ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No.-4-APRIL-1995.pdf
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Vol. 25, No. 4
April, 1995
MOSQUITO CONTROL POTENTIAL OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
SUBSP ISRAELENSIS AND BACILLUS
Among several biocontrol agents, extensive studies
have been carried out on two potential bacterial can
didates, viz, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
(BTI) and Bacillus sphaericus (BS). The first strain of
BTI belonging to the serotype H14 was isolated in
1977, in Israel1. The first strain of mosquito larvicidal
BS belonging to serotype H5a5b was isolated in 1965
in the USA2. Thereafter several strains belonging to
different serotypes of these two species have been
isolated. While strains of BTI are active against both
mosquito and blackfly larvae1, those of BS are active
against only mosquito larvae2. Both these organisms are
found to occur naturally in most of the mosquito
breeding sites.
Many formulations of these bacteria have recently
become operational and some of them have also been
registered in India. Those that have been tested exten
sively for mosquito control include wettable powder
(WP), flowable concentrates (FC), granules (G), microgels
(MG) and slow release formulations (SRF). The present
review summarises the results of field experiments that
have been carried out with some of the formulations.
Division of Publication & Inform
Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis
Control of anophelines
Prasertphon and Knudsen3 studied the efficacy of
Rogor Bellon WDP (10 mg/1) to ditches and laterite
ponds against Anopheles gambiae and obtained 75-100
per cent control (Table I). Garcia et al4 have reported
(here and in their unpublished report of 1980) 100 per
cent control against An. franciscanus with Bactimos
(1 kg/ha) in fresh water pools and rivers with algal
mats. Sudomo et al5 used BTI (2 1/ha) in brackish water
lagoons against An. sundaicus and An. subpictus and
obtained near 100 per cent control. Garcia et al6 used
SAN 402 WDC in salt marshes (5 kg/ha) and rice fields
(2-3 kg/ha) against An. freebomi and An. punctipennis
and got 86-100 per cent control. Application of Bactimos
(WP) to troughs, pools and rice fields at 1 kg/ha
controlled An. albimanus for 4-8 days7 and Bactimos
FC (5 1/ha) resulted in 98-100 per cent control of
anophelines8. When there was a relatively sharp
decline in larval mortality 48 h post-treatment;Bactimos
(FC)was reapplied suggesting five-day applications to
prevent pupal production. Jambulingam et
studied
three formulations, viz. Deltox (10 kg/ha), Bactimos
Table L Effect of different formulations of
subsp israelensis on the larvae of target vector species
Target vector species
Formulation
Dosage
An. albimanus
Bactimos
1 kg/ha
100
7
An. arabiensis
Vectobac 12AS
and Vectobac G
1.17 1/ha
2.5, kg/ha
100
13
Anophelines and culicines
Bactimos
5 1/ha
98-100
8
An. gambiae
Rogor Bellon
10 mg/1
75-100
3
An. franciscanus
Bactimos
1 kg/ha
100
4
An. sundaicus and
An, subpictus
BTI
2 1/ha
100
5
An. freebomi and
An. punctipennis
SAN 402WDC
2-5 kg/ha
86-100
6
An. culicifacies and
Anopheles spp.
Deltox
Bactimos
Teknar
10 kg/ha
10 kg/ha
30 1/ha
60-100
100
82-100
9
Cx. quinquefasciatus
Bactimos
1.5 briq/11 m2
100
(lOdays)*
19
Cx. quinqutfasciatus
Deltafix
10 kg/ha
37-100
(>8 weeks)*
23
Aedes spp
Vectobac
2.8-5.6 kg/ha
>98
25
Ae. vexans
SAN 402SC98
and ABG 6188
0.25 1/ha
1 1/ha
>97
24
Aedes spp.
Aerobe
4.68 1/ha
88.5
26
Ae. tarsalis
& Cs. inornata
Vectobac+Sand
6.7 kg/ha
70-100
27
Aedes spp.
Bactimos
2.8・5.6 kg/ha
>98
25
% Reduction
Reference
♦Data in parentheses indicate period of residual activity.
In other cases the residual activity was restricted to < 3 days.
(10 kg/ha) and Teknar 301/ha) for their efficacy against
An. culicifacies and Anopheles spp breeding in casu・
arina garden pits and achieved 60-100 per cent, 100
per cent and 82-100 per cent control respectively, with
24 h residual activity. When the treatments were re
peated five times at weekly intervals there was no
increase in the residual activity suggesting that weekly
applications were required for effective suppression of
pupal production. Three granular formulations, Vectobac
(22.4 kg/ha), Bactimos (11.2 kg/ha) and Teknar (7.5
kg/ha) were applied to rice fields against An. crucians
46
and An. quadrimacidatus resulting in 96-100 per cent
control10. Application of Teknar resulted in 100 per cent
reduction in the larval density of the malaria vector,
An. albimanus for at least 10 days11. Yu and Yu12 have
applied a 20 per cent dust preparation over an area of
283 ha of rice Helds at 8 day intervals and observed
90 per cent reduction in the density of An. sinensis with
concomitant and significant reduction in malaria cases.
Romi et aZ13 treated the ponds and rain water ditches
with Vectobac granules (2.5 kg/ha) and Vectobac 12AS
FC (1.17 1/ha) for the control of An. arabiensis and
obtained very good control. Balakrishnan et al14 used
Deltox briquettes (36 kg/ha) in casuarina garden pits
against An. subpictus and reported 84 per cent control
for more than 29 days.
Control of culicines
Garcia et alIS tested Bactimos FC (2.4 kg/ha) in
fresh water habitats against Culex spp. and got 93 per
cent control. Other workers16 have tested three granular
formulations (5.5-55 kg/ha) against Psorophora columbiae
and obtained 96-99 per cent control. Majori et aZ17
applied ABG 6138 com cob granules (5.6 kg/ha) to
sullage water against Cx. quinquefasciatus resulting in
more than 91 per cent control. Drains of Dhaka city
treated with Ibknar at 3 1/ha resulted in complete
control of Cx： quinquefasciatus fbr 7 days18. Treatment
4h)f stagnant water with Bactimos (0.5 kg/ha) against Cx.
quinquefasciatus resulted in good control for 28 days19
Yii and Yii12 have applied a 20 per cent dust of prepa
ration over an area of 8.4 km2 (of which polluted water
formed 2.46 ha) at 8 day intervals and observed 76 per
cent reduction in the density of Cx. quinquefasciatus
with concomitant and significant reduction in the den
sity of adult mosquitoes. Floore et al20 applied Wctobac
12AS (FC) against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx.
nigripalpus and found that it was as good as that of
a vegetable oil formulation (Jaxoil) and a mineral oil
(GB 1111) in efficacy.
Application of Bactimos briquettes (1.5 briquette/
11 m2) controlled larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus for 10
days in a stream with stagnant water19. Schmidt21 ap
plied Bactimos briquettes (10%) and Clarke 5 per cent
Specter Abate (temephos) to ponds and observed that
•oth the preparations performed to their label speci
fications. But he noted that Bactimos briquettes pro
vided a longer period of control. In another study the
Bactimos briquette was tested against ground pool
breeding mosquitoes in 3 separate treatment areas22.
Mosquitoes in the site treated with 1 briquette/1.5 m2
on day 13 post-flood had 25 per cent survival rate when
compared to 67 per cent in the control site during the
third generation of Culex spp (22-26 days post flood).
This five-fold increase above the standard label dosage
still failed to prevent Culex spp emergence. Arunachalam
et al23 applied a SRF, Deltafix (10 kg/ha) against Cx.
quinquefasciatus breeding in disused wells and ob
served 88-93 per cent initial control and residual ac
tivity for more than 8 weeks with 37-100 per cent
control.
Control of dedes and other mosquitoes
Application of FCs, SAN 402 SC98 (0.25 1/ha) and
ABG 6188 (1 1/ha) resulted in >97 per cent control
of Aedes vexans24. Floore et al20 have found Vectobac12AS (Fc) as good as a vegetable oil formulation
(Jaxoil) and a mineral oil (GB 1111) in controlling
Aedes taeniorhynchus. Wilmot et al25used Vectobac and
Bactimos com cob granules (2.8-5.6 kg/ha) against
Aedes spp and achieved more than 98 per cent control.
Knepper et al26 tried Aerobe FC (4.68 1/ha) against
Aedes spp and obtained 88.5 per cent control. Appli
cation of Vectobac sand granules (4% ai) at 6.7 kg/ha
in 17 sites resulted in 70-100 per cent control of Ae.
tarsalis and/or Culiseta inornata27. Logan and Linthicum22
applied Bactimos briquettes in ground pools against
Aedes spp and observed a survival rate of 64 per cent
in treated areas compared to 92 per cent in control
areas.
Bacillus sphaericus
Control of anophelines
Karch et al28 attempted to control An. gambiae in
rice fields and swamps with a granular formulation (10
kg/ha) (Table II). Ten treatment cycles with 15 day
intervals were carried out. The treatments reduced
larval populations by 98 per cent after 48 h but appli
cations were required to be repeated every 15 days to
maintain control. This provided a decrease of 13.6 per
cent in human biting density of An. gambiae during
the post-treatment period. The efficacy of BS does not
appear to offer outstanding potential for control of An.
gambiae in rice fields and swamps and seems to be
limited due to different factors tied to ecology and
natural conditions in the fields. Sundararaj and Reuben29
tested a microgel droplet formulation of the strain
1593M (2.2 and 4.3 kg/ha) in rice fields against An.
subpictus. They noted that a single application, just
after transplantation of rice seedlings prevented the
build up of anopheline populations and gave 83-100 per
cent reduction of pupal density at the lower dosage and
87-100 per cent reduction at the higher dosage for 5
weeks.
Control of culicines
Mdlla et al30 applied BSP-2 FC (5.6 1/ha) to dairy
waste water lagoons against Cx. quinquefasciatus and
47
Table IL Effect of different formulations of B. sphaericus on target vector species
Target vector species
Formulation
Dosage/ha
An. arabiensis
ABG .6185
18 kg
93
13
An. gambiae
Vectolex G
10 kg
98
(15 days)*
28
Cx. peus and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
ABG 6184
BSP-2 and
ABG 6185
4.48 kg
5.6 1
22.4 kg
100
(4 weeks)*
>80
Cx. sitgmatosom
ABG 6184
and BSP-2
2.24kg
4.48 kg
90
(4 weeks)*
32
Cx. pipiens
Vectolex
4 1
100
28
Cx. quinquefasciatus
Vectolex' /
Spherimos
Spherifix
45 1
15 1
10 kg
85
96-100
59-87
(63-67 days)*
Culex spp.
Vectolex G
5.6 kg
77-100
37
Cx. vishnui gr and
An. subpictus
Microgel 1593M
2.243 kg
83-100
(5 we^ks)
29
.
% Reduction
Reference
30
39
*Data in parentheses indicate period of residual activity.
In other cases the residual activity was restricted to < 3 days.
observed complete initial and persistent control for 1421 days. MitUl et al31 tested BIOCID-S dust (2.7 kg/
ha) in polluted ponds against Culex spp and observed
58-89 per cent control. Matami et cd32 tested BSP-2 (4.8
1/ha)
well as ABG-6184 (FC; 2.24 1/ha) and noted
that in both cases there was a reduction of about 90
per cent in the density of Cx. stigmatosoma for 4
weeks31- Hbugard33 used a FC formulation (10 kg/ha).
in cess pits against Cx. quinquefdsciatus and observed
very good control with 5-6 weeks residual activity. He
also tested two formulations viz. a WP formulation of
the strain 1593 and FC formulation of the strain 2362
in cess pits against Cx. quinquefasciatus and noted that
the latter (10 kg/ha) gave better results with 5-6 weeks
of residual activity. This persistence is considered to
be due to the slow settlement rate of the spore in the
polluted water and due to protection of the toxin from
UV light. Karch et al28 applied Vectolex (4 1/ha) four
times during a period of 14 days in water treatment
settling basins to control Cx. pipiens and noted good
reduction in the larval population. Application ofSpherimos
.FC in septic tanks produced control of Cx. quinquefasciatus
breeding for 28 days19.
48
Yap et aZ34 reported 90 per cent control of Cx.
quinquefdsciatus in swampy ditches with a WP formu
lation (2.86 kg/ha) but with no residual effect. Treat
ment of 157 sites (river, ponds, dams and pits) with
a liquid formulation (10 1/ha) for the control of Cx.
quinquefasciatus produced 100 per cent mortality within
24 h of treatment in all the habitats with a residual
activity for 5 months and a reduction in the mean
number of mosquitoes landing on human baits35.
Mull a et cd30 applied ABG 6185 (22:4 kg/ha) and
observed more than 80 per cent control of Cx.
quinquefdsciatus breeding in waste water lagoons for
14-21 days. A 90 per cent control of Cx, quinquefasciatus
has been reported34 in swampy ditches with a corn cob
granular formulation (5.4 kg/ha). Sutherland and McNelly36
applied Vectolex G (5.2 kg/ha) by aircraft to a waste
water treatment facility for the control of culex larvae
and observed very good reduction in the density for
14 days. Application of the same formulation (5.6 kg/
ha) to a sewage treatment plant by helicopter resulted
in 77-100 per cent control37. Bhalwar et al38 got about
93-100 per cent control of culicines for 28 days by using
a dust formulation (22.6 kg/ha) of the strain 1593.
Application of a microgel droplet formulation (2.2 and
4.3 kg/ha) to rice fields against culicine vectors of
Japanese encephalitis resulted in 83-100 per cent re
ductions of pupal density for 5 weeks29.
Schmidt21 tested the efficacy of a briquette formu
lation (1 briq/100 ft2) in 5 different habitats against
Culex spp and noted that in all the habitats control was
maintained for 11-17 days. Arunachalam et al39 have
reported 96-100 per cent, 85 per cent and 59-87 per
cent control of Cx. quinquefdsciatus for 67, 63 and 67
days, respectively, after the application of Spherimos
FC (15 1/ha), Vectolex FC (45 1/ha) and Spherifix SLF
(10 kg/ha) to polluted wells.
2.
Data sheet on the biological control agent. Bacillus spharicus
strain 1593. WHO Mimeographed Document. WHO/VBC/
80.777 VBNC/BCDS/80.10. 1980, p.l.
3.
Prascrtphon, S. and Knudsen, A. Field tests with Bacillus
thuringiensis var israelensis against Anopheles and Culex
larvae during wet and dry season in northern Nigeria. Reprot
to WHO, 1980, p.l.
4.
Garcia, R., Des Rochers, B. and Tozer, W. Further studies
on Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis against mosquito
larvae and other organisms. Univ CalifMosq Cont Res, Ann
Report 1980, p.54.
5.
Sudomo, M., Aminah, S., Mathis, H. and Bang, Y.H. Small
scale field trials of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against dif
ferent mosquito vectors species in Indonesia. WHO Mimeo
graphed document. WHO/VBC/81.836 1981, p.l.
6.
Garcia, R, Tbzer, W. and Des Rochers, B. Mosquito control
in rice fields with Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis. Proc
Symp Rice Field Mosq ControL University of Calif, Davis,
1981, p.85.
7.
Swezey, S.E and Salamanca, M.L. Trials ofBacillus thuringiensis
var israelensis for the control of larvae Anopheles albimanus
Wiedemann, in Leon department, Nicargua 1982. Revista
Nicaraguense de Entomologia 4: 11, 1988.
8.
Zaim, M., Kasiri, H. and Motabar, M. Efficacy of a flowable
concentrate formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (H14) against
larval mosquitoes in soutem Iran. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 8:
156, 1992.
9.
Jambulingam, P., Kuriakose, K.M. Gunasekaran, K. and
Manonmani, A.M. Field efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis H14 formulations against mosquito larvae in casuarina and
coconut garden pits. Indian J Med Res 80: 81, 1984.
10.
Lacey, L. A. and Inman, A. Efficacy of granular formulations
of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) for the control of Anopheles
larvae in rice fields. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 1: 38, 1985.
11.
Perich, M.J., Boobar, L.R., Stivers, J.C. and Rivera, L.A.
Field evaluation of four biorational larvicide formulations
against Anopheles albimanus in Honduras. Med 伽 Eniomol
4: 393, 1990.
12.
Yu, Z.N. and Yu, L.S. Large scale field evaluation of larvicidal preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis H14 for mosquito
control in town and rural environment in China. Bull Soc Vec
Ecol 15: 189, 1990.
13.
Romi, R., Ravoniharimelina, B., Ramiakajato, M. and Majori,
G. Field trials of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 and Bacillus
sphaericus (strain 2362) formulations against Anopheles arabiensis
in the central highlands of Madagascar. J Am Mosq Cont
Assoc 9: 325, 1993.
14.
Balakrishnan, N., Pillai, P.K.G.K., Kalyanasundaram, M.
and Balaraman, K. Efficacy of a slow release formulation of
Bacillus thuringiensis H14 against mosquito larvae. Indian J
Med Kes 83: 580, 1986.
Control of aedes and other mosquitoes
Pradeepkumar et al如 tested a briquette formulation
(15 kg/ha) against Mansonia spp in weed infested ponds
and reported 72-97 per cent control for 31 days. Bowles
et al*1 applied ABG 6232 (2.3 1/ha) and observed a
reduction of more than 84 per cent in the larva! density
of Psorophora columbiae 2 days post-treatment and 70
per cent 10 days post-treatment.
Conclusions
The available information indicates that the two
bacterial candidates can be used for controlling the
prolification of vector mosquitoes, especially, B. t.
subsp. israelensis for the control of anophelines and
B. sphaericus for the control of culicines. Further, it
can be noted that the conventional formulations (WP,
FC and G) of the two candidates cause rapid and
significant level of larval mortality but with very little
residual activity necessitating weekly application to
keep mosquito breeding under check. In order to control
mosquito breeding in a wide variety of habitats, the
formulations should ensure the delivery of the active
ingredients to the habitat(s) permitting sustained con
tact with the target organism. The data on the use of
controlled/slow release and microgel formulations show
that it is possible to control breeding of vector mos
quitoes for prolonged periods under certain situations,
with one time application of the formulation.
References:
1.
Data sheet on the biological control agent, Bacillus thuringiensis
serotype H-14 (de Baijac 1978). WHO Mimeographed Docu
ment. WHO/VBC/79, 750Rev. 1 VBC/BCDS/79.01 1979, p.l.
49
15. Garcia, R., Des Rochers, B., Tozer, W. and McNamara, J.
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26. Knepper, R.G., Aigner, S.A., Abel, E. and Mlker, E.D.
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50
39.
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Pradecpkumar, N.» Sabesan, S., Kuppusamy, M. and Balaraman,
K. E fleet of controlled release formulation of Bacillus sphaericus
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41.
Bowles, D.E., Mcisch, M.V., Weathersbee, A.A., Jones,
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rice plots. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 6: 631, 1990.
This write-up is contributed by Dr. K. Balaraman, Dy. Director,
Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicheny.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Receptors, growth factors and oncogenes in human
breast cancer.
A prospective study was carried out on 150 Dreast
cancer patients to evaluate the potential prognostic
significance of various growth factors. The markers
investigated were serum epidermal growth factor (EGF)
and its receptor (EGFR), C erb B2 oncoprotein and
insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R).
Twenty one per cent patients had stage II and the
rest had advanced (stage III and IV) disease. Majority
of the patients had histological grade II and III tumours
(28 and 65% respectively). Of the 150 patients, 58 node
positive patients showed C erb B2 expression as com
pared to 18 node negative patients. The overall survival
of patients was significantly unfavourable for patients
witii node positive, C erb B2 positive breast tumours.
There was a significant difYerence in mean levels of
EGF and overall survival in stage n and advanced
breast cancer. There was no difference in overall sur
vival in EGFR negative and positive patients.
A total of 21 patients (14%) had tumours positive
for IGF-1R and the overall survival was significantly
better in them when compared to IGF-1R negative
patients.
In the univariate analysis, significant differences in
overall survival was not observed for patients with
C erb B2 negativity, EGF < 1.0 ng/ml serum and
EGFR negativity than those with C erb B2 positivity,
EGF > 1.0 ng/ml serum and EGFR positivity. On the
other hand, the difference in the overall survival in two
subgroups of IGF-1R was statistically significant.
IGF-1R was found to be an independent predictor of
short-term prognosis in advanced breast cancers.
The multivariate analysis in patients with advanced
breast cancers showed that patients who were C erb B2
positive, EGFR positive and IGF-1R negative and had
EGF > 1.0 ng/ml had worse prognosis as compared
to those who were C erb B2 negative, EGFR negative,
IGF-1R positive and had EGF <1.0 ng/ml.
Based on these observations, stage II patients could
be grouped as high-risk (C erb B2 positive, EGFR
positive and IGF-1R negative) and low-risk (C erb B2
negative, EGFR negative and IGF-1R positive) groups.
It is thus concluded that the presence of IGF-1R
in tumours tissue indicates a good prognosis and over
expression of C erb B2 and EGFR with absence oflGF1R is suggestive of a worse prognosis.
J.M. Bhatavdekar
Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute
Ahmedabad.
Selenium in treatment of cancer in animal model
system and its mechanism of inhibition of carcinogenesis.
The study was carried out in inbred Sprague-Dawley
male rats to find out the optimum dose and mechanism
by which selenium functions as an anticarcinogenic
agent and to correlate the anticarcinogenic potential of
selenium to the activities of oxidative and nonoxidative
enzymes associated with the metabolism of carcino
gens. Among the three selenium compounds studied
selenocystine, selenomethionine and sodium selenite,
selenomethionine (8 ppm in drinking water) was se
lected because it was least cytotoxic and had maximum
efficacy in reducing preneoplastic hepatic foci.
It was found that the inhibitory effects of seleno
methionine were primarily exerted on the initiation
51
phase of the hepatocarcinogenic process. However,
a continuous long-term exposure would confer a
greater degree of protection. Selenomethionine
increased the cytochrome P-450 levels and the activities
of TPNH-cytochromec reductase and arylhydrocarbon
hydroxylase. It caused 2 decrease in the activities of
UDP-glucoronyl transferase and glutathione-s-transferase. Concentrations of selenium were found to be
significantly less in hepatomas/nodules than the sur
rounding areas in both selenium supplemented and non
supplemented groups of carcinogen treated rats. The
concentration of selenium in the carcinogen treated
livers was greater than that of carcinogen controls.
It is concluded from the present findings that the
inhibitory effects of selenomethionine were primarily
exerted on the initiation phase of the hepatocarcinogenic
process. However, continuous long-term exposure to
selenomethionine could confer a greater degree of
protection preventing lipid peroxidation and cellular
protein damage.
M. Chatterjee
Division of Biochemistry
Department of Pharmaceutical Ibchnology
Jadavpur University
Calcutta.
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Meetings of the Scientific Advisory Committees of
the Permanent ICMR Institutes/Centres:
National Institute of Virology,
Pune
Regional Medical Research
Centre for N.E. Region,
Dibrugarh
March 21,1995
(at Pune)
March 21-22, 1995
(at Dibrugarh)
National AIDS Research
Institute, Pune
March 22, 1995
(at Pune)
Institute of Cytology and
Preventive Oncology, New Delhi
March 25, 1995
(at New Delhi)
National institute of Cholera
and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta
March 27, 1995
(at Calcutta)
Regional Medical Research
Centre, Bhubaneswar
March 28, 1995
(at Bhubaneswar)
Other Meetings held at New Delhi:
Annual Review Meeting of
the Human Reproduction
Research Centres
52
April 11-12, 1995
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. A.R. Risbud, Asstt. Director, National AIDS
Research Institute, Pune, participated in the IUVDT
World STD/AIDS Congress 1995 at Singapore (March
19-23, 1995).
Dr. P. Gurumurthy, Asstt. Director, Tuberculosis
Research Centre, Madras, participated in IV European
Symposium on Saliva in Clinical Practice and Research
at Berlin (March 22-24, 1995).
Dr. B.N. Saxena, Senior Dy. Director-General,
ICMR, participated in the meeting of the Steering
Committee of the WHO Task Force on Research on
Introduction and Transfer of Technologies for Fertility
Regulation at Geneva (March 27-31, 1995).
Dr. G.V. Satyavati, Director-General, ICMR, pre
sided over the inaugural session of the National Con
ference of the Indian Association for the Study of Liver
Diseases at New Delhi (April 8, 1995).
Dr. G.V. Satyavati participated in the XXI Session
of the WHO South-East Asia Advisory Committee on
Health Research at New Delhi (April 10-13,1995). Dr.
V.P. Sharma, Director, Malaria Research Centre, Delhi,
also participated in the above meeting.
COUNCIUS TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1995-96
Virology
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Virology, Pune:
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
•
Diploma in Medical Virology (June 1995 - May 1996).
Reproductive Biology
At the Institute far Research in Reproduaion, Bombay:
•
Orientation Course on Occupational Health for Indus
trial Medical Officers (November 13-24, 1995).
•
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and Risk
Assessment (December 13-19, 1995).
•
Training Course on Techniques in Human Semenology
(May 15 - June 2, 1995).
•
Training Course on Techniques in Immunology, Cell
Biology and Molecular Biology (November 2-25,1995).
Medical Entomology
•
Training Course on Techniques in Neuroendocrine Re
search (February 6-10, 1996).
At the Vector Control Research Centre,Pondicherry:
•
Endocrinology
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Annual Training Course on Endocrinological Tech
niques and their Application (August/September, 1995).
Nutrition
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the Laboratory Animal Information Services Centre,
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
M.Sc. in Applied Nutrition (June 1, 1995 - February
28, 1996).
•
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1995 - Februaiy 28, 1996).
M.Sc. in Medical Entomology (From August 1995: for
2 years).
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Technicians
(June - July, 1995).
Haematology
At the Institute of Immunohaematology, Bombay:
•
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and Blood
Bank Methodology for Medical Officers (August 1 September 29, 1995).
At the Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology,
New Delhi:
•
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and Blood
Bank Methodology for Technicians (August 1-31,1995).
Workshop on Molecular Biology ofViruses and Cancer
alongwith Oligo DNA Synthesis and Polymerase Chain
Reaction (September 18-22, 1995).
•
Training Course in Advanced Haematology and
Immunohaematology (September 11-29, 1995).
Oncology
•
53
ICMR PUBLICATIONS
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Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (1985), by C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastri and S.C. Balasubramaniam,
Revised and Updated (1989), by B.S. Narasinga Rao, K.C. Pant and Y.G. Deosthale
21.00
Growth & Physical Development of Indian Infants and Children (1972, Reprinted 1989)
10.00
Studies on Weaning & Supplementary Foods (1974, Reprinted 1986)
6.00
Studies on Pre-School Children (1974, Reprinted 1986)
6.00
A Manual of Nutrition (Second Edition 1974, Reprinted 1992)
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Low Cost Nutritious Supplements (Second Edition 1975, Reprinted 1994)
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Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable
for South India (Third Edition 1977, Reprinted 1991)
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Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable
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- 4.50
Some Common Indian Recipes and their Nutritive Value (Fourth Edition 1977,
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Nutrition for Mother & Child (Third Edition 1978, Reprinted 1991) by P.S. Venkatachalam & L.M. Rebello
9.00
Japanese Encephalitis in India (Revised Edition 1980)
5.00
Some Therapeutic Diets (Fourth Edition 1988, Reprinted 1992) by Swaran Pasricha
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Nutrient Requirements & Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (1990, Reprinted 1992)
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Fruits (1983, Reprinted 1992) by Indira Gopalan & M. Mohan Ram
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Count What You Eat (1989, Reprinted 1991) by Swaran Pasricha
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These publications are available on prepayment of cost by cheque, bank draft or postal order (bank and postal charages will be extra) in favour of
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Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
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