RF_NGO_23_SUDHA.pdf
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RF_NGO_23_SUDHA
ADDENDUM TO EARLY
CHILDHOOD CARE
I
I
future.
Hi. Neonatal
1. The criticality of the first day/ first week
and first month after birth was singled out as
requiring a focused strategy. It was
recommended that Health Workers be
instructed to monitor this period carefully.
Community and volunteer youths groups
could also be encouraged to track this
period.
LBW babies being especially at risk, the
antecedent causes of LBW going back to
adolescence of the mother should be
addressed and management of ARI as part of
strategy to reduce infant mortality be taken
up in training and communication.
iv. Maternity Entitlements
1. It was recommended that:
.
The issue of support to women for th.9
period delivery to 6 months through
Maternity Entitlements should be considered
as a critical strategy in tandem with other
medical and nutrition related interventions to
reduce mortality, morbidity and malnutrition.
Maternity Entitlements need to cover
expenses incurred during delivery/post
delivery and leave or wage support to stay
out of work for the critical period of six
months to enable breast feeding and provide
the care essential for the infant.
The current Maternity Benefit Scheme ( Rs.
500/- for two deliveries) is totally inadequate
to meet the above challenges. Development
of the ME Scheme (especially for the vast
unorganized sector), its mechanisms and the
resources required for it as a social security
measure be taken up along with Amendment
to the Maternity Benefits Act and signing of
the ILO Convention 183 on Maternity.
v. Breast-feeding
To bring about behavioural change regarding
ritual discarding of colostrum, it was
recommended that skilled assistance was
required in addition to information. The
Health workers list of responsibilities should
include providing this assistance and breast
feeding practices should be used as an
indicator to measure change.
vi. Breastfeeding and transmission of AIDS
Counseling regarding . •imp'
m of the
above needs to be provided at pie-natal
stage to enable considered choice.
vii. Complementary feeding
This is a behaviour change issue and
requires skilled assistance. Provision of the
same must form part of the training and work
of the Health workers.
viii. Creches and childcare support services
Creches at working places, community
based child care support services on an
extensive scale are necessary, developed.
Such services provide the back-up support
to women to continue breast-feeding and
complementary feeding and ensure care and
safety of infants.
Labour Legislation providing creches needs
implementation and new legislation to
provide creches for the unorganized sector
put in place.
Schemes for Creches require to be revised
with attention to increased coverage and
improved norms.
-
5. The group recommended that the
NPAC document consider replacing
the term ECC with Early Childhood as
the latter was a more comprehensive
umbrella under which the elements of
care, development, protection ,
nutrition and related issues could be
viewed together. In current practice,
protection needs of young children
had not entered the conceptual/
operational frame of ECC or ECCD
and the NPAC provided an
opportunity to correct this limitation.
6. Disaggregated Data
It is recommended that priority be given in
the NPAC to the collection of disaggregated
data on the 0-6 age group, its analysis and
use for targeted planning.
Involvement of local self government
bodies, community and youth in collection of
such data should be encouraged to develop
ownership of the issues.
Mapping of who are the most needy is
essential so that resources can be directed
to reach the most vulnerable.
7. Directive from the National Policy for
Children 1974 regarding the right to Early
Childhood Care to be incorporated as a
policy directive in NPAC 2003.
8. All poverty alleviation programmes,
particularly those for SC/STs should be
scrutinized to ascertain how child friendly
they are.
9. Safety and Protection issues for 0-6 age
group have not been addressed. Centre
based care when mothers are at work as well
awareness of issues of child sex abuse
require attention. Panchayat training has to
provide orientation to the existence of abuse
within families and how it can be tracked.
10. NPAC 2003 needs to put in place a strong
Monitoring Mechanism and an empowered
structure to ensure Inter-Sectoral Coordination as current inter- departmentaI
meting from time to time do not serve the
purpose of ensuring the required synergistic
action for children.
11. NPAC vision must stretch beyond the
10th Plan and set progressive targets that
will cover 11th and 12th Plans.
12. Specific recommendations disaggregated
by age
0-3 Age group
i. Pre-natal
The current status of the Health care system
was a matter of concern. It was
recommednded that NPAC commits to a
strong thrust for improving access to and
the quality of PNC services and the
development of a good public health
infrastructure ( water sanitation). This should
be considered as essential for maintaining
the health and care of the pregnant women.
Specifically, reorganization of Health Care
personnel, attention tc. ' Trastructure of the
Primary Health Centres, availability of drugs,
skilled personnel etc. needed to be
prioritized.
Information and awarencr - amongst families
on the needs and care c
j pregnant
woman and of the child was stressed.
Highlighting the declining sex ration was
necessary and strict monitoring of the PNDT
Act required.
ii. Birth
1.. Action towards Improved quality of
service and accessibility to PHCS,
availability of skilled personnel, transport for
referrals in case of birth complications was
considered essential.
It was recommended that the training and
education of dais should be undertaken as
provision for 100% institutional deliveries
appears to be an unrealistic goal in the near
5. EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE
National Policy Commitment
Right to early childhood care
a. The State shall in partnership with community
provide early childhood care for all children and
encourage programmes which will stimulate and
develop their physical and cognitive capacities.
b. . The State shall in partnership with
community aim at providing a childcare centre in
every village where infants and children of
working mothers can be adequately cared for.
c. The State will make special efforts to provide
these facilities to children from SCs/STs and
marginalised sections of society.
UNGASS GOAL :UN 36 (e):
•Seo below for working group recommendations made at the
Development & implementation of
GOI Northern Regional Consultation held on 4th June on the
national early childhood development
National Plan of Action for Children.
policies and programmes to ensure the
enhancement of children's physical,
social, emotional, spiritual and cognitive
development
NATIONAL GOAL
‘Same as above.
OBJECTIVES
Concern:
UN 37(10)
1. Persistent stagnation of first day, first
STRATEGIES
week and first month morbidity and
-* Universalise and improve quality of
mortality
early childhood care in remote and socio
2. Persistent proportion of children born
economically backward area with primary
attention given to girls, through the ICDS.
with low birth rate. 1/3 of all births
-* Provide day care services for the
continue to be low birth weight.
children (0-5 years) of mainly casual,
3. Persistent short-fall of minimum basic
migrant, agricultural and construction
preventive and protective services.
labourers.
4. Persistent low quality of state childcare
-* Improve the nutritional and health
services and the persistent failure of
status of pre-school children in the age
targeting
the 0-3 year age group.
group of 0-6 years.
5. Lack of services for the poorest,
-* Reduce the incidence of mortality,
transient, “illegal” or “unauthorised”
morbidity, malnutrition and school
groups such as pavement dwellers and
dropout.
-* Enhance the capability of the mother to
squatters.
look after the normal health and
nutritional needs of the child through
TAKE UNGASS GOAL (40(a)
proper nutrition and health education
ADD DEVELOPMENT GOALS.
Target action to address:
DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN: 0-3, 3-6.
Questions:
WHAT SERVICES, WHAT INFORMATION DO
PARENTS NEED FOR HOLISTIC
DEVELOPMENT?
PROVISION FOR CRECHES TO FACILITATE
BREAST FEEDING
Policy:
1. To reaffirm the commitment of the
■Development of Children' with a special focus
on the early childhood development, not only as
the most desirable investment for the country's
future but also as the right of every child to
achieve his/her full development potential.
2. To adopt a rights based approach to the
development of children, as being advocated by
the Draft National Policy and Charter for
Children.
3. Specific interventions to address the Tenth
Plan observation that the early childhood years
- especially the pre-natal to first three years are the most crucial and vulnerable period in life
for the achievement of full human development
potential and cumulative life-long learning. This
is the time when the foundations for physical, ~
cognitive, emotional and social development are
laid.
Investment
Set up necessary co-ordinating mechanism for
converging services, pooling resources of
related sectors utilising both manpower and
infrastructure to address the ‘holistic’ and the
'whole child approach' towards better early
childhood care and development (Tenth Plan).
‘4th June Government of India Northern
Region NGO Consultation:
Working Group Recommendations:
t. Very young children also have mental
health needs. These should be a key
component in early childhood care.’
2. Create an environment to promoter
better care practices for very young
children.
3. Creche facilities should be provided.
The option of mobile creches should
be explored seriously, especially in
areas where the woman has to travel
long distances to work and older
siblings adopt the role of caretakers,
thereby missing out on education and
on childhood.
4. Other strategies stated in the
‘Citizen’s Alternate Proposals’.
t
ix. FP counseling and services
Access to these services needs to be
improved and the quantum of unmet needs
reduced.
x. IMNCI
IMNCI as a medical strategy requires to be
tried out and training for the same initiated.
1.. Learning needs of 0-3 years.
Learning needs of 0-3 have not been
addressed in ICDS. NPAC 2003 must ensure
correction of this focus through training
directions and creation of opportunities
through re-design of the programme.
3-6 Year Age Group
i. Learning needs/ rights of 3-6 age group
have to brought to the fore and the entire
issue addressed afresh especially in the light
of the 86th Amendment The Directive
Principle regarding ECCD( Amended Art 45)
has to be given content and flesh. Pre-school
component of ICDS has to be strengthed and
the state also has to accept responsibility for
initiating new programmes to create
opportunities for pre-school education.
Status of the childcare worker, training and
certification of nursery teachers,
development of norms for quality for pre
school education and regulating the private
sector are urgent related issues.
fl Gio -ib-
NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION FOR
CHILDREN
World Summit for Chikiren (WSC) held on 1990
NATIONAL SECRETARIAT
REPORT AT THE 9th PCM
Ootacamund 13 — 15 June '03
&
1st Natkina! Plan of Action for Children (NPAC)
formulated in 1992
NPAC identified 27 survival & development goals
7 quantrfiabfe goals
IMR, Child mortality, MMR, malnutrition,
safe drinking water, education, literacy
NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION (Cont)
i
FORCES fe engaged in a concurrent process of
consultation, identification of priority areas
and alternate planning with regard to NPA
with
India Alliance for Child Rights
Voluntary Health Association of India
Department of Women & Child DevelopmentGOI
The Government of India is finalising the Plan;
FORCES has given its recommendations &
co-produced a
Citizen's Alternate Report (May 2003)
PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE ACT
The PNDT Act 1994 passed by the Parliament in
May *03
The Nationa? Secretariat gave evidence before
the Parliamentary Standing Committee in 2002
on
- Declining sex ratio among 0-6 years (Census
2001)
- Insufficient advertising of PNDT
- Compulsory registration & certification of
ultrasound machines
At 8th PCM, members decided that they would
work at both State and National level to
ensure effective implementation of the Act.
1
93rd Amendment Bill
Maternity Entitlements for Women
4 Regional Consultations organised - 8** PCM
Action Plan
-—The 93^ Amendment Bill on fundamental right of
education for children between the ages 6-14
passed as the 86^' Amendment Act 2002.
Gujarat FORCES
Delhi FORCES
Tamil Nadu & Karnataka FORCES
Raj., UP, Orissa & Bihar FORCES + Nzt. SecrotarUt +
Other groups
The background of campaigning for inclusion
of 0-6 years is known to all of us BUT needs to
be pursued for ensuring early learning rights
for ail children, particufarty for underprivileged
children.
Emerging Plans
- To sharpen the recommendations submBtsd and
endorsed by the 2ndLabour Commission
- To prepare an information kit for wider circulation and
awareness;
- To continue dialogue with the Govemmerrt of India.
A critical view of Sarva Sh&sha Abhlyan (SSA)
presented at the 8* PCM.
A Bill entitied ’Compulsory education for
children living below the poverty line — 2002'
is being tabled In the Parliament
Asian Social Forum
Hyderabad, January 2-7, 2003
BUDGET ANALYSIS*
Sector-wise breakdown of the share of children in the
Union Budget (2003-2004)
(In pcfxeofjQe)
Source: * Min. of HRD, Mm. of SJS A Mm. of Tribal Affairs
• * Min. of HRO, Mn. of Youtfi Affairs & Sports
Min. of SocialJustice & Empovennenf & Mn. of Labour
Natk>nal Secretariat organised a workshop on
GlobaHsatlon end Rs Impact qn the yodng child’ whkh
was attended by 45 partklpanta from around the
country and a group from Australia.
A questionnaire was circulated at the ASF for creating
awarenesa on the Issue ef
Early Child Cara and Development.
Year Education* Health
Child
Dev.**
ChM in difficult
circumstances
Total
The National Secretariat collaborated with TN FORCES
for a workshop at whkh children from Tamtfnadu
presented a skit depicting hardships on children in
terms of care, nutrition and education.
2003
to
2004
0.50
0.025
2.33
1.46
0.34
2
7. Potest DAanw agalnrt killing, of children in Jan™ & Ka.hmlr
with women . groups and others - March 25, 2003
Forces Participation in Meetings, etc
l.Coordhatlon matins „IU, BPNI for orB>nlrtls Ita Asin
riviix. vXjnjercncc on p
—**—>• *-•
Breastfeeding
(Noy —
30 - Dec 3, 2003)
j
for Pining for the forthcoming World
Education Forum in Aug 2004.
Pol^RP^"* ” .ectin?" 1,1
rohey Bl Primary Education
,
I
ApS?O n dX1”* Ch,,d U‘bOUr“ bur’Ch °f th8 Glr»
. Defh I - Education
Year,
I
^niBHce for Oaild Rights-monthly meeting, to
formulate the alternate planning
10. Met the UP Labour Commisskxir- *
or at Kanpur regarding release
of funds for chBd care aervkefl/creches
----- j and to suggest names for
the welfare board being set up.
4. Voluntary Health Association of India
- Consultation for
NPA Formulation of recommendation.
/ttX™
S.Intemational Women’. Day Celebration
-This year FORCES
coordinated the Day .nd called prep,
preparatory meetings. Placed
the issue of displaced children, child
z.. .i care and food security.
i«u^r
Hm.b.r of FORCES
^fl-rdmg extension support and coHaboretion on
6. World Social Forum 2004 — meetings being nttended
(separate presentation)
13. Coordination meeting with Delhi FORCES.
Extension of the Network
St Issues
Visitors at the Secretariat
yttar Praderh - Following the 8*1 PCM, the National
team visaed Lucknow for a coordination meeting with
V7’8 docl<led to hold a capacity +
Issue building workshop for Uttar Pradesh groups.
Ihe National Secretariat organised this workshop in
coilaborabon with Gujarat FORCES from 27-29 Jar.uarat Lucknow in which 35 groups participated.
The group oeckJcd to launch the UP FORCES, with
31 itS Cor,venor • Since then UP
FORCs.S is aetzre in consonance with their action plan
i
1. Orissa FORCES network members in
I
I
I
March 2003
’Shr’- N'“r
K”"
3. Bihzr FORCES - Shri-Arbind Singh in March 2003
4. Gujarat FORCES - Ms. Ila Vakharia In January 2003
^kumari Dogra |n February
Other Possible Extensiong; Uttz.-ancha! & Asson
^OO^0"3 frKT1 Jamkhed “ Pn3^ on Heafch in March
7. Manju from Wo rid Vision - Rajasthan
3
61
- 16
Activity Report Of Gujarat FORCES - SHISHU SANGH
December 2002 to May 2003
Note Prepared by Chetna Kotecha Coordinator Gujarat FORCES
IMR AND
NEONATAL CARE PROJECT
Under this project two follow-up and consultancy meetings with Ngo,s ware
conducted. For awareness on IMR & Neonatal Care several Gramsabhas and
meetings with PHC doctors and Health workers. Panchyat members & community
people were organized.
Under the project a survey of 300 lactating mothers has been done and the survey
of pregnant women is on going. The data collection and awareness programme is
been carried out with the help of 12 NGO’s in 50 villages.
• Plan Of Action: Data analysis will be undertaken and documentation will
be prepared.
STUDY ON CHILD AND MATERNAL PROTECTION.
4
With reference to the discussion held during the last PCM IN Gujarat, a plan of
action was made. On the basis of this, Gujarat FORCES had a dialogue with the
Labour Minister of Gujarat , Mr.Ranlanlal Vora on Feb 2003 and a memorandum
was also submitted to him. Gujarati & English copy is awalable. The conclusions
from the meeting were that since needs differ from district to district depending On
the kind of work women are involved in. Hence an indepth study is necessary to
understand these differing needs and problem faced by women and children.
Gujarat FORCES had prepared a questionnaire to women’s needs and will now do
the study and data analysis.
Plan of Action:-
•
Analysis of information will be undertaken and a in this regard will be
submited to the Labour Minister of Gujarat.
The local MP’s and MLA’s will be involved in above prosisor
•
Media will also involved
•
•
A poster on Maternal & Child Rights will be developed
We will proper for a special card (Regitration) for Migrant Labour & Mobile
checkup van and Creche facility should be at work place axvalabe.
•
We will push flexibility in timing of 1CDS & Creches.
•
6
BUDGET ANALYSIS
As per the last PCM’s plan ol action Gujarat FORCES conducted a workshop on
budget analysis on March-2003 for making recommendation on budget allocation
for the young children of Gujarat.
THE MAIN DISCUSION FONTS WERE.
How much is allocated for children in the state budget ?
Is the budget alloction for children sufficient? If not how much is needed?
❖ How much is unutilized and why?
How much is allocated under the different heads mentioned below
o Nutrition
o health
o Materials and literature for children.
o Teacher’s salary.
o Administrative expenses.
EMERGING ISSUES:In The 5.06 crore population of Gujarat the perecentage of Childrenis 14%
ie 68,67,958 lakhs our children of 0 to 6 years.
Budget allocation for children is 417,79,75 thousand ie 1.32% of the total
Gujarat budget of Rs 31,732,6051.
In the state Government only 9 Departments have provisions for children out
of 27 Depertment
•
•
•
I
i
Year
1999- 00
2000- 01
2001- 02
j 2002-03
! 2002-03
! 2003-04
[ Total
Budget
Slate
'
| 23007,54,93
31568,14,61
43686,62.58
30420,05,58
j 49947,45,46
31732,60,51
of
Allocation
for Percent
of the
children (0 to 6)
Total State Budget
allocation
for
Children_________
287,72,69
1.25______________
302,23,38
0.96______________
208,85,35
0.48______________
351,54,77
1.16______________
333,59,71
0.67______________
417,79,75
1.32
7
ACTION PLAN:
•
•
•
•
•
To collect information as to which other Depertments can make provisions for
children..
The required Provision for children will made be made by the Government in the
next Budget.
<
Make appropriate suggestions & recommendation to this end.
We w ill work tow ards preper use of the unutilised budget.
During discussion it was felt that the focus should be more on Nutrition,
Education, Health and Development.
u To implement the above plan and for followup Gujarat FORCES has
contributed a TTzsA Force.
CHILD RIGHT CONVENTION-CRC
On March 2003 a workshop on CRC 4vas held by Gujarat FORCES. Burirfg
this workshop the National Plan of Action for Children-CRC was discussed
with is 38 NGOs and recommendition were formulated. The
recommendations were sent to the National Secretariet and India Alliance
for Children .
Other topic taken under discussed were:
□ What is Child Right Convention (CRC)
□ Condition and Right of Children in India.
□ Contribution & Role of NGO’s on Child Right.
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT
■
■
■
On diffrient issues 3 bimonthly news letter were published and
distributed to 60 NGO.
Made a Report , Posters and Handbills on Neonatal Care and
IMR
Made a Report on Budget Analysis and CRC Workshop.
• Above all Reports shared with 60 NGO.
8
NET WORKING:Nearly 45 NGO are actively working and participated with
Gujarat FORCES. Many new NGO’s are corresponding with
Gujarat FORCES
PRO POSAL:Gujarat FORCES need funding support urgently to keep up with
its growth.
We have prepared proposi and submitted it to the following
organizations
RvLF
UNICEF
UNFPA
CRY
ICICI
NA TIONAL SECRETARIAL
Any suggestions and support for Fund-Raising (ire welcome.
9
A.
'r •■■.w.-
Activity Report Of Gujarat FORCES - SHISHU SANGH
December 2002 to May 2003
Note Prepared by Chetnu Kotecha f Coordinator Gujarat FORCES
IMR AND
NEONATAL CARE PROJECT
Under this project two follow-up and consultancy meetings with Ngo,s ware
conducted. For awareness on IMR & Neonatal Care several Gramsabhas and
meetings with PHC doctors and Health workers. Panchyat members & community
people were organized.
Under the project a survey of 300 lactating mothers has been done and the survey
of pregnant women is on going. The data collection and awareness programme is
been carried out with the help of 12 NGO’s in 50 villages.
• Plan Of Action:
Data analysis will be undertaken and documentation will
be prepared..
STUDY ON CHILD AND MATERNAL PROTECTION.
With reference to the discussion held during the last PCM IN Gujarat, a plan of
action was made. On the basis of this, Gujarat FORCES had a dialogue with the
Labour Minister of Gujarat , Mr.Ramanlal Vora on Feb 2003 and a memorandum
was also submitted to him. Gujarati & English copy is awalable. The conclusions
from the meeting were that since needs differ from district to district depending on
the kind of work women are involved in. Hence an indepth study is necessary to
understand these differing needs and problem faced by women and children.
Gujarat FORCES had prepared a questionnaire to women’s needs and will now do
the study and data analysis.
Plan of Action:-
•
Analysis of information will be undertaken and a in this regard will be
submited to the Labour Minister of Gujarat.
The local MP’s and MLA’s will be involved in above prosisor
•
Media will also involved .
•
•
A poster on Maternal & Child Rights will be developed.
We will preper for a special card (Regitration) for Migrant Labour & Mobile
checkup van and Creche facility should be at work place awalabe.
•
We will push flexibility in timing of ICDS & Creches.
•
6
I
I
BUDGET.ANALYSIS
As per the last PCM’s plan of action Gujarat FORCES conducted a workshop on
budget analysis on March-2003 for making recommendation on budget allocation
for the young children of Gujarat.
THE MAIN DISCUSION FONTS WERE.
❖
❖
How much is allocated
for childrenini the state budget ?
--------------------------Is the budget alloction for children sufficient? If not how much is needed?
How much is unutilized and why?
How much is allocated under the different heads mentioned below
o Nutrition
o health
o Materials and literature for children,
o Teacher’s salary.
o Administrative expenses.
EMERGING ISSUES:-
•
•
•
In The 5.06 crore population of Gujarat the perecentage of Childrenis 14%
ie 68,67,958 lakhs our children of 0 to 6 years.
Budget allocation for children is 417,79,75 thousand ie 1.32% of the total
Gujarat budget of Rs 31,732,6051.
In the state Government only 9 Departments have provisions for children out
of 27 Depertnient.
Year
1999- 00
2000- 01
2001 -02
~2002-03
2002- 03
2003- 04
Total
State
Budget
23007,54,93
31568,14,61
43686,62,58
30420,05,58
49947,45,46
31732,60,51
of Allocation
for Percent
of the
children (0 to 6)
Total State Budget
allocation
for
Children__________
287,72,69
1.25______________
302,23,38
0.96______________
208,85,35
0.48______________
351,54,77
1.16______________
333,59,71
0.67______________
417,79,75
1.32
7
-
-
I-
ACTION PLAN:•
•
•
•
•
To collect information as to which other Depertments can make provisions for
children..
The required Provision for children will made be made by the Government in the
next Budget.
Make appropriate suggestions & recommendation to this end.
We will work towards preper use of the unutilised budget.
During discussion it was felt that the focus should be more on Nutrition,
Education, Health and Development.
' x
u To implement the above plan and for followup Gujarat FORCES has
contributed a Task Force.
CHILD RIGHT CONVENTION-CRC
On March 2003 a workshop on CRC was held by Gujarat FORCES. During
this workshop the National Plan of Action for Children-CRC was discussed
with is 38 NGOs and recommendition were formulated. The
recommendations were sent to the National Secretariet and India Alliance
for Children .
Other topic taken under discussed were:
□ What is Child Right Convention (CRC)
□ Condition and Right of Children in India.
□ Contribution & Role of NGO’s on Child Right.
MA TERIAL DEVELOPMENT
■
■
■
On diftrient issues 3 bimonthly news letter were published and
distributed to 60 NGO.
Made a Report , Posters and Handbills on Neonatal Care and
IMR
Made a Report on Budget Analysis and CRC Workshop.
• Above all Reports shared with 60 NGO.
8
'
‘‘ -V
?e
i
,
•^4^-
■
NET WORKING:Nearly 45 NGO are actively working and participated with
Gujarat FORCES. Many new NGO’s are corresponding with
Gujarat FORCES
PROPOSAL:
Gujarat FORCES need funding support urgently to keep up with
its growth.
We have prepared proposl and submitted it to the following
orga nizations
HyLF
UNICEF
UNFPA
CRY
ICICI
NA TIONAL SECRETARIAL
Any susxestions and support for Fund-Raising are welcome.
9
pl Gp
14^
Budgeting for Children
Development of Children is the first priority on the country’s development agenda not
because thev are the most vulnerable, but because they are our supreme assets and also the
future human resources of the country.
(Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007))
After gender, the next logical step for the Department of Women and Child
Development, as a nodal Department for women and children, is analysis of public
expenditure ’ on children. Even though the approach of extracting
expenditure/budgetary provisions specific to a section of the population or dedicated
to a specific cause, from Public Expenditure/Budget documents, is not a unique
exercise, analysis of public expenditure from a child perspectivfe has been undertaken
on a very limited scale in the country and represents a comparatively new territory for
research and analysis. A pioneering effort was made by HAQ:, Centre for Child
Rights, in their publication “ India’s Children and the Union Budget .
2
Taking a cue from existing works and gender budgeting initiatives, for the
very first time, tlie DWCD has undertaken to draw up a statement of funds
provisioning in the Union Budget and the State Budgets, for children. The study has
limitations associated with a first time effort but it is expected that it will serve as
subject of further research, and critiques will help to refine methodologies and
techniques in this area.
3
The Department proposes to analyse budgetary allocations and expenditure on
children, in both Union and State budgets over a period of ten years. Interim results
are at present available for 2000-01,2001-02, 2002-03 and 200j-04.
Methodology
4
•
Schemes implemented by various Ministries of Government of India, for
children have been listed for trend analysis. Ministries covered:
Ministries Covered for analysis of Expenditure on Children
Human
Resource
DevelopmentDepartments of
Elementary education
Secondary and Higher Education
Women and Child Development
Social Justice and Empowerment
Health and Family Welfare
Labour "
Rural development
I&3
| Tribal A ffairs
Eor purpose of analysis, the schemes for children have been clubbed into four
broad categories.
A) Child Development and Nutrition
B)Education
C) Health
D)Child Protection & Others
•
GUJARAT FORCES
(SHISIIU SAPiGH)
Forum for creche
Cl
Child Care Services
I
. I
5 Interim Results
5.1 Union Budget
Public Expenditure/AUocations for children on
Union Budget, are tabulated in Table 1 below
the afore mentioned sectors, in the
TABLE I
^E^^raTshareoFchZd^el^d programmes of cch
ACTUAL
SECTORS
2000-01
B.E?
2001-02
3424.50
6164.78- 7693.00
B.E.
2003-04
R.E.
2002-03
I
6
I
48328.00
,
62178.00!
5
4
3
2
1
(Rs in lakhs)
RE'.
B.E.
2001-02 2002-03
(6.34)
(7.°3)
7
72746.00
(7.65) ~~
1
(1.08) [~no^QL
(1-06)
151403.00 154537.00 185059.00 173431.00 i 212861.00
125338.88
Child Development &
(22.39)
(20.93) ________
! (22.73) ;
(22.58)
(21.24)
Nutrition
(21.49)
526901.
00~r
648977.00
516713.00i624053?00
445330.331545052.02
------- [ (68.27)
(75 50) -(TOjB)___ -(52—— r
Education
(76.47)
(76.36)
15965.00
14156.00
97
28.55 12945.00
8635.00
6345.50
(1-68)
!
______
~~(T46)~~
(1.86)
i
Child Protection & Others
(1.42)
(1-21)
(1.09)
950549.00
i
762886.00
^^^7^7^0^4403,05 j84235?00[
I
Health
Grand Total
tary and secondary education schemes and
worn- al The Education sector includes elemen
as s CWM
b)
c)
Percentage variation across the selected years
is tabulated in Table II:
TABLE II
SECTORS
“/□variation
“/□variation
Act.2000-01
Act.2000-01
B.E.2001-02
B.E.2001-02
& R.E.2001-02 !& B.E.2002:03
& B.E.2001-02 & R.E.2001-02
3
1 2
____
Health________ _____ ____
Child Development &
Nutrition_____________
Education
. _j------
(Child Protection &
Ipthers ____ . J--------jGrand Total[-----
-44
17
18
23
16
27
18
53
in
BE_2003-1__ j
R.E.2002-03
& B E.2002-03 '&B.E.2002-03 .
5
4
20
I
j% variation
“/□variation
“/□variation
“/□variation
-55
a_____ 2?
Z3Z . bi
___ S-°L
-4}
I
708l
i ■'
____
id
-16-
4i
__9_
-14
23'.
G)
Chart I: Trend of Sectoral Expenditure on
Child Related Programmes in Union Budget
1000000 -r-
900000 ---------
I*-'-.
800000 ;-------
------- —
. .u->
7X000 -------- 7“
t;
-ya;
600000 I—------
5
SOOOOO
---------
4QOOOO
----------
300000
-------~~~~
£
2
I.....'
------- ------ —;
. .
~
200000
HNOUU
0 t
2000-01
I
ACTUAL
—»— Health
....
-•--Child Deveiopmcnl & Nutrition
Education
61647B
7693
125338 88
151403
'745330 33
6345 5
Child Protection & Oyers
—■ ■■ Grand Total_________________ L
2031-02
BE_____
563179 49
75052__
*8635
___
7’2783
2002-03
2001-02
B E
RE___________
62J7U
3424 5
____
—185059_
154537_________
516713_________ 624053
~12045
9728.55________
684403.05_______ BB4235
2002-03
2003-04
RE.
BE
70398__
72746
"" *173431
212861
526901
648977
14156__
15965
762B86
950549
Years
Child Protection & Others -»—Grand Total]
■Z^Z'Mnniih 7T~Chikl Devctopmcnl & Numoon
Education
.
„ is seen .ha. .here ,s a p.og.easie. .rend of increase in puhiic expense f»
.
children in all sec’ors.
d
The allocation for ch Id re
hemes in the Union Budget, 2003-04
with the B,E. 2002-03, with a
"X<”i :“g“ “«He*i,h and ch'id DCT"’p”"," ”d
share jn public expenditure on
ih= relaiiec share of .dueauo. .s
Nutrition.
Z Sn Bndgeh
•
I
declining.
Pvnpnditure on children is devoted to child
Approximately one-fifth of expenditure on
development and nutrition.
.c inrreased from 1% in 2000-01 to
• T1,e "'7™ a’o” M "me STCP “ncrease in Health sector in B.B. 2002-03 is
•
■»
SXdXX&u^eCht.d^
.
a-xs™
is rcflected
We may concmde that me
may however fan short of budgets lor
‘eUadsoThte'Z Of egei!, to spend/.bsort
spend/absorb tads, procedural delays,
slackness in implementation etc.
b:.-i >n Table III. Sectoral shares in
Major child related schemes are given
for children are shown in Chart II.
allocation of public funds
I
3>
1
TABLE III
Major Schemes For Children_________
CHILD DEVELOPMENT & NUTRITION
S.No. _______________ SCHEMES
_DEPARTMENT OF WOMEN & CHILD
1|lntegraled Child Development Services
World Bank Assisted ICDS Programme
I___
EDUCATION___________
SCHEMES____________
S.No.
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION________
10PERATION BLACK BOARD _______
TEACHERS TRAINING PROGRAMME
2
2
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
World Bank Assisted ICDS Programme 3Training Programme
SHIKSHA KARMI PROJECT
National Institute of Public Cooperation and
4Child Development
MAHILA SAMAKHYA
National Fund for Child Care Services(Gen
5Component) GJ.A.
NATIONAL BAL BHAWAN
National Children's Board Lumpsum
gProvision
3
41
5|
6
LOK JUMBISH RAJASTHAN
yPROJECT
"“DISTRICT PRIMARY EDUCATION
gPROGRAMME
”9 Ml D-DAY MEAL (NPNSPE)________
1QSARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN________
11 TEACHER EDUCATION___________
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR
12women education
"“JOINT INDO-UN EDUCATION
^PROGRAMME
“'KASTURBA GANDHI SWATANTRA
•I 4 VIDYALA YA_____________
~~SECONDARY EDUCATION
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND
TRAINING (NCERT)
~2VOCATIONALISATION OF
EDUCATION______________ _
“"INFORMATION COMMUNICATION
3TECHNOLOGIES IN SCHOOLS (ICT)
4EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAMME (INSAT CELL)
"“QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN
5SCHOOLS
~6NATlONAL OPEN SCHOOL
ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATION^
7 PROGRAMME
8POPULATION EDUCATION PROJECi
Universal Children Day Lumpsum Provision
7
Institution of Awards to Individuals and
^Institutions
9|National Commission for Children
10'Creches/Day Care Centres
~
11 National Nutritional Mission_________
Nutrition Education and Extention
12
Fortification of Milk
a____________________
Food and Nutritional Board and its Regional
14 office
151mpIementation of National Nutrition Policy :
CHILD PROTECTION
MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE &
EMPOWERMENT
“CENTRAL ADOPTION RESOURCE
AGENCY
“HOMES FOR INFANT AND YOUNG
2CHILDREN FOR IN COUNTRY ADOPTION :
^SCHEMES FOR STREET CHILDREN
“PREVENTION & CONTROL OF JUVENILE
^MALADJUSTMENT___________________ i
'correctional services
5
MINISTRY OF LABOUR
___________ '
CHILD LABOUR CELL - IMPROVEMENT IN;
WORKING CONDITIONS OF CHILDREN
9'ACCESS & EQUITY___________
INTEGRATED EDUCATION FOR
DISABLED CHILDREN
)
1
10
CENTRAL TIBETAN SCHOOL
SOCIETY
_
---------:
___
HEALTH
i
i
s
/
MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY
WELFARE
________
tAlNDP ASSISTANCE TO CHILDREN
WITH DISABILITIES
MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE &
[EMPOWERMENT
______
KALAWATI SARAN CHILDREN’S
HOSPITAL, NEW DELHI
1
1PRE-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIPS FOR
[SC.ST&OBC_________ _____________
MANUFACTURE OF VACCINE - BCG
VACCINE LAB GUINDY. CHEENAI
2J
CHILD CARE TRAINING CENTRE,
3SINGUR
“STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL
IMMUNISATION PROGRAMME & POLIO
ERADICATION
4
OTHERS__________
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION &
BROADCASTING
2POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIPS FOR
SC,ST & OBC______________ ________
3GTrTs_HOSTELS
4iBOYS HOSTELS_________________
5ASHRAM SCHOOLS
I
CHILDREN FILM SOCIETY OF INDIA
6GENERAL WELFARE OF SC.ST &
lOBC
1
__________________ ___
Chart II: Sectoral Share of Child Related Programmes in Union Budget
100%
80%
1; &
WS
si
60%
s:'
<3^0
40%
•
31 sw
plv-.
5
y.i.-j.
IB
■ V-
r.
1
n w
s’ •;
.■ 1
w
3B-J
20%
0%
■:.;T A‘ v?
li
8
2000-01
ACTUAL
(□Child Protection & Others______ 11.088086963
!□ Education
76.36248147
Child Development & Nutrition
| □Health
21.49233335
1.057098219
—
Iss
s
w I-IB
b
B.E.
2001-02
R.E.
2002-03
B.E.
2002-03
R.E.
2003-04
B.E.
1.211448646
76.4681537^
1.421465027
75.49834852
1.463977336
21.24110704
22.5798234
t079290612
0.500363054
1.855585238
69.06680684
22.73354079
6.344067135
1.679555709
68.27391329
22.39347998
7.653051026
2001-02
70.57546919
20.92871239
7.031841083
Years
□ Health a Child Development & Nutrition □ Education □ Child Protection & Others
6.
State Budgets
6.1
Data has been obtained on public expenditure on children for 16 states for the
years 2000-01,2001-02 and 2002-03. This data ha; been analysed in the same sectors
as for the Union Budget- Health, Child Development & Nutrition, Education and
Child Protection & Others. Results are tabulated in Table IV.
TABLE IV
State Profiles of Allocations for Children
States
_1___
Bihar
Sectors
2
Health__________________
Child Development &
Nutrition________________
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
Mizoram
GTOTAL________________
Health___________________
Child Development &
Nutrition________________
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
GTOTAL________________
J&K
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
GTOTAL________________
Health__________________
Child Development &
Nutrition________________
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
GTOTAL________________
Nagaland
'2002-03
|
!
6
I
267337 1300271
872537 1215913
2531263 2632i618 26298267 26891190
6521
6521
5194
27986C0 27628410 27177325 281122971
96692
464052
7321
568065
66270
381183
6455
453908
146117
477809
7344
631270
67580
429255
5870
502705;
5332
5291718
12831
5309881
225701
295480
870795 1631890
16631'
14518
1113127' 1941888
15770'
17025
302852
1931954
149881
22497941
16746
110136
1896691
275
2007102
168512
2208726
1445
2394453
30622
197739
2060491
3216
2278471
36432
209910
1886855
2051
2115562)
35951
223980
1778867
5001
2038470
38822
268265
1694817
6638
2006152
32598)
252617
1705209
7780,
Health___________________
Child Development &
Nutrition________________
GTOTAL_________________
Health___________________
Child Development &
Nutrition_________________
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
Orissj
(Rs in th.)
B.E,
|
1
j
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
Kerala
jR.E.
'2001-02
5
J
J
Health
Child Development &
Nutrition________________
Manipur
ACTUAL |B.E.
2000-01
2001-02
3
4
GTOTAL_________________
Health____________
Child Development &
Nutrition ______________
Education_______________
Child Protection & others
GTOTAL
31029
—1
2001557)
36215;
1124088!
708733
969929
689618
21158299 24125164 21583627 24183785^
49084I
37405
40922 - 43448
21938983 25177363| 22343248 25393172)
18689|
17587
•20007)
24136
1784855
1087917 1330304 1478941
12567890 12388565 13022142 16899276
136351__________
14010
14010
10456
13684952 13750466 145392291 18717773]
—I
I
. F;-
,v*
actual !b.e.
I
States
2000-01
Sectors
1
tlttar
Pradesh
2276
_
Health
Child Development &
Nutrition
_
_
^Education
_
—
phild Protection & others
I
Haryana
iGTOTAL
'.Health___________________
(child Development &
[Nutrition__________
Education
_______ _
Ehild Protection & others
GTOTAL_____________
Madhya
Pradesh
I
■
Health______ ______________
Child Development &
Nutrition___________ ______
Education_________ _______
Child Protection & others
i
I____
GTOTAL____________
[Tripura
Health _____ ________
_
250006
136715
3295509 4150304
9770
8109
3444165 4415680
8000
5612
___ ______
[Education
Ehild Protection & others
Etotal
Delhi
~
Health
234224
3512224
10801
3761889
8000
265218
3666756
10364
39471281
6000
zzznzi
618736
518258
553500
410723
10995884
9133892 11294006 10123278
53623
50674
62253
48786
11703543
10737210
9609649 11925259
9020
8390
9230
10770
ZZ
Rajasthan Health
Child Development &
Nutrition
______
Education
(child Protection & others
Etotal
25000
1771621 2179837 2165625P., 2100612
23472272 34963626| 39167407 39192776
118027
115308
115747
94813
41417415
25344318 37267210 41456340
35300
45000
15500
16248
Child Development &
Nutrition
_______
Education
_
_
[Child Protection & others
Etotal
23886
2410143 2225030 2523712 2806888
20772387 18360463 22942340 26580206
65757
63622
64724
48306
23268748 20698962 25572101 29500804
4790
4640
5600
3832
GTOTAL_________
Child Development &
Nutrition________
2002-03
8
770007
715771
649720
632183
13626927
11897185
11872353
10439726
30357
25247
24985
20318
14554345
12757854
12672205
11135515
47953
42427
48745
37912
Education____________ _
Child Protection & others
Health________
23886
’B.E.
2103011 4031299 2888163 3239016
54038764 55488169 65328339 55357041
154864
153960
153247
140632
58775921
68394348
59696601
56284683
127054
119651
125147
43288
Child Development &
Nutrition_______ ________ __
I______
jWest
'Bengal
pQ01-02
3
2
R.E.
2001-02
5
759310 1236620 1678280 2367470
29430216 32458146 30912418 34096945
42590
49330
46000
38550
302388461 33749996 32648418 36516025!
~
-3.
9
6._
t leaningful inter-state analysis would require comparison of public
expenditure with child population, nutritional and health status of children etc.
However, trend of resource allocation within a state
state is fairly indicative of
incorporation of child concerns in the State Budget.
6.3
Sectoral Trends in the four sectors- Health, Child Development & Nutrition,
Education and Child Protection & Others are depicted graphically in Chart III
Chart III: Pattern of Sectoral .Allocation of Public Expenditure on Children in
State Budgets
Allocation on Health
14CCOO
ss
^O
eeib
E < Tdiaaisj
PA
100000
■o
rc
80000
I
CA
c
vi
d
60000
40003
RggiMtt
iliii
OS®
■'.
“vSY"'
1Li .
r
gj
gfWgM
■ "M>
.................
W H M
-jJn.rfiTi
g [In.
i 1I
Tnpura
West
Eer<si
Rajasthan
Manipur
-J
up
Delhi
pf
H
¥■1
• /
I
0
w 1
>-r 3
Orissa
aI.-w
i wmillI
iW
2COCO
0
sssa
55—-------------- —r—-‘-f...--
f<Jc3!and
Kerala
States
IOACnjAL2000-01 DB.E. 2001-02 OR.E. 2001-02 OBE 2002-03 |
Hole: Data on ajltoafcn on Heallh is not available for Khar, Mzoram and j&k
<•
.■&
t
M3
l-ti.-yara
■
Child Development and Nutrition
Allocation on
4&000CU
'
;:■.■■■■
-7-7
•
■
•
"ni'
Ml ; 1 : '...:
H
3000000
3
i
—T
2000000
<1
•?>.l
$
M-77EW7111_mML
.777; '■;fe7L ir
2500000
i
.f
1
—^-73177777777^7' . .MWW7&I
. . 7i
M ■■.7717^77 .iTiyiyT-Trl-^-
4000000
»
~
*
’
“I
5500000
1000000
V;
Li
500000
o
AjCrini *m JU
i 1 1
s
•J
i
I
i
i
J
3=
I
£L
1
I
States
r——-------------------
p^Tmmooo-oi O -------------------------------------Allocation on Education
70000000
1 11-
:t
.
771177100
■ ^ ■77 >i 17wag
60000000
50000000
■ ■-- ■■
-?
' i'll". MB.
i 1
40000000
r»
S* S
30000000
I8
;•?_ 7^ f
20000000
•
-J
Ii
H
7^
10000000
ftti , Dim
o
1
1
luSil s
iff
8
i ’ i
I
f
1
St at os
a 8.G. 2001-02 O R.E. 2001-02 o
Tci ACTUAL 20 00-0 1
"I
I
£
,I
.7la
s
i
iI
I
7|
1-1
J
JBl .1111
I
s
Allocation on Child Protection and Others
130000
160000
feC
v.
tc.
•'
140000
-
120000
'• Vvcr-y - --
§
J
100000
9
<2
80000
60000
■
■ /T
'
’
..
.••• „ :LT Sc
1
40000
Th.>,; i- S'.
_
20000
0
y-i: i?~-iran mil
i
I
J 1
s
n
i
r
■■
■
dt
E
-i
j
1
I
1
Stnies
O ACTUAL 2000-01
I
£
1i
I
J
QB.E-2001-02 O RE. 200 1-0? O BE 2002-03
It is seen that, as in the case of the Union Budget, Education sector dominates
6.4
allocation of funds in child related public expenditure, followed by Child
Development and Nutrition.
6.5 Limitations of analysis
(i) While identification of expenditure docs not pose the
problems faced in obtaining gender dis-aggregated data for
gender budgeting, nevertheless, there are certain schemes with a
strong woman and child .component like the Reproductive Child
Health Programme, LCDS etc. Apportioning of expenditure
amongst women and children would require reliable data on
benefit accruing to these two sections.
(ii) The analysis indicates increase/decrease in expenditure or
budgetary' provisions. However, for meaningful interpretation of
these trends, it is necessary to also analyse, nature and objects of
expenditure/allocations. Increase in expenditure may be due to
increase in delivery costs (on salary, transport etc.) with no
enhanced benefits for targeted children or could reflect increase
I
B
in coverage (geographically or in numbers) of scheme under
consideration.
7.
Tasks Ahead
The future action identified in the chapter on Gender Budget Initiative, would apply
equally to analysis of public expenditure for children. In addition, the following
measures are suggested.
a) The process of analysis of public expenditure from a child perspective is still
to gain momentum in the country. However, the stage is just right to
standardize techniques, sectoral definitions, nomenclature of various schemes
etc. so that future research is facilitated.
b) Stress has to be laid upon regular collection and dissemination of physical
achievements under various schemes for a meaningful analysis. This should be
built in to the implementation process, without imposing undue pressure on
functionaries, for which appropriate models of Management Information
System (MIS) would have to be created, in consultation with researchers and
experts.
As in the case of gender studies, there is a need to institutionalize the process
of child budgeting. This would also require capacity building within the
Government and amongst research organizations.
d) It is widely accepted that the family has the primary responsibility for child
care and the well being of children cannot be judged by public expenditure
alone. Thus, along with impact analysis of public expenditure, it is necessary
to determine household expenditure on children for a true picture of their well
being. This would warrant Household Surveys by organizations like NSSO
and NCAER to determine resources of the household allocated for children.
While evaluating expenditure on children one cannot ignore inter-linkages
c)
that exist in public expenditure, which by definition, funds public goods. If
the intention of child budgeting exercise is to compare the need for investment
in children with actual expenditure being incurred to serve this need, then
certain enabling expenditure must also .be examined.
For example,
expenditure on health alone should not be viewed in isolation, it should be
seen that there are certain important infrastructures that accompany delivery of
services to make them effective. These would include rail/road access,
electrification, water resources, etc. Expenditure incurred for example, on
curbing pollution would also contribute to the health and well being of
children. This raises the question, that, to what extent are these isolated
exercises valid, in drawing conclusions about the commitment to the well
being of children, as reflected in allocations made in Government budgets.
\
Allocation on Child Protection and Others
180000 ]-----
JT i
160000
140000
I
-I
I
I
120000 T5
r.
co
in
□
o
I
100000
■
'7
80000
CD
•L
—ST-
(Z
60000
I:?
40000
20000
FifTI
0
3.
co
2
1
I
i
I
■rtrnffl [E
2
,|
H
i
I
I
?
2^: - AT- ’
o3
CO
co
r
ra
7d
2,
'co
ra
co
o
1
cr
States
[□ACTUAL 2000-01
U!
I
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RIGHTS OF WOMEN
The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques
(Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 2002 - A Bold Step
Dr.K.Shanmugavelayutham*
Introduction:
Census Report 2001 shows that the sex
ratfo of 0-6 years fell from 945 females per 1,000
males in 1991 to 927 per 1000 males in 2001.
The new figure gives India one of the world’s
lowest ratios for women to men. The statistical
norm is 1,050 females for every 1,000 males.
An alarming drop in the number of girls born in
India is being blamed on a strong cultural
preference for sons. Impoverished parents’
reluctance to raise large amounts of money for
a girl’s dowry is often cited as the reason for a
male child. The drop is largely due to the
widespread but illegal practice of using ultrasound
scans to identify female foetuses and then
aborting them. Abortion is legal as per Medical
Termination Act, 1971 when a woman’s life or
health is at risk, or in cases of foetal impairment,
rape and contraceptive failure. The prenatal
diagnostic techniques like amniocentesis and
sonography are useful for the detection of genetic
or chromosomal disorders or congenital
malformations or sex-linked disorders etc.
However, they are being misused on a large
scale to detect the sex of the foetus and to
terminate the pregnancy of the unborn child if
found to be a female child. Techniques are also
being developed to pre-select the sex of child
before conception. These practices are wholly
discriminatory to the female sex and affect the
dignity and status of women. The proliferation of
these technologies may, in the future,' precipitate
a catastrophe, in the form of severe imbalance
in male-female ratio. It is therefore necessary to
bring an amendment in the PNDT Act, 1994.
Reasons for the failure of the PNDT Act, 1994:
The machinery required to enforce the
PNDT Act, 1994 at the State and District levels
was not put into place. The required allocation
of resources needed was not provided. There
was general disinterest on the part of various
governance bodies to take this Act seriously.
Not a single pre-natal diagnostic Centre had been
registered until 2001 in Punjab even though it
was the first State to provide sex selection
facilities as early as in the 1970’s and the sex
ratios in the 0-6 age group have been on the
decline. Due to the non-maintenance of adequate
records by the Clinics it is difficult to identify the
purpose for which an ultra-sound test has been
conducted. The absence of such records affects
the enquiry. Further the Family Planning
program’s insistence on the small family norm
coupled with the son-preference bias in India
added pressure on families to look at sex
selection as a via media for their desired family
composition. And also the Medical Profession
and its associations like Indian Medical
Association (IMA), Radiologist Association and
Forum for Obstetricians and Gynaecologist
(FOGSI) remained silent over such malpractice
by their members. So the State’s complacency
coupled with socio-cultural “demands of son’s
preference" and the unconcern of the Medical
Profession led to the failure of the PNDT Act,
1994. Although the Act has been on the statute
books since 1994, it remained largely ineffective
in checking the proliferation of ultrasound
machines and Mobile Clinics clandestinely offer
ing sex-selection services throughout the country.
PIL petition:
A PIL petition was filed in the Supreme
Court by the Centre for Enquiry into Health and
Allied Themes (CEHAT), Mahila Sarvangeen
* Dr. K. Shanmugavelayutham is Reader at the Department of Social Work, Loyola College, Chennai. He is also Convenor of
Tamil Nadu Forum for Creche and Child care Services (TN-FORCES).
8
LEGAL NEWS & VIEWS : MAY 2003
Utkarsh Mandal (MASUM) and Dr. Sabu
M.George urgipg effective implementation of the
Act. The Supreme Court passed an order on 4th
May 2001 (Supreme Court of India Civil Original
Jurisdiction Writ Petition (Civil) No. 301
of
2000) which aims at ensuring the implementation
of the Act, plugging the various loopholes and
launching a y/ide media campaign on the
issue. The second goal of filing the PIL is
the amendment of the Act to include pre- and
during conception techniques, like X and Y
chromosome separation, Pre-implantational
Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). The order largely
concerns only the implementation of the Act and
putting the required infrastructure in place. Howe
ver, the order,entrusts the responsibility of
examining the necessity to amend the Act to the
Central Supervisory Boards, keeping in mind
emerging technologies and the difficulties
encountered in the implementation of the Act
and to make recommendations to the Central
Government.
Parliament approval of the Act, 2002
Based on the SC order and Central
Supervisory Board recommendations the
Parliament on December 20 passed the
Pre-conception
and
Pre-Natal Diagnostic
Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act,
2002.
Objectives of the Act, 2002:
The following are the objectives of the Act:
*
to ban the pre-conception sex selection
techniques.
*
to prohibit the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic
techniques for sex-selective abortions.
*
to regulate the pre-natal diagnostic
techniques for the appropriate scientific use
for which they are intended.
*
I
to ensure the effective implementation of the
Act at all levels.
Important Features of the Act, 2002
Pre-conception sex selection: Recently
developed techniques of sex selection at the time
LEGAL NEWS & VIEWS : MAY 2003
of conception like Ericsson method (X and Y
chromosome separation) and Pre-implantational
Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) are also brought under
the ambit of the Law.
Compulsory Registration: The Act mandates
compulsory Registration of all Diagnostic
Laboratories. The manufacturers of ultra-sound
equipment would now be required to sell their
products only to those clinics that are Regis
tered.
Need to register ultra sound machines for
use in prenatal diagnostic techniques to the
Appropriate Authority .
Maintenance of records: All Genetic
Counseling Centres, Genetic Laboratories,
Genetic Clinics and Ultrasound clinics,
irrespective of whatever they are involved as
regards diagnosis for gynaecological or other
purposes, would now have to maintain records
of all the tests conducted by them. Any person
conducting ultra-sound scan/test/procedure on
any pregnant woman shall keep complete record
of such scan/test/procedure indicating her
complete name, address, husband’s name as
well as name and address of the referring
Medical Practitioner/Doctor, the reasons requir
ing such scan/test/procedure, etc.
Prohibition of communicating the sex of
foetus: No person can communicate to the
pregnant woman concerned or her relatives or
any other person the sex of the foetus by words,
signs, or in any other manner while conducting
prenatal diagnostic procedures.
Only qualified persons can use Prenatal
diagnostic techniques. The reasons for testing
should be recorded in writing. The Prenatal
diagnostic techniques can be used in the following
conditions:
i)
age of the pregnant women is above 35
years;
ii)
the pregnant women has undergone two or
more spontaneous, abortions or foetal loss;
iii)
the pregnant woman had been exposed to
potentially teratogenic agents such as drugs,
radiation, infection or chemicals;
9
iv)
the pregnant woman has a family history of
mental retardation or physical deformities
such as spasticity or any other genetic
disease;
(g) An Officer not below the rank of Joint
Director in-charge of Family Welfare will
be Member Secretary, ex-officio
V)
the Central Supervisory Board may specify
any other condition as required.
Functions of SLSB:
The following are the functions of the Supervisory
Body:
No encouragement to do Pre-natal Diagnostic
test: No person including a relative or husband
of the pregnant woman shall seek or encourage
the conduct of any pre-natal diagnostic
techniques on her except in certain conditions.
State Level Supervisory Body (SLSB):
The Law provides for the setting up of State
Level supervisory Bodies to monitor the
implementation of the Act. The Board shall meet
at least once in six months. Already there is the
Central Supervisory Board in operation at the
Central Level.
Structure of SLSB
The State Supervisory Board will consist
of: (a) The Minister in-charge of Family Welfare
in the State who shall be the Chairman,
ex-officio
(b) Secretary In-charge of Department of
Family Welfare who shall be the ViceChairman, ex-officio
(c) Representatives of Department’s of
Women and Child Development and Law
(d) Director of Health and Family Welfare of
the State Government, ex-officio
(e) Three women members of Legislative
Assembly
(f) Ten members to be appointed by the State
Government two each from amongst:(i) Eminent Social Scientists
(ii) Eminent Women Activists
(iii) Eminent Gynaecologists & Obstetricians
(iv) Eminent Pediatricians
(v) Eminent Radiologists
10
(i) to create public awareness against the
practice of pre-conception sex selection
and prenatal determination of sex of foetus
leading to female foeticide in the concerned
State;
(ii) to review the activities of the Appropriate
Authorities functioning in the State and
take appropriate action against the
Appropriate Authorities, as provided in their
Conduct Rules, in case of dereliction of
duty;
(iii) to monitor and review implementation of
the provision of the Act and Rules in the
State and;
(iv) to send consolidated reports as may be
required under the Rules, in respect of
the various activities under this Act to the
Central Supervisory Board and the Central
Government.
Appropriate Authority:
To make the Appropriate Authority more
efficient Women Member and a Legal Expert
included. The following officers to be appointed
for the Appropriate Authority:
(i) Joint Director of Health and Family
Welfare - Chairperson;
(ii) An Eminent Woman representing women’s
organization; and
(iii) An Eminent Legal Expert.
The following functions are added to the
Appropriate Authority:
(1) to create public awareness against the
practice of pre conception sex selection
or pre-natal determination of sex
(2) to supervise the implementation of the
provision of the Act and Rules,
LEGAL NEWS & VIEWS : MAY 2003
(3) to recommend to the Central Supervisory
Board modifications required in the Act or
Rules in accordance with changes in
technology or social condition.
Punishment:
Any violation, including unlicensed labs, of
the Act leads to seizure of equipments. The fine
forthose who indulge in sex selection procedure
has been doubled from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1 lakh,
with additional provisions for the suspension and
cancellation of the Registration of those as a
Medical Practitioner by the concerned Medical
Council/ any other Registering Authority.
Recommendation:
*
The Act should be backed by stringent
implementation machinery by the State,
*
*
*
The Act should be complemented by people
based advocacy,
All stakeholders, the State, the Medical
Profession, NGOs, activists, women and
health groups, journalists and media etc.
come together to see that the provisions of
the PNDT Act are implemented to its fullest
extent.
The roots of the female foeticide can be
traced to deep-rooted patriarchy and anti
women attitudes in the country. The
Government should carry out women
empowerment programmes vigorously.
The Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 and
The Medical Council’s Code of Ethics, 1970
should amend the Act and Code in
harmonise with PCPNDT Act, 2002.
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Women suffer discrimination in every community and country they belong. Same is with Muslim
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at present and the reason lies in lack of proper awareness and a feeling of helplessness among them.
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10 Institutional Area
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_____________________
LEGAL NEWS & VIEWS : MAY 2003
11
jV5)0 "I b-G
Background on Maternity Benefits Entitlements
International Conventions with provisions on Maternity Benefits 1) Convention 103 of the ILO: According to this, in no case should the employer
be individually liable for the cost of the benefits. It is, therefore, very essential
that the scheme of the law on maternity benefits in India should be converted
into social insurance.
ILO Convention No. 183 and Recommendation No. 191: The Government of
India should ratify these provisions concerning maternity protection.
Indian laws which confer maternity benefits entitlements I
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1) The Constitution of India, in which—
a) Article 42 requires that the States should make provision, inter alia, for
maternity relief. Titled ‘Provision for just and humane conditions of work
and maternity relief’, it specifically says: ‘‘The State shall make provision
for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief."
b) ~ Article 45, titled 'Provision for early childhood care and education, to
children below the age of six years’, says: “The State shall endeavour to
provide early childhood care and education for all children until they
complete the age of six years."
c) Article 243G, titled ‘Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayat’,
specifies the powers of the Panchayats, including...“matters listed in tne
Eleventh Schedule", which includes the subjects ‘family welfare’ and
‘women and child development’.
2) The Maternity Benefits Act, 1961, which applies to all factories,
establishments, plantations, mines, and shops where 10 or more persons are
employed. State governments have the discretionary powers to also extend
this Act to any establishments, industrial, commercial, agricultural or
otherwise. However, it does not apply to any factory or establishment where
the provisions of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, is applicable.
Under this Act—
a> Every woman shall be entitled to, and her employer shall be liable for, the
payment of maternity benefit at the rate of the average daily wage for the
period of her actual absence. This includes the period immediately
preceding the day of her delivery, the actual day of her delivery.and any
period immediately following that day.
b) The maximum period for which any woman shall be entitled to maternity
benefit shall be twelve weeks, of which not more than six weeks shpll
precede the date of her expected delivery. Where a woman dies during
this period, the maternity benefit shall be payable only for the days up to
and including the day of her death. Where the woman dies post-delivery,
the benefit will be available for the full 12 weeks. But where the child also
dies, the benefit will be available till the date of whoever dies iast. In case
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of miscarriage or medical 'termination of pregnancy, a woman shall, on
production of such proof as may be prescribed, be entitled to leave with
wages at the rate of maternity benefit. This shall be for a period of six
weeks immediately following the day of the miscarriage or the medical
termination of pregnancy.
c) A woman suffering from illness arising out of pregnancy, delivery,
premature birth of child, miscarriage, medical termination of pregnancy or
tubectomy operation, shall be entitled to additional leave of maximum ope
month, with wages at the rate of maternity benefit. This shall require
production of such proof as may be prescribed.
d) A woman shall be entitled to maternity benefit if she has worked in the
establishment for a period of not less than eighty days (including holidays
and days on which she was laid off or given a ‘break’) in the twelve
months immediately preceding the date of her expected delivery.
However, this does not apply a woman who has immigrated to Assam and
was pregnant at the time of the immigration.
e) The ‘average daily wage’ means the average of the woman’s wages
payable to her for the days on which she has worked for the period of
three calendar months immediately preceding the date from which she
absents herself on account of maternity. Or it could mean the minimum
wage under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, or Rs 10 per day, whichever
is highest.
f) Every woman entitled to maternity benefit under this Act shall also be
entitled to receive from her employer a medical bonus of Rs 250 (rupees
two hundred and fifty only), if no pre-natal confinement and post-natal care
is provided for by the employer free of charge.
g) Every woman who returns to duty after delivery shall, in addition to t|ie
interval for rest allowed to her, be allowed in the course of her daily work,
two breaks of the prescribed duration for nursing the child until the child
attains the age of fifteen months.
h) The discharge or dismissal of a woman at any time during hjer
pregnancy—where the woman, but for such discharge or dismissal, would
have been entitled to maternity benefit or medical bonus—shall not have
the effect of depriving her of the maternity benefit or medical bonus. Any
woman deprived of maternity benefit or medical bonus, or dismissed
during or on account of her absence from work in accordance with the
provisions of this Act, may seek legal redress within sixty days from the
date of the order.
i) There are many classes of establishments where women are beipg
employed increasingly, to which the Maternity Benefit Act is not
applicable. These include:
Aviation
Building and construction industry
Transport and communications
Trade and commerce
/
•
The Services Sector, namely
•
Educational and scientific services
•
Medical and health services
•
•
Religious and welfare services
Legal services
•
Business services
•
Community services and trade and labour associations
•
Recreation services
•
Personnel and other services
3) Application of the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946,
and the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. This stipulates that—
a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Industrial Employment
(Standing Order) Act, 1946 regarding any industrial premises wherein less
than fifty employees are employed or anything contained in the Maternity
Benefit Act, 1961, maternity benefits shall apply. The application shall be
extended to home workers.
4) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 and 1950, under which an
insured woman is entitled to maternity benefit in the form of periodical
payments in case of confinement, miscarriage or sickness arising out of
pregnancy. She is entitled to—
a) Medical care under the ESI Scheme for maternity.
b) Where medical facilities are not available, she is entitled to a sum of Rs
250 ??per month?? for the purpose.
c) Maternity benefit, provided the confinement/delivery falls within the benefit
period. This is calculated on the basis of contributions paid for not less
than 70 days in two immediately preceding consecutive contribution
periods. Provided also that the insured woman qualifies to claim maternity
benefit, under the conditions, which are prescribed by the Central
Government from time to time. Provided also that she does not work
elsewhere for remuneration during the confinement period. Provided also
that she agrees to submit herself to medical examination when so required
by the ESI Corporation, failing which she will be disqualified from being
eligible for the benefits.
d) Maternity benefits, provided she gives notice of pregnancy before
confinement, in Forms 19 and 20, to the appropriate Local Office by post
or otherwise, on a date not earlier than seven days before the date on
which such notice is given. And also submits Forms 21 and 22 at least 15
days in advance and Form 23 at least a month in advance. Claims for
sickness related to pregnancy or claims after death of a woman in
confinement require submission of various other forms.
e) Maternity benefits at rates and for periods (currently, 12 weeks, of which
not more than six may precede the confinement) as prescribed by the
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Central Government from time to time. If the woman dies during this
period, the maternity benefit shall be payable only for the days up to and
including the day of her death. But where the child also dies, the benefit
will be available till the date of whoever dies last.
f) Current maternity benefit rates, which shall be equal to twice the ‘standard
benefit rate’, which corresponds to the average daily wages (Rule 54) of
the insured woman during the corresponding contribution period or Rs 20
(rupees twenty only), whichever is higher.
g) In case of miscarriage or medical termination of pregnancy, she will be
entitled, on production of required proof, to maternity benefits at the same
rates as above. Claims for maternity benefits following miscarriage or
medical termination of pregnancy must be made within 30 days of the
miscarriage or MTP, via Forims 22 and 23.
h) Maternity benefits, provided the factories or the establishments to which
the provisions of the ESI schemes apply are excluded from the purview of
the Maternity Benefit Act.
The qualification of an insured woman to claim maternity benefit, the
conditions subject to which such benefit may be given, the rates and
period thereof shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central
Government.
i) Women drawing wages above the wage ceiling under the ESI Act gre
entitled to benefits under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. There is no
wage limit for coverage under the Maternity Benefit Act. Payments ^re
made for actual absence upto 12 weeks on average daily wages,
minimum wage or Rs. 10 per day.
j) The Act ?? WHICH ACT? ESI OR MBA?? is administered by the state
tpe
governments. There are comprehensive regulatory provisions in tfie
Act??WHICH ACT??. Women employees who complete 80 days of work
prior to delivery are entitled to maternity benefits. The provisions in the
ESI Act for medical benefit are more comprehensive than those under the
Maternity Benefit Act, in so far as they include medical care, and pre and
post-natal care.
5) The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1961, apd
the Beedi And Cigar Workers Welfare Fund Rules, 1978, which together
stipulate that—
a) In every industrial premises wherein more than thirty female employees
are ordinarily employed, there shall be provided and maintained a suitable
room or rooms for the use of children under the age of six years of sqch
female employees. These rooms shall be adequately large, lighted and
ventilated, clean and sanitary, and be under the charge of women trained
in the care of children and infants.
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b) The State Government may make rules regarding the above. It shall also
XSeo?ZMo^uPcZMrenany WUS,rial PremiSeS °,,re9 m"k °r
c) Alternately, several establishments or factories engaged in the
manufacture of beedis may maintain an independent maternity center
jointly, provided these centres maintain the same standards described
acove.
d) The
above centres
me duuve
cemres (independent
(independent as well as within an industrial
establishment) shall be inspected periodically by
a licensed health official.
6) The Building and other Construction Workers’ (Regulation of
E.m£ °yment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, stipulates that—
3
than f?y female buildin9 workers are ordinarily employed
there sha I be provided and maintained a suitable room or rooms for the
use of children under the age of six,years of such female workers
b) Such rooms shall be adequately large, lighted and ventilated, clean and
sanitary, and be under the charge of women trained in the care of children
aiiu inTants.
7) The Factories Act, 1948, stipulates that—
a) In every factory wherein more than thirty women workers are ordinary
employed there shall be provided and maintained a suitable room for the
use of children under the age of six years of such women.
8) The Inter-state Migrant Workers (Regulation of Employment
and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1980, stipulates that—
a) In every establishment where 20 or more women are ordinarily employed
as migrant workers and in which employment is likely to continue for three
months or more, the contractor shall provide and maintain two rooms of
ye2°nab S dimenSIOnS for the use °f their children under the age of six
b) The rooms shall be provided within fifteen days of the commencement of
the empioyment. One of the rooms shall be used as a playroom for the
children and the other as bedroom for the children. These should be a
Pucca construction and be adequately furnished with toys and beds and
beddings, and provide protection against the elements. These should be
properly ventilated and have adequate water supply and sanitation
Taciriiies.
ThteKirOumS should be seated at a convenient distance from the
establishment.
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d) If the contractor fails to provide the creche within the timeframe stipulated
the same shall be provided by the principal employer within fifteen days of
the expiry of the time allowed to the contractor.
e) The contractor or the principal employer as the case may be, shall supply
adequate number of toys and games in the play room and sufficient
number of cots and beddings in the sleeping room.
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9) The Mines Act, 1952, and Maternity Benefits (Mines and Circus) Rules,
1963, and the Iron Ore Mines (Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore
Mines) Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976, stipulate that—
a) A woman employed in a mine or a circus is entitled to maternity benefits,
including paid leave for 12 weeks.
A
nursing mother is entitled to two breaks to nurse the child, in additipn to
b)
breaks for her own rest.
c) The Iron Ore Mines (Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines)
Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976, also stipulates that education services /
schools as well as health services (including contraception) shoulpl be
provided.
10)The Plantations Labour Act, 1951, stipulates that—
a) In every plantation where fifty or more women workers (including women
workers employed by any contractor) are employed, or where children
(aged below six) of woman workers (including women workers employed
by any contractor) are twenty or more, the employer shall provide suitable
rooms for their use. The rooms must be adequately protective, ventilated,
comfortable and with water and sanitation. •
b) Women are entitled to maternity leave with pay and maternity allowance.
Other laws includp—
11) The Workers Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees
(Conditions of Service), Act, 1957.
12) The Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955.
13) The National Maternity Benefit Scheme (1995).
14) The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), which stipulates
financial assistance to pregnant women, who are below the poverty line.
15) The Perons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights apd
Full Participation) Act, 1995, which stipulates measures for pre-natal, pre
natal and post-natal care of mother and child.
16) Many state governments too have their own maternity assistance schemes.
These include—
a) The Employment Guarantee Scheme, Maharashtra, 1974.
b) The Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Project.
c) The Tamil Nadu Muthulakshar Reddy Scheme, 1988.
d) The Maternity Protection Scheme, Gujarat, 1986.
*****
SIBLING CARE: A STATUS REPORT FROM THE SLUMS OF DELHI
Prepared By Delhi Basti Bal Vikas Samooh (NEEV) Delhi FORCES
SIBLING CARE: A STATUS REPORT FROM THE SLUMS OF DELHI
Contents
Background
Information about the Bashes
Group discussions uith women
Group discussions with children
Case Studies
Conclusions and Recommendations from the Study
_________
Acknowledgements
We received full cooperafon from FORCES Nat.onal secretariat to conduct the Sitting Care study
and its publication. We acknowledge and appreciate the support extended by the secretariat for its
financial backing and conceptual inputs to the study. The secretanat staff did a very good job of hand
holding and capacity building of its partner organizations at all stages of the study. A special word of
t ranks goes to BVL, the donor organisation for agreeing to finance the study and its publication
Thanks from the core of our heart to all those Basu wallahs, families bring there and children who
s ared their honest and soul stirring moments from their lives with us in the research team.
We wish to acknowledge that many of the illustrations in this Booklet have been taken from VHAI’s
Indian pubheatmn “Helping Health Workers Leak” and from brochures and publications of different
non-govemment orgamsations. Few photographs have been reproduced from the photo shoot done by
Mr. Kavi Singh from different slum areas during the study.
Being the co-eoordinating organization of NEEV, Mobile Creches provided full cooperation in the
publication of the study report. Ust but not the least our most sincere thanks and heartfelt regards go
to all the member organizations of NEEV because without their full co-operation this study would not
have been possible nor it would have come out so alive.
With the hope we’ll continue to pitch iin and advocate for the rights of the young child and her/his
mother
Yours truly
Neev, Delhi FORCES
7th May 2002
Written, compiled and presented by
Publication of
P.G.A. The Media Planners
Vandana Mahajan
Neev, Delhi FORCESComposed and printed at
‘
introduction.
o™ of p„TO mMe ta
w eltata. Th*
in
gaps on issues of equity and quality. Lakhs of children f h "
age group of 0^ y^)
-ees. THese problems
*** *“
dnve to uproot millions of Delhi slum dwellers.
Total Jhuggi Basti!ics
6
^g as well as young ehUdren in the
P^erns aceessing government
°f dem°lition
displacement
1200
Total Jhuggies
PoPuJationlimgm^jh^^^
6,00,000
Children in the age group (0-6ycan)
35,00,000
buggies demolished during the year 2000
5,25,000
15,000
Displaced people during 2000
(Guess hi
\
511,1 big
bU'
75,000
Propped,,, of
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Ita™™
,„d
ta ins^j „„p,*r..POOr
families a„d deejdnipg ne
tame.
cMdre„
P°orly paid labour work, <’
’
"““"S '"ail seemly „ve,
7een
“ the rich and th<
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ped,
»e8leeled »t„ which „
etald „d impan, „
‘•e
‘
’'“'"g „„ m ,be
BOX
WtMortarrv
toe state ofDelhi
c“wre" ““ ■» >» "tage)
icUMre.»j“f:x
“,c“dra"der5^>
(
ss than 3 months of age)
I
Malnounshed children
1 Sex ratio of 0-6 years
7
------
65.4
83
20%
42%
865 girls per thousand boys
How would it effect de
development of children?
BOX
Status of unmen in Delhi
94% of the workingwomen are employed in the unorganized sector
On an average the women are working outside the home for 7 hours and 14 hours in the home
Very often women have to come back to work within a month’s time of childbirth
No maternity entitlements and funds provided by the employer
40% are suffering from anemia
Engaged in the daily struggle of w orking outside and bearing
household and childcare responsibility these women are constantly looking for assistance and support
in fulfilling their multiple roles. Poor working women can ill afford the luxury of complete breast
feeding of their young children and pro\ide them a stimulating environment for growing up. Despite
recognizing the problems faced by the poor working women the government and other civil society
agencies provide very little support for early childcare services to the working mothers.
BOX
Child care services provided by Delhi Government
Total number of children in the age group of 0-6 years
19,23,995
Those enrolled in Anganwadis
94,000
Creches (Child Care Centres)
239
833
Nurseries /K.G pre schools
As the figures above clearly indicate the paucity of early childcare services the burden of child care
comes on the older children cf the families. More often than not it’s the elder daughter who shoulders
the responsibility’ of sibling care. Our field experience tells that these girls themselves are of young
age, which has an impaired impact on the development of both younger and older children.
Malnutrition from a very early age and other socio-economic hindrances in their development push
these children from the birth onwards in the vicious circle of deprivation and poverty. While
performing the duties of an adult from a young age, the sibling carers loose out on her childhood and
many a times miss out schooling and educational opportunities.
Probable number of sibling carers in Delhi
1) Total No. of children of school going age
22 lakhs.
2) No. of children out of school
6.7 lakhs.
3) No.of girls out of schools
More than 4 lakhs
“How can children get school education when they are pulled into doing the house-hold work
including the task of looking after their younger brothers and sisters?”
To study such related issues and problems, Delhi chapter of FORCES called NEENV decided to
undertake a participatory research study in 17 Basties of Delhi.
Main objectives of this study were “To highlight the denial of child rights of both the sibling carers and
the young child and to present the picture of neglect by the government and civil society for non
existent support and services for early child care and development.”
Four steps were followed during the course of the study-
a) Gathering general information from the Basties covered in the study
b) Mapping existing civic and child care services in each of the basties
c) Conducting Group discussions with women and children
d) Doing Case Studies of the sibling carers and their mothers
While doing this study emphasis was laid more on the qualitative aspects of the issue involved and
less on the quantitative and enumerative aspects of the research study. However a set of quantitative
indicators related to the issue have also been presented. More than merely being a survey the study was
designed in a manner to encourage collective thinking and group work in a participatory manner.
Views expressed in this study are subjective and try7 to remain true to what children and mothers
expressed during the group discussions and individual interviews. Intensive and long term working
experience of the voluntary’ organizations working in the bastics under the study helped in
consolidating and verifying the emerging trends and analysis of the under study factors and processes
by their firm grip on the ground realities. Their experience not only helped in validating the picture of
deficient and inadequate early child care services and ill effects of sibling care on both the older and
younger children.
It’s now over a year that the participatoiy study was undertaken. Now we are placing the final
report before you. This booklet is the culmination of the process by putting together the analysis and
conclusion arrived out of multiple discussions, mapping of childcare services and individual case
studies. Publication of the report was accompanied by putting together of a Photo Exhibition which
presents a visual picture of the sibling carersjnost poignantly.
By sharing with you the report and the photo exhibition we hope to have a wider audience and a
stronger public opinion and advocacy to demand for improvement in the provision of the early child
care services in the poor and deprived in Delhi and elsewhere.
We shall consider this to be a successful endeavor if it facilitates reflection and questioning among
its readers.
Poem
Information about the 17 Basties
In the first phase of the study information from 17 Basties & resettlement colonies was collected where
non-govemment organisations represented in NEENV were working. Information on various aspects
such as population- its male, female and children percentage (in different age groups), work profile of
the population, socio-economic status, civic amenities, educational and health facilities services,
enrollment and drop out percentages of girls and boys, status of early child care services and other
f
related aspects was collected. Based on the information, maps were drawn of existing facilities in each
of the bastics.
(SHOWN IN A SKETCH)
Various Aspects Of A Basti
Table
Information on 17 basties and their location in Delhi
S.NO
Name of the Basti
Zone of Delhi
Name of the Non-Goxcmmental
Organisation
1
2
3
upto
17
PICTURISATION OF THE 17 BASTIES IN THE MAP OF DELHI
An example of a basti map
Key Points from the Maps of Basties
Following points were covered: Facilities available for children for e.g. primary schools, Balwadis,
Angan wadis (ICDS), Creches etc; Health and drinking water facilities; physical and social
stratification of the basti(gullies, roads, planned & unplanned etc); profile of the working women;
school enrolment and drop out etc.
Picture emerging from the basti maps
•
It is clear from these maps that Government facilities especially for children and women are grossly
inadequate and in most areas these ran very unsatisfactorily.
•
In most basties basic facilities (e.g. Dispensaries, Schools, Anganwadis etc) were seen only in the
pucca settlements of the basti where a room or two was available for housing the service. Out of the 15
maps only in Nazimuldin (E) basti 7 Anganwadis were found working whereas in re-settlement
colonies like Nagloi A Block, Sunder Nagri (Extn.), Mangol Puri (F/G Blocks) and Neb Sarai had
these services weren’t available in the kuccha settlements such as jhuggis and temporary structures.
There is no legal provision to provide basic civic amenities and childcare services for these settlements
howsoever large these settlements may be.
•
It was also clear from the maps that within the resettlement colonies that the economic, social and
educational status of people living in the clusters of kuccha jhuggi settlements was much lower in
comparison to those living in pucca houses in the basti.
•
Facility of Government run creches was not available even in one basti. In three basties the non
government organisations were providing the of creche services for the working mothers.
Even the primary schools were located at a distance of one & a half to two kilometers from the kuccha
•
jhuggi cluster. Number of primary’ schools was inadequate to cater to the number of school going
children in these Jhuggi basties.
It was noted that many children from the poor families had dropped out from the school at primary
•
and middle school level. These children were either working for lowly or ill paid jobs in the casual
labour sector or took care of their younger siblings at home and helped in domestic chores. Some of
these children were going to the non-formal education centres run by non-govemment organisations.
In all the basti maps the profile of working women was either scattered or concentrated in some
•
clusters of the basti. It was noticeable that the concentration of working women was largely seen in the
poorer parts of the basti settlements.
Women were working in the unorganized labour sector and/or in cottage and home based industry
•
w here children were also involved in some parts of production.
In all these maps there was a clear lack of government health services. Quack doctors or “Bengali
•
Doctor” who didn’t have required qualifications mainly covered the scnice gap.
Physical and Educational Status of the Basties
S.No
Name of the Basil
Population
No. of
Literacy Rate(%)
children
Male Female Boy Girl
0-6
6-14
(years)
1
2
3
upto
17
♦These figures were not available age-wise but were distributed gender wise, ♦♦ Age graded break up
wasn’t available - Here the figures weren’t available
What do these figures tell?
•
Jhuggi settlements could be seen in all parts/zones of Delhi.
•
there is ven* dense population in ratio to the area occupied by these families. The construction of all
the J. J. clusters is of temporary^ (Kucha) Jhuggies. but the floor is pucca one but the roof is kuccha one.
There is only one roomed accommodation which is all purpose room for sleeping, eating cooking
,bathing etc. There are no lanes,roads, seaver etc.
•
In comparison to educational statistics of Delhi the position of these Basties is very w'eak & in so for as
adult literacy ratio & position of registration of children of school going age is concerned.Litracy rate
of parents was seen between 25 to 35 %. In the age group of 6 to 11 years of both girls & boys the
educational position was found to be quite opposite to Govt, figures. On an average only 60 to 70 % of
the boys & 40 to 50 % of the girls are continuing primary education.
It is essential to clarify here that for this study the sample was essentially drawn from poorer parts of the
basti settlements for gathering information and group discussions. The figures and estimates given here
weren’t exclusively collected for the study, these were mainly provided by the non-govemment
organizations from multiple sources during the course of their work in the basti.
Nature of work and income levels in the basties
Name of the basti
S.No
% of houses dependent on the earning of Income (Rupees)
Male
Female
the woman
Children
1
2
3
upto
17
S.No
Nature of work
Name of the basti
Male
Female
Children
1
2
3
upto
17
Key: (A) Unorganised Sector 1. Tea Shop 2.Dhaba 3. Self-employed 4. Construction worker 5.House-
hold help/worker 6. Rag picking 7.Factory worker 8.Techmeal work 9.Work relating to Sibling care 10.
Cottage Industry work 11 .Begging
•
Population of these Basties is almost entirely engaged in unorganized work sector.
•
Residents of these Basties provide services to the neighborhood middle class colonies at low wages.
They are engaged in works like cleaning, washing and other house hold chores, as servants in the
shops, tea shops and dhabas. as cart pullers, sweepers and in small scale industnes etc.
•
25 to 35% (approximately) houses were mainly dependent on the income of the female members
wherein were men either away from home and weren’t sending money or they didn t have regular
work.
•
Income levels in most of the households under study didn’t exceed Rupees 3,000-3500/P.M (combined
income of male and female members of the family) forcing them to live an impoverished existence.
•
Difference in the daily wages of men & women was also a commonly observed pattern. Difference
was sharper in the construction work sector.
About 35 to 40% children were found to be working to contribute to the family income. 10 to 15%
•
children v\ ere involved in the home-based work along with their mothers. In most cases parents for
supplementing the family income took their earnings.
•
In the unorganized sector difference could be seen in the hpe of work done by men, women &
children. For instance, rag picking and cleaning in other people’s houses was mostly the work of
children and women. Whereas sorting out the rag pickings and its sale was mainly handled by men. In
our study we didn’t come across a single instance of woman working in the skilled work category.
They were essentially working in the unskilled and semi skilled trades such as Agarbatties rolling,
bindi pasting, making bindi and chappal moulds etc.
Status of women’s and children’s health
•
Barring 2-3 resettlement colonies where Government run Primary Health Centres were running there
was no provision of health service under the government aegis in other Basties.
•
Diseases associated with unclean living environment, unsafe drinking water and dense population per
square meter of land were commonly reported from all the basties.
•
Borrowing money for treatment of illness in the family was the commonly recountes story in most of
the families.
•
Due to lack of access to qualified doctors in these Basties they have little option but to avail the
sendees of quacks that are easily accessible.
Maternity Entitlements and Services
•
More than 85% of women had home based childbirth with the help of traditional dais.
•
Most working women had recounted that they went back to w ork after 7 to 25 days of child birth.
•
None of the w omen working in the unorganized sector reported of having any maternity leave and any
other maternity entitlements. Whatever provisions exist under the Construction Workers Act s is only
on paper. Maternity leave, maternity allowance and breast-feeding breaks, all these are tall talks for
them. Whatever respite and monetary benefits these women get were entirely up to the good will of the
employer and their predisposition to be charitable. Mostly domestic helpers wei l
such
benevolence by the home mistress.
Delhi - Full of Inconsistencies
Delhi has the highest per capita income of Rupees 17068 in the country
Even then
More than 40% of the population of Delhi lives below the poverty line.
Drinking water is available for 96% of Delhi’s population
But
In kucchi Basties and Jhuggi settlements these is one water source per 200 households.
About 50% of Delhi’s population doesn’t have access to toilets in their houses. This causes very much
inconvenience to women and children.
Caption under the cartoon strip“I am not hiding here. This is my house.” Quoted from The Times Of India
More than 50% of urban population of Delhi lives on footpaths. Kuccha Bastics & Jhuggi colonies.
Group Discussions with Women
In the 2nd phase of the Stud}7 group discussions were carried out to consolidate & deepen the
information collected from 17 Basties in the first phase. Group discussions aimed to bring forth various
aspects from the life experiences of working women and older children who were im oh ed in sibling
care.
An important aspect of the study was to recount and reflect on one’s experiences from childhood
through adolescence, youth and adulthood. It could be the bitter sweet memories of childhood, pangs
of desires and frustration of unmet wishes, experiences of marriage, pain and joy of child birth,
umpteen house hold responsibilities and kind of familial and social support systems axailable or the
lack of it. These points were discussed while sitting in small groups with women and older children.
This exercise was crucial to get the understanding of the issue of early childcare from their perspective.
What were their worries, aspirations and demands for their young and older children? How and What
were children expressing about their role as sibling carers? Understanding their world view was a
central issue in the study.
15 group discussions were held in which 324 women took part
Tabic
Status of some of the indicators emerging from group discussions with women
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name of the organization
Nirmaana
Nirmaana
A.V.B.M.T
A.V.B.M.T
Vidyajyoti
N.D.S
N.D.S
Navsrishti
Navsrishti
Navsrishti
Kisley
Aalamb
Rainbow
Mobile creches
Hope project
No. of women in each
group discussion
15
8
18
22
18
15
17
50
22
30
12
25
25
15
32
Responsibility of child care in
the childhood
Number (%)
.Age wise
all
7
all
6- 7
all
5-7
. all
5-7
all
5-6
all
10
all
10
all
7- 8
all
8- 9
all
7-8
all
5-7
all
5-7
all
5-7
all
5-8
all
7-8
Child Labour
Age(when began) % of children
50
6-8
8-10
8-10
8- 10
7- 9
9- 10
8- 10
10- 12
10-12
10-12
10-12
60
60
8-10
11-13
11-13
75
75
5-10
50-60
40
75
60
60
60-70
50
80
324
Key points from group discussions
Average age of women who took part in group discussions was between the ages of 25 to 35 years.
However in some groups few women of 40 to 45 years also participated. But this was not a common
•
pattern.
The educational level of most of the women was up to 5th class or even less. There was couple of
instances where women reported to have educational qualifications up to an 8 or 12 standard.
r
In all the group discussions it became clear that the age at marriage of women fell between 13 to 18
.
years. In some cases w here age at the time of marriage was between 13 - 14 years their ‘Gauna’ (i.e.
tire social custom allowing sexual cohabitation as husband and wife) was performed after the girl had
attained puberty and was physiologically and socially more mature. Age of women at first childbirth
was between 15 to 17 years.
In these group discussions women told that on an average they were pregnant for 5 to 8 times. There
•
were 3 to 7 child birth/woman. Almost all reported poor health after successive childbirths.
Miscarriages were reported however actual estimates couldn’t be ascertained from the group
»
discussions. Very few women talked of their decision for undertaking medical termination of
pregnancy. For understandable socio cultural inhibitions discussion on sex selective abortion w’as not
forthcoming.
Childhood memories of Women
What stood out were their experiences of- Poverty and financial difficulties; Under fed. Dropping out from
school; Low status of the girl child in the family; doing household chores from early age; looking after their
siblings; working in others’ and own field; marriage at an early age; having no information to their body &
sexuality' But also playing with the dolls and chatting with friends to. in their tender
Dialogues 1 “MORE OF DOMESTIC CHORES - LESS OF PLAY”
Dialogue 2 “USED TO GO TO SCHOOL IN THE MORNING AND HELP IN THE DOMESTIC
CHORES AFTER SCHOOL”
Dialogues “PLAYED FREELY UP TO THE AGE OF 4-5 YEARS BUT BY 9-10 YEARS 1 HAD A
WHOLE LOT OF HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES ON MY SHOULDERS”
Dialogue4 “MARRIAGE CHANGED THE WAY OI7 LIFE. Whatever fun and freedom we had enjoyed
during early childhood was over as soon as I stepped into my husband’s house. Fun was replaced with
burden of work and more work.”
Key points from the group discussions on Maternity and Child care services
Becoming mothers at an early age and child births with very little spacing was the most common
experience of most women in the group discussion across basties.
More than 90% women had home based child births. Accessing government health services was only
used as an option in difficult pregnancies or in an emergency at or before child birth when the mid wife
refused to handle the case or suggested the woman to be taken to a nursing home or a government
hospital. Mid-wives from the Basti helped in home based child birtlis who were experienced but non
licensed and with no formal training.
©
Post natal support to mothers w'as exclusively provided from the immediate family. It came mainly
from the mother, sister in law or mother in law and it came by way of help in taking care of the new
bom and doing the household chores of cooking, cleaning etc. Other kind of support mainly consisted
of providing supplementary diet replenishment in the form of ghee, fruits, ladoos, cash and clothes etc.
for the mother and new bom. Most women recounted that they received support from their parents and
in laws during the first 2-3 of child births and in the later births they had to manage on their own. In
tire later child births help from the eldest daughter was taken to provide support to the mother in taking
care of the new born and doing the household work.
In all the households where women’s earning was crucial to run the family affairs the women
.
returned to work after child birth as early as 5- 7 days or took leave for 20 - 25 days at the most.
Talk of paid Maternity leave, breast feeding breaks or any other kind of maternity entifiements from
.
the employer sounded like fantasies to women. All of them were more concerned and anxious of
loosing their work and living with this uncertainty they were too insecure to even think let alone
demand the maternity benefits as their right from the employers.
Usually an expenditure of Rupees 300 to 500 was reported to be incurred in a home based child birth.
.
In the case of difficult child births expenditure on consultation fee, medicines, and nursing home
expenses was reported to be etc. between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 5000/Because of their working status most of the women reported during group discussions that they
a
couldn’t keep their infant children on exclusive breast feeding for more than a month or two. Leaving
behind their infants in the care of its older siblings and early bottle feeding was a commonly observed
pattern.
Negligible facilities for Early Child Care in all die basties was the focal point of all group discussions.
©
Services of Creches, Balwadis, Primary' Health Care Centre if available were provided by non
governmental and other voluntary organisations or were run by some individuals as a private service
venture.
_____________ ________
During all the group discussions women expressed a strong need for the early clrild care services to be
provided by the government agencies to ease their burden of child care while working in the unorganized
sector.
They spelt out in the following order of prionties the list of services which they considered essential for
their children’s welfare: More primary schools (in easily reachable distance), Balwadis (pre school
centres), Supplementary nutrition for young children. Health care facilities. Free medicines, Recreahonal
space for children in the basti and Creches. Need to improve the accessibility, efficiency and quality of
services of ICDS, government schools and primary health centres was very strongly articulated by women.
Lives of overburdened working women- Their aspirations and anxieties for their homes, children
and themselves
About 50% women who took part in the group discussions said that they had started wage work from
©
the age of 10 years and had to drop out from the school as a result. They continued to work tiU they
&
were married.
More than 95% women reported to be working in the unorganized sector on very low wages. Most of
these women were employed in small scale industry, home based work, selling vegetables, working as
domestic help or in rag picking work.
w
Most of these women discontinued working after marriage because of holding household and child
o
bearing and rearing responsibilities. It was after the birth of 2-3 children that the economic necessity
brought them back into the wage work sector. They worked mainly as domestic helpers and as
construction workers
It was abundantly clear that complete responsibility of running the house and taking care of children
«
nus on women’s shoulders. It was shared and partly transferred on to the elder daughter once she grew
to be 6-7 years of age. Despite being out of work and sitting idle at home men didn’t share household
and child care responsibilities. This was true of most households barring one or two exceptions.
In bearing the triple burden of house-hold work, child care and wage work women reported that they
o
were to a large extent dependent on the help prorided by their daughters. In some instances help came
from women living in the neighbourhood but that was mainly a temporary relief and offered in
emergency situations such as sickness or family conflict and/or destitution.
All the women recounted that sharing the household work and child care responsibilities from an early
©
age was clearly imprinted in their own childhood memories. It was worth noting that only 25 to 30%of
these women were literate. Most of them had to leave school even before completing primary school
education.
_
____
Above mentioned key points from the group discussions with women clearly point out to the unequal and
unfavourable attitude shown by society towards women and girls which more often than not has led to the
denial of their fundamental human rights to non discrimination, equality, freedom of choice, right to
education and good health and well being and economic opportunities. Denial of their rights began in their
own childhood and continued in their adult lives and subsequently pushed their children especially the
daughters in a similar vicious cycle of denial and deprivation.
Attitude of women towards their children - A mixed bag of prejudices, ambitions and aspirations
&
For all their children (both boys and girls, young and old) w’omcn articulated what they desired for
them and what they like and don’t like in their children. At the same time they also disclosed
unwittingly differential attitude, different set of desires & dual set of expectations towards their sons
and daughters. For instance about 80% women desired that their daughters should receive education up
to 8*h class but for their sons all of them felt that they should study up to 10,h class or I2’h class.
9
They wanted their sons to learn vocational and/or technical skills in addition to the school education so
that they could become economically self-sufficient. For their daughters they felt that education should
be so designed so as to help them in their married and family lives. However few women wanted their
daughters to be self-sufficient and self-reliant.
3
Women clearly differentiated the needs for early child care from that of the older children. They stated
that young children mainly needed love and affection of their parents,, food, play and good health care
and
I
.
Older children required education, earning opportunities, good clothes, healthy entertainment, friends
.
and windows for information.
Women were conscious about the fact that pushing older children in household and sibling care
responsibilities was not a healthy option for both the older children and the young chili They felt that
although the older children looked after the younger siblings to the best of their abilm but being
children themselves they were not mature enough to handle the responsibility of child care. It also had
an adverse effect on their education. They felt that younger children were sick more often. Their food
and nutritional needs couldn't be looked after with same care and regularity as an adult carer would be
able to do.
There was a common endorsement among women on marrying the daughters earlier than the sons.
.
Despite agreeing to the fact that early marriage was not good for their daughters they expressed their
helplessness in not being able to prevent Ideally they felt that girls should be married at the age of 17-
18 years or more and sons should be married only when they are able to bear the economic burden of
the family
^Zgroup discussions with 249 children most of whom were involved in sibling care contributed most
crucially to understand the dynamics of the issue of sibling care. Group discussions vividly brought out the
point of views of children on the issue and its relevant aspects. These discussions were mirrors reflecting
their pain, frustrations, helplessness, innocence and their dreams. Children’s voices represented a chimera
of contradicting images and perceptions- some painful, others realistic, some joyous and full of hope and
fantasy and at other times a life situation pushing them to fit into adult shoes too soon-
— rcsp—iW » .
“X’.
«
the task of looking after the younger siblings when their mother goes out for work. Besides going to
school (for those who were attending schools) and their play time, children listed chores like cleaning,
cooking, marketing, giving bath, feeding them, and keeping a watchful eye over their younger siblings
and in some families going out for wage work as part of their daily activities, which is otherwise the
.
responsibility of eiders.
About 50% of the children spoken to could not finish primary schooling and most of them were girls.
In 90% of the families girls were looking after their younger siblings either along with their studies or
after dropping out from the school. However boys were also not completely free from sharing the
.
burden of household and child care responsibilities.
Main reason cited by children for dropping out from the school was poor economic conditions of their
parents Looking after their younger siblings was another important reason for leaving school.
Individual family case studies also brought out this as an important reason for girls to drop out from
the school especially when the mother had to seek wage work outside the home to bolster the
economic conditions of the family.
t ~
-'IP'
o
All through the group discussions children seemed conscious of their multifold responsibilities, restricted opportunities and yawning gap between their lives and the lives of rich children. A very
strong desire for a better and bright fiiture for their younger siblings reverberated titrough children’s
discussions.
•
Most children said, “We would like our mothers to be able to look after our siblings with all the
care
and attention and we would like to only play and study. We wish that our siblings get the complete
love and attention of our parents.”
•
Children articulated the need for support and services to lessen their burden of child care
responsibilities. Many children talked about the need for creches and balwadis. Being able to think and
articulate the need for the provision of early child care services from government and voluntary
agencies could be due to the presence of non government organizations in their basties and running
these services.
"While talking about the circumstances leading to denial of their fundamental rights clulZTcn seemed to be ’
extremely aware and connected to the realit.es in which their families were struggling to eke out an
existence. They didn't seem to complain too much about the adult chores they had to perform as part of
their every day routine. They were aware that the household and sibling care responsibilities on them were
largely due to economic impoverishment of their parents. Wherever government and non government
organizations were providing child care and pre school services older children were trying to utilize these
services and trying to fulfill some of their childhood aspirations.
Reasons given by children for dropping out from the school
# Poverty
# Wage work
# House hold responsibility
# Sibling care
# Illiteracy of parents
# Preference to religious education over formal school education
# Lack of enabling environment in their Basti
Daily routine of children consisted of:
# Cleaning, washing, fetching water, cooking etc.
# Attend school in the morning and do the household chores in the after-noon.
Attend non-formal education programmes
^Taking care of younger siblings
# Rag picking
Playing and T. V watching
# Wandering in search of work
I
Differences of life styles pointed out by children between the rich and poor children
Children living in big houses
# have access to costly and big toys, fancy cycles etc. They have easy and ready access to open spaces for
playing.
# have fixed hours and adequate time for eating, sleeping, studying and playing
# are free from household worries and responsibilities
# have all their desires fulfilled
# can access facilities for creative activities such as drama, dance and painting etc.
# can study up to whatever level they desire
# go to good schools for education
p
# move about in cars
#can think and plan about their future
# get full attention, affection and care of their parents
Children thing in Jhuggi basties
# don’t have suitable environment and facilities to pursue their studies
# have to take care of their siblings and do house hold work
# fall sick ore often
# don’t get clean air and water
# do wage work
# combine schooling with wage work and/or household responsibilities
Dialogue box: “We can only dream of the kind of life rich children live.
Games which children liked playing
# Gulli-Danda, carom board, hot chase,
# Glass pebbles, skipping rope, bat-ball, playing cards,
# Hide and seek, make believe and simulation games (teacher-teacher, doll’s wedding etc.)
# Kho-Kho, maran-pitti, hop scotch, chasing the ball, top spinning,
# Swimming in river Jamuna,
# Playing with the friends in the play ground
Favourite activities of children
# Playing, eating good food, watching television, tree climbing,
# Eat out in a restaurant,
# Loitering and visiting places,
# Dancing,
# Leg pulling of friends while sitting in groups.
# Learning new skills and going to work,
# Reading stories
Sentiments of older children on the responsibility of sibling care
Dialoguel: “I love my siblings but there are many things I can't do because of my responsibility-. I can’t go
anywhere. I beat her many times when she cries incessantly.”
Dialogue 2: “When I am angry then I don’t like to take care of them.”
Aspirations of older children for their younger siblings
# Good food and good home environment
# There should be creches in the basti where infants should get food and care
# “Our siblings should get opportunities for good education."
# “There should not be unhappiness in their lives"
# “They should have a life of satisfaction and fulfillment”
# “We will make them a successful person.”
# “We wish our brothers and sisters to get good employment opportunities”
# “We want our parents to look after them and gi\e them all the time and love they need.”
“There should be a support system such that we aren’t deprived of our schooling and we aren’t
forced to suppress our wishes which are very close to our heart.”
Sibling care- Some Case Studies
Last leg of the research was designed to get a detailed and nuanccd understanding of various factors which
impact the issue of sibling care by looking at the liR
nations of the members of some chosen families. In
each of the families sibling care was an issue which impacted tire lives of all the family members in many
different ways. A detailed study wras undertaken to know and understand what their daily routines were
especially of women and children, their memories and experiences of childhood, their education, their
work, their roles and responsibilities, their desires and expectations. It was hoped that the story from each
family case study would give a qualitative, sociological as well as human picture surrounding the issue of
sibling care.
The process of case study was helped to bring in the personal and emotional perspective to the bigger
picture of larger socio-cultural and economic factors influencing the issue. This point of view tends to get
lost or minimized in the effort to get the big picture which may present a body of research embellished with
quantitative assessment but the representative voice and gritty spirit of those understudy goes unheard and
unseen.
Effort was made to remain true to what and how children and their mothers had expressed themselves.
Following section presents key w'ords, happenings and experiences of the family members to bring to the
fore their feelings of helplessness, hope, expectations, innocence and cynicism and other social-economic
factors which they perceive to be influencing their choices or the lack of it.
Nine NEEV partners undertook 14 case studies in their field areas. In addition 2 case studies were
undertaken to highlight the benefit from providing early child care services such as creche and pre school
centres in the basti neighbourhood.
z
In all the case studies those families were selected where both mother and father were working and were
living in impoverished conditions and finally all these families had one or more children involved in
sibling care.
Key points from the case studies
Household aspects
. Almost all families had migrated to Delhi from their villages in different parts of northern India in
search of livelihood. With the exception of two families who owned a small piece of land in a re
settlement colony, rest were living either as tenants or as squatters with permission from the labour
contractor in kuchhi jhuggi basties settlements.
o
Socio-Economic status of all the families was very weak. None of the families crossed the income
threshold of Rs. 3000/-per month which was the combined income of the husband and wife. On an
average a family’s income was between Rs. 2000-2500/month. In the social structure these families
•
were either from Dalit or OBC category.
One third of the sample families of the case studies were Muslims, indicating that there is a very
significant proportion of Muslim migrants who are also living an impoverished existence.
•
Living space per person was very cramped. Usually each family had between 6-9 members living in a
o
small one room jhuggi.
None of the families had adequate physical amenities. Household utility items such as cots, utensils,
•
clothes or in some case even food were in short supply.
A new pair of clothes came mostly on festivals on occasions like Diw’ali and Eid. Sometimes even that
was not possible.
A pucca and spacious house w as one of the most cherished wish of most children.
Aspects related to marriage and children
© Age at marriage of women was between 13 to 18 years. Child birth followed immediately after
marriage. A common comment from all women was that the control and decisions over reproductive
matters were completely governed either by their husbands or complied under the prescribed religious
and cultural mores or by their mother in laws. These decisions were related to use or not to use
e>
contraceptives or sterilization.
All the women stated that their deliveries were home based and assisted by the traditional mid-wife of
o
the Basti.
Cases of miscarriages and infant mortality were reported from 3-4 families. There was a general
reluctance to talk about such matters. However in one family a case of female feticide was also found
but not told directly to the researcher. The researcher had information about this case from her earlier
field work in the community where she was working as a community mobiliser.
©
There was no mention of maternity entitlements from any one of the women who were working in the
unorganized sector. All of them returned to work between 8 to 25 days of child birth.
Most infants weren't breast fed for 6 months. After the birth of first 2 children they discontinued
working for a longer spell than a month but subsequently they returned to work leaving behind their
one month old infants.
©
All the case studies w ere strong portrayals of the denial of children’s right to safety, protection
and health. Women had been equally denied their rights to equality, non discrimination and
maternity entitlements, bearing behind an infant w ithout adult care and protection and
compulsion of giving her/him a bottle feed are clear cases of violation of child rights.
For all these women, “rest for our wean bodies and a rich, nutritious diet for ourselves is wishful
thinking.”
Aspects related to health and nutrition
•
Talc of all women's health was almost the same in all the families. Successive child bearing years had
left them anaemic and weak. Situation of increasing weakness, falling nutritional and health status was
compounded by increasing work load of the women. Health problems of low blood pressure, T.B,
anaemia, fatigue and regular sickness were common of the w'omcn. Children were also in the grip of
seasonal & generic diseases. In at least 5-6 families there were instances of men folk suffering from
long term illnesses such as T.B. Asthma and heart ailments. In their field notes the researchers had
reported that most family members looked undernourished and weak.
G
In a large family which was the case for most under study families children in the lower end of the
birth order and girls seemed to suffer from inadequate and non-enriching diet. Women didn’t report to
eat a more nutritious diet during pregnancy and lactation. Gender based discrimination on diet
distribution was another painful fact found from the case study notes. Half litre milk was generally
purchased for preparing morning tea and for bottle feed of young children and tinned milk for the
infant was also a common dietary fact reported in the stories of the families.
Another familiar aspect of gender based disparity in food distribution was confirmed by the case
studies which w as- Women and their daughters ate after serving the men of the family. Interestingly
when the women went out to work men children and elders would do self sendee.
e»
In most of the families eating meant two simple meals a day consisting of a dal and/or seasonal
vegetables with a staple of potatoes added to the menu. Many families said that consuming rotis with
green chilly paste when there was no dal or vegetable preparation was also part of their dietary pattern.
Seasonal fruits were consumed once or twice a week and meat- fish curry was prepared once or twice a
month.
- \S'
Although they may be eating rotis with green chilli paste but consuming alcohol by the men folk was a
o
rampant story of many households. This fact was disliked by all children especially girls. For one clrild
eating a cauliflower vegetable dish was part of her wish list.
Another repeated story of many households was taking loan for medical treatment. In one family a
<9
loan of nipees 15000/- had to be taken when four children and tire father fell sick at the same time.
Educational and work status of the families
There was a big difference in the educational status of and expectations from the boys and girls. In
O
some cases economic obstacles came in the way, in others it was lack of interest of the parents for
children’s education which particularly affected the girls because they were the first ones to be pulled
out of school for during difficult times of the family. Despite impoverished conditions and lack of
interest shown by one or both the parents boys were sent to schools.
In all the family case studies men had educational qualifications of 5-8 standards. Some Women were
&
illiterate and others had education up to 3- 5 standards. In the present generation only 40-50 % girls
and 65 % boys were going to primary or middle school. In some basties where non-formal educational
centres were being run by non government organizations drop out and pre school age children were
going there. 2 girls had passed their 5th standard from one of tire NFE centres. In another family one
girl was preparing for lO*” standard with support from the non government orgamzation by enrolling
»
through the national open school.
Mothers were seen to be more eager to send their daughters to school. Fathers either resisted m sending
them to school when they considered it unimportant or weren’t concerned and invok ed busy as they
were in their own world of work and alcoholism. Tales of unemployment, drinking, and domestic
violence by men folk in these families was repeated time and again.
o
In 7 families girls had to drop out of the school when women in the families had to go out on work.
Primary reason for such an action was the responsibility of child care which these girls had to take up
in the absence of their mother. In 3 families girls were also looking after their siblings while continuing
their schooling. In such instances frequent absence from the school was a common practice. In 4
families children who were involved in sibling care were going to the NFE centre of the Non
government organization and they brought their younger siblings along with them.
95% families were working in unorganised sector. All women were in un-skilled/semi-skilled work.
With tire exception of a couple of men, rest of the men folk were also working in un-skfiled/semiskilled jobs.
Their work is neither permanent nor regular this is especially true of men’s work m sectors such as
0
construction work, paint work, factory job, rickshaw pulling or cottage industry. Women usually
worked as construction workers or as domestic helpers, some of them soldi vegetables, or ran a tea
shop from home. Women worked on lower income and were more regular in their work.
Under the circumstances in which women were working it didn’t seem odd to hear them saying, if the
husband’s income was sufficient to run the house they wouldn’t have worked.” “Who wants to do such
1
work when there is neither respect nor proper remuneration for our work?” If they had a choice and
the economic condition of their family was satisfactory then most women said that they would not like
to go out for work. In their view responsibility to run the house lies on men. But “when he (man) can’t
or won’t work then we have to do it for tlie sake of our children
This was the heart felt opinion
of most women from family case studies.
-Women could see the linked impact of work, education, economic and social status on their and children’s
lives. Women expressed tlie desire that, “our children should be educated enough so as not to live an
impoverished existence as being lived by us and we w'ant our children to have better lives than what we
have for ourselves.”
What did children say?
None of the children had aversion to what most children liked doing i.e. to play, to be with friends, to
o
go out. eat good food and going to school. But most of these children could not do these tilings to their
heart’s content. Bearing the burden of household and child care responsibilities which aren t normally
associated with childhood came in the way of their enjoyment. Only very young children, working
children and school going boys had escaped from the drudgery of house work.
Getting a beating from their father, their drinking habit, regular brawls and wife beating were the
commonly disliked behaviour by children of their fathers. They were afraid of getting punished by
their father. They didn’t seem to mind their mother’s spanking them as much because they knew tliat
she also loved them as much. For seeking favors mother was the favourite choice of all children. She
would also plead in their favour whether it was for sending their daughter to the non-formal education
centre or allowing her to go out and play with friends.
©
There was very' little time in the daily routine of older girls in the family which she could devote for
herself. All responsibilities related to cliild care and household work (cleaning, washing, cooking,
feeding and serving, laying beds etc) were laid on her shoulders in the mother’s absence. Even if the
she were playing she would carry the young one in her lap. Under such conditions regular school going
for 6 hours every day didn’t seem possible. But the other side of tlie same family story showed that
sons from this family were being sent to school and extra coaching was also airanged for them. It was
the girls who were paying the penalty due to the difficult situation of their families. The threshold for
boy’s schooling was also not aimed to be higher than 8th or 10th standard. Both the mother and sons
felt that learning some trade and vocational skills would be more useful.
o
Unmindful of the flies, dirt and squalor around them young children were mostly found playing, eating
or sleeping. Images of semi clad children running around, playing with broken toys or household
articles, their feeder bottles lying on the ground or holding a piece of chappati in their hand were
constant like a photocopy in all the families. These children looked younger than their actual age.
Many a times estimation given by the researcher of children’s age proved incorrect when cross
checked with the family member.
•
Some children considered the task of looking after their younger siblings a responsibility from which
they couldn’t escape but for many children, this responsibility was accepted as if it was a natural
extension of their childhood roles without questioning. All of them freely expressed their emotions of
getting angry, abusing and beating them, especially getting irritated with their young siblings during
their playtime. Alongside they were liberal in showing love and affection to their younger siblings,
which was amplified in their wishing for “all the comforts of the world and the best of life”. All of
them echoed the desire that “our brothers and sisters should stud}’ and progress in life.”
•
Do the older children have dreams for themselves - Answer was yes and no. Teasingly and with some
hesitation they came out with their desires -studying to their heart’s content, visiting places, aspiring to
join police /teacher. These free flowing wishes for themselves were tempered with expressions of
helplessness and fear of unfulfilled dreams
Harshness of their life situations seemed to have shaken the self-image and confidence of these
children. They were conscious of the fact that they were poor and it affected their lives. But thank
heavens that their childhood kept surfacing when they played with their marbles or w hen they(boys)
took a dip in Jamuna or when they' were happily lost chatting and playing with their dear friends.
Case Study (1) - The Story of Gita and her daughters
Gita age 40 years lives in Kakrolla basti of west Delhi. There are 9 members in her family- 3
daughters, 4 sons, Gita and her husband. Her husband runs a tea shop while Gita and her elder
daughter work as domestic help in the neighbourhood middle class colony. Husband’s earnings from
the tea shop are low.
Gita was married when she was 13 years old. First child was bom to her at the age of 18 years.
Economic status of the family worsened progressively with each new addition in the family. Earlier
every one in the family could get fruits and vegetables, nowr milk and fruit comes only for the youngest
child who is 8 months old. Earlier they w ere eating three meals a day which now' has been reduced to
two times a day - diet in the morning consists of dal and rice and in the evening it is roti eaten with a
vegetable. Food is served first to Gita’s husband and then the rest follow. Mother or the eldest daughter
whoso ever serves the food is the last one to eat.
Gita’s husband w as the only son of his parents. Therefore she was not allowed by her mother in law to
use contraceptives because she ex;
: cd more than one grandson from her son and daughter in law.
When asked whether she had taken a sex detection test Gita replied in the negative.
She and her husband migiated from their village to Delhi when it became difficult to sustain their
livelihood from agriculture. After living in a rented jhuggi for sometime, they purchased their own
jhuggi. Their jhuggi is a one room structure with a kuccha rooftop. This room is used for sleeping,
eating, cooking and playing for the younger children. Very few' household articles were there in the
ll
house such as one wooden bed. few steel utensils and worn clothes. Pair of new' clothes on Diwali or
some other festive occasion w as stitched for the family members.
When children fell ill services of the government hospital were used. To treat generic illnesses usinq
home remedies such as drinking ginger tea or using tulsi leaves w'as the norm. Gita wanted to get her
children educated but she couldn’t afford the expenses of buying school uniform, stationen etc for all
children. She has been sending her younger children to the non-formal education centre run by a non
government organization. She would like to get her daughters married as soon as she would find a
suitable match and saved some money to buy the dowry’ items. For her sons she wishes that the}’ would
take up some work for their livelihood.
12 year old Khushboo looks after her younger siblings. She dropped out from the school when third
child was bom in the family. Gita didn’t let her continue in the third class although Khushboo was very
keen to continue her studies. This decision was primarily taken because Gita needed a helping hand to
look after the young child when she and her elder daughter had to go out for w’ork. Khushboo gets up
at 6 A.M and has the full responsibility’ of managing the household chores once her parents and sisters
leave for work. She bathes her younger brother and sister, washes clothes, cleans the utensils and feeds
them. Some times doing all this work becomes a burden for her. At that moment she feels that her
parents do not love her and that is why she has been left behind by them at home rather than sending
her to the school. Some times she feels that that is why they always leave her at home.
Khushboo says that she wants to study; she wants to become a teacher and wants to go on
outings.
“Prepared by Aalamb Organisation”
Case study (2) - The story of Tauhida and her family
Tauhida aged 35 years lives in Nangloi resettlement colony in West Delhi. She has five children-
Naajia (16 years). Rajia (15 years). Mijun Rehman (10 years), Aajim (7 years) and Shamir (2years).
Tauhida works as a domestic help in the neighbourhod colony and earns 1200/ rupees per month. Her
husband is a mason and he earns about rupees 1500/- per month. His work is irregular and seasonal. He
doesn’t help in the household work. He has a drinking habit and is perpetually in debt. Nazia, the
eldest daughter also accompanies her mother for work. Tauhida was married at the age of 15 years.
Soon she became the mother of 5 children. A couple of infants died soon after birth. Their family
migrated from a village in Manglore in search of work. They live in a rented jhuggi. Tauhida doesn’t
like the basti environment in she lives. There is only one small room, where all the family activities are
performed.
There are few family possessions. They own a small black and white T. V set and one fan but both are
out of order. She had to sell many of her household articles which she had brought in dowry during
two child births. Meals usually consist of daal and roti and are cooked twice a day. Razia & Shamir
stay behind t home when others leave for work.
Razia has liking for carrot lialwa; Nazia likes milk burfi. Azams likes sweet potatoes and Mijun
Rehman's favourite is Karrhi and rice. They don’t get to cat their favourite food often enough.
This family has been constantly under the cloud of illness. Tauhida had a heart attack two years ago.
She was prescribed a long term treatment for which she often has to take small loans. Azim & Shamir
are susceptible to attacks of pneumonia. For their running nose and rheumy chest rubbing oil on their
chest is the only remedy which they can afford.
Tauhida sometimes wonders, “If some thing happens to me, what will happen to the children?”
Tauhida had wished and hoped for a bright future for her children. She wished her sons to become
doctors and girls to become teachers. But in the existential struggle she is struggling to manage for two
meals a day for them. Under such circumstances she feels that providing them good schooling is
impossible. However, she is sending Razia & Azim to a government school.
This year i.e. in 2002 Razia (15 years) would give her IO**1 class exams through National Open School
with tutorial and financial support from a non government organisation. Razia looks weak and
undernourished. Her study suffers because she is not able to concentrate because of the camped living
conditions. She also shares household responsibilities with her mother. Azim (7 years) has dropped out
of formal school and at present is attending a non formal education programme.
Since the time Azim was 5 years old he has been looking after his younger brother Shaamir who is 2
years old. Shaamir’s daily diet consists of dal and roti and no milk. Mijun Rehman (10 years) is
working as an apprentice at a car repair workshop where he’s not paid because he is under training.
Nobody speaks aloud when both the parents are at home. Nobody plays or laughs aloud because father
has a bad temper and he often abuses them and picks up fights. Children feel happy and safe when
their mother is at home. The)- look after her when she falls ill.
‘Prepared by Navshristi organisation.’
Case study (3) - Situation analysis of children in Kirby Place, Dhbhi Ghat Basti
In 2001 Mobile Creches began its initial work of doing a situation analysis for a 1500 household
strong basti in Kirby place in west Delhi. The basti is inhabited mainly by the families of the
construction workers who don’t have regular work and are very poor. A baseline survey to find out the
about the basic services available in the basti was undertaken by Mobile Creches. The picture that
emerged from the survey results and its analysis was an eye opener. The Basti is surrounded by an
excellent network of educational and transport facilities because this settlement is situated in the
cantonment area. There are a number of Government and private schools - at Primary, Middle and
Secondary level. In spite of their presence more than 55% children from the basti were not going to
any school. Reasons for not going to the school are given below:Total
Total no. of females
No. of
no. of
and males
working
houses
women
No. of children
Age Group
No. of
No. of children
Working
children
involved in
children
accompanying
sibling care
their mother to
work
0-3 3-6 6-14 14-18
Females Males
1494
697
1994
254
408
294 560
159"
Boys Girls
83
M
27"
Boys Girls
53
kF
Out of 55% non- enrolled children, 7% had left school to look after their younger siblings. 24%
children were either never enrolled or they had dropped out before completing their primary' schooling
12% were accompanying their mothers to the work place and remaining 12% children were working as
labourers or as domestic helps.
There are no Crdche services in this Basti. Few NGOs are running NFE centres and balwadi
programme for young children of pre school age group. Unless there is commitment from the
government and the contractors to provide basic child care services as their entitlements position of
these children is unlikely to improve
Poem
“When they work to earn their bread
No body looks after their children
There is no end to their work
But just wages are not due to them”
Conclusions and Recommendations from the Study
When this study was taken up with NEENV partner organizations we knew that sibling care is a case
of violation of child rights. We also knew that this was a wide spread phenomenon in the poor
households. Yet this issue hasn’t been seriously discussed and highlighted at platforms for Children
rights or Child labour.
This research study has confirmed that it’s a multifaceted problem and its magnitude is significant
enough to merit a serious effort for advocacy of provision of early childcare services for the children of
the poor. A very strong case has also emerged to enforce the legal maternity entitlements for women
working in the unorganized sector. It also made us come face to face with the emotional and
humanistic aspects (or the lack of it), intrinsically woven around the issue of sibling care.
Entire process of the study made us realize that this is a real issue affecting the flesh and soul of
children and their families.
Impoverished socio-economic conditions, unequal, exploitative and prejudicial social, cultural
and religious norms and practices and totally inadequate commitment and indifferent
government response to provide early childcare services lie at the root of the problem of sibling
care.
In the current scenario of shrinking social commitment of the government to the poor situation of
young children and poor working women seems quite dismal. Issues of early childcare haven’t caught
the attention of the planners, policy makers and child right activists. The study clearly establishes the
need for all the individuals, groups and institutions working on child rights and women’s issues to be
more pro active in demanding better senices and entitlements for young children and working women
in the unorganized sector.
Steps which Government institutions and agencies and civil society groups could take in this
regard
o
Ensure equal & quality education for all children
Provide creches and pre school services for all young children
Create mechanisms for community partnership and ownership for providing early child care services
Ensure good health and nutrition for all and
a
Dignity of life for all and opportunities for growth
Enforce Maternity entitlements such as paid maternity leave, breast feeding breaks and other
maternity benefits
Does it read like a wish list?
Situational analysis from the Sibling care study clearly demands a response from all concerned with
young children and women’s status to work towards making the wish list a reality.
Strategies to demand/build/advocate for early childcare services and maternity entitlements need to be
embedded in the larger complexity of economic and socio cultural factors impinging on the young
child and women.
Few questions from the study which need to be answered:
9
Is there a ray of hope for young girls to lead a life, which would be different from their mothers’ -
free from deprivation and living as an empowered person in control of their destinies !!!!??
©
Would small wishes of young children such as eating to their heart and stomach’s content,
pressure free and fun filled playing time (read as no baggage of adult responsibility), wear clean
clothes, going to the school everyday, going out with friends, have fulfilling love and affection
from both parents be granted?
o
Would a child of a poor mother get her/his right to be breast fed, have undivided mother’s love
and attention and be cared and protected in the best of her/his interests?
o
Why does a poor woman have no choice but to leave behind her breast-feeding child in the care of
another child for existential survival? Whether she would be relieved from sitting on the horns of
emotional dilemma to choose between love and care for the child and economic necessity?
o
Why can’t poor children aspire to study beyond primaiy or middle level? Why there is such a huge
rate of prematurely drop out?
9
Why is childcare considered an almost exclusive responsibility of the mother or the girl child?
Where and what is the responsibility of the government towards young children?
THINK, BE ANSWERABLE AND DEMAND ANSWERS FROM OTHERS
BACK PACE
I.
Know about NEENV
Introduction
FORCES has been working as an advocacy network to build the demand for early child care services
and entitlements of the women in the unorganised sector for the last 10 years. It has been networking
with professional organizations, women’s groups and trade unions, community based organizations to
mobilize support for the issue. Developing a policy critique, pushing for integrating the issues
concerning the young child across different programmes, partners and social campaigns has been its
constant endeavour.
While building the space for policy level advocacy with the state institutions it was also considered
important to build the ground level opinion for demanding early child care services and maternity
entitlements. Therefore the need was felt to partner with and build capacities of community based
NGOs on this issue. To serve this end Delhi chapter of FORCES came in existence in 1999. The
chapter has its local name called NEENV, Delhi Basti Bal Vikas Samooh
WHAT IS NEENV GROUP?
Ncenv is a representative forum consisting of Delhi based voluntary organizations working in the
slums and resettlement colonies of Delhi. It also has few individual members who are working in the
related areas of child rights and development.
Neenv is also working with other like-minded networks such as Delhi chapter of Jan Swasthya
Abhiyan, Sanjha Manch and Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
Objectives of NEENV
To build a demand for childcare services through multiple channels and processes
To advocate for maternity entitlements for women in the unorganised sector
To mobilize and generate awareness on the issue at the field level
Names of the partner organizations of NEENV
RAIN BOW, HOPE PROJECT, MOBILE CRECHES, NAVSARISHTI, ANKUR, A.V.B.M.T.--------NAVJOYTI DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY, CHETANA WELFARE SOCIETY,SURAKSHT, S.B.T.
SAYA, KISLAY, VIDHYA JYOTI, NIRMAN, AALAMB.
I
•J
Report Release for ASF documentation
The Forum for Creches and Child care services (FORCES) is participating in
the Asian Social Forum at Hyderabad where more than fifteen thousand delegates
from all over India and Asian countries are hectically participating / attending
conferences, seminars and workshops from January 2 to 7, 2003.
FORCES held a workshop on Globalisation and its impact on the young child some concerns and criticality on January 3, 2003 at the hall No- 11, Methocjist
High School, Hyderabad. The workshop attracted 46 participants from India and
Australia and was conducted by Ms. Bullu Sarin (National Coordinator of
FORCES), Ms. Amarjeet Kaur (General Secretary of AITUC and Executive
member of FORCES) and Dr. K. Shanmugam Velayutham (Convenor of Tamil
Nadu FORCES).
The panel highlighted on the Early Childhood Care and Development as a
fundamental responsibility of the government of India and linked the wide gap and
neglect of ECCD to the current policies, programmes and budget that are
influenced by the globalisation. Globalisation in its worst form has impinged on
common people and inequalities have engorged a vast section of people by
marginalizing them from accessing basic benefits and facilities leave apart the
financial allocation that have given rise to already rising poverty levels in the
country. In the midst of this the ECCD of the young child in the age group of 0-6 is
completely lost. The direct impact of globalisation on the young child as viewed by
FORCES is:
■
■
■
Non-coverage of mothers and children under a comprehensive materpal
care and benefits.
Lack and declining provisions of creches, nutrition, immunization $nd
healthcare.
Insufficient and neglected pre-school education, excessive engagements of
girl children in sibling care rendering them out of education cycle.
FORCES viewed ASF as a platform for participatory formulation of alternative apd
an opportunity to intensify its advocacy on concerns and issues of globalisation and
its impact on ECCD together with other likeminded networks in the country and
outside.
The workshop sought strategies to gain a clearer understanding of the impact of
globalisation and its impact on ECCD.
I
7
It recommended:
1- to ensure universalisation of ECCD and to reach out and work with like-minded
organs of other countries across Asia and elsewhere.
2- to disseminate the results of the study of globalisation and its impact on ECCD
to all levels of child rights and welfare groups, among grassroots levels and all
stakeholders.
3- to intensify advocacy and long range lobbying at different levels for
universalisation of childcare services to be provided by the state and local bodies.
FORCES demands that the management and monitoring of these services should be
carried out through a setting of a tripartite board with parents, teachers and
employers.
Ms. Bullu Sarin
National Co-ordin^tor
FORCES Secretariat
V
I
National Commission for Children Bill, 2001
Draft bill on The National Commission for Children, 2001 contained in 41 clauses
Recommendations :
• At least half the members in the commission should be women.
• A Supreme Court Judge or eminent person involved in issues related to children
may be appointed as the chair person.
• In 6( 1), Not to have an age limit.
• It was felt that 6(4) should be removed.
10(2), with different interpretations being offered based on both understanding of
the process as well as semantics. Finally having gone through the process in
reference to clauses 11, 31 and 40 it was agreed to retain the clause as it is.
Clause 16 too necessitated an elaborate discussion and it was agreed to rephrase
the clause to accommodate the following: “When the matter happens to be sub
judice the commission should have the space to assist the court on request”.
Under clause 19: change from “Primary Evidence” to “Admissible Evidence” (in
recommendation).
v
Under clause 39: Change fronf’Central Government” to “National
Commission”(In recommendation).
• India Report on Progress against CRC to UN by the Government should be
subject to perusal by the commission. This should be made mandatory
• There should be a time frame for filling vacancies
Source. TN-FORCES
ri Si-o -1 €
SIBLING CARE: A STATUS REPORT FROM THE SLUMS OF DELHI
Prepared By Delhi Basti Bal Vikas Samooh (NEEV) Delhi FORCES
SIBLING CARE: A STATUS REPORT FROM THE SLUMS OF DELHI
Contents
Background
Information about the Basties
Group discussions with women
Group discussions with children
Case Studies
Conclusions and Recommendations from the Study
Acknowledgements
We received full co-operation from FORCES National secretariat to conduct the Sibling Care study
and its publication. We acknowledge and appreciate the support extended by the secretariat for its
financial backing and conceptual inputs to the study. The secretariat staff did a ven' good job of hand
holding and capacity building of its partner organizations at all stages of the study. A special word of
thanks goes to BVL, the donor organisation for agreeing to finance the study and its publication.
Thanks from the core of our heart to all those Basti wallahs, families living there and children who
shared their honest and soul stirring moments from their lives with us in the research team.
We wish to acknowledge that many of the illustrations in this Booklet have been taken from VHAI ’s
i
-
Indian publication “Helping Health Workers Learn” and from brochures and publications of different
non-govemment organisations. Few photographs have been reproduced from the photo shoot done by
Mr. Kavi Singh from different slum areas during the study.
Being the co-coordinating organization of NEEV, Mobile Creches provided full cooperation in the
publication of the study report. Last but not the least, our most sincere thanks and heartfelt regards go
to all the member organizations of NEEV because without their full co-operation this study would not
have been possible nor it would have come out so alive.
With the hope we’ll continue to pitch in and advocate for the rights of the young child and her/his '
mother
Yours truly
Neev, Delhi FORCES
• 7th May 2002
Written, compiled and presented by
Vandana Mahajan
Publication of
Neev, Delhi FORCESComposed and printed at
P.G.A. The Media Planners
/
INTRODUCTION.
For quite some time many organisations and groups working in the Jhuggi Basties of Delhi have been
ratsing issues relating to the health and education of the poor children. Their perseverance has paid in
terms of progress made in greater enrolment rates of children at the pnmary level but there are still bin
gaps on issues of equity and quality. Lakhs of children (school gomg as well as young children in the
age group of (M, years) residing in the Basties of Delhi still hme problems accessing government
services. These problems have been compounded by the recent spate of demolition and displacement
drive to uproot millions of Delhi slum dwellers.
BOX
Demolition and Displacement in the Basties of Delhi
Total Jhuggi Basties
1200
Total Jhuggi es
6,00,000
Population Ihing in these Jhuggi Basties
35,00,000
Children in the age group (0-6ycars)
5.25,000
Jhuggies demolished during the year 2000
15,000
Displaced people during 2000
75,000
(Guess how many children dropped out of the school ??)
Thoughtless demolition of the old & new Jhuggi Basties and resetthnltonTHaTflU^areas wlt]10ut
any planning has long term repercuss.ons for children especially the young child in age group of 0-6
years. It had its impact by debilitating the already poor and inadequate government health and
education senices, by increasing unemployment rates among the menfolk, greater number of women
workers doing unskilled and poorly paid labour work, decreasing soc.al security cover for the poor
families and deepening the divide between the rich and the urban poor.
Unmet needs of children in the 0-6 years age group brings into focus a crucial issue which has
been neglected so far which is the burden of sibling care on the older children especially the girl
child and its impact on the young child.
BOX
Critical situation of young children in the state of Delhi
IMR (Mortality rate per thousand children under one year of age)
65.4
USMR (Mortality rate per thousand of children under 5 years)
| Children on mother’s feed (of less than 3 months of age)
Malnourished children
Sex ratio of 0-6 years
83
20%
42%
865 girls per thousand boys
How would it effect development of children?
BOX
Status of women in Delhi
94% of the workingwomen are employed in the unorganized sector
On an average the women are working outside the home for 7 hours and 14 hours in the home
Very often women have to come back to work within a month’s time of childbirth
No maternity entitlements and funds provided by the employer
40% are suffering from anemia
Engaged in the daily struggle of working outside and bearing
household and childcare responsibility these women are constantly looking for assistance and support
in fulfilling their multiple roles. Poor working women can ill afford the luxury of complete breast
feeding of their young children and provide them a stimulating environment for growing up. Despite
recognizing the problems faced by the poor working women the govenunent and other civil society
agencies provide vety little support for early childcare services to the working mothers.
BOX
Child care senices provided by Delhi Government
Total number of children in the age group of 0-6 years
19,23,995
94,000
Those enrolled in Anganwadis
239
Creches (Child Care Centres)
833
Nurseries /K.G pre schools
As the figures above clearly indicate the paucity' of early childcare services the burden of child care
comes on the older children of the families. More often than not it’s the elder daughter who shoulders
the responsibility of sibling care. Our field experience tells that these girls themselves are of young
age, which has an impaired impact on the development of both younger and older children.
Malnutrition from a very early age and other socio-economic hindrances in their development push
these children from the birth onwards in the vicious circle of deprivation and poverty. While
performing the duties of an adult from a young age, the sibling carers loose out on her childhood and
many a times miss out schooling and educational opportunities.
Probable number of sibling carers in Delhi
1) Total No. of children of school going age
22 lakhs.
2) No. of children out of school
6.7 lakhs.
3) No.of girls out of schools
More than 4 lakhs
“How can children get school education when they are pulled into doing the house-hold work
including the task of looking after their younger brothers and sisters?”
To study such related issues and problems, Delhi chapter of FORCES called NEENV decided to
undertake a participatory research study in 17 Basties of Delhi.
Main objectives of this study were “To Iiighlight the denial of child rights of both the sibling carers and
the young_child and to present the picture of neglect by the government and civil society for non
existent support and sendees for early child care and development.”
Four steps were followed during the course of the studya) Gathering general information from the Basties covered in the study
b) Mapping existing civic and child care services in each of the basties
c) Conducting Group discussions with women and children
d) Doing Case Studies of the sibling carers and their mothers
-5While doing this study emphasis was laid more on the qualitative aspects of the issue involved and
less on the quantitative and enumerative aspects of the research study. However a set of quantitative
indicators related to the issue have also been presented. More than merely being a survey the study was
designed in a manner to encourage collectne thinking and group work in a participatory manner.
View’s expressed in this stud}’ are subjective and try to remain true to what children and mothers
expressed during the group discussions and individual interviews. Intensive and long term working
experience of the voluntary organizations working in the basties under the study helped in
consolidating and verifying the emerging trends and analysis of the under study factors and processes
by their firm grip on the ground realities. Their experience not only helped in validating the picture of
deficient and inadequate early child care services and ill effects of sibling care on both the older and
younger children.
It’s now over a year that the participatory study was undertaken. Now we are placing the final
report before you. This booklet is the culmination of the process by putting together the analysis and
conclusion arrived out of multiple discussions, mapping of childcare services and individual case
studies. Publication of the report was accompanied by putting together of a Photo Exhibition which
presents a visual picture of the sibling carers, most poignantly.
By sharing with you the report and the photo exhibition we hope to have a wider audience and a
stronger public opinion and advocacy to demand for improvement in the provision of the early child
care services in the poor and deprived in Delhi and elsewhere.
We shall consider this to be a successful endeavor if it facilitates reflection and questioning among
its readers.
Poem
Information about the 17 Basties
In the first phase of the study information from 17 Basties & resettlement colonies was collected where
non-govemment organisations represented in NEENV were working. Information on various aspects
such as population- its male, female and children percentage (in different age groups), work profile of
the population, socio-economic status, cmc amenities, educational and health facilities services,
enrollment and drop out percentages of girls and boys, status of early child care services and other
..........
.
---- -
related aspects was collected. Based on the information, maps were drawn of existing facilities in each
of the basties.
(SHOWN IN A SKETCH)
Various Aspects Of A Basti
Table
Information on 17 basties and their location in Delhi
S.NO
Name of the Basti
Zone of Delhi
Name of the Non-Governmental
Organisation
1
2
3
upto
17
PICTURISATION OF THE 17 BASTIES IN THE MAP OF DELHI
An example of a basti map
Key Points from the Maps of Basties
Following points were covered: Facilities available for children for e.g. primary schools, Balwadis,
Angan wadis (ICDS), Creches etc; Health and drinking water facilities; physical and social
stratification of the basti(gullies, roads, planned & unplanned etc); profile of the working women;
school enrolment and drop out etc.
Picture emerging from the basti maps
It is clear from these maps that Government facilities especially for children and women are grossly
inadequate and in most areas these run very unsatisfactorily.
In most basties basic facilities (e.g. Dispensaries, Schools, Anganwadis etc) were seen only in the
pucca settlements of the basti where a room or two was available for housing the service. Out of the 15
maps only in Nazimuldin (E) basti, 7 Anganwadis were found working whereas in re-settlement
colonies like Nagloi A Block, Sunder Nagri (Extn.), Mangol Puri (F/G Blocks) and Neb Sarai had
these sendees weren’t available in the kuccha settlements such as jhuggis and temporary structures.
There is no legal provision to provide basic civic amenities and childcare senices for these settlements
howsoever large these settlements may be.
It was also clear from the maps that within the resettlement colonies that the economic, social and
educational status of people living in the clusters of kuccha jhuggi settlements was much lower in
comparison to those living in pucca houses in the basti.
Facility of Government run creches was not available even in one basti. In three basties the non
government organisations were providing the of creche services for the working mothers.
Even the primary' schools w^re located at a distance of one & a half to two kilometers from the kuccha
•
jhuggi cluster. Number of primary schools was inadequate to cater to the number of school going
children in these Jhuggi basties.
It was noted that many children from the poor families had dropped out from the school at primary
•
and middle school level. These children were either working for lowly or ill paid jobs in the casual
1 ■
labour sector or took care of their younger siblings at home and helped in domestic chores. Some of
these children were going to the non-formal education centres run by non-govemment organisations.
In all the basti maps the profile of working women was either scattered or concentrated in some
•
clusters of the basti. It was noticeable that the concentration of working wxjmen was largely seen in the
poorer parts of the basti settlements.
Women were working in the unorganized labour sector and/or in cottage and home based industry
•
w here children w ere also involved in some parts of production.
In all these maps there was a clear lack of government health services. Quack doctors or “Bengali
•
Doctor" who didn’t have required qualifications mainly covered the service gap.
Physical and Educational Status of the Basties
S.No
Name of the Basti
Population
No. of
Literacy Rale(%)
children
Male Female Boy Girl
0-6
6-14
(years)
1
2
3
upto
17
♦These figures were not available age-wise but w’ere distributed gender wise, ♦* Age graded break up
wasn’t available - Here the figures weren’t available
What do these figures tell?
•
Jhuggi settlements could be seen in all parts/zones of Delhi.
•
there is very7 dense population in ratio to the area occupied by these famihes. The construction of all
the J. J. clusters is of temporary' (Kucha) Jhuggies, but the floor is pucca one but the roof is kuccha one.
There is only one roomed accommodation which is all purpose room for sleeping, eating cooking
.bathing etc. There are no lanes, roads, seaver etc.
•
In comparison to educational statistics of Delhi the position of these Basties is veiy weak & in so for as
adult literacy ratio & position of registration of children of school going age is concerned.Litracy rate
of parents was seen between 25 to 35 %. In the age group of 6 to 11 years of both girls & boys the
educational position was found to be quite opposite to Govt, figures. On an average only 60 to 70 % of
the boys & 40 to 50 % of the girls arc continuing primary education.
It is essential to clarify here that for this stud) the sample wus essentially drawn from poorer parts of the
basti settlements for gathering information and group discussions. The figures and estimates given here
weren’t exclusively collected for the study, these were mainly provided by the non-govemment
organizations from multiple sources during the course of their work in the basti.
Nature of work and income levels in the basties
S.No
Name of the basti
% of houses dependent on the earning of Income (Rupees)
Male
the woman
Female
Children
1
2
3
upto
17
S.No
Nature of work
Name of the basti
Female
Male
Children
1
2
3
upto
17
Key: (A) Unorganised Sector 1. Tea Shop 2.Dhaba 3. Self-employed 4. Construction worker 5.House
hold help/worker 6. Rag picking 7.Factory worker 8.Technical work 9. Work relating to Sibling care 10.
Cottage Industry work 11 .Begging
•
Population of these Basties is almost entirely engaged in unorganized work sector.
•
Residents of these Basties provide services to the neighborhood middle class colonies at low w'ages.
They are engaged in wrorks like cleaning, washing and other house hold chores, as servants in the
shops, tea shops and dhabas, as cart pullers, sweepers and in small scale industries etc.
•
25 to 35% (approximately) houses were mainly dependent on the income of the female members
wherein were men either away from home and weren’t sending money or they didn’t have regular
work.
•
Income levels in most of the households under study didn’t exceed Rupees 3,000-3500/P.M (combined
income of male and female members of the family) forcing them to live an impoverished existence.
•
Difference in the daily wages of men & women was also a commonly observed pattern. Difference
was sharper in the construction work sector.
-7)
L
j
•
- ...
About 35 to 40% children were found to be working to contribute to the family income. 10 to 15%
children w'erc involved in the home-based work along with their mothers. In most cases parents for
supplementing the family income took their earnings.
•
In the unorganized sector difference could be seen in the type of work done by men, women &
children. For instance, rag picking and cleaning in other people’s houses was mostly the work of
children and women. Whereas sorting out the rag pickings and its sale was mainly handled by men. In
our study we didn’t come across a single instance of woman working in the skilled work category.
They were essentially working in the unskilled and semi skilled trades such as Agarbatties rolling,
bindi pasting, making bindi and chappal moulds etc.
Status of women’s and children’s health
•
Barring 2-3 resettlement colonies where Government run Primary Health Centres were running there
was no provision of health service under the government aegis in other Basties.
•
Diseases associated with unclean living environment unsafe drinking water and dense population per
square meter of land w ere commonly reported from all the basties.
•
Borrowing money' for treatment of illness in the family was the commonly recountes story in most of
•
the families.
Due to lack of access to qualified doctors in these Basties they have little option but to avail the
services of quacks that are easily accessible.
Maternity Entitlements and Services
•
More than 85% of women had home based childbirth with the help of traditional dais.
•
Most working women had recounted that they went back to work after 7 to 25 days of child birth.
•
None of the women working in the unorganized sector reported of having any maternity leave and any
other maternity entitlements. Whatever provisions exist under the Construction Workers Act s is only
on paper. Maternity leave, maternity’ allowance and breast-feeding breaks, all these are tall talks for
them. Whatever respite and monetary benefits these women get were entirely up to the good will of the
employer and their predisposition to be charitable. Mostly domestic helpers were shown such
benevolence by the home mistress.
Delhi - Full of Inconsistencies
Delhi has the highest per capita income of Rupees 17068 in the country
Even then
More than 40% of the population of Delhi lives below the poverty’ line.
Drinking water is available for 96% of Delhi s population
But
In kucchi Basties and Jhuggi settlements these is one w'ater source per 200 households.
About 50% of Delhi’s population doesn’t have access to toilets in their houses. This causes very much
inconvenience to women and children.
'S'-
Caption under the cartoon strip“I am not hiding here. This is my house." Quoted from The Times Of India
More than 50% of urban population of Delhi lives on footpaths, Kuccha Basties & Jhuggt colonics.
Group Discussions with Women
In the 2nd phase of the Study group discussions were carried out to consolidate & deepen the
information collected from 17 Basties in the first phase. Group discussions aimed to bang forth vanous
aspects from the life experiences of w orking women and older children who were involved in sibling
care.
An important aspect of the study was to recount and reflect on one’s expenences from childhood
through adolescence, youth and adulthood. It could be the bitter sweet memories of childhood, pangs
of desires and frustration of unmet wishes, experiences of marriage, pain and joy of child birth,
umpteen house hold responsibilities and kind of familial and social support systems available or the
lack of it. These points were discussed while sitting in small groups with women and older children.
This exercise was crucial to get the understanding of the issue of early childcare from their perspective.
What were their worries, aspirations and demands for their young and older children? How and What
were children expressing about their role as sibling carers? Understanding their world new was a
central issue in the study.
15 group discussions were held in which 324 women took part
Tabic
Status of some of the indicators emerging from group discussions with women
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name of the organization
Nirmaana
Nirmaana
A.V.B.XLT
A.V.B.NLT
Vidyajyoti
N.D.S
N.D.S
Navsrishti
Navsrishii
Navsrishti
Kisley
Aalamb
Rainbow
Mobile creches
Hope project
No. of women in each
group discussion
15
8
18
22
18
15
17
50
22
30
12
25
25
15
32
Responsibility of child care in
the childhood
Number (%)
Age wise
all
7
all
6- 7
all
5-7
all
5-7
all
5-6
all
10
all
10
all
7- 8
all
8- 9
all
7-8
all
5-7
all
5-7
all
5-7
all
5-8
all
7-8
Child Labour
Age(when began) %of children
50
6- 8
60
8-10
60
8-10
50-60
8- 10
40
7- 9
75
9- 10
60
8- 10
60
10- 12
60-70
10-12
50
10-12
80
10-12
8-10
11-13
11-13
75
75
5-10
| 324
Key points from group discussions
. Average age of women who took part in group discussions was between the ages of 25 to 35 years.
However in some groups few women of 40 to 45 years also participated. But this was not a common
•
pattern.
The educational level of most of the women was up to 5th class or even less. There was couple of
instances where women reported to have educational qualifications up to an 81’th or 12th standard.
In all the group discussions it became clear that the age at marriage of women fell between 13 to 18
.
years. In some cases where age at the time of marriage was between 13 - 14 years their ‘Gauna’ (i.e.
the social custom allowing sexual cohabitation as husband and wife) was performed after the girl had
attained puberty and was physiologically and socially more mature. Age of women at first childbirth
was between 15 to 17 years.
In these group discussions women told that on an average they were pregnant for 5 to 8 times. There
.
were 3 to 7 child birth/woman. Almost all reported poor health after successive childbirths.
•
Miscarriages were reported however actual estimates couldn’t be ascertained from the group
discussions. Very few women talked of their decision for undertaking medical termination of
pregnancy. For understandable socio cultural inhibitions discussion on sex selective abortion was not
forthcoming.
Childhood memories of Women
What stood out were their experiences of- Poverty and financial difficulties. Under fed; Dropping out from
school- Low status of the girl child in the family; doing household chores from early age; looking after their
siblings; working in others’ and own field; marriage at an early age; having no information to their body &
sexuality But also playing with the dolls and chatting with friends to. in their tender
Dialogues 1 “MORE OF DOMESTIC CHORES - LESS OF PLAY”
Dialogue 2 “USED TO GO TO SCHOOL IN THE MORNING AND HELP IN THE DOMESTIC
CHORES AFTER SCHOOL”
Dialogues “PLAYED FREELY UP TO THE AGE OF 4-5 YEARS BUT BY 9-10 YEARS I HAD A
WHOLE LOT OF HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES ON MY SHOULDERS
Dialogued “MARRIAGE CHANGED THE WAY OF LIFE. Whatever fun and freedom we had enjoyed
during early childhood was over as soon as I stepped into my husband’s house. Fun was replaced with
burden of work and more work. ’
Key points from the group discussions on Maternity and Child care services
.
Becoming mothers at an early age and child births with very little spacing was the most common
experience of most women in the group discussion across basties.
.
More than 90% women had home based child births. Accessing government health services was only
used as an option in difficult pregnancies or in an emergency at or before child birth when the mid wife
refused to handle the case or suggested the woman to be taken to a nursing home or a government
hospital. Mid-wives from the Basti helped in home based child births who were experienced but non-
.
licensed and with no formal training.
Post natal support to mothers was exclusively provided from the immediate family. It came mainly
from the mother, sister in law or mother in law and it came by way of help in taking care of the new
born and doing the household chores of cooking, cleaning etc. Other kind of support mainly consisted
of providing supplementary diet replenishment in the form of ghee, fruits, ladoos, cash and clothes etc.
for the mother and new bom. Most women recounted that they received support from their parents and
in laws during the first 2-3 of cltild births and in the later births they had to manage on their own. In
the later child births help from the eldest daughter was taken to provide support to the mother tn taking
care of the new bom and doing the household work.
In all the households where women’s earning was crucial to run the family affairs the women
.
returned to work after child birth as early as 5- 7 days or took leave for 20 - 25 days at the most.
Talk of paid Maternity leave, breast feeding breaks or any other kind of maternity entitlements from
«
the employer sounded like fantasies to women. All of them were more concerned and anxious of
loosing their work and living with this uncertainty they were too insecure to even think let alone
demand the maternity benefits as their right from the employers.
Usually an expenditure of Rupees 300 to 500 was reported to be incurred in a home based child birth.
.
In the case of difficult child births expenditure on consultation fee. medicines, and nursing home
expenses was reported to be etc. between Rs. 1000/- to Rs. 5000/Because of their working status most of the women reported during group discussions that they
o
couldn’t keep their infant children on exclusive breast feeding for more than a month or two. Leaving
behind their infants in the care of its older siblings and early bottle feeding was a commonly observed
pattern.
Negligible facilities for Early Child Care in all the basties was the focal point of all group discussions.
.
Services of Creches, Balwadis. Primary Health Care Centre if available were provided by non
governmental and other voluntaiy organisations or were run by some individuals as a private service
venture.
____
_
_____
During all the group discussions women expressed a strong need for the early child care services to be
provided by the government agencies to ease their burden of child care while working in the unorganized
sector.
They spelt out in the following order of priorities the list of services which they considered essential for
their children’s welfare: More primary schools (in easily reachable distance), Balwadis (pre-school
centres), Supplementary nutrition for young children. Health care facilities, Free medicines, Recreational
space for children in the basti and Creches. Need to improve the accessibility, efficiency and quality of
services of ICDS, government schools and primary health centres was very strongly articulated by women.
Lives of overburdened working women- Their aspirations and anxieties for their homes, children
and themselves
o About 50% women who took part in the group discussions said that they had started wage work from
the age of 10 years and had to drop out from the school as a result. They continued to work till they
were married.
More than 95% women reported to be working in the unorganized sector on very low wages. Most of
0
these women were employed m small scale industry, home based work, selling vegetables, working as
domestic help or in rag picking work.
w-
Most of these women discontinued working after marriage because of holding household and child
bearing and rearing responsibilities. It was after the birth of 2-3 children that the economic necessity
brought them back into the wage work sector. They worked mainly as domestic helpers and as
construction workers
It was abundantly clear that complete responsibility of running the house and taking care of children
©
was on women’s shoulders. It was shared and partly transferred on to the elder daughter once she grew
to be 6-7 years of age. Despite being out of work and sitting idle at home men didn t share household
and child care responsibilities. This was true of most households barring one or two exceptions.
In bearing the triple burden of house-hold work, child care and wage work women reported that they
o
were to a large extent dependent on the help provided by their daughters. In some instances help came
from women living in the neighbourhood but that was mainly a temporary relief and offered in
emergency situations such as sickness or family conflict and/or destitution.
G
All the women recounted that sharing the household work and child care responsibilities from an early
age was clearly imprinted in their own childhood memories. It was worth noting that only 25 to 30%of
these women were literate. Most of them had to leave school even before completing primary school
education.
Above mentioned key points from the group discussions with women clearly point out to the unequal and
unfavourable attitude shown by society towards women and girls which more often than not has led to the
denial of their fundamental human rights to non discrimination, equality, freedom of choice, right to
education and good health and well being and economic opportunities. Demal of their rights began in their
own childhood and continued in their adult lives and subsequently pushed their children especially the
daughters in a similar vicious cycle of denial and deprivation.
Attitude of women towards their children - A mixed bag of prejudices, ambitions and aspirations
<9
For all their children (both boys and girls, young and old) women articulated what they desired for
them and what they like and don’t like in their children. At the same time they also disclosed
unwittingly differential attitude, different set of desires & dual set of expectations towards their sons
and daughters. For instance about 80% women desired that their daughters should receive education up
to 8th class but for their sons all of them felt that they should study up to 10 class or 12 class.
They wanted their sons to learn vocational and/or techmeal skills in addition to the school education so
that they could become economically self-sufficient. For their daughters they felt that education should
be so designed so as to help them in their married and family lives. However few women wanted their
daughters to be self-sufficient and self-reliant.
Women clearly differentiated the needs for early child care from that of the older children. They stated
that young children mainly needed love and affection of their parents,, food, play and good health care
and
.1
•
Older children required education, earning opportunities, good clothes, healthy entertainment, friends
•
and window's for information.
Women were conscious about the fact that pushing older children in household and sibling care
responsibilities was not a healthy option for both the older children and the young child. They’ felt that
although the older children looked after the younger siblings to the best of their ability but being
children themselves they were not mature enough to handle the responsibility of child care. It also had
an adverse effect on their education. They felt that younger children were sick more often. Their food
and nutritional needs couldn't be looked after with same care and regularity as an adult carer would be
able to do.
There was a common endorsement among women on marrying the daughters earlier than the sons.
.
Despite agreeing to the fact that early marriage was not good for their daughters they expressed their
helplessness in not being able to prevent Ideally they felt that girls should be married at the age of 1718 years or more and sons should be married only when they are able to bear the economic burden of
the family
Fjgroupdiraissions with 249 children most of whom were involved in sibling care contributed most
crucially to understand the dynamics of the issue of sibling care. Group discussions vividly brought out the
point of views of children on the issue and its relevant aspects. These discussions were mirrors reflecting
their pain, frustrations, helplessness, innocence and their dreams. Children’s voices represented a chimera
of contradicting images and perceptions- some painful, others realistic, some joyous and full of hope and
fantasy and at other times a life situation pushing them to fit into adult shoes too soonKev points from Children’s group discussions
. Most children stated that they were shouldering the household responsibility to a large extent including
the task of looking after the younger siblings when their mother goes out for work. Besides going to
school (for those who were attending schools) and their play time, children listed chores like cleaning,
cooking, marketing, giving bath, feeding them, and keeping a watchful eye over their younger siblings
and in some families going out for wage work as part of their daily activities, which is otherwise the
.
responsibility of elders.
About 50% of the children spoken to could not finish primary schooling and most of them were girls.
In 90% of the families girls were looking after their younger siblings either along with their studies or
after dropping out from the school. However boys were also not completely free from sharing the
.
burden of household and child care responsibilities.
Main reason cited by children for dropping out from the school was poor economic conditions of their
parents. Looking after their younger siblings was another important reason for leaving school.
Individual family case studies also brought out this as an important reason for girls to drop out from
the school especially when the mother had to seek wage work outside the home to bolster the
economic conditions of the family.
\3-
•
All through the group discussions children seemed conscious of their multifold responsibilities, ■
restricted opportunities and j-awning gap between their lives and the lives of rich children. A very
strong desire for a better and bright future for their younger siblings reverberated through children’s
discussions.
•
Most children said, “We would like our mothers to be able to look after our siblings with all the care
and attention and we would like to only play and study. We wish that our siblings get the complete
love and attention of our parents."
•
Children articulated the need for support and services to lessen their burden of child care
responsibilities. Many children talked about the need for creches and balwadis. Being able to think and
articulate the need for the prorision of early child care services from government and voluntary
agenctes could be due to tire presence of non government organizatrons in their basties and running
these services.
While talking about the circumstances leading to demal of their fundamental rights ch.lS^Ts^^bT
extremely aware and connected to the realities in which their families were struggling to eke out an
existence. They didn’t seem to complain too much about the adult chores they had to perform as part of
their every day routine. They were anare that the household and sibling care responsibilities on them were
largely due to economic impoverishment of their parents. Wherever government and non government
organizations were providing child care and pre school services older children were trying to utilize these
services and trying to fulfill some of their childhood aspirations.
Reasons given by children for dropping out from the school
# Poverty
# Wage work
# House hold responsibility
# Sibling care
Illiteracy of parents
# Preference to religious education over formal school education
# Lack of enabling environment in their Basti
Daily routine of children consisted of:
# Cleaning, washing, fetching water, cooking etc.
# Attend school in the morning and do the household chores in the after-noon.
# Attend non-formal education programmes
#Taking care of younger siblings
# Rag picking
# Playing and T.V watching
# Wandering in search of work
IS--
Differences of life styles pointed out by children between the rich and poor children
Children living in big houses
# have access to costly and big toys, fancy cycles etc. They ha\*e easy' and ready access to open spaces for
playing.
# have fixed hours and adequate time for eating, sleeping, studying and playing
# are free from household worries and responsibilities
# have all their desires fulfilled
# can access facilities for creative activities such as drama, dance and painting etc.
# can study up to whatever level they desire
# go to good schools for education
«•
# move about in cars
#can think and plan about their future
# get full attention, affection and care of their parents
Children living in Jhuggi basties
# don’t have suitable environment and facilities to pursue their studies
# have to take care of their siblings and do house hold work
# fall sick ore often
# don’t get clean air and water
# do wage work
# combine schooling with wage work and/or household responsibilities
Dialogue box; 4tWe can only dream of the kind of life rich children li\e.
Games which children liked playing
# Gulli-Danda, carom board, hot chase,
# Glass pebbles, skipping rope, bat-ball, playing cards,
# Hide and seek, make believe and simulation games (teacher-teacher, doll's wedding etc.)
# Kho-Kho, maran-pitti, hop scotch, chasing the ball, top spinning,
# Swimming in river Jamuna,
# Playing with the friends in the play ground
Favourite activities of children
# Playing, eating good food, watching television, tree climbing,
# Eat out in a restaurant,
# Loitering and visiting places,
# Dancing,
# Leg pulling of friends while sitting in groups.
# Learning new skills and going to work,
# Reading stories
Sentiments of older children on the responsibility of sibling care
Dialoguel: “I love my siblings but there arc many things I can’t do because of my responsibility. I can’t go
anywhere. I beat her many times when she cries incessantly.”
Dialogue 2: “When I am angry then I don’t like to take care of them.”
Aspirations of older children for their younger siblings
# Good food and good home cmironment
# There should be creches in the basti where infants should get food and care
# “Our siblings should get opportunities for good education.”
# “There should not be unhappiness in their lives”
# “They should have a life of satisfaction and fulfillment”
# “We will make them a successful person.”
# “We wish our brothers and sisters to get good employment opportunities”
# “We want our parents to look after them and give them all the time and love they need.”
“There should be a support system such that we aren’t deprived of our schooling and we aren’t
forced to suppress our wishes which are very close to our heart.”
Sibling care- Some Case Studies
Last leg of the research was designed to get a detailed and nuanccd understanding of various factors which
impact the issue of sibling care by looking at the life situations of the members of some chosen families. In
each of the families sibling care was an issue which impacted the lives of all the family members in many
different ways. A detailed study was undertaken to know' and understand what their daily routines were
especially of women and children, their memories and experiences of childhood, their education, their
work, their roles and responsibilities, their desires and expectations. It was hoped that the story from each
family case study would give a qualitative, sociological as well as human picture surrounding the issue of
sibling care.
The process of case study was helped to bring in the personal and emotional perspective to the bigger
picture of larger socio-cultural and economic factors influencing the issue. This point of view tends to get
lost or minimized in the effort to get die big picture which may present a body of research embellished with
quantitative assessment but the representative voice and gritty spirit of those understudy goes unheard and
unseen.
Effort was made to remain true to what and how children and their mothers had expressed themselves.
Following section presents key words, happenings and experiences of the family members to bring to the
fore their feelings of helplessness, hope, expectations, innocence and cynicism and other social-economic
factors which they perceive to be influencing their choices or the lack of it.
-
Nine NEEV partners undertook 14 case studies in their field areas. In addition 2 case studies were
undertaken to highlight the benefit from providing early child care services such as creche and pre school
centres in the basti neighbourhood.
In all the case studies those families were selected where both mother and father were working and were
living in impoverished conditions and finally all these families had one or more children involved in
sibling care.
Key points from the case studies
Household aspects
Almost all families had migrated to Delhi from their villages in different parts of northern India in
o
search of livelihood. With the exception of two families who owned a small piece of land in a re
settlement colony, rest were living either as tenants or as squatters with permission from the labour
contractor in kuchhi jhuggi basties settlements.
Socio-Economic status of all the families was very weak. None of the families crossed the income
threshold of Rs. 3OOO/-per month which was the combined income of the husband and wife. On an
average a family’s income was between Rs. 2000-2500/month. In the social structure these families
9
were either from Dalit or OBC category'.
One third of the sample families of the case studies were Muslims, indicating that there is a very
significant proportion of Muslim migrants who are also living an impoverished existence.
9
O
Living space per person was very cramped. Usually each family had between 6-9 members living in a
small one room jhuggi.
None of the families had adequate physical amenities. Household utility items such as cots, utensils,
clothes or in some case even food were in short supply.
A new pair of clothes came mostly on festivals on occasions like Diwali and Eid. Sometimes even that
was not possible.
A pucca and spacious house was one of the most cherished wish of most children.
Aspects related to marriage and children
Age at marriage of women was between 13 to 18 years. Child birth followed immediately after
©
marriage. A common comment from all women was that the control and decisions over reproductive
matters were completely governed either by their husbands or complied under the presenbed religious
and cultural mores or by their mother in laws. These decisions were related to use or not to use
a
contraceptives or sterilization.
All the women stated that their deliveries were home based and assisted by the traditional mid-wife of
•
the Basti.
Cases of miscarriages and infant mortality were reported from 3-4 families. There was a general
reluctance to talk about such matters. However in one family a case of female feticide was also found
but not told directly to the researcher. The researcher had information about this case from her earlier
field work in the community’ where she was working as a community mobiliscr.
There was no mention of maternity entitlements from any one of the women who were working in the
.
unorganized sector. All of diem returned to work between 8 to 25 days of child birth.
Most infants weren’t breast fed for 6 months. After the birth of first 2 children they discontinued
.
working for a longer spell than a month but subsequently they returned to work leaving behind their
one month old infants.
All the case studies were strong portrayals of the denial of children’s right to safety, protection
.
and health. Women had been equally denied their rights to equality, non discrimination and
maternity entitlements. Leaving behind an infant without adult care and protection and
compulsion of giving her/him a bottle feed are clear cases of violation of child rights.______
For an these
rich, nutritio~u^t for ourselves is wishful
thinking.”
_________________ ___________ __________________
Aspects related to health and nutrition
. Talc of all women’s health was almost the same in all the families. Successive child bearing years had
left them anaemic and weak. Situation of increasing weakness, falling nutritional and health status was
compounded by increasing work load of the women. Health problems of low blood pressure, T.B.
anaemia, fatigue and regular sickness were common of the women. Children were also m the gnp of
seasonal & generic diseases. In at least 5-6 families there were instances of men folk suffering from
long term illnesses such as T.B. Asthma and heart ailments. In their field notes the researchers had
reported that most family members looked undernourished and weak.
.
In a large family which was the case for most under study families children m the lower end of the
birth order and girls seemed to suffer from inadequate and non-enriching diet. Women didn’t report to
eat a more nutritious diet during pregnancy and lactation. Gender based discrimination on diet
distribution was another painful fact found from the case study notes. Half litre milk was generally-
purchased for preparing morning tea and for bottle feed of young children and tinned milk for the
infant was also a common dietary- fact reported in the stories of the families.
.
Another familiar aspect of gender based disparity in food distribution was confirmed by the case
studies which was- Women and their daughters ate after serving the men of the family. Interestingly
when the women went out to work men children and elders would do self sendee.
o
In most of the families eating meant two simple meals a day consisting of a dal and/or seasonal
vegetables with a staple of potatoes added to the menu. Many- families said that consuming rotis with
green chilly paste when there was no dal or vegetable preparation was also part of their dietary pattern.
Seasonal fruits were consumed once or twice a week and meat- fish curry was prepared once or twice a
month.
-
Although they may be eating rotis with green chilli paste but consuming alcohol by the men folk was a
o
rampant story of many households. This fact was disliked by all children especially girls. For one child
eating a cauliflower vegetable dish was part of her wish list.
Another repeated story of many households was taking loan for medical treatment In one family a
o
loan of rupees 15000/- had to be taken when four children and the father fell sick at the same time.
Educational and work status of the families
There was a big difference in die educational status of and expectations from the boys and girls. In
o
some cases economic obstacles came in the way, in others it was lack of interest of the parents for
children’s education which particularly affected the girls because they were the first ones to be pulled
out of school for during difficult times of the family. Despite impoverished conditions and lack of
interest shown by one or both the parents boys were sent to schools.
o
In all the family case studies men had educational qualifications of 5-8 standards. Some Women were
illiterate and others had education up to 3- 5 standards. In the present generation only 40-50 % girls
and 65 % boys were going to primary or middle school. In some basties where non-formal educational
centres were being run by non government organizations drop out and pre school age children were
going there. 2 girls had passed their 5lh standard from one of the NFE centres. In another family one
girl was preparing for IO0' standard with support from the non government organization by enrolling
o
through die national open school.
Modiers were seen to be more eager to send their daughters to school. Fathers either resisted in sending
them to school when they considered it unimportant or weren’t concerned and involved busy as they
were in their own world of work and alcoholism. Tales of unemployment, drinking, and domestic
violence by men folk in these families was repeated time and again.
In 7 families girls had to drop out of the school when women in the families had to go out on work.
Primary reason for such an action was the responsibility of child care which these girls had to take up
in the absence of their mother. In 3 families girls were also looking after their siblings while continuing
their schooling. In such instances frequent absence from the school was a common practice. In 4
families children who were involved in sibling care were going to the NFE centre of the Non
government organization and they brought their younger siblings along with them.
0
95% families were working in unorganised sector. AU women were in un-skilled/semi-skilled work.
With the exception of a couple of men, rest of die men folk were also working in im-skilled/semi-
0
skilled jobs.
Their work is neither permanent nor regular this is especially true of men’s work in sectors such as
construction work, paint work, factory job, rickshaw pulling or cottage industry. Women usually
worked as construction workers or as domestic helpers, some of them soldi vegetables, or ran a tea
shop from home. Women worked on lower income and were more regular in their woik.
Under the circumstances in which women were working it didn’t seem odd to hear them saying, “if the
husband’s income was sufficient to nin the house tliey wouldn’t have worked.” “Who wants to do such
I
work when there is neither respect nor proper remuneration for our work?’ If they had a choice and
the economic condition of their family was satisfactory then most women said that they would not like
to go out for work. In their view responsibility to run die house lies on men. But “when he (man) can’t
or won’t work then we have to do it for the sake of our children
This was the heart felt opinion
of most women from family case studies.
-Women could see the 1 inked impact of work, education, economic and social status on their and children s
lives. Women expressed tlie desire that, “our children should be educated enough so as not to live an
impoverished existence as being lived by us and we want our children to have better lives than what we
have for ourselves.”
What did children say?
o None of the children had aversion to what most children liked doing i.e. to play, to be with friends, to
go out eat good food and going to school. But most of these children could not do these things to their
heart's content. Bearing the burden of household and child care responsibilities which aren t normally
associated with childhood came in the way of their enjoyment. Only very young children, working
children and school going boys had escaped from the drudgery of house work.
Getting a beating from their father, their drinking habit, regular brawls and wife beating were the
commonly disliked behaviour by children of their fathers. They were afraid of getting punished by
their father. They didn’t seem to mind their mother s spanking them as much because they knew that
she also loved them as much. For seeking favors mother was the favourite choice of all children. She
would also plead in their favour whether it was for sending their daughter to the non-formal education
centre or allowing her to go out and play with friends.
e
There w as very little time in the daily routine of older girls in tlie family which she could devote for
herself. All responsibilities related to child care and household work (cleaning, washing, cooking,
feeding and serving, laying beds etc) were laid on her shoulders in the mother s absence. Even if tlie
she were playing she would cany* tlie young one in her lap. Under such conditions regular school going
for 6 hours every day didn’t seem possible. But the other side of the same family story showed that
sons from this family were being sent to school and extra coaching was also arranged for them. It was
tlie girls who were paying the penalty due to the difficult situation of their families. The threshold for
boy’s schooling was also not aimed to be higher than Sth or 10 h standard. Both the mother and sons
felt that learning some trade and vocational skills would be more useiul.
o
Unmindful of tlie flies, dirt and squalor around them young children were mostly found playing, eating
or sleeping. Images of semi clad children running around, playing with broken toys or household
articles, their feeder bottles lying on the ground or holding a piece of chappati in their hand were
constant like a photocopy in all tlie families. These children looked younger than their actual age.
Many a times estimation given by the researcher of children’s age proved incorrect when cross
checked with the family member.
Some children considered the task of looking after their younger siblings a responsibility from which
they couldn’t escape but for many children, this responsibility was accepted as if it was a natural
extension of their childhood roles without questioning. All of them freely expressed their emotions of
getting angry, abusing and beating them, especially getting irritated with their young siblings during
their playtime. Alongside they were liberal in showing love and affection to their younger siblings,
which was amplified in their wishing for “all the comforts of the world and the best of life”. All of
them echoed the desire that “our brothers and sisters should study and progress in life.”
Do the older children have dreams for themselves - Answer was yes and no. Teasingly and with some
hesitation they came out with their desires -studying to their heart’s content visiting places, aspiring to
join police /teacher. These free flowing wishes for themselves were tempered with expressions of
helplessness and fear of unfulfilled dreams
Harshness of their life situations seemed to have shaken the self-image and confidence of these
children. They were conscious of the fact that they were poor and it affected their lives. But thank
heavens that their childhood kept surfacing when they played with their marbles or when they(boys)
took a dip in Jamuna or when they were happily lost chatting and playing with their dear friends.
Case Study (1) — The Story of Gita and her daughters
Gita age 40 years lives in Kakrolla basti of west Delhi. There are 9 members in her family- 3
daughters, 4 sons, Gita and her husband. Her husband runs a tea shop while Gita and her elder
daughter work as domestic help in the neighbourhood middle class colony. Husband’s earnings from
the tea shop are low.
Gita was married when she was 13 years old. First child was bom to her at the age of 18 years.
Economic status of the family worsened progressively with each new addition in the family. Earlier
every one in the family could get fruits and vegetables, now milk and fruit comes only for the youngest
child who is 8 months old. Earlier they were eating three meals a day which now has been reduced to
two times a day - diet in the morning consists of dal and rice and in the evening it is roti eaten with a
vegetable. Food is served first to Gita’s husband and then the rest follow. Mother or the eldest daughter
whoso ever serves the food is the last one to eat.
Gita’s husband w'as the only son of his parents. Therefore she was not allowed by her mother in law to
use contraceptives because she expected more than one grandson from her son and daughter in law.
When asked whether she had taken a sex detection test Gita replied in the negative.
She and her husband migrated from their village to Delhi when it became difficult to sustain their
livelihood from agriculture. After living in a rented jhuggi for sometime, they purchased their own
jhuggi. Their jhuggi is a one room structure with a kuccha rooftop. This room is used for sleeping,
eating, cooking and playing for the younger children. Very few household articles w'ere there in the
I
house such as one wooden bed, few' steel utensils and worn clothes. Pair of new clothes on Diwali or
some other festive occasion w'as stitched for the family members.
When children fell ill services of the government hospital w ere used. To treat generic illnesses using
home remedies such as drinking ginger tea or using tulsi leaves was the norm. Gita wanted to get her
children educated but she couldn’t afford the expenses of buying school uniform, stationery' etc for all
children. She has been sending her younger children to the non-formal education centre run by a non
government organization. She would like to get her daughters married as soon as she would find a
suitable match and saved some money to buy the dowry items. For her sons she wishes that they would
take up some work for their livelihood.
12 year old Khushboo looks after her younger siblings. She dropped out from the school when third
child was bom in the family. Gita didn’t let her continue in the third class although Khushboo was very'
keen to continue her studies. This decision w'as primarily taken because Gita needed a helping hand to
look after the young child when she and her elder daughter had to go out for w’ork. Khushboo gets up
at 6 A.M and has the full responsibility of managing the household chores once her parents and sisters
leave for work. She bathes her younger brother and sister, washes clothes, cleans the utensils and feeds
them. Some times doing all this work becomes a burden for her. At that moment she feels that her
parents do not love her and that is why she has been left behind by them at home rather than sending
her to the school. Some times she feels that that is why they always leave her at home.
Khushboo says that she wants to study; she wants to become a teacher and wants to go on
outings.
“Prepared by Aalamb Organisation”
Case study (2) - The story of Tauhida and her family
Tauhida aged 35 years lives in Nangloi resettlement colony in West Delhi. She has five childrenNaajia (16 years), Rajia (15 years), Mijun Rehman (10 years), Aajim (7 years) and Shamir (2years).
Tauhida works as a domestic help in the neighbourhod colony and earns 1200/ rupees per month. Her
husband is a mason and he earns about rupees 1500/- per month. His work is irregular and seasonal. He
doesn’t help in the household work. He has a drinking habit and is perpetually in debt. Nazi a, the
eldest daughter also accompanies her mother for work. Tauhida was married at the age of 15 years.
Soon she became the mother of 5 children. A couple of infants died soon after birth. Their family
migrated from a village in Manglore in search of work. They live in a rented jhuggi. Tauhida doesn’t
like the basti environment in she lives. There is only one small room, where all the family activities are
performed.
There are few family possessions. They own a small black and white T. V set and one fan but both are
out of order. She had to sell many of her household articles which she had brought in dowry during
two child births. Meals usually consist of daal and roti and are cooked twice a day. Razia & Shamir
stay behind t home when others leave for work.
Razia has liking for carrot halwa; Nazia likes milk burfi. Azams likes sweet potatoes and Mijun
Rehman's favourite is Karrhi and rice. They don’t get to eat their favourite food often enough.
This family has been constantly under the cloud of illness. Tauhida had a heart attack two years ago.
She was prescribed a long term treatment for which she often has to take small loans. Azim & Shamir
are susceptible to attacks of pneumonia. For their running nose and rheumy chest rubbing oil on their
chest is the only remedy which they can afford.
|~ Tauhida sometimes wonders, “If some thing happens to me, what will happen to the children?
Tauhida had wished and hoped for a bright future for her children. She wished her sons to become
doctors and girls to become teachers. But in the existential struggle she is struggling to manage for two
meals a day for them. Under such circumstances she feels that providing them good schooling is
impossible. However, she is sending Razia & Azim to a government school.
This year i.e. in 2002 Razia (15 years) w’ould give her 10th class exams through National Open School
with tutorial and financial support from a non government orgamsation. Razia looks weak and
undernourished. Her study suffers because she is not able to concentrate because of the camped living
conditions. She also shares household responsibilities with her mother. Azim (7 years) has dropped out
of formal school and at present is attending a non formal education progranune.
Since the time Azim was 5 years old he has been looking after his younger brother Shaamir who is 2
years old. Shaamir’s daily diet consists of dal and roti and no milk. Mijun Rehman (10 years) is
working as an apprentice at a car repair workshop w here he’s not paid because he is under training.
Nobody speaks aloud when both the parents arc at home. Nobody plays or laughs aloud because father
has a bad temper and he often abuses them and picks up fights. Children feel happy and safe when
their mother is at home. They look after her when she falls ill.
‘Prepared by Navshristi organisation.’
Case study (3) - Situation analysis of children in Kirby Place, Dhbhi Ghat Basti
In 2001 Mobile Creches began its initial work of doing a situation analysis for a 1500 household
strong basti in Kirby place in west Delhi. The basti is inhabited mainly by the families of the
construction workers who don’t have regular work and are very’ poor. A baseline survey to find out the
about the basic services available in the basti was undertaken by Mobile Creches. The picture that
emerged from the survey results and its analysis was an eye opener. The Basti is surrounded by an
excellent network of educational and transport facilities because this settlement is situated in the
cantonment area. There are a number of Government and private schools — at Primary, Middle and
Secondary level. In spite of their presence more than 55% children from the basti were not going to
any school. Reasons for not going to the school are given below:Total
Total no. of females
No. of
no. of
and males
working
houses
women
No. of children
Age Group
No. of children
Working
children
involved in
children
accompanying
sibling care
No. of
their nxither to
Ferrules Stales
697
1494
1994
0-3 3-6 6-14 14-18
254
408
294 560
159"
83
Boys Girls
Boys Girls
M
53
27"
16“
Out of 55% non- enrolled children, 7% had left school to look after their younger siblings. 24%
children were either never enrolled or they had dropped out before completing their primaiy schooling
12% were accompanying their motners to the work place and remaining 12% children were working as
labourers or as domestic helps.
There are no Creche senices in this Basti. Few NGOs are running NFE centres and balwadi
programme for young children of pre school age group. Unless there is commitment from the
government and the contractors to provide basic child care senices as their entitlements position of
these children is unlikely to improve
Poem
“When they' work to earn their bread
No body looks after their children
There is no end to their work
But just wages are not due to them”
Conclusions and Recommendations from the Study
When this study was taken up with NEENV partner organizations we knew that sibling care is a case
of violation of child rights. We also knew’ that this was a wide spread phenomenon in the poor
households. Yet this issue hasn’t been seriously discussed and highlighted at platforms for Children
rights or Child labour.
This research study has confirmed that it’s a multifaceted problem and its magnitude is significant
enough to merit a serious effort for advocacy of provision of early childcare services for the children of
the poor. A very strong case has also emerged to enforce the legal maternity entitlements for women
working in the unorganized sector. It also made us come face to face with the emotional and
humanistic aspects (or the lack of it), intrinsically woven around the issue of s'- ling care.
Entire process of the study made us realize that this is a real issue affecting the flesh and soul of
children and their families.
Impoverished socio-economic conditions, unequal, exploitative and prejudicial social, cultural
and religious norms and practices and totally inadequate commitment and indifferent
government response to provide early childcare services lie at the root of the problem of sibling
care.
In the current scenario of shrinking social commitment of the government to the poor situation of
young children and poor working women seems quite dismal. Issues of early childcare haven’t caught
the attention of the planners, policy makers and child right activists. The study clearly establishes the
need for all the individuals, groups and institutions working on child rights and women’s issues to be
more pro active in demanding better services and entitlements for young children and working women
in the unorganized sector.
Steps which Government institutions and agencies and civil society groups could take in this
regard
Ensure equal & quality education for all children
Provide creches and pre school services for all young children
Create mechanisms for community partnership and ownership for providing early child care services
©
Ensure good health and nutrition for all and
e
Dignity of life for all and opportunities for growth
Enforce Maternity entitlements such as paid maternity leave, breast feeding breaks and other
maternity benefits
Does it read like a wish list?
Situational analysis from the Sibling care study clearly demands a response from all concerned with
young children and women’s status to work towards making the wish list a reality.
Strategies to demand/build/advocate for early childcare sendees and maternity entitlements need to be
embedded in the larger complexity of economic and socio cultural factors impinging on the young
child and women.
Few questions from the study which need to be answered:
©
Is there a ray of hope for young girls to lead a life, which would be different from their mothers’ free from deprivation and living as an empowered person in control of tlieir destinies !!!!??
©
Would small wishes of young children such as eating to their heart and stomach’s content,
pressure free and fun filled playing time (read as no baggage of adult responsibility), wear clean
clothes, going to tlie school everyday, going out with friends, have fulfilling love and affection
from both parents be granted?
©
Would a child of a poor mother get her/his right to be breast fed, have undivided mother’s love
and attention and be cared and protected in the best of her/his interests?
©
Why does a poor woman have no choice but to leave behind her breast-feeding child in the care of
another child for existential survival? Whether she would be relieved from sitting on the horns of
emotional dilemma to choose between love and care for the cFiild and economic necessity?
o
Why can’t poor children aspire to study beyond primary or middle level? Why there is such a huge
rate of prematurely drop out?
Why is childcare considered an almost exclusive responsibility of the mother or the girl child?
Where and what is the responsibility of the government towards young children?
THINK, BE ANSWERABLE AND DEMAND ANSWERS FROM OTHERS
BACK PAGE
Know about NEENV
Introduction
FORCES has been working as an advocacy network to build the demand for early child care sendees
and entitlements of the women in the unorganised sector for the last 10 years. It has been networking
with professional organizations, women’s groups and trade unions, community based organizations to
mobilize support for the issue. Developing a policy critique, pushing for integrating the issues
concerning the young child across different programmes, partners and social campaigns has been its
constant endeavour.
While building the space for policy’ level achocacy with the state institutions it was also considered
important to build the ground level opinion for demanding early child care sendees and maternity
entitlements. Therefore the need was felt to partner with and build capacities of community’ based
NGOs on this issue. To serve this end Delhi chapter of FORCES came in existence in 1999. The
chapter has its local name called NEENV. Delhi Basti Bal Vikas Samooh
WHAT IS NEENV GROUP?
Necnv is a representative forum consisting of Delhi based voluntary7 organizations working in the
slums and resettlement colonies of Delhi. It also has few individual members w'ho are working in the
related areas of child rights and development.
Neenv is also working w ith other like-minded networks such as Delhi chapter of Jan Swasthya
Abhiyan, Sanjha Manch and Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
Objectives of NEENV
To build a demand for childcare services through multiple channels and processes
To advocate for maternity entitlements for women in the unorganised sector
To mobilize and generate awareness on the issue at the field level
Names of the partner organizations of NEENV
RAIN BOW, HOPE PROJECT, MOBILE CRECHES, NAVSARISHTL AlxlKUR, A.V.B.M.T.
NAVJOYTI DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY, CHETANA WELF^xRE SOCIETY, SURAKSHT, S.B.T.
SAYA, KISLAY, VIDHYA JYOTI, NIRMAN, AALAMB.
4
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O
In exercise of the Policy making power of PCM. the following Conventions
in respect of Membership with FORCES are hereby framed, the some
having been previously drawn up on 22nd February. 2002 and referred in
the 7th PCM held on 17-19 May, 2002.
Title: This Convention may be called as FORCES Membership
Convention.
Applicability: These FORCES Membership Convention shall apply to
all types of members.
3 Nature of Membership: The following types of members shall
constitute the FORCES.
a Founder Members.
t) National Members
c. Executive Members/National Executive.
d. Regional Chapters,
e National Convenor
Individual Members
1. Definition: In these Convention, unless the context otherwisejeguire:
A. Founder Members: Founder Members means those individuals and
organisations who took active role in the process of foundation of FORCES
in the initial Stages and who by virtue of their contribution recognised as
such and properly found a place on the membership roll of FORCES,
whether continue to be a member or not.
B. National Members: National Members are those organisation who
have been conferred with such Status, duly proposed by the National
Secretariat/National Executive and ratified subsequently by the PCM in the
immediate next meeting of the PCM.
- Save as otherwise included as such prior to formulation of such
Convention.
Provided further that the National Member must satisfy the norms to be
laid down from time to time by PCM.
- Provided furtherlhat no such National Membership^status shall be
conferred on any organisation where there exists a regional chapter, as all
such organisational membership must be rooted through Regional Chapter
of FORCES. However, in case of non-existence of Regional Chapter an
organisation can be considered as National Member until such growth of
Regional Chapter.
- For the time being in force, for purposes of National Members the
organisation must qualify the criterion mentioned in Article 5 of the present
Convention.
A. National Executive: National Executive means4he representative of
the Convenor organisation, National Convenor, Convenor of all regional
chapter or their representations duly authorised. All National Members)
Provided further that in no case it should be more than........ to be
decided by all)
B. Regional Chapter: Regional Chapter means the provincial units where
more than
(to be decided by all) Nos. of organisation decided to
form a Regional Unit under the banner of FORCES in accordance with the
standards prescribed under Article 6 of the present Convention and
assigned with such status by the FORCES after due approval by PCM,
provided further that the process of constitution of Regional Chapters may
be started from either side e.g. either at the initiative of National FORCES,
or by a proposal placed by a group of organisations of a particular region
or an organisation who of their own makes initiatives for formation of such
groups.
I
A.
C. National Convenor: National Convenor means arnember
organisation of FORCES enjoying the status of National Members, having
a seat at New Delhi approved by PCM to perform all or any of the
functioning of National Convenor prescribed under Article 7 of the present
Convention as the National Secretariat.
B. Individual Member: Individual Member means an individual member
who is assigned with such status by the FORCES duly approved by the
PCM or Executive or National Secretariat and qualifies the criterion
prescribed in Article 10 of the present Convention, provided further that in
no case the number of individual member exceedes 33% of the total
National Members of a given period.
'i !
1. Membership Qiialificatian/Criterion: Subject to relaxation as may be
considered necessary by the National Secretariat/PCM. All types of
members shall conform to the following criterions/qualifications.
A. (to be decided by all)
E3.
C.
2. Provision regarding Regional Chapters: A Regional Chapter of
F:ORCES can be formed in the following manner:
A. A proposal initiated by National Secretariat directly or through any of
the existing member of FORCES who is willing to do so.
B. A proposal placed by any of the existing members of FORCES and
approved by National Secretariat/PCM.
C. A proposal initiated by any registered Organisation having a base in the
State where such regional chapter is being proposed to be started.
i
A.
Orlieing felt by the FORCES members at the PCM that
cansidering the exigency of the situation, such chapter becomes inevitable
because the mandate of FORCES can be realised by such formation of the
group.
Provided that such States of Regional Chapter can only be assigned if the
provincial groups conforms the regulations prescribed by the present
Convention:
The name of the Chapter must be first the name of the State
and second FORCES.
Explanation: For example: for Orissa OrissaFORCES and for Tamilhadu
TNFORCES.
The mandate of FORCES must be conformed.
1.
National Convenor: There shall be a National Convenor at a
point of time to be appointed by PCM to conduct such business and
functions as may be prescribed from time to time.
In order to be qualified for National Convenor:
AIt must be a National Member for at least 3-years at the time of
appointment.
4
A.
It must have a seat in New Delhi.
B.
Should have enough infrastructures to House National
Secretariat.
~
- 1' , t. . Fees: There shal1 be no membership fees unless otherwise a
resolution is passed to that effect at a PCM after a consensus is arrived:
Qualification for Membership: The above categories of
members can be assigned with such status, provided, the minimum
qualification are conformed by an individual or organisation such as
Toiiows:
A.
Must be a registered organisation.
A willingness to work directly in the field of ECCD.
Must conform to the mission, vision and attitude of FORCES
:i ' f
■
"
■
■
■■■
Selection of Individual Members: Individual Members of FORCES shall be
appointed after undergoing the following process:
A.
Proposal for inclusion of individual member can be moved only by the
Executive Committee Members and National Secretariat.
B.
Once such proposal is placed it is to be verified by the National
Secretariat to ascertain the actual contribution of such person and his/her attitude to
work with a Network.
C.
On being completion of such verification the National Secretariat shalb
place the proposal for ratification by the next PCM, if the recommendation confirms
the proposal. In case of negative outcome, the matter will be heard by PCM.
D.
The PCM after due consideration of it may Or may not approve the
proposal, provided further that if such consideration leads to non-acceptance th&
reason for such non-acceptance should be clearly mehtioned in the PCM minutes.
Provided further that in order to be an individual member the person must possess
the following:
i.
He/She must have working experience/Knowledge on ECCD.
ii.
He/She believes/interested in Networking approach and Advocacy
method.
iii.
He/She subscribes/respects the Vision, Mission, Goal, Approach and
objectives of FORCES.
4
I
World Social Forurn
India
January 16-21, 2004
Mumbai
o
O'
Z7-
Why WSF2004 in India? .
Asianising of the WSF is a
fundamental step towards
recognising the struggle and'
aspirations of the world’s largest
population
1
The overarching themes of third world debt, water,
globalisation, alternative media, the anti-war protest,
women’s struggles , food sovereignty etc which give
momentum to the social and development movements in the
country are the very reasons that the WSF is being organised
in India.
fhe structure of the WSE 2004 is three tiered and 8 pronged:
Tiers : India General Council(lGC)-is composed of mass organisations,
social movements and other civil society formations representing workers,
dalits, peasants, women, minorities, children , youth and other's. About
150 organisations are IGC members.
India Working Committee (I WC) - has 65 organisations including
FORCES representing all major sectors. The IWS will be the functional
policy making body till WSF 2004.
The India Organisating Committee (IOC)- has 37 persons drawn from the
IWC organisations and few eminent individuals. This will the main
implementation unit and its members are expected to devote time for
actual work related to WSF 2004.
The 8 Functional groups that work under the IOC are :
Programme*
Mobilisation*
Venue & Logistics
Media & Communication
Culture
Liasion*
Youth and
Finances*
The Mumbai Organising Committee
FORCES represented*
1
The themes : The suggested main focus are :
Imperialist globalisation
Patriarchy
Casteism/Racism/Ethinicity
Communalism/Identity politics and Fundamentalism
Militaranism and peace
The panel discussion themes cue:
’* U.S.Militarist agenda and resistance (regional, feminist,
antinuclear etc)
• Labour and work in production and social reproduction
» Racism, migration and trafficking
Nation, state, citizenship, exclusion (caste, religion etc)
t Autonomy, separation, reconciliation (eg: Srilanka, Korea.
Palestine, East Timor etc)
• Land, trade and food sovereignty
• Dialogue, Debate (socialism, feminism)
» Reproduction, Health and sexual health
f Debt, privatisation and Basic services
Governance, accountability and peoples resources
Casteism, work and descent based discrimination, exclusion
and related injustices
• Education, culture, knowledge
1
FORCES must discuss and decide on the proposed themes in
what way it would like to bring the children below 6 years of
age into focus.
4-2
The possible participation in various regional and state level
processes :
June 12 & 13 respectively in Delhi & Mumbai
Programme Committee
July 18 -19, 2004 IOC Meetings at Ranchi
August 22, 23, 24 - IOC meeting in Chennai
.
1
. ■ -
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16 4 7_
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5
PUBLIC SPENDING ON
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
DEVENDRA B GUPTA
April 15th, 2003
PUBLIC SPENDING ON
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
• Integrated Child Development Services
• Mid-Day Meals Scheme
GUJARAT FORCES
4J.
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SANGH)
Fcrtirn ior creche
1
.
Care Services
b
■
FOCUS OF ANALYSIS
MAGNITUDES & TRENDS
OF
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
NOT ON
DESIREABLE SPENDING LEVEL
STRUCTURE
• OVERALL SPENDING ON CHILDREN
RELATED PROGRMS/SCKEMES
• GOVERNMENT SPENDING TRENDS
ON SELECT CHILD DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS
2
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-
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Areas/Programs Covered
AREAS:
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION
CHILD HEALTH
CHILD PROTECTION
PROGRAMS:
ICDS
MID DAY MEALS
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH
Expenditure on Children
Budget Estimate*, Revised Estimates and Actual Expenditure on Children
70000 0
60000.0
Ki?;, [i
%
50000.0
fci li
40000 0
•
Ooua=a:
i CAOSrp i
* 300000
£
::
L
200000
J H| j
• 10000 0
0.0
1991-92
1990-91
1992-93
1993-94
1954-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-M
1998-99
1999-00
200001
2001-02
Years
3
-
■
i
..-f
.’Z'
■•F
Sector-wise Spending on Children
(in percentage)
Children in
difficult 'F
Child
Development Education circumstances
0.2
0.01
0.3
0.01
0.3
0.3
0.01
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.00
0.3
0.4
0.01
0.4
0.7
0.02
0.4
0.02
0.8
0.4
0.02
0.4
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.01
0.02
1.0
0.4
Health
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Year
1990- 91
1991- 92
1992- 93
1993- 94
1994- 95
1995- 96
1996- 97
1997- 98
1998- 99
1999- 00
Total
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
1.3
•1.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
Source: India’s Children and the Union Budget. Vol I (haq: Centre for Child Rights
Sectoral Spending of Children in Social
„
S
..T /.
\
A
Sector Expenditure (in percentage)
Ur
rttfh
Sj91
19
~2A
ao”
SAS>
4?
SBS
aT
45
TF
&'-:a
taa
I 23
Asap
i
33
OkSnrKiaaJ ^HTi^ari
aumtaus Otamntv
amsrxr
0*1
Ebdqiwt
Fn ram
53
j
46
52
50
|
39
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O
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K2 I
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as-‘
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Fs"
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FT
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:
IB
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S
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‘oF
■oF
ts
V2
Z6
aF
t
»«1
xo
02
v
■
. ?■ X
A
X
%•
External Aid in Sectoral Spending
on Children
Exwnal Aid in Sectoral Spending on Ch fl dron
90
•0
., ■ y-
ro
so
r
■r'-X” •■/'
i40
7
30
—♦-Health
•■;■< " -/■•
Edu
Total
,
20
I
-e-CNwo.,
^.- .-/v - • - •
—s<>- - " -,
,<.v.
fcS-"-to
—'
.... -.......
0
1*041
1991-02
1992-93
1993-94
1994-96
1995-96
199M7
1997-98
1998-99
Expenditure on Child Development
Budget Estimate*, Revised Estimates and Actual Expenditure on Child Development Programmes
1<000
12000
iBSMgaajWflfe
10000
|
8300
2
c
........
«
I
iffliImb il
Oi
4000 ■
—. -j-
I
^[1
ig"
J 8300
£
kJ
r^I IH ij i ft
L£A~
s
11
9041
91-92
S243
9344
94-95
95-95 ¥
Years
9647
^*1
97-98
— -W
I
-i iDAcl
I Bi©
31
sEftfffi
i •- I
r.,,iAM r •, r
98-99
99-00
0041
5 -
Expenditure on Child Health Programs
>>i*
Budget Estimates, Revised Estimates sod Actual Expenditure on Child Health Programme
10000
9000
8000
J
7000
i
j
fi WWB
®S
IF3
-IP
8000
■ei s
5000
4000
3000
2000
-
1° ° rrETn n! r I
1990-91
1991-92
1992 93
ii
o
1993-94
1994-95
S
I '•Hi 1
5 '•
II C
ih >u I
a
I’i
Is| : .P8®
SI
11HtS
I
3f
1995-96
Years
s
<■-
y. '•
<?
1990-97
■
1997-98
1998-99
199900
200001
Expenditure on Programs, for Children in
Difficult Circumstances
- Ws I
Budget Estimates, Revised Estimates and Actual Expenditure on Programmes for Children in
Difficult Circumstances .
r
1000
900
800
700
I •
3
i
i
s
600
I jh
400
E
xo
0
I
s
Ip SOB
Ih
>11BI iiit
lb
f-
200
100
if
3 OH
?
gi JI
&
500
^idmlwm
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
S:
&
1995-96
1996-97 .. 1997-98
199S-99
1S9S-00
200001
(
.■
-
■
■
_
■
■
-
V.
X
Expenditure on Elementary Education
• •
fv
'
' '7.
. .7
"
.
Budget Estimates, Revised Estimates and Actual Expenditure on Elementary Education
•. .
> \ ?, >7 ';
■
40000
35000
BBgg
±
:f--
7
30000
Hf'-.j ^‘1,1
- 25000
J
3
£ 20000
w
a
c 15000
raO jf': I
gs>|sa
IS r;I St
M
tigig
»»
10000
5000
0
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
L710
I
■
ill
fl
[Fte7 rOtl M § kf
1990-91
■”w' t
iiRBFnB
>
1995-96
1996-97
□ A£ •
.•v.
■
7. K
v; •>
s-: $
\
lOBE I
.-re'
H
1997-98
1999-99
199900
200001
Years
External Aid on Elementary Education
Share of External Aid In Expenditure on Elementary Education
30
25
20
&
r5
10
ajja
- /:
7^ 7 •' - '
it.. = ,...............
1
L• 'X-. ••'-••
__ ___ _
-
■
■
0
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
-
1997-98
1998 99
7
Select Nutrition Programs in India
Program /Schem e
A. M id- Day Meals
Schem e
B. Nutrition Schemes
1.
Integrated Child
Developm ent
Services
Scheme/Tamil Nadu
Integrated Nutrition
P rogram
Encouragement enrolment and attendance in
.primary school.;;- ;
"-•
•
improve the nutrltionat status of school:< .
>■;.
Children ' ~
•
Improve the health and nutritional status of.
children (0-6 years) ot age. pregnant and
nursing mothers•
Premote psychological and social *\
development of pr-school children.through'
j \ early stimulation and education^^^.^;^,^
•
Dept, ot Women and
Child D evelopm ent
Enhance child care behaviour among mothers
through health and nutrition education - J
•
Promote coordination of policy antf^/;,^
________ implementation, among various departments •
•
Eliminate malnutrltiorKamong children & 1
DeplolWomen and
\ months to 3 years oldthrough suppierpantary^
Child Development
■ feeding
■ ••
>
•
2.
P radhan M antri
Gramodaya Yoiana
3.
Day C are C entres
DeptofWomen and
Child Development
4.
3 alwadi N utrition
P rog ram
Dept cl W om en and
Child Development
5.
Department ot
N ational N utritional
F am ily W e Ila re
Anem ia Conlrol
P rog ra m_______________
j Departm ent of
Vitam in A
I Fam ily W elfare
Prophylaxis___________
6.
Program O Bjectlvea
Im p lem en tin g
Agency____________
Dept of Education
'
_
.
•
•
. Im prove nutritional status.of children:3'.S.;years .
Promote'social and emotional development
; children:^ 4
•
. ,Prevent;;detect and address nutritional.anemia,
among, worhen-pf: reproductive age ^nd:pre>.;^.
sc h oOf. ch ild re h^;.>
.. < Prevent, detect and correct.Vitamlm
- deficiencies-in children 6 m onths to 5 years?*"'^
Financing Arrangenie^san^/^^^
„F°°d-B—------------------------------------------------ ':l
Volum a of F
Trani It
<_
wheatfchlld/m on th x. C ook ad; m e a I or distribu tio n ..o fi; vAli In dia.
M id-D ay M aals
n 1/a H
A 3 I •
,or .0 mos. *"*
Or z»cooked
I
Schema
(100 gm) for 200 days
0 to 6 yrs: 300 calories (ready ■
Nutrition Schomaj
to eat food) * 8-10 gm proteinx?
1 .
In te g ra te d C h ild .
for
300 days
&
Development
M atnourisned C hitdren: 60 0
Services
calories ♦ 20 gm protein tor
Schem e/Tam il
300 da ys
Nadu In te g rata d
A dotes cent girls: 5 0 0 calories
Nutrition Program .
♦•20-25 gm protein tor 300
; r a f e rr a is, In c o m e^g e n e ra tIn g
.
days V ■ Pregnant & nursing mothers:
500 calories ♦ 20-25 gm
- prote in for 300 days_______ ' ' .
300
calories and 8-10 gms of
2.
Pradhan M an tri
Gramodaya Yojana . protein for Grade i and II
children, double the amount for G ra de ill a n d IV ch ildre n
Day care services to children.. Y. SeiectedXt'^ .
300 calories *• 12-15 gm
3.
Day Care Centres
below 5 yrs to low Income,
protein for 270 days
fam iliask supplem entary ,
nutrition, health care, m edlcapj
check up and Immunisation
Supplementary
feeding to •
t4on-IC DS .
300 calories * 12-15 gm
4.
Balwadi N u trition
children 3-5 yrs. prom ote '•
protein for 270 days
Program
child’s social and emotional
development
-- •________
Integrated with iCDS, iron x
Iron
folate
ta&iets
tor
100
days
N
a
tio
n
a
l
N
u
tntio
nal
5.
A”. India .
and folic acid given to '
Anemia C o n trol
expectant
m
others
and
Program
children- '
Xn. Ind la..
.6-1 1 m os 0.1m illion IU per 6 . Integrated, w ith IC D S . .
Vitam in A
5.
Vitam
ins
A
provided
to
mas
Pro ph ylaxis
in fan ts. at 9 m os ta 5 y ears,
1 -5 y rs 0.2 m Ulion IU p e r 5
w Ith Im m unlzatfon against .
m os
Program/Schem •
a.,,ase£Bx
!
a,sas
• *•
■' *.'
*•
•"* ‘‘ •
*•
y.
$
'w
Food Based Transfer Programs: Source
of Financing : .
ProgranYScheme
Md Cay Meals Scheme
Integrated Child Development
Services
□ey care Centres______
Ralwadi Nutriticn Program
Iren and Vtarrin A
supplementation
Centre'State Shares in
Finandng_____________
Central: lOCf/o__________
Central: Operational costs
Stat&Ujnors: Supplementary
nutrition components______
Central: ^OCP/o__________
Central: A (Xf/o__________
Central: 100%
FO Foodgrain supplied at
EconomcCost
Economic Cost
EconomcCost
Economic Cost
Economic Cost
National program of Nutritional Support for
Primary Education (NPNSPE)
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
•To give a boost to universalisation of Primary Education by
increasing enrollment and improving retention and
attendance, and
•To enhance the nutritional status of school children
ELIGIBILITY
•Minimum Class attendance rate of 80%
9
National program of Nutritional Support for
Primary Education (NPNSPE)
<■
STRATEGY
•NPNSPE Continuation of the ICDS efforts at the PSE stage
•Part of the Package of poverty alleviation program
•An intervention into the existing midday scheme of states to
provide commodity support to the scheme
National Program for Nutritional Support for
Primary Education/mid Day Meal (1995-96)
CENTRAL SUPPORT
•Provision of Foodgains free of cost to implementing agencies.
•Reimbursement of Transportation costs for foodgains from FCI
godowns to schools/villages (actual cost or Rs 50/- per quintal as
applicable under PDS)
'<
STATE RESPONSIBILITIES
•Cost of cooking (fuels,pulses and oils and other materials. States have
option to provide uncooked food to parents)
•Cost of conversion charges for arrangement of a Cooked Meal program
through panachayats and Nagerpalikas
10
4
\
Mid day Meals Scheme: Type and"
mode of Food Transfer in different
states |Typ«
|° Mill,
» tig lb lllty
|C a a k
to
R le •
m •nihi
O la a a a a
C rtta~7iT
|.V
1 • fl/c h ild/M •
.dal
::r.P
A la a
nda nc a
m a n Ih .
P ra via a ■
C la a a a »
a u
"i a n in a
Ogi
SO
A II alada
C la taaa
a
In
p re
P >a g ra m
and V II
1 S«o olaach
9 rt In/e h ltd Im a a
IO m a n in a
in
n d 1 nc •
pra via a a
m o n Ih .
3 t 0 '« n KOfm a a in
A II alvdanti
C l| I
W n a a I
3 > g /« h lla/m
W h a a r
3 ag/chua,
p ra a
fl 0 %
In
P f• V
i
i
M a n a ra
Caokad
maal
lOOgm
or
-paaahl.
Crrpom in r
P a rr p nc a
m o n in a
I J 0m 1 baiiad
ana ba Ila d age
A re a I 2 J gm. di
•>gm. raj 1 a a a
o
rk in g
A II ilBdrn
C la a a a a I-
• "d 1 a II lot to a
1 1 0 a " d all t g n
A a ja
h a a t
Tam II Nada
3 k g/e n Hd/m a n tn
Caokad
m a
rie a . la n Illa
10
'A le a
<n a n tn a
A II a l» d a n li p ra 1
C la a a a a I.IV_________
C la a a
I
a i
w a rid
3 k g /a h ild/m a n in
bank
10
|.|V
C la I
8 0%’
m a n tn a
n d a na a
m a n Ih ,
in r
rrouaaholdr
• n d
N w trilio n
B icu rily
Outlay and Expenditure*(MDM)
I
Year
Budget Estimates ________ (Revised Estimates
1995-96
1996- 97________________
1997- 98
'
1998- 99__________________
1999- 00________ ~
2000- 01
2001- 02______ ZZZZZZZ
Total
________ —'
Expenditure
o.ooj
611,79
441.21
1400 0Q,1
~ 960,00l
1092.151
T03l,10l
~i 090.00|
800,00
1070,38
1400,15
799,98
1069.97
1600,15
1500.00
0.00
0.00
1500.00
1300,00
0,00
6682.32 '
930.001
6503,251
5411.31
’ All funds are plan funds
’y BC:L^ -
I
n i
In
(2001) J u
•• J
I
Sen
• lie n d a n o • In
P r • W la u a nr o n th ,
p re v
a . O A O .
p ra a
m antna
S '■ Intc II IM.h
I
m a n th
cu»
id m a n th a
j- -vy?- -'E 8
§
i ST | I
-T^i
14
£
*1^
TT-fui
I •jr §
rK
J
~
•9;
ifc I i p-w;-l fl
'to * S
1
K
£
iE^izn
i
—-
ft
i
'•
■
I1
i
®|
1 1
. 4..
/v
Mid-day meals Program and Total
primary Education Expenditures of the
Department of Education, GOI
Category
iMid-day meals
Total
Elementary
Education
% MDM/Total
Primary
Education
Category
Rs crores, current prices]
Dept, of Edu. Expenditures
Growth Rate
97/98 98/99 RE 99/00
96/97
95/96
BE
17.44
0.17
1400
1030
1070
800
610
17.24
0.17
3030
1740
2270
1570
1440
42%
47%
51%
34%
51%
Dept, of Edu. Expenditures, Rs billion, 1997/98
prices
0.23
1280
1070
850
7001
___
0.17
2500
2270
1660
Mid-day meals
1650
Total
Elementary
Education_____ ]__.nd ..nJ
,nd NuIrtUon
<&>■>
22.64
16.88
Vo. U P8 IS
Sourca: GCI. Eip»n4«lum Ui»44«t. Votum* a.
Allocation and Lifting of Food grains
Year
1995- 96
1996- 97
1997- 98
1998- 99
1999- 2000
2000- 01
Total
% Food grains lifted
Utting (MTs)
Allocation (MTs)
713223
1585388
2567372
2706274
536016
1112489
1810164
1147917
75.15
70.17
70.51
42.42
2767251
2480692
12820200
1401765
1517816
50.66
61.19
6526167
AUocallon .nd Lining of FoodgnlM (MT«)
Mxono
15QCXTJQ
IOjOUUO
—TsWSgS
. ~BSgMiSSiBMR
%
■
fSBsI
i
S|- fl
iw! 3
1VM1.-M
I
lOOn-OT
IW7-9.
1S6M-XKJO
2ono-oi
Coverage: Mid day Meals in Schools*
199S-96
1997-9b I 1996-99
1906-97
Ncrroer of Dstricts *
378
474
-? 506
<544
Nuroer of Bocks *
2495
4417,.
- 5565
5764
Nurcer of CJildren covered (in crore)
Norwer of Scrioois(in iakh) -
19EGOO
200001.
- 5764<*;<:^^5912
9.9 ^;10.51
5.57. ‘ . 9.1
.
‘
4.74|
y
;•
6:41
[■•
y6.88|;
Z15
t:.- ..£32 i'A
3.34
’ On ihe basis of infonriation furnished by the States/UTs each yean
^Includes 205 Urban^lunicipal/CorporatiorviMotified etc.'• i ;7'.
-
O*-
i’S ,,
ili-yi A?,'
i
LiM
i-
r-n.
gHW®
mSfFWBI
IBM
rm^Z
—i Ww
IV.^
•■ —
tMMB
<0
<'■
Slate,„enl
t'rop-oiiL of stc.dents
States
Anchra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar____________
Giarat___________
Haryana_________
Karnataka_______
Keraia___________
Machya Pradesh
Maharashtra
mainour
Qrnsa___________
PuniaJ
1996-97
1997-98
It
• 4 > 1998-99
%of
..
%of
%o^r•: '
No. of
No. of
droupNo. of
droup- ;
droup- .
No. Of <>.■ NO- Of- ;
students students out y--.-' students students out.... ■- • students students out
enrolled drop-out students enrolled ' drop-out students enrolled drop-out students j
7898481
50.97 8370079___________
3808385
45.5 ••• 879762 _______ NA
NA
4381568' 40258551
769783 ■ 17.231 4540093 178-1256 . ~ ; 39.29
17.27 44652031
9626855' 16519081
■ NA
17.16 10266989
1772050 ■
17.26 _______ NA
. NA s.
5908752' 2140741j
1752919' • '■ 28;52
36.23
6003862 ' 2137374 ’
6146281
. 35.6
47909'
24161871 .
806251
•3.3 . 2536646 ■ : 86633
2476967
3.41
T.93
103202'
6325318
961991
1.52 6460962
99662 . - 1.54 ■ 6528979
1 58
22640'
I
507072__
353051
6.96
23228 • ___________
475301
■ 4.89|
4,87
464925
2519000'
9615000__ 30902611
32.14 10161000
23.851 10773000
2423398
23.36
1C86601 '
11662101 __ 12962481
__ 11 11827416
1196152
10111913673
9.00
1980071
22999~
28448;
14.4
231668 - 33140
14.31
254585
9.03
"" 43 ' 4551000
2156112
~
44830001 19276901
■
47.3|
4991000)
2152623
43.20
100249|
'
6.2
'
6.051
1727273'
105417|
1736018
107803i
1740580
5.80
Source: CAG Report AU India
---- H
Ratio of GOT Mid-Day Meal Expenditure to
Value of Foodgrain transferred
Category_________
GQI Expenditure, Rs billion (A)
_ ____
Value of Foodgrains Transferred Rs billion (B)^
Ratio (A/B)
________________________
Ratio (A/B), 1997/98 prices
97/98
99/97
95/96
6.1
8
4
7.5
1.07
1.13’
1.53
1.75
Note: Foodgrains are valued at economic costs--- -------------J__.
Sourcedndia Improving Household FoodI and_N^
10.7
16.1
0.66
0.66
14
13.1
1.07
0.87
~.x.
I
Integrated Child Development Services
OBJECTIVES
•to improve the nutritional and health status of children 0-6 years and
^'lay 'the^oundaton for the proper psychological, physical and social
^To^educe the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school
»ToPachieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst
various departments to promote child development; and
•To enhance the capability of mothers to look-after the normal health and
nutritional needs of their child through proper nutrition and health
education. The philosophy and approach behind the scheme is that the
overall impact would be greater if different services are delivered in an
integrated manner, as the efficacy of one service depends on the
complementary support it receives from the other service^ ICDS was
developed to take a holistic view of the development of the child.
I
ICDS Package of Services and Target
Population r
Target Group
Children
below 6 years
Expectant &
Nursing Mothers
Services
Supplementary
_ Nutrition
Immunisation
Non-formal pre-school
education (3-6 yrs)
Supplementary
Nutrition
Health Check-Up
Tetanus Immunisation
Women 15-45
Health & Nutntion
years
.-------------- ---------- [Education
RuraLUrban Project (Population;
100,0(yVillages:100)
Total Pop.
Target Ppp,
% Coverage
17. COO
6,800
40%
17.000
_ Health Check-Up
17.000
s.occ
4.000
4.00C
1,600
4 0001
£400|
4,000
2,000
20.000]’
20,000
Tribal Project (Population:
~
^^OOtYVilla ges: 550)
Total Pop.Zj-Igrgg-Pop. I % Coverage '
5.950
100% “
100%
50?o
2.800
5950I
2100’
100%
igy
75Sc
40%
1,400
1050
75’-,
910'
14QQ
910]
~5250l
~i0O°J
100%
100%
"100%
~~595o|
Tooo'
WO-’J
~75’e
India improving Households Food and
J
RESOURCES for THE ICDS
CENTRE
’Administrative Expenses (non-nutrition
including salaries of the
staff/equipment)
CenM
of ChlKta,
STATE
•Cost of nutrition Supplementation
I
DONORS
“Provide food free <of" cost to select states but
states meet the cost of
transportation from Ports to feeding Centres
f
15
I
Status of I CDS As on 31 March
I
I
i
r
15941
19951
I9S6I
1997|
1998|
19991
2000|
?X:I .
27661
24'JOI
33421
36951
3O7O|
4200]
4178)
3?1l|
3)951
42001
33871
43481
41601
<841
___
394:1
,
I
. ■■ I
I
_ L
■Irccaofs
1S92I
•/)
24281
22=91
|
: pv •wnsimii 'T'.**::-;
i
-r-o :t sr^;; .’(rortf u
:9S3I
2>5CCI
2412!
34661
i Sanction^
2S13I
I
I
!Ill €CSi!»l
S'.’scwcrs
Sancipwl
28181
ZZT
i
COPOACCFO
I
2M3I
2672!
39001
4517)
45131
' 4932t
26661
29951
30121
33001
I
I
I
I
176101
12130
17555
12156
188501
210531
22114]
122621
132161
13216)
14380
22113]
1464.31
I
I542O[
i mil
lln fxr.ihji
zzr zni
I___________ r
$467
3351)
2002
46C8
4537
~ i -1'
60591 S<3|-
43=81
- 4116
! -
I
24244
17174
27710
19004
6263
463$
<SSI
IS63I
1S?=4|
.
2846$
19911
1
7
I
I
Sanctions
I
2980471
2291141
3398021
3965651
421378!
5620911
5620911
5919211
5786451
52S<8I
60120c
<:n -xsiticn
I
2591351
2737141
2338291
28S215i
3215291
3492271
3=64351
4711281
5110451
433225
5=0051
!
.
i
i
__L
A',VWs
I
I
SeMces l
S';oumer,iar/ Sunt.cn___________________
I Imo zt
a&r.rq
'iuiaon
I
i
I
:
i
I
35I884| 401234 4QS34II 427862
|2222871
_____ 2573781
_____ 2602101
_____ 2677681 2338961 ,30SC87| | 311922
r"6269060l 7057725] 742ll6ll 7930915) 363928oi 894352l| ^2404/'10630787' 12405398) 1106g:<ll4548l2o
2!'>.i:cr=n Receiwig SNu-.?8afS>
pm O47C64-.I 88357921 9361839) 95894691 9993915) 10596882) 10819229] 15671075) 1X4S<9i 169556-!-,SlOiiiCran Socaivji.i SX;3< vear5)
JtOmcrenT^ettmq S\.~J30__________ I 13959950) 15=23366) 162=6953) 17792754) 1822875=) 18937436) 20222929) 21450016, 280764731 241147:2! 3150376^,
SiMoirer receiMngSixs^rer.tcT/Muintion) 2685960) 3062657) 3235832) 28411821 38070381 3773931) 3806120) 4036687 5703191) 4922.'71_______
6006101
-----------------------| 1664=2301 185910231 19492765) 216339361 220357931 22711367) 24029049) 25436703) 33779664) 29C37<9! 37509865
I’xai Eer.e::c:anes
------------ --- ---------- --------------•
’
j
j——
I
I
I
I
I
I
P'e- School Ecxa'.icn
I
I
i
I
!.._ I -.-I1_______ -J___ !____
_ _______ I 344.37| 5040791 4cV60l 516781
j• •
!
I
__________
I 234468] 2326281
2426631 2452521 299395) 3294691 3372301
| 35662201 ?27I226| 93,059l| 101149821 10513982! 112785761 11<S662| 11759774| 151395511 15cc9964J 1665553-
>C 01 AW$ CfOvcrr; PSE____________
IChicren Atter.cr.g ?SE .26 Years)
r-
I
I
Source Frcm ='ocress resorts st CWS2 iGCI)
Status Report of the ICDS as on
31st march 2001
.
<
'
4
'
______________ Y______________________
'
No. of P3E BanaRclaHaa -
No o! 3NP Banaltclarlaa
Na ma of tho
Stata/17T»_______
AnaAam P-aoesA
Arurcnii P'aotan
Ajaam
H .har______________
laivarM____________
rwin.trc.~taM Pmoffsn
J-vnniu .< Kaanrrjr
.j-.a______________
Kamaixa
rxaurr/a Pra*>»3n
Mjnara-.ira________
Marwcw
M<K3na.ava
Mizoram
teaaaiang__________
Puroao
r\aiasttv
Tamil Nacu
Tnpura
Uttarcractuin
■
■ ■ ■ ’ iTotar-'-~ Avaraga I
Avnrago
Molhar .
Providing I
PTot««tAAji»y
3-« v-irr Icblldran- par AW
1total
Glrta
Si .da parI;AW
- - Total
» ' -~
par
AW I Bo
ya
jp--r AW
|
Boy»
I Ra porting Sarvlca
II
lOJyaara :
Qp<r
I
___
:
’ 19844721
14.57 <57115,
14 tai 46.'XV13I
2611
32215!
322151I
ai.a 4731541I
' 14-6 • XK-vse
10280661
a,al 11733!I
8.2til
64494]'
9.94
icajsj
100241
22&S7
461
1214|
1180*
SM 66
362361
309960T
43 1? 253724
897059
701850
8.731 643335)I
<6 37
066 1 Ol
>48461_____ 14655
QI
______ O
0
0
ci
oj __________01
IB as) 617839
64 02 3001031
Hl 02 :)i24j$4 ’
194731
ioctid
5965561 1220619 ’
15 7« 3053851
62 40131
6O94I
~5T73T ■ a. ox | _ ton
10171
1017*
35.481I_________
85621
162651
19B19I
360B4
111
537f
Ilf
5629241
5863371
19.33
3O614I
30360
*
1
148052
5,97
ia mi liasa-dt
37.311
1813211
S'O
511
)
2031
19.271 243Oae|
933987*
534127
~13S43i
1.-5431
16.61 *2610411
497481
BH.Oil 22.40031
4365011
1298341
B.Otll 567561
6.25
_____
5737*
39.11 5110171
11*130
14B486I _______278320
71231______ 71 IS) 1
10.9sj *36556]
43.64) □79ao» ■ .'IO.
626l|
3Wi3i
10.371.
”* 400961
9.UBI
7SBS4j
■ 849491
749201 ■ 159889
• . Ci
01_ _________0|_
_______ 01 ~~
152!
0
0 _____________________
10.521 6-'2V26]
- 9. fra! 6469881
62.44i 3884061
1U.37| 129'9141
400931
392761 ■(2051031
12051031 12472581
124725BI 2452381
1&5
h
)
176614]
6.TBI
177606)
*"'3836!
114Q0|
1645041
264203 1
42fl707j~
37.811 704961
15 49| 3S4 22QI
1645041
2642031
48 341 2064101
20.02 3 73449)
10.57] 3048081
—3SOS2I
19/IHl
45/1761
49036/1
9532431
490.76/1
ia.&4|_________
45/1761
14021 9-36603]
"449601
.-JBO<16| 1143
1H311
179(15481
17385481 32297091
24 34] laasiosl
:3351351
4311
6 11
84 641 5337131
25.WI 9212CI2
23/1
48170]
1X1.81 ’ 4/731 ~
95eot|'
4123!
3CO
SriO
S<51[
I12li
3 I 1|
10341
sail
132. SOI
5601
35192 ~
746431
2155 )
21551
67723 )
64464)
1321U7I
18 4
is.xjl
64464
1
61.34| 282111
13.091 39656
67-7231
31.75]
30,171 222911
21990~
~ 1273)
7021
50990]
41141)
92131~ 131.24I 211791
442B1|
41
1411
31.321
509901
31.77]
25.12) 4/2141*
25561
1466)
134979)
93441)
228420)
1349797
934411
525471
3O.57I
153.71
373231
3.03) 351219)
" zs.oaj 47.>m
22.16 ________
2685361
263571
15849)
1299371
1239371
2665861
337523
22 2! 70SC4OI
~~127851
127861
24478)
3859611
410437]
16.35] 188632]
14,751________
32.11 1070461
244781
3859611
3975271
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1%
Per Unit Cost of An I CDS Project Annually
for the Following Years
•r \
• X*bx
>« V***''*
X
x.v >*
tv-.
At"
-AAV P
*-
RATE (1992-31.03.1999)
.. • 1. . <
. *
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::n. i
!rl
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-a-c-
*A
*f.•**.* ’
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: • X.A''r V
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■ i !°r-!i
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t
■
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te
E
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$
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siB
.n; •p<^»gg^'SgS
I. 5?
■• ';••'■• • .-',
-
AARATE (1.04.99-31.03^002^
A-
■■ :./\.rAA
WSK
Details of Components wise. EFC provisiditj; ■
■ : • Ar /-r;,Amade.|rfll|ji
Component
I____
_ Bihar ,■ ■<■■-, •'•■. -■MadhyaPradesfc-.-^i^t;’
Andhra Pradesh
■P-&1
mr
fe t'iH
MtusaHhx:Baifcfea
SSs£-;' • Tola|
Total
EFC
e upto
Total
Proviso
• EFC
March ■
n
1997"
__________ AkA
Si'ar.es Hcr.oraHa TA,DA upto 1 619219 .•5_.38.S5i
-: ;5942.7fe3U3| U62^^ Axfl29.34k^2H/
5546 09 .--4390
993329t^3&63
Qher expenses unto Block level I
!226| - .: 7.691
560.4 A^114|. , 564286^? I6.f •:-rl608J
_____ •■•'? 0.C0 ■ 42012811635 •■-•
264951 :-20.97[ 2999.64|-;\kH.67'
~3888.46|.^.-1L47| • - -.762357 5&4H2
Cvd 77<;rk______________ |_ 2l94.5t - 13.771
6074.05 A^139|
5ZS9j_______
Vf.'ixlcs
|
Arago' ;646.25|^AZ5l •
K - aooi
347.74
-i/
ILintl ihnv
•:-|^o.ooj r-•
336kA ±HI
2013 a^tlTZTl r 146557
: 153&O5 .W&S
471091-r-’\3-74‘ 114237br^-U4|
T 526.67b.. -33QI
Furaiture andeouiptrent
- -• 1^6]^kl4 • ;:<259484|^3^w| - - >39102 ^£16
657.04 -?r^520~ ■ 14j925|-;;^5.60
Trading
I 65r52p7t;-l09|
46i.41| :< 365
G) mirun io ion
I 610,03 -S': 1831
9Q3.43k^lSi • ■: i • 34./p^a50[:. Z129231 &£;38l|
684.86 ~ <.vr5.42 . 972.911? •^•13.73 ■ - : . ■- 792tog6M-^:i28837pg^jak'cJtn_____________
| 1154.01 . r > -7.24i
|r: ■ 0W~
-•---35959^59
G.mrrt.-n;ty Mo'ciismum,.
1SC6.3
H.%|
l(XxferiS9
.a4fe:aco| . icoom^zssI______
_
L-.c-crre ger.eratnn
|
kr- acol 114331k:— 9.G5|~ • • feAaft)
- ;
______
WILL__________________ |
U r 0,001
131327b-•--.1032
iStOlX
Adel Gris senetro
|
310.77r?r-- 246 ___ 'Artico
- h^oox
"FK- gox
55.79 ^022"
ShmimaiRehcbiii’arioo Center | " 57.78|xO-;Q36|
4iJ8te>:.a33r
232441^0^
_______________ . S...6k^o.48| - '314561^-093) ■■"••'-1604
Eady cnikihccd Educaitco
294.74U,/ 1281
10209r<-.l, Q81|
-f 6^fe^203|.>-- -->:^^:;
Therapeutic feed
so?-■>■ - oija
39J7[^-.fe OJlf 68757(^^2631 : /I
.(hr
Froice: Manazentm
26q4|^227| 287Q4lfcg£8:46(
- 323.9 iLA^ETS
353381 .• , - 2801 1342391^5221'
I 69LO4|.'?.-4.341
.ViCnitcring Research &. Evalaari!
Tot^gg ■ . ■-.••■■ ^-ooqI : 70^0:211' -.<•• 3911^022
59.63|-.>':.Q5;I
■ 19.431^7,0.14"
N'cbuity ci supervisors .
I
._______
83.16r-^ ad - -. - :••• few ■ 109.92^ 032) ■• •-. ; 3824^021
4951^031!
22(KE»g|
:ai7|
P::Gt projects for dispensed POP|
• ISaWcc
Total
I 15940,3? 100.001 12S33.42I - 100.0CI 25712371-JCO-OOi
11485.09b;10a00i 33SC9.6914.100.001 18111.4:lak-ioaoc
T _____
k^-.aoo'
teraa)!
1
toaojT" 5i79teai6{ ...... P
___ ______ 2j^^mZZZZZ^
I
tew
.••■•■•
•
Is tales
Average and Percent Time Spent Per
.- Day on Various Activities
______ Av. Tlme(Minutes) on
AW Activities
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
_______
Bihar_____ _______
Goa
Gujarat
_______
Haryana___________
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka_________
Kerala_____________
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra_______
Manipur___
Mega la ya___________
Mizoram______ ______
Nagaland____________
Orissa_____ _
Pujab
Rajasthan__________
Sikhism____________
TamjlNadu
Tirpura___________
Uttar Pradesh_______ _
West Bengal______ _______
.
_
_
Other Assigned
Work__
Percent Time Spent on
Feeding Related
Activities
PSE
258.91 ____________ 56.2
______________ 32,2
34.2
108.0 _______________8 0
______________ 57_0
51 0
171.QI ______________ 9_O
___ __________ 39 7
416
22.8 ~
______________ 4_0 ______________ 39.3
45.7
246,Q~
- _________
1 1 0 ______________ 32^
263.4 ~
_____________25 2 ______________ 35 9
39.0
276,7 ~ ____________ 67,8 '
29 5 '
____________ 37,2
256,0 ~ ________
310 '
24.1 ' 42.1 '
221,0 ~
1 0 0 ' __ _________ 40.0 ' 36 2 '
209.0
■_______ 10 0 ' ____________ 50 6 '
31 l|
228,1
___________ 32 8 ~
42 2 ~ 32 9
348,4
_______ ____ 33_6 ~
48 7|
32 9
308,7
__________ 32 9 ~
29,6 ~
45.5
3.0"
148.0
46 9
152,0
____________13 01
41 8
36,9
168,0|
____________ 4_0
40 8
43 3l
212.01
27,ol
43.1
31,9
124.Q
____________ 4 01
45 3
36.7
236 0 __
20 Ol
42 2
37 2
227.0 _ _______
44 Q
36 3
34.1
231 .O'
3.3 4
________ 7 OP
>33.0
___________ 14,0|
374,3
_________ 31.51
178 0__ __________ 22 01
223.0 __ 330
All India
232 J ~
26,1
Source: NCAEK: Nationwide EvaiuaiL^on ot iCIDS
50 9
31.9
44 7
39 0
23 3
39.8
32,1
47,2
30 9
39 0
42 B
36,3
Record
Maintenance
Others
------------------- 15.5
18
------- 17 0
■---------------- L4_5
- _________ 13 4
------------- ’9 5
------------------ 16 3
------- --------- 13 7
__________ 21.8
__________ 19 6 '
14 Q ~
15.3 ~
113"
-----------------15 3~
-
12 4
-------------------------_ 16 0
---------------- 13 4 ~
--- — 14 6|
--------------- 15 ",
-________ 1 4 Q
________13 lf~
_______ 13 8 _
________ 12 3
_________ 16 6
25
4
8
19
11
4
4
_9
9
__ 1_
5
2
~To~
_6
16
3
8
12.31
7
9
_________ 19 91
_________ 15.6
14
8
Time Spent on ICDS Activities by AY/C functionaries
ethers
16%
Feedrg
Feeding
BPSE
Hecord M.iintcnccG
Others
36%
Source: NCAER
19-
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa ICDS Project
Costs, 1997/98
_______ Ar,'.ABCg
Project Costs in Rs million
Total Cosi/
Food Costs
: Total
Wrifcig
Salaries
(A) ... 'Others
(B) ;
Projects
ANDHRA PRADESH
Etoornagaram (rural)
Marpalle (rural)
1.94
5.17
3.57
1.59
ORISSA
Bhubaneswar (urban)
Khurda (rural)
1.55
1.14
<0.2
0.45
■ 1.49
• 4.95 W 4 0.18
6.68
;r.35
; 3.45 <<<■•-0.07 :<4<2f.66 :^W-<T.35
.......... ............... .... ... '
..........
7.31
5.31
> A- - g ; C-.- r"
........... J r
Source:.RadL^^^^^
Options
•
• -•rrijlAA#
-
■-
)
I CDS excluding
1002-03 II 11703-84
Smtwa________________
Anciru Pmaenn
Anjnucnai Praavsn
Ass.vn__________
bihar
Cion_________ ______ ~
Guiarat______________
Haryana
Hrnibcna! Prn*3rrsfl
Jivnmu tj Kus»nrnir
Katnalax ti
Kerala
■!
■■
Macnya Praae.sn
Manarasntra
Manipur
Megaiaya
Mizoram___________
Naquinno
Cnss a_________
Puiao
Haiaaitian
S<k Kism
Tamil Naau
Tirpura
Ln ar P races n
WestxB engai______
Coanisqam
atiarKnang
Litaracnal
A
Ceirn_____________________
Poncicnerry_____
nr;a/Tian A ^iconar
C.nanci
m
Oagra A Nagar HaCeti
L-ik sntiawpo
Pn~ Mission
Miscailenoua
Exo, For prot.ser
■Q'C t;
Ser.ice cnarge______
Aovciorem cnarqes
Roi
I ' na>r
1809,71 1819,26
1
<194-95 !I
100^-05
1905-96
1005-
1007-98 11------::-------- ----- J1900-00
.
---------- --------------------- ----------------- —---------------------------- ~
luoa-oa
2000-01
----------------------------------------------------------------2001-02 I 2002-03"
1896-97
1
• ■■
srxE
R»l
83702-03• •
31^'S^ - 318S
~1^
S4C2.87
6229
8580,611
H564 65
3185.12
5-K32.87 -.
1 6229
17,71
<06.52
- 86O.S7
- 817
681
1895.39
1953.97
• 18.11
1634,35
81
88.81
1
3347.08
1911.71
... j-y- j «
50/0,97
2450.28 1469,02
3691.13
4918.64
3756
168.45 ’
188,76
284,13
284,13
<30.75
1986,58? 2477,95 4356.36 : • 5312,4
1496,91 227O,47H8.12
5370.21
3726,01
4SSQ.73
8070.091
597,31
HSQ.Btil 703. 74|
1C26.86 1473,45 2203,65
2633,07
2754,12
3593,61
aasoTsT
23.38
<71 ,<81
704.32 '
sar.3‘1
519 9i
852,93___________
1045.4
1 640.09
1984,42}
1764,28
1619.51
16.09
572,
17j___________
708.32? ■ 902.981 1531-Sf)
730,25
1431.72
1963
- 12266
2730.16
2339.361
2123.31 3201 .<5 " 2874.87|
<153,541 <132,23 5158,03
5709,83
51 11,35 7466.1 8 _____________
7660,68} 1O5<1.29|
- 14,72
839.391 1259,011~ 1252.62}
1788.951' ~23SO,3 2 2380,62
3120.8
351 a. 3l
5758.96
2641,82
3101,9 •
30911 2631,69 ~~ 4088,091
. -^.25
3902.2}'
---------- ---------3098,16
— . „ 4840.29
4368 ____ 5590
3771.O8| •_______________
:■ 5303.1 ( --5.20
2<84.1 I 3484.91 3527,811 "5409,35 5682,231: 6925.69
6792.45
6584,73 6688,62 ' 10193.481 12199-161 •••,.•14,34
300,241
4Q9.47 * 338.68!
484.3l|~472.55t
I
472.55!
795.
*---------1
8-16.78
901 .OTj ■ 1538.181 .
84Q.4H *1254,75
___________
~ •16.85
333,72?
334.21 t
<62,88
549.69}
120.9HI 524,81
120,98
350,6
1060.151. - 583.34T~____________
535 - 664,97|
308,16
3S2-S3|3S2.53| 413.11'
5,-;2.T2
206-53!
315,19}
280,411
572.gsb"7 876^61
-14.05
535,66 ~ 868,85f
3OA.76I
559,761
736,3
■
543,851
13
21
-.37
3i 6.38}
467,621
736,31 ■
- 1245|
1941,6 '
19Q7l~
1737,0111629.461 2158.13}
1652.51 ~722-28| ' 1096,321
■ ,6641.3 ~ <042,97? 61 33,71
6881 .86
8001,021
as. 7-1:
672.51__________
1285,4}
762,481
1093,1 7
1288-621 ■1525,9 2382,58
2<13, 141 3759.461
3730. 771
2774.71}
I464| 22 SB. 501 1 972.6<l
2565.63 3238.831 3373.72
3512,19 ~41 97,551 5954.43
6872.27|
- 15.6<
126.4
22,031
40.46
2<1,96?
83,29
129.75|
156.01 _ __________
221,59
16,95
i
1418,41
2931.45
1 •■•IQ, 94
7297, OST 10704777?
9289,81
9345.76|
-25^83
J_______________________
-■
’2 —
959.9
2--5.96|_ 237,841
382.711 —4<7.57
<63,681
646,06
630,98 _ 1481.36} 606,22
■5,09
| 1721 81 6977,271 7207.721 111A1.9-4
__________ 5798.341 ___________
74QI ,73' 72&5,52l~:~~ 113491
8673.081
1151 9.3T 12696i <21
<333,651 4704.651 5151.28
23551 35H8.gS|
klsI
-■ 5088? 8047.13 ~12650.021 16220,63!
625,61 i~ 1 800.79<
2825.24?865.57|~ 1961,66?
.<767,381
1246.76? ~ 836,211
<62.781
I________
I
254 72 !
501,43
675 9> 1129,93
3171,41 2867,1 1
102.21
180,26
1 796.631
364.431
2006, if
4779,401
2944,16
657,98
1859, 19
2955,19
1 89, 63~
2950.50
<02 79
----- .1Z
EES
iMdfraiKal
Tiol.oal
1
------ -
----- r
f
r
I____
L
466.01 I
74}
51.84)
29 Bl
15,621
1 15,33}
5.3.07?
<2.8< I
32.33
12!
1 7.24
6031
105.821
59.5<i
36.9li
1 6.291
21 43|
18. 191
17,851
~~T
r
5?6.47l
117,78}
66.621
-38.821
2z.ei ?
36.32?
I5.66r
601.24 ■ 565.98
1248-1 sj
50,761
105.55
i si-aaf
66.651
63.27 ~ 112.261
5c.S2l
isat
18.74I ___________
15.66
3 7 831
99.36?
21
28,79
a. 02
6
14,54}
•zu,ao|~
26,331
808.47
151,85
107,8
ao.oTT
26JB3f
25.69
52,56
25.43|
isi.sat
13O.44|
O
<■77 ’
fiO885-5|~ 79661.11 88146,36
r._ ■
769.<lT ------- 952,56
~154.B5r __ 237.69?154.85f
10 .rtal'
7,08
9.a2
u.ze
93.3SI _____ 14.05
31.85
<21________ BJ7
<3.2<r~'
5,80
37,45
31.621
30.831
8.76
O|
O|
QI
r
I
• I ——°L -■ Q|or 2OHf~
12
r —
I
j
° _________ O' - 19.96
____ L — I
32080!
<10621 43493,91 56838.03} 52770.11
•r ~>i wr.m-.n .<
818.42
-
o
.°l
10ACSO}
12233a.2|
131122.7
14.B1
Amount ReleasedfoFlCDS
excluding
Training by GOT
Amount ReleaSecj for »CDS
excluding Training by GO I
18000
16000
icoo 12000
1
ICOOO
KOO
riWvv--
V-eeezezIpSlSilWxxp^^
£
£
r: ' J
ILlXhWBWBl
■■
KOO -
OOO J
2X0 1
h
. fo 1932 3?J
J [■200203;
ijMWzEz
iljrEVipl
Mm
[fJl[gpr
oX
<z
//
Major S<aias
State-wise Funds Released and Expenditure
| mcurred under ICDS Scheme for 2001-02
14COO
12000
1COOO
KOO
I
a.
6000
...........
Eg
(Wef r
XZz ■ :.£; KMI
b
Xt
■
zV z
//
•';FXXE?-5-•-•'!■ -Ki
\-'- z ■'"'I-
J kR :7'
4w-
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:/
:Bi
fflaaM
UH
'■^
';FE£iaa^?fE.FjZj
Holoasod
® Exp
-.o
■?r
.0
4
XVV XX xV/ZZ
z z ■. /
.
Major States
21
7
State-wise Funds Released and Expenditure
incurred under ICDS Scheme for 1992-93
Stale-wise Funds Released and Expenditure Incurred under ICDS for
the year 1992-93
—
xoo
2500
?XW
I
i
■flit- zto
•
’
f"
; .2--:
jQR«*asad
1500
|*Exp
<‘.L'
1000
wo
ra
0
4rfl
tllFi
rn
*v
Z'
Ma^or Stalas
Outlay For Nutrition In the States &
Union Territories
IWH<
I
IW2O
CX* ■ e y » i
________
1460 ool
’ZifI_____ LLXwrueyirfi
SO CO'1
5 IDO X.
xo o:
zS X378OQ<
i IS 30
770 00
WlF
—440 :cT
t€2Q ooj'
1^1^ O>
t IQ (Xj
a
x|
1603 Oof Tvio ail'
120 OCi
2751x1
11 a oj '
770 OO “
OoMeye f
________1WM7
Ouley* |
31S3 OCT
3 I IO Ofll
32a0 03
270 C<r 231,2d
Huaoq
ajafbc?"
T ’O <xx
COWS CO! ' 10.0 adj
<7 xj
M col
________
saool
sd ocT
M OOf
&a 00;
TjC a>lOAOCO
0319 ooj 10700.Ooj
iffljsoa
4^9 x*
sa? m
579 oj
537 oof
itod’aST
__ 7fta cc|
?Jyj.
X>j cej
185 CO?
400 03?
300 co'
425 oj
loOtxj
437 ooj
208 Ooj
347 OGj
SO 0Q»'
^59 UJ
1157 qrj
1244 Do]
ijftfj 00!
1 162 oj
'*<>wneoilfoTQOOoj
500 ooj
13ft2 Opi
‘""""'
a:.) iaJ'
aTFax
KjoTo?
XI
T/fe ioT
2t5€M3|
46 ocJ
167 00
ib^ooi
238 00;
••5c«.x
rttx*
W co
115ocj
i?5ooj
SCO 0)1
loooa
i?6 ooj
i6d2.ax
~V^’7 ‘JCi
742.IxS
37
2n*3 CO
3O>4 03
43A.4Q
SA) 47
y99 7-+4______
2606 46
ZfM 00 '
1VJ as
!M5 Opj'
667 00
2066001
3177.07
TJ7S 02
■“nSxST
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itfsouj
733 oJ
200 ool
2^6 0c|
Hsdoj ~9ftoo|
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■ :■ m.
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; ■ -zj
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EF"-. j ■liHigj 3 -ss ’“H •SB- ■jggzgiii
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174 col
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tcon ocT z-w 41 [ T1507 ool ~ 2764 0 71
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23 I 00
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736 X
636 col
1 .-.16 CO
3671 00
200 00*
166 00
8200.001
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S7POCC
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1 HJ 4>
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■45 QO
14000.00 12401 gJ
dfta oo' 2 yea xm
SC7S 42
2-Wj.co]
7...:!.. ?..,7 rz, zm-oed ....I. I
socol
155 CO|
eai cc
as
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ttf72.nl
asa.*:
20J mj
no ml
7329 COI
300 .cl
jscoj!
zsacoi
taxed
mz?o!
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^025 ?B|
izoct
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:T^-HS-3-^HSBg-4a-aa-as:8a
a mt
' o65T _____le.aot
er?! nawa.cn| nw.oo]
aaaa./J asaaa.z<l <xr<*i!jtmoz.ooI MogzctJ J.J
atwaazuj
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_ lg&<X
64Jtf2.a<! X>CT7.J4|
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4S67,ftH
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4 70 O-
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sra.ai|
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obl wsgjbol
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21^ N
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1262. COI
I S3.501
S I AS saT
....
50 00____ f *•'
_ g».a[ '
27 COI
2CJ57i
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__________ ,
S£JW 44
753KddjTtMCCT___________
20037 43) 1714A It
jy.oot 122s sat
3-*
?: 75 co?
132-CK
^UZ,9*
?S3 i i><
81161
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<y :cl
1 7S->JX
■Uih?
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ml~ zaatcT ' Mftrol
_____
250 oo|
Z2& Ml
Ma mi
IS
lUSCOI
_
!«£22 ______
co_
I
texra g> 10220
226 CO^
4ti2 y
!BEE|
;«eei
4 zw eoj
< 1 30
163 OG
0200:
itwoo
saa-iool
4139 00<
183 00*
4AS2.2D
22S CO
av-crx
~~ail6>|
__ aa'j
~ 825 CO|
62S CO[
I
0812 411
37.3605? 3 74 1 g:
200 O> 179 00
165 CO<
16S CO
Acvali I
813 CO
1810 COI
7m ooj
20/ CO
j___^.<c-
6523 GOl
168 ool
j3tf (yj
331.00[
7600 CO ~4<2U~c£l
2i&2l|
24 1 OJ
12560 00? 1 ) <3-3 00
2d>6 53
roo IO?
zyxi .oel
3tftf7Coj
6ASI on
OMU>y
aisioo
TO ool
J10700 Cpj
1157 00
Z-y* cot
oaico|
Xx-t F-r f
4000 OQ
2S3Q.6q|
gs.ool1 134g3
107
Oui«y
ee.17
ao i<
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1513
821
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d<r
43^X57
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ta=o=s
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SuHe Pun
i
22
j
I
I
■
i
Number of Beneficiaries supported by
CARE and WFP and the Estimated Share
of Food Aid Contribution in GSDP J
1997/98
%Sharecf
CAFES WPValuecf Food Ad to
Fk Mllicn
Beneficiaries in 1CCS1397798,
CARE&WT’in
Total I CDS
State
ICARE
'AFP
Percent
Artra Radssh
Assam
Bhar
.Kera'a
54°/^
337c
48°,<
43°/<
57°,zc
727c
Mxi~rya Ffecteh
Qissa
F^astim
0
44
C
i Total
‘421|
3
5
4Olj
Aorage Feed Ad
Transfer per
Bendidayfrcnlfi
Ra'perscr/rnrit^
3^
Ptrcait
421
423
44
21.4
87
4®
24.S
21.5
323
39.3
3197
323
QCEP/c
d
111
%Share Food Ad
Value in GSCf3
413
Q05y<
QC07
Q027<
oxm
UtarFtafeh
107
557c
333
19.6
Q037c
52^
S3
WstBsrat
C
T^/c
33.1
QC67<
27V1|
3,135_______________ 31.5|
Total: 9 states _____________________________
434
607
Ssuce V\FP fh.v Cdii, Ore bbw Cdli Wild Bark (2331) Are, Inda lrrpo.irg HxEehdcb Feed md Minticn
SgrntyVdllFpSO
ICE^S and CARE/WFP beneficiaries for
Supplementary Nutrition
S tala a
Andhra Pradosh
200 1 -02
ICOS
benetlolarlea
2457626
W FP/C AR E
ben 9tlc la r io s
787000
7. W FP7Caro
bensllcls rie a
24 25
ICU3
b en etic Is rla s
1934464
2002-03
WF P /CARE
[—FP/CTTTben etlclnrle s
benetlclarles
635000
24 7 1
Assam
007450
16.27
355904
0
0
Chattisga rh
1520722
960000
38 89
1 1 67427
645000
35.58
Jharkhand
255966
10S5000
80.91
62793S
660000
499203
200000
1) 74000
29 6
905 I 12
1161653
45 6
3030525
___
IL
995000
24
445506
1563000
502433 I
I 234092
I9 I1
Kora la
Madhya Pradosh
Orissa
157000
0
Rajas lhan
14 120153
12IC000
4(5,1 4
11155746
I 230000
33 8-1
Uttar Pradesh
4250924
1635000
30 15
4576111
2266685
33 13
West Bengal
3257583
1093000
25 12
______________ 296148 1 '.
4005576
975000
19 57
9864000
24 98
38612762'
9231610
19 29
All India
Source: Dapartrnonl ol Women and Child Development
23
Per Capita Assistance
Population
(1991 census)
(0-6 years)
in lakhs
Na me of State
1
______ 2
109.64
44,21
177.64
68.3
31.25
8.4
74,78
3S.37
130.91
135.05
53.47
33.06
Andhra Pradesh
Assam____________
Bihar______________
Gujarat____________
Haryana___________
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala_____________
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra______
Orissa_____________
Punjab_____________
Rajasthan_________
Tamil Nadu________
Uttar Pradesh_____
West Bengal______
TOTAL
88.59 '
74.48
281,99 '
1 15.62 '
1465.76|
Assistance
released during
Per capita
<
1992-99
assistance Col 3
(rs in lakh)
divided by Col.No 2
___________ 3
4
160,9
17640,96 ~ '
11156.64 ________________ 252.36
21383.62 ________________ 120.38
22687.45 _____________
332.17
9467.93 ___________
302.97
5085.61 ___________
605.43
27582.1 ___________
365,78
13031.51 _______________ 339.63
27582.91 _________________ 210.7
34306.54 ____________
254,03
15637
292.44
9010,65 __________
272.55
18385.57
207,54
18640.53 ’
____________
250,28
50260.39 '
178.23
31239.54 ' ___________
270,19
334762.95 '
__________ ____ 228.39
Per Day ICDS Expenditure for
2001-02
Exp. p«r cm id (0-6)
ICDS (NonNntrtlon)
Nutrition
Norno or t;-> <>
Str lo/UTr;
SO ■A
/XnclOr.-i Pradnsti
Aruncnnl Pradesh
Ass om__________________
•x>-R ort ICDS; ,,,, r q„ y
expenditure r>«> r
b<» nfl cr. ry c (a 11 cl
71 ,50
696,00 ~
1 1 2,60 *
39.60 ‘
&O.4-Q ‘
234.60
1151 . 20
1 ss
SS.-IO
Coital tlss gran
485.50
1 73.90
242________________________ _1 SO.(GO
:n I
331 ,60
2938.90
8 73.00
0.00
0.00
940. -ao
■702.90
30
- .OQ
301
711
713.00
17-13,^o|~
129.50
Himanchal RracJcsH ____________ 20
280.2
30 ________ 1 38,-40
J.immu & K.-ishmir
23
'''
__ 38-30
333,^0
Jharkhand
0.00 ’
______ r5.-? O__________ 0.00
Karnataka'
1---------------63.650----------------’
------ - -------------------------------------------------24Q go
~
----- —J
312.40"
!
0-0 yrtt
______5
263, 1 O
1 776.90
632,40
0.00
2-41 .70
454,50
1 03 1 , 30
w
337,00
352.1 O
261.50
_______ O.nx>
________ S.O6
0.73
0.25
1 .97
1.18
77
1.15
--------- 0.00
Q^ooT—.,
Stya---------------------------- ^S.sgi”
gg.ggj
_____ 462.90 _______
820,20 ~
o.ool
395.60 "
Maharastr.-,______________
1 2
5,ao]
23S.8O ‘
1
25.-1Q
S, 60 ’
.'y'jsri!
10.90 ‘ 78947.40
5 10- IO
nir?__________________________72 1.20
0,00
T
1 62
■ 90
------------------------------------------ 'L'JLZO_______ 130. 1 O
£13^
834.9Q
_Or^2------------------151 ,20
7^70
T
ST
1t
73
T , 20
_________________ __________ 177,80
c..aQ —909.00
<500
^2.^2.
22^1^2.
29 5. 5G ’
fetono_____
OHor^cJigr^^
QralHii
r
[~
________
1 ZZ13
[A,,
T------------- 1—-
032.00 '
BS.SOf
6 99,50 ~
723.50
46S.5O
-9420
676oj
gssi.
57.60
—izitj
eso
0.00
152,301
o.~z<i
y
o.oo
„
________ 0.66
3.82
ZZT~~
2.00
-
2,92
O.O7~
0.00
2,2
“
ZZT
~ 3a
2
0.99
—----------___________ 2 . xt 9
_______ 436,52
If- L7------—-M
-aTss ~
O S'’ ~
276.801
--------
6x17 601
___ _________ 1 ,63
__________ 12,92
0,35
w-
=iffB —
-SSAsiiiE
50.00
__ o.ool
sit. soT
—ttffil-
------
__ 1 48,90
Taml! rM_e;
Ror
h^neflca rlgn
_____________ 6
~
_0-00
2,01
—
Q.od
0.00
a. i t!---------------o.ool
_________P 1 ■ 60
1 075~. i
: 1.301
24
I
I
I
I
ICDS Expenditures for 2001-02
Nam® of tri9
Stnte/LTT.t
(R, Inkha)! Chidr^T^TT
__ 3
I cos
Anghara Praaonh
Arunchal PraOonh
A.nnm
65t3O G 1 I
IIHEIEuZiXIl
Bihar
Chhnttisprah
Goa
Gujarat _______
_________ O GO
339,35
8070.09
3660,50
2 739.^6
Haryana
Himanghfll Prndonh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jhnrkhand
Karnataka
Karnin
Maghya Pradawh
Mnharaatra
Manipur
0 .00 '
7060.66
3516.30 ~
3771.06 '
10193.40 ‘
901 .07 "
1060. 15 "
572.95 ~
1907,00
688 1.86
Moghalaya
Mizoram______
Nagaland_____
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
I
I
I
I
'
-%Si- oaag-ao
1 4tl 1 ,36
12696.42 ~
Uttar Prodosh_________
Uttrnnchnl
West tiongnl
6. oo
12650,02
0 .00 _
A&N Island_______
Qhnndiqrah
Delhi
0.00
0.00
Ondra ANnggr Hayrrli
Daman A Oiu
Lnknhngwoop
Pondicherry
All In<11 ,n
0.00 __
0.00 __
—
ill i iiijLui
NulrUlon
I
l
y®at-aln
Expondltu'® per
Total
|
beneflcarleal
child
5221,00
72992571
1 1*6,00 ________ 16*650]
**82. *7
398 1 91 Q j
1*6S379*f
5897,79
2620,5*
16*00
2396296p
11839,55
31*7,55
980.00 '
*50 OO ~
*^*CS~32I
2*30318]
7081931
1»73672|
3988111j
693951
1000.00]
11350.95 ~
O OP ~
7665.00 ~
1 151,201
7 155.*o|
o.oo|
*8S.SO|
•’ 73,901
1 SO. 60
280 70
233 *Q
0 .00 '
162.60 ~
127.7o|
~*5.5Q|
*712109]
27525*0]
8311**61
81302581
1 9 1 70 96]
___
--------SJ__
PO.2Qj
125.*Q ~
372 60 ~
270.2p|
Bas.ooT" ______ 7*13151
___ 6
71.50
696.00
112.60
39.60
90.40
234.60
255. IQ ~
129,50 (
136 4 0 '
38 30 ~
25, 1 Of"
240.9'0]
92 .SO]"
235.801"
366.OOp
674,28
3923C5]
0,00 _
1004,32
3*00 7t)|
79**oj
721 .20 ~
233511|
*55113*1
616 7Q ~
*30 ipj
151,201
17-7.80
7O.4Q,
--- ^7O|_
4.80
~ loo.ool
563.00
5P7fl,B5
1326.36
9756,82
7652.*2
22000
________ 8*.05
2303.65
- *r oo
2O97892| ~
8*50272]
_______ 713*01
*013112]
3 76O1BI
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-17^'^I • —
Program Costs to Transfer Rs 1 of Food,
1997/98
Program
TP D S
NPNSPE
(CDS
I Cost to Transfer Rs 1 of Food
Rs 1,11 (w/o leakage
Rs 1.59 (@30% leakage)
Rs 0.66
"
Rs 0.94 (@30% leakage)
Rs 1.35 to Rs 1.49
^Q^e: A fo_r AP & Orissa
’
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Food and Nutritk
25
if I
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I rend in Budgeted Tctal Expenditure on
____
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Trer.ds in Public Expenditure on Elementarv
■
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Trenda in Public Expenditure on Element;
:ary Education
. '
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|s 14 te - --------------------------------------------lAndhra Pradesh"-------------------
-------- -
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EEZ?F
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T^ucaponEypenditure,
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• 24.8E
Per Pupil Nominal Expenditure in
El ementary Education (Rs)
Eta te
HaQ^ang
Kerala
-----------------------1 990-91
1 ,239
1 ,230
1 ,21 8
Hajasth an
_Bihar•
Zmil Nadu
836 _
758
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670
~664| ■;:
635
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591
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Budget Estimates^"ReTiseclEstiinat
Actual
Operation Slackbcard
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Actual Expenditure (Rs j
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Maternity Entitlement And
Views and Recommendations of 2nd National Labour Commission.
agl1.
8.84
P-800
2.
8.85
P-800801
3.
8.100
P-807
4.
8.101
P-808
|___^
g^Wgs^isr '
India is one of the first countries to enact laws for maternity protection. Article 42 of the Constitution of
India requires that the States should make provision, inter alia, for maternity relief. The Maternity Benefit
Act enacted in 1961 applies to all factories, establish-ments, plantations, mines, and shops where 10 or
more persons are employed. Maternity benefits are also provided under the ESI Act, and an insured
woman ris entitled to maternity benefit in the form of periodical payments in case of confinement,
miscarriage or sickness arising out of pregnancy. They are also entitled to medical care under the ESI
Scheme for maternity, and where medical facilities are not available they are paid a sum of Rs.250 for
the purpose. The factories or the establishments to which the provisions of the ESI schemes apply are
excluded from the purview of the Maternity Benefit Act. However, women drawing wages above the
wage ceiling under the ESI Act are entitled to be benefited under this Act. There is no wage limit for
coverage under the maternity Benefit Act. Payments are made for actual absence upto 12 weeks on
average daily wages, minimum wage or Rs. 10. The Act is administered by State Governments. There
are comprehensive regulatory provisions in the Act. Women employees who complete 80 days of work
prior to delivery are entitled to maternity benefits. The provisions in the ESI Act for medical benefit are
more comprehensive than those under the Maternity Benefit Act, in so far as they include medical care,
andpreand post-natal care.
_
__________________
Maternity protection in India is provided by some other schemes too such as Beedi and Cigar Workers
(Conditions of Employment) Act, Beedi And Cigar Workers Welfare Fund, Working Journalists and
other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1955, etc. A
National Maternity Benefit Scheme (1995) has also been introduced under National Social Assistance
Programme (NSAP) to provide financial assistance to women who are below the poverty line. Many
State Governments too have their own maternity assistance schemes._______________ ___________
So far as the organised sector is concerned, the existing provisions for maternity benefit should be
extended so as to be applicable to all women workers. There are three ways of doing so: one is to
extend the application of the Maternity Benefit Act, the other is to extend the application of the ESI Act,
and the third is to extend the scope of the Welfare Fund and other special employment schemes. Since
the ESI Scheme is a composite scheme, its extension is conditioned by many factors. Suggestions have
therefore been made elsewhere that it should be restructured in such a way as to make it possible to
extend the provisions of the Act so far as employment injury and maternity benefits are concerned
throughout the country, to all classes of establishments, subject to such limits as may be necessary with
respect to the number of persons employed. In the meantime, the application of the Maternity Benefit
Act may be extended to all classes of establishments where women are employed in large numbers.
As we have stated above, the Maternity Benefit Act is presently applicable to all factories, mines,
plantations, shops and establishments and a few other classes of establishments. There are many other
classes of establishments where women are being employed increasingly, to which the Maternity
Benefit Act is not applicable. We recommend that those classes may be brought within the scope of the
Act on priority basis by following the National Industrial Classification. Some of these are mentioned
below:
a) Aviation
b) Building and construction industry
c) Transport and communications
d) Trade and commerce
e) The Services Sector, namely
Educational and scientific services
Medical and health services
_ Religious and welfare services
___________ _____________________ ___ _________
r
,
_ Legal services
_ Business services
__ Community services and trade and labour associations
_ Recreation services
_ Personnel services
_ Other services etc.
8.102
P-808
Maternity benefits being based on the principle of employer’s liability, the financial feasibility for the
extension of the Act depends upon the capac'ty of the employers to pay the benefit. This capacity varies
according to several factors and cannot be generalised with reference to the nature of the industry or
occupation. According to Convention 103 of the ILO, in no case should the employer be individually
liable for the cost of the benefits. It is, therefore, very essential that the scheme of the Act should be
converted into social insurance. This object can be achieved if the Maternity Benefit Act is integrated
with the ESI Act. If that is not feasible, the question of introducing a separate social insurance scheme
exclusively for maternity benefit or in combination with the employment injury benefit may be
considered. A number of studies have indicated general dissatisfaction with the working of the various
legislative measures. The evidence submitted before the Commission in various States also pointed out
some of the drawbacks in the legislation. To quote a few: in the case of the ESI Act, the complaints are
about the inadequacy of the hospital and dispensary facilities, delays in payment, and payment of cash
in lieu of hospitalisation facilities. In the case of the Maternity Benefit Act, the complaints relate
alleged bias against women in employment, lack of awareness on the part of women about tl.
entitlements, etc. Appropriate measures should be taken to remedy these defects. So far as women in
the unorganised sector are concerned, there is undoubtedly a need for a separate legislation for
providing maternity benefits. Its implementation is possible through Welfare Funds or area
based schemes.
MATERNITY BENEFITS
5.
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8.280
P-856
8.281
P-857
6.
8.412
P-895
“
In a memorandum submitted to the Commission, the Forum for Creche and Child Care Services
(FORCES), has suggested that.
(a) The Government of India should ratify the ILO Convention No. 183 and Recommendation No. 191
concerning Maternity Protection.
(b) A six months leave period should be provided to enable exclusive breast-feeding in view of the
WHO recommendation on the subject.
(c) The concept of maternity entitlement should be enlarged to include childcare and the two should be
given the same status in law and policy. The health and well being of mother and the infant require
cash support as well as creches and childcare services on work sites and labour camps etc., for the
protection and survival of infants while women work.
The Commission agrees with the suggestion that the quantum of benefits should be raised. According
ILO Conventions, the rate of ma ternity benefits should not be less than 75% of:
wages last drav
Assuming the woman qualifying for maternity benefit under the National Materni’., Benefit Scheme is
employed on minimum wages, for which the Central Government has fixed a floor level of Rs.45, the
maternity benefits should not be less than Rs.30 per day or Rs.900 per month. The period for which
maternity benefit is normally paid is 12 weeks or three months. The total amount of maternity benefit
will, thus, come to Rs.2700. To this, may be added an additional provision of Rs.300 for supplementary
nutrition etc. Thus, the total amount of cash benefit to be paid will come to Rs. 3000 per childbirth. The
Commission recommends that the quantum of benefits may be raised to a minimum of Rs. 2000/-.
The Commission endorses the suggestion that creches must be provided to enable all working women
to leave their children under proper care in a safe environment removing the burden from the shoulders
of their siblings. We have made more specific recommendations on this issue in the chapter on women
and child labour.
Item 24 may be modified to read ‘ social security including social insurance, social safety nets and other
forms of social assistance, employers’ liability, medical care, sickness, workmen’s compensation,
invalidity or disability, maternity, mother and child care, family allowances, old age and survivors’
v-
7.
P-920
ben efits._________________________________________________________________________
c) Pending that, coverage may be extended, by amending or acting on each existing Act
Establishing institutions similar to the ESIC or the State level to cover smaller establishments.
" Decentralising the administration of the EPF Scheme and establishing State Level Boards with the
mandate to extend the application of the scheme to all establishments.
Converting the employment injuries benefits under the WC Act into social insurance schemes and
injuries extending the benefits to all types of work.
Converting the maternity benefits under the MB Act into a social insurance scheme and
extending the benefits to all classes of establishments
Making the payment of gratuity a compulsory insurance scheme covering all establishments.
d) In the case of persons employedI on a casual or intermittent basis, the need is for employment
security and continuity of employment through appropriate decasualisation measures. The most
successful decasualisation measure is that of Dock Labour Boards, Mathadi Boards and Security
Guards Board in Maharashtra and the Head-load Workers Welfare Fund Board in Kerala. Similar
boards may be constituted for head-load workers, railway porters, security guards, beedi
workers, building workers (including brick kiln workers) fish processing workers, and other
classes of home based workers, rag pickers, and so on).
e) Welfare funds can be an important model for providing social security to the workers in the
unorganised sector. Welfare funds may be set up for each of the major employments with large number
of persons employed, such as:
Agriculture
Building and construction industry, including the brick kiln industry;
Beedi industry;
Handlooms and power looms;
Fishing and fish processing;
Toddy tapping;
Head load workers;
Railway porters;
Agarbatti workers;
Rag pickers and other scavengers;
Rickshaw pullers;
Salt workers;
Carpet weavers; and
Leather workers;
-------
---------
----------------- -----------------
f) As regards other minor employments, it might not be practical to set up a Welfare Fund for each such
employment. It would be necessary to bring them under an umbrella type of legislation with a common
8.
P-928
Welfare Fund._______ _____________ _______________ ______________________ ___________ _
hh) The National Maternity Benefit Scheme may continue to be applicable to persons below the
poverty line. The scheme should, however, be extended to cover all women within the age group
18-50, whether employed or not, other than those covered under the ESI or Maternity Benefit Act
MATERNITY ENTITLEMENTS
9.
9.122
P-978
~
A statutory scheme for the implementation of maternity entitlements should cover all women under
income criteria. The scheme should provide financial support for childbirth, childcare and breast-feeding
in the first few months of the child’s life. The funds to support such a scheme should be raised from a I
basket of sources, including the employer, the employee, state contributions, and community
contributions. It should be linked with the maternal and child health provisions of the public health
9.123
system.
__
The most productive years of a woman's life are also the reproductive years of her life. In the absence
P-978
of any provision for maternity leave, a woman worker often has to leave her job to have a child. Poor
health, additional medical expenses and loss of employment, make the woman worker economically
vulnerable during the period of childbirth, plunging her into a crisis of borrowing and high interest
expenses. Often, she does not take adequate rest and starts working soon after childbirth with adverse
effects on her health. This repeated neglect of a woman's health during pregnancy and childbirth
manifests itself in high mortality rates (570 per 100000 live births), anaemia (88% in women 15-49
years of age) and low birth weight of the new born (33% babies less than 2500 gms). A mother’s health
is closely linked to the child’s welfare, and maternity entitlements are the lifeline to ensure proper
survival and development of the child. In fact, the development of the child begins with the care of the
pregnant mother and, thereafter, the opportunity to breast-feed her child for the first six months.
9.124
In recent years there has been a distinct trend towards declining allocation of funds for public health.
For instance, the Seventh Five Year Plan allocated only 1.75% of the total plan investment to health as
compared to 3.3% in the First Plan. The last decade has seen casualisation of the labour force,
especially women workers. They are increasingly finding employment in temporary and contractual jobs
with inappropriate and inferior conditions of work. The withdrawal of the social safety nets to working
women is compounded by the privatisation of health care The high rates of maternal and child mortality
reflect the absence of access to basic services that can ensure the health of the mother and the survival
of the child. Today, the reality in the country is that 85% of health needs are being met from private
providers, and this percentage is growing.
The main international convention covering maternity' benefits is the ILO's Maternity Entitlerru
Convention, 2000. The Convention includes the following components:
a) Maternity benefits should include all women workers, whether full time or part time or employed in
atypical dependent forms of work.
b) Leave should be granted for periods upto 14 weeks with a minimum of 6 weeks as compulsory in
the post-natal period, and cash benefits should include not less than 2/3rds of a woman’s insured
P-979
9.125
P-979
earnings.
Employment security should include protection from aismissal. The woman should have the right to
return to the same job. No dismissal should take place if a woman is pregnant or ill. In case of
dismissal the burden of proof is to lie with the employer.
The ILO convention has a limited scope since it does not consider the application of maternity benefits
to all women. As far as the present framework of the Indian Constitution is concerned, Article 42 under
the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that state shall make provisions for securing just and
humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. The two main Acts that govern this provision are:
c)
9.126
P-979
9.127
P-980
9.128
P-980
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and the Employees State Insurance Act 1948.
Employees State Insurance Act (ESI) 1948: The Act stipulates that a cash benefit is to be paid to an
insured woman in case of confinement, miscarriage, sickness during pregnancy, medical termination <
pregnancy, premature birth etc. The Act only applies to non-seasonal factories using power ar
employing ten or more persons, factories not using power and some other establishments employing 20
or more persons. The Act applies to employees whose earnings are upto Rs.6500/- p.m. The paid leave
in the pre and post confinement period is given for twelve weeks. In addition, the woman is also granted
a medical allowance of Rs. 250 if her confinement is in an area where ESIC facilities are not available.
Maternity Benefits Act, 1961:
It is applicable to all workers in the organised sector who are not covered under the Employees State
Insurance Act. This Act covers workers in regular employment in factories, mines, plantations and
establishments irrespective of the number of people working in the establishment. Further, every woman
employee who has worked for a period of 80 continuous days in one year is eligible to be covered under
the Act. The salient features of the Act include protection from dismissal during pregnancy, and 12
weeks of paid leave of which six weeks may be taken in the period preceding childbirth if the mother so
desires. Further, the Act also stipulates that the employer will not compel the woman to do any arduous
work during her pregnancy, or give notice for discharge or dismissal during this period. It also makes
I
provisions for two nursing breaks of 15 minutes each, once the mother gets back to work.
9.129
P-980
H ra untversatty acknowledged that there are inadequacies in both the Acts at the National Level. These Acts
only cover workers in the organised sector. There is a need, therefore, to extend maternity benefit measures
to women workers in the unorganised sector. Moreover, the coverage of these Acts is very limited even in
establishments where all working women are covered by them. A study by Chaddha N. shows that only 0.25% of
women avail maternity benefits in a situation though 94% are entitled to it Further, the laws have many loopholes as
factory owners and contractors find it easy not to adhere to the ESI Act by employing 19 rather ♦han 20 women.
These Acts provide no work protection for women. Many women are either forced to leave their jobs when they are
pregnant, or are not hired at all because they will have to be provided maternity benefits during and after pregnancy.
It has been brought to our notice that the amount of benefits provided by these two Acts are inadequate, as women
are not able even to cover the cost of the extra nutrition that they require during their pregnancy.
9.130
P-981
Apart from these two Acts, there are several government schemes available for maternity benefits. For example, the
Employment Guarantee Scheme in Maharashtra (1974) provides one month’s wages, food as part of wages, and the
facility of a creche for children. The Tamil Nadu integrated Nutritional Project provides nutritional supplementation to
pregnant and lactating mothers and the Muthulakshmi Reddy Scheme (1988) in Tamil Nadu and the maternal
protection scheme of Gujarat (1986) provide cash benefits (Rs 350) to compensate for loss of wages. There is also a
government scheme of cash support to agricultural labourers. But all these schemes have problems in
implementation. Women often find it difficult to obtain proof of 160 days of employment, or make optimal use of
nutritional supplements.4 In some cases, the costs are too heavy for long-term sustainability of the scheme.
9.131
P-981
The numbers of child-births The population policy, particularly the two-child norm has an intimate
relationship with the maternity benefits and entitlements issue. There are two schools of thought on this. One
school argues that discrimination is practised once the issue of maternity entitlements is linked to the two-child norm.
Examples of the States of Maharashtra and Rajasthan are cited, where women with more than two children are not
even allowed to avail of the Public Distnbution System. It has also been cited as one of the reasons for the failure of
existing maternity entitlement schemes. One example that is cited is that of the Muthulakshmi Reddy Scheme which
has benefited only 20 women in the whole State of Tamil Nadu.
In contrast to this view, the Population Commission and the Government - the proponents of the second school of
thought argue that the two-child norm should be seen in the correct perspective. The norm was not binding at the
national level, and should be only implemented if informed groups of people were supporting it at different levels.
Representatives of the official view also state that the Population Commission was not imposing its will on the States,
as its document was merely indicative and not prescriptive. Finally, they add that the word ‘control’ is now being
replaced by other phrases to represent the socio-economic and demographic transition that was taking place.
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P-982
9.133
P-982
While this Commission agrees that it is important to limit explosive growth in population, it wishes to point
out that reducing deaths during childbirth and reducing infant mortality are important for society. The high
rates of maternal and child mortality need to be seen in the context of the dearth of the basic services that are
necessary to ensure the survival of the child. Moreover, it has been seen that “better educated women also have
smaller families. Colombian women with the highest education had fewer children than women who had completed
only their primary education. The continuing disparity in male and female education thus inflicts extremely high social
and economic costs in the developing world" (Human Development Report 1990). The Commission recommends full
baskets of maternity entitlements for the tv/o live children, and a policy that discourages having more children.
9.134
P-982
The Study Group has proposed a statutory scheme for the implementation of maternity entitlements.
10.
STATUTORY SCHEME
The scheme is to cover all women, the only discriminating factor being the economic criteria, and that
too for a brief period of time if funds are not available.
The Objectives of the Scheme are to:
a)
Provide financial support for childbirth and childcare and breast-feeding in the first few months of
the child’s life, as well as to promote the health of the mother and the child.
b)
Recognise the woman’s reproductive role and compensate her for unavoidable absence from work.
(To do this, the law should provide every woman with entitlement for four months’ financial support.
The norms may be fixed for such entitlement).
9.135
P-983
Cost of maternity entitlements and benefit: There were 18 million births per year as per the 1981
census. If we assume that even 60% of the mothers availed of maternity benefits, it would mean.that
10.8m mothers availed of the benefit. If the daily wages of these mothers were to be protected for 120
days at the rate of Rs. 85 per day, the total amount required yearly for maternity entitlements would be
Rs. 11016 crores. This figure would go up to Rs. 15973 crores if the calculation is made on the basis of
the current figure of 26.1 m births per year as projected by the latest economic survey.
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P-983
9.137
P-983
The access to this scheme should be through multiple channels and agencies like the panchayat office,
post office, banks, health centres, ICDS centres, Government departments and banks. The sources of
funding would be employees and the state at the central, state, district (or municipal) and local (ward or
panchayat) levels, employers and community contributions as followed in Thailand and China, where
the community sponsors one worker for every 100 families to ensure the proper delivery of benefits.
The scheme may also provide for the setting up of a Monitoring and Grievance Committee with
representatives from workers, employers and local authorities. We endorse the scheme.
(^0 - (b-l 4
y
Rajasthan FORCES
Regional Report (Period - Nov 2002 to June 2003)
To be presented in the 9th PCM at Ooty.
During the period Nov. 02 to June o3, the major components of the work
undertaken at Rajasthan FORCVES are as follows: 1) Participation in 8th PCM Co - ordinator of Rajasthan FORCES participated in 8th
National Policy Committee Meeting of FORCES held at Ahamdabad.
2
for Implementation of Central Law for Building & Construction Workers>
FORCES Rajasthan together with Nirmaan Majdoor Panjachayat Sangam (N.M.P.S.) is
trying to get the rules formed according to this law for the state of Rajasthan.
Representatives of Rajasthan FORCES & NMPS have been meeting Labour
Commissioner of Rajasthan in this connection since Nov. 2002. Labour commissioner,
Mr. Rajendra Bhanawat had been very co-operating & understanding. He has shown
positive attitude towards our demand and seems to be as much interested in bringing out
this Law in force. But the Law is still stuck in the Law department. This Law has
provision for protecting many rights of workers. It will also be helpful for women
working on constructions sites because it safeguards maternity entitlements and right of
daycare facility for the children of these women.
3) Rajasthan FORCES as a Resources Agency for a Training Program of NMPS:A three days training program was organized by NMPS from 26th Dec. to 28th Dec, 02.
Rajasthan FORCES was invited to assist the Program and also to join the resources team.
70 workers of both sexes from different part of Rajasthan attended the program. In this
program various problem of workers including those of females, rights of these workers
and need of legal provisions to safeguard their rights were discussed Labour
Commissioner of Rajasthan was invited to attend the closing ceremony. This time also he
promised that he would try his level best to brining such a Law in Rajasthan that protects
the right of workers from unorganized sector specially those of women and the small
children.
4) Conducting a Workshop on 'Adoption’ for Social Welfare Department of Rajasthan:-
The Child Officer of Social Welfare Department of Rajasthan invited Rajasthan FORCES
and it’s convener organization Vihaan to conduct, compere and event document a
workshop on 'Adoption’ on 3rd Jan. 03, organised by Social Welfare Department with the
help of CARA (Central Adoption Resource Agency). Co-ordinator of Rajasthan
FORCES compered and conducted the workshop and the Co- ordinator of Vihaan
documented it. More that 50 persons including doctors, representatives of NGOs, top
officials of Social Welfare Department etc., attended this workshop. Names of Rajasthan
FORCES and Vihaan were suggested by CARA New Delhi because Rajasthan FORCES
J
had actively participated & documented such a program organized by Vihaan and Mac
Arthur Foundation in March 2002 with the help of CARA.
5) FORCES in the group of Policy Makers for a Child Policy for Rajasthan:In the month of Feb. 2003 Minister of Women & Child Development in Rajasthan
declared to have a state policy for children. The policy will protect 1012 crore children
below 6 years of age. Rajasthan FORCES together with this convener organization
Vihaan and its two partners CUTS & SOS Village is in the group of Department and
rgamzation constituted to assist and provide suitable suggestion and support in making
necessary documents like laws, policies, rules, schemes, programs, monographs etc.,
7 T"f t0 chlldren available so that comprehensive document of State Policy could be
■ ™ ^ld presented- PoIlcy is aimed to cover all the necessary parameters as included
in UN Convention on the right of the child and other documents related to survival
growth and development of children.
Rajasthan FORCES is working with UNICEF & Women’s Commission as a sub group
on the topic of Family Environment and Alternate Care in which following sub topics
have been taken up:-
(i) Parental Evidence
(ii) Parental Responsibility
(iii) Separation from Parents
(iv) Family Re-unification
(v) Illicit Transfer & Non Return
(vi) Recovery of Maintenance for the Child
(vii) Children Deprived of their Family Environment
(viii) Adoption
(ix) Periodic Review of Placement
(x) Abuse & neglect
The Zero Draft and the First Draft of this policy have come out
6. Rajasthan FORCES to Assist in Formulation of Gender Equity Policy for Rajasthan
NT^eriS
feather in the Cap °f RaJasthan FORCES. The Department of Women
and Child Development as decided to bring out Gender Equity Policy for the State This
time again Rajasthan FORCES is going to work with UNICEF, Rajasthan State Women’s
Commission etc., for preparation of the document according to which Laws Rules
Schemes etc., will be made.
TWVorking for Drought hit Women and Children in Rajasthan:
The State has been hit by severe drought for past several years. The worst sufferer of
these condition are Women & young children specially Rajasthan FORCES has been
I
i
I
I
1
participating in Dharnas Demonstration, Rallies etc., organized by Akai
Samiti for helping drought hit people to get some relief.
Sangharsh
8. Challenges Before Rajasthan FORCES
The main problems of Rajasthan FORCES is absence of funds for taking initiatives but
Rajasthan FORCES has become a Fighter and is trying to get funds from somewhere. A
project proposal for networking with in the State as been presented before ‘Save the
Children Fund’
9. Future Plans:-
(i) . In the last PCM Rajasthan FORCES promised to bring out a News Letter but due to
lack of funds it was not possible either to get the News Letter in print are to find a space
on net for an online News Letter because of the financial problem. But this time
Rajasthan FORCES will try to fulfill this promise.
(ii). Continuing our efforts for getting Law for women who are working on construction
sites & other areas of unorganized sector and of course the young children of these
women.
(iii) Conducting a study for percentage of women getting maternity benefits through
Panchayats.
(iv) Conducting workshops on ‘Adoption’ , Early Child hood Care and Education,
maternity entitlement etc.,
(v) Any other thing suggested during 9th PCM.
*
i
p/ 60
1
1
9th PCM REGIONAL REPORTING
ORISSA FORCES.
(From November 2002 to May 2003)
A.
CRECHE SERVICES IN JAILS:
Orissa FORCES has been exclusively focusing on the effectiveness
of creche services in Orissa for last! couple of years. With the active support from CLAP, the
convenor organisation, Orissa FORCES organised seminar, research, fact-finding report, lobbying
with govt. earl!er.^6ceftt|y^fter4he-feleaseoFthe-Fact-Finding-Reportdn- New-Delhi,- byDr. A. K.
Kundxa^-SeG^taiyof MinesrGovr.'Of'dndia'JIt tried further to explore the state of children who are
living with their mothers in Jail in OrissaAln a pioneering effort a team of six persons including the
Member of State Commission for Women visited Choudwar and Jharpada Jails to know the child care
services provided by the govt, in the jails. It also plans to visit more jails in the state in order to
make a comprehensive study and factual analysis; The LG. (Jail) of Orissa and Andhrapradesh are
being contacted for the purpose of this study and they agreed to provide all type of support to the
study team.
-dlM.
B.
4xf Iks-ptxd
MEMORANDUM ON CRECHE SERVICES: ^ln continuance to its advocacy effort on Creche Services
in Mines recently a representation-cum-appeal letter along with the Fact Finding Report, were sent
to the Chief Minister, Governor. Speaker and Opposition Leader of Orissa Legislative Assembly,
Concerned Centra! and State Govt. Ministries, Labour Commissioner, Trade Unions, Department of
Mines and its independent Bodies and all Mines owners operating in the Sukinda Valley for effective
implementation of the Mines Creche Rules. It. is a matter of great pleasure that after receiving our
representation and the Report it is observed that Mines owners are taking immediate steps to
revamp the Creche Centres in their respective Mines. State Labour Commissioner has also assured
us for taking appropriate steps in this regard. More than 150 Representations were submitted to
concerned authorities from top to bottom in this regard. The dialogue with the Department of
Creche of Women and Child Development is continuing.
C.
PILON CRECHE SERVICES IM MINES:
Orissa FORCES and CLAP in a joint petition filed a PIL in
the Hon'ble High Court on the issue of Creche Services in Sukinda Mines. In the Facts and
circumstances of the case It is being prayed that the Hon'ble Court may graciously be pleased to
issue notice to the Opp. Parties directing them io produce the following documents and records:
i)
Government to produce the exact data and figure concerning the status of creche services
along with the list of Mines operating in the State with exact number of women working in
Mines year-wise who have children in the age group of 0-6 years;
i
2
ii)
Government to produce documents stating therein Proceedings initiated so far for violation
or contravention of Mines Creches Rules, 1666, and action taken thereon;
And after hearing from both the Parties as well as perusals of the records issue a Writ in the
nature of mandamus/certiorari directing to the Opp. Parties;
For proper implementation of the provisions relafing to Creche facilities in Mines as per the
provisions of Mines Creche Rules, 1966;
ii)
Pass any other order/orders, direction/directions, writ/writs in the facts and circumstances
of the present writ petition deemed fit and proper in the Best Interest of Children of
working mothers;
D.
PARTICIPATION IN THE CONSULTATION MEET ON MATERNITY ENTITLEMENT: Two representatives
from Orissa FORCES participated in the Consultation Meet on Maternity Entitlement vis-a-vis the
recommendation of llnd Labour Commission at New Delhi, which was organised by the national
FORCES recently. As decided in the Meet the representative of Orissa FORCES prepared a note on
the recommendation of llnd Labour Commission and sent to the National Secretariat for further
development so that the campaign strategy can be developed in the 9th PCM. It is in constant touch
with the members regarding the strategy of the campaign to be followed on the issue later on.
E.
PARTICIPATION IN THE SENSITIZATION MEET FOR LEGISLATORS ON SEX SELECTIVE ABORTION
AND FEMALE FETICIDE:
Orissa FORCES participated in the Sensitisation Workshop being
organised by NIHRD for the Members of Orissa Legislative Assembly and shared its concern over
the alarming declining trend in the sex ratio in most of the urban cities of the State. It also
appealed to the legislators to strictly implement the PNDT Act and review the Population Policy in
this regard.
F.
ORISSA FORCES IN NEWS:
The workshop organised by Orissa FORCES and CLAP on the issue
of maternity in unorganised sector and child right have found a place in the national level news
letter "My Name is Today" in Vol. X No.2.
G.
CHALLENGES AHEAD:
SincQ its inception in 1999 Orissa FORCES has been earnestly pursuing
the Network's agenda in Orissa and contributing to the process of Network building and Advocacy
at the state and national level through active involvement and concerted endeavour.
It is worth noting that the strength of Orissa FORCES has increased to 102 in last 2 years. The
group is now a big potential to emerge as a single pressure group in the state over the issue of
Early Childhood Care and Development. Still many organisations in Orissa are interested to be a
member of Orissa FORCES.
f
3
However, the State Secretariat is not in a position to capitalise such a big strength due to paucity
of resources. Demands do come from a number of Organisations to carry on early childhood issues
in an extensive and effective way. The mid-term self-evaluation reveals that there is a need to
reorient the members on the current issue and role of FORCES, establishment of a semi
independent Secretariat with minimum manpower and infrastructure, regular communication and
dialogue with the network members on different issues, development of specific advocacy strategy,
follow up to the initiatives and above all to enable and involve as many organisation as it can in
pursuing the issues of the Network in the state. But due to financial instability and unequipped
Secretariat it becomes too difficult to meet these needs.
So far Orissa FORCES has not received any support from any agencies. It purely depends upon the
Convenor Organisation and the contribution of some Members, which is neither sufficient nor
proficient for its effectiveness and sustainability.
It is gradually realised that scaring of opinion & experience with member constituents becomes a
heavy task & involves lot of financial obligation. Therefore, the Policy committee should delve
deeply in to the issues and find out ways and means to address the problem. Alternatively voices of
a few prevail all the time.
N: B- (Many exemplary and innovative initiatives of Orissa FORCES members are not been reflected
due to non-receipt of information concerning their work in time.)
(Bikash Das)
Convenor,
Orissa FORCES.
C/0: CLAP,
367, Marakatanagar, Sector-6, New Cuttack-753014, Orissa.
Ph.No.: 0671-2363980/2365680, Fax: 0671-2363980,
Email: orissaforces@sify.com/ctk_committe@sancharnet.in
.....
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I
ACTIVITY REPORT OF TN-FORCES
NOVEMBER 2002-JUNE 2003
(Forum for Creche and Childcare Services in Tamil Nadu,
Department of Social Work, Loyola College, Chennai)
Dr.K. Shanmugavelayutham
Convenor,
TN-FORCES
Introduction:
Started in 1992, Forum for Creche and Childcare Services in Tamil Nadu is an advocacy
network of 105 Organizations currently functioning with the Department of Social Work,
Loyola College as its Secretariat. The details below are the activities for November 2002June 2003 of the TN-FORCES Network based on the specific issues, that were addressed
to influence a wide range of people including the Bureaucrats, Political Party leaders,
Members of Legislative Assembly, Policy Makers, Ministers, Media NGOs, the general
public etc.
1. General Body Meeting
The General Body Meeting of TN-FORCES was held on 14th December 2005, Nearly 50
participants attended the meeting.
The following decisions were taken at the meeting:
The TN-FORCES activity should be based on the 10 point agenda decided by the
Annual conference held on 16-12-2000.
" TN-FORCES should participate in the Asia Social Forum to be held in Hyderabad.
« TN-FORCES will host 9lh PCM of National FORCES at Ooty.
• Southern Regional Consultation for Maternity Entitlement (II National Labour
Commission) will be organized by TN-FORCES either at Bangalore or Chennai.
" This year TN-FORCES will organize the programme to sensitize the various
stakeholders in the unreached areas -Nilgiris, Dharmapuri, Theni and Namakkal
Districts.
■ Nursery Admission Procedures guidelines will be finalised and published in the form
of booklets.
- TN-FORCES will undertake a survey on the magnitude and problems of Migrant
Labourers in Tamil Nadu.
■
2. Protest Demonstration
The issues addressed
It is true there are many ongoing Government schemes, programmes and assistance
towards working women. But, whether these programmes are appropriate, adequate and
tb-r IS
j|uest’on Dem^nding immediate and comprehensive remedial measures towards
this hitherto unresolved issues are the central objective of TN-FORCES’ current
Campaign.
Demand 1.
Allocate 1% of State GSDP towards childcare services in Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu’s allocation for childcare services is a meager 0.02 %. An alarming 40 % of
the families below poverty line are left uncovered by any childcare services in Tamil
Nadu. Though there are childcare centres spread all over Tamil Nadu, remote villages,
slum areas and many hill areas are yet to be covered. An amount of Rs. 2,318/- alone has
been spent by the Government per Centre apart from food expenses. The allocation for
food per child per day is again a bare minimum of 35 paise (17 ps. towards - vegetables,
7ps. - towards oil etc., 11 ps. - towards fuel, 0.5 ps. -towards salt). With 17. paise you
cannot even buy four Chundaikkais!(SeeAnnexiire-5) It is obvious that the allocated
amount is insufficient to provide even the basic care. If the childcare services should be
one as it is envisaged to be, then 1% of the State’s GSDP has to be allocated for a totally
revamped and restructured childcare services.
Demand 2.
Raise grants given to NGOs which run Creches aided by Central and State Social
Welfare Boards
It is a common phenomenon that the children of working and ailing mothers drop out of
school to take care of their younger siblings. To prevent this, the CSWB and the SSWB
assist NGOs to run creches. In Tamil Nadu there are 1700 creches under the Scheme. But
the grant has not been revised for many years; the Government allocates a meagre
amount of Rs. 1.05 /- per child per day for supplementary feed. Also, the Grant receiving
NGOs have to operate under a precondition that they should not raise funds from other
sources for this purpose. However, keeping in mind today’s cost of living it has almost
become an impossibility to run the creches with the sole money received from the
Government. We demand Rs. 9/- per child per day be allocated for supplementary feed.
In spite of various protests, rallies and fast held at different levels to draw Government’s
attention, there has been no response yet from the Government about revising the grant.
Demand 3.
Raise the assistance given under National Maternity Assistance Scheme to Rs. 3200/and extend it to all working women without pre conditions:
This Scheme extends a cash assistance of Rs. 500 /- to pregnant women below poverty
line with a pre condition that they have not less than two children. The objective is to
compensate the loss of income during this period enabling access to nutritious food and
helping the infant to secure its right to mother’s feed and care. Though many women
apply for the benefit, they do not get the amount in the time of their need. This Scheme
needs a revision in order to help the women who are forced to return to work within few
months of childbirth due to financial constraints. We demand to raise the assistance to
Rs.3,200 keeping in mind today’s cost of living and make this Scheme applicable to all
pregnant mothers below poverty line without any pre conditions.
:3
Demand 4.
Raise the overall quality standards of ICDS
ICDS project are designed in an integrated manner to benefit the undernourished
children, pregnant and lactating mothers, to prevent malnutrition and allied illnesses. This
program is intended to meet the developmental needs of children since their conception
till they attain six years which includes, nutritious food and stimulative environment for
physical and mental development.
This program is executed through childcare centres (Anganwadi Centres) in all 29
Districts with 434 projects (urban 47, Rural 385 and Tribal 2). In Tamil Nadu there are
30,125 ICDS centers. 8,19,846 children below six years are benefited through this
Scheme. But facilities (toilet, water, space) for a hygienic environment are not available
in these centres. Facilities to take care of children between 0-2 years of age are almost not
available. Quality pre-school education is not imparted and teaching aids are not
provided. A safe and clean environment is the foundation for child health and
development.
• Ensure toilets and safe drinking water in every childcare centre.
• Provide for safe drinking water and sanitation facilities in every village and every
urban slum.
Demand 5.
Under the current Government programs modify the creches’ location and timing
to fit the requirements of the beneficiaries; set up creches in slums and in places of
occupation.
The child care needs of working women vary with their occupation and habitation. But
the available services do not suit their needs. The timings of the childcare programs don’t
correspond to the needs of working mothers (See Annexure-1). The existing childcare
centres need to be shifted to areas where they are needed.
The existing child care centres very often are not located to the mothers’ convenience and
women are hence unable to utilise them fully. To benefit the working mothers, creches
should go to the people, wherever they are needed. For example, at:
- Quarries and construction sites
- Markets in urban areas
- Remote hamlets
- Adidravidar Colonies
- In areas where agriculture women workers live and near every primary and middle
school for girls
Yes, We demand a change in the location and timings of the childcare centres.
Demand 6.
Pay fair salary to child care workers based on experience
In the ICDS Scheme, the Anganwadi worker is paid a monthly honorarium of Rs. 1,100/and the helper Rs. 600/-. In the Scheme of assistance to NGOs to run creches, the CSWB
allocates Rs. 550/- to the worker and Rs. 250/- for the helper. In the Scheme assisted by
SSWB, the worker and the helper are paid Rs. 300/- and Rs 100/- respectively. It has
been 8 years since the Nursery teachers of Private Institutions have been included in the
Sec. 27 of the Minimum Wages Act 1948. But the minimum wage is yet to be fixed. The
If
pay differs in various places (See Annexure-4). The childcare workers and the Nursery
School teachers who work in the capacity as the First Teacher of the child are not paid
duly. We demand a fair salary for them.
Demand 7
Introduce decentralization in childcare services
Child welfare is one of the components in the Schedule 234G of 73rd and 74th
Amendments of the Indian Constitution. Hence the responsibility of delivering the
childcare services could be laid upon the elected local bodies.
There will be a better delivery of childcare services only if decentralization is carried out
with people’s participation, which gains the efforts of the people in childcare services.
The objective of decentralization is to involve the childcare workers and the people in
decision making.
• Decentralise the management of child care services to the local level.
• Recognise and strengthen local community initiatives in child care services.
Demand 8
As per various Labour Welfare Laws, Government should enforce implementation
of childcare services & maternity benefits in the organised sectors.
Laws with reference to creches exist primarily in relation to this sector. The Factories
Act (1948) the Mines Act (1950) and the Plantations Act (1951) make it obligatory for
the employer to provide creches for children age 0-6 wherever more than stipulated
minimum of women is employed in factories, mines and plantations. These laws have not
been amended to keep pace with the changing economic situation and are largely
irrelevant to present-day working conditions, besides being applicable only to a small
minority of working women.
The chief limitation of these laws is the insistence on a minimum number of women
workers for the law to become applicable. It omits certain categories of workers such as
those employed in small establishments, temporary workers, casual workers, contract
workers. Etc.
Most of the Industrial Estates and Factories do not provide creches for working women
as per the law. We demand a strict implementation of this law, which will ensure proper
care for the children of working women.
Maternity leave (under Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and Employees State Insurance Act,
1950) should be provided for sixteen weeks (or four months) from the date of childbirth,
with special provision for pregnancy leave during the last two to four weeks of
pregnancy. Nursing breaks of 40 minutes duration may be allowed till the child reaches
the age of 12 months. The same rules should be applicable to all women, whether
employees of Government Department and Government institutions or in the private
sector or voluntary sector.
Demand 9.
In the unorganised sector. Government should take steps to provide creche facilities,
maternity leave and other benefits
In Tamil Nadu many lakhs of women are employed in the unorganized sectors. For their
benefit, there are no proper childcare services. At present Government of Tamil Nadu has
I
'V-
set up Tamil Nadu Construction Labour Welfare Board, Physical Labour and Social
Security and Welfare Board, Tailors welfare Board, Auto Rickshaw and Taxi Drivers
Welfare Board, Hair Dressers Welfare Board, Handicrafts Workers Welfare Board,
Palmyra Workers Welfare Board. But these boards have no schemes in childcare
services.Except Tamil Nadu Construction Welfare Board all other Boards are virtually
defunct. In the unorganized sector, the Contract Labour Act (1970) and the Inter-State
Migrant Workers’ Act (1980) which is an upgraded version of the former, as well as the
Bidi and Cigar Workers Act (1966) attempt to legislate the provision of creches. But the
implementation is very poor.
Demand 10
Introduce Code of Regulation to govern private nursery schools.
There has been an unprecedented growth in the number of nursery schools both in the rural and urban areas. These Schools hold various names like. Childcare Centres,
Children School, Creches, Day Care Centre, Play School, Pre School, Kinder Garden,
Montessori School etc. According to Dr. Tamil Kudi Magan, Minister for Tamil
Language, Culture and Development, there are 20,000 unrecognized pre schools in Tamil
Nadu alone (Dinamani 17.11.98). The Chitti Babu Committee report states that there
were only 26 unrecognized pre schools in 1947 but the number has been increased to
10,000 in 1992. According to our calculations there are 20,000 unrecognized pre schools
in the State.
To regulate the nursery schools, there is a Code of Regulation for Approved Nursery and
Primary Schools (GO MS No. 484 / Education dt. 24.4.91 as amended in GO MS No.
349, Education dt. 31.3.93), Govt, of Tamil Nadu.
But these codes of regulation are applicable only to the recognized schools, which
function under the Directorate of Elementary Education. But these regulations are
common for pre schools and Matriculation Schools, i.e., common for children between 3
to 14 years of age. This again is obscure, as many regulations are not relevant to younger
children - pre school children (See Annexure-8).
According to the Code of Regulation, Chapter VI, Section 17 provision: only lady
teachers are to be appointed for Nursery Classes (B) the teachers to be appointed in future
in the existing approved nursery schools and the teachers to be appointed in the New
Nursery Schools to be opened should be qualified trained teachers only. But it is not
clearly mentioned who is a qualified trained teacher. The Codes are only for
Matriculation Schools. The training Institutes do not function any more. So in most of the
Schools untrained or teachers with inappropriate training for children are appointed for
less salary The number of trained teachers is scarce (See Annexure- 9).
We demand the following.
• A separate code of regulation for pre school education.
• Recognize training institutes that deliver appropriate training.
• Appoint only trained teachers for pre schools.
To press the 10 Point demands a protest demonstration was held on March 3, 2003 at
Chennai. 300 women labourers participated. National Federation of Indian Women Tamil
Nadu
General
Secretary
Mrs.
Shanthakumari.
Tamil
Nadu
AITUC
Secretary.Mr.T.R.S.Mani Mrs.Geetha. Nirman Mazdoor Panchayat Sangh, Mrs. Padmini
Sivasubramanian, of Women Voluntary Services participated After the demonstration a
Memorandum consisting of demands was presented to the Secretary, Social Welfare;
Secretary, Labour Welfare and Educational Secretary.
3. Lobbying Work
a) Lobbying with Legislators:
TN-FORCES lobbied with members of Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu on various
pressing issues related to young children in ICDS centers and rise of salaries to
Anganwadi workers. The Budget Sessions pertaining to Labour Welfare and Social
Welfare grant were held on 23rd and 25th April 2003 respectively. The Charter of
demands pertaining to young children included increasing the allocation of Budget
pertaining to per child per day for food at ICDS centers from 35 paisa to Rs. 2/Besides the Charter of demands, it was brought to the notice of the Opposition party
legislators that beginning with first week of April, ICDS centers have not been supplied
with Green Dhal and Chenna dhal. The legislators were also given samples of the poor
quality of cereals and pulses supplied to ICDS centers.
The following are the Members of Legislature met by TN-FORCES.
1. Shri. S.R.Balasubramanian, Indian National Congress.
2. Shri G.K. Mani, Pattali Makkal Katchi.
3. Shri G.Palnichamy. Communist Party of India.
4. Shri Hemachandren, Communist Party of India (Marxist).
b) Lobbying with Bureaucrats:
TN-FORCES team met Mr. G. Ramakrishnan, I.A.S Project Co-ordinator of World Bank
Integrated Child Development Services-3 on 13-11-2002 and discussed issues like Child
Friendly Toilet, Workshop about preparation of Curriculum and improving Oral
Communication skills etc. Government is going to consider some of the points raised by
the TN-FORCES.
On 26th March, 2003 TN-FORCES team met Mr.G.Ramakrishnan, I.A.S and discussed
about the regulations of Nursery Schools. The team consisted of Mrs. Mina
Swaminathan, Mrs.Usha Raghavan and the Convenor of TN-FORCES.
c) Brain Storming Session: Government has ordered upgradation of 5000 ICDS Centers
to full-fledged nursery schools. To get the opinion of experts, for the upgrading, in the
field before formulating the plan of action on the development of strategies. Government
organised the brainstorming session on 7th May 2003. TN-FORCES team participated
and offered following suggestions.
1. Provision of Uniforms.
2. Upgrading of Oral Communication skills.
3. Quality improvement Infrastructures.
4. Capacity Building:
a) Training of Pre-School Teachers:
TN-FORCES conducted training for nearly 15 Pre School Teachers from the Malaysian
Pre-School Teachers Association on Activity based Developmentally Appropriate
Curriculum. We also arranged training for them in ICCW, Children’s Garden School,
Chennai and in other places in Tamil Nadu including Gandhi Gram.
b) Professional Social Workers
1
TN-FORCES along with the Professional Social Workers Forum held a State Level
Conference on Early Childhood Care and Development at the Madras School of Social
Work on December 7th 2002. There were nearly 200 participants. Students, NGO
Representatives, Academicians and Research Scholars presented papers on ECCD.
Mr.Vijayakumar Commissioner of Police of Chennai and Mrs. Mina Swaminathan
participated
c) Trainers Training Programme:
Institute of Human Rights Education organized Trainers Training programme for the
Lawyers and NGOs from May 8 tol3 2003 at Coonoor. In that meet TN-FORCES
participated as a Resource person in the ECCD subject.
d) Working with Panchayat Leaders:
With the help of Centre for Child Rights and TANPIC one day Consultation with Village
Panchayat Presidents in Trivellore District was held on 3-12-2002. In that meet Role of
Panchayat in ECCD was stressed. Nearly 150 Village Panchayat Presidents participated.
5. Network Activities
a) Creches for working and Ailing Mothers scheme
As you are aware, consistent advocacy from our part to revise the Scheme of Assistance
to Voluntary Agencies to run creches for the Children of Working and Ailing mothers is
yet to evoke a positive response from the Government. A meeting was held for NGOs
receiving the assistance from Central Social Welfare Board to develop a plan of action,
on 24 February 2003.
District Level programme
b) Coimbatore District Quality Childcare Services
Seminar on Quality childcare services was held on 18th March 2003 at Coimbatore.
Mrs.Shymala, the State Co-ordinator of Pennurimai Iyyakkam presided over the seminar.
Mr Gopal, Working President, Mr.Sanathanswamy of Nirman Mazdoor Panchayat Sangh
Tmt Jaydevei, Tmt.Mallika, Mrs.Lakshmi, Mrs. Palayam, Mrs. Leelavathi and
Mr.Anandan of Manual Workers Association participated. Around 200 women members
of Self Help Groups and Unorganised women labourers participated The purpose of the
meeting was to sensitize the need for quality childcare services.
c) Thiruvellore District
TN-FORCES Members in Thiruvellore District met on 5 June, 2003 at Thiruvallur and
discussed about plan of action. Twenty five members from Nine agencies participated
The outcome of the meeting is to organize sensitization programme for Local Body
members and Trainers training programme for NGOs who are involved in the Self Help
Group work.
d) Pre-School Subgroup meeting: On February 8, 2003 Pre-school subgroup meeting
was held at ICCW to finalize the programme schedule for the preparation of curriculum
e) Educational Manual
Educational Reports in Tamil Nadu have cited the archaic Educational Rules and
instructions given in the past as one of the main reasons for turning way children from the
poorer backgrounds especially with the illiterate parents Government has constituted a
Committee to bring out. Acts and Rules by suggesting suitable changes and notifications
and make the existing codes, acts and rules relevant and forward looking to suit the
present needs and also to cater to the future demands of all the stake holders. In this
context , Government of Tamil Nadu constituted a High Level Committee for the
preparation of Educational Manual.
First level State level meeting was held on JanaurylO, 2003. Various NGO
representatives participated. In that committee Taskforce was constituted to examine the
changes and provide suggestions in the Educational rules. Taskforce met on January 23
and 30,2003 and discussed the recommendations (See Annexure-2).
Third level State level meeting was held on February S.Experts from disability NGOs,
Educational experts, and retired officials participated (See Annxure-3).
A State Level Consultation Meeting on the Tamil Nadu Education Manual was held on
March 9, 2003 at Trichy in collaboration with National Educational Group.
On 17th March a team including TN-FORCES representative met the High-level
Committee Chairman Mr. A. Muthukrishanan, Secretary; Mr.Palaniyandi; Members:
Director of Matriculation Schools, Mr.Narayanaswami; Mr.P.Santhanakrishnan and
discussed the changes to be made in the Educational manual.
6.Research Activity -Workshop on Tamil Proverbs
TN-FORCES convened a Workshop on Tamil Proverbs on May 19, 2003. The Director
of Tamil Development Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M. Rajendran
participated (See Annxure-6).
Objectives of the workshop.
• To identify and review the existing Tamil Proverbs that are outdated and against
the interest of young children, girl children and the disabled people.
• To evolve New Proverbs in the place of existing derogatory proverbs as and
where necessary.
Forty participants including Tamil Scholars, Representatives from Non Governmental
Organisations and Social Workers were present in the workshop (See Annexure-7).
Professor R.K. Nagu, Retired Chief Professor, Department of Tamil, Presidency College,
Chennai chaired the Panel Discussion. Dr. L.S. Saraswathi, Educationist who was a
panelist focussed on Proverbs on Maternity and Early Childhood. Mr. G.
Chidambaranathan, President, Federation for the Physically Handicapped dwelled upon
the proverbs that are against the dignity of the disabled. Ms. Bhuvaneswari, Research
Scholar, Department of Social Work, focused on Feminist thoughts and Proverbs.
Following the Panel Discussion, the participants worked in groups to evolve new
proverbs. 1000 proverbs were identified for the review. Around 200 new proverbs were
formulated. The new proverbs some of which were reforms in the old proverbs and some
altogether afresh were presented during the valedictory. Dr. Muthiah, Joint Director,
Social Welfare presented the Valedictory Speech and assured that the new proverbs could
be taken to the people through the 30,000 ICDS centers in the state.
Outcome of the Workshop
Through the workshop new proverbs were formulated based on the following points.
o Gender insensitive proverbs were discarded
o Corporal Punishments were abandoned
o Role of both parents in child care was stressed
o Gender Equity
o Rights of the Disabled
o Young Child’s Right for Breastmilk
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7. International Forum -Asia Social Forum
The posters to be presented by TN-FORCES at the Asia Social Forum, Hyderabad was
released among the entire group participating in the Asian Social Forum, at Memorial
Hall on January 1, 2003.
TN-FORCES participated in the Asia Social Forum from 3rd to 5th January 2003 at
Hyderabad. TN-FORCES represented by 30-member team including 20 children staged
number of street plays in the venue regarding impact of globalisation on childcare.
Children enacted these street plays. TN-FORCES brought out 14 different posters on the
topic ‘Globalization’s impact on childcare’, in English and Hindi.
8. Working with Allies:
a) Budget Analysis:
ICCW had undertaken a research study regarding Budget analysis for the child welfare
programmes. A draft of recommendations was presented. TN-FORCES participated on
January 30, 2003 and offered suggestions. TN-FORCES supported the research study and
offered necessary help in the ECCD.
b) Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex
Selection) Act, 2002.
TNVHA organized two day training programme for NGO representatives. Doctors to
sensitize the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex
Selection) Act, 2002,. TN-FORCES participated as resource persons and circulated the
paper regarding the Role of civil society in the implementation of PNDT Act including
NGOs.
c) Habitational Justice- National Seminar
The National Forum for Housing Rights, Indore, along with TN-FORCES and Chennai
Slum Dwellers Movement, Chennai, held a National Level Seminar on ‘Habitational
Justice For All’ at Chennai from 24-26, January 2003. Finally Chennai Declaration was
announced.
d) Women Struggle Committee
TN- Forces along with the Women’s Struggle Committee held a protestation against the
arrest of Sr. Lucy, a lawyer activist on 31st December 2002.
e) Bharat Yatra
TN-FORCES participated in the Bharat Yatra. In that context, a protest against
Globalisation was held in front of Memorial Hall on February 3rd, 2003 along with the
Women’s Struggle Committee and The Narmada Bachao Andolan Movement’s chief
Metha Patkar.
f) National Commission for women
A Public Hearing was organised by the National Commission for Women, New Delhi
with the help of Women Struggle Committee and Chennai Coastal Fishermen Protection
Committee and the Chennai Slum Dwellers Rights Movement also made its presence felt
on 21-05-2003. In that Public Hearing TN-FORCES deposed before the Commission on
the issue of threat of slum eviction on women and children.
!o
g) Healthy Environment of Children
TN-FORCES associated with Vijaya Health Centre and participated in a Workshop
stressing the importance of Child Health and Environment on 4th March,2003 at Vijaya
Health Centre, Chennai.
h) Campaign Against Child Labour- Tamil Nadu
TN-FORCES participated in the State Level Convention and Public Hearing on girl child
Labourers, on 26 and 27 th February, 2003 organised by C ACL.
i) Joint Action Committee for Unorganised Labour:
Joint Action Committee for Unorganised Labour and TN-FORCES jointly organized Hall
meeting on 21April on the eve of the Budget Session. Various unorganised sectors
leaders participated. Finally a Memorandum was submitted to the Hon’ble Minister for
Labour welfare.
k) National Campaign for Child Rights
National Campaign for Child Rights organized Regional Consultation - South India on
May 26, 2003 hosted by ASSEFA and Save the Children Canada (SCC). The
deliberations focused and on two broad areas namely: National Commission for Children
Bill - 2001, and Child Labour Legislation based on the Proposed Child Labour
Elimination and Education Bill - 2003. Finally a set of recommendations were finalised
9. Publications
1. “The must for Nursery Admission” Guidelines Booklet both in Tamil and
English.
2. Mother’s Milk is the best food for the Children-Tamil Booklet.
3. Ten-Points Programme to improve the Quality of Child Care Services- Tamil
Booklet.
10. Newsletters:Three Newsletters were published by TN-FORCES in the month of December- 2002,
March and June 2003 reporting about the activities. A Special Newsletter was also
released for the ‘Educational Manual’.
Issues:
• Over the years number of ICDS centers has gradually reduced from 38,000 to
30,000.
• Only of late Government is pursuing community Participation concept.
• Mushrooming of Private Nursery schools leads to reduction in strength in ICDS
centers.
• Various Labour Welfare Boards yet to establish Creches inspite of sustained
campaign.
• Government bureaucrats are often changing leading to difficulty in Lobbying and
advocacy work.
Annexures:1 City Express:She is a mother She is also a daily Labourer.
2. News Today :Plea to do away with Corporal Punishments.
II
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
City Express :Govt urged to re-frame TN Education Rules.
City Express: Higher Work load encumbers ICDS Chennai Project.
The Hindu: Chennai office refusing to clear increased amountworkers.
City Express: Workshop on Gender Sensitisation Today.
The Hindu: Talk of the Town.
The New Indian Express: Are Matriculation Schools Commercialising Education?
City Express Admission Interviews, a tough call for a child.
V
atyExpress
With The New Indian Express
1 Chennai, Wednesday, December 18,2002
I
The Future Of Their Children Is The Top Concern Of Thousands Of Women Labourers Who Have Migrated To
She is a mother, she is also a daily labourer
■
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A.
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i
By Dhanya Parthasarathy
: the Nirman Mazdoor Panchayat is also the convenor TN FORCES, and What Migrant Mothers Want, j
Sangh, a non-governmental organisa M Bhuveneshwari ofthe Departmet of
Chennai, Dec 17
tion. “Their children are the worst Social Work, Loyola College.
” she says.
Dr B S Virudhagirinathan, a psy ...From The Government
3 T F youthought being a Mom was a affected,
Selvi, who has migrated from chologist, says migrant labourers 1. Child care centres near the workplace to
suit their working hours
I breeze, try this: Being a mother, Villupuram, takes her six-month-old work very hard to ensure that their
2.
Free education/ a monthly stipend for
J-saddled with a demanding voca Silambarasan to her workplace, children don’t fall into the poverty
educating the children
trap.
But
the
migrant
and
temporary
tion, extended working hours, no where she and her husband dig up
3. Medical care for the child by a doctor
maid, an equally busy husband and roads five metres deep to lay optic nature of the work plays havoc with
two wailing toddlers—while earning fibre cables. “I have no place to leave the child’s education.
...From The NGOs
L C Rajkumar, senior executive, 1. Evening/night tuitions for older children
what’sknownas the ‘minimum wage’. Silambarasan. I take breaks to breastThat’s precisely the job description
2. Non-formal education for older children
ofa woman labourer who has migrat International Day Of Solidarity With Migrant Workers
S.lmmunisation and medical care
ed to the city along with her family in
toddlers from various work sites in
search of a job.
= development support division ofChild the morning. The van has an ayah
Chennai is home to thousands of i feed him,” she says.
Reliefand Vnn
You, nnintenntthpRinPlllar
points out the singular and a teacher. The children play in
such families who have temporarily \ A recent study conducted on 800 ; Roliofand
migrated from their villages in search i married women migrant workers lack of child care facilities targetted the van and are dropped back at their
of work — either in a construction revealed that an overwhelming num ; specifically at migrant labourers. respective sites in the evenings.
The early child care
facilities for chil- “This van is a safe place for the chil
mothers—87 percent
not; ; “------------------site, a quarry or a brick kiln.
. beryof
_______
____ —do
____
- ------------------dren away
away from
risky work
•; Ulcll
Ul migrant
Ull^lcuiL labourers
idUVUiCia diiuuiu
uu : men
num the
uiu nonj
vvvx zone
“
Most
ofthe
time,
these
workers
are
i
leave
their
children
in
a
balwadi
dren
of
should be
(
not even paid minimum wages. Their i because of “the distance, timings and i taken
taxen up as a special case.
case, That
mat ’s i of their parents,” he says.
living conditions are appalling—they dissatisfactionwithexistingcentres”. \ because the children are exposed to> i Dr Virudhagirinathan suggests
i schemes where builders, who employ
The study was conducted on 800 \ hazardous conditions,” he adds.
have to live on the pavements with no
arried wnmnn
errant lahnnrars
' access to drinking water, no toilets i married
women mi
migrant
labourers • He cites the possibility of a creche i construction workers, can set aside at
and absolutely no amenities,” says R between the age group of21 to 40 years i on wheels in Mumbai, where a well- i least halfa percent ofthe profits for an
' Geetha, the Additional Secretary of ; by Dr K Shanmugavelayutham, who ■ equipped mobile van goes to pick up
educational fund. “The
workers will be grateful to
the builder for life,” he
says. The law recognises
the needs of only Inter i
state Migrant labourers
and promises the workers
alargc numl>cr of benefits
including medical aid,
creches and canteens.
Labourers Like Selvi,
who have migrated from
within Tamil Nadu, how
ever, fall under the juris
diction of the Tamil Nadu
Manual Workers Act
1982. Though this Act
provides for registration
of employers and work
ers, recruitment and dis
bursement of wages, the
schemes it offers for
child care and welfare do
not suit or target the spe
cific needs of migrants
like Selvi and thousands
of other migrant moth
ers, scattered across
Tamil Nadu.
’3
MONDAY F7
10 FEBRUARY 2003 I
NEWWDAY
Plea to do away with
corporal punishments
NT Bureau
Chennai, Feb 10:
Speakers at a State-level consultation
on ‘Tamilnadu Education Manual’ held
here on Saturday have stressed that the
manual should have separate section on
Role of Local Bodies on Education based
on 73rd and 74th amendments and
pointed out that rules for tuition should
be removed and in the admission appli
cation form, parent (including mother)
should be included instead of father/
guardian.
A press release here said the consul
tation, which was jointly organised by
Tamilnadu Forum for Creche and
Childcare Services (TN-FORCES) and
the Tamilnadu People’s Forum for So
cial Development (TNPFSD), also
stressed the need for uniform law for the
elementary education irrespective of mi
nority, non-minority, matriculation, gov
ernment, private and inclusion of all the
stakeholders including teachers, par
ents, administrators, representatives of
local bodies and NGOs.
The meeting came up with 12 major
recommendations which included doing
away with corporal punishments and re
moval of Section 51 of Tamilnadu Edu
cation rules which permit corporal pun
ishments; introduction of a separate Act
for nursery schools to regulate donations
for admission, admission fees, teachers sal
ary, admission tests; introduction of uniform
age at admission as completion of six years
for Class I; all the disabled children should
be admitted in the normal school and pro-
vide inclusive education based on the ‘Per
sons with Disability Act - 1995’; rewrite all
rules in simple Tamil and make it available
to all officials of Education Department,
schools, teachers, parents, public and the
children.
The consultation also sought to include
information about the existing scholar
ships in the manual and make it avail
able in all the schools; removal of clause
on expulsion of the students and enter
ing negative marks on the record sheet
of the student that spoil the entire career
of the student; introduce alternative
evaluation methods to save the teach
ers’ time and their creativity; the rules of
the government on education must be
child-centred and child-friendly among
others, the press release said.
A
NEWS-----------Govt urged to re-frame TN Education Rules
__
Chennai,Wednesday, February 12,2003
■
with The NeMndian Express O
O
■
uH^nthesaidfoesectionSKal-permitted
ishment, he said the section 51 (a) “permitted
matriculation,
matriculation, government
government status.
status.
Shanmugavelayutham said archaic provi
sions such as only the father being the
guardian of the child and provisions for
Chennai, Feb 11
. ^Shanmugavelayutham also called for • the headmaster. "This barbarous form of tuition after school hours, made a mockery of
3iiainuu6“ ’
--— j,,OQtinn treating children should be done away witn. the system. “It is in the welfare ofthe child that
amendments to the Taimi Nadu Eduoa
children can be punished for
rr. amil Nadu Forum for Creche and J
mother should also be the guardian,” he said
1^ child Care Services (TN-FORCES) has
adding the provision on tuition that it should
not exceed 12 hours a week, etc. has added to
em day school,” he said.
burden that children canned.
At a recent state-level consultation hela theThe
recommendations, including those on
’lng primary education free and|jit.
ancStotroductionfdr the disabled children.
gch^ls are filled with chUdrenfrommidde recently by TN-FORGESn^k
making
——
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. ....................... ;..i....... -............ ............ .................................... ............................................................
................. .... .
15
OffExpress
Chennai, Saturday, February 22,2003
With The New Indian Express
Higher work load
encumbers ICDS
Chennai project
By Krithika Ra malingam
Chennai, Feb 21
|
| THE government’s plans of strengthening women’s empower
ment schemes in the State by transforming ‘Mothers’ groups’
of World Bank-assisted Integrated Child Development Project
into SHGs has run into rough weather.
The culprit here seems to be the overzealous Project Officers
(POs) ofthe nutrition programme who have put the entire onus
on the Anganwadi helpers and teachers.
Agitated Anganwadi teachers told the The New Indian
Express:. “We have been forced to start at least five SHGs with
the mothers of the children in our Anganwadi. Our duties
include collecting monthly savings and subscription and start
ing bank accounts for them. We then have to obtain a loan for
them to start the enterprise of their choice.”
An Anganwadi teacher from a Pulianthope centre alleges
that the worltload on teachers has been increasing without any
| additional monetary benefit. “We still continue to earn Rs 1.340
I per month despite greater responsibilities,” says another
teacher from North Chennai. Social Welfare Department offi
cials, however, contradict the teachers’ contention and insist
only “approved NGOs” could start self-help groups. “Adminis
trative instructions were issued to form 850 groups with the
help of 15 NGOs. The teachers will help the NGOs to identify the
women in Mothers’ groups. The support cost and the training
component for the scheme are to be handed over to the NGOs. ”
While the government is categorical about the role of the
child care staff, Anganwadi teachers swear that “oral direc
tions” from project officers have set the five-SHG target for
them. Officials believe it could be the handiwork ofoverzealous
POs who have set their own target.
When contacted, a senior PO insists no such oral order has been
issued. “We had asked the Anganwadi teachers to open up the
centres to NGOs and Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development
• of Women for a meeting place for the mothers’ groups. And nothingelse.” Meanwhile, Anganwadi workers say their ever increas
ing itinerary has burned them out. With a duty list of maintain
ing immunisation schedules, weighing and identifying mal
nourished children, preparing and distributing the nutritious
| balls to the evening pre-school children in the six months to thi '^e
I years group, the demand on them has left them unmotivated.
Says P Shanmughavelayutham, TN-FORCES convenor,
‘The nutrition and economic acti vities should be kept separate.. ___________
I mainly because the crushing work load on the teachers hardly
, matches the minimum wages they earn.” Though they are
! skilled workers in education and nutritional aspects, they have
I no training in starting SHGs and hand-holding till the groups
1 become economically viable, he adds.
Supriya Sahu, Director of Social Welfare Department and
i a member of the TNCDW,. says implementing SHG pro
gramme in urban areas has always been a challenge. Any pro
gramme of empowerment in metros is difficult as the com
pulsions are too many. Sahu, however, adds it has the poten
tial to address both economic aspect and nutritional poverty
that dog urban slums.
THE HINDU, Wednesday, March 5, 2003
3
I
ANGANWAD1S / ALLOCATION FOR NUTRITION
Chennai office refusing to clear
increased amount: workers
By Ramya Kannan
CHENNAI, MARCH 3. The benefits of the increased
allocation for nutrition in anganwadis (from 23
paise to 35 paise per child) approved in Decem
ber last are yet to reach the children of Chennai.
While near satisfactory implementation has
been noted in other parts of the State, the angan
wadi workers of the Chennai projects complain
that the increase of 12 paise has not yet been
sanctioned for them. The order for the increased
allocation came on December 5, 2002, sanction
ing 15 paise for vegetables, 9 paise for masala and
condiments and 11 paise for fuel. The hike was
sanctioned after frantic appeals by anganwadi
workers who struggled to make ends meet and
provide necessary rations for the children at their
centres. Following persistent complaints from
the Anganwadi workers' unions, an announce1 ment made in last year’s budget was followed up
i with actual sanction only late last year.
However, the workers are once again up in
| arms, complaining that the Chennai project of
fice is refusing to clear the sanctioned sum to
most of the centres. One of the representatives of
the anganwadi workers working in the Egmore
area says running the centre has once again be
come a problem with the sanctions failing to
come through.
“We expected that the new allocation would
bring relief, at least in terms of procuring fuel
allocation, which we always found difficult. We
have to put in our own money for the feeding
charges and even when we submit bills, they are
not cleared for several months. Centres in Royapuram, RK.Nagar and Choolai are still awaiting the
money spent in January", an anganwadi worker
says, on condition of anonymity.
While the children in the other centres are ben
efiting from the increased allocation, the workers
ask, why should children in Chennai alone con
tinue to be deprived? In addition, they also com
plain that the supplies, such as the chickpeas
ration provided to centres through the PDS are
rotten and cannot be fed to the children, a worker
from Royapuram centre says. Oil supplies have
also not been received overthe last three months,
so the cooks are forced to avoid using oil to pre- ;
pare the food. “The children do not like the taste
of the food and we have a problem trying to get
them to eat it,” she says.
The TN-FORCES convener, P.Shanmugavelayutham, points out that these deficiencies in the
system continue despite the Chief Minister’s |
mandate to make Tamil Nadu a mal-nutrition
free State.
In response to the complaints made by the i
workers, the project officer in Chennai says no
irregularities exist in the sanction of feeding
charges. “It is not true that there is any outstand
ing amount pending clearance at any of the cen- .
tres. We clear the bills as soon as we receive '
them”, she retorts. With regards rotten grains, the
PO contends that the chickpeas are delivered in
good condition, but because of the storage prob
lems in the anganwadis, rot sets in.
n
I
OtyExpress
Chennai, Monday, May 19,2003
With The New Indian Express
Workshop on gender
sensitisation today
■ After the "Kudimagal" change to Tamil, much more is set to hap
pen. Following the example set by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister in try
ing to evolve a sensitive Tamil language, TN-Forces will hold a work
shop tomorrowto makeTamil a gender-sensitive and politically cor
rect language.
With names such as "Pothum Ponnu" (enough of girl children)
and adages like "Pon poranda mathiri" (a slip-shod work) in com
mon currency especially in the female infantidde-prone areas, the
workshop will aim at removing outdated provers and evolving new
ones to ensure equality and justice to the girl children and the dis
abled. Tamil scholars, including the State Tamil Development
Department Director, M Rajendran, R K Nagu, social scientists like
Prof Saraswathiand otherswill participate in the deliberations - ENS
p
la
2
THE HINDU, Friday, May 23, 2003
■ CLOSE ON the heels of
the Chief Minister’s
announcement in the
Assembly that ‘kudimagal’
! would hitherto indicate a
female citizen, a city based
NGO held a workshop on
Tamil proverbs, to weed out
derogatory references to
other disadvantaged groups.
Seizing the opportunity
and the break that the Chief
Minister’s announcement
gave them, TN Forces, a
forum for creche and
childcare services in Tamil
Nadu, convened a workshop
with the specific aim of
taking the CM’s initiative
further. Explaining the goals
of the programme, K.
Shanmugavelayutham, of TN
Forces said, they included
identifying and reviewing the
existing Tamil proverbs that
are against the interests of
girl children and disabled
people, and replace these
derogatory proverbs with
others.
Around 40 participants
including Tamil scholars,
representatives from NGOs,
and social workers
contributed towards this
revamping of the language.
Some 1000 proverbs came
up for review and 200 new
proverbs were evolved
during the exercise. It was
also decided to take these
new lines to the people
through the 30,000 ICDS
centres in the state.
THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS
Ik CHENNAI
*
MONDAY,
MAY26,2003
Are matriculation schools
commercialising education?
-s.
.
’
The government wants to provide education for all child
ren from 6 to 14 years. But it does not have the resources
to open more schools. As a result, the stake of the priv
ate players in school education has Increased. But are
the private matriculation schools doing a service to the
students. Or are they commercially exploiting them. The voices differ:
Point——
Counterpoint
Yes, they do
Chennai, May 25: "There can be no doubt that matricula
tion schools are commercially exploiting pare
nts. Right from the sale of application forms to
admitting students, it is an expensive affair.
Parents have to pay huge sums as donation
and the child has to undergo tests and interv
iew even for admission to the kindergarten",
says Professor K Shanmugavelayutham, con
venor, Tamil Nadu Forum for Creche and Child Care Serv
ice (TN-FORCES).
"Unfortunately, the 1980 Code of Regulation for Matricul
ation Schools has'no mention about the fee structure. This
is being used conveniently by the schools to charge high
fees.
"In the absence of clear-cut regulations and regular insp
ections, the school managements are not penalised for
their arbitrary functioning. For instance, though the curri
culum is prescribed by the government, schools insist that
students should buy the textbooks only from them unlike
State Board schools where they can be purchased from the
Tamil Nadu Textbook Corporation. They collect money for
notebooks, geometry box, pencils and pen. They also coll
ect money for various functions and events.
"Another common feature in matriculation schools is
that teachers are not paid adequate salaries.
“Every year, schools advertise about the success rate in
the public examinations so that they can use that to collect
high fees. But at the same time, a couple of months before
board examinations, they summon parents of average stud
ents and advise them not to send their son or daughter for
the public examination. This is done just to get cent per
cent results.
“Therefore, there is a strong need for streamlining matr
iculation schools in the State,” concludes Shanmugavelay
utham • ENS
Wrong notion
"It is wrong to say that matr i culat i o n
schools comm
ercialise educa
tion
because
we provide qua
lity education
to a section of affluent stud
ent community," says
Grace George, president,
Association of Matriculat
ion Schools, TN and Pondy.
"At the same time, we are
easing the burden on gover
nment by providing educat
ion to all. We are actually
extending support to the
government with the best
infrastructure
available
and with a qualified staff. |
So, what we are doing is a
service. Sometimes we
have to collect donations
and a higher fees because
our schools do not receive
any government help.
“As far as pressurising
students and parents are
concerned, sometimes we
do push them to perform
well. This is because they
are looking forward to get
into a professional course.
We are only an agency help
ing-them to achieve their ,
goals,” Grace adds • ENS
L
CityExpress
Chennai, Monday, May 26,2003
With The New Indian Express
Many parents, after applying for admission for their kids, too have sleepless nights in anticipation of the interview
Admission interviews, a tough call for a child
Byjeeva
. j February 16 and May 13 this year and •: sleepless nights in anticipation of the : (SHRC) and the consumer courts alike.
■ ; submitted its report to the State Gov- \ interview, and their anxiety reflects i K Ramasamy, president, Chennai
Chennai, May 25
j emment “As ofnow, there is no regu- i on the innocent child too. “It’ll affect \ (North) District Consumer Disputes
\ lation for nursery schools in terms of \ the mental faculties of the child,” i\ Redressal Forum, says conducting
S primary education largely admission, syllabus, teacher-student '■ laments Shanmugavelayudham.
i interview to children for nursery
rests with the private sector i ratio and teachers’ qualification,” the \ “A child
-----has the fear for new envi ; admission is a crime. “A child’s origiwithout much control by the ; report noted and urged the govern- i ronment and it’s not possible to assess i nal interest could be known only if we
government, the nursery school \ ment to ban the admission test and set \ the intelligence of the young child let him/her free,” he points out.
admissions are based on huge dona- ;i up a separate directorate for nursery \ within a matter of few minutes,” says
Admission procedures must be
tions and laced with unreasonable :i education. “Early childhood educa- = M Bhuvaneswari, a research associ- . made clear and transparent. Parents
conditions. It’s then not uncommon ;: tion is considered significant to any- i ate in TN-FORCES.
• have the right to information about
that some elite schools demand the ji one.Denyingadmissiontoachildwho \ “So it is unfair to expect a kid to j the schools and must be aware of the
parents be graduates and own vehi ; is merely two-and-a-half-year old on j answer to questions like ‘tell numer- \ required details, he argues.
cles and that students undergo admis ; the basis ofan interview is unethical,” ; als I to 50 or for that matter A to Z’, j “The schools must publish informasion interviews.
says Dr K Shanmugavelayudham, j ‘whatdothey see in the sky during day j tion leaflets on the conditions for
Education experts say these kind of j TN-FORCES convenor, who is a pro-.: time and at night?’ and ‘speak in Eng : admission, availability of seats and
practices are not only unethical but i fessor of Loyola college.
lish’,” she adds. In many schools, sell- ; teachers and their experience besides
also against the child’s fundamental \ “When the child could not even pro- \ ing of applications itself is a racket, ■ the curriculum and teaching met]todright to education. TN-FORCES, a city ; nounce his/her own name properly, i Bhuvaneswari notes and adds that the ; ology,” Ramasamy says.
based NGO, has come out with an j many schools collect fee to provide i number of seats available and the ; The SHRC, which initiated action
“alternative approach” to admission \ computer education to the children \ number of applications sold must be i against a few private schools recently j
to pre-school to ensure child-friendly : and also convene a convocation for i in the proportion of 1:3.
i following complaints, had already
I admission procedures’. It conducted i them,” he adds.
.
j The unethical practices of nursery \ instructed the Education Department
1 two meetings with parents, teachers, i Many parents^ after applying for i schools have also caught the attention ; to strictly monitor the nursery school
academics and consumer activists on i admission for their kids uhdergo i ofthe State HumanRights Commission admission procedures.
I
V
••• ••
4*
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