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USAID CP '98: India
RF_NGO_21_SUDHA
USAID
Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget
allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage ofan appropriations bill and
preparation ofthe Operating Year Budget (OYB).
INDIA
FY 1998 Development Assistance
FY98 P.L. 480 Title II
$55,700,000
$80,122,000
Introduction
USAID's program in India responds to three key U.S. interests: increased opportunities in
trade and investment; global concerns about environment and health; and humanitarian
efforts in alleviating world poverty and reducing malnutrition. With nearly a billion people,
India is not only the world's largest democracy but a country of enormous economic and
political potential. The United States is India’s largest trade and investment partner. In recent
years, annual trade between the two countries has been approximately $9 billion; U.S. direct
investment in 1996 was about $200 million and portfolio investment in 1995-96 was about
$800 million. Expanded economic opportunities in India depend on the pace of India's
economic reform process, begun in 1991 and undergoing a difficult political transition this
year. They also depend on India's ability to improve infrastructure and its human resource
base.
India's success in grappling with these demands is of global concern. India's industrial sector,
the tenth largest in the world, is the fifth largest and second fastest growing producer of
greenhouse gases. Much of its industrial growth is still to come and by incorporating new
environmentally sound technologies, India can significantly reduce the impact of greenhouse
gases on the world's environment. Its growing population and concentration of poverty in
urban areas have significant implications for the development and spread of communicable
diseases—including HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and polio. Continued economic growth will be
critical to finance infrastructure and social services required to reduce health threats and to
allow inroads in alleviating India's massive poverty. The role and low status of women must
also be transformed to speed and sustain economic growth. USAID is helping India with
these challenges through programs supporting economic reform, promoting pollution
prevention and environmental protection, enhancing food security, developing women's
initiatives and strengthening services, both public and private, in health and family planning.
The Development Challenge
The national election in May 1996 has ushered in a fragile coalition government that is trying
with difficulty to continue the previous government’s economic reform process. Trade and
foreign investment are at roughly the same levels as the past three years, inflation is inching
up but not yet threatening economic growth, and the GDP is growing at about 6%. India's
extensive natural resources, well-developed industrial base, diversified agriculture sector, and
burgeoning middle class—now more than 100 million—offer the potential for rapid and
broad-based economic growth that can rival its east Asian neighbors. However, conventional
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USAID CP’98; India
wisdom holds that such growth is dependent upon sustainable economic growth rates of
between 7% and 8%. For this to occur, the reform process must accelerate and expand.
India needs sustained economic growth to bring the 400 million people now living below the
poverty line into the modern economy. To obtain this growth—and to make the transition to
a strong market economy—will require renewed commitment to the reform process. It is still
unclear whether the current government will be able to marshall the political will for this
commitment.
At the same time, India's ability to achieve a sustainable pace of development is affected by
its ability to deal with population growth. India's population has doubled in the last 40 years
and could double again, the equivalent of another China, by the time growth stabilizes. Such
growth has dramatic implications not only for the economy, but also for urban infrastructure,
health and social services,and the natural resource base.
The potential for USAID to have significant impact on economic reform, health and family
planning, food security, and environment through limited, but well-targeted assistance, has
been demonstrated. USAID programs helped launch a national depository, an institution vital
to efficient operation of the secondary capital market, and are demonstrating new approaches
to financing urban infrastructure; they have shown that by meeting the expressed needs of
married couples, India can make major inroads into reducing population growth; they have
demonstrated that joint ventures with U.S. firms can commercialize new energy efficient and
pollution reducing technologies in India; and they have proven that food aid, if programmed
carefully, can contribute importantly to improving nutrition. While progress is being made,
India is not an early candidate for rapid graduation from USAID development assistance,
saddled as it is with a total external debt, as of September 1995, of $93.84 billion. However,
India maintains a strong record of servicing its debt.
Other Donors
In 1996-97, the United States provided about 2.5% of the $6,661 billion in donor assistance
to India and is its sixth largest donor. Major donors are: the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank, the European Union, Japan, Germany, and the United States.
FY 1998 Program
The USAID program in India will achieve demonstrable results in advancing four of the
Agency's strategic goals—economic growth, population and health, environment and
humanitarian assistance. It advances U.S. interests in trade and investment through its
support for sustained economic growth. It addresses global concerns about population
growth and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It strongly supports initiatives under the Indo-U.S.
Common Agenda for the Environment (CAE) signed in 1995 by both countries to encourage
collaboration on environmental issues of global and bilateral concern. It responds to
humanitarian concerns about India's widespread poverty and malnutrition.
The program has strategic objectives in four areas.
• Accelerated broad-based economic growth through financial sector reforms and
increased mobilization of capital;
• Stabilized population growth through reduction of fertility in north India, specifically
through increasing contraceptive use in Uttar Pradesh, increasing child survival and
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empowering women;
• Enhanced food security through increased child survival and improved nutrition; and
• Environmental protection through increased energy conservation and productivity, and
reduced pollution.
It also has three special program objectives:
• Reduced transmission of HIV infection;
• Increased investment in agribusiness by private firms; and
• Expansion of women’s role and participation in decision-making.
Agency Goal: Encouraging Broad-based Economic Growth
With limited funding for economic growth, USAID's strategy targets activities that have
broad impact through policy reform or by support to areas with significant multiplier effects.
For example, USAIDhelped the private housing finance sector grow from a single institution
to a network of 78 companies of which 21 companies are now classified and approved by the
National Housing Bank (NHB). These companies have more than 250 branches managing
more than $2 billion in credit. Since USAID helped launch India's over-the-counter exchange
in 1993, the exchange has raised more than $76 million for small enterprises.
The current capital market assistance program is working with the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (SEBI) to increase the transparency and administrative efficiency necessary to
attract domestic and foreign capital. Last year, the market raised more than $8 billion in new
capital, with significant sums coming from foreign—including U.S—investors. USAID is
supporting continued growth of the market by providing assistance on both policy and
regulatory reform and the introduction of new technologies required to assure protection to
investors. USAID's Mumbai-based contractor, Price Waterhouse, helped the National Stock
Exchange (NSE) to establish India's first securities depository which became operational on
November 8, 1996. It is also assisting SEBI in the development of: (1) disclosure standards
for the issuers of equity and debt; (2) market surveillance, inspection and enforcement plans
that meet international standards; and (3) regulations for an efficient securities trade
settlement system.
Inadequate urban infrastructure, such as water supply, sewage and waste treatment systems,
is a significant impediment to sustained growth in India. It is now clear that the resources
required to meet the demand for these urban services cannot come from the public sector.
USAID, therefore, is supporting the development of a debt market to finance such
environmental infrastructure projects in India. The program provides $125 million in loan
guarantees (Housing Guaranty funds), as well as technical assistance and training, to
generate commercially viable, urban infrastructure projects. USAID has already developed
the first project under the program in Tamil Nadu with $25 million in loan guarantees
support to leverage the first $85 million phase of an important water and municipal sewage
project. The project is expected to come to a financial closure and start implementation in
FY 97 with a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) operator appointed and functioning. In the
second such project, USAID is helping Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to access capital
markets through the offering of bonds worth $25 million for investment into municipal
infrastructure projects. The USAID-supported Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion
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(FIRE) project has been instrumental in the completion of the credit rating for the
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, with an investment grade (A+) rating for floating these
bonds, the first credit rating ever for an Indian municipality.
USAID's housing finance program promotes the development of a financially sound, private
sector, housing finance system. The objective is to expand long-term home finance for
median-income and below-median income households. Building on past successes, this
program, which draws on $69.6 million in USAID loan guarantees, provides capital through
the National Housing Bank to housing finance companies for on-lending to lower income
families. The expanded policy agenda includes increasing the financial resources available to
the housing sector, expanding the number of market-oriented housing finance institutions,
expanding the supply of housing finance to below-median income households, and
strengthening outreach and capabilities of "community based financial institutions" to provide
financial services to lower income and informal sector families. The program assistance ends
in September 1997.
• Strategic Objective 1: Increased Mobilization of Capital Through Financial Sector
Reforms
Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health
With nearly a billion people, India has one-sixth of the world's population. At current rates of
growth, its population will reach 1.6 billion and surpass China by the middle part of the next
century. This growth has obvious implications for health and nutrition, growth in per capita
income, demand for education and public services, employment, and the environment.
Nevertheless, impressive gains in reducing population growth have been made. Fertility rates
have dropped by almost half in the past 30 years, and some southern states like Tamil Nadu
and Kerala have reached the point of zero growth. If north India were able to achieve
replacement levels similar to those in the south, India would have 480 million fewer people
by the time it reaches population stabilization at the national level around 2088.
USAID's largest family planning program focuses on the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh,
India's most populous state. The mandate of the program is to provide contraceptive choice
to couples who are at risk of having a child, who do not want to be pregnant, and who are
not using effective contraception. Service provision is accomplished in a holistic manner,
maintaining a comprehensive, women-centered approach.
Since 1994, the program has established an autonomous agency, the State Innovations for
Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA), to coordinate implementation of the
Innovations in Family Planning Services (IFPS) project. In the three years of program
implementation, SIFPSA has brought both private and public sector services together in
program implementation. Senior district officials, family planning managers and traditional
doctors are committed to increasing access, improving quality, and creating greater demand
for a broad range of reproductive health and family planning services. The agency has
financed training of over 3,000 doctors in family planning counselling and the use of oral
contraceptives; developed training curricula and programs for nurse midwives, private
practitioners and traditional doctors; and provided USAID project-funded grants to 66
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in providing a range of health and family
planning services, thereby increasing the coverage to 10 million people. During the next three
years, it will train 12,000 village doctors, upgrade hundreds of primary health care centers,
and support a major campaign for the social marketing of contraceptives.
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One major contribution in the past year has been USAID’s role in the Government of India's
(GDI's) adoption and launching of the Child and Reproductive Health (CRH) initiative.
USAID provided operations research, data and guidance that supported the GOI program
shift from the achievement of demographic goals through contraceptive targets to the
empowering of individuals and couples to use contraceptives for planning and achieving their
reproductive intent. One major concern is that the withdrawal of targets in the absence of a
well-conceived and tested alternative may lead to deterioration of program functions.
USAID, in partnership with other donors, is committed to keeping this issue foremost in all
policy dialogue and program implementation.
As part of the effort to provide data for informed decision making, USAID financed the
national family health survey, India's most complete analysis to date of family health,
covering 24 states and based on interviews with nearly 90,000 women. It supported analysis,
publicity and distribution of the valuable baseline data on demographic, health and nutrition
status, fertility and family planning practices, and is the key to measuring the results of
USAID's efforts. It was so well received that USAID is in the midst of negotiating with the
GOI the mechanism for a follow-on survey.
Through the Private Voluntary Organizations in Health-II (PVOH-II) activity, USAID
continued to support 85 NGOs in northern India in providing maternal and child health
services to approximately two million beneficiaries in underserved rural communities. The
program has resulted in a 40% increase in immunization coverage which now stands at 90%.
Ante-natal coverage has increased from 30% to 70% . There has been a significant increase
in awareness and use of family planning methods. Use has increased from 15% to 50%. NGO
capacity to reach communities with quality health care has been strengthened through
training and technical assistance.
USAID has continued its long involvement with and support to India's immunization
program through assistance to the development of the National Institute of Biologicals
which, when complete, will assure that high quality vaccines and biological products are used
and produced in India. Commencing in 1995, USAID has pledged support to India's polio
eradication initiative—one of the largest polio eradication drives in the world. In 1995, more
than 90% of India's 75 million children under three years of age were immunized. The
National Immunization Days (NIDs) for 1996 (December 1996 and January 1997) continued
to receive USAID assistance.
USAID has finalized the results package for a new Women and Child Health (WACH)
initiative in selected districts in the north Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The initiative will
focus on improving women’s reproductive health services including birth spacing
information, anemia prevention, and safe delivery care. The consequent gains in women's
health will result in reduced neonatal mortality. Other interventions such as nutrition
education, immunization, and management of acute respiratory and diarrheal diseases are
designed to reduce infant mortality.
The Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology Project's Child and Reproductive
Health Component (PACT/CRH), which has the goal of increasing commercial production,
distribution and marketing of child survival and reproductive health products in India, has
made substantial progress during the last twelve months. Specifically, the London Rubber
Company, the world's largest producers of condoms, has received a loan from the Industrial
Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI) under the PACT/CRH project
to substantially increase its marketing and distribution of condoms throughout India and to
improve its quality maintenance program. This ambitious nation-wide undertaking will have
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substantial positive impact on HIV and STD prevention and prevention of unwanted
pregnancies. Furthermore, the program is conducted on a commercial basis and is, therefore,
sustainable without further inputs. In addition to this activity, negotiations are underway
between ICICI and various private companies for increasing the marketing and distribution
for IUDs, oral rehydration salt (ORS), cold chain equipment and diagnostic products for
various infectious diseases.
• Strategic Objective 2: Reduced Fertility in North India
Agency Goal: Enhancing Food Security
With nine successive good monsoons, India's food grain production has increased markedly,
but massive poverty, inadequate infrastructure and policy failures at both state and federal
levels mean more than half of India's young children are malnourished and maternal
malnutrition is widespread. One-third of India's population, or 300 million persons, is food
insecure. Long-term food security is challenged by India's rapid population growth— 18
million people every year—and the real likelihood of a failed monsoon.
USAID's strategy is to focus its food aid increasingly in the northern states where the need is
greatest. The P.L. 480 Title II program, managed by the Cooperative for Assistance and
Relief Everywhere (CARE) and the Catholic Relief Services (CRS), supports efforts to
improve maternal and child nutrition and health, thereby reducing mortality rates, influencing
fertility, and complementing our efforts in population and health. In 1995, both organizations
moved more of their resources to the north. CARE closed operations in three southern states
to concentrate more in the north; CRS closed operations in Tamil Nadu and Kerala and has
initiated a program in Uttar Pradesh.
Both CARE and CRS work through local organizations to reach some seven million children
and pregnant and lactating mothers. CARE supports the GDI's Integrated Child
Development Services Program, the largest child survival program in the world. Responding
to a USAID-funded impact evaluation, CARE has begun an integrated nutrition and health
program to strengthen ancillary nutrition and health services in coordination with P.L. 480
Title II food supplements in more than 92,000 of India's villages. CRS works through
organizations affiliated with people such as Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama to reach some
of India's most destitute. Included among the program's successes are the following:
CARE and CRS have developed an impressive logistical base, allowing the program to move
large quantities of food to a widely dispersed beneficiary population and to respond quickly
with disaster assistance.
CARE and CRS outreach systems provide access to the most remote geographical areas and
to some of the most vulnerable people, including tribes and former ’untouchable’ castes.
CARE and CRS programs support established women's groups and provide a point of entry
for widespread dissemination of family planning, health, and nutrition information.
• Strategic Objective 3: Increased Child Survival and Improved Nutrition in Selected
Areas
Agency Goal: Protecting the Environment
The combination of accelerated economic development and rapid population growth could
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precipitate an ecological crisis that reverses India’s hard won economic gains and increases
negative impacts on the global environment. Already the second fastest growing producer of
greenhouse gases in the world, India could triple its emissions between 1987 and 2010 if
there is no change in current practices. Carbon dioxide emissions are expected to double
during the same period, and chloro-fluorocarbon (CFC) emissions, which cause ozone
depletion, are growing rapidly. Mobile source, or vehicle pollution, is one of the most
insidious and pervasive forms of air pollution in India. Major Indian cities, including New
Delhi, Calcutta and Mumbai, are on the top ten list of the most polluted cities in the world,
and the economic and health impacts (including asthma and other respiratory problems) are
becoming endemic. With vehicle sales growth exceeding 20% per annum in many categories,
air pollution worsens daily. In recognition of India’s increasing importance to global
environmental concerns, the U.S. signed with India the Common Agenda for the
Environment (CAE), pledging both countries to collaboration on environmental issues. In
support of CAE, USAID is working with the private sector, NGOs, and municipal and
central government representatives in a variety of programs.
India’s demand for power, expected to double in the next five years, poses a significant threat
to the global environment. Power plants fueled with high ash coal are a major source of
pollution in India. USAID’s environmental energy program is increasing the percentage of
power generated by clean technologies to decrease the volume of CO2 emissions per unit of
power generated. USAID promotes the development of innovative clean coal and renewable
energy technologies. For example, USAID assistance has resulted in the establishment of
India’s first commercial coal washery for power plants. A small USAID grant for this
Indo-U.S. joint venture has leveraged private investments of over $14 million. Multilateral
development banks are preparing more than $ 1 billion in new energy efficiency and
environmental programs.
USAID funds are catalyzing U.S.-India joint ventures and technology links for the
manufacture and installation of a variety of air pollution control equipment to reduce
emissions from steel, cement, copper smelter, and thermal power plants. Examples of results
from successful ventures are 100% reduction of arsenic emissions at copper smelters,
recyclying of sulfuric acid, recyclying of caustic soda, improved efficiency in the operation of
power plants, power plant emission controls, and the accelerated growth of U.S.-India
environmental industry collaboration. The next stage will build on the growing recognition
by major portions of key Indian industrial sectors that improved environmental management
will make them more competitive as well as benefitting the environment. Activities will
support the introduction of ISO 14000 environmental management techniques, greening of
supplier production chains and greater linkages to U.S. businesses.
A principal criterion for USAID’s pollution prevention activities is their potential to serve as
a catalyst to leverage expansion and follow-on activities supported by the private sector and
other donors such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. USAID assisted the
World Bank in the development of its $250 million industrial pollution control project. It is
also coordinating with the Asian Development Bank on environmental projects, including
one designed to develop environmentally sound coal technology. Because of the considerable
amount of donor activity in the environment sector, USAID maintains an active dialogue
with other donors in this area. USAID has been particularly successful in leveraging, as
demonstrated by Indian investments which are additional to the USAIDprogram, more than
$10 million in air and water pollution control equipment and hundreds of millions in donor
and privately financed electric power projects.
In addition to promoting increased private investment in clean power generation, the USAID
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USAID CP'98: India
program also targets technical assistance on policies, regulations and technologies that can
dramatically reduce the amount of air pollution per unit of power generated.
USAID-financed technical assistance to state electricity boards and the GOI facilitates the
evaluation and processing of the numerous pending private power investment proposals
which will result in more efficient and environmentally sustainable plants.
India's rapidly growing cities pose crucial environmental challenges: poorly managed
urbanization, weak local governments, and the near absence of functioning urban
infrastructure contribute to deplorable conditions affecting growing numbers of families. This
situation leads to environmental degradation downstream from cities that lack suitable
facilities to treat, recycle or dispose of municipal solid waste and sewage. USAID helps India
address this urgent issue by strengthening the management capability of state and local
governments, community groups and NGOs. This is done through a variety of approaches
including: (1) the development of environment workbooks and risk assessments which create
an accessible information base to prioritize investments; (2) assistance in design of legislation
on decentralization of environmental authorities; (3) development of a process leading to
women having a greater role in local environmental decision-making and control of
resources; and (4) assistance to India's debt market to raise the capital necessary to meet the
long-term requirements of new and upgraded environmental infrastructure. USAID assisted
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (ILFS) to package an integrated urban
environmental infrastructure project for Tirrupur, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the first
phase of which consists of a water supply and sewerage treatment system for Tirrupur
costing around $85 million. This also helped ILFS to get a line of credit of $200 million from
the World Bank to be invested in urban infrastructure.
• Strategic Objective 4: Improved Environmental and Financial Sustainability in the
Electric Energy Sector
• Strategic Objective 5: Improved Air and Water Quality at Selected Industrial Sites and
Municipalities
Special Objective 1: Reduced Transmission of HIV Infection
USAID's HIV/AIDS prevention and control program, located in the southern Indian state of
Tamil Nadu, responds to concerns about both health and economic growth. India has been
cited as one of the world's most vulnerable growth points for HIV/AIDS. The number of
Indians estimated to be HIV positive--between 1.5 and 3 million today—could grow to five
million by the end of the decade. The cost to India, both in demand on its already overtaxed
health system and in loss of productive workers, could be staggering. USAID is supporting
NGO programs known to have impact on the spread of AIDS; these programs emphasize
condom use, treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, and changing high-risk behavior. In
the last year, 18 NGOs have been funded to work with high-risk groups on HIV/AIDS
prevention. A comprehensive research study on the availability and quality of condoms at
retail outlets in Tamil Nadu has been completed and follow up action undertaken with
private sector manufacturers to improve both the distribution and the quality of condoms. A
training module has been designed for training physicians in diagnosis and management of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and training of physicians commenced in December
1996. A major study to gather baseline data on knowledge of HIV prevention methods, as
well as condom use and care seeking behavior for STDs, was completed in December 1996.
The study shows that while populations engaging in high risk behavior are well informed
about how to protect themselves from HIV, the adoption of safe behavior, such as condom
use, is low. NGOs are receiving training in developing proposals for community-based
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activities in HIV/AIDS prevention. .
Special Objective 2: Increased Investment in Agribusiness by Private Firms
USAID's Agricultural Commercialization & Enterprise (ACE) program is working to
improve the investment environment for private agribusinesses in horticulture and food
processing in order to create jobs and increase productivity in agriculture. India currently
processes less than one percent of its total agricultural production compared with 10% in
Brazil. Its post harvest losses are high—some 30% of total production. The ACE program is
designed to demonstrate to India's banking sector the feasibility of lending for agribusiness
development and expansion. The ACE program also supports expansion of agribusiness
through cost shared technical assistance and information exchange services to private
companies and business associations. ACE has already shown results by increasing rural jobs
in non-traditional high value crops. For example, the ACE program demonstrated the
feasibility of high technology precooling of fruits and vegetables. There are 47 such
precooling operations now concentrated in the same geographic area. The development of
these operations has stimulated agriculture and related industries leading to increased
employment opportunities in the area, especially for the rural poor including women. The
ACE program also nurtures Indo-U.S. agribusiness linkages by providing information to, and
facilitating trade and investment tours for, the Indian and U.S. agribusiness communities. In
September 1996, the first high tech Agribusiness Information Center (AIC) was launched in
collaboration with one of India's premier industry associations. The AIC provides access to
worldwide agribusiness information on prices, markets and technology.
Special Objective 3: Expansion of Women’s Role and Participation in
Decision-Making
USAID's Women's Initiative (WIN) increases economic and educational opportunities and
reproductive rights of girls and women in India. In a country where over the last seven
decades the ratio of females to males has consistently (and unnaturally) declined, there is an
urgent need for women to participate in decisions which affect their reproductive and
productive lives. WIN provides gender-specific support to improve the impact of
USAID/India's program in key strategic objectives of broad-based economic growth,
improved child survival and fertility rates, and environmental protection. WIN assists in
building a constituency on key women's issues by strengthening a body of Indian
organizations which are increasing the access of low-income women to microfinance
(savings, credit, and insurance) and/or which are defining and reducing the problem of
violence as an obstacle to women's advancement. WIN provides Friends of Women's World
Banking assistance to improve business planning of 73 affiliates providing microfinance to
women. WIN also provides a network of social science institutes support to develop
information systems and a data bank for annual reports on violence against women in India.
Since one-half of primary school age girls are not in school in India's most populous state of
Uttar Pradesh, USAID/India is supporting targeted action research conducted by teachers
and community members in one district to improve classroom practices and teaching so that
girls are more likely to stay in school. Once a teacher training module is developed, it can be
adapted statewide and perhaps nationally.
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INDIA
FY 1998 PROGRAM SUMMARY
($000)
r
Encouraging
Economic
(irowth
Stabilizing
Population
Growth and
Protecting
Human Health
Providing
Building
Protecting the
Environment Democracy
Hwnanitar-ian
Assist.
Total
USAID Strategic
Objectives/
Special Objectives
1. Increased
Mobilization of Capital
through Financial Sector
Reforms
Dev. Assistance
$9,500 I
$9,500
2. Reduced Fertility in
North India
$21,650
$21,650
Dev. Assistance
3. Increased Child
Survival and Improved
Nutrition in Selected
Areas
$2,150
Dev. Assistance
P.L. 480 Title II
$80,122 $80,122
$2,150
4. Improved
Environmental and
Financial Sustainability
in the Energy Sector
■J
Dev. Assistance
I..... .....
$5,700
$5,700
$10,500
$10,500
5. Improved Air and
Water Quality at
Selected Industrial Sites
and Municipalities
Dev. Assistance
1. Reduced
Transmission of HIV
Infection
$3,200
|Dev. Assistance
$3,200
2. Increased Investment
in Agri-business by
Private Firms
Dev. Assistance
3. F,xpansion of
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$0
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I
Women’s Role and
Participation in
Decision-Making
Dev. Assistance
Total
$3,000
$3,000
r
--
$o $55,700
Dev. Assistance
P.L. 480 Title II
$12,500
$27,000
$16,200
$0
$80,122 $80,122
I
USAID Mission Director: Linda E. Morse
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Mobilization of Capital through Financial Sector
Reforms,
386-S001
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998 $9,500,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Purpose: To increase mobilization of capital through financial sector reforms.
Background: India is struggling to raise the capital it needs for sustained economic growth,
new infrastructure and expanded social services for a rapidly increasing population. Tax
resources and other government revenues are inadequate. India's fledgling capital market
offers great potential for mobilizing resources, foreign and domestic, for new and expanding
businesses and for infrastructure investment in water, power and sewage. The extent to
which it succeeds will depend, in large part, on its ability to develop more efficient
administration, greater transparency and protection for investors. USAID’s program offers
technical assistance to improve securities market regulations, enforcement and oversight
while modernizing the securities trading systems. It also supports the development of a debt
market and innovative private-public financing arrangements to fund infrastructure projects
such as water supply, sewerage and waste treatment systems. In addition, it promotes
expansion of a housing finance system in order to reach lower income families.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's economic growth strategy targets
activities that have broad impact through policy reform or by support to areas with
significant multiplier effects. For example, since USAID helped launch India's
over-the-counter exchange in 1993, the exchange has raised more than $76 million for small
enterprises, creating many permanent jobs in the process. USAID support also has helped the
private housing finance sector grow from a single institution to a network of 78 companies
with over 250 branches managing more than $2 billion in credit.
Description: USAID supports growth of the private capital market by helping on both policy
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and regulatory reform and by introducing new technologies required to protect investors.
Last year this market raised more than $8 billion in new capital, including significant sums
from foreign—including U.S.—investors. USAID is working with the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to increase the transparency and administrative efficiency of
its equity and bond markets.
USAID supports the development of a debt market to finance environmental infrastructure
projects in India to meet the demand for urban services that cannot come from the public
sector. The program provides $125 million in loan guarantees (Housing Guaranty funds), as
well as technical assistance and training, to generate commercially viable, urban
infrastructure projects. The first project under the program—an initial $85 million portion of
a water and municipal sewage system in the state of Tamil Nadu is expected to come to
financial close and start implementation in FY 97.
In the second such project, USAID’s support was instrumental in completing credit rating
(for the first time in India) for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) to access
capital markets through issuing bonds valued at approximately $25 million to be invested in
municipal infrastructure projects for the city of Ahmedabad. USAID is assisting AMC in
structuring the bond and in the development and packaging of projects for the same.
USAID has supported private housing finance in India since 1979, has assisted in the rapid
expansion of registered housing finance companies, and has supported the development of
partnerships with community-based financial institutions which provide credit to upgrade
homes. The housing finance program promotes the development of a financially sound,
private sector, housing finance system. The objective is to expand long-term home finance
for median-income and below-median-income households. This program, which draws on
$69.6 million in USAID loan guarantees, provides capitalthrough the National Housing Bank
(NHB) to housing finance companies, expanding the supply of housing finance to low
income households and strengthening the outreach capabilities of community- based financial
institutions to provide financial services to informal sector families. The program support
ends in September 1997.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has provided a $250
million loan for development of India’s capital markets through policy reforms. This and
other multilateral bank loans directly support USAID efforts. USAID assistance to
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services (ILFS) has leveraged the sanctioning of a line
of credit of $200 million by the World Bank to ILFS for investment in infrastructure. The
host country contributes well above the total amount of assistance provided by USAID.
Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries include new employees of start-up and expanding companies
which create jobs as a result of increased availability of debt and equity capital; Indian and
foreign institutional investors (including U.S. investors) who benefit from access to an
efficient and transparent capital market; and low-income urban dwellers, including many
women, who benefit from improvements in urban sewage and water supply.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements this strategic objective
through two U.S. contractors and U.S. and local governmental and nongovernmental
organizations.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
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Increased amount of new capital 244 (1993/94)1 500 (1998/99)
(equity and debt) raised through the
securities markets (Rs. billion)
Increased foreign indirect 1.6 (1993/94)1 4 (1998/99)
institutional (portfolio) investment
($ billion)
Increased amount of private capital 0 (1994)2 3.75 (1998)
used to finance commercially urban
environmental infrastructure (Rs. billion)
1 Source: Securities & Exchange Board of India discussion paper
2 Source: Regional Housing & Urban Development Office
National Institute of Urban Affairs
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services
Housing & Urban Development Corporation
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Fertility in North India, 386-S002
STATUS. Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE FY 1998 $21,650,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE FY 2002
Purpose: To reduce the current high level of fertility and improve women's reproductive
health by increasing access to, quality of, and demand for a broad range of reproductive
health and family planning services and to address related fertility parameters, including the
status of women, in India's most populous state, Uttar Pradesh.
Background: The northern Indian, Hindi-speaking states have the country's highest fertility
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and maternal and child mortality. National and state family planning programs have not
provided adequate access to information and quality services to address these problems. The
fertility and mortality rates in these states are high, in part, because of inadequate health care
services, poorly trained and skilled health providers, and women's low social status (literacy
below 30%). This strategic objective includes activities under the Innovations in Family
Planning Services (IFPS) project in Uttar Pradesh, the PACT/Child and Reproductive Health
(CRH) activity which develops new technologies and approaches in the private commercial
sector, the Private Voluntary Organizations for Health - II (PVOH-IT) activity which
strengthens non-governmental organizations' (NGOs) capacity to provide maternal and child
health and family planning services. New activities—Women and Child Health (WACH) and
the Women's Initiative (WIN) - currently under design will further complement this strategic
objective.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has played an active role in health and
family planning activities and has made clear contributions to the substantial drop in fertility
and child mortality. However, because India has made only limited use of new technologies
and service approaches, progress in recent years has been considerably slower than in many
other countries. USAID is now playing a major role in introducing new service approaches
and technologies to improve quality of services and increase access. In 1994 and 1995,
USAID's program in Uttar Pradesh successfully established and staffed an autonomous
agency to implement USAID's largest family planning activity world-wide. It has successfully
established support for improving government services and has brought in the participation
of a wide range of NGOs to complement and strengthen the overall family planning and
reproductive health program. To increase access to quality services, USAID has supported
training of district health officials and family planning providers throughout the state;
introduced new training methodologies to make the training programs more
competency-based and client-oriented; financed training of over 3,000 private doctors in
family planning counselling and contraceptive use; trained midwives and other village-level
private practitioners and traditional doctors; and provided more than 66 NGOs with a range
of health and family planning services. Current service coverage is over 10 million people. To
greatly expand information and provide distribution of contraceptives and information, a
pilot social marketing activity was launched and is progressing well. Negotiations are being
held with the GOI to scale-up the social marketing activity state-wide.
At the same time, USAID financed the National Family Health Survey, one of the largest of
its kind in the world, which provided extremely valuable data and analysis on key
demographic and health, fertility and family planning practices and is a key to measuring the
result of USAID efforts. It was so well received that negotiations are ongoing with the GOI
for a follow-on survey.
Description: USAID’s strategic focus supports broadened access to quality family planning
and reproductive health services through the public sector; engagement and funding of the
non-govemment sector, i.e., private voluntary organizations (PVOs), cooperatives, and
employers groups in the provision of community-based family planning and reproductive
health services; use of commercial networks to promote, market and sell contraceptive
products through commercial outlets, and support for a range of government and
non-govemment efforts to improve the role and status of women. ThelFPS project, working
in the state of Uttar Pradesh, will focus efforts in 15 priority districts over the next two
years, serving 15 million people. Reaching out through the vast government infrastructure,
government doctors and paramedical staff will be trained in contraceptive technology,
screening for reproductive tract infections, infection prevention, counseling, client follow-up,
and supervision and management of services. In the private sector, successful efforts will be
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scaled-up through the provision of an additional 25 to 30 grants to PVOs (72 currently being
implemented). At present a population of over 10 million people is served either directly or
through referral to the government clinics for services. Contraceptive Social Marketing
promotes awareness, sales and use of oral contraceptives and condoms. To date over 1.4
million cycles of oral contraceptives and 40 million condoms have been sold. This
three-pronged approach through the public, private, and commercial sectors will be
supported by a statewide communications campaign, and will lay the foundation for phasing
into more districts throughout the state. Another effort (the Child and Reproductive Health
component of the PACT project) will support private sector production, distribution and
marketing of reproductive health products with sales volumes increasing by 15% annually.
Host Country and Other Donors: The World Bank, United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the British Overseas
Development Administration (ODA) provide complementary donor support in reproductive
health, safe motherhood and child survival. These efforts are primarily channeled through the
existing government program. Thus, USAID's support to the private sector is a unique
contribution in the Indian context. The GOI contributes substantial resources through its
personnel and infrastructure which exists throughout India to provide health and family
welfare services to the general public and serves an important need in reaching the large
numbers of extremely poor clients that are unable to purchase health services from the
private sector.
Beneficiaries: The direct beneficiaries of this strategic objective are the women of
child-bearing age (age 15-49) of Uttar Pradesh, totaling approximately 30 million women.
Secondary beneficiaries are the children under age five, in particular, female children whose
survival will be enhanced by the activities in this program.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The major grantees are the State Innovations
in Family Planning Services Project Agency (SIFPSA) and the Industrial Credit and
Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI). USAID supported cooperating agencies
include: The Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Reproductive Health,
Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception, Population Communication Services,
Center for Development and Population Activities, The Futures Group, Deloitte and Touche,
and International Training in Health, University of North Carolina.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Accomplished Target
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Uttar Pradesh 4.8 (1992) 3.9 (2001)
Contraceptive Use Rate for Uttar Pradesh 20 (1992)1 30 (1997)
Contraceptive Use Rate for 6 Focus Districts 33 (1995) 37 (1997)
Population Served by s (in million) 5 (1995) 15 (1997)
Contraceptive Social Marketing (CSM) Sales
A.
Condoms (million pieces) 21.3 (1995) 14.5 (1996) 29.6 (1997)
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B. Pills (,000 cycles) 233 (1995) 272 (1996) 848 (1997)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Child Survival and Improved Nutrition in Selected
Areas,
386-S003
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998 $2,150,000 DA;
$80,122,000 P.L. 480 Title II
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To reduce high levels of infant and child mortality of poor children and women in
north India through integration of P.L. 480 Title II supplementary feeding into health,
nutrition, and other services.
Background: One-third of India's population of 900 million people lacks adequate food.
Over half of India's young children (73 million) are underweight, and chronic maternal
malnutrition is widespread. Infant and child mortality rates are very high. Poor access to
health care, high illiteracy rates and poor nutrition and health practices are causative factors
for high mortality rates.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID supports the Government of India (GOI)
and non-governmental organization (NGO) efforts to improve child survival in the states
where malnutrition, fertility, illiteracy and mortality rates are high. The Cooperative for
Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) have
increasingly focused resources in needier northern states, closing down operations in more
developed southern states. P.L. 480 Title II commodities provide nutrition and serve as an
entry point for provision of services in health education and nutrition. A 1994 USAID impact
evaluation of the CARE program found that immunization coverage and nutrition of
under-three year old children was better in CARE-assisted village centers. Over the years,
USAID assistance has contributed to a steady decline in infant and child mortality from 101
per 1000 in 1978-82 to 79 in 1992-93. The PVOs have developed a sustainable logistic base,
allowing the program to move large quantities of food to desperately poor people in remote
areas.
Description: The P.L. 480 Title II program and Private Voluntary Organization (PVO)
Health II project assist efforts to improve maternal and child nutrition, thereby reducing
mortality rates and enhancing the impact of USAID's population and health activities. Under
the Quality Control of Health Technologies (QCHT) project, the National Institute of
Biologicals is being constructed to expand India's capacity to ensure quality vaccines, blood
products and other biologicals. Also, USAID's large family planning project in the state of
Uttar Pradesh supports spacing contraception which positively impacts child survival. CARE
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supports India’s Integrated Child Development Services program (India’s Head Start
Program) and reaches 6.5 million beneficiaries in 92,000 villages. In response to the impact
evaluation, CARE developed an integrated nutrition and health program to improve
performance. CRS, working through private registered social service societies, reaches
648,620 beneficiaries, including programs managed by Mother Teresa’s and the Dalai Lama's
organizations.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOI funds all of the Integrated Child Development
Services Program’s personnel, infrastructure, in-country transportation (for both CARE and
CRS) and storage costs for P.L. 480 Title II commodities. CARE provides technical
assistance, training and logistic support. Other donors include the United Nations Children's
Fund (UNICEF), World Bank, Swedish International Development Agency, and UN World
Food Program (WFP). Japan is a co-donor with USAID for the QCHT.
Beneficiaries: Direct beneficiaries are the more than seven million children under six years of
age and pregnant and lactating women and adolescent girls.
Principal Contractors, Grantees and Agencies: USAID implements the P.L. 480 Title II India
program through CARE and CRS.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
Under-five mortality rate U P. 141 (1992/93)1 U P. 113 (2000)
declines (No. of under 5 deaths Orissa 131 Orissa 105
per 1000 children) in selected M.P. 130 M.P. 104
states in north India Bihar 128 Bihar 103
Rajasthan 103 Rajasthan 81
Infant mortality rate U.P. 100 (1992/93)1 U.P. 85 (2000)
declines (No. of infant deaths Orissa 112 Orissa 95
per 1000 live births) in selected M.P. 85 M.P. 73
states in north India Bihar 89 Bihar 75
Rajasthan 73 Rajasthan 62
Percent of children less than U.P. 50 (1992/93)1 U.P. 38 (2000)
four years old classified as under-weight M.P. 57M.P. 38
in selected states in north India (%) Rajasthan 42 Rajasthan 38
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1 Source: National Family Health Survey.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER : Improved Environmental and Financial Sustainability in the
Energy Sector,
386-S004
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE FY 1998 $5,700,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To improve efficiency of energy supply and use in selected industrial sectors; and to
increase the use and adoption of clean coal and renewable energy technologies in generation
of power.
Background: A major factor affecting both the pace of India’s economic growth and the
quality of its environment will be its ability to generate and use electricity efficiently. India is
unable to cope with current demand for power. The state power utilities are inefficient, often
bankrupt, and unable to serve the needs of a country which already has one of the lowest
rates of per capita electricity availability, at less than 300 kilowatt hours per person per year.
Yet at current rates of economic growth, demand for electricity will grow at more than 30%
during the next five years, and, to the extent that it is met, it will be met by the use of India's
abundant but high-ash coal with negative environmental implications in India and globally.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's technical assistance to the Power Finance
Corporation, state electricity boards, and private power companies has helped leverage
millions of dollars of loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
Specifically, technical assistance to the Government of India for development of standardized
legal and financial documents; and training in support of regulatory and policy reforms has
helped open the way for millions of dollars of potential U.S. investment in private power
generation. USAID grants and technical assistance aimed at supporting renewable energy
technologies have contributed to an increase in the share of power generation from
renewable energy sources from 0.2% of total power generating capacity in March 1994 to
over 1% in March 1996. The signing of partnership agreements between leading Indian and
U.S. power utilities under the USAID-funded Utility Partnership Program has established a
long-term mechanism for transfer of U.S. technology and experience to Indian utilities.
USAID assistance also facilitated the signing of the first small hydro power purchase
agreement between the Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board and a private hydro power
consortium lead by a U.S. hydro power developer, paving the way for rapid development of
10,000 MV produced by small hydro power plants in India.
Description: USAID has three major activities focused on achieving increased financial and
environmental sustainability in the energy sector. Working with major development banks,
the Energy Management Consultation and Training (EMCAT) project uses a combination of
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technical assistance and training to address the critical issues affecting the Indian power
sector: identifying and supporting policy reforms related to power sector regulation and
restructuring, increasing investments in energy efficiency and demand-side management, and
promoting innovative financing of energy efficiency projects. The Program for Acceleration
of Commercial Energy Research (PACER) works through a major development financial
institution to provide conditional grants for market driven research to develop energy
efficient and renewable energy technologies which have potential for near-term commercial
success. The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention (GEP) program combines the strengths
of Indian industry with the technological prowess of the U.S. to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by facilitating investments in advanced coal combustion technologies and bagasse
co-generation, and providing specialized technical assistance for efficiency improvement in
existing coal fired power plants.
Host Country and Other Donors: Host country contributions exceed $1 billion through
implementing agencies' and industries' cost share. Multilateral development banks are
preparing more than $ 1 billion in new energy efficiency and environmental programs.
Beneficiaries: Independent power producers, national and state level utilities, private power
utilities, selected high energy intensity industries, energy audit and service companies, sugar
industries, agricultural biomass providers, development financial institutions and consumers
— both urban and rural — also need access to power for everything from irrigation to
lighting.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: U.S. companies and consultants,
non-governmental organizations and U.S. Government organizations such as the U.S.
Department of Energy.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
Private power as percentage of power 4.4 (1993/94)1 20 (2001/02)
generating capacity (%)
Percentage increase in kilowatt hour billed to 73 (1992/93)1 77 (2002/03)
KWH produced (%)
Ratio of net CO2 emissions per unit 1.24 (1993/94)2 1.05 (2004/05)
of power generated (volume of emissions/KWH) (kg/KWH)
1
Source: Center for Monitoring Indian Economy
2 Source: Asian Development Bank
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
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PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Air and Water Quality at Selected Industrial Sites and
Municipalities,
386-S005
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE FY 1998 $10,500,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE FY 2002
Purpose: To improve environmental protection through competitive technologies for the
industrial and energy sectors and municipalities; and to finance environmental investments
through long-term debt instruments to strengthen local governments’ management capability.
Background: India, the second fastest growing producer of greenhouse gases in the world,
could triple its emissions between 1987 and 2010; its carbon dioxide emissions are expected
to double; and ozone-depleting emissions will grow considerably. Of India’s 3,119 towns and
cities, only eight have full sewage disposal and treatment and only 209 have partial facilities.
Environmental conditions are deteriorating rapidly within these cities, and the effects fall
disproportionately upon the poor.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has initiated programs to identify
technology gaps or emerging market opportunities and to enable U.S. companies to supply a
wider market for environmentally friendly technologies. India’s current market for pollution
control goods and services of around $1.7 billion is expected to surge to $4 billion by the
turn of the century. To date, USAID has facilitated, through technical assistance and funding
support, 11 Indo-U.S. environmental business collaborations. For example, the Indo-U.S.
joint venture between Mysore Kirloskar and Snyder General, Texas with $1.8 million in
USAID project assistance has already resulted in installed air pollution control equipment
valued at $10 million to reduce gaseous and particulate emissions. Another Indo-U.S. joint
venture between Agro Pulp Machinery Limited and Enders Process Equipment Corporation,
Illinois was set up in 1994. Under this collaboration, a new efficient fluidized bed technology
has been successfully introduced and demonstrated. Shreyans Papers Mills in Ludhiana is
now treating black liquor effluent to reduce pollution load and recover valuable caustic soda
(80%) used as a pulping chemical. With 100 agrobased paper mills in India, the potential
market for this technology has been estimated at $400 million. Similarly, DI Filters Systems
Private Limited and Donaldson Co. Inc., Minneapolis have collaborated to set up a plant to
manufacture air intake filters for gas turbines to reduce air pollution. With the constantly
increasing demand for energy in India, the need for such efficient air filters is expected to
grow exponentially. USAID also is fostering the evolution of India's debt market to address
the enormous requirement for long-term financing for environmental infrastructure. Under
USAID's Financial Institutions Reform and Expansion (FIRE) program, the first
commercially viable urban water supply and sewerage project has been developed in
Tirrupur, in the state of Tamil Nadu, which will provide access to potable drinking water and
sewage disposal system to around 250,000 people in the Tirrupur area. USAID assisted
environmental workbook and risk assessment studies have helped the city of Ahmedabad in
India to identify, prioritize and develop environmental infrastructure projects worth around
$175 million, part of which will be financed through the domestic capital market, and another
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new innovation in the development of a municipal debt market.
Description: USAID has three major activities focused on addressing environmental
concerns. The Trade in Environmental Services and Technologies (TEST) activity provides
technical assistance to foster increased Indo-U.S. business linkages and project financing to
assist Indo-U.S. environmental collaborations. The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention
(GEP) program, provides assistance to promote efficient use of bagasse and other biomass
fuels to co-generate power for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. GEP also promotes the
use of advanced technologies in conventional fossil fuel plants to bring in efficiency
improvements and encourage commercial utilization of fly ash. Part of the Financial
Institutions Reform and Expansion (FIRE) project helps expand India’s capacity tofinance
treatment and safe disposal of sewage and municipal waste through a commercially viable
system.
Host Country and Other Donors: Indian industries receiving financial assistance through the
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) will provide the equivalent of
$10.8 million; the Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) will lend up to $80 million
for bagasse co-generation investments, and the National Thermal Power Corporation
(NTPC) will provide $10 million investment in energy efficient equipment as part of the host
country’s contribution. The Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) and
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited (ILFS) together will mobilize from
domestic sources at least an amount equivalent to $125 million for investment in
environmental infrastructure projects.
Beneficiaries: The beneficiaries are Indian companies and municipalities, primarily in urban
areas, benefiting from clean air and improved access to water and sewerage; Indian
technology and service firms; industry and business associations; financial institutions, power
utilities, sugar industry, municipalities, and lower-income communities.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Principal U.S. partners include: Sanders
International and Community Consultants Inc.; U.S. Department of Energy PETC. Principal
Indian partners include: Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and
Investment Corporation of India, National Thermal Power Corporation, Housing Urban
Development Corporation (HUDCO) and the Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services
(ILFS).
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
Reduction in pollutants in waste water 0 (1993/94)1 10 (1997/98)
at selected industrial sites (% )
Reduction in gaseous emissions and 0 (1993/94)1 * 90 (1997/98)*
suspended particulate matter in air at 0 (1994/95) ** 4 (2000/01)**
selected industrial sites and power plants (%)
Hectares of fly-ash ponds and land fills 0 (1994/95)2 TBD (2002/03)
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avoided due to commercial utilization of
ash (hectares)
* Data is for TEST Project.
** Data is for GEP Project.
1 Source:
Project Reports, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,
Central/State Pollution Control Boards, Industry.
2 Source: National Thermal Power Corporation, State Electricity Boards,
Captive Power Plants.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Transmission of HIV Infection in India, 386-SPO1
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $3,200,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To assist the southern state of Tamil Nadu to control the spread of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Background: USAID’s program in the southern state of Tamil Nadu to prevent and control
HIV/AIDS responds to concerns about both health and economic growth. Recent studies
have shown that India is potentially one of the countries in the world most vulnerable to a
dramatic increase in HIV/AIDS. The number of Indians estimated to be HIV
positive-between 1.5 and 3 million today-could grow to five million by the end of the
decade. The cost to India, both in demand on its already overtaxed health system and in loss
of productive workers, could be staggering. Tamil Nadu is one of the areas of documented
high HIV transmission.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID’s AIDS Prevention and Control (APAC)
activity in Tamil Nadu supports the participation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
in AIDS prevention, capitalizing on their commitment, credibility and access to high-risk
groups. USAID has financed the establishment of a new AIDS unit at Voluntary Health
Services, Madras, a well respected Indian NGO, as the implementing agency to manage
sub-grants to NGOs working with high-risk groups, their spouses, children and communities.
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In the last year, 18 NGOs have been funded to work with high-risk groups on HIV/AIDS
prevention. A comprehensive research study on the availability and quality of condoms at
retail outlets in Tamil Nadu has been completed and follow-up action undertaken with
private sector manufacturers to improve both the distribution and the quality of condoms. A
training module has been designed for training physicians in diagnosis and management of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and the training of physicians began in December
1996. A major study to gather baseline data on knowledge of HIV prevention methods, as
well as condom use and care seeking behavior for STDs was completed in December 1996.
Findings indicate that although 90% of individuals engaging in high risk behavior do know
about means of preventing the transmission of HIV/AIDS, adoption of safe behavior lags
behind. Only about 37% of high risk populations protect themselves with condoms. NGOs
are receiving training in developing proposals for community-based activities in HIV/AIDS
prevention. The challenge is to maintain the current high levels of knowledge and to move
people from knowledge to adoption of safe behavior.
Description: USAID supports NGOs with both funds and technical assistance to design and
implement community-based prevention programs which target high-risk populations,
including prostitutes and their clients, and STD patients. NGOs educate target populations,
promote condom use, and enhance STD services and counseling.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Government of India's (GOI) World Bank-funded
$100 million, seven-year. National AIDS Control Program (NACP) assists the government
health system in Indian states to work on HIV/AIDS prevention. The British Overseas
Development Administration (ODA) is engaged in developing a country-wide intervention
with truck drivers to promote behavior modification and STD treatment. The European
Union is supporting NGO activities in several Indian states. Most other donors contribute
funds to the GDI's NACP. UNAIDS provides technical assistance to the NACP.
Beneficiaries: Though high-risk sexual activity takes place mostly between female
commercial sex workers and their male clients, infection is primarily transmitted to the
female partners of clients. Inaddition to commercial sex workers and their clients, women
and their children who are family members of clients form 50% of the beneficiaries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID's worldwide AIDSCAP Project
provides technical support to Voluntary Health Services, Madras, which is the nodal
voluntary agency entrusted with APAC activity implementation.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
Knowledge of at least two 90% 90% increase (2001/2002)*
protective measures against HIV
transmission amongst those
engaging in high-risk behavior.
Use of condoms among high- 37% 62% (2001/2002)*
risk groups.
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Proportion of the high-risk 52% 77% (2001/2002)*
populations seeking care from qualified
medical practiioners for symptomatic STDs
Number of APAC assisted NGOs involved 0 (1995) 100 (2001/2001)*
in HIV/AIDS prevention activities.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER : Increased Investment in Agribusiness by Private Firms,
386-SPO2
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE FY 1998 $0 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE FY 1998
Purpose: The purpose of the Agricultural Commercialization and Enterprise (ACE) project is
to reduce post harvest losses and accelerate competitive agribusiness development through
increased investment flows and Indo-U.S. business linkages.
Background: Agriculture contributes over 30% of India’s gross domestic product (GDP)
and, directly or indirectly, provides a living to almost 700 million people. Less than 1% of
India's horticultural production is processed in India, compared to 70% in Brazil and the
United States. Inadequate infrastructure causes an approximate 30% post harvest loss.
USAID Role & Achievements to Date: USAID, through its Agricultural Commercialization
and Enterprise (ACE) program, assists competitive and pioneering agribusiness ventures
producing high value horticultural produce and agroprocessing that expand rural
employment (including jobs for women) and incomes. Among the 22 commercial ventures
supported by ACE, four for fruits and vegetable pre-cooling in the Nasik region of
Maharashtra state have led to an additional 47 similar investments in Nasik alone.
Convinced by this success, formerly reticent financial intermediaries now invest nine dollars
for every dollar financed by the ACE project in agribusiness ventures. USAID has also
actively facilitated Indo-US agribusiness linkages through arranging training programs in
leading U.S. universities (eg., the University of California, Davis) and encouraging
participation of Indian agribusiness leaders in trade and investment shows in the U.S. These
business nurturing activities have improved India's perception of U.S. exporters and
manufacturers of agribusiness equipment. For example, ACE facilitated an Indian
delegation's participation in Chicago's 1995 Megashow which resulted in a new joint venture
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in cooling equipment which will open South Asia's markets to new technology from a
mid-sized U.S. company. In September 1996, the ACE program successfully launched India's
first, state of the art Agribusiness Information Center (AIC) in collaboration with the
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (F1CCI), India's premier industry
association. In September 1996, the ACE project provided an opportunity to American
biotech companies to meet with Indian firms interested in acquiring new technology at a
Biotech Business Forum. As a direct result, one of the participating American companies has
sent a team to negotiate and appoint agents and dealers for their technology in India.
Description: USAID through the ACE program and its partner the Industrial Credit and
Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) lends seed capital for pioneering horticultural and
agribusiness ventures in order to demonstrate the feasibility of lending to agribusiness. The
ACE program also provides technical assistance and training to individual firms and industry
associations and nurtures Indo-US agribusiness linkages as a mechanism for technology
transfer. The Mission plans to extend this activity through additional funding anticipated
from the Agency’s new economic growth plus-up initiative.
Host Country and Other Donors: In response to ACE effectiveness, the Government of India
transferred over $20 million in local currency to ICICI to finance agribusiness operations.
Additionally, after the creditworthiness of agribusiness lending was demonstrated, ICICI has
invested over $50 million from its own resources in similar agribusiness projects. Other
donors such as the EuropeanUnion, UNDP, FAO and the World Bank have used USAID
experience in plans for replicating these activities. As an example, the World Bank is
designing a similar $300 million project for the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Beneficiaries: Farmers, rural women, young entrepreneurs, financial institutions and business
associations benefit from the establishment and expansion of agribusiness.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through
Chemonics International, a U.S. contractor; the International Executive Service Corps
(EESC), a U.S. private voluntary organization; ICICI, the leading Indian private development
bank; F1CC1, India's premier industry association; and Winrock International, a U.S.
contractor that implements the Farmer-to-Farmer program in India.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline Target
Increase in total investments 0 (1991/92)1 60 (1997/98)
in ACE-funded agribusiness projects ($ million)
Increase in ICICI lending to the agri- 0 (1991/92)1 200 (1997/98)
business sector ($ million)
Increase in value of horticultural 155 (1991/92)2 380 (1997/98)
exports ($ million)
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1 Source: Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, Chemonics International
2 Source: Agricultural Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Expansion of Women's Role and Participation in
Decision-Making, 386-SPO3
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $3,000,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To expand women’s role and participation in decision-making through activities
addressing constraints in the areas of microfinance, girls' school participation, violence
against women, management of the community environment and women's control over her
reproductive and childrens' health.
Background: Women are the most disadvantaged members of the Indian population and
comprise the largest portion of the population living in absolute poverty. The low status is
reflected in indicators such as low literacy rate, a significant gender gap in primary education,
high prevalence of a number of forms of violence against women, and lack of access to
financial resources. Worsening environmental conditions and the absence of basic
infrastructure in poor communities deprive women of prospects for healthy, dignified lives as
productive members of society. Perhaps the most telling is the figure for "missing women" as
reflected in excess female mortality (when compared to male mortality), especially high
maternal mortality rates and the declining sex ratio (927 per 1000 males as per the 1991
census). Between 1981 and 1991 more than four million girl children joined the ranks of
"missing women." Approximately 1.2 million of them disappeared either through selective
abortion following sex-determination in pregnancy or because of inadequate attention after
birth.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: All the activities supported by the Women's
Initiative (WIN), which began in FY 1996, address aspects of women's issues not supported
by any other donor. It is envisioned that considerable progress will be made in USAID
supported programs being implemented by the International Center for Research on Women
and its subgrantee, the Centre for Development and Population Activities in partnership with
Indian organizations. During the first phase of WIN, more than 20 non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) providing financial services to low-income women will be trained in
business planning by USAID's local partner. Friends of Women's World Banking (FWWB).
Training materials in several Indian languages will be made available to these and other
grassroots institutions serving low-income women, and the institutional capacity of FWWB
will be strengthened. A systematic methodology in collection and analysis of secondary data
and indicators measuring the incidence, prevalence and costs of violence against women will
be piloted in some states in India by local institutions, and plans to refine this pilot
undertaking in order to replicate at a national level will be underway.
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USAID support through the Global Girl's and Women's Education Initiative will result in
development of new instructional methods in gender-sensitive classroom interaction of
teachers in primary schools of one block in Uttar Pradesh. Baseline data will be collected by
core team of local teachers using classroom observations of both qualitative and quantitative
interactions and interviews with teachers, parents and community members.
Description: After an extensive customer survey of women's NGOs, grass roots
organizations, research institutions, government offices, media groups and other donors,
USAID decided to provide support for: (a) developing, with the participation of a prominent
teacher's association, a teacher training module that eliminates gender-biases in classroom
practices and increases girl's school enrollment and retention in one district in the Indian state
of Uttar Pradesh; (b) upgrading the business planning skills of NGOs to increase outreach of
financial services to low-income women; and (c) expanding informed research and advocacy
by Indian organizations on and against violence against women by development of
nationwide data base for publication of annual status reports. Support in these areas will
strengtheninterventions in the areas of increased political participation and awareness of legal
rights of women.
WIN also seeks to strengthen alliances of women’s organizations through advocacy
workshops and dissemination of research results and models. Through these alliances, there
will be positive synergistic impact on the health and family planning and urban environmental
management activities supported by USAID.
Host Country and Other Donors: WIN contributes to many significant Indian initiatives and
donor programs. In the primary education sector, the World Bank is providing over $700
million to improve coverage and quality of primary education, and several UN agencies have
coordinated to provide assistance for teacher training and community participation and
management of schools. The European Union and the British Overseas Development
Administration (ODA) also have significant primary education programs in Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. The USAID activity complements these comprehensive
programs by focusing specifically on teacher training through skills development for teachers
that are intended to increase teachers' abilities to address girls' specific learning needs,
improve school and classroom learning environments for girls so they stay in school.
Although violence against females is a widely recognized and serious problem in India, most
donors have assisted support services or legal awareness programs rather than building an
information base. USAID is the first donor to work with Indian organizations to establish an
objective and national data bank, through systematic analysis and collection of data on
violence against women.
The UN, World Bank, Swiss, Dutch and Canadians have all supported credit and enterprize
programs for women. However, most of these programs have focused on women's self-help
group formation and development of home-based enterprises. WIN focuses instead on
upgrading the technical and managerial capabilities of alternative financial organizations
which, by operating on a sound, sustainable basis, will increase the quality and outreach of
the financial services they provide to women.
Beneficiaries: Girls, women and local institutions of India in areas assisted by WIN.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Center for International Education, University
of Massachusetts International Center for Research on Women and subgrantee. Centre for
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Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), Friends of Women’s World Banking
(FWWB) and other local institutions.
Major Results Indicators:
* Increased enrollment and retention of girls in primary Baseline (1996/97) and target figures
schools in one district in UP (% increase) (2000/2001) will be developed for
these indicators in consultation with
* Increased number of women clients receiving G/WID, G/EG/MD and ICRW/CEDPA and
financial services from NGOs trained in business key Indian partner institutions.
planning (% increase)
* Increased number of institutions reporting regularly on
violence against women
* Increased number of local institutions and their constituencies
conducting methodological research on and informed
advocacy against violence against women (% increase)
* Publication of an annual report on violence against women.
54°
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USAID CP FY2000: India
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U.S. Agency for International
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INDIA
FY 1998
Actual
FY 1999
Estimate
FY 2000
Request
Development Assistance
$25,631,000
$24,700,000
$28,700,000
Child Survival and Disease
$17,044,000
$17,150,000
P.L. 480 Title II
$94,948,000
$110,503,000
$81,650,000
Introduction
USAID's program in India responds to two key U.S. national interests. (1) global issues of
population growth, infectious diseases, and climate change; and (2) humanitarian concerns of
alleviating poverty and reducing malnutrition. India is the sixth largest and second fastest
growing producer of greenhouse gases. Its growing population, concentrated increasingly in
urban areas, contributes to the spread of communicable diseases—HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis
and polio. India continues to have the largest concentration of poor in the world, more than
300 million. Despite gains in food production, half of its children are malnourished. With
nearly a billion people, India's progress in slowing population growth, greenhouse gas
emissions and infectious diseases and reducing poverty are vital to successfully addressing
U.S. global issues and humanitarian concerns.
As a consequence of India's May 1998 nuclear tests, the United States imposed sanctions on
India. Programs terminated under sanctions include financial sector reform and agribusiness
development.
The United States continues to be India's largest trade and investment partner. In 1997-98,
trade between the two countries was $10.36 billion; approvals of U.S. direct investment
totaled $783.4 million in the first three quarters of 1998. The potential for expanded trade
and investment is enormous but dependent upon a second wave of Indian economic reform.
India's external debt is manageable as indicated by 1998 estimates of the stock of debt ($92
billion), foreign exchange reserves in months of imports (six months), the current account
deficit as a percent of GDP (2.3%) and the debt service ratio (21.7%) which are all largely
unchanged from the previous year.
Development Challenges
India's ability to achieve sustainable growth and reduce poverty depends greatly on its ability
to stabilize population growth. Its population will reach one billion by the year 2000 and, not
long after, will surpass China as the world's most populous country. A major contributing
factor to India's rapid population growth is the lack of access to reproductive health services.
Hence, USAID's program to stabilize population growth focuses on improving the quality of,
and access to, family planning services in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state with
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condoms and oral contraceptives to rural areas. These two activities will broaden access to
temporary contraceptive methods, allowing couples more choice in planning their family.
The second USAID-funded National Family Health Survey for the 25 states of India is
currently underway. Key health indicator data will be available by mid-1999. This data is
utilized widely by the GDI, donors and others within India and internationally to track health
trends over time.
Considerable progress has been made in building program momentum to reduce fertility and
improve reproductive health in north India. Emphasizing improved access to quality
reproductive health services, the program is rapidly expanding to 29 districts covering a
population of 72 million.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: None
Other Donor Programs: The World Bank, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the British foreign aid program provide
complementary donor support in reproductive health, safe motherhood and child survival.
USAID's program has introduced a number of innovative approaches to supporting both
public and private sector efforts, some of which have been incorporated into a major new
initiative in reproductive health being launched by the World Bank. The GOI contributes
substantial resources through its existing personnel and massive infrastructure to provide
health and family welfare services to the general public. GOI health and family welfare
services address the needs of large numbers of extremely poor clients who are unable to
purchase health services from the private sector.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The major grantees are the State
Innovations in Family Planning Services Agency and Industrial Credit and Investment
Corporation of India (ICICI) Limited. USAID-supported cooperating agencies include: The
Association for Voluntary and Safe Contraception, Cooperation for Assistance and Relief
Everywhere, Center for Development and Population Activities, Johns Hopkins
University/Population Communication Services, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, University of
North Carolina, International Training in Health - PRIME Project, MACRO International
Inc., Program for Appropriate Technologies in Health, Population Reference Bureau, and
John Snow, Inc.
Selected Performance Measures:
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* Number of public sector clinics with
satisfactory quality ratings 1
Baseline
(1997)
Target
(2000)
Target
(2004)
4
72
361
* Annual number of public sector family planning
clients by methods 1
303,000 454,000 661,000
* Annual number of private sector family planning
clients by spacing methods 1
11,000
24,000
41,000
* Annual contraceptive Social Marketing (CSM) and
Commercial sales of
- oral pills (million cycles)2
- condoms (million pieces)2
4.2
104
6.3
127
10.4
205
43%
32%
46%
34%
50%
40%
17%(1995)
22%
30%
* Percentage of pregnant women receiving
Ante Natal Care (ANC) services 1
- two doses of Tetanus Toxid
- 100 Iron and Folic Acid Tablets
* Percentage of deliveries attended by
trained provider
1 in 28 priority IFPS Activity districts; 2 in Uttar Pradesh
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Child Survival and Nutrition in Selected Areas of India,
386-SOO3
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000 $2,000,000 CSD;
$81,650,000 P.L. 480 Title II
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: One-third of India's nearly one billion people lacks adequate food. More than
half of India's young children (73 million) are underweight, and chronic maternal malnutrition
is high: one of every nine children die before the age of five. Infant and child mortality rates
are very high. Poor access to health care, high illiteracy rates and poor nutrition and health
practices contribute to the high mortality and malnutrition. Because poor women and
children, particularly in remote rural and tribal areas, have the greatest mortality risks, the
purpose of this strategic objective (SO) is to reduce the high levels of child mortality and
malnutrition. The major activity that contributes to this SO is the P.L. 480 Title II program
being implemented by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and
Catholic Relief Services (CRS). The program reaches more than seven million women and
children by integrating Tile II commodities and other GOI and non-governmental resources
in the program. Through the GOI's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) program
(India's equivalent of Head Start), CARE taps into a network of over 111,000 village
centers. CRS, working through private registered social service societies including programs
managed by Mother Teresa's and the Dalai Lama's organizations, reaches those women and
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children who are not served by the GOI’s ICDS.
A bilateral activity, the Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology/Child and
Reproductive Health (PACT/CRH), complements the Title II program by providing support
at the national level for technologies aimed at improving child survival while increasing
commercial marketing and distribution of quality child survival products and services such as
Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and vaccines.
Key Results: Among the multiple factors influencing child survival and nutrition, three key
intermediate results were identified by USAID as critical in the Indian context to achieve this
objective: (1) increased use of key child survival interventions; (2) improved maternal and
child nutrition; and (3) improved targeting of at-risk populations.
Performance and Prospects: Under the Title II activity, performance surpassed expected
levels for all key results. In FY 1997, under the CARE program areas, immunization rates
were 60% (planned - 31%); iron-folate supplementation of pregnant women improved from
13% to 26% (planned - 20%) despite problems in GOI supplies of the tablets; the percentage
of infants receiving complementary foods at 6-9 months of age increased from 46% to 65%
(planned - 50%); and the coverage of under-two-year-olds in the program rose from 40% to
63% (planned - 43%). These initial results are encouraging and the trends indicate that the
strategy of using food to draw children and mothers into programs where they can receive
health care services is working. The program is, thus, expected to achieve the projected
improvements in nutritional status of children. A mid-term review of the CARE and CRS
Title II programs planned for FY 1999 will assess the success of the strategy and recommend
any mid-course corrections in strategy and activities.
Nearly one-fourth of child deaths are due to diarrhea, a substantial proportion of which can
be prevented by the use of oral rehydration salts (ORS). Under the PACT/CRH activity: (i)
the Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) is in the process of
approving a loan to a firm with an extensive distribution network to manufacture, market and
promote ORS in India. A generic promotion campaign to position ORS as the scientific,
doctor-recommended, first-line product for all cases of childhood diarrhea is scheduled to be
launched this year; (ii) ICICI has also entered into an agreement with the premier vaccine
manufacturer in India, the Serum Institute, to produce and market a high quality Mumps,
Measles and Rubella vaccine through commercial channels; and (iii) a grant has also been
provided to set up an Information Center for Child and Reproductive Health and AIDS
Prevention.
USAID, along with the World Bank, has funded a large Deworming and Enhanced Vitamin
A (DEVTA) trial. The ongoing trial covers 8,000 villages and about 1 million children and is
based on results of a smaller study that showed improved impact of Vitamin A on growth of
children with concomitant deworming. The study will determine the impact of enhanced
vitamin A coverage and deworming on mortality and growth of children and will also
provide a sustainable model for improved delivery of micronutrients, including vitamin A.
USAID plans to fund additional research that will inform government policy on vitamin A
and anemia control programs.
Possible Adjustments to plans: USAID proposes to develop new activities that would
strengthen its contribution to improving child survival and nutrition, particularly
micronutrient status. Discussions have been initiated with key nutrition and research
institutions in this regard.
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Other Donor Programs: Other donors working in the nutrition and health sector include
the United Nations Children’s Fund, World Bank, Swedish International Development
Agency, and World Food Program . In addition, the GOI funds all of the ICDS services,
program personnel, infrastructure, for the CARE program and in-country transportation and
storage costs for all P.L. 480 Title II commodities. CARE and CRS provide technical
assistance, training and logistic support.
Principal Contractors Grantees or Agencies: USAID implements the P.L. 480 Title II
India program through U.S. PVOs, namely CARE and CRS. The PACT/CRH is
implemented through ICICI, with U.S. technical assistance from Program for Appropriate
Technology in Health.
Selected Performance Measures:
Baseline1 Target1 Target 1
CARE: 1996
CRS: 1997
2000
2001
Percent of children fully immunized by age one
CARE:
CRS:
28
28
40
43
44
48
Percent of pregnant women who Received 90-100 iron-folate
tablets During their pregnancy
CARE:
CRS
13
13
30
28
35
33
Percent of infants who received Breast-milk and solid-mushy
foods At 6-9 months of age
CARE:
CRS:
46
64
62
78
65
78
1 Population covered lies within CARE and CRS serviced catchment areas.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Environmental Protection in Energy, Industry, and
Cities, 386-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000 $10,000,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Summary: This strategic objective (SO) funds work which increases efficiency and reduces
pollution in the electric power and industrial sectors to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, and improves urban environmental planning and infrastructure. India is the sixth
largest and second fastest growing producer of GHG in the world. Electric power generation
is the major source of GHG emissions in India, accounting for 48% (or 71 million tons) of
India’s carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The activity supports the adoption of GHG
reduction technologies and practices by the electric power sector. The activity also assists
adoption of environmental management systems and clean technology practices by high
energy-intensive industries, directly benefiting the firms, their workers and the local
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community. In addition, the activity improves living conditions in urban areas by assisting
local governments in providing commercially viable basic services (water, waste collection
and sewerage) to the fast growing urban population, especially to low income groups. The
rapid growth in India’s urban population has put urban environmental infrastructure,
including water supply, sanitation, and sewerage systems, under tremendous strain. Close to
40% of the urban population live in slums and squatter settlements without any significant
access to these basic services, causing severe health problems to the most vulnerable groups
of the population.
Key Results: Achievement of three key results by 2002 will indicate the successful
attainment of this SO: (1) increased access to improved drinking water, waste water and
solid waste services through commercially viable systems; (2) increased avoidance of
emission of carbon dioxide equivalents; and (3) increased number of firms that meet
international environment quality standards in selected industrial sectors.
Performance and Prospects: USAID helped the Ministry of Power draft the Energy
Conservation Act to be approved by the Indian Parliament in early 1999. In the state of
Haryana, USAID identified and developed projects worth $40 million for the World Bank to
improve low-tension electricity distribution. USAID technical assistance to the states of
Punjab, Haryana and West Bengal is helping establish State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions to improve power sector efficiency. USAID recommendations have led to the
reduction of two million metric tons of carbon dioxide by power plants of the National
Thermal Power Corporation and by the Gujarat Electricity Board.
USAID’s support for renewable energy technologies has resulted in the installation of nearly
200 MW of sugar co-generation power plants using bio-mass fuels and domestic lighting for
nearly 2500 rural homes using solar photovoltaic technology. The signing of new partnership
agreements between leading Indian and U.S. power utilities and regulatory agencies under
the USAID-funded Utility Partnership Program provides a long-term mechanism for transfer
of U.S. non-nuclear technology and experience to Indian organizations, while opening the
door for U.S. exports. The USAID Energy Training Program provides training for ongoing
regulatory reform and energy efficiency in India.
USAID’s Clean Technology Initiative is providing assistance to Indian industry to adopt
certified environmental management systems and is enhancing the capacity of industry to
incorporate best technologies and practices into their operations to enhance productivity and
profitability. Energy intensive sectors of cement, thermal power and steel were targeted for
assistance. Nine firms will achieve ISO 14000 certification under a pilot phase.
USAID’s achievement in improvement of urban environmental infrastructure in India is well
recognized. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) succeeded in issuing a $25
million municipal bond, the first one in South Asia, to help finance the city’s environmental
infrastructure projects including provision of basic services to slum communities. Thereafter,
USAID assisted AMC to prepare commercially viable water supply and sanitation projects.
USAID’s Urban and Environmental Credit Loan Guaranty of up to $25 million to AMC has
also been an important "confidence builder" for this innovative package of changes. In the
state of Tamil Nadu, the negotiations for the first build-operate-transfer project on water
supply and sewerage in Tiruppur has been completed and is nearing financial closure and the
commencement of construction.
Responding to the needs of both city governments and NGOs working on community based
environmental improvements, USAID provided technical assistance to develop a "tool kit" of
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improved environmental management approaches and helped five cities to prepare
environmental status reports/workbooks, comparative risk assessments, and environmental
management plans.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: New funding for energy activities under this Strategic
Objective was suspended in May 1998 as a part of the response to India's nuclear tests.
Limited energy activities are currently being implemented with "pipeline" budgets from years
prior to FY 1998. If there is no change in the suspension by mid-1999, the target
achievements will have to be revised. Results and benefits will decrease significantly.
Other Donor Programs: USAID works closely with the World Bank (WB), the British
Department for International Development and Asian Development Bank (ADB) on power
sector reform and restructuring. A proposal for funding to improve the low-tension
distribution system in the energy sector is under review by the WB. USAID is working with
the WB and ADB to provide complementary grant-funded technical assistance to the states
of Haryana, Punjab and West Bengal for power sector regulatory reform. Negotiations for
WB assistance to augment the resources of the Tamil Nadu (TN) Urban Development Fund
for financing environmental infrastructure projects in the state, have reached the final stages.
The WB project paper has been developed in consultation with USAID and draws heavily
from the work experience of USAID in TN. USAID will complement the WB’s effort in the
institutional strengthening component of the project.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Current grantees and contractors include:
International Resources Group; Federal Energy Technology Center of U.S. Department of
Energy; Winrock International; Institute of International Education; United States Energy
Association; Hagler Bailly Services Corporation; and Community Consultants Inc. Indian
partners include: Ministry of Power; Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions;
State and private sector power utilities; Ministry of Environment and Forests; Power Finance
Corporation; Industrial Development Bank of India; ICICI Limited; National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited; Confederation of Indian Industry; Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce and Industry; National Institute of Urban Affairs; Housing and Urban
Development Corporation; and Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services.
Selected Performance Measures:
Baseline Target Target
(1995) (2000) (2002)
Increased access to improved drinking water, waste water and solid
waste services through commercially viable systems (population in 0
million)
.70
5
Emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents avoided (in million tons)
0
12.0
22.4
Increased number of firms that meet international environmental
quality standards in selected industrial sectors (number of firms)
0(1998) 15.0
25
1 cumulative CO2 avoided
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Transmission and Mitigated Impact of Infectious
llofl6
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Diseases, especially STD/HIV/AIDS in India, 386-SO07
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES FY 2000 $8,500,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE FY 2005
Summary: In FY 1992, USAID responded to early evidence of a growing problem of
Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in India by
developing the AIDS Prevention and Control (APAC) activity in the south Indian state of
Tamil Nadu - one of India's three recognized epidemic epicenters. APAC activities aim to
prevent and control sexual transmission of HIV among groups engaging in high-risk behavior
by: 1) using proven strategies of education for behavior change; 2) expanding access to and
utilization of high quality condoms; and 3) expanding access to and utilization of quality
treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STD). In addition, the Program for
Advancement of Commercial Technology/Child and Reproductive Health (PACT/CRH) aims
to stimulate the private sector to improve access to and quality of health products and
services, especially condoms.
In FY 1998, USAID/India expanded its program to include the state of Maharashtra, which
accounts for over 50% of all reported HIV and AIDS cases in India, with a $41.5 million
funding effort. In Maharashtra, comprehensive prevention programs will focus on the urban
areas of Mumbai, Pune, Thane and Sangli, where more than 80% of Maharashtra’s sex
workers live and work. The activity will also help strengthen the capacity of the state
government to respond to the epidemic.
While commercial sex workers and their clients are the immediate direct beneficiaries of
HIV/AIDS prevention programs, women and children represent 50% of all beneficiaries.
Another objective of the SO is to help eradicate polio. USAID, through the Global Bureau,
provided $4 million to UN organizations and Rotary International to help implement the
Government of India's (GOI) polio eradication program. Also, the Global Bureau provided
$2 million through the World Health Organization to the GOI's tuberculosis research center
in Chennai and for development of integrated national disease surveillance systems. Another
$2.2 million has been provided to the International Clinical Epidemiology Network
(INCLEN) for research on infectious diseases in India.
Key Results: Critical to HIV/AIDS prevention programs is moving those engaged in
high-risk behavior beyond knowledge about methods of preventing sexual transmission to
actual adoption of safe practices.
Performance and Prospects: In the last three years, 102 non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) in Tamil Nadu have been funded to carry out prevention programs for high risk
groups such as truck drivers and their helpers and women in prostitution and their clients. At
least six NGOs have received grants to serve each of these groups. In 1997, 66% of truck
drivers and their helpers reported condom use during their last sexual encounter with a
female commercial sex worker - up from 55% in 1996. Also in 1997, 79% of truck drivers
and their helpers reported that they sought care from qualified medical practitioners for STD
symptoms - up from 64% in 1996, while 83% of male factory workers reported similar
health-seeking behavior, an improvement over the previous year’s 58%. To improve the
quality of care for STDs, 615 (480 males and 135 females) physicians have been trained
using a module developed by APAC. To improve the availability of and demand for high
quality condoms for disease prevention, APAC entered into a collaborative effort with a
manufacturer to expand the retail sales network from 25,000 to 65,000 outlets in Tamil
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USAID CP FY2000: India
Nadu. 2,125 retailers in Tamil Nadu will be trained over the next 12 months to motivate
them to more actively promote condoms at point of purchase.
PACT/CRH has provided loans to private-sector manufacturers to expand the marketing and
distribution of condoms and to manufacture and market condom vending machines.
PACT/CRH has assisted manufacturers to improve their internal quality control procedures,
an issue of central importance to HIV/AIDS prevention. PACT/CRH technical experts are
also assisting the Drugs Controller of India to strengthen the Government's quality control
monitoring capacity and work with manufacturers to improve condom packaging in India.
PACT/CRH has provided a grant to the Confederation of Indian Industry to develop and
market educational packages for prevention of HIV/AIDS in industrial workplaces.
Under the polio eradication activity, the support of USAID, the GOI and other donors
resulted in a large-scale campaign which inoculated 125 million children under five years on a
single day in 1997-98. Reported polio cases have dropped by 94% from 24,257 cases in
1988 to 1,477 in 1997. India's contribution to the worldwide burden of polio cases has been
significantly reduced.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: It is expected that the Maharashtra activity will be signed
with the GOI and that implementation will begin by April 1999.
Other Donor Programs: The GOI's World Bank-funded $100 million, seven-year National
AIDS Control Program (NACP) assists the government health system in Indian states to
work on HIV/AIDS prevention. A second phase $200 million, five-year program is presently
being negotiated for an April 1999 start. The British Department for International
Development is currently negotiating with the GOI to launch an $80 million assistance
program that will encompass a country-wide intervention with truck drivers to promote
behavior modification and STD treatment, and also behavior change programs in the Indian
states of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Gujarat, and Orissa. The European Union
supports NGO activities in several Indian states. UNAIDS coordinates the response of the
UN agencies to HIV/AIDS in India. All donor programs, including USAID's, have been
carefully coordinated to complement the World Bank-assisted NACP.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Voluntary Health Services and Industrial
Credit and Investment Corporation of India have been the central organizations
implementing the Tamil Nadu and PACT/CRH activities. Family Health International, a U.S.
organization that collaborated in the Tamil Nadu activities, and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
are collaborators under the PACT/CRH activities.
Selected Performance Measures (in Tamil Nadu):
Baseline
Percentage of individuals belonging to specified high-risk
groups who report condom use in most recent sexual
encounter with a non-regular partner.
Percentage of population seeking care from qualified
medical practitioners for symptomatic STDs.
Cumulative number of APAC grants for AIDS prevention.
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Target Target
(2000) (2002)
37% (1996) 57%
62%
52% (1996) 72%
77%
0(1995)
75
100
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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER. Expanded Advocacy and Service Delivery Networks for Women,
386-SP03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $1,700,000 DA;
$1,000,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE FY 2002
Summary: Women are the most disadvantaged members of the Indian population and
comprise the largest section of the population living in absolute poverty. The low status of
women is reflected in indicators such as a low literacy rate, a significant gender gap in
primary education, high prevalence of a number of forms of violence against women, and
lack of access to financial services. India’s most recent census figures (1991) indicate that
there are 927 females for every 1000 males, and a 1992-93 study of literacy identifies literacy
rates of 43% for females and 69% for males. Activities under the strategic objective (SO)
seek to expand women’s role and participation in decision making through the areas of
micro-finance for women, greater school participation for young girls, and the prevention of
violence against women. The program is based on extensive consultations with women’s
groups, grassroots organizations, research institutions, government, media groups, and other
donors. This special objective benefits the school-going girls in Rae Bareilly district of Uttar
Pradesh (UP), low-income women in rural areas who will have access to financial services as
a result of USAID intervention and women who are, or potentially may become, victims of
violence.
Key Results: The special objective has three intermediate results: (1) increased number of
women clients receiving financial services as a result of improved business planning of
participating institutions; (2) increased number of local institutions and their constituencies
collecting data and advocating against violence against women; and (3) increased enrollment
and retention of girls in primary schools in one district in UP.
Performance and Prospects: Through USAID assistance. Friends of Women's World
Banking (FWWB) trained 31 NGOs in strategic business planning. The first group of trained
NGOs, who were serving a total of 26,578 low-income women, were able to achieve a 70%
increase in coverage following a training exercise in strategic business planning. FWWB
expects a similar increase in the remaining year of the activity.
By the end of 1998, draft reports had been completed on effective responses to domestic
violence in the States of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka. A case study
on violence against women from the Kheda District of Gujarat was also produced in 1998.
The analysis of records from local police offices and hospitals is nearing completion and
should be ready in time for the dissemination conference scheduled for April 1999. While
studies of institutional records will give insights into trends, patterns, and responses to
domestic violence, there is a need for more rigorous empirical data to establish prevalence,
identify risk and protective factors, and determine the health and economic outcomes. To
meet this need, the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) is undertaking a
large, multi-site, population-based survey in seven different geographical sites of India, and it
is expected to be completed by December 1999. The emphasis in 1999 will be on placing all
research studies (and the INCLEN survey) in the larger context of generating awareness
around the issue of domestic violence, sensitizing the stakeholders to the nature of the
problem, and advocating programs and policies to address the problem. Dissemination
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conferences are scheduled for April and November 1999, and these will be aimed at
researchers, medical practitioners, policy makers, bureaucrats, police, judiciary and human
rights groups.
Under this special objective, USAID is also implementing an activity to increase enrollment
and retention of girls in primary schools in one district of UP. The girls’ education activity
focuses on in-class variables, particularly on the pattern of classroom interaction between
teacher and girls. In 1998, the action research phase was successfully concluded and resulted
in a draft teacher-training module and a gender handbook. The plan now is to implement the
training module in the remaining 19 blocks of Rae Bareilly district.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: Technical assistance was sought to analyze existing girls'
education programs, to identify a niche for an expanded USAID activity and to set up an
effective performance monitoring system for all USAID-supported education activities.
Other Donor Programs: The UN, World Bank, Swiss, Dutch and Canadian Governments
all support credit and enterprise programs for women. However, most of these programs
focus either on the formal banking system or on women's self-help group formation and
development of home-based enterprises. USAID focuses instead on upgrading the technical
and managerial capabilities of non-traditional financial institutions, which, by operating on a
sound, sustainable basis, will increase the quality and outreach of non-formal financial
services they provide to women.
In primary education, the World Bank, UN agencies, European Union and the British
Department for International Development (DFID) are providing assistance to the Indian
Government’s District Primary Education Program (DPEP) to improve coverage and quality
of primary education, including provision of assistance in several states for school
construction, teacher training and decentralized management of schools. The USAID activity
complements this comprehensive program by focusing specifically on gender training for
teachers to improve community and classroom environments for girls’ enrollment and
participation in schools.
Principal Contractors, Grantees and Agencies: Center for International Education,
University of Massachusetts, International Center for Research on Women and sub-grantees.
The Center for Development and Population Activities, Friends of Women's World Banking
and other local institutions.
Selected Performance Measures:
Improved business planning process
established in participating institutions
Increased number of local institutions
and their constituencies creating data
and informed advocacy on violence
against women
Training module being used in 'X'
blocks in Uttar Pradesh
15 of 16
Baseline
(1996)
(1999)
0
50
0
30
0(1996)
6
Target
Target
(2000)
20
03.10.99 15:55
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USAID Strategic Plan
Table of Contents
US A ID _M ission Statement
vyhere_8< How USAID Works
USAID's Goals:
. Br ud-based Economic Growth & Agricultural Development Encouraged
• Democracy & Good Governance Strengthened
• Hl man Capacity Built Through Education and Training
• The World's Environment Protected for Long-term Sustainability
• Lr.es Saved, Suffering Associated with Natural or Man-made Disasters Re(I
Conditions Necessary for Political and/or Economic Development Re-establishecJ
•
A ID Remains a Premier Bilateral Development Agency
Aesource Assumptions
Conclusion
Preamble
Promoting sustainable development among developing and transitional countries
contributes to U.S. national interests and is a necessary and critical component of
America's role as a world leader.! It helps reduce the threat of crisis and create the
conditions for economic growth, the expansion of democracy and social justice, and a
protected environment. Under these conditions, citizens in developing and transitional
countries can focus on their own social and economic progress, which creates demand for
U.S. goods and services and expands cooperative relationships between the United States
and assisted countries.
Sustainable development leads to a lasting increase in the capacity of a society to improve
the quality of life of its people. Humanitarian assistance is a vital part of sustainable
development, essential to saving lives during natural or man-made crises and for returning
societies to social and economic progress in post-crisis countries.
Sustainable development results from: the implementation of open, market-oriented
economic policies and institutions; social policies that increase human capacity and
opportunities for individuals to better their lives; open and accessible political institutions
and processes that encourage the active engagement of all members of a society;
en\ ironmental policies and practices that sustain a country's and the world's natural
resource base and the collaboration of public and private institutions and groups, especially
al the local level. USAID recognizes that each of these conditions is necessary for
sustainable development; each contributes to the success of the others, and the lack of any
one impedes the success of all the others. USAID also recognizes that these conditions can
only be created by the people and governments of developing and transitional countries. In
the right settings, however, American resources, including its ideas and values, can be
powerful catalysts enabling sustainable development.
USAID expects its activities to encourage stability rather than crisis, convert poverty to
prosperity, and open closed economies and societies. It considers effective institutions of
democratic governance and vibrant civil society organizations essential foundations of
sustainable development and encourages the development of such institutions wherever it
works. USAID is committed to full participation by women and disadvantaged groups in
all sustainable development activities and to ensuring that sustainable development
includes improvements in the lives of children. USAID recognizes the critical role training
and access to information and information technology play in achieving its goals for
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sustainable development generally and incorporates these activities across all sectors.
USAID acknowledges its success depends on working effectively with its partners,
including the people and governments of developing and transitional countries; U.S.
public, private and voluntary organizations; and other assistance organizations. USAID
values this mutual commitment to sustainable development, however, because it ensures
its programs will be, on the one hand, customer-focused and, on the other, coordinated
with the work of others, thereby enhancing the impacts of its efforts and those of others.
Where and how USAID works
USAID typically works in countries committed to achieving sustainable development, but
which lack the technical skills or resources necessary to implement policies and programs
that will accomplish this result. In such countries, USAID's program emphasizes one or
more of the Agency's strategic goals depending upon a country's specific needs and the
activities of other donors.
USAID also works in countries that have made
USAID’S MISSION:
major commitments to cooperating with the United
USAID contributes to U.S.
States in achieving complementary goals,
national interests through the
particularly the establishment and maintenance of
results
regional peace. In such countries, USAID's
it
delivers
by
supporting the
programs typically enhance the country's capacity to
people
continue to collaborate with the United States on
of developing and transitional
goals of mutual interest.
countries in their efforts fo
achieve
USAID is also substantially involved in assisting
enduring economic and social
countries committed to shedding economically
progress and to participate more
repressive and ruinous totalitarian legacies. In these
fully in resolving the problems
countries, USAID focuses on building the human
of their countries and the world.
and institutional capacities needed to implement
major reforms.
Increasingly, USAID is involved with countries emerging from post-conflict situations.
Here, USAID's emphasis is on restoring fundamental social, institutional and physical
infrastructure in ways that reduce the risk of renewed conflict and return the country to a
path of sustainable development.
USAID responds to natural disasters within each of these country contexts. USAID also
addresses developmental problems along regional and global lines, including slowing the
transmission of infectious diseases, reducing the threat of global climate change,
stabilizing world population and enhancing food’security and regional trade and
investment.
Generally, USAID-supported activities are based on the strategic goals and objectives
identified in this plan, although the way in which it operates is affected by the different
settings in which the Agency works. In post-conflict situations or humanitarian crises,
USAID's ability to achieve humanitarian results is greatly affected by the willingness of
contending groups to cooperate in the restoration of normal social, economic and political
relationships. In those situations where USAID is supporting major reform efforts, its
success depends heavily on sustained public support for change and a continued
commitment among leaders to carry out reform. In its more traditional assistance
programs, results can be sidetracked by political unrest, changes of government or policy,
natural disasters that affect a large proportion of the country's population or infrastructure,
or significant shifts in the international economy, which reduce government revenues and
its capacity to invest in sustainable development activities.
At the country level, such factors are tracked by USAID field missions. They estimate the
effects such factors have on the achievement of individual country programs and modify
their programs to offset the impact of these factors. This may mean adopting a different
approach to government policy makers, initiating new activities in a new goal area, or
terminating assistance in areas where there is no longer a productive partnership. At the
Agency level, however, USAID is a highly diverse corporate entity, pursuing six strategic
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goals in more than 100 countries around the world. This diversity serves to offset the
adverse program effects that developments in any single country may have on USAID's
overall performance and progress toward its strategic goals. In this context, the major
external factor affecting USAID's performance is the continued commitment of other
donor countries and multilateral agencies to sustainable development, a commitment that
USAID promotes through active interactions with its development partners.
USAID pursues its mission through partnerships with the people and governments of
assisted countries, U.S. businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private
voluntary organizations (PVOs), academic institutions, other U.S. government agencies
and international assistance agencies including international financial institutions,
multilateral and bilateral donors and private foundations. In cooperation with its many
partners, USAID identifies the needs of a country, assesses the country's commitment to
sustainable progress, and develops country-specific plans to address the country's needs or
to enhance its contribution to the resolution of regional or global problems. USAID also
seeks to strengthen the capacities of host governments and of its U.S. and local PVO and
NGO partners to expand their development and humanitarian activities and consults with
them on USAID's policies and practices.
USAID's success depends on the quality of its many partnerships. Accordingly, it actively
seeks to improve the quality of its partnerships and cooperation among partners.
At the country level, USAID seeks to build partnerships that facilitate local resource
mobilization and action, that encourage local participation and advocacy for development
and humanitarian efforts, and that foster cooperation among local actors. There are three
key components to USAID's local partnering: (1) creating an enabling environment
supportive of development and humanitarian actions by both individuals and communities;
(2) encouraging investments in human and institutional capacity at the local level; and (3)
building strategic partnerships among state, society and market actors through new
linkages at the community, national and society-to-society levels. This ensures that host
government priorities reflect the needs of their peoples and that USAID programs address
the sustainable development priorities of the countries and peoples it assists.
At the international level, USAID's efforts have contributed to building a consensus among
bilateral and multilateral donors on the key problems of sustainable development. Much of
the coordination at the international level takes place within the framework of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), but includes specific
collaborative activities with the European Union through the "Transatlantic Agenda" and
with the Japanese through the "Common Agenda." Such interactions concentrate resources
on key problems to the benefit of all participants. Though its strategic approaches and
evaluations of development experiences, the United States has contributed significantly to
defining the problems upon which international assistance is focused.
USAID has long used the skills of other U.S. government agencies to provide technical
assistance to developing and transitional countries. Some of these services are included in
the strategic plans of other agencies, e.g., the Department of Energy, which will help an
estimated 18 developing countries develop plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In
other cases, USAID and another agency may pursue a similar goal, but engage in very
different activities. Both USAID and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC),
for example, have articulated goals related to economic reform and democracy in
developing countries. OPIC, however, focuses on how these goals can be achieved through
the promotion of U.S. private investment while USAID works on creating enabling legal
and regulatory environments within developing countries that encourage private
investment, both local and U.S. Finally, USAID's ability to achieve its long-term goals arc
affected by the actions of other agencies. The Treasury Department, for example, carries
primary responsibility for representing U.S. positions in international financial institutions
such as the World Bank. USAID provides recommendations to Treasury on what the U.S.
positions should be based on what needs to be done to achieve Agency-wide and
country-specific goals.
Mechanisms are in place to reduce or minimize duplication at the field level between
USAID and the international activities of other U.S.government agencies.
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GPRA-mandated strategic plans, however, provide a new opportunity for all agencies to
step back and examine the overall approach being taken to address specific U.S. national
interests and goals as identified in the International Affairs Strategic Plan. The strategic
goals proposed by USAID are integrated fully with the International Affairs Strategic Plan.
USAID contributed to the preparation of this plan and looks forward to an expanded and
ongoing dialogue with other executive agencies under the direction of the President and
Secretary of State regarding improved coordination and collaboration among their
international affairs activities.
Among other donors, USAID is generally recognized as a leader in innovative,
performance-based development assistance. America's ability to lead sustainable
development initiatives, therefore, depends on USAID maintaining its position as a
premier bilateral development assistance agency with the capacity to identify significant
development problems, generate effective solutions, serve as a catalyst for donor
coordination and manage effectively the resources allocated to it for sustainable
development. This mandates, in turn, that USAID be a learning organization one that
constantly monitors and evaluates the performance of its activities, replicating those that
are most effective, dropping those that are less so and using a variety of sources to generate
new initiatives. This is a continuous process that USAID carries out in the following ways:
1. As appropriate, usually every four to six years, the Agency's field missions and
Washington-based operating units develop or modify strategic plans which identify the
specific objectives each unit is to accomplish. These objectives are approved only if they
contribute to the goals identified in the Agency's strategic plan. =
2. For each approved strategic objective, operating units develop performance monitoring
plans that include baseline data and performance targets. Annually, operating units report
progress against these targets and request additional resources based in part on the
objective's performance. Objectives that are not performing well are either fixed or
dropped. Washington allocates resources to the Agency's operating units using
performance criteria.
3. Annual performance assessments by the Agency's operating units are reviewed by
technical officers in Washington. The results of these reviews are used to inform
sector-wide assessments of the effectiveness of various objectives and approaches and are
refected in the Agency's Annual Performance Reports. In addition, formal evaluations of
strategic objectives and approaches are conducted at the discretion of operating units, to
enhance performance, or by the Agency, to identify best practices across a number of
objectives that are performing well. Such information is then used by individual operating
units or the Agency to develop new approaches, objectives or goals as appropriate.
4. USAID updates a rolling agenda of central evaluation studies each year to better address
senior managers' strategic information needs. Findings and lessons learned are widely
disseminated through briefings, electronic systems/networks, formal publications, and the
Agency's Annual Perfonnance Reports.4
USAID’s goals, objectives and performance measures
The following sections of USAID's strategic plan set forth its goals, objectives and
performance measures for its major functions and operations. USAID has defined its major
functions and operations in terms of sustainable development; i.e., actions that lead to a
lasting increase in the capacity of a society to improve the quality of life of its people. This
is the fundamental mission of USAID and, although it manages a variety of resources
responding to U.S. national interests, it does so with an emphasis on activities that
contribute to sustainable development at the community, national, regional or global level.
USAID's goals reflect its authorizing and appropriating legislation, Administration
priorities, consultations with the Congress and public, and a growing consensus among
donors, based on experience and numerous program evaluations, about what is needed to
achieve conditions favorable to sustainable development. The logical connections between
each of USAID's goals and the conditions of sustainable development are described in the
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following pages in the paragraphs immediately after the goal statement itself. U.S. national
interests in the goal's achievement is also described as are the objectives or "intermediate
results" through which USAID pursues its goals. USAID's tactics or "approaches," i.e.,
what it does to achieve its objectives, are presented graphically in Annex 1.
For each of its strategic goals, USAID has identified performance goals and indicators that
are ambitious yet realistic. USAID's performance measures are the standards by which il
will assess progress and the overall effectiveness of its objectives and tactics. Its
performance measures also provide a basis for analyzing progress and adjusting the
Agency's strategic framework.
Where it has developed the requisite experience and adequate data exists to do so, USAID
has identified specific targets — explicit levels of results to be achieved within the 10-year
time frame of this strategic plan — to measure performance. This is the case for the
Agency's economic growth and agricultural development, population and health, and
human capacity development goals. For the other goals, i.e., democracy and governance,
environment and humanitarian assistance, development hypotheses are less well developed
and the data may be less reliable. In these cases, USAID has chosen to rely upon
performance trends, i.e., the desired directional changes it seeks to in fl uence, while
working to increase its understanding of the factors affecting results and its ability to
assess performance. As the Agency gains experience and information in these sectors, it
will establish more rigorous perfonnance targets that inform us not only of trends, but of
results across the Agency's programs.
The context, significance and importance of the Agency's performance goals are discussed
in Annex 2. This annex also describes the data sources for each Agency performance
indicator. USAID's perfonnance "targets" are stated in annual terms, e.g., average annual
growth rates in per capita income above 1 percent, to facilitate the Agency's annual
performance planning and reporting. USAID's performance "trends" are also stated in
ways that facilitate annual reporting; however, the magnitude of change expected for each
trend can only be projected on a short-term basis. Therefore, USAID will establish
expected trend changes in its annual performance plans.
Where possible, USAID's performance goals replicate those endorsed by the United States
as a member of the OECD. This reflects USAID's commitment to working collaboratively
with its development partners and its belief that, while these goals will not be achieved
independently by USAID alone, through its collaborative relationships with host
governments, other donors, and a broad array of U.S. and local non-governmental actors,
USAID will be able to influence results significantly.
USAID GOAL: Broad-based economic growth and agricultural
development encouraged
Broad-based, equitable economic growth is the most effective means of bringing poor,
disadvantaged and marginalized groups into the mainstream of an expanding economy.
The keys to broad-based growth and reduced poverty are expanded human capacity
through education and training, a policy environment that promotes efficiency and
economic opportunity for all members of society, soundly organized and managed
institutions and good governance. The resulting widespread increases in income,
employment and output lead to reduced poverty, increased food security and higher
standards of living including better health and education. For transitional countries,
broad-based economic growth offers the best chance to enhance political stability and
transform their societies along an irreversible reform pathway.
The majority of people in the poorest countries derive their livelihoods from agriculture.
Therefore, in most of the least developed countries, the transformation of agriculture and
food systems is an essential aspect of broad-based economic growth. The shift from
subsistence agriculture to producing for off-farm markets and consumers contributes to a
more prosperous rural environment, additional opportunities for employment and
economic progress throughout the economy and reduced food insecurity.
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Women play a central role in broad-based economic growth and agricultural development.
In addition to their direct contribution to agricultural production and income generation,
women contribute to economic growth indirectly through their household maintenance and
child rearing roles.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Economic Prosperity
Americans benefit as the economies of transitional and developing nations become more
open and market-oriented and expand. This also helps reduce widespread and extreme
poverty and lack of economic opportunity, which contribute to political instability and
exacerbate global and transnational problems, such as rapid population growth, the spread
of infectious and communicable diseases, drug trafficking, and accelerated environmental
degradation. USAID coordinates its economic growth and agricultural development
programs with the Departments of Agriculture, Justice, State and Treasury.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• Critical private markets expanded and strengthened.
• More rapid and enhanced agricultural development and food security encouraged.
• Access to economic opportunity for the rural and urban poor expanded and made
more equitable.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• Average annual growth rates in real per capita income above 1 percent achieved.
• Average annual growth in agriculture at least as high as population growth achieved
in low income countries.
• Proportion of the population in poverty reduced by 25 percent.
• Openness and greater reliance on private markets increased.
• Reliance on concessional foreign aid decreased in advanced countries.
INDICATORS:
• GNP per capita average annual growth rate (in constant prices).
• Difference between average annual growth rate of agriculture and average annual
growth rate of population.
• Percent of population below poverty line.
• Trade of goods and services average annual growth rate.
• Foreign direct investment average annual growth rate.
• Economic Freedom Index.
• Aid as percent of GNP.
USAID GOAL: Democracy and good governance strengthened
Broad-based participation and democratic processes are integral elements of sustainable
development: They encourage individuals and societies to take responsibility for their own
progress, ensure the protection of human rights and foster informed civic participation.
Sustainable democracies are built on the guarantee of human rights for all people, women
as well as men. To achieve the broad goals of democracy, USAID supports programs that
strengthen democratic practices and institutions and ensure the full participation of women.
Democracy requires transparent and accountable government, fair and effective judicial
systems, open and transparent access to and use of information, and citizen participation in
the policy-making process. These attributes of democracy ensure that government policy
reflects popular will, which contributes to fairer uses of public resources — including
access to quality education, improved health care, and the management of natural
resources — and the needs and concerns of local communities. Training at all levels is
usually required to achieve or revitalize these attributes.
The democratic process also builds trust and legitimacy for government, which help
prevent political destabilization and, in extreme cases, failed states. The consequences of
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such political failures often include massive flights of people from their homelands, costly
refugee flows, destruction of the environment, and the spread of disease and epidemics of
catastrophic proportion.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Democracy and Human Rights
A world of democratic nations provides a more stable and secure global arena in which to
advance the fundamental values and national interests of the United States. Democracy,
transparent and accountable government, and respect for human rights, including the rights
of women and minorities, reflect the fundamental values of the American people.
Advancing these values and U.S. national interests in maintaining conditions necessary for
a more stable, peaceful and prosperous world require support for democratic transitions
and amelioration of human rights disasters. USAID coordinates its democracy, good
governance, human rights and justice programs with the Departments of Defense, Justice,
State and Treasury.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• Rule of law and respect for human rights of women as well as men strengthened.
• Credible and competitive political processes encouraged.
• The development of politically active civil society promoted.
• More transparent and accountable government institutions encouraged.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• Level of freedom and participation improved.
• Civil liberties and/or political rights improved.
INDICATORS:
• Number of countries classified by Freedom House as free/partly free/not free.
• Freedom House scores for political rights.
• Freedom House score for civil liberties.
USAID GOAL: Human capacity built through education and training
As Approved by the Administrator, September 16, 1998
The development of human capacity enables people to participate effectively in matters
affecting their lives. Increasing human capacity through education, training and improved
access to information is essential for sustained social and economic progress.
Basic education — which provides literacy and numeracy, along with problem-solving and
other core skills — is especially critical to development. Investments in expanded and
improved basic education have been linked to faster and more equitable economic growth,
reduction of poverty, and strengthened democracy and civil liberties. In addition, expanded
and improved basic education of girls and women contributes to improved family health,
lower fertility, and the enhanced status of women. USAID also works to increase access
and quality for underserved populations including residents of rural areas, the urban poor,
ethnic and linguistic minorities, and people with disabilities. Research demonstrates that
where primary school completion rates are low, investments to broaden access and
improve education quality at the primary level yield especially high returns.
Colleges and universities produce the educated leaders and skilled professionals essential
to the development of politically and economically sustainable societies, from the teachers
who provide quality basic education to the decision makers and practitioners essential to
sustained growth and progress in all sectors. Institutions of higher education in developing
and transitional countries hold the potential to contribute more fully to the resolution of
national and local problems through teaching, research, and community. As part of this
effort, USAID supports the formation of vibrant partnerships between host-country higher
education and business, government, and the U.S. higher education community. In
addition, USAID encourages host countries to reduce the dependence of higher education
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on public funding, so as to free up scarce public resources to ensure adequate support for
basic education.
U.S., in-country or third-country training of host country nationals under each of USAID's
strategic goal areas provides the conceptual, managerial and applied skills needed to
advance its objectives in a given country. It expands the capacity of assisted countries to
manage their own social and economic progress, by providing the skills and knowledge
needed to identify and implement effective policies; to develop and manage
results-oriented institutions; and to develop, adapt, and adopt progress-enhancing
technologies. Finally, USAID provides international leadership by developing training
policy and building local institutional capacity for training programs that promote the
sustainability of Agency assistance efforts over the long term.
Broad and equitable access to information and to appropriate information technologies is
essential to achieving success in all areas of human capacity development. The
technologies range from radio and other traditional means of communication to a wide
array of newer technologies for distance learning, such as internet-based and broadcast
technologies for learning both in and outside the classroom. USAID contributes to the
development of appropriate information technology applications in support of education
and training. Furthermore, information and information technology development
approaches are relevant to all of USAID's sustainable development goals.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Economic Prosperity and Global Issues
Americans benefit as the people of developing and transitional countries become better
able to address their nations' problems through the application of their own abilities, skills
and resources. Expanding these skills initiates a process by which individuals, families and
communities become better able to manage their own development. Education is essential
to preventing and mitigating crises, achieving post-crisis transition to sustainable
development, reducing fertility rates, ensuring good health and child development, and
fuller participation in the global economy. USAID coordinates its human capacity
development programs with the Departments of State and Treasury.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• Access to quality basic education for under-served populations, especially for girls
and women, expanded.
• The contribution of host-country institutions of higher education to sustainable
development increased.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• National primary enrollment ratio increased to attain full primary enrollment by
2015.
• The difference between girls' and boys' primary enrollment ratio virtually
eliminated.
• Primary school completion rates increased for both girls and boys.
• Primary school repetition rates decreased for both girls and boys.
• Number of host country higher education institutions with teaching, research, and
community outreach and service programs that respond to national or local service,
educational, or economic development needs increased.
• Dependence of higher education on public funding reduced.
• Percentage of students in higher education from traditionally under-enrolled groups
(women, the poor, etc) increased.
INDICATORS:
• Gross primary school access rate, by sex (i.e. the gross enrollment rate in first
grade).
• Net primary school enrollment ratio, by sex.
• Gross primary enrollment ratio, by sex.
• Primary school gender equity ratio (i.e., ratio of girls' gross enrollment ratio to boys'
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gross enrollment ratio.)
• Percentage of cohort enrolled in grade five, by sex.
• Primary school repetition rates, by sex.
• National primary school achievement test scores for reading, mathematics, and
science, by sex.
• [Indicator(s) for first higher education performance goal under development.]
• Share of higher education budget derived from user charges and other non-public
sources.
• Share of public education budget devoted to higher education.
• Share of women and/or other under-represented groups in total higher education
enrollment and/or at particular institutions of higher education.
PROGRAM APPROACHES:
Policies that promote access to quality basic education formulated, adopted, and
implemented.
Institutional capacity to plan for, provide, and assess basic education services
increased.
Educational settings and technologies to promote quality basic education expanded
and improved.
Community capacity to participate in educational decision-making and to support
quality basic education increased.
Applied research and pilot studies on innovative educational practices and policies
that improve learning outcomes conducted.
Policies that foster the development role and cost-effectiveness of host-country
higher education institutions adopted.
Application of science, scholarship and technology to development problems
through collaborative higher education partnerships increased.
Information and communication technologies for higher education expanded and
improved
Funding of institutions of higher education diversified
Targeting of higher education subsidies toward the poor strengthened.
USAID GOAL: World population stabilized and human health
protected
Stabilization of rapid population growth and improved health, nutrition and education
(particularly for mothers and children) are essential to sustainable development. They are
also fundamentally interdependent. When people are nourished and free from the ravages
of infectious diseases, they can contribute more fully to their own social and economic
progress and to that of their nations. Nutrition education and investments to correct
micronutrient deficiencies along with investments in basic health services will
significantly improve the health of undernourished people. When people can control the
size of their families, resources are made available at the household, national and global
levels for enduring improvements in quality of life. Improved health status of women and
girls plays a critical role in child survival, family welfare, economic productivity and
population stabilization.
Stabilizing population and improving health are two aspects of a single common goal that
is essential for sustainable development, rather than two separate goals. As such, USAID's
efforts within this goal area focus on interventions that contribute directly and in an
integrated fashion to achieving both aspects through improvements in maternal and child
health and reproductive health, rather than on the potentially broader array of activities that
might contribute to one or the other but not both. Achieving this common goal depends on
strengthening voluntary family planning and other reproductive health information and
services, infant and child health services, safe pregnancy care, nutritional security for
women and children, prevention of HIV transmission, mitigation of the impact of the
HIV/AIDS pandemic, improved management of other sexually transmitted infections, and
capacity to combat infectious diseases.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Population and Health
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Early stabilization of the world's population serves U.S. national interests by contributing
to global economic growth, a sustainable environment and regional security. Reduced
population pressures will also lower the risk of humanitarian crises in countries where
population growth rates are highest. Protecting human health and nutrition in developing
and transitional countries also directly affects public health in the United States. Unhealthy
conditions elsewhere in the world increase the incidence of disease and threat of epidemics
which could directly affect U.S. citizens, retard economic development, and increase
human suffering. Thus, the U.S. has a direct interest in both safeguarding the health of
Americans and helping to reduce the negative consequences of disease worldwide. USAID
coordinates its population, health and nutrition programs with the Departments of
Agriculture, Health and Human Services, State and Treasury.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• Unintended and mistimed pregnancies reduced.
• Infant and child health and nutrition improved and infant and child mortality
reduced.
• Deaths, nutrition insecurity, and adverse health outcomes to women as a result of
pregnancy and child birth reduced.
• HIV transmission and the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in developing
countries reduced.
• The threat of infectious diseases of major public health importance reduced.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• Fertility rate reduced by 20 percent.
• Mortality rates for infants and children under the age of five reduced by 25 percent.
• Maternal mortality ratio reduced by 10 percent.
• Rate of increase of new HIV infections slowed.
• Proportion of underweight children under 5 in developing countries reduced.
INDICATORS:
• Total fertility rate.
• Under 5 mortality rate.
• Prevalence of underweight children under 5.
• Early Neonatal mortality rate (proxy for maternal mortality rate).
• HIV seroprevalence rate in 15- to 49-year-olds.
USAID GOAL: The world’s environment protected for long-term
sustainability
Environmental degradation threatens human health, undermines long-term economic
growth and impairs critical ecological systems upon which sustainable development
depends. Careful management of natural resources is essential if investments in
development are to yield sustainable benefits. Unpolluted and undegraded natural
resources are required for long-term economic growth and food security. Clean air and
water are prerequisites to people's health. Addressing environmental issues builds
public/private sector partnerships; increases public awareness through education and
training; crosses gender, cultural and class lines; stretches across the political spectrum;
and strengthens civil societies.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Environment
Not only is the United States affected directly by global climate change, the loss of
biodiversity, the spread of pollutants, use of toxic chemicals and the decline offish stocks
in the oceans, but struggles over land, water and other resources can lead to instability and
conflict, which may become serious and direct threats to U.S. interests, as well as the U.S.
itself. United States, leadership is essential to resolving global environmental problems and
promoting environmentally sustainable economic growth in developing countries. USAID
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coordinates its environmental programs with the Departments of Energy, State and
Treasury and the Environmental Protection Agency.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• The threat of global climate change reduced.
• Biological diversity conserved.
• Sustainable urbanization including pollution management promoted.
• Use of environmentally sound energy services increased.
• Sustainable management of natural resources increased.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• National environmental management strategies prepared.
• Conservation of biologically significant habitat improved.
• Rate of growth of net emissions of greenhouse gases slowed.
• Urban population's access to adequate environmental services increased.
• Energy conserved through increased efficiency and reliance on renewable sources.
• Loss of forest area slowed.
INDICATORS:
National environmental management strategies.
Nationally protected areas (in hectares and as percent of total land area).
Carbon dioxide emissions, average annual rate of growth.
Percent of urban population with access to safe drinking water.
Percent of urban population with access to sanitation services.
GDP per unit of energy use.
Percent of energy production from renewable sources
Annual change in total forest area (percent change and in hectares).
Annual change in natural forest area (percent change and in hectares).
Annual change in plantation forest area (percent change and in hectares).
USAID GOAL: Lives saved, suffering associated with natural or
man-made disasters reduced, and conditions necessary for political
and/or economic development re-established
Crises, whether natural or man-made, destroy the resources individuals, families or nations
might otherwise commit to social and economic progress. Crises usually have their
greatest impact on the poor, women and children. Humanitarian assistance can help replace
some of these resources and enable victims to resume their normal lives more quickly. The
provision of humanitarian and transitional assistance is equally important as a means to
prevent crisis, to safeguard long-term economic and social development, and to support the
creation of free markets and democratic institutions for countries in transition.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Humanitarian Assistance
Small U.S. investments in crisis prevention and mitigation may reduce the need for more
substantial investments in crisis resolution where U.S. interests are directly at risk.
However, even where U.S. interests may not be directly affected, the United States has a
long-standing tradition of providing humanitarian assistance in response to the urgent
needs of the victims of natural and man-made disasters and complex emergencies. USAID
coordinates its humanitarian assistance programs with the Departments of Agriculture,
Defense and State.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• The potential impact of crises reduced.
• Urgent needs in times of crisis met.
• Personal security and basic institutions to meet critical intermediate needs and
protect human rights re-established.
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PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• Crude mortality rate for refugee populations returned to normal range within six
months of onset of emergency situation.
• Nutritional status of children 5 and under populations made vulnerable by
emergencies maintained or improved.
• Conditions for social and economic development in post-confiict situations
improved.
• Freedom of movement, expression and assembly and economic freedoms in
post-conflict situations increased.
INDICATORS:
• Crude mortality rate in emergency situations.
• Proportion of children under 59 months in emergency situations who are wasted.
• Number of people displaced by open conflict.
• Changes in the number and classification of designated post-conflict countries
classified by Freedom House as free/partly free/not free.
• Economic Freedom Composite Index.
USAID GOAL: USAID remains a premier bilateral development agency
To achieve maximum impact in assisted countries and returns to the United States,
America's contributions to sustainable development programs must be efficiently and
effectively managed. Beginning in 1993, USAID has made concerted efforts to improve its
efficiency and effectiveness by: (1) establishing a coherent strategic framework in its
Strategies for Sustainable Development; (2) becoming a pilot reform agency under the
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA); (3) simplifying internal operations; (4)
encouraging operating units to identify better ways of doing business and to adopt "best
practices," including effective partnering; and (5) emphasizing a customer focus and
coordination with other donors. USAID has been and will continue to be a learning
organization committed to improving its performance. Accordingly, USAID will pursue
the following management objectives.
U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST: Maintenance of fundamental capabilities to carry out
international affairs missions in sustainable development
Promoting sustainable development is a necessary and critical component of America's
role as a world leader. It helps to reduce the threat of crisis, and to create the conditions for
economic growth, the expansion of democracy and social justice, and a protected
environment. Under these conditions, citizens in developing and transitional countries can
focus on their own social and economic progress, which creates demand for U.S. goods
and services and expands cooperative relationships between the United States and those
countries it assists.
USAID OBJECTIVES:
• Responsive assistance mechanisms developed.
• Program effectiveness improved.
• U.S. commitment to sustainable development assured.
• Technical and managerial capacities of USAID expanded.
PERFORMANCE GOALS:
• Time to deploy effective development and disaster relief resources overseas reduced.
• Level of USAID-managed development assistance channeled through strengthened
U.S.-based and local non-governmental organizations increased.
• Contacts and cooperation between USAID's policy and program functions and those
of other U.S. government foreign affairs agencies expanded.
• The OECD agenda of agreed development priorities expanded.
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• Capacity to report results and allocate resources on the basis of performance
improved.
INDICATORS:
• Percent of critical positions vacant.
• Percent of USAID-managed development assistance overseen by U.S. and local
private voluntary organizations.
• Statements at the objective level across the strategic plans of U.S. executive agencies
concerned with sustainable development are consistent.
• Number of jointly defined OECD development priorities.
• Financial and program results information readily available.
• Time to procure development services reduced.
Resource assumptions
USAID's performance goals were selected, in part, on the basis of its assumptions about
available program resources, support resources and workforce, and information resources.
If these assumptions prove incorrect, then USAID would have to modify its projected
performance goals.
Program Resources. Resource levels for most USAID program accounts are projected to
remain at fixed levels in constant dollar terms over the course of the planning period. The
exceptions are Economic Support Funds earmarked for Israel and Egypt, projected to be
straightlined, and transitional programs funded by the Support for Eastern European
Democracy and Freedom Support Act accounts, projected to be phased down as
transitional objectives are reached in specific countries.
Administration budget requests are projected to be sustained by Congressional
appropriations action, and resources made available for each strategic goal are projected to
be congruent with current Administration priorities — as reflected in the FY 1998 USAID
budget request — in constant dollar terms throughout the planning period.
The Strategic Plan also assumes that current levels of development assistance provided by
other donor nations will remain roughly at current levels throughout the planning period
USAID would have to re-examine its own assistance plans if such assumptions prove
unfounded for any reason.
Support Resources. In contrast to program resources, the Strategic Plan assumes that
resources for USAID support costs, including the cost of maintaining the Agency's
direct-hire and non-direct-hire workforce, will remain fixed, in current dollar terms, over
the planning period. This means that the purchasing power of the USAID Operating
Expenses account, the principal source of such support resources, effectively will shrink
annually at the rate of inflation.
To accommodate such a reduction in the effective level of support resources, USAID
workforce levels, which account for the largest portion of support costs, would have to be
reduced at roughly the annual inflation rate, unless a case can be made for marginally
increased operating expenses to accommodate program management requirements. If a
continued contraction in Agency staff is required, it will place increasing limits on
USAID's ability to provide adequate oversight for even a program portfolio projected to
remain static in constant dollar terms.
Moreover, while this level of workforce reduction may be largely achievable through
normal annual rates of attrition, the effects of such staff losses — e.g., skewing the
Agency's available skills mix, changing the balance between field and headquarters
staffing, losing institutional memory from retirement of senior staff, and limiting the
ability to recharge the Agency's workforce with the infusion of new hires — will require
active workforce planning. The Strategic Plan assumes that a workforce planning process,
recently initiated, will be completed successfully, that its results will permit the Agency to
manage its programs responsibly with available staff and, possibly, that its findings will
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help make the convincing case for increased support resources to fund adequate program
oversight.
Information Resources. To effectively manage its infonnation resources in support of the
Strategic Plan, the Agency is updating for the sixth time its five-year Strategic Information
Resources Management (1RM) Plan. USAID has made considerable progress against the
previous IRM plan, having successfully completed three of its six goals. The Agency is
well into the implementation stage of the Information Systems Plan, with more than half of
the planned New Management System modules operational in Washington and the
architecture in place to support them worldwide.
This updated Strategic IRM Plan focuses on completing implementation of the New
Management System to support the re-engineered Agency and is expected to set the
direction for the IRM program to meet the Agency's information needs through 2002. It
includes four goals:
• Operations to assure the architecture to support Agency automated business
processes is available and provides a reliable, secure and robust environment to
support the Agency's business as well as the productivity of Agency staff.
• Information Management to improve USAID's ability to manage, access and use
information to achieve Agency strategic objectives.
• Quality to improve the value (efficiency and effectiveness) of information-related
products and services.
• Project Support to ensure that information technology and information management
components of program activities contribute effectively to meeting USAID goals
and objectives.
Conclusion
The purpose of the diplomacy of the United States is to create a more secure, prosperous
and democratic world for the benefit of the American people and those whom they choose
to assist. Sustainable development, that is, lasting improvements in the lives of the people
in those countries in which USAID works, contributes to this end and remains a necessary
and critical component of America's role as a world leader. USAID leads American efforts
to promote sustainable development around the world. Through this Strategic Plan.
USAID commits itself, with the support of the American people and in coordination with
its partners, to achieving significant results in developing and transitional countries over
the next 10 years and establishes a base for measuring its performance.
Footnotes:
1 U.S. national interests are defined in the Strategic Plan for International Affairs Agencies and are
incorporated into USAID’s strategic plan.
2 Immediately prior to this strategic plan, program parameters for the Agency’s operating units were
established by the Agency's Strategies for Sustainable Development (USAID. Washington: March
1994).
3 USAID prepares annual evaluation schedules which will be discussed in its Annual Performance
Plans.
4 Statistical analyses suggest that achieving this goal over the course of ten years can be expected to
reduce the incidence of poverty by up to 29 percent. For more detail, see Annex 2.
Annex #1
in .pdf format
Annex #2
dome] | [About] | [What's New?] | [Directory] | [Missions] | [Employment] | [Privacy] | [Search]
Have a question or comment about USAID or the USAID website? Visit our coniad pa-' to find the appropriate
resource.
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US FY 1999 Congressional Presentation
Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget
allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage ofan appropriations bill and
preparation ofthe Operating Year Budget (OYB).
INDIA
Development Assistance...
Child Survival & Diseases
P.L. 480 Title II
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
Actual
Estimate
Request
$38,180,000 $37,381,000 $42,000,000
11,170,000 13,969,000 14,500,000
93,712,000 91,874,000 91,752,000
Introduction
USAID's program in India responds to three key U.S. foreign policy interests: global
problems of environmental degradation, population growth and emerging diseases; expanded
trade and investment; and humanitarian concerns about alleviating poverty and reducing
malnutrition. With nearly a billion people, India is the world's largest democracy. Also, a
country vital to successfully addressing the global issues of climate change, population
growth and emerging diseases. It is the sixth largest and second fastest growing producer of
greenhouse gases. Its growing population, concentrated increasingly in urban areas,
contributes to the spread of communicable diseases--HIV/AIDS, malaria, TB and polio.
India has the largest concentration of poor in the world, more than 300 million. Despite food
production gains, half of its children are malnourished. India's effectiveness in dealing with
these concerns will depend in large part on its ability to maintain a strong economic growth
rate.
The United States is India's largest trade and investment partner. In 1996-97, trade between
the two countries was nearly $10 billion, direct investment $560 million and portfolio
investment $1.2 billion. India's external debt situation has improved markedly in recent years
falling from a peak of $99 billion in 1995 to $90.85 billion in 1997. Obtaining and
maintaining a growth rate of 7-8 percent, India's target, will not only enable them to reduce
poverty and deal more effectively with social and environmental concerns, it also expands
trade and investment opportunities. USAID's program supports economic reform, promotes
pollution prevention and environmental protection, enhances food security, encourages
women's initiatives, and strengthens social services in health and family planning.
Development Challenge
To achieve a sustained economic growth rate of 7-8 percent, the Government of India (GOI)
needs to make a renewed commitment to the reform process begun in 1991. It must
?arpe*h§f
USAID technical assistance strengthens regulation, supervision and enforcement in the
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capital market and encourages self-regulation by key players. With USAID assistance, the
capital market's overall efficiency, transparency and accountability improved this year with
the start-up of the National Depository and paperless trading. We also work with
municipalities and local governments to develop urban infrastructure projects-water and
sewerage—that can be taken to the capital market. In 1998, Ahmedabad offered the first
municipal bond in south Asia. Now 12 other cities are interested in similar programs. USAID
supports non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working to increase access to bank credit
for their members and is preparing a program to increase the ability of the formal banking
system to expand loans to small borrowers.
India's ability to achieve sustainable development and reduce poverty depends substantially
on its ability to stabilize population growth. Its population will reach one billion by the year
2000, and not long after India will become the world's most populous country. USAID's
work in population focuses on improving the quality of and access to family planning
services in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state with 140 million people. In the pilot
areas, contraceptive usage increased from 16 to 36 percent in three years. Improved family
planning will also help address India's high rates of infant and child mortality-attributable in
large part to poverty-related malnutrition. To respond to malnutrition, USAID is working
with the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and Catholic
Relief Services (CRS) to feed and deliver health services to seven million poor persons daily.
Of great concern is India's rising incidence of HIV/AIDS. Cited as one of the global focal
points for HIV/AIDS, India now has an estimated 3-5 million people who are HIV positive,
more than any other country in the world. USAID helped inform 90 percent of the high-risk
population in Tamil Nadu on how to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission and plans to expand its
program into Maharashtra, the source of 50 percent of India's reported HIV cases.
India's economic growth and its efforts to control population have important implications for
the environment. The growing demand for power, fueled largely by high ash coal, makes
India a key player in dealing with global climate change. USAID is working with India on
practical approaches to cutting greenhouse gas emissions. A USAID-funded pilot activity has
helped the National Thermal Power Corporation cut carbon dioxide emissions by 18,000
tons annually and has the potential to eliminate three million tons system-wide.
Environmental pollution in India costs the country billions of dollars each year. Three of
India's large cities rank among the ten worst polluted cities in the world. Pollution in cities is
causing premature deaths, chronic respiratory disease and the emergence of communicable
diseases due to crowding and lack of access to clean water and sanitation. USAID is
assisting cities to reduce pollution by improved urban planning and management, including
the development of urban environmental infrastructure projects. USAID technical and capital
assistance through the Urban Environment Credit Program (UE) helped create a $200
million build-operate-transfer water and sewerage project in the city of Tirupur.
The low status of Indian women is a pervasive problem hurting economic development and
poverty reduction. India's 1991 census shows a sex ratio of 927 females per 1,000 males and
a female literacy rate of 39 percent versus 64 percent for males. Data from 1994 shows 43
percent of eligible girls enrolled in primary school compared with 62 percent of boys. A pilot
activity is underway to increase enrollment and retention of girls in primary schools. Also,
USAID's programs seek to increase women's decision-making power and access to resources
by strengthening local private voluntary organizations to reduce violence against women and
improve access of low income women to finance.
A key issue for USAID in India is the allocation of limited resources in an extremely large
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and diverse country with a staggering array of economic and social problems. The choices
present a tremendous opportunity to influence India’s development problems and to affect
global issues. Repeatedly, USAID has demonstrated that limited but well-targeted assistance
can have a significant impact on economic reform, health and family planning, food security
and environment, through demonstration of new approaches and introduction of new
technologies and ideas. USAID assistance can act as a catalyst, demonstrating the feasibility
of activities and approaches that can then be scaled up, leveraging investment from the
private sector or from other donors.
Other Donors
Some seven multilateral and 13 bilateral donors provide assistance to India. The United
States is the sixth largest donor after the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the
European Union, Japan and Germany. We collaborate closely with other donors on
economic reform, population and health, and environment. Regulatory reform within the
capital market, power sector reform and restructuring, increased efficiency in industry, better
delivery of family planning services, urban planning and infrastructure development are areas
where USAID introduced projects attracted support to scale-up approaches.
FY 1999 Program
The FY 1999 program will promote economic liberalization; stabilize population growth and
improve health; cut pollution in power generation, manufacturing and cities; reduce
transmission of HIV/AIDS; and meet humanitarian needs of India’s poorest populations.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Mobilization of Capital through Financial Sector
Reforms, 386-SOOl
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999 $7,700,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Purpose: To increase mobilization of capital through financial sector reforms.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID’s economic growth strategy targets
activities that have broad impact through policy reform or demonstrate ideas and approaches
that can have widespread impact through replication. For example, USAID helped establish
the first securities depository, the National Securities Depository Limited, a critical step in
improving the efficiency, transparency and accountability required to attract increased
investment from the global capital market. USAID assistance has helped the stock exchanges
introduce ’’screen-based” trading, reducing settlement times from 21 to seven days and
increasing security in trading. The changes and reforms influenced by USAID technical
assistance have reduced transaction costs, improved disclosure standards, and heightened
market oversight and enforcement. USAID’s support also helped establish a methodology for
credit-rating of municipal corporations—12 cities are now seeking to be rated—and develop
the first municipal bond in south Asia. The result is an opportunity for cities to finance on a
commercial basis badly needed urban environmental infrastructure, particularly water and
sewerage facilities for their dramatically overpopulated and undeserved cities.
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Description: USAID’s program offers technical assistance to improve securities market
policies, regulations, enforcement and oversight while modernizing the market infrastructure.
USAID is working with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to raise the
transparency and regulatory efficiency of India’s equity and bond markets to international
standards. USAID assistance also introduces new technologies and best practices required to
boost investor confidence in the integrity and fairness of the market and attract greater
participation by both domestic and international investors. Last year these markets raised
more than $7 billion, including significant sums ($1.2 billion) from U.S. portfolio investors.
The USAID program also works with municipal and local governments on the development
of commercially viable, self-sustaining debt market and innovative private-public financing
arrangements for basic infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage and solid waste
disposal systems critical to environmental health in cities. The program provides $ 125 million
in loan guarantees (Urban Environmental Credit Program funds), as well as technical
assistance and training. Its first activity—an initial $85 million portion of a $200 million water
and municipal sewerage system in Tamil Nadu—is approaching a loan closing on the
AID-guaranteed credit and will start implementation as a build-operate-transfer (BOT)
project in 1998. In the second such activity, USAID's support was instrumental in obtaining
a credit rating (the first for a municipality in India) for the Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation (AMC) which was used subsequently to access capital markets by issuing bonds
valued at about $25 million. USAID assisted AMC in structuring the bond and in developing
and packaging the infrastructure for which the bond proceeds will be used. The third activity,
a water supply and wastewater system initiative, has been developed with USAID assistance
by the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in the state of Maharashtra. The PMC has
received an investment-grade rating from India's premier credit rating agency and is in the
process of finalizing bid documents with assistance from USAID.
USAID’s new Community Infrastructure Financing initiative is developing improved linkages
between the ’’community-based financial institutions” that serve lower-income families and
formal finance institutions to facilitate the incorporation of slums and informal settlements
into city-wide infrastructure
activities. Linking currently unserved communities and families to the city-wide systems
mobilizes additional resources, contributes to the financial viability of the activities
themselves, and delivers badly-needed basic services to a rapidly-growing sector of families
in India's cities and towns. In addition, USAID also plans to assist India’s extensive network
of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) with 37 million accounts to develop their capacity to
extend access to microfinance to millions of rural households on a self sustaining basis.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has provided a $250
million program loan to support reforms in India's capital market. This and other multilateral
bank loans directly support USAID efforts. USAID assistance to Infrastructure Leasing and
Financial Services (ILFS) has leveraged the sanctioning of a line of credit of $200 million by
the World Bank to ILFS for investment in infrastructure. The host country contributes well
above the total amount of assistance provided by USAID.
Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries include new employees of start-up and expanding companies
which create jobs as a result of increased availability of debt and equity capital; Indian and
foreign institutional investors (including U.S. investors) who benefit from access to an
efficient and transparent capital market; and low-income urban dwellers, including many
women, who benefit from improvements in urban sewage and water supply.
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Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements this strategic objective
through two U.S. contractors. Price Waterhouse and Community Consulting International.
Principal Indian counterpart organizations include the Securities and Exchange Board of
India, the National Institute of Urban Affairs, Infrastructure Leasing and Finance Services,
Ltd., and the Housing and Urban Development Corporation. USAID also works closely with
brokers' associations, national and regional stock exchanges and local governmental and
nongovernmental organizations.
Major Results Indicators:
Target
Baseline
Increased amount of new capital
244
(1993/94)1
250 (1998/99)
1.63
(1993/94)1
4 (1998/99)
(equity and debt) raised through the
securities markets (Rs. billion)
Increased foreign indirect
institutional (portfolio) investment
($ billion)
Increased amount of private capital
0
(1993/94)2
3.75 (1998/99)
used to finance commercially-viable urban
environmental infrastructure (Rs. billion)
1 Source. Securities & Exchange Board of India discussion paper
2 Source: Regional Housing & Urban Development Office
National Institute of Urban Affairs
Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services
Housing & Urban Development Corporation
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Fertility and Improved Reproductive Health in North
India, 386-SO02
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STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $20,000,000 DA and
$3,400,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To reduce the current high level of fertility and improve women’s reproductive
health by increasing quality of, access to, and demand for a broad range of reproductive
health and family planning services and to address related fertility parameters, including the
status of women in north India, with an emphasis on India’s most populous state of Uttar
Pradesh.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID is playing a major role in introducing new
service approaches and technologies to improve the quality of reproductive health services,
increase access and stimulate demand. In 1993, USAID's program successfully established
and staffed an autonomous agency in the state of Uttar Pradesh to implement USAID’s
largest reproductive health program world-wide, the Innovations in Family Planning Services
(IFPS) activity. This autonomous agency funds and oversees improvements in quality and
access to services through the Government and a range of private sector groups. To date in
Uttar Pradesh, 120 grants to 100 private organizations and 60 grants to government
organizations are being programmed, with an emphasis on broadening of services in 28
priority districts to serve 72 million people.
Description: USAID's strategic focus supports broadened access to quality family planning
and reproductive health services and improvements in the status of women through
engagement and funding of the public and non-govemment sector, i .e., private voluntary
organizations (PVOs), cooperatives, employers groups and private practitioners in the
provision of community-based family planning and reproductive health services. A critical
element of the strategy is use of commercial networks to promote, market and sell
contraceptive products, introduce new technologies, improve product quality and stimulate
policy reforms supporting the commercial sector. The IFPS activity, working in the state of
Uttar Pradesh, aims to support a more comprehensive reproductive health program for
couples to space and plan their families and improve care during pregnancy and delivery
Is WrWm for the Advancement of Commercial
Technology/Child and Reproductive Health activity (PACT/CRH) that stimulates private
sector participation and commercial partnerships for the production, distribution and
marketing of quality reproductive health products and services. PACT/CRH, which
contributes to USAID’s work on child survival and HIV/AIDS as well as to IFPS, has served
as the major intervention to stimulate commercial participation in provision of reproductive
health products and services. While this is an all-India activity given its commercial nature,
emphasis is being given to promoting commercial efforts in north India. Through an
arrangement with the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI),
concessional loans have been made to two large condom manufacturers who together sell
about 210 million condoms annually in India, supplying almost 60% of condom users in the
country. Similar loans have also been made to two large intrauterine device (IUD)
manufacturers who currently sell 1.3 million IUDs mostly to the Government, but also
directly to private physicians.
Host Country and Other Donors: The World Bank, United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United Kingdom’s foreign aid
program provide complementary donor support in reproductive health, safe motherhood and
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child survival. USAID's program has introduced a number of innovative approaches to
supporting both public and private sector efforts, some of which have been incorporated into
a major new billion-dollar initiative in reproductive health being launched by the World
Bank. Most donor efforts are channeled through the existing government program. Thus,
USAID's support to the private sector is a unique contribution
in the Indian context. The GOI contributes substantial resources through its existing
personnel and massive infrastructure to provide health and family welfare services to the
general public and serves an important need in reaching the large numbers of extremely poor
clients who are unable to purchase health services from the private sector.
Beneficiaries: The direct beneficiaries of this strategic objective are women of child-bearing
age( 15-49) of Uttar Pradesh, totaling approximately 30 million women. Couples of
reproductive age throughout India will benefit from broader commercial availability of family
planning and other reproductive health products that broaden choice and access. Secondary
beneficiaries are the children under age five, in particular, female children whose survival will
be enhanced by the activities in this program.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The major grantees are the State Innovations
in Family Planning Services Agency (SIFPSA) and the Industrial Credit and Investment
Corporation of India Limited (ICICI). USAID supported cooperating agencies include: The
Association for Voluntary and Safe Contraception (AVSC), Cooperation for Assistance and
Relief Everywhere (CARE), the Center for Development and Population Activities
(CEDPA), Johns Hopkins University/Population Communication Services (PCS), the
Futures Group - SOMARC and Policy Projects, the University of North Carolina
International Training in Health - PRIME Project, MACRO International Inc., the Program
for Appropriate Technologies in Health (PATH), and John Snow, Inc.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline
Target
Percent of IFPS activity trained medical
officers who
meet quality standards for
sterilization services +
54% (1997)
Percent of public sector clinics which
meet quality ratings+
3% (1997)
Number of public sector family planning
303,000 (1997)
555,000
11,000 (1997)
32,000
acceptors+
Number of private sector oral contraceptive pill
and condom acceptors +
Contraceptive Sales ( subsidized and commercial)
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oral contraceptive pills
(million cycles)
condoms
(million pieces)*
4.2
(1997)
104
(1997)
Percent of pregnant women receiving two
43% (1997)
doses of tetanus toxoid +
Percent of pregnant women receiving 100
Iron and Folic Acid tablets +
32% (1997)
37%
(20
Percent of deliveries attended by
17% (1997)
trained provider +
+ in 28 priority IFPS Activity districts; * in Uttar Pradesh
Source: a and b- special provider/clinic surveys; c, f, g, h - Government statistics adjusted for
reliability; d- project NGO MIS; e- Operations Research Group Retail Audit Report
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved child survival and nutrition in selected areas of India,
386-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999 $5,100,000 CSD;
$91,752,000 P.L. 480
Title II
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Purpose: To reduce high levels of infant, child and maternal mortality among the poor in
selected areas through integration of development assistance and P.L. 480 Title II
supplementary feeding into health, nutrition, and other services.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID supports the Government of India (GOI)
and non-governmental organizations (NGO) to improve child survival in the states, primarily
north India, where malnutrition, fertility, illiteracy and mortality rates are high. P.L. 480 Title
II commodities provide nutrition and serve as an entry point for provision of services in
health and education to seven million children and women daily. The Cooperative for
Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) and the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) have
developed systems to reach underserved and high-risk groups in villages across India. These
PVOs have an established system of supply, allowing the program to move large quantities
of food to desperately poor people in remote areas. Last year 10,900 officers were trained in
commodity and results-oriented program management. More than double these numbers of
health and nutrition workers are being trained now to integrate health and nutrition services
at the community level. Through the PVO programs, USAID has also been able to respond
rapidly to needs of 50,000 people dislocated by two severe cyclones and related flooding,
33,000 people made homeless by the earthquake in Madhya Pradesh and 300,000 people
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suffering as a result of persistent drought in Orissa. In addition, since 1995, USAID has
supported India’s polio eradication initiative—one of the largest polio eradication drives in the
world. In 1996-97, more than 90% of India's 125 million children under five received polio
vaccine.
Description: USAID’s program to support child survival includes a number of activities. The
largest and most important is the nearly $100 million P.L. 480 Title II food assistance
program. The Title II program, through CARE, supports the Integrated Child Development
Services (ICDS) program—India’s equivalent of Head Start. The program reaches some 6.5
million beneficiaries in 140,000 villages, and CARE complements Title II food with an
integrated nutrition and health program to improve child survival. CRS, working through
private registered social service societies, including programs managed by Mother Teresa's
and the Dalai Lama's organizations, reaches 710,000 beneficiaries.
The Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology/Child and Reproductive Health
(PACT/CRH), in addition to supporting SO02 in reproductive health and SP01 in
HIV/AIDS, provides support for technologies to improve child survival. Implemented
through the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) Ltd., the program
increases commercial marketing'and distribution of quality child survival products and
services. The ICICI is negotiating with commercial producers of oral rehydration salts (ORS)
to increase marketing, distribution, and use of ORS. ICICI is entering into an agreement with
the premier vaccine manufacturer in India, the Serum Institute, for production and marketing
of the Mumps, Measles and Rubella vaccine through commercial channels, and has reached
an agreement for development of a low-cost electronic scale for growth monitoring of
children.
Under the Quality Control of Health Technologies (QCHT) activity, the National Institute of
Biologicals is being constructed to expand India's capacity to ensure quality vaccines, blood
products and other biologicals. Also, USAID’s large family planning activity in the state of
Uttar Pradesh promotes contraception to space births, which greatly increases child survival.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOI funds all the ICDS personnel-including workers
in the nearly
140,000 centers reached by CARE, infrastructure, in-country transportation (for both CARE
and CRS) and storage costs for P.L. 480 Title II commodities. CARE provides technical
assistance, training and logistic support. The World Bank is the largest donor for child
survival, providing $300 million in loan assistance to the national ICDS program (with plans
for an additional $310 million) and assistance to the Reproductive Child Health program.
USAID's contribution to ICDS through P.L. 480 assistance, valued at $68 million annually,
provides critical support to ICDS in the neediest states. Other donors for child survival
include UNICEF, CIDA, SIDA, UN World Food Program (WFP), and AusAid. Japan is a
co-donor with USAID for the QCHT.
Beneficiaries: Direct P.L. 480 beneficiaries are 7.2 million children under six years of age and
pregnant and lactating women and several million other women and children reached by
other USAID child survival assistance.
Principal contractors. Grantees and Agencies: USAID implements the P.L. 480 Title II India
program through CARE and CRS. The PACT/CRH is implemented through the ICICI and
with help from SOMARC for social marketing. Indian organizations implement USAID
grants to improve child survival services.
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Major Results Indicators:
Baseline
Target
119 (1993)
95 (2002)
561 (1993)
50 (2002)
Reduced Under-five mortality
(number dying/1000 children)
Improved nutritional status of
young children
(defined as percent of children
622 (1996)
under three years who are more than
two standard deviations below the median
weight-for-age index for the WHO
international reference population)
1 Source: National Family Health Survey
2 Source: CARE's baseline survey in assisted areas which are poorer than the national
average
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER . Increased environmental protection in energy, industry and cities,
386-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $11,600,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Purpose: USAID's environment program seeks to increase efficiency and decrease pollution
in energy supply and use through development of effective policies, clean generation
technologies, and efficient energy practices; reduce pollution in industry through adoption of
environmental management systems and clean technology practices for industry; and
strengthen local government’s management capacity and ability to finance environmental
investments through long-term debt instruments.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Progress attributable to USAID action during the
past year spans the spectrum from grass roots activities to changes in federal policy. For
example, the Government of India (GOI) decreed that steam coal for power generation must
be clean of impurities starting in 2001. This should lead to reduced air and water pollution
from India's very dirty coal and decreased greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 53 million
metric tons in the next decade. Developments in urban infrastructure finance in Tirupur and
Ahmedabad, already cited under SO01, also have important implications for the environment
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by increasing the supply of water and sewerage facilities to India’s overcrowded cities. In
Haryana, USAID has been asked to lead the energy efficiency program as part of the
Haryana State electricity reforms and to assist with privatization of the State Electricity
Board's transmission, generation and distribution operations. USAID's energy efficiency
demonstrations with the National Thermal Power Corporation have led it to invest $2.5
million this year that will save millions in annual coal purchases, while generating a huge
reduction in pollution. In another demonstration, USAID financed 72 high tension US
manufactured meters that led to a significant drop in power theft and the purchase by one
utility of another 2600 meters. This program, as well as the program to save water and
energy by municipalities, is ready for nationwide adaptation.
USAID grants and technical assistance aimed at supporting renewable energy technologies
have resulted in increases in the installed generation capacity of renewable energy sources to
900 MW as of March 1997. The signing of new partnership agreements between leading
Indian and U.S. power utilities and regulatory agencies under the USAID-funded Utility
Partnership Program provide a long-term mechanism for transfer of U.S. technology and
experience to Indian organizations, while opening the door for U.S. exports of goods and
services.
Under USAID’s clean industry program, technical assistance and funding assisted industry to
adopt environmentally sound practices while promoting Indo-US environmental business
linkages. USAID’s relatively small investment has helped establish a U.S. environmental
technology and service market of about $635 million in India. One recent collaboration
between Kothari Sugar and Chemicals Ltd, India and Amcane International, Minnesota, for
extracting sugarcane juice decreased effluents by 66%. Additionally, USAID is promoting
incentives for industry to adopt certified environmental management systems and enhancing
the capacity of Indian industry to incorporate best technologies and practices into their
operations. Under this approach, USAID is facilitating the development of an ISO 14000
accreditation scheme enabling India to achieve international environmental quality standards.
Description: USAID has two major activities to achieve increased financial and
environmental sustainability in the energy sector. Working with major development banks,
the Energy Management Consultation and Training activity uses technical assistance and
training to address critical issues affecting the Indian power sector: identifying and
supporting policy reforms related to power sector regulation and restructuring, increasing
investments in energy efficiency and demand-side management.
and promoting innovative financing of energy efficiency activities. The Greenhouse Gas
Pollution Prevention program combines the strengths of Indian industry with the
technological prowess of the U.S. to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by facilitating
investments in advanced coal combustion technologies and bagasse co-generation and
providing specialized technical assistance for efficiency improvement in existing coal-fired
power plants.
The Trade in Environmental Services and Technologies activity provides technical assistance
to promote adoption of international environmental quality standards by industry and to
increase investment in cleaner technologies leading to decreased pollution per unit of output
in key industrial sectors.
Activities described under SO01 to introduce new approaches to municipal finance of urban
infrastructure also improved India's urban environment by financing potable water systems
and waste-treatment facilities.
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Host Country and Other Donors: Host country agency and industry contributions exceed $1
billion. Multilateral and bilateral programs are offering well over $3 billion in new energy
efficiency and environmental programs. Under USAID-financed programs, Indian industries
receiving financial assistance through the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of
India will provide the equivalent of $10.8 million, the Industrial Development Bank of India
will lend up to $80 million for bagasse co-generation investments, and the National Thermal
Power Corporation will provide $10 million investment in energy efficient equipment as part
of its contribution. The Housing and Urban Development Corporation and Infrastructure
Leasing and Financial Services Limited together will mobilize from domestic sources an
amount equivalent to at least $275 million for investment in urban environmental
infrastructure projects, and the World Bank has plans for a major new loan to finance urban
infrastructure which will draw heavily from USAID's experience.
Beneficiaries: The program's prime beneficiaries are independent power producers, national
and state level utilities, private power utilities, selected high energy intensity industries,
energy audit and service companies, sugar industries, agricultural biomass providers,
development financial institutions and consumers—both urban and rural—who all need access
to power for everything from irrigation to lighting. Also included are Indian companies and
municipalities, primarily in urban areas, benefiting from clean air and improved access to
water and sewerage; Indian technology and service firms; industry and business associations;
financial institutions, power utilities, sugar industry, municipalities, and lower-income
communities.
Principal Contractors, Grantees., or Agencies: Principal U.S. partners include: International
Resources Group, Institute of International Education, United States Energy Association,
Community Consultants, Inc. Principal Indian partners include: Ministry of Power, Power
Finance Corporation, Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and
Investment Corporation of India, National Thermal Power Corporation, National Institute of
Urban Affairs, Housing Urban Development Corporation and Infrastructure Leasing and
Financial Services.
Major Results Indicators:
Target
Baseline
Plant Load Factor in coal-fired power plants
60 (1995)
68 (2002)
increased (percentage)
0.2 (1995)
Increased share of power from clean technologies
6 (2002
(percentage of total installed capacity)
Increased number of industries that meet
0
(1998)
70 (2002)
0 (1995)
5 (2002)
international environmental quality standards
Increased access to improved drinking water,
waste water and solid waste services through
commercially viable systems (population in million)
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Urban environmental management tools applied by 1 (1995)
14
(2002)
local government (no. of city governments)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced transmission of HIV infection, 386-SP01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $6,000,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Purpose: To assist the states of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra to control the spread of the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID'S AIDS Prevention and Control (APAC)
activity has financed the establishment of a new AIDS unit at Voluntary Health Services
(VHS), Madras, a well respected Indian non-governmental organization (NGO), as the
implementing agency to manage the activity. Among its activities, VHS provides sub-grants
and technical assistance to NGOs working with high-risk groups, their spouses, children and
communities. In the last two years, 46 NGOs have been funded to work with high-risk
groups on HIV/AIDS prevention. Among these are 11 NGOs who work at strategic
locations on interstate highways, and provide behavior change education to approximately
1.5 million truckers who transit through these locations each month. A training module has
been designed for training physicians in diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). Five institutions in Tamil Nadu have been supported to train 1400
physicians, over the next three years, in providing high quality care for STDs—250 physicians
have been already been trained. A comprehensive research study on the availability and
quality of condoms at retail outlets in Tamil Nadu was completed in 1996 and follow-up
action undertaken with private sector manufacturers to improve both the distribution and the
quality of condoms. A significant collaborative venture with a major private sector
manufacturer of condoms resulted in sales volumes doubling in a 12-month period between
November 1996 and November 1997. The collaboration demonstrated that investments in
expanded distribution systems lead to both increased sales volumes and to reduction in the
cost of sales.
The Program for Advancement of Commercial Technology/Child and Reproductive Health
(PACT/CRH), in addition to its contributions to reproductive health (described under SO01)
and child survival (described under SOOS), has made a significant contribution to HIV/AIDS
prevention. It has provided loans to private sector manufacturers to expand the marketing
and distribution of condoms, and to manufacture and market condom vending machines. To
improve the quality of condom production in India, an issue of central importance to
HIV/AIDS prevention, PACT-CRH has assisted manufacturers to improve their internal
quality control procedures. PACT-CRH technical experts are also assisting the Drug
Controller of India to strengthen the Government's quality control monitoring capacity and
to work with manufacturers to improve condom packaging in India. PACT-CRH has
provided a grant to the Confederation of Indian Industry to develop and market educational
packages for prevention of HIV/AIDS in the work place setting in Indian industries. Over
260 industries with 400,000 employees have purchased the packages.
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Description: USAID through the APAC activity supports NGOs with both funds and
technical assistance to design and implement community-based prevention programs which
target high-risk populations, including prostitutes and their clients, and STD patients. NGOs
educate target populations, promote condom use, and enhance STD services and counseling.
The APAC activity in Tamil Nadu focuses on prevention and control of sexual transmission
of HIV among groups engaging in high-risk behavior. It uses proven strategies of education
for behavior change—expanding access to and utilization of high quality condoms; expanding
access to and utilization of quality STD treatment, especially for women; and supporting
behavioral and operational research to improve program planning to shape intervention
strategies and to measure impact. USAID plans to extend the HIV/AIDS prevention
program under the APAC to Maharastra, a state with 50 percent of India's total reported
HIV positive cases. The PACT/CRH activity provides financial support (including
concessional loans.
small grants and conditional grants) and technical assistance to commercial and private
sector organizations. The loans support expanded distribution and marketing of existing
technologies; the introduction of new reproductive and child health technologies and
services; quality control and policy reform in the commercial sector; and the creation of
demand through financing generic, social advertising campaigns.
Host Country and Other Donors: The Government of India's (GOT) World Bank-funded
$100 million, seven-year. National AIDS Control Program (NACP) assists the government
health system in Indian states to work on HIV/AIDS prevention. A second phase program is
presently being negotiated for a 1999 start, when the Phase 1 program ends. The British
Overseas Development Agency has launched a country-wide intervention with truck drivers
to promote behavior modification and STD treatment. The European Union is supporting
NGO activities in several Indian states. Most other donors contribute funds to the GOI’s
NACP. UNAIDS coordinates the response of the UN agencies to HIV/AIDS in India.
Beneficiaries: Though high-risk sexual activity takes place mostly between female
commercial sex workers and their male clients, infection is transmitted to the female partners
of clients. In addition to commercial sex workers and their clients, women and their children
who are family members of clients are 50% of the beneficiaries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Under APAC from 1995 to 1997, USAID's
worldwide AIDSCAP activity provided technical support to Voluntary Health Services,
Madras, which is the nodal voluntary agency entrusted with APAC activity implementation.
Now that the AIDSCAP program has ended, assistance will be provided by IMPACT,
USAID's new global program of field support to country missions working in HIV/AIDS.
Under PACT-CRH the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI),
Program for Appropriate Technologies in Health (PATH), SOMARC managed by the
Futures Group, BASICS and Health Technology are the agencies involved.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline
Target
Percentage of individuals belonging to high-risk
37%
(1997)
62%
(2
groups who report condom use in most
recent sexual encounter with a non-regular partner
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Percentage of the population seeking
(1997)
52%
77%
(2002)
care from qualified medical practitioners for
symptomatic STDs in Tamil Nadu
(1996)
0
Cumulative number of APAC grants for
100
(2002)
AIDS prevention in Tamil Nadu
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER : Increased investment in agribusiness by private firms, 386-SPO2
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999 $1,000,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: The purpose of the Agricultural Commercialization and Enterprise (ACE) program
is to accelerate competitive agribusiness development through increased investment flows
and strengthened Indo-U.S. business linkages.
USAID Role & Achievements to Date: USAID, through its ACE program, lends catalytic
seed capital for pioneering agribusiness ventures producing high value horticultural and
agro-processed products. This support has enabled the agribusiness loan portfolio of the
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) to grow from $5 million in
1992 to over $100 million in the five years ending December 1997. India’s horticulture
product exports have increased three-fold from $155 million in 1992 to estimated $500
million in 1997. USAID has facilitated Indo-US agribusiness linkages.
The ACE program has successfully launched and continues to assist expansion of India’s first
and most comprehensive agribusiness information service housed in the Federated Chamber
of Commerce and Industries. The database and trade opportunities listing provide import and
export leads for goods and services as well as valuable regulatory, market and contact
information for potential investors. USAID-sponsored workshops and training introduced
Indian entrepreneurs to new approaches to refrigeration and preservation and established
links between Indian businessmen and American suppliers.
Under the program, USAID helped: establish public-private agribusiness advisory panels in
Punjab, Maharashtra and Karnataka states; develop models for private investment in
agricultural marketing infrastructure such as networks of cold stores, fresh produce
wholesale markets and cargo facilities at selected ports and airports; and launch a joint
Indo-US agricultural university linkages program for establishing a Center of Excellence for
Post Harvest Technology.
Description: USAID, in association with its partner, the ICICI, lends seed capital for
pioneering horticultural and agro-processing ventures to demonstrate the feasibility of
agribusiness lending. The ACE program also provides technical assistance and training to
individual firms and industry associations and promotes Indo-US agribusiness linkages as a
mechanism for technology transfer. The program also aims at removal of systemic policy and
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US FY 1999 Congressional Presentation
regulatory constraints on private participation in agribusiness related infrastructure and
strengthening of access to information and technology. USAID plans to expand these
activities with additional funding in FY 1999.
Host Country and Other Donors: In response to ACE effectiveness and nationwide
geographical expansion, the Government of India transferred over $20 million in local
currency to ICICI to finance agribusiness operations. Additionally, after the credit
worthiness of agribusiness lending was demonstrated, ICICI has invested over $80 million
from its own resources in similar agribusiness activities. Other donors such as the European
Union, UNDP, FAO and the World Bank have drawn on USAID experience to replicate
some of the activities. As an example, the World Bank is designing a similar $300 million
activity for the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Beneficiaries: Farmers, rural women, financial institutions, agribusiness associations and
individual firms that benefit directly and indirectly from rapid expansion of agribusiness.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through
Chemonics International, a U.S. contractor; the International Executive Service Corps
(IESC), a U.S. private
voluntary organization; ICICI, the leading Indian private development bank; the Federation
of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI); and Winrock International, a U.S.
contractor that implements the Farmer-to-Farmer program in India.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline
Increase in total investments
Target
80
0
(1991/92)1
4.2
(1991/92)1
12
155
(1991/92)2
575
in ACE-funded agribusiness projects
(cumulative $ million)
Increase in ICICI lending to the agri-
business sector (cumulative $ million)
Increase in value of horticultural
exports
($ million)
1 Source. Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, Chemonics International
2
Source: Agricultural Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: INDIA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Expanded advocacy and service delivery networks for women,
386-SPO3
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STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999 $1,700,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To expand women's role and participation in decision-making through activities in
the areas of microfinance, girls' school participation and violence against women.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Financial Services for low-income women.
Through USAID assistance to Friends of Women's World Banking, India (FWWB), financial
services were provided to 18,750 low-income women who have neither collateral nor access
to formal financial institutions. FWWB assisted eight affiliates to develop business plans.
Violence against women: To meet the need for information on violence against women, nine
local institutions are conducting research, in collaboration with the International Center for
Research on Women, to produce a report on "Patterns and Responses to Domestic
Violence" in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. This research is being
guided by a National Advisory Council on Violence against Women.
Girls' Education Initiative: Under the USAID Girls' Education Initiative, teachers and
communities in one district in Uttar Pradesh (UP) are developing a teachers' training module
to improve girls' participation in primary schools.
Description: USAID's program to expand advocacy and service delivery networks for
women is based on extensive consultations with women's groups, grass roots organizations,
research institutions, government, media groups, and other donors.
USAID activities in financial services for low-income women focus on strengthening
capacity of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to reach poor women with financial
services. In FY 1999, USAID plans to continue upgrading the business planning skills of
NGOs to increase outreach of financial services to low-income women. Resources are
required to strengthen the business planning and microfinance outreach of FWWB affiliates
in northern states.
USAID’s customer survey found no uniform information base on violence against women
that could assist in advocating appropriate responses to widespread violence. NGOs,
grassroots activists and professional bodies emphasized the need for USAID to support the
development of a national data bank. Funds will be required to expand the data base that is
under development in five states to an additional seven states.
Under the Girls’ Education Initiative, a teacher training module to eliminate gender-bias in
classroom practices and increase participation of girls in schools in one district in UP will be
prepared and tested. The module is being developed in collaboration with a District Institute
of Education and Training (DIET) and the Uttar Pradesh Primary Teachers’ Union. The
training module will ultimately be used for in-service training of teachers by DIETs.
Additional resources are required to incorporate the teacher training module and develop
community support for education of girls in more districts.
Host Country and Other Donors: The UN, World Bank, Swiss, Dutch, Australian and
Canadian Governments all support credit and enterprise programs for women. These
programs have focused mainly on women’s self-help group formation and development of
home-based enterprises.
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In primary education, the World Bank, UN agencies, the United Kingdom and European
Union are
providing assistance to the Indian Government's District Primary Education Program
(DPEP) to improve coverage and quality of primary education, including provision of
assistance in several states for school construction, teacher training and decentralized
management of schools. The USAID activity strengthens this comprehensive program by
focusing specifically on teacher training to improve community and classroom environments
for girls' enrollment and participation in schools.
Beneficiaries: Girls, women and local institutions of India in areas assisted by USAID's
Women's Initiatives (WIN) program.
Principal Contractors, Grantees and Agencies: Center for International Education, University
of Massachusetts, International Center for Research on Women, Friends of Women's World
Banking, India (FWWB), Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), SNDT Women's
University and other local institutions and researchers such as National Law School of India
University, Bangalore and Hengasara Hakkina Sangha, Bangalore.
Major Results Indicators:
Baseline
Increased enrollment and retention
40%
Target
(1996)See footnote 1
of girls in primary schools in one district
of Uttar Pradesh
Training module being used in
0
(1996)
number of districts in Uttar Pradesh
Increased number of women
15,000 (1996)
29,300
clients receiving financial services
from participating microfinance organizations
Increased business planning process
0
(1996)
0
(1996)
established in participating organizations
Increased number of local
institutions and their constituencies
organizing data for informed advocacy
against violence against women
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INDIA
FY 1999 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in thousands of dollars)
Human
Economic
USAID
Capacity
Humanitarian TO
Growth
&
Population
Environment
Democracy
Strategies and
Development Assistance
Agriculture
&
Special
Health
Objectives
i ...............
SO 1
7
7,700
Increased
Mobilization
of Capital
Through
Financial
Sector
Reforms
-DA
S O. 2,
Reduced
fertility and
improved
reproductive
health in north
India
-DA
-CSD
SO 3
Increased
child survival
and nutrition
in selected
areas of India
-CSD
-P.L. 480/11
S O. 4.
Increased
environmental
protection in
energy,
industry and
cities
-DA.
Sp.O.l.
Reduced
transmission
of HIV
infection
-CSD
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20,000
3,400
91,752
5,100
91
1
11,600
6,000
11
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US FY 1999 Congressional Presentation
Sp.O. 2.
Increased
investment in
agribusiness
by private
firms
____
-DA
Sp O 3
Expanded
advocacy and
service
delivery
networks for
women
-DA
Totals
-DA
-CSD
- P.L. 480/11
file:///C|/tie aie6iaidu/usaid-india2.htm
1,000
1
1,200
9,900
0
200
20,000
14,500
0
11,600
0
0
200
0
0
1
300
300
0
0
0
0
91,752
z
(
USAID Mission Director: Linda Morse
Footnote: 1 GOJ estimates
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USAID: Population, Health & Nutrition- Population
IN GO XI .
Home About Whafs New? Directory
U.S. Agency for International Development
Missions
Employment
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Privacy
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Population InfoPack- Americans Support and
Benefit
from Population Assistance
• Population assistance is based on basic American values,
including the freedom of couples to plan the number and
spacing of their children.
• Two out of three American women of reproductive age use
some form of modem contraception.
PHN Center
HIV/AIDS
Child Survival
Nutrition &
Maternal Health
Population
• Three out of four Americans surveyed in 1995 wanted to
increase or maintain spending on family planning for poor
countries.
• Since its inception in 1965, USAID's Population Assistance
program has consistently received strong bi-partisan support.
• Early USAID investments in family planning have helped
stabilize population growth in strategically important countries
and resulted in the creation of strong trading partners for the
U.S. (e g. Korea, Taiwan, Thailand)
• U.S. consumers have benefitted from USAID support for the
development, improvement and evaluation of safe and effective
modem methods of contraception, (e g., voluntary male and
female sterilization, Norplant implants, male and female
condoms).
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USAID: Population, Health & Nutrition- Population
■™
Home About What's New? Directory Missions
U.S. Agency for international Development
Employment Privacy
„ select
Search
[71 [SI
Population InfoPack- Population Assistance:
The Recognized Leader
Principles and Objectives
PHN Center
HIV/AIDS
• Support the right of couples and individuals to determine freely
and responsibly the number and spacing of their children
• Reduce unintended pregnancies and promote maternal and
child health
Child Survival
Nutrition &
Maternal Health
Population
• Stabilize world population growth
Comprehensive Program Scope
• Works in partnership with host country governments, private
voluntary organizations and commercial entities in over 60
developing countries around the world.
• Provides assistance through a large network of U.S.
organizations that offer a wide range of expertise.
• No other donor has the extensive on-the-ground field presence
and technical expertise to respond to local needs.
USAID is the Global Leader
• Since its inception in 1965, USAID's population program has
been involved in all major innovations in international family
planning.
• USAID has played a critical role in the development,
evaluation or improvement of all modem methods of
contraception.
• USAID's population assistance program is the world leader in
family planning service delivery, contraceptive procurement,
logistics management, training, education, communication, data
collection and evaluation. Innovations in these areas have been
adapted and applied to child survival, HIV/AIDS prevention,
and many other fields, and benefit U.S. citizens.
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Population InfoPack- USAID's Population
Program:
Low Cost. Powerful Impact.
• Population assistance represents 0.03% of the Federal budget.
Foreign aid as a whole is less than 1% of the Federal budget.
• For every dollar spent on family planning, governments save as
much as $16 in reduced expenditures in health, education, and
social services.
PH_NCenter
HIV/AIDS
Child Survival
Nutrition &
Maternal Health
Population
Since 1965, in the developing world:
• The average number of children per family has dropped from
over six to four.
• USAID has saved the lives of tens of thousands of mothers
through family planning, which reduces abortions and high risk
pregnancies.
• Without organized family planning programs, there would be a
half billion more people in the world today.
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http://www.info.usaid.gov/pop health/pop/popinfopackOS.htm
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Population InfoPack- The Challenges Ahead are
Unprecedented
• Our children will share a world with between 8 and 13 billion
people, depending on the decisions we make today.
• More than half of the developing world s population is younger
than age 25, causing a momentum that ensures a rapidly
expanding population for the near future.
PHN Center
HIV/AIDS
Child Survival
Nutrition &
Maternal Health
Population
• Current demand is not being met. Over 100 million couples
want family planning services but are not currently using any
method largely because of a lack of accurate information and
poor access to good-quality services.
• Demand is growing fast. In this decade, the number of women
of reproductive age in the developing world (excluding China)
will grow by over 185 million to over 900 million
women—almost 10 times the current population of Mexico.
• Funding is not keeping pace with need. The combination of
recent funding cuts, inflation and population growth has
reduced USAID s population assistance budget to its lowest
level per woman since 1968.
The information in this packet was drawn from sources including: the World Health
Organization, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO), the Population Reference Bureau, the United Nations, and
published journal articles.
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