DRINKING WATER FOR THE MILLIONS

Item

Title
DRINKING WATER FOR THE MILLIONS
extracted text
DRINKING WATER

''IMMUNITY
Lack of adequate clean drinking water is a major
problem shared by many developing countries.
Water bome diseases such as cholera, typhoid, jaun­
dice, gastro-enteritis and dysentery are rampant
wherever people drink unclean water. Infants are
particularly vulnerable, and even those who survive
suffer from malnutrition, debility and a slowing
down of growth.

India receives more than adequate rainfall, but only a
tenth of this water is put to productive use. This has
lead to widespread water scarcity reflected partly
by the acute shortage of clean drinking water. This
shortage is compounded by contamination and mis­
management of water sources, inappropriate
technology used for harnessing water and very low
levels of awareness among villagers for the need to
drink clean water.
DRINKING WATER FOR THE MILLIONS is a H1NDUJA
FOUNDATION programme aimed at finding rapid
solutions to the drinking water problem in villages.
The programme was holistically designed by
Development Alternatives, incorporating innova­
tions in technology, communication and
management. The use of a specially designed com­
munication package engendered a high level of
community participation in the areas selected, and
encouraged local contribution during the planning and
implementation of the programme. This in-built
flexibility was both significant and successful in
addressing local conditions and achieving the best
results. At the same time, the whole process was
closely monitored to ensure that the best approach
could be identified and easily replicated elsewhere.

The insights gained from the first phase of the pro­
gramme will be valuable inputs into the design and
implementation of subsequent phases.

DRINKING WATER
FOR
THE MILLIONS

October 1988
The Hinduja Foundation

2

The Hinduja Foundation

THE WATER
PROBLEM IN
INDIA

community he«,th -

326. V Main. I bluc" CEU

Bangalore-560034

Water, Water
Everywhere

India

India is blessed with excellent water
resources.

Rain and snowmelt annually provide
about 400 million hectare metres
(m.ha.m) of water, while rivers flowing
in from other countries bring in another
20 m.ha.m. The total water thus availa­
ble is equivalent to 1.2 metres of rain
falling on every patch of Indian soil. This
also means that every Indian could get
upto 14,000 litres of water daily.

Yet, Not a Drop to
Drink
And cursed
utilization.

by

extremely

poor

Despite abundant rainfall and other
water sources, nearly 500 million
Indians do not have clean drinking water.
In thousands of villages, everyday
women and children walk several kilom­
eters to get a few precious potfuls of
water. Often this water is contami­
nated, the most poignant indicator being

The Hydrological Cycle : India utilizes a mere tenth of its water resources

Drinking water for the millions

In thousands of Indian villages, women
walk several kilometers everyday for a few
precious potfuls of water.

the fact that 70% of infant deaths in the
country are due to water related
diseases.
The acute scarcity of water can be
attributed to:
Uneven distribution of rainfall - three
quarters of the country's rain falls dur­
ing the four monsoon months and nearly
half falls on only 15% of Indian soil.
Prolonged spells of drought, that
have drastically depleted ground water
recharge.
Pollution of water by industry, agri­
culture and sewage.
Mismanagement and improper alloca­
tion of water resources.
Deficiency in research and transfer
of appropriate
technologies for har­
nessing and utilizing water.
Ineffectiveness of existing institu­
tional arrangements for proper
installation and maintenance of
hardware.

3

Government efforts
Several programmes have been ini­
tiated by Government and allied
agencies to counter the drinking water
problem. Despite the mobilization of
large sums of money, most of these pro­
grammes have only had limited success
as insufficient attention is paid to key
areas, such as people's participation,
innovative and low cost technologies,
prioritisation of problem areas and a
systems approach in planning efficacy
of implementation. The launch of the
Technology Mission on Drinking Water
could provide a fresh and systemic
thrust to governmental efforts in this
area.

4

The Hinduja Foundation

THE HINDUJA
FOUNDATION
PROGRAMME
The Drinking Water for the Millions
Programme has been initiated by the
Hinduja Foundation to help alleviate
the acute scarcity of drinking water in
areas across the country.
The major objectives of this pro­
gramme are:
To provide sufficient clean drinking
water in deficit villages, using tech­
nological and institutional innovations.
To create community awareness on
the relationship between hygiene,
clean drinking water and health.
To develop effective methodologies
that can be replicable in micro-level
projects elsewhere.

Programme
Management
The Hinduja Foundation Programme
was conceptualized, designed and
managed by Development Alternatives
a non profit organization working in
the areas of:
environmental management
appropriate technology
institutional design.

Clean drinking water : essential to health and happiness.

Drinking water for the millions

5

As sustained success of the pro­
gramme
would
require local
involvement, Development Altern­
atives commissioned ACORD (Asian
Centre for Organization of Research
and Development) to develop a com­
munications package using techniques
that are easily understood by a village
community.

Which Villages ?
While selecting the villages, priority
was given to those not covered by
Government schemes, where:
The existing source of water was
more than 1 km. away.
The water table was below 15
meters.
The water source was chemically
or biologically contaminated.
The availability of water was
highly seasonal.
The demand for water peaked sea­
sonally (e.g. pilgrim centres).

Social conditions (such as caste), that
denied certain villagers access to
drinking water were a major criterion
for site selection. Final installation
followed extensive geophysical and
hydro-geological surveys.

6

The Hinduja Foundation

LEARNING
WITH PEOPLE
Community involvement is crucial to
the sustained success of any develop­
ment activity. The first step in the
implementation of this programme
was to involve the community by
imparting information that would help
in :
preserving hygienic conditions
around the installation
utilizing water resources judiciously
storing and using water hygienically
Unless the community perceived the
relationship between clean drinking
water and health, they would be
unlikely to make the on- going effort
required.

Communication
Methods
Innovative methods of communication
were devised to boost the necessary
perceptions. In order to interest the
villagers and hold their attention, all
communication was designed to partly
entertain. Puppet shows were staged
in village clearings. Local women
were involved in the performance of
songs on the importance of clean
water.
Flash cards reinforced the
messages at impromptu gatherings.

Puppet shows . for entertainment and education.

Drinking water for the millions

7

Grass roots
involvement
Flash cards impart
the message of health and hygiene.

All these forms of communication
were adapted to the local milieu and
dialect, a fact facilitated by the
involvement of the community and
local organizations.

In order to increase the effectiveness
of the software, some community
workers were recruited from the
selected villages, by means of spe­
cially designed questionnaires (visual
and written). Their continued pres­
ence in the village ensured a constant
reinforcement of messages on the
benefits of drinking clean water.

8

The Hinduja Foundation

CHILDREN’S SONG FOR CLEANLINESS
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The 'Machar Bhai
Makhi Behn' song:
Generating awareness among the village
children.

Drinking water for the millions

HARDWARE
The water technology package was
selected on the basis of low per capita
cost, ease of maintenance and proven
efficacy. The main objectives were
to:
Increase the quantity of clean
water supply
Improve the quality of water
through purification devices

Handpumps
The India Mark II handpump:
Proven efficacy.

In Phase I, almost 80% of the installa­

9

tions to increase water quantity con­
sisted of handpumps.
Given its
demonstrated efficacy, the India Mark
II was the model chosen.

All installations included a platform
and drain, to prevent the accumulation
of stagnant water so common in the
vicinity of handpumps.

In Rajasthan, an innovative effort was
made to curb water wastage through
overflow - small storage tanks leading
from the handpumps have been con­
structed and fitted with taps at a
convenient height.
Ideal sites for the installation of the
handpumps were determined after
assessing hydro-geological conditions
such as depth of aquifers and dis­
charge per hour.

Soak Pits
Experimental soak pits were dug
around the handpumps to absorb seep­
age from the drains. With a volume of
one cubic meter, these soak pits were
filled with pebbles and lime in order to
trap solid pollutants and maintain the.
purity of the aquifer.
In.Datia, trees were planted around
the handpump drains to absorb waste
water. These would be maintained as
village common property.

10

The Hinduja Foundation

INNOVATIONS
Several experimental techniques were
explored to facilitate the extraction,
storage and purification of water.

Solar Stills
In the Tamil Nadu Project, experimen­
tal solar stills were set up for the
purification of drinking water.
Due to the heat generated by solar
radiation, water evaporates from a
pan, condenses on the sides of the
conical structure and trickles down
into a vessel, distilled to a high level
of purity.

Clay Filters
In the Uttar Pradesh project, selected
villages were provided with experi­
mental pot filters to trap suspended
particles and remove biological impur­
ities in the water.
Two earthen pots are placed one on
top of the other, the lower one on a
steel tripod stand. The first pot con­
tains layers of sand, charcoal, pebbles
and gravel. The purified water that
emerges from this filtration collects
in the pot below, and can be conve­
niently drawn through a tap.
In other villages, similar two pot fil­
ters using commercial filter candles,
have also been installed.

Other experimental
techniques
Several new technologies for water
improvement were experimented
with.
These included UV filters.
reverse osmosis, electro- dialysis,
solar photo-voltaic cells and wind
pumping systems and purification
through halogenated resins.
However, the high investment and lack
of maintenance facilities were a
deterrent to their inclusion in Phase I
of the programme. They will now be
taken up on an experimental basis dur­
ing Phase II.
An experimental solar still (above) and clay pot filter (below): low cost water purification

Drinking water for the millions

DRINKING
WATER PROGRAMME
PROFILE

STATE

RAJAS­
THAN

MADHYA
PRADESH

UTTAR
PRADESH

DISTRICT

Jaipur

Datia

Budaun

21

8

19

50000

2500

15000

VILLAGES
COVERED
POPULATION
BENEFITED

11

MAHA­
TOTAL
RASHTRA

TAMIL
NADU
Chengal North
pattu
Arcot
15
30

Bhan
dara
24

117

22000

20450

132450

22500

FOR INCREASED QUANTITY (*)

■

‘ *

' * *

Quantity
HP = Handpumps
TW = Tube wells
EP = Electric pump
NW = New dug wells
DW = Deepened wells
Quality
SF = Sand filters
CF = Candle filters
SS = Solar stills
NN= Not needed
Figures in parentheses refer to
awareness on drinking water
before the Hinduja Foundation
Programme started; others
reflect the situation after the
programme was completed.
Averages are for the Jaipur,
Datia, Budaun and Madras
projects.

H
A
R
D
W
A
R

[e

s
0
F
T
W
A
R
E

MA
NA
GE
ME
NT

TYPE/no

HP 8

HP 21

HP 21

TW
HP
NW
DW
EP

2
13
2
-

2
2
2
23
2

TW-4
HP 49 EP-2
NW-4
DW-23
HP-115

SS

6

NN

NN

FOR IMPROVED QUALITY (•♦)
Type/no

NN

CF 20
SF 52

NN

% AWARENESS ON WATER (•*•)
Knowledge
70
70
[40|
(35)

SF-52
CF-20
SS-6

50
[35]

80
[65]

50
(45]

AVERAGE
64
[54]

Attitude

50
(40J

50
[30]

40
[20]

70
[50]

40
130]

50
[34]

Practice

50
[30]

50
[20]

35
(15)

70
(50|

40
[30]

49
[29]

Cotnmunity
based
group

Social
service
agency

State
Govt
agency

PROJECT COORDINATION
Voluntary
DA
agency
&
&
TARA
technical
agency

2

DA
&
TARA

COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
_______ 326. V Main 1 Block
Koramongala
Bangalore-560034
India

12

The Hinduja Foundation

THE MADHYA
PRADESH
PROJECT
Geography
Datia Tehsil, in the eastern part of the
Bundelkhand massif, is characterized
by a barren landscape of shrubs and
grasses.
Composed of crystalline
igneous and metamorphic rocks, this
area receives a mere 75 cm of annual
rainfall. Tributaries of the Sind river
flow through the region, but the water
sources are not easily replenished,
due to extensive deforestation.
Datia is a comparatively backward
region, with a low population density
of 153 persons per sq.km. 25% of its
population belong to scheduled castes.

Water sources
Many villages of Datia faced a severe
drinking water problem.
Existing
handpumps had dried up and people
relied on wells. In some villages the
situation was so deplorable that the
District Administration had to send
water tankers to meet the drinking
water needs of the people. Yet, due to
the small number of people in each vil-

DATIA DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH

Drinking water for the millions

lage, they did not qualify for
Government sponsored installation
programmes.

Implementation
The sister organization of Development
Alternatives, T.A.R.A.(Technology and
Action for Rural Development), has been
working in Datia district for a number of
years, in the areas of afforestation,
bio-mass utilization and installation of
improved chulhas. As an implementa­
tion agency, T.A.R.A. has extensive
knowledge of the area, and was the natu­

13

ral choice to carry through the drinking
water project as well.

Software
The community awareness package
was implemented by the community
workers with the help of flash cards,
songs and puppet shows.

Hardware
A total of eight handpumps were
installed, bringing clean water to over
2500 village residents. In addition,
the provision of a handpump at Sonagir
benefits busloads of pilgrims who visit
the Jain temples every day.

Improvement in
lifestyle
The results of the community educa­
tion package were extremely
encouraging, not just in terms of
knowledge, but also as expressed
through a change in attitude and prac­
tice - washing clothes at handpumps is
now a rare sight and livestock are
kept away from drinking water
sources.

14

The Hinduja Foundation

THE
RAJASTHAN
PROJECT
Geography

JAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

Chaksu tehsil of Jaipur district con­
sists mainly of the remnants of the
Aravalli range, with undulating hil­
locks and a highly weathered
landscape. The Banas river drains the
area. With a low average rainfall of
55 cm, the vegetation is rather
scanty. Chaksu has a population den­
sity of 242 persons per sq.km., 28%
of whom belong to scheduled castes.

Water sources
Rajasthan has been severely affected
by drought in the past few years. In
the villages of Chaksu tehsil, most
wells and pumps had dried up. Some
saline or brackish water was accessi­
ble, but in most cases, even this was
insufficient to meet village re­
quirements.

Implementation
Based in Jaipur, since the early 80's
ACT (Action through Cooperation and
Technology) has undertaken a number

of projects in Chaksu Tehsil, with
technical support from GWMICC
(Ground
Water
and
Mineral
Investigation Consultancy Centre), and

was responsible for implementing the
Drinking water project. GWMICC con­
ducted ground water surveys with the
help of computerized, digital resistiv-

Drinking water for the millions

A handpump with a special storage tank in
Rajasthan

15

ity monitors, and were particularly
successful in finding sweet water.
While the coordination and supervi­
sory functions were carried out by
ACT, local community workers were
intimately involved in implementation.

school assembly, children now sing a
prayer for hygiene and health, taught
to them by the local community
workers.

Software

Sweet aquifers were located in all the
target villages and twenty one hand­
pumps were installed. Each of these
handpumps was connected to innova­
tively designed storage tanks to avoid
waste of water.

The education package was a great
success The "Machar Bhai and Makhi
Behn" song was extremely popular
with children. At the Nimodia village
An open well in Rajasthan: unhygienic and
unreliable water sources.

Hardware

Improvement in
lifestyle
The provision of handpumps in these
areas has led to dramatic changes in
many lives. On grazing land near
Nimodia, a group of nomadic snake
charmers had set up temporary abode,
trekking three km to the nearest
water source. The installation of a
handpump in the settlement has proved
a major incentive for the Kalbelias to
create a permanent home for them­
selves - already some families have
moved from makeshift tents to huts.
This installation has been particularly
successful for another reason as well
- the discharge is so plentiful that the
Chaksu municipality is considering
tapping this aquifer for town supply.

16

The Hinduja Foundation

THE UTTAR
PRADESH
PROJECT
Geography
Situated in the Gangetic alluvial plain,
Budaun district is drained by the
Ramganga river and its tributaries.
The soil is extremely fertile and the
annual rainfall is 100-200 cm. The
population density is 380 per sq.km.,
with 17% scheduled castes
86% of
the labour force is occupied in
agriculture.

Water sources
As the water table at Budaun is about
8 meters deep, handpumps and tube­
wells are common, though many
existing handpumps lie derelict due to
lack of maintenance. In addition, the
caste factor restricted access to
these handpumps.
Many villagers
thus relied on wells where the water
was biologically contaminated, and
were victims of water borne diseases.

BUDAUN DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Drinking water for the millions

17

T.A.R.A. has done extensive work in
low cost construction in the Budaun
area. Familiar with local attitudes and
living conditions, T.A.R.A. carried
through the Drinking Water project in
this area.

thought that malaria was caused by
eating too many mangoes, and although
Ballia village reeled under a typhoid
epidemic, the villagers did not know
that the disease was water borne. The
software was specifically designed to
correct these perceptions, and estab­
lish the link between clean drinking
water and community health.

Software

Hardware

Interaction with the community
revealed many strange perceptions
about the causes of commonly preval­
ent diseases. For example, it was

Besides the installation of twenty one
handpumps, experimental techniques
were utilized to improve the quality of
water. Sand and charcoal filters and
candle filters which purify water
meant for drinking, were provided to
those who had to rely on polluted
water sources.

Implementation

An experimental clay pot filter in Budaun:
low cost water purification.

Improvement in life
style
Today, even village children appre­
ciate the importance of clean drinking
water, and can recite the names of
water borne diseases. Thanks to the
success of our software programme,
the communities maintain the hard­
ware in the manner required to
preserve the quality of drinking
water. Most importantly, the hand­
pumps installed under the programme
are accessible to all villagers.

18

The Hinduja Foundation

THE
TAMIL NADU
PROJECT
Geography
The project villages of Chengalpattu
and North Arcot lie in the eastern
coastal plain, which consists of recent
alluvium underlined by charnockites and
hard rocks. The region is drained by
the Arani and Palar rivers. The soils
are mainly laterites, and the mean
rainfall is about 100 cm. The popula­
tion density is very high and
approximately 13% of the population
are scheduled castes.

Water sources
Ground water sources have been
greatly depleted through overuse. In
Chengalpattu, saline sea water has
seeped into coastal aquifers and con­
taminated drinking water sources.
Due to the recurrent failure of the
monsoons in recent years, the water
table has dropped sharply, resulting in
the drying up of a number of wells and
handpumps.

DISTRICTS CHENGALPATTU AND NORTH ARCOT,
TAMIL NADU

Drinking water for the millions

19

Implementation

Software

In Chengalpattu district, the imple­
mentation of the programme was
undertaken by Ullaipavar Panchayat
(literally, Toiler's Forum). This grass
roots organization has spent several
years in generating community
involvement for working on develop­
ment issues in the area.
In North Arcot district, the project
was executed by the Vellore Social
Services Society.

In many respects, this area was
unique - the community was already
aware of the importance of clean
drinking water, and knowledgeable
about the hardware possibilities for
remedying the situation.
It was
therefore decided to implement the
hardware installations in consultation
with the people. Community involve­
ment in the programme is highlighted
by the fact that Indranagar villagers
contributed to the cost of the
programme.

Hardware
The installations in this project
include sixteen handpumps, four tube­
wells, two electric pumps and four
open wells. Six experimental solar
stills were installed for water purifi­
cation.
In addition, twenty five
existing dug wells were deepened.

Improvement in life
style
For 45000 Tamil Nadu villagers, the
days of consuming contaminated well
water now belong to the past. As an
outcome of the project, they now have
easy access to clean drinking water.

20

The Hinduja Foundation

THE
MAHARASHTRA
PROJECT
Geography
Bhandara district is characterized by
undulating topography and deciduous
vegetation. This semi-arid zone is
drained by the Wainganga and receives
an average annual rainfall of about
120 cm.
The population density is about 150
persons per sq.km., 25% of whom
belong to scheduled castes.

Water Sources
As a result of the recent drought,
Bhandara district suffered from acute
water scarcity.
Most villages
depended on open wells for drinking
water. For villages in Saorgaon and
Donad, streams were the only source
of drinking water. Several villages
had to make do with less than half
their water requirements as most of
their wells had dried up.

Implementation
The implementation of the project in
Bhandara was different from the oth-

BHANDARA DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA

Drinking water for the millions

ers. Whereas other projects were
implemented by voluntary agencies
under the supervision of Development
Alternatives, this project was man­
aged entirely by the Maharashtra
State Government.
The Hinduja Foundation Programme
and the State Government invested a
sum of five lakh rupees each towards
the project. The allocation of these
funds was determined by the State
Government.
Coordination duties were carried out
by the Regional Office at Nagpur and
the District Senior Geologist's Office
at Bhandara.

21

Software
As a traditional Government pro­
gramme. there was no separate
community awareness generating
component in this project area.

Hardware
Extensive geological data was obtained
by the State Groundwater Surveys
and Development Agency through sur­
veys, remote sensing techniques and
aerial photographs. Both Government
and private rigs were employed in
drilling operations. In several areas,
the hilly terrain considerably ham­
pered mobility.
As all the resources of the project
were concentrated on the installation
of hardware, a total of forty nine
handpumps were installed in various
villages.

Improvement in
lifestyle
With the collaborative efforts of the
Foundation and the Government, 24
villages of Bhandara district have
been provided with sources of clean
drinking water. Twenty thousand vil­
lagers now have access to water free
from contamination.

India

(e
g-l'ZO

22

The Hinduja Foundation

MAINTENANCE
AND FOLLOW UP
To facilitate proper functioning of the
handpumps, regular maintenance is
essential. Local supervision has been
deemed the best for this purpose.
Various maintenance systems were
devised, and circulated for discussion.
Ultimately, the system that emerged
as being most appropriate was:

The modified two tier
system
Under this maintenance system, most
of the responsibility for the handpump
maintenance lies with the village com­
munity. One woman from each village
has been identified as the caretaker of
the installation to ensure cleanliness
of its surroundings. If the handpump
malfunctions, she is to inform the
local coordinator, a procedure consid­
erably simplified by the use of
specially designed postcards.
The local coordinator is the same per­
son who executed the project in the
village. On receipt of the complaint
card he contacts an identified
mechanic (in some cases the village
mistri) or a local artisan trained in
handpump maintenance.

Reinforcement of
education package
It is the responsibility of the local
coordinator to ensure proper rein­
forcement of the messages through
repeated group discussions and meet­
ings with the villagers.
He will
periodically evaluate the level of
hygiene in the village and ensure that
the message of the education package
is not forgotten.

Drinking water for the millions

23

.-TESTIMONIAL S-------------------------------------------------------"It is really fortunate that we found you. We tried, a lot of Government agencies and other organizations to get
water to the people of this settlement. But we almost lost hope. Now you have given us water'.
Shn G. Shanmugam
Indiranagar
Perumbakam Panchayath
Madras

"Oh dear God! You are giving us water! ... Dear Son, we are not giving you anything but you have come to provide us
with water. Raja, you'll live long!'.
An old lady
Karanai Village, Panchayath Madras

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TTUWJrr YRf

SK f
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24

The Hinduja Foundation

THE FUTURE
The results of the first phase of the
Drinking Water for the Millions
Programme have indeed been hearten­
ing. The success of the programme
has vindicated our innovative
approach and the involvement of the
local community.
The future holds greater possibilities,
for the introduction of new technolo­
gies, communication methods and
much more.
Phase II envisages the use of new
techniques of chemical purification.
solar devices, filters, etc.
Communication methods will include
modern technologies such as posters,
audio visuals and video screening.
A great deal still remains to be done.
Collective efforts of local, govern­
mental. and private bodies are a must
before significant improvements in
rural life can be achieved and people
have a future to look forward to.

The Hinti :j.- ’ .undation in India, during
the '
>ces of its existence, has
grow 1
i/ size and scope. Its
act'
i, „e left few areas
tn.'
'.is built a most modern
ho.s, ■■
embay, with advanced
facil'U
,!i be compared to the
best in '
world. Besides another
hospital in Bangalore with its own
cardiac centre where open-heart sur­
gery is performed, the Foundation
supports the number of educational
institutions like the K.P.B. Hinduja
College of Commerce in Bombay and
the P D. Hinduja Sindhi Model Senior
Secondary School in Madras, as well
as a polytechnic in Aurangabad. In
addition, the Foundation awards schol­
arships to deserving students for
study abroad and within India.

In January 1988,
the Hinduja
Foundation had launched a major new
programme 'Drinking Water for the
Millions' to improve the availability of
clean potable water in rural areas.
The positive results of this pro­
gramme clearly show the effective
impact of involving community partic­
ipation and imaginative methodologies
in project implementation.

Implemented by

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