ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 29-No.-7-JULY-1999.pdf
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ISSN 0377-4910
ICMR
BULLETIN
July, 1999
Vol. 29, No. 7
MALARIOGENIC STRATIFICATION OF INDIA USING
ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES SIBLING SPECIES PREVALENCE
Malaria continues to be a serious problem in many
parts of the world including in India. Global experience
in malaria control over the past several decades suggests
that control of malaria is a complex phenomenon and is
dependent on several factors such as vector and parasite
species prevalence, susceptibility/response of vectors to
the control measures in operation, antimalarial drug choice,
drug policy, susceptibility of parasites to drugs, man
agement of environmental conditions that influence vector
and parasite prevalence, budgetary provision, and finally
the governmental policies in the implementation of avail
able control measures. After the resurgence of malaria
in the 1970s (6.4 million cases in 1976), in the 80s and
90s reported cases varied between 1.5 to 2.0 million an
nually with the implementation of the modified plan of
operation since 1977. In the late 90s several epidemics
have occurred in many parts of the country and the in
cidence increased to around 3.0 million cases in 199596 with about 40% of Plasmodiumfalciparum cases and
deaths also being reported during the epidemics. How
ever, by 1998 the total cases of malaria had come down
to 2 million annually.
Due to the development of resistance to insecticides
in disease vectors and increased awareness ofenvironmental
pollution there is a need to reduce insecticidal use. The
global strategy recommended by WHO also suggested the
judicious use of insecticides and situation specific control
measures with emphasis on environmental management
methods'. Thus, there is a need for alternative, innovative,
sustainable and cost effective methods for malaria control.
Stratification of areas to identify suitable control measures
is an accepted strategy. This article reports on the
stratification of India based on the prevalence of Anopheles
culicifacies sibling species.
Anopheles Species, Malaria Vectors and Species
Complexes
There are about 450 Anopheles species, of which 70
are considered important in the transmission of human
malaria. Indian anopheline fauna comprise 58 species
with 9 of them acting as vectors of malaria2. An.
culicifacies, An. dirus, An. fluviatilis, An. minimus, An.
stephensi and An. sundaicus are the important vectors
and because of their biological characteristics and
ecological adaptation, the whole country, except a few
high altitude and coastal areas on the mainland, comes
under the influence of these species and experiences
malaria. Except An. stephensi, all the other vectors are
species complexes ie each taxon comprises a number of
morphologically indistinguishable biological species,
commonly known as sibling species or cryptic species
or isomorphic species3. Among the vectors of secondary
Division of Publication & Information, ICMR, New Delhi -110029
importance An. annularis and An. philippinensis-nivipes
are also complexes. This phenomenon is not restricted
to the Indian anophelines and is also found in other
anophelines, and several other insect species and animal
groups. To date, a total of 23 species complexes have
been identified among anophelines. The number of sibling
species so far identified among the Indian anophelines
is given in Table I. An. sundaicus which is restricted to
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been identified
as cytotype D (unpublished observations) and only a single
sibling species ofAn. dirus and one tfAn. minimus found
in the north-eastern states are vectors4. The role of a
second sibling species of An. dirus, species E found in
Shimoga district of Karnataka is not known. An.
culicifacies and An. fluviatilis are two important species
complexes contributing respectively 60-70% and 15%
of malaria cases annually in the country4. The sibling
species of both these complexes exhibit distinct biological
characters4.
Table I. Species complexes among Indian anophelines
An.pheles
species
No. of sibling
species identified
Sibling species
found in India
Vectors
annularis
2
A,B
culicifacies
5
A,B,C,D,E
dirus
7
D,E (D in north-eastern
states and E in
Karnataka)
fluviatilis
3
S,T,U
minimus
4
A
sundaicus
3
a fourth cytotype,D
philippinensis-nivipes
3
nivipes A
4
A,B,C,D
Non Vector
subpictus
An. stephensi and An. varuna the two malaria vectors in India that
have not yet been found as species complexes.
An. culicifacies & An. fluviatilis Sibling Species and
Malaria Transmission
Members of a species complex exhibit a specific
distribution pattern indicating their preference and adapt
ability to an area. Further, many times they differ in
biological characteristics which determine their poten
tial in the transmission of disease namely, host feeding
preference, longevity and susceptibility to plasmodium
infection and also in resting and biting patterns5
7 6
An. culicifacies has now been recognized as a com
plex of 5 species, provisionally designated as A,B,C,D
and E, with a specific distribution pattern3"5. In India,
where all 5 species are found, species A and B are sym
patric in northern and southern India with the predomi
nance of species A in the north and that of B in the south;
in the eastern states of north India either species B is
predominant or is exclusively found. Species B and C
are predominant in the western and eastern regions.
Species D is found sympatrically with A, B and C in
Central India and in a few places in Tamil Nadu and north
western region6. Species E has been recently identified
in sympatricity with species B in Ramanathapuram dis
trict of Tamil Nadu, and its distribution is yet to be es
tablished7. Similarly An. fluviatilis sibling species, S,T
and U have exhibited distinct distribution patterns. In
hilly forested areas of Orissa, species S is either the pre
dominant species along with species T (<1%) or is ex
clusively found, while in the foot hill and plain areas of
Uttar Pradesh species T and U are sympatric8,9.
Further, among the members of the .4#. culicifacies
complex, only species A,C,D and E are vectors of ma
laria5. However, though species A,C and D have been
incriminated as malaria vectors, preference to feed on
human host was poor (anthropophilic index not exceeding
3-4%y*5. Thus, only when high densities of these spe
cies are found, their role as vectors becomes important.
In case of An. fluviatilis complex, species S is highly
anthropophagic (~90%)9, and is the only species found
with sporozoites so far3. Species T and U are almost
totally zoophagic.
Malariogenic Stratification and Sibling Species
Prevalence
Stratification of areas for suitable and effective malaria
control is one of the best strategies. Different entomo
logical, parasitological and environmental parameters can
be and have? been used for malariogenic stratification.
Based on the prevalence of An. culicifacies sibling spe
cies, the whole country can be divided into 7 major di
visions (Fig. I). Because of the distinct biological char-.
acters of An. culicifacies sibling species and their spe
cific distribution pattern and sympatric association with
An. fluviatilis sibling species, the stratification ofthe whole
country is being proposed. A correlation has been found
between An. culicifacies sibling species prevalence and
malaria incidence. Broadly it can be stated that as spe
cies B is a non-vector, there would be no malaria in areas
where only species B is found. Also in areas where other
sibling species are found in low proportions along with
species B the incidence of malaria will be low. Urban
areas where An. stephensi is responsible for malaria are
not being considered under these divisions.
malaria incidence10. Based on these observations U.P.
can be stratified into four zones (northern, western, eastern
and southern U.P.) and Bihar into two (northern and
southern Bihar). Sibling species prevalence, malaria
endemicity and suitable control measures for each zone
are given in Table II. Occurrence of only species B (a
non-vector) in eastern districts of U.P. and in districts of
northern Bihar clearly indicates why there has been no
malaria in these areas.
For further stratification in the low malarious south
ern zone of U.P., district Allahabad was chosen”. The
Ganga and Yamuna rivers divide this district into three
regions; viz. Gangapar, Yamunapar and Doaba (Fig. 2).
UTTAR PRADESH STATE (DIVISION I & III)
Fig. 1. Stratification of India.
I-VII: Major divisions.
A,B,C,D,E: Anopheles culicifacies sibling species.
*An. minimus. An. dirus. An. fluviatilis and An. philippinensis-nivipes complexes.
Divisions I and III
Division I includes the states of Jammu and Kash
mir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, north
western Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), and part of north-western
Rajasthan. Division III includes districts of eastern U.P.,
southern U.P. and the State of Bihar except for a few
southern districts. In Division I sibling species A and B
are sympatric and in northern parts species B is predomi
nant. Species A constitutes the majority of the An.
culicifacies in areas with canal irrigation . In the subHimalayan regions species T and U ofAn. fluviatilis are
found. In Division III An. culicifacies is exclusively
species B.
As an example, the stratification of U.P. (falling in
Divisions I and III) and Bihar (in Division III) where
longitudinal studies have been carried out, is presented
here. In these states a close relationship was seen between
the prevalence of An. culicifacies sibling species and
ALLAHABAD DISTRICT (ZONE 4)
Fig.2. Stratification of Uttar Pradesh state and Allahabad
district.
7 7
Table II. State and district level stratification based on sibling species prevalence of An. culicifacies
Strata
Vector species
Malaria
endemicity
Recommended control measures
At the State level
Uttar Pradesh in Divisions I&.UI
Zone 1
Northern U.P.
An. culicifacies A&B,
proportion of B very high
Low
No routine vector control activities
Zone 2
Western U.P.
An. culicifacies A&B,
species A predominant
High
Continuous surveillance, Insecticide
spray when needed
Zone 3
Eastern U.P.
An. culicifacies
species B predominant,
species A<1%
Low; no
indigenous
transmission
No vector control measures,
only treatment of patients
Zone 4
Southern U.P.
An. culicifacies
species A, B & C and
in a few areas species D
Generally
low
Environmental management and use
of biological control agents
Zone 1
Northern
Bihar
An. culicifacies
species B predominant,
species A <1%
Low
No vector control measures,
only treatment of patients
Zone 2
Southern Bihar
An. culicifacies B & C,
species C predominant
High
Continuous surveillance,
insecticide spray when needed
Bihar in Division III
•
At the district level. Allahabad in Zone 4 of Uttar Pradesh
District Allahabad where An. culicifacies species A,B and C are prevalent. Two rivers Ganga and Yamuna divide it into 3 areas
Zone 4. 1
Gangapar
M.H.D. of An. culicifacies
s.l - 2.2; Species B 65.6%
Low
Environmental management and use
of biological control agents
Zone 4.2
Doaba
M.H.D. of An. culicifacies
s.l - 10.3; Species B 88%
Low
Same as above
Zone 4.3
Yamunapar
M.H.D. of An. culicifacies
s.l -16.3; Species B 52.7%
High
Continuous surveillance,
insecticide spray when needed
M.H.D. : Man hour density in human dwellings.
District Allahabad could be divided into two distinct areas
based on An. culicifacies sensu lato densities and sibling
species composition viz., fi) Low malaria transmission
areas (Gangapar and Doaba), and (ii) High malaria
transmission areas (Yamunapar), each requiring different
ievels of malaria control operations (Table II). A detailed
examination of Yamunapar area revealed that the
Shankargarh block was responsible for the bulk of malaria
in that area and the potential vectors, species A and C
together were 75% ofthe total An. culicifacies population12.
be noted that these predictions/forecasts are applicable
only when no species other than An. culicifacies is the
vector.
The observations presented in Table II clearly bring
out the importance of sibling species prevalence as a
parameter for stratification. As the proportions of sib
ling species determine the intensity of transmission, strati
fication should go down at least upto the block level to
achieve cost effective malaria control, where An.
culicifacies is the principal vector. However, it should
Divisions under the exclusive influence ofAn. culicifacies
sibling species.
1 8
Based on the observations and analysis by the Ma
laria Research Centre (MRC), Delhi, and recommenda
tions made for the above two states, a situation analysis
of other divisions and broad guidelines for vector con
trol are being suggested. These Divisions can be broadly
categorised into 3 groups.
Division II
The entire state of Gujarat and districts of north
western and southern Rajasthan, western Madhya Pradesh
and north-western Maharashtra comprise Division II.
Species B and C are the most prevalent species and in
areas which have come under irrigation, species A is found.
Areas with high proportion of species A and C need to
be identified and depending on the malaria situation
suitable control measures should be adopted. The
insecticide used for spray should be carefully selected
based on available insecticide susceptibility data as An.
culicifacies is resistant to DDT, BHC and malathion in
most of the areas of this Division.
of sibling species for planning preventive strategies. Indoor
residual spraying is recommended, as in this area An.
culicifacies and An. fluviatilis are indoor resting. How
ever, in many areas An. culicifacies is resistant to DDT,
BHC and malathion, therefore insecticides for indoor
sprays should be chosen based on susceptibility data. Use
of insecticide treated mosquito nets was found effective
and this could be another vector control method of choice13.
Division VI
Division VII
The districts of southern Andhra Pradesh and the states
of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu comprise this
Division. This is also totally an An. culicifacies area.
This division needs to be divided further to demarcate
areas under the influence of species A and species E.
The remaining areas where species B is predominant,
malaria is either low or not found. In the Upper Krishna
Project area in Gulbarga district of Karnataka, species
A,B and C were found with predominance of species A
and malaria incidence has been the highest in this area
of Karnataka state. In Ramanathapuram district especially
in Rameshwaram island where species E has been found
in sympatric association with species B, malaria trans
mission has been very intense. Thus, species A and E
areas have to be identified and targetted for suitable vector
control measures including judicious use of insecticide
spray operations. In areas wherever An.culicifacies is
breeding in wells larvivorous fishes can be used.
Both in Divisions II and VII, mapping sibling spe
cies and determining their proportions upto the block level
is strongly recommended to identify areashaving exclu
sively or predominance of species B.
Divisions under the influence ofAn. culicifacies andAn.
fluviatilis sibling species
Division V
Most of the districts of Madhya Pradesh and north
western Maharashtra, northern Andhra Pradesh and a part
of southern Uttar Pradesh fall in this Division. This Di
vision in central India has all the important vectors, spe
cies A,C and D of An. culicifacies and species S of An.
fluviatilis. Transmission of malaria is intense in most of
the areas in this Division, P. falciparum being the most
prevalent parasite. During the rainy season many areas
become unapproachable for implementing control mea
sures. Vector surveillance should be regularly done to
detect changes in the densities and relative proportions
The entire state of Orissa and districts of southern
Bihar, north-eastern districts of Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh are under this Division. In the plains,
An. culicifacies C is the vector and in the hilly forested
areas both species C and species S of An. fluviatilis are
found. As species S is highly anthropophagic, even in
low densities transmission of malaria is intense. In most
areas malaria transmission is almost perennial. P.
falciparum is the predominant parasite species and deaths
are reported. Vector control measures including insecti
cide spray and use of insecticide treated mosquito nets
should be deployed in such hyperendemic areas14. The
Plains where only An. culicifacies is found have to be
further stratified to delineate the poor and no malaria
transmission areas.
Divisions under the influence ofother vector species
Division IV
All the seven north-eastern states comprise this Di
vision. In this Division like Division III An. culicifacies
has no influence on malaria as only species B of this
complex is found. This Division is under the influence
of two important malaria vectors, viz. An. dirus and An.
minimus. In addition, An. fluviatilis and in the plains An.
philippinensis-nivipes complex also transmit malaria.
Mostly falciparum malaria is prevalent in this Division.
All the vectors are fully susceptible to all the insecti
cides, therefore if effectively used the vector population
can be controlled. Insecticide treated mosquito nets were
found to be very effective in this Division for the control
of malaria15.
Conclusions
By stratifying an area based on the prevalence of the
mosquito species and their role in malaria, Ipcation
specific control measures can be planned. In low recep
tive areas where the prevalence of vector species is less,
bioenvironmental methods viz source reduction using ma
jor and minor engineering works and use of biological
7 9
control agents can be adopted for sustainable malaria con
trol. High receptive areas with predominance of vector
species should be targetted for insecticide use. Taking
into consideration local factors such as climatic condi
tions, cultural aspects especially in relation to sleeping
habits and economic status, spraying or insecticide treated
mosquito nets can be chosen as the vector control mea
sures. This would save costs on insecticides, prolong'
the life of the existing insecticides by not promoting the
development of resistance in vector species and prevent
environmental contamination by insecticides. It will also
help in the optimum utilization of limited resources by
diverting supplies to endemic areas which have serious
malaria problem. The case studies reported bring out the
importance of microlevel stratification at least upto the
block level to achieve cost effective malaria control.
References
1.
World Health Organization. A Global Strategy for Malaria
Control, Geneva, 1993.
2.
Rao, T.R. The Anophelines ofIndia. Malaria Research Centre
(ICMR), Delhi, p.12, 1984.
3.
Subbarao, S.K. Anopheline Species Complexes in South-East
Asia. World Health Organization, South-East Asia Technical
Publication No. 18. p.81, 1998.
4.
Sharma, V.P. Fighting malaria in India. Curr Sci 75: 1127,
1988.
5.
Subbarao, S.K. and Sharma, V.P. Anopheline species complexes
and malaria control. Indian J Med Res 106 : 164, 1997.
6.
Subbarao, S.K. Anopheles culicifacies sibling species and ma
laria transmission. ICMR Bull 21: 61, 1991.
7.
Kar, I, Subbarao, S.K., Eapen, A., Ravindran, J., Satyanarayana,
T.S. Raghavendra, K., Nanda, N. and Sharma, V.P. Evidence
for a new malaria vector species, species E, within the Anoph
eles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol,
1999. (In press).
8.
Sharma, S.K., Nanda, N., Dua, V.K., Joshi, H., Subbarao, S.K.
and Sharma, V.P. Studies on the bionomics ofAnophelesfluviatilis
sensu lato and the sibling species composition in the foot hills
of Shiwalik range (Uttar Pradesh), India. Southeast Asian J Trop
Med Public Health 26 : 566, 1995.
9.
Nanda, N., Joshi, H., Subbarao, S. K., Yadav, R.S., Shukla, R.P.,
Dua, V.K. and Sharma, V.P. Anophelesfluviatilis complex: Host
feeding patterns of species S,T and U. JAm Mosq Control Assoc
12: 147, 1996.
10.
Subbarao, S.K., Vasantha, K., Raghavendra, K., Sharma, V.P.
and Sharma, G.K. Anopheles culicifacies : Sibling species com
position and its relationship to malaria incidence. J Am Mosq
Control Assoc 4: 29, 1998.
11.
Tiwari, S.N., Prakash, A., Subbarao, S.K., Roy, A., Joshi, H.
and Sharma, V.P. Corrleation of malaria endemicity with An.
culicifacies sibling species composition and malaria antibody
profile in district Allahabad (U.P.). Indian J Malariol 31: 48,
1994.
12.
Tiwari, S.N., Prakash, A. and Kulshrestha, A.K. A note on
Anopheles culicifacies sibling species composition in stone quarry j
belt of district Allahabad (U.P.). Indian J Malariol 31:33,1994.
13.
Singh, N., Mishra, A.K., Singh, O.P., Jaiswal, A., and Khan,
M.T. Feasibility study of insecticide-impregnated bednets for
malaria control in forested villages of district Mandla (M.P.).
Indian J Malariol 31: 136, 1994.
14.
Yadav, R.S., Sampath, T.R.R., Sharma, V.P., Adak, T. and Ghosh,
S.K. Evaluation of lambdacyhalothrin impregnated bednets in
a malaria endemic area of India. Part 2. Effects on malaria
incidence and clinical measures. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 14:
444, 1998.
15.
Jana-Kara, B.R., Wajihullah, Shahi, B., Dev, V., Curtis, C.F.,
and Sharma, V.P., Deltamethrin impregnated bednets against
Anopheles minimus transmitted malaria in Assam, India. J Trop
Med Hyg 98: 73, 1995.
This write up has been contributed by Dr. Sarala K.
Subbarao, Director and Dr. Nutan Nanda and Dr. K.
Raghavendra, Sr. Research Officers, Malaria Research
Centre, Delhi.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Family environment in the elderly with chronic
respiratory disease.
available. The caregivers included sons, daughters,
spouses and close relatives.
The prospective study was carried out in 100 elderly
patients (aged 60 years and above) suffering from
chronic obstructive airway disease to determine the
relationship between the family environment and
characteristics of the disease (viz. its duration and
severity), perception of the family environment by the
patients and caregivers, and medical support services
Using semistructured interview schedules
significant correlation was observed between the
duration and severity of the disease, availability of
medical support services and patient’s perception of
his/her family environment. A fair degree of agreement
was observed in all the subscales of the family
environment scale (FES). In the relationship dimension,
8 0
high scores were recorded in cohesion and
expressiveness indicating to a large extent the
commitment, help and support that family members
provide to each other and that the family members
are encouraged to act openly and express their feelings
directly. Low scores of both patients and caregivers
on the issue of family conflict also indicated a
supportive family environment. High scores on the
independence subscale predicted a tendency to be
assertive and self sufficient.
The study thus revealed that both the elderly patients
and caregivers felt quite positively about their families
and perceived their families as supportive characterized
by high cohesion and expressiveness and low conflict
associated with family member’s better adjustment and
greater ability to deal with stress, especially when
i coping with personal physical illnesses.
S. Soneja
A.B. Dey
Department of Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Publication:
Soneja, S., Dey, A.B., Desai, N.G. and Kumar, V. Family
environment in the elderly with chronic respiratory disease.
Indian J Psychiatr 39 (Suppl): 30, 1997.
Analysis of the natural history of Perthes’ disease in
India.
A retrospective study involving review and analysis
of radiographs and records of 518 patients of Perthes’s
disease was undertaken to determine the natural history
of the disease and to know whether the natural history
of the disease is altered by the current treatment protocol
as also to decide whether current treatment protocol
needs to be modified.
IIA, IIB, 11IA, IIIB and IV) based on plain radiographic
appearances. The duration of the different stages
increased in ascending order (IA < IB < IIA < IIB <
III A < IIIB). The duration of each stage was not altered
by surgery or influenced by the extent of epiphyseal
avascularity, sex of the patient or the age at onset of
the disease.
Metaphyseal osteoporosis developed in over 95%
of the patients and persisted throughout the coursefof
the disease. Metaphyseal cysts were seen in much
smaller proportion of children compared to metaphyseal
osteoporosis. These were seen most commonly during
the later part of stage I and during the stage of
fragmentation of epiphysis (stage II) after which the
frequency of cysts decreased markedly.
Acetabular changes including bicompartmentalisation and ischium varum occurred with increasing
frequency from the onset of the disease till the stage
of revascularization. However, this did not appear to
be related to the extent of epiphyseal avascularity or
the extent of epiphyseal collapse.
Metaphyseal widening increased progressively from
stage IA to IIIB and the extent of widening was distinctly
less in children who underwent surgery. Epiphyseal
extrusion occurred early in the disease and progressed
till stage IIIB; the magnitude of extrusion being less
in operated hips.
The natural history of the disease was altered by
containment surgery in the form of (i) reduction in
the degree of epiphyseal extrusion; (ii) significant
reduction in the degree of metaphyseal widening;
(iii) minimization in the extent of femoral head
enlargement; and (iv)the femoral head had a much
higher chance of retaining its sphericity.
The study revealed that the onset of Perthes’ disease
was around 8.5 yr of age; the male : female ratio of
the affected children being 70:30. Bilateral involvement
was noted in 5% of the patients and extensive femoral
head involvement was very common.
It can be concluded that the protocol of treatment
being followed currently offering surgery (varus
derotation with trochanteric apophyseodesis) to children
under 12 yr of age (provided the disease has not
progressed beyond stage II) seems to have a sound
basis and needs no modification as the results of
operative treatment are satisfactory.
It was found that the disease runs a very slow course
and the average total duration of the disease is around
4 years. In children under 12 years the disease could
be divided into clearly identifiable stages ((IA, IB,
B. Joseph
Department, of Orthopaedics
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal.
8 1
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Board for Special Programme for Research and Training
in Tropical Diseases at Geneva (June 24-25, 1999).
Meetings of the Task Force (TF)ZExpert Group (EG)/
Project Review Committee (PRC) and other meetings
held at New Delhi:
Dr. Nita Mawar, Asstt. Director, National AIDS Re
search Institute, Pune, participated in the workshop on
Social and Behavioural .Research related to the Imple
mentation of HIV Vaccine Trials in Developing Coun
tries at Geneva (June 28-30, 1999).
Meeting on Interferon Trial
July 1, 1999
TF on Protozoal Infection
July 5, 1999
PRC on Virology
July 13, 1999
EG on Monitoring of quality of
bulk monovalent oral polio
vaccine
July 15, 1999
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events :
Dr. S.S.A. Zaidi, Senior Research Officer, National
Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, partici
pated in the VII Nordic Symposium on Trace Elements
in Human Health and Disease at Helsinki (June 16-18,
1999).
Dr. Hema Joshi, Sr. Research Officer, Malaria Re
search Centre, Delhi, participated in the IV International
meeting on Molecular Epidemiology Evolutionary Ge
netics in Infectious Diseases at Senegal (June 21-24,1999).
Dr. Lalit Kant, Sr.Deputy Director-General, ICMR,
participated in the XXII session ofthe Joint Coordinating
Dr. P.R. Narayanan, Director, Tuberculosis Research
Centre (TRC), Chennai, participated in the II meeting of
the Global Tuberculosis Research Initiative of the WHO
at Casablanca (June 29-July 1, 1999).
Dr. P.Udayasekhara Rao, Dy. Director, National In
stitute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, participated in the
III International Food Data Conference at Rome (July 57, 1999).
Dr. B. Ravindran, Dy. Director, Regional Medical
Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, participated in a con
ference on Parasitic Helminths: From Genome to Vac
cine at Edinburgh (July 8-11, 1999).
Dr. V. Kumaraswamy, Dy. Director, TRC, Chennai,
participated in the workshop on Control and Elimina
tion of Lymphatic Filariasis at Atlanta (July 7-13,1999).
Dr. Kamala Krishnaswamy, Director, NIN,
Hyderabad, participated in the LII Annual Convention
of the Philippine Association of Nutrition on Nutrition
Perspectives for the Next Century at Manila (July 1213, 1999).
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Course/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
Workshop on Medical Communication: Writing in
the Margins
July 24-25,1999;
(at Hyderabad)
Dr. Taraprasad Das, Organising Secretary of the
Workshop, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad500034.
Workshop on Stereology, Image Processing and
Quantitative Image Analysis in Biomedical Research
July 26-28,1999;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. Shashi Wadhwa, Professor, Department of
Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sci
ences, New Delhi-110029.
International Symposium on Atraumatic Restorative
Treatment
August 12-14,1999;
(at Chennai)
Dr. S. Balagopal, Organising Secretary of the
Symposium, SHIRAZ-47,3rd East Street, Kamraj
Nagar, Chennai-600041.
Biennial National Conference of the Association of
Gerontology on Challenges of Ageing in the 21st
Century
August 20-21,1999;
(at Hyderabad)
Sh. K.R. Gangadharan, Organising Secretary of
the Conference, c/o Heritage Medical Centre,
7-1-59/4 & 8, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500016.
8 2
Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Course/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
National Symposium and Update on Problem Areas
in Diagnostic Oncopathology
October 8-10,1999;
(at Scvagram)
Dr. N. Gangane, Organising Secretary of the Sym
posium, Department of Pathology, Mahatma
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram,
Wardha-442102.
International Conference on Man, Environment and
Nature
November 26-28, 1999;
(at Calcutta)
Prof. Sunirmal Chanda, Covenor of the Con
ference, Centre for Study of Man and Environ
ment, Parivesh Kendra, CK-11, Sector-2, Salt Lake
City, Calcutta-700091.
International Symposium on Chemotherapy: Problem
and Perspectives in 21st Century
November 28-29,1999;
(at Lucknow)
Dr. R.C. Saxena, Head, Department of Pharma
cology, K.G. Medical College, Lucknow-226003.
Indo-European Seminar-cum-Workshop on Advances
in Human Cytogenetics
December.6-9,1999;
(at Lucknow)
Dr. S.S. Agarwal, Head, Department of Medi
cal Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Insti
tute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014.
COUNCIL’S TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1999-2000
Leprosy
National Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad:
At the Central JALMA Institutefor Leprosy, Agra:
•
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Technicians
(June 14-July 30, 1999).
•
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Supervisors
(September 1-November 30, 1999).
•
Training Course for Medical Officers Working under
the National Leprosy Eradication Programme (Sep
tember, 1999).
Reproductive Biology
Medical Entomology:
At the Institute for Research in Reproduction, Mumbai:
At the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry:
•
Training Course in Molecular Techniques in Ovarian
Function (September 27-October 2,1999).
•
Training Course on Cytological Detection of Repro
ductive Tract Infections (December 13-17, 1999).
Endocrinology
•
Biomedical Statistics
At the National Institute ofEpidemiology, Chennai:
•
Basic Course in Statistics for Medical Officers (July
1999).
•
Training Course in Field Epidemiology (November,
1999).
At the National Institute ofNutrition,, Hyderabad:
•
Annual Certificate Course on Endocrinological
Techniques and their Application (August 1 September 15, 1999).
Nutrition
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
M.Sc. in Applied Nutrition (June 1,1999-February 28,
2000).
•
Postgraduate Certificate Course in Nutrition (Decem
ber 1, 1999-February 28,2000).
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science,
Postgraduate Diploma Course in Medical Entomology
(from July 1999).
Haematology
At the Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai:
•
Training Course in Transfusion Medicine for Blood
Bank Medical Officers (August 31 -October 29,1999).
•
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and Blood
Bank Methodology for Blood Bank TechMcians
(August 31-September 30, 1999).
•
Training Course in Advanced Haematology and
Immunohaematoiogy (October 11-29,1999).
8 3
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Establishment of National Institute of Epidemiology
In pursuance of the approval of the Governing Body of the Council at its meeting held on 28.1.99, the DG, ICMR
sanctions the merger of CJIL Field Unit, Avadi with Institute for Research in Medical Statistics (IRMS), Chennai. The
merged Institute will be known as the National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE) to be located in the erstwhile IRMS
premises at Chennai.
The objective of the Institute would cover the following broad areas:
(i)
To develop the sciences of epidemiology and biostatistics.
(ii)
To develop human resources in epidemiology and biostatistics.
(iii)
To act as a clearing house for the two disciplines and emerge as a resource for epidemiology.
(iv)
To do networking of the various ICMR and non-ICMR Institutes at the National level for epidemiological
purposes.
(v)
To provide consultancy.
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Grant-in-aid for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops
The Council provides partial financial assistance for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops.
Applications for grant of financial assistance (complete in all respects in the prescribed proforma), will be
considered only if furnished at least four months before the date of commencement of the Seminar/Symposium/Workshop, etc.
EDITORIAL
BOARD
Chairman
Dr. N.K. Ganguly
Director-General
Members
Dr. Pad am Singh
Dr. Lalit Kant
Dr. Bela Shah
Dr. V. Muthuswamy
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110 029
R.N. 21813/71
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