ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 28-No.-8-AUGUST-1998.pdf
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ICMR
BULLETIN
Vol. 28, No. 8
August, 1998
NUCLEAR MEDICINE PRACTICE AND RADIATION DOSES TO PATIENTS
IN INDIA : PART II. RISK RELATED RADIATION DOSES TO PATIENTS
The decay of radionuclides following their
administration to patients leads to deposition of energy
within various organs, tissues, cells and subcellular
fractions. The calculation of the absorbed dose, has
therefore, been an important activity in nuclear medicine
and forms the primary basis of any form of risk assessment
for diagnostic nuclear medicine 'procedures1-2. Besides
the health risk(s) involved, such dose estimation also helps
to determine the amount of radionuclide that should be
administered to patients during routine procedures. Some
dosimetric quantities and concepts are given in the
Appendix.
The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD)
Committee of the American Society of Nuclear Medicine
has developed the method of estimating organ absorbed
dose which is generally referred to as MIRD Scheme3.
This system ofdose estimation assumes that the distribution
of radionuclide in the organ/tissue of interest is uniform
and that particulate radiation (beta and other electrons)
are isotropic in their distribution and have ranges that
are larger relative to typical cell diameters. Such conditions
may not be always strictly true4, however, for most of
the dosimetric purposes, MIRD scheme has given valuable
data On absorbed dpse estimation in most of the clinical
situations. For the present study, the age-dependent
absorbed dose coefficient values (S-factor values) as given
in ICRP Publications5-6 for various radiopharmaceuticals,
have been utilized.
Effective dose (ie risk related radiation dose) esti
mation requires reliable information on S-factor values
for all the organs and radiopharmaceuticals of interest,
suitable tissue/organ weighting factor values and appro
priate procedures for the dose estimation. There have been
only marginal changes in the S-factor or absorbed dose
coefficient values for the organs/tissues of interest for
most of the radiopharmaceuticals, with a few exceptions
like when a new organ or biokinetic model was accepted7
or when some discrepancies in values of basic data had
occurred’-’. However, significant modification had been
effected in the tissue weighting factor values and in the
methodology ofeffective dose computation from the earlier
recommendations of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection10. For the present study, the values
of tissue weighting factor as given in ICRP 1990" have
been used.
The effect of the new tissue weighting factor values
on the effective dose (earlier known as effective dose
equivalent) due to a large number of radiopharmaceuticals,
has been studied extensively12'19 and it was observed that
in case of radiopharmaceuticals-used in India, either the
Division of Publication & Information, ICMR, New Delhi - 110029
effective doses had remained unchanged or had become 1016 % lower than the previous values. On further scrutiny
some discrepancies in the procedures recommended11 for
effective dose estimation, were noticed. These discrep
ancies and the problems that resulted by following these
recommendations have' been highlighted20,21 and a new
modified methodology suggested22. The modified meth
odology was further updated incorporating subsequent
ICRP recommendations23 and used for effective dose
estimations. The salient features of the methodology are:
(i) Wherever the mean absorbed dose coefficients to an
organ/tissue and the explicit value of tissue weighting
factor assigned to it, are available, the contribution of
the organ/ tissue to the effective dose is computed in the
standard procedure recommended in ICRP 1990”.
(ii) Since relative masses of the walls of the upper large
intestine (ULI) and lower large intestine (LLI) are inde
pendent of age, the equivalent dose to colon - Hcolon is
given as in ICRP 199523.
medicine procedures. The amount of radioactivity used
for an investigation varied within wide limits from cen
tre to centre, however, the amounts seldom exceeded the
limits set by ARSAC26. The list of radiopharmaceuticals
and the range of radioactivity used for commonly per
formed imaging procedures in the country is given in
Table I. Risk related radiation dosimetry was carried out
for these radiopharmaceuticals.
Table I. Radiopharmaceuticals and range of radioactivity used for
commonly performed imaging procedures in the country
(data upto 1996)
Radiopharmaceutical
Use
Activity
(MBq)
9*°Tc Pertechnetate
Thyroid imaging
First pass study
Brain scanning
40-400
700
500-1200
99®Tc DTPA
Aerosol ventilation
Cisterography
Renal imaging
Brain imaging
40
70-250
200-750
350-750
99®Tc Gluconate
Glucoheptonate
Renal imaging
Brain imaging
200-750
350-750
99-Tc HMPAO
SPECT cerebral studies 550
99»Tc HSA
Blood pool studies
500-900
99»Tc large colloid
(Sulphur colloid)
Bone marrow
Liver studies
200-350
200-350
99n»TC DMSA
99»Tc Phosphates
99®TC RBC
99®TC MAA
Renal imaging
Bone imaging
MUGA
Lungs perfusion
Venogram
Tumour imaging
Renal imaging
Myocardial perfusion
Thyroid uptake
Thyroid imaging
Renal'imaging
200
500-1000
500-900
80
200-350
200
55-75
50-100
0.50
2.0
200-750
Spleen imaging
Myocardial perfusion
Hepatobiliary system
Renal studies
Pancreas imaging
200-350
500-1000
150-350
2.0
4.0
Hcolon = 0.57 HULI + 0.43 HLL|
(iii) Tissue weighting factor value assigned to gonads is
allotted to testes or ovaries which ever is getting higher
equivalent dose (ICRP 1995)23.
(iv) Tissue weighting factor values assigned to the oe
sophagus and skin (for which age dependent absorbed
dose coefficient for many radiopharmaceuticals used in
India are not available) are considered to be part of the
remainder.
(v) The remainder tissue weighting factor is thought of
as consisting of 0.0511 plus 0.05 (weighting factor value
of oesophagus) plus 0.01 (weighting factor value of skin).
Thus the total remainder tissue weighting factor is 0.11
which is to be apportioned as per guidelines (ICRP 1995)23.
Half the total remainder weighting factor ie 0.055. is as
signed to any of the remaining organs/tissues that re
ceives the highest equivalent dose of all organs, and the
other half to the mass average committed equivalent dose
in the rest of the remainder tissues and organs.
Using this methodology, the effective doses for a large
number of radiopharmaceuticals were calculated18,24,25
*7Ga Citrate
|3>I Hippuran
201TI Chloride
i3>I Sodium iodide
99»Tc MAG3
(normal kidney function)
99«Tc denatured RBC
99®Tc MIBI
99®Tc IDA
5>Cr EDTA
7)Sc Methionine
\1UGA : Multigated Acquisition
Risk Related Radiation Dosimetry
About 35,000 nuclear medicine in vivo investigations
were found to be performed per month at 58 centres lo
cated in 28 cities in the country. Investigations varied
from simple thyroid uptake tests to sophisticated nuclear
72
Age dependent effective dose coefficients calculated
by indigenously developed modified dosimetry approach
for the radiopharmaceuticals of interest are presented in
Table II. It shdws that most of the nuclear medicine
investigations employing Tc-99m and Tc-99m based
radiopharmaceuticals result in effective doses to patients
of the order of millisievert or less. As different investi
gations employ different amounts of radioactivity, there
fore, for calculating effective dose to the patient, these
effective dose coefficients have to be multiplied by the
actual amount of radioactivity (in MBq) used in the
particular nuclear medicine investigation. The Table also
shows that as the age of the patient increases, the effec
tive dose coefficient decreases. This implies that for the
same amount of administered activity, a one year old
child may receive a higher effective dose (3 to 10 times)
and therefore, may be at a higher risk of radiation detri
ment in comparison to an adult. The situation warrants
greater care while carrying out nuclear medicine inves
tigations in children.
A comparison has been made (Table III) of the ef
fective dose coefficient values as calculated by the modi
fied methodology and as given by ICRP6 for adults for
radiopharmaceuticals used in India. The Indian values
of effective dose coefficients are higher by about 10%
(5-20%) than the values given by ICRP6. One of the rea
sons for lower ICRP values may be the ambiguous man
ner in which the remainder of tissue weighting factor
and doses to remainder tissues or organs are treated. The
values based on the modified method are in closer agree
ment with the ICRP values of 1987s where the proce
dure for dose computation is more straight forward.
Each nuclear medicine diagnostic investigation re
sults in different effective dose to patients. In general,
investigations employihg Tc-99m and Tc-99m based
Table II. Age dependent effective dose coefficients for some radiopharmaceuticals used in the country calculated by the modified
approach*.
Radiopharmaceutical
Adult
9^*Tc Pertechnetate
(no blocking agent)
?9»Tc DTPA
"■Tc Gluconate
Glucoheptonate
99«Tc HMPAO
9*-Tc HSA
"®Tc large colloid
(Sulphur colloid)
^Tc DMSA
’9b,Tc Phosphates
Phosphonate
’’■Tc Erythrocytes
99®Tc MAA
67Ga Citrate
,3,I Hippuran
zo'TI Cloride
M’l Sodium iodide
(5% uptake)
iJ’l Sodium iodide
(45% uptake)
99h>Tc labelled citrate complex
99b»TC MAG3
(normal kidney
function)
99»Tc denatured RBC
99»Tc aerosol (DTPA)
9<»Tc MIBI
99»»Tc IDA
«iCr EDTA
«i£r Platelets
methionine
Effective dose coefficient (mSv / MBq)
15 year
10 year
5 year
1 year
14.77 E-03
18.74 E-03
30.50 E-03
49.20 E-03
89.41 E-03
5.57 E-03
6.01 E-03
6.9 E-03
8.41 E-03
10.35 E-03
12.31 E-03
14.78 E-03
18.29 E-03
26.66 E-03
31.52 E-03
10.10 E-03
7.08 E-03
10.16 E-03
13.45 E-03
8.86 E-03
16.21 E-03
19.30 E-03
13.54 E-03
24.49 E-03
30.29 E-03
20.60 E-03
37.37 E-03
54.43 E-03
36.95 E-03
66.65 E-03
10.28 E-03
6.14 E-03
17.66 E-03
7.85 E-03
25.08 E-03
11.74 E-03
36.35 E-03
18.50 E-03
62.59 E-03
35.46 E-03
7.49 E-03
11.68 E-03
10.36 E-02
55.33 E-03
24.74 E-02
37.34 E-01
9.41 E-03
16.60 E-03
13.34 E-02
69.08 E-03
41.0 E-02
56.66 E-01
14.4 E-03
23.92 E-03
21.08 E-02
103.43 E-03
22.23 E-01
87.55 E-01
21.99 E-03
35.79 E-03
34.11 E-02
160.12 E-03
26.95 E-01
18.91 E+00
39.99 E-03
66.34 E-03
65.92 E-02
304.68 E-03
39.52 E-01
34.80 E+00
32.15 E+00
50.20 E+00
75.30 E+00
16.6 E+01
30.60 E+01
8.03 E-03
7.37 E-03
9.87 E-03
9.38 E-03
14.41 E-03
11.66 E-03
20.98 E-03
12.34 E-03
36.85 E-03
21.12 E-03
36.47 E-03
6.49 E-03
9.58 E-03
19.58 E-03
1.96 E-03
2.20 E-02
2.85 E+00
49.87 E-03
.8.59 E-03
12.51 E-03
23.44 E-03
2.55 E-03
3.08 E-02.
3.59 E+00
76.48 E-03
12.4 E-03
19.12 E-03
36.57 E-03
3.75 E-03
4.69 E-02
5.39 E+00
11.43 E-03
18.14 E-03
30.34 E-03
58.16 E-03
5.69 E4)3
7.29 E-02
8.02 E+00
20.01 E-03
33.05 E-03
57.36 E-03
1.30 E-03
10.18 E-03
13.62 E-02
14.05 E+00
Superscript no. refers to the serial no. in the reference list.
73
Table III. Comparison of effective dose coefficient values as calculated by modified methodology" and as given
by ICRP (ICRP 1992) for adults for radiopharmaceuticals used in India.
Radiopharmaceutical
Effective dose coefficient mSv/MBq
B-A x 100
B
ICRP (A)
Indian values (B)
99*Tc Pertechnetate
(no blocking agent)
1.4 E-02
14.77 E-03
5.2
99*Tc DTPA
99«Tc Gluconate
Glucoheptonate
5.2 E-03
5.4 E-03
5.57 E-03
6.01 E-03
66
10.1
99*Tc HMPAO
99»Tc HSA
99a>Tc large colloid
(Sulphur colloid)
9.3 E-03
6.1 E-03
9.2 E-03
10.10 E-03
7.08 E-03
10.16 E-03
7.9
13.8
9.4
99b>Tc DM SA
99«Tc Phosphates
Phosphonate
8.7 E-03
5.8 E-03
10.28 E-03
6.14 E-03
15.4
5.5
99»Tc Erythrocytes
9*»Tc MAA
*7Ga Citrate
■3II Hippuran
jo’Tl Chloride
>3’1 Sodium iodide
(5% uptake)
6.6 E-03
1.1 E-02
1.1 E-01
5.3 E-02
2.3 E-01
6.1 E-02 (0% uptake)
7.49 E-03
11.68 E-03
10.36 E-02
55.33 E-03
24.74 E-02
37.34 E-01
11.9
5.8
6.1
4.2
7.0
2.4 E+01
(35% uptake)
32.15 E+00
9
8.03 E-03
7.37 E-03
11.6
<1
36.47 E-03
6.49 E-03
9.58 E-03
19.58 E-03
1.96 E-03
2.20 E-01
2.85 E+00
20.5
6
11
21
7.1
18.2
12
Sodium iodide
(45% uptake)
’’•Tc labelled citrate complex
"■Tc MAG3
(normal kidney function)
9*>Tc denatured RBC
"•Tc aerosol (DTPA)
«-Tc MIBI
99-Tc IDA
*Cr EDTA
J,Cr Platelets
7SSc methionine
7.1 E-03
7.3 E-03
2.9 E-02
6.1 E-03
8.5 E-03
1.5 E-02
2.1 E-03
1.8 E-01
2.5 E+00
9
No comparison could be made for mI as the values of effective dose coefficients were given for 0 and 35% uptake while Indian
values were for 5 and 45% uptake.
Superscript nos. refer to the serial nos. in the reference list
radiopharmaceuticals result in lower effective dose to
patients (unless the investigation demands very high
activity) and those examination requiring 1-131 and 1*131
based radiodiagnostic agents with higher doses to pa
tients. Some investigations that result in high effective
doses to patients are shown in Table IV. A few of these
investigations are performed frequently, specially involv
ing 1-131 at clinics/centres in smaller cities.
74
Conclusions
A new methodology was developed for effective dose
estimation. Employing MI RD scheme and ICRP refer
ence man data, age-dependent effective dose coefficients
were calculated for all the radiopharmaceuticals used fre
quently in the country. The values arrived at by the new
methodology were higher by 10% (5-20%) than the ones
given in ICRP6. While employment of Tc-99m and Tc-
Table IV. Some nuclear medicine investigations resulting in high
effective doses to adult patients.
Radio
pharmaceutical
used
Activity.
normally
employed
(MBq)
Effective
dose
(mSv)
Tumour
imaging
67Ga citrate
200
21
Myocardial
perfusion
2O,T1 chloride
50-100
12-25
Thyroid uptake
(45% uptake)
,3,I - Sodium iodide
0.5
16
Thyroid
scanning
(45% uptake)
,3,I - Sodium iodide
2.0
64
Brain scanning
"•Tc pertechnetate
500-1200
7-18
Pancreas
scanning
75Sc-methionine
4.0
11
Investigation
99m based radiopharmaceuticals resulted in low radia
tion doses, other radiodiagnostic agents specially 1-131
and 1-131 based agents imparted significant radiation doses
to patients. At most centres, the amount of radioactivity
administered to a patient, was adjusted to his/her age and
weight. In a significant number of cliifics/centres par
ticularly those located in comparatively smaller cities,
investigations were being still carried out using 1-131
and 1-131 based radiopharmaceuticals resulting in un
warranted high radiation doses to patients.
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Gupta, M.M. and Nagaratnam, A. Dosimetry of N-13-I-glutamate:
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(To be concluded)
APPENDIX
Absorbed dose (D)^ The basic physical quantity used in nuclear medicine dosimetry is the absorbed dose. For all types of radiation, the
absorbed dose is a measure of the amount of energy from the radiation field which is deposited in unit mass of an organ or tissue. The SI unit
of absorbed dose is joule per kilogram and is called gray (Gy). The method of calculating absorbed dose in nuclear medicine has been
developed over many years by the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (M1RD) Committee of the American Society of Nuclear Medicine. In the
MIRD scheme, a body is considered to consist of source organs (ie those with significant uptake of radiopharmaceuticals) and the target organs
(ie those being irradiated by the source organs). For each pair of source and target organs, the following equation is used to calculate the
absorbed dose D (T<-S) in Gy to a target organ ‘T* from the activity in the source organ ‘S’.
D(T<-S) = A, x S (T<-S)
A( is the time-integrated, or cumulated activity, and is equal to the total number of nuclear transformations in S; and S (T<—S) is the absorbed
dose in T per unit cumulated activity in S and is referred as the S-factor which is the absorbed dose coefficient for that organ. Numerical values
of S (T<—S) or simply ‘S’ have been tabulated for large number of organs and tissues in both standard man and children for a variety of
radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. Age dependent ’S’ vrlues are given in ICRP publication 53 (ICRP 1987) and later in one of its
addendum (ICRP 1992).
Equivalent dose (H) : Even when the energy is equal at a macroscopic level (ie, the absorbed dose is the same) different types and energies
of radiation will produce different amounts of biological damage. To allow for this, a further quantity has been introduced. This is called the
equivalent dose, H , which is the average absorbed dose in an organ or tissue multiplied by a dimensionless radiation weighting factor, WR
that is a function of linear energy transfer (LET) of the radiation. Radiation weighting factor of 1 is assigned to low LET radiation, including
X-rays and gamma-rays of all energies. The SI unit of equivalent dose is joule per kilogram and is called sievert (Sv). Smaller unit of
equivalent doses are millisievert (mSv) and microsievert (pSv) that are one thousandh and one millionth of a sievert respectively. For almost
all the radiation used in medical imaging, radiation-weighting factor is unity, so the absorbed dose and equivalent dose are numerically equal.
Effective dose : Effective dose equivalent is the risk related parameter to describe the overall effect of non homogeneous dose distribution
(as takes place in nuclear medicine imaging), taking into account the relative radiosensitivity of each organ and tissue and is similar, in terms
of overall risks , to a uniform whole body exposure in which each organ receives an equivalent dose equal to effective dose. The Effective
dose E = E
is obtained by calculating a weighted average of the equivalent doses received by each organ or tissue in the body which
has been irradiated (where WT is the tissue weighting factor for organ T, HT is the.equivalent dose received by organ or tissue T and E WT=1).
The relationship between the different dosimetric quantities are illustrated in the flow chart
‘Organs or tissues which are at higher risk (or are more sensitive to radiation detriment) are given higher tissue weighting factor. The
values of tissue weighting factor are given in Table A. The different dosimetric quantities used in nuclear medicine and their conversion from
one unit system to another is given in Table B. Effective dose is also expressed in sieverts (Sv), millisieverts (mSv) and microsieverts (pSv).
Effective dose as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection", provides a possibility of expressing the radiation risk
to patients undergoing different radiodiagnostic procedures by means of a single figure.
76
Table A. Tissue and organ weighting factor values (W ) as given
by ICRP 1990 for estimating effective dose.
Table B. Conversion between various units used in nuclear
Organ or tissue
WT
ewt
Physical
quantity
SI unit
Non SI unit
Bone surface and skin
0.01
0.02
Activity
Becqueral(Bq)
Curie(Ci)
Bladder, Breast, Liver
Oesophagus, Thyroid and remainder
0.05
Bone marrow, Colon, Lung
and Stomach
0.12
0.48
Gonads
0.20
0.20
medicine dosimetry
Relationship
IBq = 2.7X10-" Ci
1 Ci = 3.7X10” Bq
0.30
Absorbed
dose
Gray(Gy)
Rad
1 Gy = 100 rad
I rad = 10 mGy
Equivalent
dose
Sievert(Sv)
Rem
1 Sv = 100 rem
1 rem = 10 mSv
Effective
dose
Sievert (Sv)
Rem
I Sv= 100 rem
1 rem = 10 mSv
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Action of cisplatinum on some unicellular organisms.
Publications
A study was conducted to investigate the mode of action
of cisplatinum on unicellular ciliate species in order to
understand the action of this drug on eukaryotic cells and
some aspects of its metabolism. Several different species of
genus Stylonchia collected from wild habitat were treated with
anticancer drug, cisplatinum in the dose of 150 pg/ml for 2 h.
Studies on macronucleus and micronucleus were carried out
to study the mechanism ofaction ofthe drug. Different species
ofthe unicellular ciliate protozoa viz isolated from wild habitats
exhibited variable sensitivity towards the antitumour drug
cisplatinum. Intracellular quantitative measurements of
platinum in post-treatment resistant cells showed that higher
resistance was not due to poor metal uptake; these cells showed
comparatively higher uptake.' Likewise, the germ line
micronucleus of these cells was highly vulnerable to genetic
damage in comparison to the somatic nuclei. The germ line
nuclei bound at least 3 times more of platinum when cells
were treated in situ.The DNA lesions in the micronucleus
caused by extremely low platinum dosages were detrimental
to the completion ofmeiosis and formation ofa new functional
somatic-macronucleus. DNA characterization of platinum
damaged micronuclei showed unusual fragmentation to low
mol. wt. components. Such damage was irreversible leading
to the loss of micronuclei and production of amicronucleate
strains. It appeared that micronuclear components like non
histone chromosomal proteins facilitate higher platinum
binding leading to fragmentation ofhigh mol. wt micronuclear
DNA.
1.
Kamra, K. and Sapra, G.R. Morphometric and morphogenetic
comparisons between Onychodromus indica sp.n. and O.
quadricornutus Foissner, Schleget et Prescott, 1987; Phylogenetic
note on Onychodromus and related genera. Acta Protozool 32 :
107, 1993.
2.
Sapra, G.R., Dutta, D. and Ammerinann, D. Variable sensitivity
of the micronuclear genome during different life cycle stages
towards cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II in Stylonchia lemnae.
Indian J Expt Biol 32 :470, 1994.
3.
Kamra, K. and Sapra, G.R. Quantitative regulation of the ciliary
structures in polymorphic states of the hypotrichous ciliate
Onychodromus indica, Kamra and Sapra 1993. Eur J Protistol
30:379,1994.
G.R. Sapra
Department of Zoology
Delhi University
Delhi
Evaluation ofthe effectiveness of brief in-patient family
intervention vs. out-patient intervention for mentally
retarded children.
A prospective study was carried out-on mentally
retarded children to evaluate the effectiveness of brief in
patient and out-patient family focussed interventions
(developed in-house) in terms oftheir impact on the child’s
development and behaviour, and family adaptation
(perceived stress and coping). The components of the
intervention included medical measures, family
orientation, general parenting measures, and parent
training. Outcome variables studied included child
variables (intellectual/adaptive functioning and presence
and severity of problem behaviour) and family variables
(self report and observer rated stress in families and level
of family adaptation).
A total of 157 mentally retarded children of either sex
(75 in the in-patient group and 82 in the out-patient group)
from low socio-economic group (both rural and urban) and
TI
with moderate to profound degree of mental retardation
were recruited for the study. Children who had already
undergone major intervention, those with severe hearing
or vision impairment which was more disabling than the
mental retardation and children with progressive neurologic
disorders were excluded from the study. Thirty three (44%)
children/families is the in-patient and 47 (57%) in the out
patient group could complete one year of follow up.
Improvements or gains were noted on all outcome
measures to a varying extent in both the groups. The gain
in the child adaptive functioning was more pronouned in
the in-patient group (10 points) as compared to the out
patient group (4 points). Problem behaviour came down
by 55-60%, family stress reduced by 27-35% and family
adaptation was improved by 30% in both the groups.
Maximum gains occurred during the first 3-6 months of
follow up and subsequently remained stable over the
remainder of the follow up period. There were no major
effects of age, sex, and residence on outcome.
It is therefore concluded that it is possible to formulate
and test effective family focussed interventions in mental
retardation which are suited for Indian conditions and such
inerventions will produce long-lasting and significant
improvements in both children and their families.
R. Satish Chandra Girimaji
Department of Psychiatry
National Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences, Bangalore
-Publication
Girimaji, S.C.R. Family intervention in mental retardation : An *
overview. NIMHANS J11: 21, 1993.
ICMR NEWS
Meetings of the Project Review Committee (PRC)/Task
Forces (TFs) and other meetings held:
PRC for proposals in
Non-Communicable Diseases
July 17,1998
(at New Delhi)
Meetings of the Investigators of
of the district nutrition project
July 23-24,1998
(at Mumbai)
Annual Review meeting of the
Human Reproduction Research
Centres
August 10-11,1998
(at Mumbai)
Meeting of the Investigators of
the project on mobile unit
approach to meet reproductive
health needs of women
August 13-14,1998
(at New Delhi)
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. B. Shiv Kumar, Dy. Director (Sr.Grade), National
Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, participated in a confer
ence on Iron Deficiency Anaemia at Colombo (July 19,1998).
Exhibition:
As part of the commemoration of the 50th Anniversary
of India’s Independence the Department of Science &
Technology, New Delhi, organised an exhibition at the lawns
of India Gate during August 3-16,1998 on the achievements
of India in the field of Science & Technology during the last
50 years. The ICMR Hqs, in collaboration with its Delhi based
Institutes/Centres and the National Institute of Nutrition,
Hyderabad, participated in this exhibition depicting the
achievements in the field of malaria, nutrition, cancer
research, etc. This exhibition attracted a very large number
of visitors daily including students and the general public.
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Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
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Date & Place
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(at New Delhi)
XIV International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease
September 24-27,1998;
(at Mangalore)
78
Contact Address
Dr. T.R.C. Sinha, General-Secretary, National
Environmental Science Academy, 206, Raj
Tower-I, Alaknanada Community Centre, New
Delhi-110019.
Dr. K. Jacob Roy, Organising Secretary, ADI 98,
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Contact Address
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Disorders
October 3-4,1998;
(at Delhi)
Col. D.S. Goel, Senior Advisor (Psychiatry), Base
Hospital, Delhi Cantt-110010.
International Symposium, on Temporomandibular Joint
Disorders and Chronic Orofacial Pain
October 30-31, 1998;
(at Mangalore)
Prof. P.K. Dayal, Organising Secretaiy of the Sym
posium, KMC College of Dental Surgery, Man
galore-575001.
Symposium on Current Trends in Autoimmune Diseases
Immunology
October 30-31, 1998;
(at Lucknow)
Prof. S. Naik, Department of Immunology, Sanjay
Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,
Lucknow-226014.
XXXI Annual Conference of the Indian Pharmacological
Society
December 17-20, 1998;
(at Lucknow)
Dr. V.N. Puri, Organisng Secretary of the Confer
ence, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow-226001.
COUNCIL’S TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1998-99
Leprosy
•
At the Central JALMA Institutefor Leprosy, Agra:
•
Multidrug Therapy Orientation Course in Leprosy for
Medical Officers (August 17-28, October 26November 6; and December 7-18, 1998).
Reproductive Biology
Training Course on Environmental Hygiene Practice
(November 16-20,1998).
Medical Entomology
At the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry:
•
Postgraduate Diploma Course in Medical Entomqlogy
(from August 10,1998).
At the Institutefor Research in Reproduction, Mumbai:
•
Workshop on Andrology forClinicians (November 1630, 1998)
Endocrinology
Biomedical Statistics
At the Institutefor Research in Medical Statistics, Chennai:
•
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Annual Certificate Course on Endocrinological Tech
niques and their Applications (August 1-September
15,1998).
Nutrition
Haematology
At the Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai:
•
Training Course in Transfusion Medicine for Blood
Bank Medical Officers (August 11-October 9,1998).
•
Training Course in Blood Group .Serology and Blood
Bank Methodology for Blood Bank Technicians
(August 11-September 10,1998).
•
Training Course in Advanced Haematology and
Immunohaematology (September 21 -October9,1998).
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Postgraduate Certificate Course in Nutrition
(December 1,1998-February 28, 1999).
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
Basic Course in Statistics for Medical Officers
(November 30-December 6,1998).
79
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