SDA-RF-AT-3.34.pdf
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3.3^
SDA-RF-AT-3.34
Adaptive
trjTi in.ii r
Harvesting
Management
for Sustainable
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
of
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) Blume and
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees
Fact sheet No.l 2006
An output ofa collaborative study ofFRLHT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f)
Blume
Family: LAURACEAE
Flabitat: Moist deciduous to shola forests
Description: A medium to large sized tree, reaching 5-20m
tall and 30-60 cm girth; Bark about 5 mm thick, gray to light
brown, smooth, and smells like clove when cut; Berries
ellipsoid, greenish pink ripening purplish brown
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats, India; Grows at
an altitude of 600-1800 m; Found in semi-evergreen forest
of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra
Parts used: Leaves, bark and buds
Medicinal Properties: Bark is carminative, antispasmodic,
haemostatic, astringent, antiseptic, stomachic and
germicidal
Propagation: Seeds, cuttings and divisions of old
rootstocks
Botanical Name: Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees
Family: LAURACEAE
Habitat: Moist deciduous to shola forests
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats of Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India
Description: A small to medium sized tree; About 8 m tall
and 70 cm girth; Bark is smooth, reddish brown outside,
dull red inside, and has strong aromatic smell; Berries are
oblong ellipsoid, 1 X 1.5 cm, smooth, hairless, seated on
about 1 cm across cup-shaped fleshy disc
Parts used: Leaves, bark and buds
Propagation:
rootstocks
Seeds, cuttings and
divisions
of old
3s*
^fUUlHQ tWigS
/Ve/v fatusk of, Imocs
'’RvanckLet
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING
Adaptive management explicitly addresses and reduces the uncertainty by evaluating the effects of management through
participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a methodology for participatory
experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be effective in achieving ecological and social
sustainability.
Community
understanding
Season and pattern of harvest: Generally, harvesting of Cinnamomum leaves is carried out during 7
March, Only the matured individual leaves are plucked from tree. Due to rise in demand, collection of 7
Cinnamomum leaves for commercial purpose gets started from December. The improper lopping ~
of branches and twigs affects the tree growth, development and reproduction, moreover the harvest ”
isofvery low quality with immature leaves
Quality harvest is hand plucking of individual mature leaves. Such harvest '
Sustainability factor:
yields bigger and mature leaves with high quality essential oil content and medicinal properties. The ;
quantity-oriented harvest involves collection of immature (young) leaves to mature (old) leaves. In q
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this destructive
the entire branch is
climbing
to -Y*
harvest,
cut to save time and energy in
the tree and tzx
~
increase the quantity of leaves collected.
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Trade: Leaves are traded in local, regional and national markets. They are also sold as an admixture
of several species of Cinnamomum.
~
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
CM-1
Assimilation of traditional and modern scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc. from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Cinnamomum spp. through participatory planning and monitoring
protocols involving local community in Agumbe, Karnataka. India.
Name
Scientific knowledge
Traditional knowledge
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f) Blume
Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees
Tamala patra, Lavanga patre, Kadu dalchini (Kannada);
Pinga dalchinni, Matta dalchinni (Kannada)
Flowering and fruiting;
Phonological C. malabatrum - December - June
patterns
C. sulphuratum- December - May
Medicinal
uses
Method of
harvest
Foliage and flowering during January - February; Fruiting
in March-April; Trees under shade bloom later in the
season than trees in direct sunlight; Flower buds are
produced in fully matured 20 yrs old/1m girth trees; Tree
takes 3-4 years to restore leaf production, after harvest
Bark is used for treating cough, diarrhea
and dysentery; Oil from the root bark and
leaves are applied externally in
rheumatism; Spicy leaves and bark are
substituted / adulterated for the
commercial C. zeylanicum
Leaves are used as spice in cooking; Bark is used to cure
cough, headache, spider poison and as a mouth refresher;
Buds are also used in cooking
Hand plucking of green leaves only for
better development of growing trees
Only mature leaves are hand plucked during FebruaryMarch; Excessive leaf collection impedes the flowering;
Seeds, if produced, are washed away by the rains, since
there is hardly any litter on the ground, which would act
as mulching agent. Population is declining since ten years
with more old and damaged trees and with few recruits
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
BAU harvest
Collect the individual mature
leaves by plucking from the
mature trees (dbh>20cm)
Collect all the leaves
from all trees at once by
cutting twigs and
branches
fungal and bacterial attack and took longer time to dry.
Some were dehydrated, charred and had lost the colour.
The oil extracted from them was not of good quality and
became rancid. Leaves from quality harvest retained
same texture and aroma and had good quality oil. The
BAU harvest was priced low in the market (Rs. 2 and Rs.
5-6 per kg of wet and dry leaves respectively. The demand
for the leaves collected in right method of harvest was
more and hence, higher price was fixed (Rs. 3-4 and Rs. 8
per kg of wet and dry leaves respectively) as compared to
BAU.
A
3/( Ci harvest
The BAU harvest was done in the month of January, while
the right harvest during February - March. There was no
harvest from control method.
Processing and marketing
The reddish brown young leaves from premature harvest
in BAU had higher moisture content that are prone to
harvest
T^ight 7)s. ^LA
Statistical relevance and conclusions
73. Production of Cinnamomum leaves had a positive
correlation with size of the tree (r = 0.462)
To infer from the results, the BAU harvest is ecologically
destructive and socio-economically weaker than the right
method of harvest.
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 7A/2, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org, j.rao@frlht.org; Web site: www.frlht.org; Phone : 080-28568006
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Adaptive
n 1 111 111
for Sustainable
Management
Harvesting
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
of
Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn.
Fact-sheet No.2 2006
An output of a collaborative study of FRUIT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Decalepis hamiltonii Wight &Arn.
Family: PERIPLOCACEAE (Asclepiadaceae)
/ Si
1 labitat: Occurs in open rocky slopes and rocky cervices
of dry to moist deciduous forests at an elevation of 3001200m
Description: A large woody climber; Latex sticky and
milky; Roots long, fleshy and aromatic; Branches jointed,
slightly angled and with swollen nodes; Leaves opposite,
egg-shaped to round shaped, about 7 x 5cm; Flowers
yellow, small, arranged in 3-times branched cymes;
Follicles cylindrically oblong, about 5 x 3cm and woody,
when dry; Seeds many, egg-shaped, about 6 x 4mm, with
long white silky hairs, promoting their widespread
dispersal
Distribution:
Endemic
to central peninsular
'Habit
India;
Common in the dry hill tracts of Eastern and Western
Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala
Parts used: Roots
Propagation: Seeds, stem cuttings and root suckers
cJ-vuits
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING
Adaptive management explicitly addresses and reduces the uncertainty by evaluating the effects of management through
participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a methodology for participatory
experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be effective in achieving ecological and social
sustainability.
1
Community
7
understanding
Season and pattern of harvest: Generally, harvesting of Decalepis roots is carried out during September and L
October. Roots and tubers are collected from soil pits in the rocky areas.
X
Sustainability factor: Quantity-oriented harvest involves cutting the branches and uprooting the stems to
collect the whole root portion without leaving any roots for further growth in the following year. During the study, r
community members felt that harvesting of 50 percent of the roots in alternate years from good soil region would ;
enhance the regeneration of roots.
J
Trade: Roots are traded in local, regional and national markets. They are sold for a price Rs. 40 to 60 per kg in 7
the national market. In southern India, plant is used as a substitute for Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus).
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.
.
X
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
DH-1
Assimilation of traditional and modern scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc, from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. through participatory planning and
monitoring protocols involving local community in Savandurga, Karnataka, India.
Scientific knowledge
Traditional knowledge
Name
Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn.
Magadi beru, Makali beru (Kannada)
Phenological
patterns
Leaf fall: January
New foliage: February - April
Flowering: April - July
Fruiting: August - November
Flowering: May - September
Fruiting: October - November
Dried fruits shrink and remains till next season
Roots are used as a coolant and blood
purifier; Used to cure indigestion,
dysentery, cough, bronchitis,
leucorrhoea, uterine hemorrhage, skin
disease, fever, vomiting and poisoning;
Root powder is given to treat diabetes;
Root pickle is used for reducing flatulence
Plant is used as a culinary spice due to its highly aromatic
roots; Roots, as a coolant are used to prepare refreshing
drinks and used as an appetizer; Roots are pickled and
consumed locally; Roots are used to control stored grain
pests
Roots are harvested only from the mature
climbers
Roots are collected from the soil pits in rocky areas
Medicinal
uses
Method of
harvest
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
BAU harvest
Collect roots from mature
climber; Collect only half (one
portion) of the roots in soil rich
region
Collect all the roots from
climbers through
uprooting
The BAU harvest was done during the month of
September, where as right method of harvest in October.
There was no harvest in control method.
Statistical relevance and conclusions
Production of Decalepis roots was significantly
correlated with stem girth of the climber (r value =
0.32; P = 0.015), which indicated less root production
from young plants
Less growth of roots was noticed in the harvested
portions of plants in all harvest treatments in second
year. It was suggested for harvesting of Decalepis
roots in alternate yearfrom the same area
However, the quantity of harvest was more in BAU
harvest than right method of harvest, two year data
are not sufficient to prove the changes in the yield due
to harvest treatments over a period of time
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kafout
''~lcst kat'Kcst
Processing and marketing
Roots, collected from the right method of harvest were of
good quality and can be stored for long time without
decaying problem. It was priced high in the market. In BAU
method of harvest, the roots were of small size and young
that could not fetch more market value.
-Mavocstcd wots
’Root growth a^terkaroest
CM
Detailed discussions and field observations have led the
community (Task Team) to revise the harvest treatments
and they have decided to observe the individual climbers
for one more year.
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 7A/'l, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org, j.rao@frlht.org; Web site: www.frlht.org; Phone : 080-28568006
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Adaptive
H 1 1111,1
for Sustainable
Harvesting
Management
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
of
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson
Fact-sheet No. 3 2006
An output of a collaborative study of FRLHT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson
Family: CLUSIACEAE (Guttiferae).
Habitat: Semi-evergreen to evergreen forests.
Description: A medium-sized tree, 5-15m tall; Brown
coloured smooth bark (5mm thickness) exudes yellow
gum, when cut freshly, blaze deep yellow; Mature
branches are horizontal or drooping; Leaves opposite, 715 x 2-7cm, oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, margin entire
and dark green; Male flowers are in group of 5-10 seen in
leaf axils or on branches, orange-yellow in colour; Female
and bisexual flowers are solitary or in clusters of 2-3 in
terminal and axillary fascicles, orange, slightly larger than
male flowers; Berries are pome-shaped, fleshy, shiny,
hairless, with 4-10 vertical grooves and yellow after
ripening; Seeds (4-10) are egg-shaped, about 3cm long,
flat, brown, smooth, shiny, covered with fleshy, white or
red aril.
bifancldtt
bafk.
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats of Maharashtra,
Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India;
Found at an altitude of 50-1800m in semi-evergreen to wet
evergreen forests.
Parts used: Leaves, fruits and seeds.
Medicinal Properties: Leaves, fruits and seed oil are
purgative, hydragogue and emetic; Hydroxy Citric Acid
(HCA) is extracted from the fruit rind.
Propagation: Seeds, stem cuttings and grafts; Cultivated
in many parts of southern India for its fruits; Germination
hampered by ants.
limiting twig
'Habit
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING
Adaptive management explicitly addresses and reduces the uncertainty by evaluating the effects of management
through participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a methodology for
participatory experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be effective in achieving ecological and
social sustainability.
Community
understanding
1
i
(
Season and pattern of harvest: Generally, harvesting of Garcinia fruits is carried out during first and second 7
week of July. Only the mature individual fruits are hand-plucked from tree without damaging the branches and 7
fallen fruits on the ground are also collected.
'-'v
Sustainability factor: Quality harvest is hand picking of fully ripe yellow-coloured fruits that have good taste
and medicinal value. While, the quantity-oriented harvest is collection of immature (young) fruits to ripe fruits. In ;
this destructive harvest, the entire branch is cut as fruits are at the tip of branches and inaccessible. Unripe fruits
are difficult to pluck, thus encouraging the cutting of branches.
7
x
Trade: Fruits are traded in local, regional and national markets. Fruit rind is marketed in large quantities. They ~
are mixed with Garcinia indica and sold as Kokam.
~
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
GG-1
Assimilation of traditional and modern scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc, from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson through participatory planning and
monitoring protocols involving local community in Agumbe, Karnataka, India.
Scientific knowledge
Name
Traditional knowledge
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robson
Upagi mara, Simai hunase (Kannada)
Phenological
patterns
Flowering: December - February
Fruiting: March-August
Fruit bearing is high in alternate years
Flowering: January - February
Fruiting: March-May
Fruit production starts at the age of 10 years; Good rainfall
during March - April increases fruit yield; Trees with
canopy in open area produce good quality fruits; Fruits do
not ripen at the same time
Medicinal
uses
Useful in curing ulcers, inflammations,
bleeding piles, diarrhea, dysentery,
indigestion, hyperdipsia and particularly in
dropsy and worm cases; HCA is extracted
from fruits and used for treating obesity;
Fruit rind used as condiment to flavour
curries (substitute to tamarind)
Fruits used as culinary additive and fish preservative;
Seeds obtained from ripe fruits are extracted for edible oil,
which is cholesterol free and used as vegetable butter;
Fruit juice and syrup are used as coolant; Consumption of
seed oil, besides fruits and leaves helps in better digestion
Method of
harvest
Collection of fallen mature fruits from the
ground
Harvest only the fallen fruits after ripening or after
primates have eaten the pulp and discarded the rind.
This results in good quality rind
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
BAU harvest
Collect only the ripe fallen
fruits
Collect all the fruits at
once by cutting twigs
and branches
The BAU harvest was done during second and third week
of June, whereas right method of harvest in first and
second week of July. There was no harvest in control
method.
Statistical relevance and conclusions
The practice of cutting branches in BAU harvest has
adverse effect on fruit production, as wet weight of
Garcinia fruits was significantly correlated with
canopy cover of the tree (P = 0.004)
There was significant difference in dry to wet weight
ratio of fruits across harvest treatments (P = 0.003).
Dry/wet fruit ratio in right harvest was high (20%),
where as in BAU harvest, it was 13%
Regeneration in terms of number of seedlings was
more in right method of harvest, as there was
significant difference in regeneration pattern across
treatments (P = 0.01)
Processing and marketing
BAU harvest resulted in low quality fruit rind as fruits are
not fully developed. In BAU harvest, it was difficult to
break the fruit wall (endocarp) for deseeding, and for
collecting the rind for drying. As seeds were undeveloped,
sterile and small, they resulted in less oil extraction. The
right harvest yielded naturally ripened fruits that were
easier to deseed, and provided better quality rind in less
processing time. The processed material from right
harvest was easy to preserve for longer time as compared
to BAU harvest. Rind from ripe fruits weighed more than
unripe fruits and sold for about Rs. 5 to 10 more per kg
than rind from unripe fruits.
9 •
^eeis
To infer from the results, the BAU harvest is ecologically
destructive and socio-economically weak than the right
method of harvest.
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 7A/2, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Web site: www.frlht.org Phone : 080-28568006
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org; j.rao@frlht.org
GG-2
5
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Adaptive
I ’ll HIT
Management
for Sustainable
Harvesting
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
of
Gymnetna sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Room. & Schult.
Fact sheet No. 4 2006
An output of a collaborative study of FRLHT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Family: ASCLEPIADACEAE
Habitat: Dry to moist deciduous forests
Description: A large more or less pubescent woody
climber; Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate, 3.5-5.5 x 2.53.5 cm, rounded at base, subcoriaceous; Flowers minute
in umbellate cymes, greenish-yellow; Follicles usually
solitary, 6-8 x 0.8 cm, straight or slightly curved, terete,
lanceolate, tapering, glabrous; Seeds brown, narrowly
ovoid-oblong, 1.2 x 0.5 cm, glabrous, with a thin marginal
wing or puff of hairs
<- ’Habit
'RvanckLe.t
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51
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Distribution: Found in Deccan Peninsula of India,
extending to parts of northern and western India;
Distributed across tropical regions of Africa and Asia
fl
Parts used: Leaves, whole plant
Medicinal Properties: Plant is stomachic, stimulant,
astringent, hypoglycanic, refrigerant, laxative and diuretic;
Gymnemic acid is extracted from the leaves that possess
the property of paralyzing the sense of taste for few hours
for sweet substances; Roots are emetic and expectorant
x SK
4
F'c/iischuj fruit
Propagation: Through seeds and vegetative means
'J-Loioe.flng twiij
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING
Adaptive management explicitly addresses and reduces the uncertainly by evaluating the effects of management through
participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a methodology for participatory
experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be effective in achieving ecological and social
sustainability.
Community
•v
A
;
understanding
Season and pattern of harvest: Generally, harvesting of Gymnema leaves is carried oul during the month of X
November and December. Only mature individual leaves are hand-plucked from the climber without cutting the X
(
branches and uprooting the stem.
Sustainability factor: Quality harvest is hand plucking of fully mature leaves that contains more medicinal
■
property. While, the quantity-oriented harvest is collection of young leaves by cutting the climber. In this jt
destructive harvest, the entire climber is cut as stems are twinning around the host trees, in such a case, leaves
at the tip of branches are inaccessible, thus encouraging the cutting of branches and uprooting the whole
climber.
J
Trade: Leaves are traded in regional and national markets. Nationally traded in the name 'Chakkarakolli'. Large 7
scale extraction of Gymnema in India has been recorded in recent years.
<
.. ...
....
...
.
. . 1
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
GS-1
Assimilation of traditional and modern scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc, from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult, through
participatory planning and monitoring protocols involving local community in Savandurga, Karnataka, India.
Name
Scientific knowledge
Traditional knowledge
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Madhunashini, Madhunasha, Sannagerasehambu
(Kannada)
Leaf fall occurs in January; New foliage
during April-June; Flowering: November
Phenological
and December; Fruiting: January - March;
patterns
Seed germination in February and March
Flowering: November - December
Fruiting: February - March
Good rainfall during June increases the fruit yield
Medicinal
uses
Plant is used to treat somatic burning
sensations, biliousness, hemorrhoids,
urinary disorders, dyspepsia,
constipation, jaundice, cough, asthma
and bronchitis; Gymnemic acid from
leaves has anti-diabetic property; Inhibits
dental plaque formation
Leaves along with garlic and pepper are made into juice
and used as an eye tonic for cattle; Root powder and its
decoction are employed for snake bites; Leaves are
used for treating diabetic complaints
Method of
harvest
Collect only the fresh and full-grown
mature leaves
Hand plucking of individual fresh and full-grown mature
leaves
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
BAU harvest
Collect the individual
mature leaves by hand
plucking
Collect all the leaves by
cutting the branches or
uprooting the climbers
The BAU harvest was done during the month of November
and December, where as right method of harvest in
January. There was no harvest in control method.
easy to preserve for longer time as compared to the
materials collected through BAU harvest The material
from right method of harvest was priced high in the
regional market.
Statistical relevance and conclusions
75s. Leaf production (wet weight) in Gymnema was high
in test harvest than destructive method of harvest,
since all sized leaves are collected in BAU harvest
7s. However, there was a difference in Gymnema leaf
production (wet weight) across two harvest
treatments, it could not be proved statistically
7s. The negative impact of destructive harvest in
regeneration pattern of Gymnema could not be
statistically revealed as it requires long term
observation
3/4 (A harvest
Processing and marketing
The young leaves, collected in BAU harvest method had
higher moisture content, took longer time to dry and while
drying some were dehydrated and charred. The extracts
from them are not of good quality. The right harvest yielded
big-sized green leaves with more alkaloid contents and
''precessing in the fcielii
Mcigklng leaoes
coUcctci tn "Rym
To infer from the results, the BAU harvest is ecologically
destructive and socio-economically weaker than the right
method of harvest.
s
'V
S
o
8
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 74/2, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org, j.rao@frlht.org; Web site: www.frlht.org; Phone : 080-28568006
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GS-2
Adaptive
| 1 111 111
Management
Harvesting
for Sustainable
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
of
Limonia acidissima L.
Fact sheet No.5 2006
An output of a collaborative study ofFRLHT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Limonia acidissima L.
elephantum Corr.)
(= Feronia
Family: RUTACEAE
I labitat: Dry to moist deciduous forests
Description: A small, spiny, deciduous tree with erect,
cylindrical stem and grows about 9 m height; Leaves
alternate, imparipinnate; Leaflets 3-9, opposite,
subsessile, membranous, Pellucid-glandular, tip often
crenulate; Flowers numerous, in lateral and terminal
panicles, dull red or green colour, bisexual; Fruit is a berry
with hard, woody pericarp, globose, brown or whitish upto
8cm in diameter; Seeds are numerous, oblong, white,
embedded in sweat, aromatic and edible pulp; Cotyledons
are thick and fleshy
A
,
■ Pi
.7:
d-labit
/Vex.' ^oLiaije
Distribution: Native to India and Srilanka, found
commonly in the wild in dry plains; Cultivated and
naturalized in southeast Asia, Malaysia; Reported in all
tropical belts
Parts used: Fruits, leaves, roots and wood
Medicinal Properties: Fruit is considered refreshing tonic,
antiscorbutic, alexiformic, cardiacal and astringent (when
unripe); Leaves are aromatic, carminative, astringent and
yield an essential oil; Gum exudes from trunk and
branches of the tree; Roots are used as purgative
Propagation: Seeds, root cuttings and air layering;
Cultivated along roads, edges of fields and orchards
<:~jj-loio6i>lng beandi
I'tiifhi/j (wantli
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVES1 ING
Adaptive management explieitly addresses and reduces the uncertainty by evaluating the effects of management through
participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a methodology for participatory
experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be effective in achieving ecological and
social sustainability.
J
Community understanding
;
<< Season and pattern of harvest: Generally. Limonia fruits ripen between the last week of March to April. Only
the mature fallen fruits on the ground are collected. Mature fruits are tested by dropping on to a hard surface
from 1 ft height. Immature fruits bounce, while mature ones do not.
5
(
Sustainability factor: Quality harvest is collection of mature fallen fruits that are known to have good taste J,
and medicinal value While, the quantity-oriented harvest is collection of immature (young) fruits to ripe fruits. ;
Young and unripe fruits at the tip of branches are inaccessible and difficult to pluck, thus encouraging the J
cutting of branches. For commercial purpose, entire fruits are collected from the tree, which leaves no seeds J,
for germination on the ground.
Trade: Fruits are traded in local, regional and national markets. They are sold for Rs. 1 -2 per fruit in local X
market, where as in regional market for Rs. 5-8 per fruit based on the size.
X
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
LA-1
Assimilation of traditional and modem scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc, from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Limonia acidissima L. through participatory planning and monitoring
protocols involving local community in Savandurga, Karnataka.India.
Scientific knowledge
Traditional knowledge
Name
Limonia acidissima L.
Bela, Belada mara (Kannada)
Phenological
patterns
Leaf fall occurs during February-March;
New foliage in March-April; Flowering:
February-March; Fruiting starts in April
and fruit matures in December to February
of the next year
Flowering: February-April; Fruiting starts in April-May and
ends in January-March of next year; Good rainfall during
March - April is important for higher fruit yield in the next
year; Fruit bearing is high in alternate years
Medicinal
uses
Leaves are used to treat epilepsy; Fruit is
used as live and cardiac tonic; when ripe, as
an astringent halts diarrhea and dysentery;
Fruits are used for treating hiccough, sore
throat and diseases of the gums; Fruit pulp
is applied externally as a remedy for bites of
venomous insects and reptiles
Ripe fruit is eaten as such or with sugar; Fruit is used for
removal of habitual constipation; Pulp is used in chutney,
jelly and jam making; Juice of the fruit pulp is relished as
coolant
Method of
harvest
Collection of only big-sized and ripe fruits
from the tree and from the ground
Collection of mature fallen fruits on the ground during the
month of April
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
BAU harvest
Collect only the mature fallen
fruits
Collect all the fruits at
once
The BAU harvest was done during the January month,
where as right method of harvest in the third and fourth
week of March. There was no harvest in control method.
taste, while bigger and fully ripe fruits from the right
harvest fetch high price in the local as well as regional
market.
Statistical relevance and conclusions
Production of Limonia fruits has significant correlation
with canopy cover of the tree (P = 0.004)
■JS. High Proportion of big size fruits was recorded in right
method of harvest than BAU method (P<0.001). More
than 60% are small fruits in quantity harvest, where as
in quality harvest, it was less than 15%
Mean fruit weight was 320gms in right method of
harvest, whereas 110gms in BAU harvest
Regeneration in the quality harvest was relatively
more as compared to quantity harvest, in which no
fruits were left for dispersal
karoeit
'Right Rawest
Processing and marketingl
After the harvest, fruits were graded viz. into big, medium
and small fruits according to the size using indigenously
built iron wire sieve. Fruits were kept in the sun for full
ripening. In BAU harvest, many fruits were small in size,
unripe and hollow. Such fruits were priced low due to sour
CM
^uits
sco
Ripe ^ult
The BAU harvest is ecologically and socially destructive
than the right method of harvest.
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 74/2, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org, j.rao@frlht.org; Web site: www.frlht.org; Phone : 080-28568006
LA-2
o
-XF
Adaptive
Harvesting
Management
for Sustainable
NTFPS/Medicinal Plants
J 1 11 l l1'1'
of
Vateria indica L.
Fact sheet No. 6 2006
An output of a collaborative study of FRLHT, India with ECI, Oxford University, UK
Botanical name: Vater/a indica L.
Family: DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Habitat: Moist deciduous to evergreen forests
Description: A large elegant, evergreen resinous tree,
reaching 25m tall with about 3m girth size; Bark smooth,
about 1cm thick, peeling off into round flakes; Blaze dull
brown; Young branchlets drooping, with minute star
shaped hairs; Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, 10-25 x 510cm, margin entire, leathery, hairless, base rounded,
apex acuminate; Stipules prominent; Flowers bisexual,
about 2cm across, white, slightly fragrant, arranged in
panicles; Panicles robust, multi-branched, up to 15cm
long, drooping; Capsules egg-shaped, 4-6 x 2-4cm, pale
brown, fleshy, hard when dry, splitting by 3-valves when
ripe; Seeds single
oath
Distribution: Endemic to Western Ghats of Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India; Found at
an altitude up to 1200m; In Kerala, abundant near streams
in moist forests, while common throughout coastal forests
in Karnataka
Parts used: Wood, Resin and fruits
Medicinal Properties: Resin is tonic, carminative and
expectorant; Essential oil is antibacterial; Seeds yield
dhupa fat; Bark is acrid, used as an alexipharmic
Propagation: Seeds; Hardly cultivated, but extensively
planted along highways in Karnataka that has become
naturalized with surrounding forests
zf-letotflnfl twig
ADAPTIVE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE HARVESTING
Adaptive management explicitly addresses and reduces the uncertainty by evaluating the effects of
management through participatory experimentation and monitoring. Local community has developed a
methodology for participatory experimentation to demonstrate the 'best practices' that are known to be
effective in achieving ecological and social sustainability.
Community
understanding
if
<
Season and pattern of harvest: Generally, collection of Vateria fruits is carried out during the month of
September. Only 50% of mature fruits that are fallen under the tree are hand-picked from the ground, while rest 7
c
is left for regeneration.
■ cSs Sustainability factor: Quality harvest is hand picking of fallen fruits that have their outer coat broken and red
A,
T
i
pulp within. Such fruits yield high oil content. In quantity oriented harvest, the entire fruits are collected from the
tree. Collection of fruits before maturity yielded fruits with sterile seeds.
/
r
Trade: Traded in local and regional markets. Timber is traded for softwood industry and resin for medicinal ~
industry as well as preparation of varnishes and incense. Resin is traded as White Dammar or Dhupa.
7
This Fact sheet is an output of a research project funded by Forestry Research Programme of DFID, UK for the benefit of
developing countries. The views expressed here are not necessarily those of DFID. R8295/FRP. We acknowledge the support and
contribution of Karnataka Forest Department, Village Forest Committees of Savandurga & Agumbe, Karnataka, India
VI-1
Assimilation of traditional and modern scientific knowledge
The assessment and assimilation of information related to focal species, timing and frequency of harvest, qualitative
attributes etc, from traditional knowledge and modern scientific knowledge were merged to develop and evolve an
adaptive management for sustainable harvesting of Valeria indica L. through participatory planning and monitoring
protocols involving local community in Agumbe, Karnataka, India.
Scientific knowledge
Vateria indica L.
Name
Traditional knowledge
Bili dhupa, Dhupada mara, Gugguli (Kannada)
Leaf fall: March; New foliage: April Phenological May; Flowering: January - April;
patterns
Fruiting: May - July; Prefers light for
good growth than extreme shade
Flowering: February and March; Fruiting: May and June;
Fruits are viviparous; Bumper crop in every 3-4
years; Rain in March and April promotes good
yield; Natural regeneration is good along the
roadside forest strips
Medicinal
uses
Resin is used for treating cough, asthma,
leprosy, skin eruptions, wounds, ulcers,
gonorrhoea, dysentery, anemia diarrhea
and ringworm; Fatty oil from seeds is
useful in controlling chronic rheumatism
Fruits used as a pain killer locally; Seed oil is used
for preparing soap and candles; Seed cake after oil
extraction is unpalatable to livestock and also used
as manure in plantations; Juice of leaves is applied
to cure burns; orally administered to prevent vomiting
Method of
harvest
Collect the fallen fruits from the ground
Collect only the 50% of fallen fruits from the ground
that have broken outer coat and red pulp
Harvest treatments and practices
Three harvest treatments were designed merging
traditional and scientific knowledge viz. right harvest
method (selective harvest); Business as Usual (BAU;
current harvest method; destructive); and control.
Right harvest
Collect only 75% of fruits
fallen under the tree
BAU harvest
Collect all the fallen
fruits under the tree
The BAU harvest was done during August, where as right
method of harvest in the month of September. There was
no harvest in control method.
Collection of '■J-euits
quality oil. The oil extracted from right harvest had good
keeping quality.
Statistical relevance and conclusions
Vateria trees, which are located in isolated places in
the forests have good growth, however it could not be
proved statistically as girth and canopy cover were
not correlated significantly with yield of fruits
The two year data were not sufficient to prove the
changes in the yield over a period of time due to
destructive harvest, as there was no significant
difference in fruit yield across harvest treatments
Regeneration in terms of number of seedlings was
more in right method of harvest, as there was
significant difference in regeneration pattern across
treatments (P = 0.01)
Cjtaiini] of, tj-fults
Processing and marketing
In BAU collected fruits, breaking the fruit wall and
extracting pulp and drying was very tedious. The seeds
were small and sterile that yielded less oil extraction. As
broken fruits with red pulp were collected in right method of
harvest, seeds are healthy, processing and oil extraction
were very easy, required less manpower and yielded high
^’ec2ilincj foom vioipaeons fenlt
V
(D
CO
CN
To infer from the results, the BAU harvest is ecologically
destructive and socio-economically weaker than the right
method of harvest.
s
o
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o
£
For further details contact: G.A. Kinhal/R. Jagannatha Rao, Conservation Action and Research Group, Foundation for Revitalisation
©
e
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), 74/2, Jarakabandekaval, Attur, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064, India.
Email: ga.kinhal@frlht.org, j.rao@frlht.org;
Web site: www.frlht.org; Phone : 080-28568006
ffl
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VI-2
Position: 1865 (3 views)