion ‘derives from this.
Every religion c:atms for itself the ‘ Truth ’.
Yet every religion fears all others ! Thus his
torically we find that the ‘ truth ’ of a parti
cular religion has been sought to be
imposed upon non-believers either by force
or by sheer weight of numbers - as if ‘ truth ’
were amenable to majority rule ! And let
not any one fool oneself that this period of
.history is past. Even to-day, if we look
around the world, we will find' on’y too
many still asserting the ‘truth’ of their
respective religions eilher by force, subtle
or crude, or by such argumen's as, ‘ so many
people... so many ancient sages... could
not be \Vrong ’ 1.
However, while these alternatives did
exist historically and persist even to-day,
the argument regarding the relative truths
of various religions in the modern nation-state is generally carried on at a much
more sophisticated levei. As far as the state
is concerned it is conceded that all religions
are equal. This concession is based on two
principles: 1 ) that the state should be secular
i. e. that it should not differentiate between
citizens on the basis of their religious beliefs;
2) that religion being a personal matter every
citizen should be free to profess, practise
and propagate the religion of his or her
choice i. e what is generally referred to as
the freedom of religion.
it is past time thereto-e for those who-.
who are genuinely interested in the ‘ Truth ’
to go' into the question of the rpurious‘ truths ’ that have been propagated by all
institutionalised religions and’ recover the
moments of truth in all great religions as
established by their founders. It will be seen
that surprisingly enough these latter have
much that is in common. ' \
■
We suggest that in this search tot
‘Truth’ the fol'owing key questions will ha
ve to. be dealt with among' others 1 - Rela
tion of State and Religion; 2- Religion - a
ma'tT ofcon' iction or a matter ot birth ?
3- Meaning of ‘ Secularism.’
The State and Religion: The State is su- pposed to concern itself with temporal affairs
i e. with the .A re and n -w. Religion is su-"
pposed to concern itself with man’s ‘spiritual ’
being i.e- with the hereafter, and ;b yond. The
Stale is supposed to concern‘'-itself with lhe
common interests of its’ citizens within a cer
tain geographicalarea. Religion is supposed
to deal with personal matters, with the aff
airs of an individual ‘soul \ it is not limi
ted in principle to any geographical area.
Expr ssed this way it would appear that
there is no scope for any conflict betweenr*"^/
the two. But actu illy religion as a social
phenomena becomes institutionalised. And
the state itself always represents those that
have a vested interest i» ma.ntaining the
status quo. So the state is in principle ag?
3
ainst social change, that is, it goes beyond
its merely temporal mandate, while religion
ta'- es a purely temporal form. Here then is
the crux of the. matter ; the question of freedom
of religion means the extent to which the.
state may interfere in institutionalised religion.
Historically we see that Religion once
interfered in the affairs of the State e.g. the
Holy Roman Empire. Then c;me a long
period of struggle to differentiate temporal
authority from ‘ spiritual ’ authority. In the
modern state, religion has been made a
purely personal affair, but since the question
was. never settled on its merits, the world
is gradually reverting to - a position where
.the boundary lines between the two_ are once
again blurred with this time the state claim
ing power over the ‘ spiritual ’ authority e.g.
Fthe Islamic Republics, the clamour for a
Hindu raj. A further development must in
evitably be one in which both temporal and
‘ spiritual ’ authority come together to assert
their joint authority against all movements for
freedom.
’ - Loojted at in this historical perspective
the question arises whether fundamental rights
incorporated 10 .a constitution adopted by a
people unto themselves are fundamental in
the sense that it is by virtue of these rights
that they adopt the constitution in the first
place, reserving these rights unto themselves,
or whether , these are derived from the cons
titution i-self. In other words: Is the consti
tution supreme or are .the people supreme?
Inyour present context the question would be ,
^whether the right to.relig'on would be alimiting right on the constitution or whether
a right given by the const tution. In- other
words do the citizens of a country that
adopts unto itself a constitution have any
reality beyond such constitution or is their
eniire being conditioned by such constitutor!
and the amedments thereto ? '
Relig’on-a matter of conviction or of birth?
It is genera ly fashionable to say that religion
is a matter of conviction. On the other
hand no religion is particularly happy when
its members get converted to another reli
gion, even though they be a handful. The
days’ of the great -conversions are over.,One
may hear of conversions now and then but
"jy and large psople are born and die in
*fe same religion. This seems to indicate
thlt either by some fantastic freak of luck
the great majority are born in the religion
nr their conviction or, what is far more
probable, rebgion fails to have the attraction
it once had and the common man cannot
be bothered to change the religion in which
he finds himself.
•
This would be satisfactory if not for ,
two considerations, a ) While ' most people
cannot be bothered to change the faith in
which they are born, yet they permit them
selves to work up frenzies reaching the li
mits of madness on communal grounds. The
communal passions leading to communal riots
are still very much with us. b) When things
go wrong and people find themselves faced
with great natural or social upheavals, they
immediately turn to religion and ostrich-like
seek to hide themselves in churches, temples,
masjids, synagogues, whatever, in the hope that
the storm will pass and everything will be
fine again.
How can this apparently contradictory
phenomena, that people cannot be bothered
by religion yet that they react so strongly
to it. be explained? Furthur, historically, we
know that man has expressed religious feeling,
in the sense of a response to the hereafter and
beyond, from the very earliest times. It would ' .
not be far wrong to say that even with his
advent on the face of the earth, ‘ Homo-sapiens 1
had some notion of life after death. In early.
days there were various explanations offered.
As life and societies became more and more
complicated and developed, new spheres of
knowledge grew and man’s fundamental res
ponse to a transcendental world was either
taken for granted or ignored. It is
time
that this question is re-investigated with
the
help of the advanced analytical tools that
man has developed. Either man understands
what religion is or it must inevitably doom
him As is the case with all. his creations.A starting point must .be the opening cut
of the fundamental principles of all religions
equally to all. And this brings us to the n xt
point.
The Meaning of Secularism. One view of
secularism is that the spate should not inter
fere with religious institutions. But religious
institutions exist in a temporal frame-work,
they are social phenomena, they are manned
by people who have also- other functions to
perform apart from their purely religious ones.
Clearly then the state must have the autho
rity to regularise the affairs of religious insti
tutions too. So then it is said that .such inter
ference must be minimal; But what is this mini
mum and who decides whether interference is
minimum or more than, m’nimum ?
PROVOCATION
Social Justice is here and now I say.
We do not need social justice, we have
social justice. If it was left to me I would
show, that in our well-organised society we
have a place for the misfits and the dis
gruntled. Away with them to the jails ! That
is the place for them!!
No Such Animal Called
‘ Social Justice ’
What is all this talk about Social Jus
tice? Whoever heard of such a thing ?
One has heard of ‘ social ’ which means to be
sociable, friendly, easy to get along with ;
it refers to persons/people that fit into the
scheme of things. ‘ A social ’ also means a
festive occasion when there are party games
and good things to eat and drink.
Social Justice indeed...
social justice !
(continued from page 3)
But whoever heard of ‘Social Justice’?
Can the two at all go together?. Justice is
reputedly blind and it is well known that
any group of men together have the men
tality of a herd, a mass mentality, as any
social psychologist will only too readily tell
us. ‘Social Justice’ then will imply mass
justice, or worse, mob justice ! It is too te
rrifying even to be considered.
Just a lot of disgruntled misfits they are,
that’s all. And now they have clung to a
catchy phrase called ‘ ,Soc:al Justice ’, which
as h have just shown has no meaning at
all, and are clamouring for it.
Priated
give them
B A.R. Barian.
In this context it is clearly, at this time
and age, quite Inadequate to say that secularism
means the non-differentiation between citizens^
on the basis of their religious beliefs simply"
because they, the citizens themselves, do so
differentiate themselves. And they are encou
raged to do so by the various religions, with
each one claiming for itself the* Truth ’. Clearly
the state must take cognizance of this. And
f it suits each religion to brainwash the ini
tiated which are captured . at birth, then the •
state must undo such brainwashing by making
it its responsibility to teach and propogate
equally all religions!
One has also heard of Justice as in
‘ Justice of Peace ’, ‘ the judge meted out
justice to the thief’, etc.
Through ' centuries
man
has
developed to
the stage
where
he has learned men in ermine robes sitting
op a ,bench, other learned men in black
gowns ’ standing at the bar, other equally
learned men studying heavy bound tomes,
all earnestly engaged with the knotty prob
lems of dispensing justice. Is all this not
‘social justice’? Has not society through
years of self-improvement reached this won
derfully civibsed world in which we live, with
everything duly allotted to the people most
capable of managing it e. g. justice
to the judges, law to the lawyers, land to the la
ndlord, capital to the capitalist, ' religion to
the theologians, politics to the politicians,
■ education to the academicians, science to the
..scientists, work to the workings-c’ass,. poverty
to the poor, etc., etc-and now these ‘social
justice’-wallahs want to disrupt this beautiful
scheme . of things !
I’ll
If all religions are equally taught-and indi
vidual religions can hardly be expected to under
take this task-then people in genera] will come
to know what religions are all about, understand
what religious founders spoke and what -their .
^p-called followers now speak, see. the’comi^uriality between religious teachings and the differen^
ces between religious institutions and then decide®
for themselves individually which, religion, if any,
* appeals to each One.
.
The important point is that people will
know why they follow a particular religion and
it will no more be a matter merely of having
been born into a religion that they have since
followed unquestioningly like sheep. Once a
great majority of the people are acquainted
'with, the principles, practices, preach ngs and
individual- behaviour of the adherents of the va
rious religions, all communal disco.d, all divis on
of society on communal lines will vanish.
Of course no state will nndertake so si
mple a course <_f action. Ultimately the ques
tion of this period is that of Authority -be>i
temporal or spiritual - and wh- n threatened
both will equally combine to suppress ‘he
modern struggles for liberation - but that is
an entirely different question !
MarSa0> on behalf of --Citizens ot the World”,
NHSASWI - 7. 4. 79"
Ce.-'.MUNHY HEAlT'd CELL
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Kortimongala
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CON TR0H EHS V
STRICTLY FOR THOSE WHO ARE NOT TOO SCARED TO THINK
DANCER! HANDLE WITH CARE!!
HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE
( UNCAPPED THOUGHTS ) ! I !
WARNING: THINKING CAN BE DANGEROUS TO HEALTH. All those
suffering from weak hearts, weaker stomachs, high-blood pressure, nose-to-the-grindstone
myopia, up-to-the-neck-in-routine asphyxia, treadmill
trauma,
running-a-round-ih-circles vertigo, rat-race fever and other such malignancies that require immediate
and / or drastic remedies are advised to ' keep a safe distance from controversies.
Controversial issues by sparking a thought may set off a chain reaction that .
may blow, up their little worlds which may otherwise, hopefully, last out a little while
longer.!
’
Even those who believe themselves sound in life, limb and liberty had better
proceed with care and caution, running for cover at the first sign of danger - tha1
yellow feeling.
Only those with stout hearts reinforced with. a nothing-to-lose-but-ourmyths bravado may join-issue with them who have wrestled with gods and the hardy
who ever rush in. where' spineless creatures fear to tread.
For these, controversies are the very breath-of life. They deepen their, own
conceptual and analytical faculties, awaken those that sleep and enlighten the innbeent.
For the rest let the myth that it was the-fruit from the tree of knowledge
that brought death prevail.
You have
been
warned !
- The Serpent.
2
ECONOMICS
We lead off with controversial proposi
tions in the field of Economics as for us
it is manifest that the manner in which
men relate to each other in the process
of production has a very important role
to play in their overall relationships.
Our controversial definition of Econo
mics is, therefore, that it refers to 'the
manner in which men relate each other in
the production and distribution of the
requirements of the s ciety in which they
live.
From History we see that such rela
tionships have differed from time to time
in. different types of society and in a sense
such differences may ‘be said to have been
based on different concepts as to why man,
produces.
Consider: in slave society it was the
whip that made men produce; in feudal,
it was the. paternal relationship of the
Lord io the serf; in caste society the . very
position '.to : which one was born.
In the modern world - in w&stern
capitalist countries - the belief is that com
petition between individuals ( and/or groups
• seen as individuals ) is necessary to bring
about increased production; in comrhunist
countries it is held regimentation does the
trick.
•
Other current ideas - that are yet to be wi
dely practised - are those of co-operation and
of trusteeship. In a mann r of speaking the
problem may be stated, thus: How do we
bring about a re-ofganisation of.the prod
uction process to give these ideas and
others a fair chance in practice - since
those who benefit from 'the existing set-up
are certainly not gong to take lindly tp
a change that threatens their existing bene
fits. (Either they must be forced to do
so or other benefits are to be shown, to
them or a little of both.)
A controversial proposal made in this
regard which claims to be practical is as
follows:1 - The conversion of all industries'dependent
on the .labour of, say, 20 persons or more,
whether under one roof or many, into
public limited companies:
2
- Every person on whose labour pro
duction depends gets, by, very virtue of
such fact, shares in such limited . company
with attendant rights and responsibilities; : J
3
- All shareholders wfeo have shares '
merely by virtue of the- mmey they, have
invested are made to work in such com
pany for a certain minimum number of
days,
. 1 - The underlying piinciplesare: ■
I hose who do must have the power to
decide.
2 - The power to decide must be made
responsible by being linked to capacity to
act. Denial of (1 )m?ans responsibilities without
rights; denial of (2 ) , rights without' respon
sibilities.
The structural effect will be to' restrict £
competition, increase co-operation, enforce
the trusteeship concept.
Is it not so ?■ Views, criticisms, comments,
Pros"& Cons
Question: Would you prefer to know where you
are going or would you prefer to be led there
blindly ?
If the former you might find yourself in the
uncomfortable position of haying to make your
"own decisions with all the accompanying risks and
dangers.
If the -latter you might find yourself in a posi
tion that you never intended to be with the un
happy realisation that you can do nothing about
it.
Which do ycu choose ?
.3
POLITICS
Another aspect of the same phenomenon
that we are considering viz. social ’■ organi
sation - better still, human relationships - is
the political, hence our second controversial
propostion deals with what is commonly
known as politics.
We define politics as the organisation of
society to deal with its public, i. e. common,
interests. An interest-based organisation must
differ from a need-based one • but clearly
there must also be a relationship between them.
Modern societies are politically organised
into nation-states i. e. politics is the binding
force that keeps otherwise heterogeneous
societies together.
Historically it was not always so. Earliest
societies developed around temples. First the
H i g h-P r i e s t
and
1 a. t e r
the
God-kings (of Ancient Egypt and even of
•not-so-ancierjt Japan ) combined in themselves
the spiritual and temporal worlds. At that time
it may be said that religion was the cement
that bound societies together. Later on as social
structures themselves developed e.g. slave,
feudal, cas^e, etc.- religion played a subsidiary
role and the' established social hierarchies held
societies together.
Tlie rise, development and differentiationof the purely economic forces shattered these
hierarchical social structures, re-located the
temporal world in the center of man’s field
of vision - as distinct from his earlier sole
concern with a conceptual ( spiritual ) world
e.g. Medieval Europe - and gave rise to the
modern political world of nation-states. Around
the’ concept of nation - based originally on ’
teriitorial contiguity, not so now e.g. U.S.A.
- societies comprising of a heterogeniety of
religions, languages; races, social hierarchies,
and what-have-you are brought and welded
together.
With the development and perfection of
politics it has come in turn to play a domi
nant role in economics as in all previous forms of
organisation. This is specially clear in India
which is a ‘planned economy’, committed to ‘social
equality’, ‘secular’, recognises as many languages
as can forceful’y express themselves, and, as
we are told, ‘is a rich diversity of cultures
in one unity’. The question here is how
satisfactory a form of organisation of human
relationships is this in a world, shall we say,
of tourists? In ’78 Spain had more tourists/
( 40 million ) than population ( 36 million ) •
Nation-states must be clearly distinguished
from Ancient Greek city-states with which
they have, very little in common. Citizens in
the latter were an elitist minority. Neither
slaves nor' women were regarded as citizens.
TJie Greek notions, of ‘politeia’, -‘demos’, were
tot illy different from modern conceptions of
citizenship, people, etc. ' Because our terms
are derived from the Greek and Latin must
we be so stupid as to think they reran-the
same 'things as existed in them days ? What.do
you have to say ?
A Controversial Thought
To Ponder On
“What is freedom if it is not the freedom to
err” 1
Too often those who speak loudest of freedom
then proceed to tell all and sundry what the latter
should and should not do.
Most of us, the victims of all the shoulds and
should nots, the dos and donts find to our surprise
and sorrow that the very legislators themselves
do quite the reve-se'of what they have themselves
legislated.
Some of us. therefore, prefer to find out for
ourselves what is, that we may decide for ourselves
what we may and may pot do.
In the process it is quite possible that we may
err... so what ?
PROVOCATION
THOUGHTFUL REBELS
A volcano erupting
does not stop to think;
but the rebel
who boils inwardly
as he scamps
and loafers so carelessly
dissipating the wealth
he and his fellows have made
needs to be thoughtful
in his passion For the revolution is no wild,
mad thing, but a movement
of working people, in which
emotions are controlled and made to
fight- intelligently for an end.
The passion is precious,
elan must be sustained,
youths supported, encouraged.
Rebels must not degenerate
into tea-house groups
where tales are told,
gossip exchanged - a sphere
to develop a specious liberalism,
a cosy corner for operators
to horn in on the success
of a fighting people.
Revolution means rebels
must study problems
of peoples, what moves them;
how may they take the power
that is truly theirs. It means
ever broadening understanding,
for the world is ours, and we
must learn to know it well,
so that we may command
our heritage !
- Rewi Alley
Oct. 27, ‘69.
NO SUCH THING AS HUMAN RIGHTS 1
Now if you talk to me of animal rights
I’m with you. AfUr all there is a Commission
for Animal Rights, there is an SPCA (Sock ty
for th-- Prevention of Cruelty to Animals )
and people have been known to go on fasts .
and huge protest processions to ban, cow
slaughter. But whoever heard of a Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Humans ? Who
ever heard of protests for banning human
slaughter? Ridiculous!
It’s known throughout the animal world
that the worst predators are humans. Who
destroyed thfe dodo ? And is sytematically destro
ying the whale ? Be it bird, fish or mammal,
a human is its mortal enemy. Not only do
humans prey on them, they even prey on their
own kind I Ugh. Humans are brutes!
they
What rights can they have ? What rights do
deserve ?
then
If there are such things as Human Rights
grrrr I’m a dog, yeah, I am a dog.
- Al Satian.
' “Wei-ji”
It is reported that the Chinese seeking
an ideograph to represent the turning-point
that we call “crisis” performed “a miracle
of linguistic compression” by creating the charac-.
ter “wei- ji”- This character was created through
the combination of the symbols for “danger”
and "opportunity” !
Our controversial proposition then is: It is
impossible to separate opportunity from danger.
Accordingly dne cannot make a significant for
ward step without encountering danger and,
obversely, the smell of danger should alert us
to the fact that after all we may be headed
in the right direction 1
The implications are positively staggering
e g.
most sacrilegiously (?) a state of grace is
equated with a state of fear I Again, life with
out hazard, without risk, Is not worth living !
Who will dare work out further implications ?
If theie be any let their watch-word be
“wei-ji”.
Printed at Sanjivaoi, Margao, on behalf of “ Citizens of the World
NHSASWI — 1. 1. 79
•
• CODE OF E THICS
OF
DELHI MEDICAL COUNCIL
NEW DELHI
FOREWORD
The Delhi Medical Council was created by an Act of the Delhi Legislature
and notified by the Hon'ble Lieutenant Governor in August 1997.
The Council
was formed by a Gazette Notification on 9th September, 1998.
Funds were
received for the functioning of the Council on 30.11.1999 when the Council
became fully functional.
Section 10 (c) of the Delhi Medical Council Act states that the Council shall
prescribe a Code of Ethics for regulating the professional conduct of practitioners.
To fulfill this commitment the Executive Committee of the Council enjoined the
Ethics Committee to frame the Code of Ethics. The Ethics Committee after several
deliberations and consultations framed a Draft Code of Ethics which was then
discussed with other members of the Council and eminent members of the
profession.
After approval by the whole Council this Draft Code was widely
circulated to several Institutions and professional bodies for comments and
suggestions.
The Ethics Committee considered all the comments and suggestions
received and incorporated several of these and then prepared the Code of Ethics
which has been finally approved by the Council.
The Ethics Committee has worked with dedication and diligence for over a
year to bring out this important document.
The mandate given to the Council to frame a Code of Ethics has thus been
fulfilled. It gives the Council a sense of satisfaction to present this Code of Ethics
for notification.
It is our earnest hope that this Code would be whole heartedly/
unreservedly followed as much in spirit as in letter.
(Dr. Kusum Sfehgal)
Chairperson, Committee of Ethics
Delhi Medical Council
(Profe
anjit Roy Chaudhury)
President,
Delhi Medical Council
DELHI MEDICAL COUNCIL
1.
Professor Ranjit Roy Chaudhury
President
2.
Professor P.K. Dave
Vice President
3.
Dr. R.N. Baishya
Member Secretary
4.
Prof. A.K. Agarwal
Member
5.
Dr. Ajay Kumar
Member
6.
Prof. B.K. Dhaon
Member
7.
Prof. C.S. Chuttani
Member
8.
Dr. Ganesh Mani
Member
9.
Dr. Harish Grover
Member
10.
Dr. J. J. Sood
Member
11.
Prof. IM. Kaul
Member
12.
Prof. Kamal Bukshee
Member
13.
Prof. Kusum Sahgal
Member
14.
Prof. Neena Gulati
Member
15.
Dr. Sita Ram Agarwal
Member
16.
Prof. S.K. Agarwal
Member
17.
Prof. S.K. Bhargava
Member
18.
. Dr. T.K. Joshi
Member
19.
Dr. Vijay Kher
Member
DELHI MEDICAL COUNCIL
ETHICS COMMITTEE.
1.
Prof. Kusum Sahgal
Chairperson
2.
Prof. IM. Kaul
Member Secretary
3.
Dr. T.K. Joshi
Member
4.
Dr. Vijay Kher
Member
5.
Dr. Harish Grover
Co-opted Member
6.
Dr. P.K. Ghosh
Co-opted Member
7.
Dr. C.S. Chuttani
Co-opted Member
REGULATIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETIQUETTE AND
ETHICS 2001
In exercise of the powers conferred under section 10(c) read with section 30(c)
of the Delhi Medical Council Act 1997, passed by the Legislative Assembly Capital
Territory of Delhi on 13th January, 1997 and assented to by the Lieutenant
Governor of Delhi on 11 Feb., 1997, with the previous approval of the Govt, of
NCT of Delhi, the DMC hereby lays down the following regulations relating to
Professional conduct, etiquette and Ethics for registered medical practitioners.
Short Title and Commencement :
1.
These regulations may be called the Delhi Medical Council (professional
conduct, etiquette and ethics) Regulations 2000.
2.
They shall come into force from the date of their publication in the official
gazette.
Preamble to the Code of Ethics
The Webster dictionary defines ethics as, "The body of moral principles or
values governing or distinctive of a particular culture group".
The rules of conduct and the sense of values can neither be wholly
prescriptive nor can be codified entirely. Nonetheless, Delhi Medical Council,
describes the essential element of good standards of practice and care.
Being registered with the DMC gives medical professionals, rights and
privileges. In return you must meet the standards of competence, care and
conduct set by the DMC. The CODE enlarges the general principles of good
practice, which all medical professionals are expected to follow while treating
patients.
1.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES :
'
The principal objective of the medical profession is to render service to
humanity with full respect for the dignity of the person. Physicians should
merit the confidence of the- patients entrusted to their care, rendering to
each the full measure of service and devotion. Physicians should •
continuously try to improve their medical knowledge and skills and should
make available to their patients and colleagues the benefits of their
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professional attainments. They should practice methods of healing found
on scientific basis and should not associate professionally with anyone who
violates this principle. The honoured ideals of the medical profession imply
that the responsibilities of the physician extend not only to the individual
but also to the society.
1.1
No person other than a doctor possessing registrable qualifications under
the Medical Council of India and registered with the Delhi Medical Council
is allowed to practice the modern system of medicine. Persons obtaining
qualifications in alternative systems of medicine are not allowed to practice
the modern system of medicine.
1.2
As a registered member of the DMC you must display your registration
certificate / photocopy in all your places of work.
1.3
You must display your consultation fee and charges for other services in
your place of work.
1.4
It is desirable that you maintain medical records pertaining to your patients
for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the
treatment. These should be made available as and when required.
1.5
You as an individual or part of a group should not solicit patients, directly
or indirectly.
1.6
You should not use/aid/permit others to use you, your name, your
photograph in any form of advertising or publicity that draws attention to
your professional position and/or qualification.
1.7
You should refrain yourself from any action that can be construed as selfaggrandizement.
1.8
In your interface with the media, print or electronic you should not
contribute, lay press articles and give interviews, which may have the effect
of advertising yourself or soliciting practice. However, you are free to deliver
public lectures, give talks on radio broadcast, write articles for the press
and also inform the, public about such events.
1.9
You may inform the public at large about the facts of the following :
• your availability for consultancy
• your area of specialization
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your change of address
your charges for various medical services
your temporary absence from work
your resumption of work
your succession to another's professional service
your appointing of temporary or permanent substitute or assistant
your publishing information about your services in directories/yellow
pages
2.
Prescriptions
2.1
You must provide every patient a proper prescription stating the drugs
prescribed/dispensed.
2.2
All your prescriptions should be legible, dated and duly signed by you.
2.3
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As far as possible, you must make use of generic names of drugs in your
advice/prescri ptions.
2.4
You should not prescribe/dispense a drug or a combination of drugs of
which you are not aware of the constituents.
2.5
You should not prescribe a course of treatment/ a regimen/ a drug about
which your own skill/ knowledge is inadequate.
3.
Responsibility towards patients
Patients trust their doctors with their lives and well being. To justify this
faith as a doctor you must conduct yourself responsibly. In your
ministrations you must be mindful of the fact that the health and lives of
those entrusted in your care depend on your skill and labour and sincerity.
As a professional you must observe the following guidelines/ precepts in
the discharge of your duties:
)
.
3.1
You must make the care of your patient your first concern.
3.2
. You must work with colleagues in the ways that best serve patients'
interests.
3.2
' You must make sure that your personal beliefs do not prejudice your
patient's care.
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3.4
You must never abuse your position as a doctor.
3.5
You must treat every patient politely and considerately.
3.6
You must respect patients' dignity and privacy
3.6
You must listen to patients and respect their views.
3.8
You must give patients information in a way they can understand.
3.9
You must respect the rights of patients to be fully involved in decisions
about their care.
3.10
You must respect and protect confidential information.
3.11
You must protect patients from risks if you have good reasons to believe
that you or your colleague may not be fit to practice.
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3.12
You must keep your professional knowledge and skills uptodate.
3.13
You must recognize the limits of your professional competence.
3.14
You should not publish photographs or case reports of your patients in
any medical journal in a manner by which their identity could be revealed,
without their consent.
4.
Patient Care
4.1
Ordinarily you can decide whom you will treat but in an emergency situation
you are expected to respond with alacrity to the calls of the sick and
injured.
4.2
In an emergency you must attend to a patient, in a manner which is within
your competence and the facilities available. After providing essential life
saving care, you may refer the patient to an appropriate level of care.
4.3
You should neither exaggerate nor understate the gravity of a patient's
situation. You should assure yourself that the patient and his/her caregiver
have such information that would serve the best interest of the patient.
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5.
Consultation
5.1
In the course of your treatment, due to complexity and severity, if the
situation warrants it, you must request consultation for your patient. The
benefit to your patient should be your sole criteria. You, as the attending
physician have to continue to take the responsibility.
5.2
When you refer, recommend or procure investigative, medical, surgical or
any other treatment for your patient, you must do it solely with the motive
of it being beneficial to your patient.
5.3
You must not offer or receive any gift or consideration for referring,
recommending or procuring any treatment for your patient.
5.4
You should not refer, recommend any person, specimen, material for
diagnostic or any other study with any vested interest.
5.5
The patient and his care givers should be kept informed and be part of
the collective decision as to the course of the treatment to be followed.
5.6
When the attending physician refers a patient to you, you should
communicate your opinion on the matter, but not make it binding or
conditional.
5.7
You should refrain from direct/oblique references pertaining to the
or the conduct of your co-professionals.
5.8
In your temporary absence, you may instruct the care of vour patients to
another physician.
,5.9
You must attend to your pregnant patient in her confinement on terms
agreed upon. If exceptional circumstances prevent you from providing your
services, another physician may be sent for. When the delivery is
accomplished, the visiting physician is entitled to his/her professional fees,
but he/she must obtain consent from the patient to leave, when you arrive.
6.
With reference to the public
6.1
You must observe the laws of the country pertaining to the practice of
medicine. You must cooperate in observance and enforcement of the
guidelines enunciated by the centre / state governments for e.g.
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6.2
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act
The Pharmacy Act
The Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
The Mental Health Act
The Environmental Protection Act including Rules for Biomedical Waste
Management.
The Persons with Disability Act
Rules concerning Organ Transplantation
Rules pertaining to Transfusions of Blood.
Other Acts, Rules, Regulations made by the Central/State government
and local administrative bodies from time to time.
Amendments to such Acts as amended and notified from time to
time for protection and/or promotion of public health.
You, being engaged in public health work, should enlighten the public about
.quarantine regulations and measures for the prevention of epidemics aO
communicable diseases.
6.3
In the event of an epidemic, you are expected to continue with your
services, notwithstanding any concern for your own health.
7.
With reference to professional certificates, reports and other
documents :
7.1
You must maintain a record of medical certificates you issue and the
issuance of such certificates should be done in an appropriate form.
7.2
You must enter the identification marks of the patients, his signature/ or
thumb mark, his / her address on the certificate, you would issue.
7.3
In certain cases you may be bound by law to give official reports/
depositions in your professional capacity.
7.4
You should not issue certificates of efficiency in modern medicine to
unqualified or non-medical persons.
(This provision, does not apply to restrict proper training and instructions
to bonafide students, employees, midwives, dispensers, surgical, attendants,
or skilled mechanical and technical assistants and therapy assistants under
your personal supervision.)
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8.
Obtaining Consent
Successful relationship between doctors and patients depends on trust.
8.1
You . must respect your patients autonomy, their right to decide whether
or not to undergo any medical Intervention.
8.2
Patients must be given sufficient Information in a way they can understand
to enable them to exercise their right to make Informed decision about
their treatment.
8.3
You must give patients details before he/she decides to consent to an
Investigation or a treatment.
8.4
You should give details of the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, If
left untreated.
8.5
You must Inform the common and serious side effect for each option
available to the patient. And also of any lifestyle changes which may be
caused by or necessitated by the treatment.
8.6
You must respond honestly to any question the patient raises. You must
answer such questions as fully, accurately and objectively as possible.
8.7
You must not exceed the scope of authority given to you by your patients,
except In an emergency.
9.
With reference to serious communicable disease
The term serious communicable disease applies to any disease which may
be transmitted from human and which may result In death or serious Illness.
It particularly concerns, but Is not limited to Infections such as human
Immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, and Hepatitis B and C.
9.1
You must keep yourself Informed about serious communicable disease and
particularly their means of transmission and control.
9.2
■ .
You should always take appropriate measures to protect yourself and others
from Infections by adhering to Infection control measures.
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9.3
You must make sure that any staff for whom you are responsible are also
appropriately Informed and cooperate with measures designed to prevent
transmission of Infection to oilier patients.
9.4
You must not deny or delay Investigations or treatment because you believe
that the patient's actions or life style may have contributed to his / her
condition.
9.5
You must obtain consent from patients before testing for a serious
communicable disease. The Information you provide, when seeking consent,
should be appropriate to the circumstances and the nature of the conditions
being tested for. Some conditions such as 111V have serious social and
financial as well as medical Implications.
9.6
When Investigating / treating a child who cannot give or withhold consent,
you should seek consent from a person with parental responsibility for lli^
child.
•
9.7
You must disclose Information about serious communicable diseases In
accordance with the, law / general guidelines.
9.8
If you are HIV positive or have contracted hepatitis B or C; you should
refrain from performing Interventional procedures, which carry a risk of
transmission to your patients.
10.
With reference to the Profession at large
10.1
You are expected to uphold the dignity and honour of your profession.
10.2
You should affiliate with medical societies, for the advancement of your
profession. You should contribute your time, energy and means so thaP
these societies may represent the Ideals of your profession.
10.3,
You should not allow admission Into your profession of persons who are
deficient In moral character or education. Such persons should not be
permitted to attend,' assist, treat or perform practices/ procedures which
may be harmful to Individuals or to public health.
10.4' You should expose without fear or favour, Incompetent, corrupt, dishonest
or unethical conduct on the part of a member of the profession.
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10.5
If you held an official post, and you have to examine and report upon
an illness/injury and its treatment, you should communicate this to the
attending physician. He/she should have an option of being present.
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With reference to specific practices
11.1
You may undertake In vitro fertilization and/artlflclal Insemination with the
Informed consent of the patient and her spouse In willing. They should
be explained, at their level of comprehension, about the purpose, method,
Inconveniences, rate of success as well as probable and possible .risks.,
11.2
You must follow guidelines laid down by the Indian Council of Medical
Research for research and therapeutics trials.
12.
Proscribed Practices
12.1
You must not attempt to mislead the public about your professional skills/
qualifications.
12.2
You should not give untrue, misleading, documents or opinions on any
medical mailers.
12.3
You should not sell schedule poison under cover of your own qualifications
to persons other, than whom you are treating and who may need such
drugs for medical, reasons.
12.4
You should not perform or enable unregistered persons to perform an
abortion or any other procedure for which there Is no medical, surgical or
psychological Indication.
12.5
You cannot refuse on religious grounds to conduct or assist MTP, sterllzatlon
or craniotomy or other procedure when there Is medical Indication.
12.6
You should not advise, assist or conduct sex determination tests.
12.7
You must not advise, assist In selective sex conception.
12.8
You must not practice euthanasia, as It constitutes unethical conduct.
12.11
You must not withdraw/or ask for withdrawal of life support devices of a
brain dead patient on your own discretion in the capacity as the attending
physician. Such a decision can be taken only by a team of physicians.
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12.12
You must not commit any Impropriety or any act of Indecorum In your
association with a patient.
12.13
You must not aid or abet torture or be a party to either Infliction of mental
or physical trauma of concealment of torture Inflicted In violation of human
rights.
EPILOGUE
The CODE should not be violated In letter or spirit. The CODE does not
enlist an exhaustive enumeration of Instances of professional misconduct.
The DMC may on Its part Initiate enquiries upon receipt of a complaint of
a malpractice of a medical practitioner.
Correspondingly, If a medical professional Is Impeded In his/her work, his/
her professional growth obstructed; If he/she faces harassment; he/she Is
entitled to approach the DMC and the Council will consider his/her
complaints, offer guidance and take protective measures to ensure that the
said member can conduct his/her medical services without hindrance and
hazards.
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