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RF_IH_2_PART_2_SUDHA
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The approach it did take stands out
in its narrowness. It is worth recall
Justice S
ing because the then government
| with J us chose to go along with that
ed Ranga- approach. The present government
judgment will have to drastically review that
by leader
te of elec
ptions was
under law.
f that par
case of A.
tnd others)
don of Mr
torn Parur
6 50 of the
the voting
ed on an word ‘Ballot’ is wide enough to
is broader include the mechanical process and.
the effect therefore, the direction of the com
g the chip mission falls squarely within the
>n area.
four comers of both rule 59 and
lament was rule 49. Reliance was placed (by Mr
A lines of Jcthmalani) on the dictionary
«stitutional meaning of the word 'ballot’ which
ff the efec- has been defined in Black’s law’
thejacan- dictionary (fourth edition), at page
between me YVmhg rtrtii
said to icptescnl this will ' I he
latest election, he added, highlight counting dries, etc
Presently, ii (ake> at least seven
ed the fact that (his distortion of the
voting pattern swung that margin days to print 'he ballot papeis
Mt Irivcdi. in true salesnrtn
between defeated and victory in at
least 39 constituencies.
fashion, pushes his product with tne
An argument used last year by added incentive that when not in
the government, which the Sup use for Parliament or Assembly
reme Court had supported elections, the machines could be
wholeheartedly, was that the pro rented out, for a fee, to smaller
ject would be taken up for govern local bodies—panchayats, munici
ment consideration only after the palities and even college elections.
people were made familiar with the
Also, there is the additional con
system of voting by machine and sideration that the machines have
after there was general acceptance been the result of 1(X> per cent
that the system of voting left no indigenous research and develop
scope for misuse.
ment by ECIL and BEL, both of
To. this Mr Trivedi counters: which are public sector units.
“The actual u^e of the machine is as
Where the election commission is
simple as pressing a light switch." concerned, once the cabinet takes
He, however, says that this educa its decision and forwards Qje
tion requirement could also easily amendment to the 1951 Act to
be satisfied through a short film on Parliament for approval, it is just a
the machine, which incidentally has matter of time befoie the entire
already been prepared for viewing. electoral process goes electronic—
To the misuse aspect, he points out perhaps even in time for the next
that while the machines were used batch of Assembly elections
the rules were made, the system nl
voting by machine was not in vogue
in this country. In these circumst
ances, therefore, we are con
strained to hold that the word
‘ballot’ in its strict sense would not
include voting by the use of voting
machines."
The court, however, did not go
down alone as being backward in its
oach. On the contrary, it
iptcd —successfully—to pass
uck. as it were, to the govern. “Our view", the court said,
s a good deal of support from
ircnmstance that even though
ystem of voting by mechanical
process was submitted to the gov
ernment for approval, yet the same
was declined, which shows that the
rule-making authority was not pre
pared to switch over to the system
of voting by machines..."
Mr Trivedi is a very determined
man and, by all accounts-, his deter
mination is going to bear fruit at
long last The court had chosen to
DOCUMENTATION NEWS FROM CED
Vol.
Ill No.11
November 1905
DOCPOST FROM CEP
About 15 days ago we finally installed the much-awaited photocopy machine
at the Centre.
It was expected much, much earlier,
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but due to a series of delays and hitches in procedure it could come thr
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So DOCPOST will be launched in early December.
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August,
1905.
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miA,S NEW QRQUP ?OR ?-AICIIUR«S PITEQRATED DEVELOP^
P’,® Camp, Grille sugar PO, Raichur 584 101
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326. V Main. I Block
Ko.'smanjjaia
Bangalor .-560034 India
NEWSLETTER
"We will work 'no more
We will leave their fields
We will leave their houses
We will work no more"
The drum beau rythmically in the hot air of Turkandonna.
The daily and contract labourers heard the call and answered
it.
Men and women left their work to demand for higher
wages.
By the next evening their demand had been met.
Behind this direct confrontation lies a history of small con
verging steps.
Over the past three months the project team's
work at Turkandonna had intensified.
Franklin, a trained
teacher, is holding night classes with 40 adults, while at the
same time establishing a strong rapport with the Christian commu
nity.
Nanjegowda is now living there permanently.
Having
overcome the initial suspicion, he began to build up a circle of
friends and supporters with wncm he started pressurising for the
implementation'of the government welfare•programmes.
The colle
ctive action cut across divisive factions so that the villagers
began to speak as one voice.
Tn large numbers they attended
meetings at which Nanjegowda stressed the need for Sangams
and for unity to obtain their rights and overcome their
problems.
Due to heavy rains in the district, villagers everywhere
have been unable to earn sufficient wages.
Simultaneously
the cost of food items has risen dramatically, a situation
aggravated at Turkandonna by merchants holding their stocks
back.
The people thereto®- decided to start a Fair Price Shop
and selected Ahmed to manage it.
This was the latest in a
series of significant issues which brought them in contact
with important officials.
In the process the gradually gained
in strength and courage which brought them into conflict with
the vested interests in the village. ' In proportion as the
villager grew stronger the owdas and mere’. _nts felt threa
tened and began to flex their musd.es.,
Cn the21st September Ahmed distributed the first consignment
of rice and sugar.
Cri the 2 ?th September the Gowdas registered
an alternate youth club.
Then on the night of September 27/
a Gowda, drunk, came with a band of burly supporters to the
project team's house and demanded to speak with Nanjegowda and
Prasad.
He objected to the distribution of food to the
people on the ground that he had not been involved and that
such activities which did riot Satisfy the demands of the whole
village would create conflicts.
If the team did not get out
of the village, he said, he would beat-them and-Ahmed...
Rational discussion being impossible, he was finally persuaded
to go home.
Ch the 29th seme 50 villagers and the project
staff were debating whether despite these threats, to continue
the distribution.
A message came calling the staff to the
Gowda's house.
They went followed soon after by the villagers.
The Gowda, suddenly changing his tune, offered to help obtain
more goods from the Govt.
Consequently, Ahmed felt safe to
continue the distribution of rice and sugar. •
Cn the 28th morning, after Prasad and N’anjegowda had left for
Raichur, ^hmed was continuing this distribution when the' Gowdas
and their supporters suddenly arrived and started threatening
him.
Seeing this Tippaya, a courageous village leader, said:
'It would dishonour us to let this man who is helping us get
hurt'^ and stood in front of Ahmed.
As the Gowdas closed in,
a crowd of villagers came running.
Slowly Tippaya‘s wife bent
down and put a stone in her sari.
Seeing this, first one
Gowda, t .en another, and ano :her slipped aw_^.
Eight villagers volunteered to stay with Ahmed while the others
went to coiie in Purthipli, a neighboring village.
There an
activist had organised the people to strike for higher wages,
the road was blocked thus preventing any outsiders going to
work.
As the Tur’ andonna men returned heme they discussed
the matter: "These people are getting Rs. 4/- for women and
Rs. 6/- for men and still they are demanding more.
Our women
do not even have bangles to wear and vet we do nothing.
We are only paid Rs. 2. 50 and Rs. 4. 00 Let's take action."
As
they said this they passed a Gowda's field of Jawar which, in
the heat of the moment some of them wanted to steal.
However,
one villager spoke out: "No, Nanjegowda has always said that
we should not take wrong steps.
Let us go and discuss the
right thing to do. "
A meeting was called at wnich the people decided to avoid
violence and simply not co-operate wicn the Gowdas.
Realising
the importance of unity, the Christians and non-Christians
served each other tea.
A decision was reached:
the drum
- 3 was beaten around the village declaring the strike.
Men and
womenleft the Gowdas 1 homes and fields.
Later that after
noon, Nanjegowda and Prasad returned and ensured the villagers
of their support.
Together they debated what to do if the
strike were to continue for long.
The people decided that
they would have to pool enough grain to feed 150 families.
Individuals who were in a position to do so, volunteered con
tributions with a premise never to demand repayment.
The same evening, the Gowdas called a justice meeting.
He
objected to the Fair Price shop1 being located in Nanjegowda's
house.
He accused Ahmed of wrong weighing and of making
25 paise profit a kilo.
A man, who would normally bow down
with respectful fear to Gowdas, now stepped forward and replied
that when the Gowda himself had run the shop before he really
had supplied lesser quantity; fob which he had taken 50 paise
profit.
"We didn't have the courage to speak against you then
because you oppressed us.'*
Gradually all those who had, for
years, been suppressed by the Gowdas voiced their grievances:
that he had beaten them, and had collected money to renovate
a community well and for other such projects which had never
been implemented.
The meeting finally broke up when the
villagers felt that talking to "these drunkards" was serving
little purpose.
Ch the 29th Sept the village leaders got up at 4.30 to
ensure that no liquor reached the village and that no-one
went to work.
By 12 o'clock, after hard bargaining, the
Gowdas agreed to raise daily wages to Rs. 4.00 for women and
Rs. 6. 00 for men.
In elation the workers dispersed thus
abandoning the contract labourers who were demanding a raise
from Rs. 1,350 per annum to Rs. 1,800.
The Gowdas had refused
to go beyond Rs. 1,700.
Bealising that the Gowdas had succeeded
in thus dividing the people, the project team persuaded the
daily labourers to return and support their fellow workers.
Thus pressed the Gowdas agreed to Rs. 1,800.
By 6.30 the strike
was over.
The benefits of those few dramatic days extend beyond the
increased wages.
As far as the project team is concerned,
they now realise the firm base has been built up: Nanjegowda
was able to control the people's emotions, while Franklin
could confidently keep the Christians united.
Between them
they had an information base within the village, and, at the
District and State level, a network of contacts who could
help protect the people.
But it was the people themselves
who took all the decisions.
They understood the implications
of their
actions which followed a basic strategy of
maintaining their own strength while weakening their opponents.
They realised that they had to take right action whileallowing
that their opponent took the wrong action.
At present, the
4
contract labourers are being worked harder; so they are
planning to insist on certain basic working conditions.
General
unity and support for the project team are high.
The people
are looking ahead with confidence and courage to taking up
programmes of a wider nature: co-operative seed society,
co-operative money lending, co-operative dairy.
This enthu
siasm must be consolidated.
Ahmed feels it is crucial that
the issues taken up with the 'Govt are followed through and
that the health team continues to visit regularly twine a
week.
Health
This comment of Ahmed's points to the \vital role played by
activities which , on the surf Ace
appear concerned only with
externalities.
Dr Rajan is making regular evening visits to
the villages.
Moreover, Visvanath Reddy, the new teacher in
Yedlapur, and Franklin have started dispensing basic medicines
to 15 or more villagers a da, .
This is -an important step
towards the health programme's ultimate aim, the dissemination
of knowledge.
V. Reddy has recently been away and Jairaj, a
villager who had watched him closely, has managed the little
clinic himself.
He is now keen to learn more in which effort
Dr Rajan is helping him.
Women's Freqramme
"How can we stay healthy when we have only bad food to eat?"
Narsamma's diagnosis of the situation in Budur was borne out
by the women's health camp held there in Augur:-. Alady doctor
from the Family Planning Association, Raichur, kindly came and
spent the morning examining wanen in the project school hut.
In all 62 women came from Budur and 8 from Hanchinal.
Of these
5 had acute bronchitis; 5 younger women has dysmennarrhea
(pain during menstruation) while another 5 had severe skin
allergies caused by long, hours-standing in water planting rice.
In fact, nearly all the working women, to a greater or lesser
extent, suffered from sores on their hands and feet.
There were various other complaints, including an incomplete
abortion.
However, the vast majority (42) were suffering from
~
B Conplex deficiency, resulting in bodyache, dizziness and <weakness.
8 wanen had leukorrhea (excessive white discharge) of
whom
women also had both.
This overlap indicates the
common causes of the two canplaints.
Firstly the wanen do 1not
get aaequate nutrition.
As Narsamma said they subsist on .
diet of roti and rice: the vegetables they need and want ar
®^h®fn^naY®ilable_ or to° expensive.
Secondly, the women
are generally rundown.
It is noteworthy that these 48 women
were all above 30, man above 40; that is after years of hare
service to their husbands of house work, of bearing children,
5 -breast-feeding and caring for them while also working in the
fields.
In other words, the ill health they live with for a
large portion of their lives arises out of their neglected
position as wcmen in society.
Unless there is some positive discrimination in favour of
women, an_ developmental activity will remain a male preserve.
The camp, bom out of this need to involve women, acted as a
launching pad for the long awaited women's programme, which
has been taken up by a new member of staff, Premila.
Of course,
the women benefitted from .the, free treatment and medicines.
Furthermore it is hoped that the interest generated by the
camp can be dahnelud into effective followup activities to
improve the health of the village.
Already the women have
agreed to form a health committee, while two of them are
going to attend a Govt course; for Daimmas.
However, the
benefits extended beyond health.
For, the wanen came together
to prepare and organise the camp and together overcame the
difficulties that arose.
Now they are keen to have weekly
meetings to discuss their problems and search for practical
solutions.
The stumbling block is that while keenly aware of
their material problems, the women have yet to realise their
own weaknesses and latent strength.
Ediration
Every evening C-illesugur school is alive with activity.
Men
mst bac1 from the fields are playing volley-ball and kabaddi.
J.n a while they will sit down with their slates to practice
writing or discuss village issues.
Three months ago these
same men had no interest in the project, whose activities in
the village had ccme to a sad halt.
So, when Papa Naik
joined the team in July he decided to concentrate oh first
reviving the Gillesugur night school.
The task facing him
was a formidable one.
It is easier, he says, to begin work
in a village than to restore a lost faith and interest.
Naik
knew he would fail in this task if he tried to start with the
adults.
The path to success lay in the children who would
get as a base from which to reach the whole village.
Conse
quently, Naik began to teach yoga and P.E. to the primary
school children.
He chose a space near the village road so
that all passers by would see and appreciate the class.
Ch
the third day the middle and high school children had asked
if they could join.
Since they were quick to leam new games
an inter-village sports competition was held at Turkandonna.
Despite heavy rains school children from 5 villages came and
enjoyed themselves.
As their enthusiasm spread working children began to join in
the sports and, when a teacher came forward, to attend the
night school.
With great excitement they prepared for a
6
colourfui August 15th celebration which included prize giving
for sports, regular attendance at night school, reading and
writing.
All the.'a activities were watched with interest
by a growing crowd of men who finally asked iiaik to teach
them Kabaddi.
He agreed to do so after night school so that
slowly the adults started coming, even atf irst only to play.
This was a month ago.
Now, adults are coming regularly to
school and Naik has started moving away from the children.
Thus, suports, enjoyable an 1>valuable in their own right, have
been instrumental in motivating the villagers to learn.
They
have provided an organised base for the youth to work together.
This was amply exemplified last week.
The Government has
granted funds to extend the school room.
To save money
various village groups volunteered to do the initial work.
One such group was the night school who, together with the
project team, including all the teachers from other villagers
laboured hard to dig the foundations.
To f oster and extend
this nascent sense of brotherhood a grand event was held on
October 2nd.
200 youth from eight villages, after taking, an
oath to maintain peace and sportsmanship, played and ate together.
As a direct result young men from all villages are now keen to
come together regularly and practice sports.
In fact, all the night schools, although still suffering from
major weaknesses, have taken a new lease oflife.
This is
expecially true of Biehhal, thanks to the efforts of the co
ordinator, Mukundappa and the enthusiastic teacher, Devendrappa.
Every night 34 children and adults come to learn literacy and
obtain greater awareness.
Slowly attitudes are changing.
The students are gaining in confidence and finding their voice.
Moreover, they are beginning to realise the part they must play
in their own upliftmert
They are interested in meeting out
siders.
They are cleaner.
For the first time the higher
castes now eat and drink with the Christians, atleast in the
school if not, yet, elsewhere.
Seme of the students are also members of the growing Youth
Club, whose president voluntarily conducted the classes for
8 days when Devendrappa was away.
Recently the Club, in the
face of much opposition,- secured the installation of street
lighting for the entire village.
Furthermore, they have formed
a health committee which cleaned the village well and provides
Dr Rajai all necessary facilities.
Mukundappa feels that with
the youth as mediators the face of Bi chai can gradually change.
Indigenous resources
To create a wider base for implementing pilot programmes on
the concep; of Indigenous Resources, we hosted a three day
workshop between 20th and 22nd duly.
The participants were
representatives frcm leading voluntary organizations in
Karnataka.
Dr Spellman and Mr James Melchior of I.C.C. C,
Madras, exponents of this concept were also present as resource
persons.
The concept of Indigenous Resources attempts to build upon
people’s knowledge, which is being lost due to the invasion of
Western technology into their lives.
It tries to develop
courage and confidence.
It uses the Indian culture, practices
and philosophy to plan development programmes formulated by the
people themselves, which will reduce the dependence on outside
resources, skills and influences.
The concept emphasises
adaptability to the village situation as compated to the planned
target oriented’approach; tte learning and confidence building
processes among people as compared to success of the programme
in measurable terms; and trte use of village resources and
knowledge as the basic inputs in development programmes; which,
in turn, will help villagers plan and execute programmes that
will solve local level issues.
The concept refuses to accept
the domination of Western technology in all areas of programming,
be it health, agriculture, housing or legal work.
It assumes
that the existing pattern of voluntary agencies is inappropriate
for meaningful development programming.
The alternative is to
build on village associations and interested individuals in
the village.
The concept also questions the present attitudes
and working methods of funding, agencies, experts/consultants,
evaluators and training institutions.*
The project’s other activities •ontinue to progress, despite
numerous setbacks and difficulties.
In particular, many groups
have cane forward to secure Janata housing.
As always there
have been many guests, including Scmasekhar on a two month
block placement from SEARCH, and Harriet who has ccrne from
England to spend seme months with us.
For a detailed paper on “Indigenous Resources" contact
us or Mr James Melchior,
I. C.D. C. , Gurukul Campus,
Kilpauk, Madras 600 010
HE"™ CELL
326. V Main, I Block
Korambngala
/
eangalore-560034 -/
India
INDIA'S NEW GROUP FO.R RAICHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
55, Surveyor Street, Basavanagudi, Bangalore-560 004
Regd.Society No.695/80.81
Gillesugar P0
Via: Raichur 5C4 101
Karnataka
Dear friend,
TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR PROJECT COORDINATORS
OF INTERMEDIATE AND PRIMARY VOLUNTARY
DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS ON INDIGENOUS
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
A three day programme would be held at Gillesugar between
20th and 22nd of July, 1903, on Indigenous Resources and
Development.
This programme is organized by Indian CulturalDevelopment Centro (James Melchoir), Institute of Asian
Cultures (JW Spellman) and hosted by us.
The details of the programme and background material is
enclosed.
This programme is a follow up of a workshop that ICDC
had
organized in February 1933 at, Gillesugar, for the sangam groups
of Raichur District 'villages '(■'a report of the workshop, in
Kannada, is also enclosed) and the workshop held in July 1982,
at Inomvirapur, on indigenous resource development.
You are most welcome to participate in the programme to be
held in July 1983 .
Please sponsor only
p er son-ff rom your
institution.
We would appreciate if you can kindly confirm
your participation at the earliest.
With warm regards,
GN Marayena Prasad
tkrt, Cc
Ms <-(
.
7
V-
tyrr ■
INDIAN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE, MADRAS
&.
INDIA'S NEW GROUP FOR. RAICHUR'-S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
GILLESUGAR, Via: Raichur 504 101, KARNATAKA
"TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR PROJECT COORDINATORS OF
INTERMEDIATE AND PRIMARY VOLUNTARY DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATIONS ON INDIGENOUS RESOURCES &, DEVELOPMENT"
(between July 20 and 22, 1983, at Gillesugar)
Objectives
General:
* to establish a foundation for more extensive
development programming based on indigenous
resources
to help remedy some of the doficicncies in
existing training programmes
to assist primary organisations in strengthening
their programmes
to test practical applications of ideas on
indigenous resources
to assist in bringing together a technical
service team for indigenous resource projects
Specific: * initiate followup actions on the basis of workshop
conducted in July-August 1982 and JanuaryFebruary 1983
* Develop greater awareness among the project
coordinators on the issue of indigenous resources
* initiate pilot training programmes in selected
districts for translating ideas on indigenous
resources into project action
* identify and approve pilot projects based on
indigenous resources
2
Area of focus
The Southern states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
are the general area of focus.
In these three states,
preliminary investigation, a feasibility study on development
programming, six workshops on problems and potentials of
voluntary organisations, field study, interviews with the
disadvantages, further research on indigenous resources,
preparation of a meaningful training syllabi and five district
level workshops on problems and potentials of village sangams
have already been done.
The total population for the three
states are 13B million.
The training programmes for project
coordinators are being hosted by reputed and meaningful
programmes that are associated with the indigenous resources
movement in south India.Region 1: Andhra Pradesh
Area 1:, Cuddapah district is covered
Area 2:/ZWest Godavari district is covered
Region 2: Karnataka
Area 1: Raichur district is covered in this area.
India’s New Group for Raichur’s Integrated
Development (INGRID) at Gillesugar in Raichur
district will host the training.
The contact
address is Mr. Narayana Prasad, PWD Camp,
Gillesugar PO, Via: Raichur 584 101, Karnatak
The population of the district is 2_ million.
Area 2: Bangalore district is covered
Region 3: Tamilnadu
Area 1: North Arcot district is covered
Ares 2: Madurai district is covered
Methods to be employed
In' the six districts in the three states, each district or a
cultural region will be covered by a or two lead voluntary
organisations.
The criteria for selecting the lead organisa
tions are based onthe experience in earlier regional and
district workshops, credibility, non-exploitative relationships
with primary and sangam level voluntary organisations, interest
in indigenous resources as an approach to development and
future potentials.
3
The lead organisations will in turn - in fact most of thorn arc
already engaged in - contact and identify potential trainees
from among tho intermediate and the primary voluntary organisa
tions either in the district or in the cultural region.
The training programmes will be structured with a definite
agenda and participatorial in nature.
The'agenda and other
working materials will be sent to the participants by the
host organisations nearer the time.
Operational plan
July 20, 21, 22, 196_3: Training programme for Region 2, Area 1
at Gillesugar, Raichur district
Physical arrangements: Boarding and lodging arrangements are
made by tho host organisation (please
bring light bedding with you).
Travel expenses:
Travel expenses are to be borne by
sponsoring organisations.
However, to
those who need assistance, Rs,50/- would
be paid by ICDC/INGRID.
Location
Gillesugar is located 30 kms from Raichur and 15 kms from
Mantralaya on ihc Raichur-Mantralaya main road.
Participants
reaching Raichur may board any bus going towards Adoni,
Yemignoor or Mantralaya and get down at Gillesugar.
Partici
pants reach in ci Man tralaya may board any bus going towards
Raichur-anH***get"”aown ’ at Gillesugar .
James Melchoir
Director
Indian Cultural Development
Centre (ICDC)
No.l, First Street,
Haddows Road, Madras 600 006
JS Spellman, Ph.D (London)
President
Institute of Asian Cultures
Windsor, Ontario
Canada
India's New Group for
55 Surveyor Street
^sichur's Integrated
Sawvanegudf Bangalore 560 004
Development
India
Read. society No. 695/80-81
S'^ZVXeTkHCEU
KO'amongala
K
Bsnga/Oro-560034 - /
India
'
H A^SLO, 1983^^
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INDIA'S.. NEW. GROUP FDR RAICHUR1S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
Regd.Off. 64, 12-0 Plain Road VI Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore 560010
Registered Society No.695/80-81
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
PR03ECT OFFICES
326, V Main, I Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-660034
India
P.W.D. Camp
Gillesugur P.O.
Vias Raichur 584 101
Karnataka / India
ACTIVITY REPORT FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN OUNE 1ST, 1981 AND
OCTOBER 31ST, 1982
Introduction
A group of Friends at Bangalore who had either worked or studied together
decided to involve in social service in rural areas during 1980.
Ide formally
registered ourselves as a Society under the Karnataka Societies Registration
Act in February 1981.
The organization has at present 11 primary members
to the Society and has 7 members on the governing body, including the
Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer.
. ,
We decided to work in 10 villages of Raichur taluka on considering various
factors such as backwardness of the district, illiteracy, poor agricultural
development, lack of facilities, potentials for development, as compared to
other backward regions of Karnataka.
Based on the selection of Raichur
District, we prepared a note on Raichur District giving all the details per
taining to the District and sought financial assistance from donor organiza
tions, to carry on our activities in villages.
We started the Project work in the first week of Dune 1981 and stayed at
Yeragara for two weeks and later on settled down at Gillesugur camp - the
10 villages that we have selected are around the Gillesugur village.
When we started the village work we were only two working - however, at
present the team consists of 18 persons, which includes teachers, a Doctor
and professional social workers.
The financial support for us came from Gandhi Peace Centre, Tirupathy, for
the initial period of 15 months.
For the present our Projects on education
and health are being funded by HIVOS, an agency from Holland.
Mr Willem
Scholten, representative of HIVOS in India, is with us today.
Indian Council
of Social Sciences Research is also assisting us to conduct a socio-economic
survey in 10 villages.
In addition, there have been numerous friends who
have assisted in many ways.
Programmes taken up and plans for the coming years
1)
Adult Educations
' f
We are having 10 Adult Education Centres in nine villages
around Gillesugur, out of this two have been functioning for an year, four for
the past four months and four for the past two months.
The teachers to con
duct classes in these Centres are drawn from the villages only.
The Classes
are conducted in the evening in School buildings (if there is one) and also
2
in places such as temple or church.
Since we faced some problems of a
suitable place to conduct classes we have built huts, with the active invol
vement and ssistance from village people, where we presently conduct
classes.
The adults are taught in the conventional style till they are able to read
and write.
We have been putting efforts to develop learning material
which would be op practical use to the people.
There has been notable
improvement among many who attend our classes regularly, with respect to
their literacy.
The attendance in each Centre varies between 25 and 30.
a)
2)
Non—formal education for childrens
We have 11 non—formal education
centres for children.
Classes in 10 centres are conducted in the evenings
and in one centre at Karebudur Hamlet, adopted by Rotaract Club of Raichur,
the classes are conducted during the day.
Health Proqrammess
During the period between June 1981 and October '1982,
wo have been conducting Health Camps at regular intervals at Cillesugur village
These health camps are mainly aimed at maternity and child care.
People from
all surrounding villages have been taking the benefit of these camps.
b)
We have collaborated with the Lions Club of Raichur and also Family Planning
Association rf India, Raichur, for those camps.
Based on our experience of these Camps, we designed a Health Programme to
meet the health requirements, the details of which will be given shortly by
Fir Gopikrishna who is in charge of the Project..
c)
Training: With an intention to educate college going urban youth we
designed a series of training programmes on topics related to social work and
gave training to NSS students of two colleges at Raichur, namely, BRB College
of Commerce and SSRG College for women.
In all, we conducted six training
programmes end a two day work-cum-study camp at Gillesugur - during this Camp
the students actively participated in repairing a small patch of road at
Dugnur village working with the volunteers from the village.
All these
activities -_.s carried on during the academic year 1981-82.
We are proposing to host the annual NSS Camp of BRB College of Commerce,
Raichur, at our villages sometime during December 1982 and hope to involve
students in Danata house building and approach road construction activities.
d,
Socio-economic Surveys
We are in the process of conducting a socio
economic survey for the ten villages that we have selected for our activities.
The aim of this survey is to prepare a blueprint for taking up developmental
activities.
The Indian Council of Social Sciences Research has sponsored
this socio-economic survey.
e)
Agricultural development activities?
Since we feel that agricultural
development is the primary need for improvement in living standards of people
in rural areas, we have been in a small way trying to initiate programmes in
this field also.
3
1)
We are interested in encouraging pdople to take up collective programmes.
so that they develop the necessary attitude to work and live together.
We
have hence, along with groups of beneficiaries, proposed two community
irrigation schemes for financial assistance to District Rural Development
Society Raichur.
Thet? decis ion is awaited.
The two Community Irrigation Schemes are located at Hanchinal and Kerebudur
villages.
The Scheme at Hanchinal has 18 Beneficiaries and the one at
Kerebudur has 8 Beneficiaries — all of them have three acres of land.
2)
We are also planning to provide agricultural extension services and
training for introducing better agricultural practices.
We would also be
having agricultural demonstrations on availability of a suitable plot . arocrb
Gillesugur,
3)
We have been making efforts to desilt the Kerebudur Tank, gradually over
a period of three to five years.
We have prepared a note as a preliminary
effort to conduct a feasibility study and prepare a blueprint of the plan we have sought assistance from donor agencies to conduct the feasibility
study.
We also worked with the village people and have obtained sanction under
National Rural Employment Programme to start desilting in a small village,
the desilting work started on 14th September and had to be stopped due to
rains.
f)
Kerebudur Hamlet Improvement Programmes
Kerebudur Hamlet, residents of
which are mainly Harijans has been adopted by Rotaract Club of Raichur.
We have taken up many programmes in this hamlet such as Danata housing, tree
plantation, education programmes, domestic lighting, drinking water well,
old age pensions, etc.
Other activities
We have been initiating formation of Youth Clubs in the villages where we
are working.
We have also got a plan prepared for drinking water supply at Gillesugur
village with the assistance of Agricultural Engineering College, Raichur.
We sponsored our Adult Education Teacher for a Training programmeat Raichur
conducted by the Departmentof Adulb Education under National Adult Education
Programme.
Collaboration
We have collaborated with many institutions/clubs for activities in the
villages:
1)
2)
3)
Lions Club of Raichur, for health programme.
Family Planning Association of India, Raichur, for health programme.
Rotaract Club of Raichur for development activities in Korebudur hamlet.
4)
5)
6)
BRB College of Commerce/SSRG College of Womon, Raichur, for training
programmes.
Agricultural Engineering College, Raichur for conducting studies and
making blueprint for community irrigation scheme and drinking water
supply.
Bangalore University and Karnataka University for getting post-graduate
students to work with us f as part of their training.
In addition, we are also working with and taking assistance of Government
Departments, such as, Horticulture, Agriculture, Health,Education and District
Rural Development Society.
We are also actively working for the Federation of Voluntary Organizations
for Rural Development-Karnataka, mainly to develop voluntary action for the
development of rural areas.
Mr Gopikrishna is the Secretary of the Federation
of Voluntary Organizations for Rural Development for the Hydorabad-Karnataka
region.
Future Programmes
In addition to tho programmes already on hand, we are keen on initiating the
following programmess
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Women Development Programmes
Dairying
Khadi and village industries
Youth training
Research
INDIA'S NEU GROUT1 FC'R RAICHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
Regd.Cff. 64, 12-C fi
Road, VI Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore 560010
Registered Society No.695/80-81
PROJECT OFFICE:
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-560034
India
P .W.D.Camp
Gillesugur P.O.
Via: Raichur 584 101
Karnataka / India
We are a voluntary social organization, registered as a Society under the
Karnataka Societies Registration Act.
The Society comprises of eleven
members from various fields such as Socialwork, Economics, Agriculture, Law,
Banking, etc.
Objectives
We are interested in the overall development or couiiniiriities’ in rural areas,
for this purpose, we have set our objectives as:
-
to undertake, execute and assist projects for the .improvement of
socio—econnmio conditions of the weaker sections of the community;
-
to encourage and encourage leadership of youth and motivate them to
work for the benefit of the community;
-
to undertake, execute and assist projects for the diffusion of
knowledge relating to agriculture, commerce and industry, with parti
cular emphasis on adoption of appropriate technology;
-
to undertake, execute and assist projects for the promotion of social
awareness and organize training programmes;
-
to conduct research, study and assist individuals/organizations in
various developmental activities;
-
to collaborate and cooperate with other organizations for the
welfare of cjie community
Our Project
The project activities commenced in June 1981.
We have initiated an Integr:
ted Rural Development Programme for a group of 10 villages in the southern
part of Raichur Taluka, Karnataka.
The theme of our project is to develop
local leadership in the villages selected, who would work towards a movement
for their own progress within their geographical limits.
The local leader
ship will be developed through various programmes to be initiated in these
villages, of a participatory model, covering different aspects of rural life
The Project believes that cooperative economic activities, through the use
of locally available technology and infrastructure, is the main string for
mobilizing rural people for self-development and also to develop leadership
among them, in addition to making them economically stronger.
2
ONGOING PROGRAMMES;
a)
Adult Educations
We have initiated an adult education programme in
10 villages.
At prosent 10 adult education centres are functioning in
these villages.
The teachers for these centres are from the village
itself.
The Project team is preparing the necessary teaching-learning
material useful to thepeople for use in the adult education centres.
b)
Non-formal education for childrens
To enable children, who cannot attend
day schools, to have an opportunity to become literates, we have started
evening schools in nine of the villages. . In addition, we have a day school
at the Kerebudur hamlet.
c)
Health;
Under our Comprehensive Community Health care Programme we
are meeting tha health requirement of 10 villages selected by us.
This
Programme includes in addition to health care and nutrition both health
education, training and preventive services.
d)
Agricultural Development Programme;
Me are initiating an agricultural
development programme which includes extension services, agricultural demon
stration, training and collective/cooperative farming.
In this direction we have prepared a pilot project to identify activities
that can be caken up for agricultural development.
This proposal has been
submitted to OXFAM, Bangalore, for funding.
However, wo have already pro
posed two Community Irrigation Projects benefitting 18 families in one scheme
and 8 families in another (all beneficiaries having less than 3 acres of land)
to District Rural Development Society, Raichur, for funding.
Wo are helping
beneficiaries form cooperatives so that they can carry on activities them
selves.
We aro also working with people of Kerebudur village to take up a major
activity of desilting a tank.
.On desilting this tank, farmers and agricul
tural labourers are helped directly since crop failures would be eliminated
and greater employment opportunity would be created.
An effort to conduct a feasibility study for desilting the tank with the
objective of making cost-benefit analysis, alternative ways of using silt,
technical and financial estimates and blueprint of plan, is also being done.
Under tne National Rural Employment Programme, the Government has sanctioned
approximately Fls.80,000/— to desilt the Kerebudur Tank under our supervision.
This grant was obtained when a delegation of village people met the Deputy
Commissioner of Raichur along with us in September 1982, when Raichur was
facing severe drought situation leading to mass unemployment of agricultural
labourers.
The actual desilting work was carried out on 14th September
1982 (385 labourers worked), but had to be stopped due to continuous rains
after 14th September 1982.
However, the work would start again when the
tonk bed goes dry.
3
e)
Socio-economic Survey;
A Socio-Economic Survey is being carried out under
grants from Indian Council of Social Sciences Research in ten of the villages where
we are working.
The objectives of this survey is to compile all relevant data
pertaining to our project area, plan a developmental scheme for all ten villages
and identify potential readers.
f)
Implementing Government Programmes?
Joining hands with be village people
we are working towards proper implementation of government programmes in villages
such as Janata housing, rural electrification, pension schemes, infrastructural
building, etc.
s) Collaborative activities?
We have collaborated/collaborating with many
clubs/institutions in and around Raichur. The important among them are?
1)
Lions Club, Raichur and Family Planning Association of India
for health programmes;
2)
Rotaract Club of Raichur which has adopted Kerebudur hamlet;
3)
N.S.S.Unit of the BRB College of Commerce/SSRG College for Women for training and camps under our guidance;
4)
Agricultural Engineering College, Raichur, for conducting technical
studies on drinking water supply and community irrigation projects;
5)
Bangalore University and Karnataka University who have sent their
post-graduate students to work with us as part of their training.
PLANS FOR THE COMING YEARS
a)
Employment and Income Generation
1,
f- project proposal has been prepared for introducing dairying as one of
the subsidiary occupations in the project area.
We hope to commence the
project by 1982,
2.
Since cotton, groundnut, sugarcane, neemoil, are being produced in plenty,
in tha project area, we are scheming a programme to start Khadi&Village
industries activities.
3.
Efforts are being put in to motivate village youth to undergo training
in various subsidiary occupations so that their dependance on land is reduced
considerably.
b)
Training
Training programmes for youth in the villages is being planned.
These Programmes hope to train youth for leadership and occupational skills
which should enable them to work for the development of villages.
c)
Mobilization
1.
To encourage prople's participation and self management in activities
concerning them, we plan to initiate/revitelise youth clubs in all the
villages selected by us.
2.
Efforts are being made to form agricultural labourers'
associations.
d)
Women1r programmes
As part of our Adult Education Programme, a programme
for the welfare of women is being planned both for awareness building and to
improve their economic status.*
e)
aesec and Publications
In addition to conducting a socio-economic
survey of the ter. villages, wc are keen on working on other village problems
which need to be studied.
We also plan ;:j publish case studies based on
our work experience.
a)
Gandhi Pj.-ro Centre,
iirupathy, funded our project during 1981-82
to the turn of Rs.35,000.00
b)
HIVOS, Holland, is funding our Adult Education Project and Comprehensive
Community Healtn Project.
The grant amount is to the extent of Rs.6.00
lakhs for the expenses during 1982 and 1983.
c)
Indian Council of Social Sciences Research is funding for conducting a
Socio-economic survey with a grant of Rs.21,000.00
In addition
are seeking assistance from other donor, agencies for agricul
ture development projects, dairy project and training.
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
1 .
KS Ananda Kumar
Chairman
MCom LLB
United Commercial Bank
KG Road, Bangalore
2.
HC Chidananda
Member
MSW
Project Officer, MYRADA, Ramagiri
Holalkere PO, Chitradurga Dt.
3.
Gopikrishna
Member
MSW
Project Coordinator at Raiohur
4.
YS Keshava
Member
BSc CPM
Indian Institute of Management
Bangalore
5.
V Krishnaraju
Member
MA MSW
Asst Director (Admn) Dept of Women
6.
Dp AV Nalini
Member
Indian Telephone Industries Ltd,
Research & Development, Bangalore
7.
Nanjegowda
Member
MSW
Project Coordinator at Raichur
8.
GN Narayans Prasad
Secretary/
Treasurer
MCom MSW
Project Coordinator at Raichur
9.
M Siddappa
Member
MA (PhD)
& Children's Welfare, Govt of
Karnataka, Bangalore
Indian Institute of Management
Bangalore
10. Subhash Bhatnagar
Member
MA LLB
Advocate, 19 DCM Officers Bungalow
New Rohtak Road, New Delhi
11. Veeranna
Member
Tungabhadra Gramin Bank, Bellary
India's New Group for Raichur's Intenrated Development
Regd. Society No. 695/80 8’
COMMUNITY health cell
326, V Main, 1 Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-560034 India
Project Office
PV/D Cap
Gille sugar PO
Via: Raichur 584 10 i
Karnataka, India
NEWSLETTER
Issue V
June - September 1982
(for private ci rculatic-.i
1. Adult Education and Mon formal education for chilcken
During the last four months there has been significant improvement
in our education programmes. We have been able to commence four
adult education centres in four different villages, viz., Alkur,
Kerebudur, Gillssugar and Turkandonna. We have also been able to
associate village youth themselves to teach in these centres.
We have obtained permission from the concerned authcritiesto
conduct our evening classes in government school buildings.
In the centres at Dugnur and Yadlapur there has been-measurable
progress in participants learning.
Non formal education for children is also going on snoothly. We,
at present, have one day school and five evening schools. The !
children's attendance has been very regular and in few centres
there have been significant increase during past few months.
Since our adult education teachers are untrained both with respect
to teaching and village development work, we had a two day meeting
our our project team. During the meeting we discussed amamber of
aspects related to education and development work a®h as developing
relevant Curricula and learning material, teaching methods,
participant motivation, problems of learners, need for teachers
training, types of development activities that can be taken up
in villages, how to motivate people to participate in our
programmes, formation of villagd level clubs/associations.
2.
Health Programme
Two health camps were conducted on 28th of June and on 6th September
in collaboration with Family Planning Association cf India, Raichur,
mainly for immunization of children and chekup for women.
We are forming health committees in all the villages; the membership
comprises cf people vh o are currently meeting health needs of
villages, members of youth club and other resourceful people in
the village. These health committees would be completely in charge
of planning and carrying out health programmes in their respective
villages in association with our health tean .
2
5.
Community Irrigation schemes
Proposalshave been sent to District Rural Development Society,
Raichur, to assist two community irrigation schemes - one each
at Hanchina 1 and Kerebudur villages,
The one proposed at Hanchinal village is under the qcecial
economic component plan under the District Rural Development
Society’s IRD scheme. There are 18 benefitiaries; all harijans
belonging.tc two villages who have less than 5 acres cf land.
The site proposed for the community irrigation scheme is a compact
block of 54 acres of dry land. The pocess of forming a cooperative
is underway. The DRDS, Rai char, would take the responsibility of
bringing technical inputs for a sprinkler system and also 80$ of
cost subsidy, if the scheme is approved by them. The 20$ cf the
cost would be borne by the beneficiaries.
4
The second community irrigation scheme proposed to DRDS is at
Kerebudur village.
The scheme is to be assisted under the minor
irrigation scheme of DRDS. There are 8 beneficiaries belonging
to different weaker sections who are living in Kerebudur village.
The total acreage of the site proposed is 16 acrps each of the
beneficiaries having 2 acres. This scheme was designed by 5
students :f Agricultural Engineering College, Raichur, under the
guidance :f a faculty memoer. They have proposed a lift irrigation
using sprinkler system and the source cf water being a natural
stream, Che estimated cost is Rs. 47,000/-. Efforts to educate
the beneficiaries, mobilize financial assistance, formation of
cooperative, etc., are being made.
4.
Dairying
a.
As p./.-t of our collaborative efforts with DRDS, Raichur, we
have agreed to work in one of their target villages, viz.,
Janbaldinne, to introduce dairying as one of the subsidiary
occupations, We would be educating and assisting about 75
beneficiaries who have been identified by the DRDS already,
for giving buffaloes and other necessary inputs to start
dairying in that village.
b.
We have also finalized a proposal to introduce dairying in two
of our target, villages on an experimental basis. The benefi
ciaries of tie scheme would be 50 landless families in two
villages - ic is also hoped that women would be more involved
in this scheme. The effects to mobilize resources both from
dcnor agencies and banks are under vray . We hope to commence
the project by mid 1985 by which time we will have formed
cooperatives aid educated people sufficiently.
5.
Desilting of Kerebudur tank under NREP
Raichur district was at the brink cf a severe drought during late
July and September. There existed severe unemployment situation
and possible failure of crops because cf Isok of rainfall. The
Wages had fallen down to as low as Rs.2/- per day. .
Kerebudur village has a huge irrigation tank vhich is the main
source of water to about 290 acres of land vhere paddy is grown.
This provides regular employment to labourers coming from three
villages nanely, Kerebudur, Hanchinal and Dugnur. The stored
water in the tank is normally sufficient for one definite paddy
crop, but since it did not rain this year sufficiently the tank
was dry by middle July by vhich time all the 250 acres of land had
standing paddy' crop. Absence of water in the tank effected the
agricultural labourers and also farmers directly.
Since the people of Kerebudur village were aware of our efforts
to educate them to take up a programme to remove the silt from
the tank, in late July a small group of villagers approached us
to guide them to take up the desilting programme which might
provide them employment. On 27th of July the residents of the
village organised a meeting in the village to discuss what is to
be done and invited us for the meeting. During the meeting there
were many who expressed the opinion that it is impossible to
remove the silt mannually, it is impossible for the villagers to
coordinate the work and hence we should request the government ony
to take up the project. Some expressed the opinion which was
contrary to all this. Finally, the meeting decided that a dele
gation of the villagers should meet the Dtp uty Commissioner at
Raichur and convince him the need to take up the desilting
programme as relief activity to provide employment.
On 30th August about 50 persons from Kerebudur along with two of
our project team met the Deputy Commissioner of Raichur,
Shri Vinaykumar, IAS. The Assistant Commissioner was also
present. On reading the appeal made to him and on hearing the
delegates the Deputy Commissioner req.uested Assistant Commissioner
to make a spot inspection and report to him.
Accordingly the Assistant Commissioner visited Kerebudur village
on 6th September and made spot inspection of the tank along with
the Block Development Officer and an engineer from the department.
During the visit there was delegation from neighbouring villages,
(where also we are working) Hanchinal and Dugnur, vh o made appeals
to the Assistant Commissioner that they should also be provided
employment in the programme.
The next six days between 7th and 13th of September we vorked on
following the papers to get technical estimates done and financial
approval obtained. On 13th Septanber we obtained the approval to
start the work - the Deputy Commissioner made our organisation
accountable for the execution of the work and the Block Development .
Officer to bear the financial burden. In total 30 days cf
employment was to be provided for about 400 labourers under NREP.
We organized committees seperately for Ihe three villages, namely
Lugnur. Hanchinal and Kcrebudur, • where labourers came from,
to maintain attendance and other records for the work carried out.
On 14th September the actual work started, w. had about 585
labourers c.n the attend'anc--’ £?hc>ev
Three teams were formed to
work a+ three different spots and she sunerviaon to be done by
four persons from each village.
Fortunately or unfortunately it rained very heavily on 14th night
and by 15th morning the tank was wet and the work had to be stoppec
for the tj.mc being.. After few more rains, the tank now has about
1.5 feet of water all over.. It. is expected that the tank vo aid
be dry again by January 1985 and all are keen to restart the
de silting v-.ork.
We are working with the farmers to workout a method by which we
can mobilize resources from them, government and other donor
agencies and remove the silt completely stage by stage.
6.
Lugnur Road ard School
Lugnur is one of our target village -.11 ere we have been working
since July 1981., We nave an adult education centre .■ad a nonformal
education centre for children
both .in the evenings. We have
also attempted to take some activities such as repair of roads,
grant of oldags pensions, etc., 11:. Mahadevappa, a native of the
village, is working ac cuj: contact person in that village, he is
part of our team..
Luring February 1982, as part of tne, activities in the village
about 2r villagers, students from 'she National Social Servive
unit of BRB College of, Commerce and SSRG ColJ^e for women, Raichur,
and ourselves worked together for ' v.o days and repaired an
approach road. It was a road repair work carried out for a
length c"
200 feet •.■.here there used to be one to one and han
feet of water during rainy season.
Sometime in late March, suddenvly there was a group of people
(hired by a contract or) came and spread mud over the patch of the
road repaired by us and increased the height of the road
unnecessarily. This event, more or less, went unnoticed at that
time, but in less than a few weeks time three persons from
another village (where we are working) came to us and reported
that someone at block Level opment Office took thumb impressions
at 45 to 50 places by each of them and were told that it was for
having repaired road at Lugnur -• the three villagers smelt a foul
play and reported to us immediately. On learning this we told the
details of the event to a group of active people from Lugnur
village who were upset at someone maldng gain of their effort.
In about three weeks time a delegation approached the Leputy
Commissioner va' th a complaint mentioning in detail the work they
had done along with us to repair the road nnd requested the
Leputy Commissioner to inquire whether'there was some fraud by
someone else who had claimed money for the work carried out by thmi.
5
Now about the school nt Dugnur. Duggur does not have a school
building. The government teacher (who is quite irregular himself)
conducts classes from 1st to 4-th standard in a temple. Last year
a school building was sanctioned by the Block Development Office,
and since budget was sanctioned for the year ending by 51st March
1982 - it was saiu that the school building was to be completed
by March 1982 end. A sum of Rs.10,000 (approximately) was alloca
ted for the school building construction.
Mr. Sanjeevappa donated the required land to the school and the.
building construction started sometime in February. As the
construction progressed the complaints from the village multipliedd
bad workmanship, use of bad material, intermittant work stoppage,
etc. The villagers at one point stopped the work snee they
were very sure that the building would collapse if such bac work
manship continued coupled with use of bad material. However, the
work started again ahd by middle June the building was more or
less completed (J) except for some finishing touches.
On the night of 25rd June 1982, unfortunate day (for the contractor
of course) there were heavy rains in the area, it must have -rained
for more than 5 ‘hours continuously. School building collapsed
completely and the stone wall on three sides had developed big
cracks from top to bottom.
On this issue also a delegation went to meet the Deputy Commissioner
along with a petition narrating the incident. Assistant Commissioner
visited the spot a month ago for enquiries. The building work
has not yet started again, however, the workers from the contractor's
side have removed everything except the foundation.
7.
Kerebudur Hamle t development activities
This hamlet has b> en adopted by the Rotaract Club of Raidhur
and it has been the centre of many programmes mainly since the
members of the Rotaract Club, particularly Deepak, Satyanarayana,
Anant Sain, Ramesh, Srimannarayan, Vittal, Narendra Kiingh are
taking keen interest and in addition the people are also responding
equally well.
a. about 9 old people from this hamlast along with Hanumantha,
our contact person and a member of our working team went to
the Block Development Office to make application for old age
pension. Rotaract club on their part organised facilities,
at low charges, for taking photographs, doctors certificate
and completed the formalities at the Block Development office.
b. About 50 coconut seedlings have been distributed one to each
family as part of the beautification programme at the hamlet.
In addition,, a team of youth in the hamlet worked for two days
to dig drains and fill up all places where water had collected
around the hamlet.
6
c.
The hamlet has also been sanctioned an open drinking water well
and domestic lighting under bhagyajyothi scheme of the government.
The actual work on these is yet to start.
d.
On 15$h August 1982 a small function was held to celeberate
Independence Day at our nonfomal education centre.
Ms. Padmini Gaekwad, the teacher, conducted sports ad games
for the children and prizes were distributed oy Mr. Panpana
Gowda of Hanchinal village. Children gave a brief performance
of groupsongs, dance and story telling. About 10 members
from the Rotaract Club cf Raichur attended the function and
distributed sweets to the children.
8.
Youth Clubs
Two youth clubs - one each at Dugnur and Gille sugar villages have
been organized. Ehch of these clubs has about 35 members. The
clubs have plans to take up village improvement programss on its
own on a regular basis. Foraal regista-ation of the youth club
have also been done with elected office bearers.
Wo have plans to initiate youth clubs at each and every village
where we are working in the coining months ad slowly make them
independent and carry out activities on its own.
9.
Seminars and meetings
a. the project team actively participated in organizing a workshop
at Inamveerapur between August 10th and 12th on behalf of
FEVORD Karnataka, the hosts. The workshop theme was ’Developing
Voluntary Organisations: Problems and Perspectives', this was
sponsored by Canadian University Service Overseas, Madras.
Gopikrishna and Prasad participated in the workshop.
b. Prasad participated as one of the representatives of FEVORD
Karnataka at a meeting of Project Officers of District Rural
Development Societies in Karnataka at Mysore between July 26th
and 28th, 1982. The FEVORD team presented a p^®r entitled
’Collaboration vith Voluntary Organisations : the need of the
hour’. The FEVORD Karnataka team participating in this meeting
was the first step in the direction of developing collaborative
links between voluntary organisations and the government in
Karnataka.
c.
Prasad participated in a three day meeting at Gandhigram between
September 26th and 28th. This meeting was convened by the
Society for Developing Gramdans to discuss the issuesrelated
to development of villages.
d.
Gopikrishna participated in a workshop at Devlali between
September 22nd and 28th, the workshop theme was ’Role of
Voluntary Organisations in Rural Development* sponsored by
Leslie Sawhney Training Centre.
7
Mr. Pushpanath, Field Officer, OXFAM, Bangalore, visited our
project on 8th August 1982. Mr. Pushpanath visited six of the
ten villages where we are working and had discussions with the
staff and pepple of the villages.
11. Staff
a. Mr. Nanje Gowda, a post graduate in socialwork, has joined our
team as Project Coordinator. Mr. Nanjegowda wrked with us,
for two months during June and July for his block place■
programme as student of Bangalore University.
b. Eight teachers have joined our1 education programme between
June and September 1982. All these teachers, except one, are
from the villages where we are working. Of the eight teachers,
one has bachellors degree in education and one has certif ic< ,te
in teaching, the rest have completed matriculation. The names
of the teachers are?
Shri Ahmad Mallar
Shri Gopal
Shri P'.nnnantha B
Shri Mounesh
Mrs. i'ladhulatha Philip
Ms. Padmini Gaekwad
Shri I’nhadevappa Gowda. P
Sh-ro
T?n nafiwmiIy
India's New Group for Raichur's Integrated Development
55 Surveyor Slreet Sasavanagudi Bangalore 560 004
Regd. Society No. 695/80-81
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koramengala
Bangalore-560034
India
India
PWD Camp
Gillesugar PC
Via: Raichur 584 101
Karnataka
NEWSLETTER
Is sup VII
J a n uary-March 1983
(for private circulation only)
1_._ Desilting of Kerebudur tank
Way back in September 1982, when Raichur was facing drought
situation, the people of three of our target villages, namely,
Dugnur, Kerebudur and Hanchinal had met DC and' had succeeded in
getting a sanction of Ps.80,000/- to desilt the tank as a
relief programme to provide rural employment under NREP.
Though
the work of desilting started, since it rained subsequently,
the work'stopped, however the Deputy Commissioner agreed to our
request that the sanction bo maintained and when the tank goes
dry during summer desilting work could start.
As usual the tank went dry in the later half of January 1983 and
we requested the Deputy Commissioner to permit us start the work
□gain.
The Slock Development Officer was instructed accordingly,
to initiate the work.
We met the Block Development Officer after a couple-of days and
were told that the technical and administrative sanction
has
to bo obtained - wo explained to him that all these formalities
have already been completed.
After a personal inspedtion of
the tank to be dusilted the officer came to our project office
on the 19th of February and informed us that the work can be
started.
However, to got the order in writing we went to the
Block Development Office on the 23rd to find that there was a
new official.
Unfortunately for us ho was not willing to get
convinced that all the preparatory work has been done - he
wanted to have another inspection before pushing the papers for
approval.
We are still awaiting the sanction.
2
2,
Janata housing at Kerebudur village
Under the Janata housing scheme 10 houses were sanctioned to
Kerebudur hamlet, majority of which were allotted to poor
harijan families.
All the 18 families had decided to construct
the houses together - some details of [bhc process of■ coming
together were discussed in the last issue of our newsletter.
The money received by each benefitiary were deposited in a bank
account jointly operated by three representatives of benefitiaries and one of our project team members.
The immediate need on
starting of construction was purchase of stones, hiring of
masons, etc.
Only two rjiasons were available in the hamlet, hence the
benefitiaries contacted masons from surrounding villages, four
of them agreed to construct the houses.
A contractor at the nearby stone quarry was contacted for supply
of stones and a sum of fb.29G0/- was paid to him as advance.
He
supplied about four thousand stones and absconded - the construetion work which started in early January came to a stand still
for non availability of stones.
The stone cutters in t'he query
were not willing to give stones to anyone else except the
contractor.
In addition, they demanded high price and advance
payment for stones, we were caught up with- a big problem of
getting stones.
□n enquiry we found out that the contractor did not have licence
to the query and was not officially permitted to carry the
stones across the border of Karnataka (he was transporting the
stones, to Andhra Pradesh which is just five kms away).
We
sought the assistance of the Revenue Inspector to get the
stones and also to locate the contractor who was absconding.
We decided to cease the lorry owned by the contractor when it
was loaded with stones on its way to Andhra Pradesh - request
the contractor to fulfil our needs, if he does not agree take
legal action.
On an agreed date, one of the project team members, the Revenue
Inspector and the benefitiaries went together and ceased the
lorry.
After few hours the contractor came running, the trick
worked.
He was willing to supply stones.
After a few weeks
he stopped the supply again, by which time we had established
sufficient rapport with stonecutters who supplied stones directly
to us.
In addition, the benefitiaries also kept vigil on the
movement of stones to ensure that stones arc not transported
outside the state.
3
3.
He alt h programme
Our health team has started moving into the sleeted villages
Four villages, namely
Bichal, Dugnur, Hanchinal
since J anuary.
and Turkandonna □re being visited once a week.
About two thousand patients have reported to pur clinics during
The patients pay for the cost of medicines.
January and March.
Immunisation camps were conducted against polio, diptheria,
tetanus and whooping cough.
200 children were immunized in the
surrounding four villages.
4.
Youth 01ub Activities
Dugnur youth club organised a^work camp to repair a road
connecting Dugnur to Alkur village.
About 20 persons partici
pated in the work camp.
The second phase of this work would
be taken up by June.
In addition the youth club also worked
in getting a borewell to their village.
A youth club has been formed at Bichal village.
This club
has taken Up issues connected with old age pension scheme, as
one of their activities, since many in the village were not
getting the remittances from the government regularly.
They
made complaints to the Post Muster and also at District
Treasury office and ensured that the remittances are made
regularly.
5.
District Hural Development Society (DRDS)
The DRDS, Raichur, has selected three of our target villages
for their activities for 1963-04.
We are associating with them
to implement government schemes under NREP, IRDP and other
programmes which includes dairying, community irrigation schemas
'and other economic programmes.
6.
Workshop on Develop men t_of Indig en ous_R es o ur ces
A two day workshop was organized between 19th and 20th February
on 'Development of Indigenous Resources and Village Potential'.
The workshop was held at our project area on bohalf of Indian
Cultural Development Centre.
Mr. James Molchoir introduced the
concept of indigenous resources, why existing development
programmes have failed.
He gave a picture of legal system,
political administration, resource availability and many- other
aspects of rural life that existed decades back.
During the
workshop the participants were made to think on how to
identify village resources, how to make use of them, what efforts
and attitudinal changes are to be achieved by villagess for their
own development.
4
Forty representatives ■from 10 youth clubs working in different
parts of Raichur district attended the workshop.
The workshop
was received well - many participants came out with their own
low cost, local resource based projects as the workshop ended.
They also wanted to have repeat programmes of a similar kind.
As an immediate result of this workshop, a Herbal medicine
centre was initiated by the Dugnur village committee in our
project area.
Bajjaiya, a native do ctor, Marayana, a herb
collector, and youths of Dugnur village have taken the lead.
A seed money of Rs.500/- has been provided as loan to them.
7.
spent
Mr. Sirajuddin Khan, a trainee of SEARCH, Bangalore
a month with us.
He was engaged in adult education classes
in Kerebudur village.
• aaox-BBuBS
abaTTOD *PaH uqop-TS
IL
saurarpaw
/\q.runuiuJO3 1°
ubAbzbn
TAey
INDIA’S NEW GROUP FOR RAIEHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-560034 - Z
Gillesugar PO
Via; Raichur 584 101
Karnataka, India
India
N ewsletter
Issue VIII
1983
April-June
This issue speaks of a whale lot of our programs.
begin with:
'o
Education program: Its a sad comment to report that centers
at Gillesugar, FFanchinal, Kerebudur liamlet and Tungabhadra
were put to an end owing to various reasons, they being
irregularity of teachers, low attendance of students and
poor progress.
Also at Kerebudur hamlet the inhabitants
were involved in constructing their houses.
However, at Gattabichal, Adult and Child education program
was initiated.
It is a move from the project meeting the
’expressed need’ of the people.
Accommodation and basic
requirements for the same are being provided by the villagers
Currently the program is run in a Church by a local teacher.
Jan ata housing:
Its a pleasure to inform that eighteen
houses were constructed in complete, also throe houses
from previous batch, approximating to a cost of Rs.4000/per house.
Negotiations are under way at Local Administra
tion for further grant of Rs,1,000/- per house as per
Karnataka Government Ordey. an order which the local
administration had hot implemented for the last one and
half years.
Its worthy to quote the Block Development
Officer who accompanied the State Minister for Housing and
Works :'No where in Raichur district such decent houses
have been construction under Janata Housing scheme," which
was made during their visit to Kerebudur hamlet (along with
the Deputy Commissioner) in June 1983.
They all appreciated
the work that was carried out, we were told (none of the
project team memborc were present at the village when
they visited).
The impact of this has spread to Yadlapur. Hanchinal,
Tungabhadra and Gillesugar villages wherein the same
program- is under way.
Efforts are now at, locating
suitable sites, gain some sanctions from the local
administration, complete paper work and most of all
motivate the beneficiaries to stay together and construct
their houses.
• 2 ;
Desilting:
In the last newsletter we had mentioned the
difficulties in
convincing the local administration to
carry out the Kerebudur Tank desilting work under the
National Rural Employment Program during summer.
In the
last month the Deputy Commissioner and the Assistant
Commissioner were appraised of the inaccurate information
provided to them by the lower level bureaucracy regarding
the tank repair work.
We had also stressed the need of
furthering the’life* of the tank.
During the second half of June 1983 we came to know that
the Public Works (Irrigation) Department had been
specially requested by the Deputy Commissioner to take up
desilting of Kerebudur tank as part of ’relief program’
as the monsoons in Raichur are delayed.
The concerned
officials of Public Works (Irrigation)' Department based at
Gillesugar submitted an estimate of Re. 80,0(30/- for desilting
200 sq meters of the tank area in the recent future weeks.
But now that the monsoon has set in the area, the water
collected in the tank makes it impossible for starting the
desilting work.
Our hope is that when the tank
gods-dry
the officials act at the right time.
Also mentioned in the previous newsletters was that we
have plans to carry out the study on this tank.
A proposal
was forwarded to Foundation for Rural Recovery and Develop
ment (FORRAD), New Delhi, which declined any funding, owing
to its own paucity of funds.
However, with the available
resources on hand, we carried out certain experiments
(with the assistance of Prof. MK Bannerjee and Shri Bhaskar
Natarajan) and found that the silt cannot be used for any
industrial activities.
But efforts are being made to
increase the longivity of the tank, better water utilization,
reclamation of the tenk bed and such other related activities.
A team from the project and the beneficiaries shall be
visiting Satara (Near Poona) along with Shri Bhaskar Natarajan
where such an effort has already been made in a similar
situation.
Youth club:
Volunteers from Dugnur village are repairing
the connecting road between Dugnur and Alkur, in two
phases, stretching over a period of four days.
Resource
materials like cement, stones, cement pipes and money
are being raised locally.
Oldage Pension:
Persons eligible oldage pension scheme of
Government of Karnataka are being identified.
At this
point of time ten such applications have been forwarded
to the local administration.
: 3 :
PBispectivE Plajn:
are drawing out a seven year perspective
plan For the organisation to take up developmental programs
in tho areas of;
o. water management
b.
soil conservation and social forestry
c.
major and minor industries
d.
land based activities, and
e. use of natural energy sources
Ours friends Prof, MK Bannerjee and Shri Bhaskar Natarajan
are'actively associated in-helping us to chart a program.
The plans would be ready in about six months - the financial
assistance needed for this purpose is being sought from
HIVOS, Holland.
Indigenous resource^;
In the January-March 1983 Newsletter
we had ¥aH<ed about Indigenous Resource workshop held in
July 1932 at Hubli and in February 1983 held at our project.
As a follow up of this a program is being held at our project
for Project Coordinators of Voluntary Organisations in
Karnataka on the theme of 'Indigenous Resource Development-.'.
During early June '83, Prasad and Gopikrishna met and had
discussions with Dr. Spellman and ‘Mr. James Melchoir of
Indian Cultural Development Centre, Madras., During their
discussions they together had agreed to make a study of five
villages basing on indigenous resource concept by November 1983.
Basing on the progress made on the study and upon the result
of discussions' with people (beneficiaries) it is hoped' to
launch pilot projects in the choosen villages. ■■
Participation in meetings/seminars
a.
Prasad attended a two day meeting on April 1st and 2nd in
connection with the proposed Transnational Centre for Training
in Nonviolent Social Change in Karnataka.
In the meeting
it was decided that a follow up workshop should be held
on the June 25th and 26th, 1983, to discuss issues
connected with the Center.
Also, it was decided that
case studios which can generate statewide ‘nonviolent
actions through a network of voluntary orgenisations be
prepared, and to collect resource material, on nonviient
movements and the theory of nonviolence.
Gop&rishna attended workshop on 25th and 26th June.
b.
A workshop organised by HIVOS was held on April 23rd and
24th which was attended by representatives of all
voluntary agencies that are funded by HIVOS in India.
During the workshop discussions were centred around the
problems of voluntary organisations and the need and
possibility of bringing about closer interaction among
voluntary agencies.
It was decided that a follow up meeting in Karnataka
is to be hold in Mnngnlaic in the month of October 1983.
4
c. Prasad paid e visit to a village, Aiyanahally of Bellary
district.
Tho purpose of the visit was to assist a
youth group which is interested in taking up rural
development activities in that village.
The group
consisted, mainly, youngsters from the village, who
are employed outside the village and arc desirous of
imoroving their village by joining hands with the
village youth.
d. Nanje Gowda and Mukundappa attended a workshop on
Social Technology for Rural Development conducted by
the Center for Education and Documentation, Bombay.
The workshop was held at Ahmednagar between 20th and
25th June, 1983.
Visitors to the project
a. Mr. Michael Shari an undergraduate student in creative
writing at Friends World College, an American University
with a center at Bangalore spent a month with us during
May 1983.
Absorbing the concept, programs and pattern
of work at the project, he embarked on writing about
the project.
The book entitled ’Passage into Rural
Development’ is ready.
The book would be published
shortly.
b. Mr. Surya Rao, a Ph.D. scholar at the Tata Institute
of Social Sciences, Bombay, spent three months between
April and June, 1983,with us.
The main purpose of his
stay was to collect data for a research paper entitled
’Relationship between Officials and Nonofficials in
Development programs'.
In addition, he wrote a small
paper regarding the education facilities available in
the project area and gave a helping hand for the team
in many ways.
c.
Mr. Ganesh a student of Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Bombay, spent two months with us to gain field experience
He involved himself in Health, Adult Education and youth
pro grams.
d.
Mr. Shivarajegowda and Mr. Gangadhar, students of
Bangalore University, studying for Masters in Socialwork,
□re now with us for their block placement.
They are
making village studies based on Indigenous Resource
concept.
e.
Mr. PA Doddamani, a student of Karnatak University,
Dharwad, studying for Masters in Socialwork, spent a
month with us and wrote a case study on the project
in partial fulfilment of requirements for his Masters
degree.
Mr. Sirajuddin Khan, a trainee of SEARCH, Bangalore,
spent a month with us during which time he was involved
in Education Program.
Sira j was instrumental in providing
us the contact of Dr. Rajan, who is now working with us.
l\l_ew members to the project tearn
Dr. Rajan, a native of YN Hoskote, Tumkur District, graduated
in Medicine from Karnatak University, has joined our Health
Program.
Mr. Franklin Prasannakumar, a graduate in arts with a certifi
cate in Teaching has joined our Education program.
Ms Tappata, graduate from Tata Institute of Social Sciences,
Bombay, specializing in Medical and Psychiatric Socialwork,
has joined the project to initiate programs for women.
i
INDIA'S NEW GROUP FOR RAICHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
Registered Society No.695/80-Bl
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, 1 Block
Koramingala
Bangalore-560034 '
India
Project Office
Gillesugar P0
Via: Raichur 584 101
Karnataka, INDIA
NEWSLETTER
October-December 1983
(for* private circulation only)
"Previously we were exploited but now we are coming
together.
At first the upper castes questioned us,
asking what we know about the government and such
matters. We replied' that we did know what to do, that
we did have managerial skills, and that we were working
for the good of the community:'"What you did through
bribery, we are d-oing without bribes in our own way."
With projects help we started the Fair Price Shop.
know all
about the strike that followed.
Now we
have come together for the water problem."
You
Tippaya was referring to the major difficulty facing the small
and marginal farmers in Turkandonna.
Most of them own 3-6
acres and pay tax for irrigation from the Tungabhadra cana.
Yet, duo in part to unauthorised cultivation and in part to
Public Works Department's mismanagement, they face a perpetual
shortage of water during the crucial stages of crop growth ani
incur huge losses.
In the past the local Gowdas collected and
kept money from the farmers, securing, through their influence,
some water most of which they took for themselves.
However,
events this year have combined to give the farmers a new sense
of independence. Gradually realising their potential strengths
and latent abilities, 50 farmers have come together to form the
Vivekananda Sangha with the ultimate aim of united self help.
They decided to settle the water problem themselves.
After
several meetings they drew up a memorandum outlining the
situation.
Armed with this more than a 158 farmers swarmed
into the office of the Assistant Executive Engineer at
Gillesugar. Waving aside his platitudinous excuses and delays
they demanded immediate action and sent 10 of their number
straight to the Executive Engineer in Raichur.
By evening
water was flowing in the canals and onto their parched lands.
But the problems continue and periodically the farmers find
their flourishing groundnut crop threatened by lack of water.
Each time a determined group, initially accompanied by the
project staff, but finally alone, has successfully confronted
the Executive Engineer.
2
The Sangha then tackled the need for fertilisers.
Most of the
members have been dependent on the landlords for crop production
loans.
Since the farmers have become organised the landlords
have refused to give loans.
Moreover, the only fertiliser
available in the village was being sold by the Gowda for an
exhorbitant amount.
Determined to bypass this exploitative
system the farmers approached the banks for a fertiliser loan.
However, the banks also refused because, thanks to corruption
in the village administration., the farmers do not have their
land rights recorded.
Faced with this situation the project
agreed to advance an interest free loan on the condition that a
proportion of their crop profits.is given to the Sangha.
In
this way they can slowly build up their own funds for the future
Meanwhile the Fair Price Shop continues to run smoothly with a
revolving fund of Rs.3,500/- At present distributing only rice,
sugar and wheat,
they also plan to sell dhal and kerosene.
Thus, one by one, the ties of economic dependence on the
I
higher castes are being cut.
Simultaneously the villagers are discovering a new self respect,
even within their structured subservience.
Bonded labour in
Turkandonna work from 4.00 am till 7.00 pm and are often called
from their sleep if water begins to flow.
For this they are
paid (after the strike) Rs.1,600/- per year, with the occasional
cup of tea, if they are lucky.
Recently one labourer was
horribly abused by his rich employer.
The labourer stared him
in the eyes and said; "If you speak to me like that I will
leave your service".
He turned to go.
His employer
apologised and asked him to continue working.
Not that the
upper castes are taking such changes lying down.
Recently, they
have been attempting to break the unity of the poor by pitching
up internal quarrels.
When a community problem arose they
instigated the women to involve the police and had one Thayanna
arrested.
Thippaiya and seven others, realising the Gowdas’
game, wanted to help their fellow poor man, especially since
they had had a dispute with him over the Fair Price Shop.
They
felt that this was the occasion to win him onto their side and
intervened - only to end up in police station'themselves.
The police abused them and refused to even chet them go to the
toilet.
However, when Gopi and Nanjegowda arrived to explain
the situation the police became very cordial and allowed the
villagers to go and get ( bedies.
They then helped settle the
issue with a compromise worked out at the village level.
As
they celeberated in the hotel, Thayanna repented for his
earlier mistake, crying that they had helped him selflessly.
The incident served to lessen the villagers' fear of the
police, whom, they now realised, can be handled to their own
advantage, even without bribes.
The project staff have
continually impressed upon the villagers that in such situations
they must be patient and not resort to violence.
3
A week later they were put to the test when a villager,
encouraged by the Gowdas, beat up his brother.
The latter
immediately came to the project office, showing his torn shirt.
With Nanjegowda's help he filed a police complaint and his
offending brother was kept in the police station for two days.
Once again the villagers had exhibited their ability to resist
□nd overcome all opposition.
Thus gradually the vision and
courage engendered by the strike is being consolidated into a
steely determination that has not only survived but grown-with
the repeated set backs of the water issue and each new
confrontation.
’ Towards a better team
From a small beginning in June 1981 our project at Raichur
has expanded in its activities, finances, personnel and of
course, problems.
With this growth'certain hierarchical trends
•had begun to emerge which everyone was keen to curb.
We felt
it crucial that the organisation continue to function with
greater participation from all the staff.
Only then can
everyone develop the necessary attitudes and skills which, in
turn, will enable them to implement village activities more
effectively.
At present the 'core group' consists of five Project Coordinators
all graduates from outside the area, who are working with
fourteen field staff, mainly adult education teachers/community
organisers.
Initially, all field staff were selected from the
villages themselves.
However, the experience was not very
satisfactory and little work was being done.
Hanumantha, who
is working in his own village, Hanchinal, explained some of
the problems this poses:
"People have known me since I was a boy; they know all
my family problems.
The elders especially feel I have
no right to advise them.
As the Kannada proverb soys:
'Mountains always look more beautiful from afar’ Outsiders can easily gain respect, so they are listened to"
however,
staff:
he still thinks'the organisation should retain village
"since I started working I have developed a great deal.
I have learnt much; I know how to organise people and
I am no longer afraid to speak, even to the Gowdas.
This development can only come through the experience;
it can not be imparted in words.
So villagers,
especially youths should be given the opportunity to
work with the project team."
The dileamma remains unsolved for,- while accepting this point,
we also felt that to make any progress in the villages, it was
crucial to bring in outsiders.
4
The result is an interesting mix in the project team wherein
different youths of varying backgrounds relate to each other and
work closely together.
Although a well-^nit 'development family'
attitude is yet to develop amongst all the staff, we are
moving in the direction of greater understanding and there have
been a number of instances where this attitude has been exhibited
It is to precipitate this process that we are attempting to make
the organisation more democratic.
The field staff, by virtue
of their close relationship with the villagers, are in the best
position to judge on many issues.
The more they are involved
in making decisions, the more successful will be their' imple
mentation of those decisions.
Indeed it is only if the staff
develop in these ways that any project can be sclfsustaining.
Too often voluntary agencies develop a rigid hierarchical
structure with r. concomitant managerial style of functioning..
There is a top heavy staff of qualified administrators and
accountants with excessive dependence on une key founder member.
The much vaunted "people's participation" is an ideal rarely
implemented within the organisation^' own staff.
When we found ourselves moving away from this ideal, the project
went through a period of internal crisis.
Hitherto there was
greater participation and democracy only at the core group
level.
Even this was uneven. We therefore initiated a process
of decentralisation in the work sharing.
Since, as a matter of
policy, the project does not have any administrative staff, the
core team members themselves carry out the administrative
functions.
They bear
: equal responsibility for programmes
covering the entire project area.
In addition, each member of
the core group now has sole responsibility for all activities
in three villages, hence Mukundappa has gone to live in Bichal
and Nanjegowda in Turkandonna.
This has allowed for greater interaction between the core team
and the field staff.
We have also been holding monthly meetings
of all the staff, at which their problems are discussed and
joint decisions are reached on many issues.
Padmini, the
nonformal education teacher in Budur, explained how these
meetings have progressed:
"Initially we sat in fear of being questioned about our
work by the coordinators. When other staff were talking
we paid no attention.
But now we are interested in
what all staff are doing in other villages, freely
questionthe coordinators and discuss all the
project's work."
As a result each one has realised the role he plays within
the organisation, such that the field staff have themselves
openly demanded greater participation in the organisation.
Having no managers
the organisation has been able to use
this opportunity to try and make everyone feel that the
organisation is theirs.
Decisions pertaining to the project's
activities, particularly those in villages, are mostly taken
with the active involvement of the concerned worker.
5
Even some of the decisions pertaining to
recruitment and
termination ore being token in consultation with all the staff
Indeed of late no decision is being taken without fair
discussions in the organisation.
However, t-he major decisions do remain with the core group.
Nor have the field staff Tormal representation- either in ths
core group or the Board of Governors meetings.
However,
they can attend the meetings and have access to all the
organisation's documents.
This situation has been explained
to the satisfaction of the field staff: they are yet to
acquire the necessary skills, aptitudes and exposure.
Accordingly, the entire staff' have initiated staff training
programmes which are being coordinated and held with great
involvement from the field staff.
This informal training is
especially .necessary since all staff find their own programmes,
The team has no ready made schedule; it is left to each
member to decide upon his/her work.
Although initially
confusing, we feel this process yields the long term results.
Indeed, even though at times action is delayed and not
"very accurate", all these processes are bearing fruits.
In
particular the staff feel they are benefitting enormously in
terms of personal development.
Previously afraid and unsure,
most field staff can now enter into free discussions although
many inhibitions, frustrations and self doubts do remain.
They also realise that their level of participation is
ultimately, dependent on the standard of their village work.
In addition, everyone in the organisation has been compelled
to assume the increased responsibilities that go with demo
cratic functioning, and to attempt greater involvement.
This
has opened opportunities for mutual questioning, irrespective
of position held.
However, the progress has not been smooth.
Many admit their unwillingness, or lack of confidence to
assume responsibilities.
Many feel more comfortable working
in a less demanding, hierarchical structure.
Some v/ho are
not committed to the cause have been slowly sidelined.
There is a need, therefore, to sustain the morale of the staff
through direct and indirect meanb, particularly since any
voluntary agency functions in an uncertain 'atmosphere. .The
staff, often under pressure in their homes, are open to greater
risks and frustrations.
Consequently, they have initiated
their own welfare programmes, which do involve financial
implications.- The schemes being planned cover health,
higher education, short term financing, saving scheme, terminal
benefits and annual exgratia payment.
These benefits are seen
as one of the necessities of ensuring the committed and sincere
participation of each member.
Not that the project has yet succeeded in developing a strong
team spirit.
Our attempted democracy is still very much at
the experimental stage and its future progress uncertain.
However, there is a relaxed and happy feeling in the organisa
tion which we do feel is slowly moving in the right direction.
6
It is perhaps the inevitable fate of all voluntary, agencies to
find their efforts met with ridicule, suspicion and even open
hostility.
In Turkandomna this opposition has led to a direct
confrontation.
However, in Bichal the process has been one of
gradual reconciliation.
In the lattfer village there is such
strong opposition to the project's work, mainly with the
Youth Club’ and adult education classes., that some villagers fear
to enter Mukundappa's house while few are prepared to share in •
the project’s difficulties.
Tothp powerful sections of the
community the project's activities are a threat to their
position, while to the poor, and potential beneficiaries, they
are- a meaningless waste of time.
Both groups have a healthy
suspicion of the intrusion into.their routine-lives.
This
position was ' aggravated by the inner doubts of the students and
youths themselves’ who suffered from a sense of inferiority and
inexperience. While wanting to undertake community work they
were confused, not knowing in wl^ich, direction to. move and
afraid to even speak to the established leaders.
MQkundappa's
work over the past three months has effected dramatic changes.
A powerful leader in Bichal is the Post Master, a man well
known for his corruption.
Encouraged by Mukundappa, the Youth
Club met him to complain about the non-deliverance of money
orders, old age pensions, etc.
They then lodged a complaint
with the Head Post Office requesting his removal from office.
As a direct consequece of this action the Post Master, although
still safely ensconced, no longer appropriates money order.
amounts and even bicycles to Yadlapur himself to deliver the
money. .
Such positive results awakened the youths to their potential.
Fourteen adult education students planned a three day study
tour to the Tungabhadra dam and the historical site at Hampi.
The project provided partial assistance and four team members
accompanied them on a highly successful trip.
The students
felt they had gained from being in a group and expressed a new
hope and courage.
They are now planning to open a savings
account for future tours and the purchase of sheep qnd hens.
The tour also rekindled the village's, interest in the night
school.
The students' families came to realise that their
children are developing through such opportunities.
In
addition, six new youths have joined, some parents even
voluntarily ask the teacher to take their children.
A few days later the youth club hosted a Taluka level
Cultural programme, as suggested by the Youth Services
Department, Raichur.
Initially, the Village Accountant had
promised to provide the finances.' When this failed to
materialise the members, seeing a challenge, collected Rs.3,000/
and three bags of rice from the villagers themselves.
They
could then begin to construct the stage outside the temple.
7
At this
. the elders objected, saying that Harijans
would be attending the event.
Nothing daunted, the youths
went ahead with their pions, replying: "The time of your
generation has passed".
With much hard work, and the help of
night school participants, everything was ready on December 6th,
Nearly 150 youths from seven local clubs, including Gillesugar,
participated in various competitions.' There was bhajan,
kolata, bharatnotya, debating and drama.
Assisted by Papa Naik
the Bichal youths gave good performances themselves.
They
"also provided meals to all the participants and ensured that
everything ran smcithly even when some opponents deliberately
disconnected the main lights.
As a result of the programme, the youths have discovered a
new unity and enthusiasm.
They have a clear picture of the
club's potential and feel able to conduct future programmes
both systematically arid independently.
Simultaneously, their
credibility has increased.
The Club has gained an identity
and recognition of the villagers who are now convinced of the
youths' ability to help them.
The visible success of the
programme has also substantially lessened village opposition
to the project.
The ex-village accountant realised that the
team’s efforts had enabled Bichal to be proud of its youth.
Joined by other farmers and richer villagers, he is now
extending to Mukundappa his interest and support.
Thus,
step by step, the way is gradually becoming clearer for the
successful implementation of the project's activities.
INDIA'S NEW GROUP FOR RAICHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
Project Offices Fv© Caiip, Gillesugur PO, Via Raichur
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main; .1 Block
Koramtngaia
Bangalore-560034
India
NEWS
Vol: XI
LETTER
Jan-Mar 1984
BUDUR
In 1968 the Government granted land for housing to the 36 Harijans
of Budur.
Last year all the hcfuses' were finally completed. Conditions
in the hamlet are a definite improvement on the village: the roads are
wide and relatively clean, each house is surrounded by young flowers
and trees, the Government school is nearly finished, the bore-well
never lies broken for more than a week... Although, since the hamlet
is one kilometre from the main village, the Government policy seems
to be creating colonies of Harijans,' they themselves are happy:
"When we were in the main village there was not the same
feeling of harmony among ourselves.
We were always drinking
and fighting with each other and then going to theGowda to
settle our disputes".
Accompanying this growing positive sense of community is a new spirit
of independence.
Nonetheless, relations with the other villagers remain
close and continue to dominate the Harijans' lives.
One nigh'' in January a Kuruba from the main village stopped to have a
Chay in the hamlet, leaving his chappals outside the hotel. When he
came out he could no4- find them and turned furiously on the Harijans,
abusing them by their caste.
Nothing daunted, a youpg leader,
Batappa, told him not to speak so rudely: "Whenever you lose anything
you blame us.
We are not the guardians of your chappals.
If you are
so worried about them, hang them around your neck and go."
At this
the Kuruba began to threaten Batappa and hurrying back to the main
village told the story to his community who spoke loudly of beating up
Batappa and other young Harijans.
The situation was tense when a reporter friend of the project team
covered the incident in a leading Kannada weekly.
Unfortunately the
article by mistake read a "Gowda" instead of a "Kuruba".
The Budur
Gowda was infuriated, believing that the project team had deliberately
given a^alse report to spoil his reputation.
He called a Harijan
elder
told him he could not see his name thus defamed, that he no
longer respected the project team and would teach them a lesson.
He
talked of tieing Gopi and Prasad to a tree and burning them and threatened
the Harijans, in particular the four leading youths.
As the news spread
through thearea, farmers from the Turkandonna' Ryota Sabha offered their
support and help.
This was refused since it was felt that bringing
outsiders would only aggravate a situation which had to be facedby tl-ose
directly involved.
However, the gesture of solidarity was significant.
After a couple of days theGowda called a meeting.
Despite the clear
danger, the Harijans came unarmed and with the project staff, ready to
face the consequences, while a Gowda from another village offered to
‘act as an intermediary.
At 10 am theBudur Gowda arrived with 60 villagers,
many of whom were drunk, and 30 carrying sticks. .The Kuruba, thinking
they now had the Gowda's supportt had gained courage to take their
revenge and come ready to fight.
- 2 Initially the Gowda accused the project of bringing conflicts into
village peace and demanded an explanation.
However, he seemed ready
to accept our apologies and moves to rectify the mistakes were being
discussed when fighting broke, out.
First one and then others started
beating Harijans, four of whom were injured.
Further violence was
prevented as the project team and Gowdas parted the two groups and every
one dispersed.
On considerations of strategy and safety, the Harijans and staff decided
to approach for police protection.
The request was made directly to
the Superintendent of Police and the A.C. in Raichur, who promised
immediate action.
By evening two policemen were patrolling the hamlet.
However, no one wanted tho quarrel to continue and the next day efforts
were made for reconciliation.
The Sub-Inspector came to tho hamletand
the whole incident was related to him.
There is no doubt that- this
move very much frightened the Gowdas; so much so that the Budur Gowda
signed a document giving a commitment to maintain peace in the village,
while those responsible for the violence signed an apology letter.
For a while relations between the hamlet and the main village remained
strained.
Then the Gowda himself called the Harijans to celebrate the
festival of the village goddoss, Maramma.
Although apprehensive since,
in former years after killing the sacrificial bull they had been beaten
up, the Harijans accepted.
As a further move for peace the project
master craftsman, Anand, carved two new goddesses, a work much appreciated
by thevillagers.
The festival went well and, much to the Harijans.' relief, relations are
back to normal.
The Gowda has earned a deep credibility in the villages
for being "harmless and kind" and they do not wish to antagonise him.
In telling the story, the Harijans go out of their way to apportion blame
to the Kurubas and even themselves.
Nonetheless, they were undoubtedly
taken aback by thelack of patience and understanding on the part of the
Gowda.
"But there was one good outcome: previously the Kurubas were
always threatening and abusing us, but now they are scared anddo not
dare to..."
It is through such processes, having an accumulative effect, that the
Harijans fear of the other villagers, and even of theGowda has gone.
Simultaneously they are slowly moving towards a greater independence.
Crucial in this process has been the Panchamukhi Yuvaka Sangha. After
working together on the Janata houses tho youths, while unsure how to
proceed wanted to continue their close cooperation.
They were therefore
quick to take up the team’s initiative and, one year ago, 17 youths came
together in an informal association, with the elders acting only as
advisors.
A large number of the members meet every night, in the school hut
they built themselves, for adult education classes at which they
practice writing or discuss village issues.
Every Saturday the
sanghas meets to specifically discuss, with increasing acuteness and
perception, its own plans which centre primarily on agricultural develop
ment.
All the members own 2-4 acres of dry land and in June 1983 they asked
for Rs.8,000/- as agricultural loan.
Ultimately the project gave
Rs.3,500/- since the high rate of crop failure in the area makes it
unwise to invest heavily in the more profitable but weaker strains of
riceA f'w farcers understood this andplanted the hardier, though
coarser grains which can be consumed but not sold.
It was these far
mers who raped successful harvests, theothers losing to a pest which
- 3 swept the district.
Nonetheless, they were all determined to repay
"Otherwise we won't get a loan next year".
Rs.2,000/- was recovered
in cash and Rs.1,5OO/- in grains, and put into a revolving fund con
trolled by the Sangha.
The original crop loan has been in constant
circulation,, being used again and again throughout the year.- Since a
small additional charge is added to the sangha loans its funds will
slowly increase.
Although there is a restraint on borrowing for con
sumption, grains have been loaned to families without employment and
hence without food.
Otherwise small assistance has been given to a
couple of vegetable vendors and when onemember was admitted into a T.B.
hospital for very long term treatment they advanced Rs.400/-.
They also decided to loan Rs.2OO/- to Hussainbec, a Muslim lady living
in the hamlet and wishing to start a small chay shop, on the condition
that she abandoned untouchability and treated them with respect.
There is already a well established chay shop run by a Comti who also
sells provisions.
There the Harijans wash their own cups into which
tea is poured from a height.
For long they have resented this but felt
powerless to resist it.
Encouraging Hussainbec seamed a step in the
right direction.
When the Comti then approached the Sangha for a loan
of Rs.400/- they replied: "V/hy-should we poor people give to a rich
man like you? You treat us badly yet expect our help."
The Conti
became angry and stormed out at which the Harijans decided now was the
time to impose a boycott on his shop.
For some time, there was groat
excitement and the boycott upheld.
However the Harijans arc totally
dependant on the Comti for provisions sold on credit and they slowly
began to patronise his shop again.
Clearly thegroup is not yet ready to take on such an issue, but it is
gradually gaining strength.
Although at tines very sceptical of
"meetings, meetings and meetings, where's the benefit," the benefits
are very definitely emerging.
The Sangha is the force for change
within the hamlet, its members having gained the hope for future possi
bilities.
Working on the anata Houses and subsequent issues, they are
aware of the fruits of collective efforts: be it large scale buying of
seeds or dealing with theGovernment without bribes.
The Sangha has
also allowed for the leadership of the younger people.
Five youths
have grown into strong leaders who complement each other and prevent
the dominance of one nan.
Those individuals have gained a clear
understanding not only of the importance of staying together, but also
of group dynamics.
This was made clear recently, when Jumb?'a,ia> whose loyalty to the
group is constantly in question, was ■selling his bad grains at a very
high price.
The --^gna did not want to confront him directly, thus
leading to - conflict, so
project staff were called in as intermedi ~xGS’
Jumbanna, coming to see that exploiting his own people was
->ot the way to proceed, agreed to lower his price. "Of course it is
still to 0 high but we want to bring him firmly into thegroup.
The
whole point of our sangha is to gain the loyalty of such black sheen.
The others stay together anyway."
Thus they are gradually gaining support for the association, developing
an attitude of faithfulness to the group and learning how to work on
their problems.
Their plans are many, and at times wildly optimistic,
but, most importantly, they do centre on the collective development
of the group.
They want, for example, to construct a pucca Sangha
office in which to store their grains.
Already they .are undertaking
cooperative activities; there was a shranadan recently to clean up the
hamlet and last week twelve members, along with thonight school teacher,
worked together-for free on Narasappa's farm.'
- 4 In addition, they have'realised theneed to work with the poorer caste
Hindus in tho sain village, and even their own women.
Two months ago
the Lasr<i hahila Sangha was formed by 28 women who meet every Monday to
contribute 50 paise each into a savingfund and to discuss various plans.
As yet the women have no sense of commitment to cooperative ventures and
are somewhat confused—which is only to bo expected at this stage. We
are confident that in time their sangha will also develop into a strong
force within the hamlet.
For all the progress made both sanghas face enormous problems. They have
divided themselvesinto cliques whose views are often irroconcileable.
This has given rise to a competitiveness and at times an element of
suspicion which prevents an accommodation of differences.
Although lack
of resources is presented as the fundamental bar to implementing community
development activities, when the project offers financial support for
their schemes, the immediate effect is divisive.
Hence, unable to rhach
workable compromises through rational discussion, tho sanghas drop plan
after plan.
Furthermore, while highly ambitious the members are often
not prepared to work to achieve their aims.
They, expect the Government
and the project to deliver goods without any effort on their part. Since
the project insists on their active participation many of their ambitions
remain unrealised.
,
.
Responsibility for tho rise in these attitudes must lie in part with the
project and we are attempting to review our working methods in this
light.
Simultaneously we are searching for solutions beyond the daily
interaction between staff and sangha members.
One such possibility is
for training programmes which would bring tho questions of personal
relationships and leadershipinto the open.
Such reflection might bring
a realisation'of the need for personal and group change—a feeling which
could then be fostered through interactions, such as drama, which lie
beyond the neighbourhood, work or competitive relationships.
Both the
sanghas and the project staff are confident that changes will materialise
if only because they are in the basic interests of themembers.
Indeed, for all their problems, the project places full trust in such
associations as the only glimmer of light at the end of a long and foggy
tunnel.
Voluntary agencies like ours are, to a great extent, failing
in their objectives, partly through poor work, but largely because the
seeds of failure are inherent within their very nature as organisations
with staff who arc not from the villages and all the paraphernalia of
institutionalised development.
Although encouraging village groups is
often theaim of such agencies,' these groups fall at the base of the
pyramid.
The majority of investments, in terns both of funds and tine,
are on the organisation itself rather than on the groups.
Thus, for
example, while training programmes for salaried staff are now standard
form, training of villagers themselves is all too rare.
The whole
process has become one of reliance upon, often unreliable, intermediaries
who lack the commitment and sense of social sacrifice since, coming from
outside, they have no stake in the village.
Too often it is such
personnel who gain in terms of personal development, rather than the
supposed beneficiaries.
Detecting these failings within our own organization, we are considering
the possibility of developing tho village associations to themselves
take over tho work, much sooner than was originally envisaged.
The
organization would then function more as a resource base.
As a first
step, the Budur Sangha has given a commitment to attend the night school
and monitor their teacher so the responsibility for ensuring he works
falls on the Sangha members themselves (rather than on the organisation).
Equally, although the teacher keeps the Sangha's formal accounts by
following such process, Nagappa and Batappa following their own system
- 5 -
maintain a careful check.
Wo hope that in a year's time the teacher
will be redundant both for classes and for organisational purposes. The
more advanced members can then teach alphabets and use the simple books
on development in which they are just beginning to take an interest.
Of course, the organisation would continue to give every support and
necessary inputs, but in a more informal, though more direct relationship.
The Sangha members are keen on the idea.
Having found the courage within
themselves to proceed independently they are searching for its practical
realisation.
Their recurrent question is "how can we make our Sangha
independent, How can we build it up economically so that we do not rely
on anyone? Of course we still want a lot of economic help from the
project.
We also want to know much more about the Government schemes.
There are thousands of them but they never seen to reach us.
If we know
these things we can manage alone.1 At present we still do not feel strong
enough, nor able to be independent, but one day we will be."
One night as the women'1 s sangha sat talking and the men were at night
school across the way, Nagappa stood up to sing;
"We work all day
*
but at home the pots are empty
We till the fields
But our stomachs are not full
With our sweat the cities grow fat
With our toil the rich drink ghee
We must find our way forward
Not with Gopi and Prasad
But on our own, together through the Sanghas"
TUBKAHDOHWA
The history of the association in Turkandonna, where the situation is one
of conflict, has been markedly different.
There the growth of the associa
tion has been hampered by its interpretation as a direct threat to the
vested interests,
The village remains in a state of perpetual, tense
turmoil and unfortunately, events have recently been working to the dis
advantage of the farmers.
After months of constant strain, in January
the Vivekananda llyota Sangha and project staff relaxed and there were few
village activities.
The Gowda meanwhile launched upon a plan of systematic
revenge which took everyone unawares.
For three months the farmers had been chasing water for their lands,
running from one Government Office to another.
Although they often met
with success, it was always partial and temporary.
It seemed that, being
at the tail end of the canal, the water supply would never be adequate.
The project therefore agreed to advance a loan of Rs.65O/- to Sangha
members who took joint action to repair an old pumpset.
Using an existing
well this can now supply water to 30 acres.
In the event, however, it
was only used by the one farmer growing a heavy crop, paddy.
For, four or five village Gowdas then took up the water issue saying:
"Why arc you always running to the project when we can do the work for
you?".
They won the support of the villagers, including many sangha
members.
This worried the loaders who felt that the sangha was losing
support.
However, the project advised them against opposing the move
sincefSlong as no money was taken from the farmers, as in the past, it was
to their benefit.
And indeed thereafter there was sufficient water.
Feeling strong after this success the "opposing" group gave a complaint
- 6 -
to tho D.C.arainsv tlhmed's Fair Price Shop.
One morning, without prior
^nilnutron co Aimed or the people, oa inquiry was conducted 'by the
F.cvoiue Inspector.
All the villagers were working in the fields
except . few supporters of the owdas who ccm.plai:. .d that they had'
not received rations—but as Aimed said neither wore they recorded
as having received them.
The Inspector then accused Ahmed of not
announcing the distributions.
When Alined replied that the Gowda
would not give him the necessary permission to do so, he was tolds
"Then you should go and hold the Gowda's feet and beg him". Through
out the Inspector was offensive and abusive and had clearly prejudged
his case.
It came therefore as no surprise that the licence was withdrawn and
granted to the Youth Club, formed by village "big men" soon after the
strike.
The licence vias withdrawn on allegations of black marketing,
wrong issue and non-issue of rationed items, stock storage, non-maintenance of records and selling at a higher price.
The last two allega
tions were unfortunately true, as Ahmed freely admitted. In ader to
cover his expenses ’and re-pay the .loan, ■‘Mimed had sold the rations at
an extra 10-20 paise.
It was also true that lie did not have the requi
site receipts printed with his name, because he could not afford them.
However, he was at fault in that he had not run the shop for two months
and had not maintained all the accounts according to the Government
proforma.
Nonetheless, Ahmed, supported by many sangha members, took a repre
sentation to the tahsildar complaining that the inquiry had been held
without prior intimation at an inconvenient tine.
Ahmed went again
with the project staff and explained to the tahsildar that the question
was not of corruption but of the rich wanting to suppress the poor.
At this request, a second inquiry was scheduled for March 7th.
The
project staff and sangha members went from door to door getting signatures
for ar appeal supporting Ahmed, a move which infuriated the Gowdas.
On the morning of March 7th, Lnama, who had just been given two seers
of rice by tho Gowdas, confronted the adult education teacher, asking
him why he was interfering in the village.
He was soon joined in his
angry tirade by a crowd of Gowdas and their henchmen who came to the
Christian colony where all our staff were sitting.
They tried to muster
the villagers' support, asking then why they were not'respecting and
contacting the traditional leaders, and pressurising then not to support
the sangha.
For 45. minutes they rained abuse and accusations on all
'
the project staff who responded with a silence which ultimately had its
effect.
The villagers gave us their whole-hearted support, many
speaking personally to the staff in assurance of their loyalty.
At 4.00 the second enquiry was conducted in a fair and orderly manner.
The villagers testified to Ahmed's correct distribution and it was found
that their words tallied with the records.
That evening after the
officer had left, tho Postmaster, who is also the Treasurer of the
Youth Club, and tho Gowda's men, dressed in shorts and carrying sticks,
had a meeting by the canal.
Intolerant of the project's presence and
activities they were keen to pick a quarrel with our supporters and
called friends from the next, village. "We must beat up /dimed, Tippaya
and the Christians and remove tho teacher".
As they moved, drunk,
through the village looking for a physical fight, the project staff
called the police, and averted any violence.
Although the enquiry had gone well and it was admitted that the items
had been correctly issued, the licence was' still withdrawn on grounds
of charging extra andnon-maintenance of records.
A new licence was
granted to the Youth Club. Of course none of'tho Fair Price Shops
'nearby, or elsewhere especially in rural areas, maintain proper accounts.
It is the opinion of our advocate that the decision can he fought on
legal grounds since the tahsildar actually has no authority to issue new
licences.
However, the sangha decided to drop the natter in the interests
of restoring peace.
It benefits no one to succumb to the foolishness
of the Gowdas in seeing every event in terms of a credibility struggle.
So long as the Youth Club conducts the Fair Price Shop properly the
villagers have lost little.
There is a theory in political science
that the poor benefit most when two elites are struggling against each
other.
Since the trouble began in Turkandonna the rich have taken
up the water issue, then the Fair Price Shop and now they are planning
for mid-day school meals.. It must bo unusual to find a village where
two groups are racing to outdo each other in'social service. Given
that in the present situation ttiey would not dare to indulge in-any
corruption or malpractice, it is perhaps only for the good if the rich
leaders have been pushed into fulfilling their role, since they alone
in the village have sufficient influence and financial resources to
implement Government schemes for the poor.
The Sangha is also beginning to realise that in a situation of conflict
they will never succeed in working through a Government controlled by
the rich and powerful.
Depending on the Government will always mean
constant struggling and financial resources which are not at the disposal
of the people: as for example the money spent simply on bus fares to soe
officials in Raichur. ■ The farmers are therefore thinking of constructive
activities which the,/ can carry out independently with the help of the
project, and which cannot be adversely affected by village politicking.
As a step in this direction, the newly starting rural industries progr.-mmo has bean deliberately located in Turkandonna.
At present the farmers are busy harvesting a bumper crop of groundnuts,
with which are repaying their crop loan into a revolving fund.
Otherwise,
thoir morale is low and they need the constant support of the project.
Indeed, yet to find a strength and leadership within themselves, they
still expect the project staff to replace the gowdas: "We are neither
here nor thkre, but hanging in mid-air.
We are neither with the esta
blished village ladcrs, nor with the project staff. Of course, we know
the project's intentions arc- good, but they are not taking the place of
the Gowdas". Nonetheless, their own leaders are gradually gaining strength.
Indeed, all people, although often demoralised and fearful, have been
growing enormously in their courage to tackle the situation, and have
great potential as a force within in the village which will work for the
poor.
The Gowdas only have about twenty supporters but their influence far
exceeds this number since, due to superior financial resources,'
fe&rand tradition, they Still retain a pull over the majority of the
village.
Yet, as even this influence decreases with growing cooperation
and awareness amongst the poor, the Gowdas assisted by political outsiders'
have initiated a propaganda campaign directed against the project.
They are attempting to malign our credibility both as working individuals
and as an organisation by intimidating villagers and sympathetic to our
work, spreading rumours and lodging false complaints with the bureaucrats
and Government officials.
They also pay frequent visits to our reporter
Furkandonna is in nany ways typical of the problens facing voluntary
agencies in their w. ~k and it presents a real challenge. The situation
is
.<• i-nse and our supporters live in fear tine and tine again.
After thorough analysis, wo are now deliberately, on grounds both of
strategy and principle, pursuing tactics to defuse the tension by
non-response to provocation and peaceful, legalistic acts while also
attempting to bring out. .anongst the poor a mutual concern, awareness
and unity. It is nonetheless a very real possibility that, due to a
forced situation in the village, a. confrontation night occur.
Our
staff there feel that "one day or the other Turkandonna will explode".
We can only hope that such an Occurrence will not push us in the
wrong direction.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koram.ngala
Bangalore-560034 ' '
India
INDIA'S
NEW
GROUP
FOR
RAICHUR'S
INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT
■ (R egd Society No.695/00-81)
Gillesugar PO, Vias Raichur 504 101
Karnataka,
India
NEWSLETTER
April-June 1984
(for private circulation only)
JANATA
HOUSING
PROGRAMME
Initially, it seemed to us that voluntary agencies could play
an useful role by helping the poor obtain government facilities
in such a way that while their socio-economic conditions
improved they would simultaneously gain awereness, confidence
and collective spirit.
Consequently we were prepared to take
up an issue constantly raised by the people: the Janata housing
programme.
Since work first began in Kerebudur, groups from
seven other villages have come together to implement the
programme.
Of these five groups have not even been able to
hurdle the pre-construction barriers that lie in' their path.
This alone bears ampTe witness to the enormity of the task
facing the villagers, even those aided by a voluntary agency,
who wish to implement a government scheme, the benefits of which
are themselves questionnable. Our experience over the past
two years has raised severe doubts as to the wisdom of our
involvement in this torturous process.
The problems start right at the beginning: with the application
forms, to be obtained fro: district headquarters, Raichur, 32
kms away.
Photographs attached and an educated man found to
fill in the forms, they must be signed by the village accoun
tant who has eyes only for the size of the bribe, not the
eligibility of the applicants.
The village accountant,
exercising his 'discretion', has refused to sign for 4 villagers
from Hanchinal, whom he claims to have houses: which of course
is true if one's discretion classifies a cow-shed as a 'house'.
The next obstacle is the site.
The government policy of
blindly donating free lands is creating colonies of Harijans
at a distance from the main villages.
Even if such sites are
mutually acceptable, the necessity of ownership papers creates
inevitable complications.
But usually the issue is not so
simple and it remains unresolved in three villages.
In Dugnur
the bureaucracy did not accept the people's choice of land
and after 8 months of promises is yet to find an alternative.
□n the other hand, in 3 villages the people did not accept the
bureaucracy's choice.
In Hanchinal just before 1979 elections
the government in its generosity donated unasked some rocky
land far from the main village through which water flows three
months in a year.
Th’e villagers wanted to change the location
to a land belonging-io the local Gowda,
For the government
or the people to acquire the land would mban two years'
struggle through mountains' of forms and legalities.
In
desperation, the .21 ben>e; ii'iaries therefore made an ’ arrangf
‘
with the Gowda by which thu land was donated to the government-
The people were discussing the matter with .the project team >ira Union Bank representative happened to or present.
He sungected each ■ beneficiary take a Rs. 500/-* bank loan for purchase ->f
house site.
After two visits to Hanchinal, he said the loans
would be sanctioned.
Two months later, he regretted to inform
the villagers that the Regional Office had not approved the
.
For this kind of information the villagers had wasted three
trips to Raichur and three months' time.
It also had the effect
of undermining their confidence in the project team's interven
tion .
Yadlapur fared better.
Ths government's gift of the burial
ground having been rejected, one member of the group gave his
own lands 22 spacious plots for a goodwill of r'so65/- each.
Site secured, the Junicn Engineer must be persuaded to lea 'e
his. Raichur parlous and give c mark out.
Having struggled
through this process, the villa-gs.es noticed mistakes in his work
and called him again? an-assistant came and guided by the' benef iciaries completed a correct markout,
Thus passed
two months.
Next comes .sanctioning □ / the. subsidy itself.
The Assistant
Commissioner had original.!v •’.'.greed ire sanction of 22 houses,
but then professed himserf unable to give for more than 10
houses per village
.> 0.1 assurance that the remaining
applicants would be covered in nc; ': yuc.s nocita.
The villagers
therefore hold a .ne: in c.
i.l-.
the IB
bars -.'hese need
was greatest.
They beesa
fun. d.v-iar-s <> .. However,
when the AC was given . . • . '
... .
ualnd that .sanction had
already been granted in a. nine
nc msr;
.<=>:?,iol
numbers 1 to 10, which m:
' ■'
;■ -'..-e
•• -r eligible ar.d
the list could not be changed
they 1
s:-:-t tc Bangalore
When a coordin a tor went hr -i is.dly ai
tc chc-.ce and, after
a few more visits from the v:
Le.'scd h.ht? first
instalment.
Obtaining these inst.u mer.offers its o’.-.’n- special brand of
problems to the tiring bone Tic-, n-.-los.
They must mobilise their
own resources to lay the feuana ci
a cost c” R~; 5 Li I?/-■•<>
T ,■= c:
then have to run
d
■ junior c-nginoar until :-e visits cl.e ■
site to check the work, aft'..:- which the Block Development O-'fic :
will finally release a cheque.
This px-ac-nss mt-sl he gone
through 4 to 6 times (it seems tc vary), cash instalment
requiring 2 to 3 visits.
Broker* ovomises to keep the cheq- nt.
signed add to the frustration of eternal delays at every e-."> .:Three different ’groups of villagers have been told by the
government clerks that delays are made because they a.ve c>’
^through a voluntary agency that does net give bribes,
3
When the cheques are eventually handed ov-r, it is generally.
after banking hours and all the beneficiaries must again ga to
Raichur.
Although they- are bearer cheques, the bankers, wio
also look with suspicion at the project workers, refuse to
release .the cash to representatives.
To-circumvent this'.merry-gc-round, the Kerehudur' group-opened
a joint -account-'at Tungebhadra Grameena’Bank, Gandhal. bran ch.
- -.Assurances., h-aving been—given' that' the money wo uld_b e-paid, all.
I
the cheques, were-deposited.. Ultimately, -it took one. and a half
• mo-nths—.of_pr essur e and a visit to the General .Manager " at
Bellar.y, to obtain the. cash: the bankers-had., refused to pay
gnd even pressurised the villagers-to—open individual-accounts
The ."financial-problems' in Budur did not end there.’ In-1983, ■
the. subsidy-was_,.increased. tcuRs,-3-,50D/- when the ..group applied
for,, their -subs id y in 1983., the Deputy Commissioner puled, .that--fhe houses..had. .been allocated from *tbre. 1D8G-81-quota,. .i*el
.^^a-jgra-rrt-'-of- only Rs»2,5O(l/-.
The-illogic is..irrefutable.
The
projact-fraa—taken—pp. the issuer-having ourselves- advanced the—'
disputed Rs»l,.OOO/- per hous-e. " Although..w„e have -appealed to
-4——the Divisional Commissioner, no reply, has been-j^eceived-for
jsc-months ...........
**■"
-.
Money in hand,, construction can begin. •. Unfortunately^.-thelgovernment in its_.wisdom, insists-on a ’design’ of four
■’
stone -walls'," which -needs- -a--skilled.- mason-. ' • "The-beneficiaries,
whose., interest - is, by now... flagging, must hire a-Gowda’s tractor
—to—cart stones -sold at" an- exh orbit ant rat e -“throu-gh"" unreliable
■
contractors^. . The latter demand advances but do not. deliver .....
' t— -theL.dones-,.. one" contractor- even absconding-~with."Rs*.2, OCICI/^
It seems- a-near..impossibility to have money, stones, tractor
'
and mason- all. available . at ■ one time r if ore compon ent'is
missing the work—cannot proceed.
It has taken the. .Gillesrpgar
-group''"running in-daily frenzied- circles,' chasing-one requirement
»■
after another, 6 months-to.-build from foundation.-to door level..
A-nd-if}" finally the -root goes on -th-ere"is every possibility -'
that the-whole structure-will collapse...under.. the--mo-nsoon
/
onslaught-.— as has already. happened to. -4— houses, in- Budur ."
'Hot-that"the-people are-totally blameless.. ' They-often do-mot
■
- undertake.,their side of work leaving houses half built. There.
•- ... -.-is also a tend ency “to use-the money for --other purposes, -stfch
j
as -festivals or. consumption, and then- come crying, that building
cannot' conti-nu&v—• The combined result-is that-it takes, on .
average one year-and .25—trips to R'aichur for the ..people • is- .
h a v.e. ih eir...-h cases--
This, even when they have been helped at every stage by the
project team.
Alone, the exploitation, delays, difficulties
and expenses would be magnified to insurmountable proportions.
Consequently, in the absence' of willing intermediaries, the
Janata Housing Programme', remains on paper only.
When the
project started working in the ID villages, only 26 houses had
been constructed,, these by slightly- better, off ent-erprising
individuals, some of them even- obtained two houses.
Had the project not been willing to help, others could have
obtained houses only through the intervention of local mediators
who demend Rs.200/- to Rs.400/- for service rendered and thereafter'
hold the beneficiaries in their gratitude and hence power.
In
the absende of a voluntary agency, the people’s expenditure is
further increased by the bribes that are a matter of course, both,
for the local administration and the Raichur officials.
Reports^
have come of bribes 'to get instalments released at BD0 1 s office,
to issue of grant of house sites, for house registration, etc.
.
Such expenses total between Rs.400/- to Rs.BOO/-: without them
nothing can be done.
Supported by the project the villagers
I
have paid no bribes thus substantially reducing the cost of each
house.
Indeed, working as a group with the project team has cut their
expenses, time and effort at every stage.
There is no mis
utilisation of funds and action is’speeded up both in construntian and paperwork.
The government has trusted project team to
supjbly • forms and-even, fill in the work done ..certificate^ thus
saving the usual difficulties.Able to wield some influence with
the bureaucracy, the team ensures they do their job.
Encouraged
by our firm dealings, the people have gained in the courage tn
struggle against officials, and demand their right free of
charge.
Under normal circumstances, implementing the programme
alone, the people, frustrated at every turn, lost courage and
became demotivated by a growing sense of their impotence..and
1
inferiority in the face of.the government machinery.
To some
extent we have been able-to. reverse this pattern so that their
confidence has actually increased;-. The future implications of
this changed psychology are- great.
They are also learning how to handle the more complex problems
that would otherwise wreck their hopes.
During construction in
Budur, an advance of Rs.2,500/- was paid to a contractor on the
condition that deliveries would be made every day.
After the
first load, two weeks passed with no deliveries.
On investigation
we discovered that the stones were being illegally transported
to Andhra Pradesh.
The team approached the Revenue Inspector
who stopped the next lorry load on the main road and summoned
the contractor.
There was talk of money and police: within 6
days the full contract of stones had been delivered.
5
Problems had also arisen over the sites at Budur as 18 families
possessed no ownership documents.
Although they hod lived on
the plots for seven years, the village accountant said there
was no official record of 'he government having allotted them ,
their land and refused to sign the subsidy application.
A
delegation of villagers then approached the BDO Who said that
although the government had bought all the land only a portion
had been handed over by the Tehsildar.
He therefore did not
have ownership and could do nothing.
At this the coordinator
suggested that it was a technical problem easily solved if he
at once asked the Tehsildar to pass on the land.
The delegation
sat down and subjected the BDO to stony stares.
After two
minutes, he conceded that a mistake might have been made in the
records and signed 18 blank certificates, requesting the
coordinator to get them filled.
Such experiences have been significant for the villagers who
have realised that only as a group, able to bring pressures on
the powers that be, can they hope to achieve anything.
Together theyhave a strength, otherwise beyond their reach, to
resist exploitation and attain their goals.
Indeed, the
initiation of group action is both the greatest benefit the
villagers derive from th□’programme and the only justification
for our intervention. We have assisted only those who are ready
to come together•and, once work has started, have been able to
control the growth of individualism within such groups.
The
owner of the site at Yadlapur was originally asking a very
high price, When we intervened to .'explain that he’should not
exploit his own people, he readily agreed to a substantial
reduction.
Usually, however, the villagers are quick to see the benefits of
working together.
Collective representations for sanctions and
sites save time and effort, while mass purchases are equally
advantageous.
Expenses on stones, tractor hire and mason’s
charges are all reduced when purchased as a group.
Far an
individual to obtain, his application and photograph requires
Rs.27/- and 2 visits .to Raichur.
By organising mass photos in
the villages, the cost was only Rs.Y.5O.
Equally, since the
government supplied wood is of poor quality, the Budur men
visited.DEED, another voluntary agency in Hunsur, where, for the
same price they were able'to make a joint purchase of good wood.
In such ways, groups of 3.0 :to 20 working together on their
houses have f or med cohesive units' ready to undertake further
action in more important areas such as agriculture.
It was
as a direct result of the Janata Housing Programme in Budur
that the Panchamukhi Yuvaka Sangha, now a vital force for
collective change, was formed by those who understood the
importance of staying together after the completion of houses.
For, implementing the programme revealed the true nature of the
government bureaucracy in all its glory, The people came
simultaneously to the realisation that they cannot depend on a
government that is unable to serve the people and that they do
have a strength and potential within, themselves.
6
Such wider effects are invaluable, but they are the accidental
byproducts of a deficient programme and could not arise (indeed
the reverse would be the case) were the people working alone.
Given the extent of the team’s inputs, necessary to achieve
any positive results fiom the programme, we have begun to
question whether our involvement is wise.
The same ends, in
•terms of collective action, could'be achieved through 'better
means of greater benefit to the people.
For,'implementation
aside, the Housing programme itself is of dubious value.
Undoubtedly there are material benefits, and the villagers
living conditions are improved.
They h.ave moved frofn over
crowded narrow lanes swamped by stagnant 'cater to spacious
plots with room to grow trees and vegetables; from tiny
delapidated huts to larger, cleaner and permanent buildings.
But are these benefits not outweighed by the problems?
Surely
these same results could be achieved in another way.
However, dazed by free government money we fail to look beyond
what seems readily available (for such is the illusion we
cling to) and search for viable alternatives.
The prime, if
not the only, justification for undertaking government
programmes is simple economics: funds otherwise not available
are provided to the- poor.
But, in retrospect even this is
.questionable.
With the money he spends, simply on obtaining
government house, a villager could finish his.own hut:
Government programme expenses-------------------------------
1.
Application form, photograph, and
2 visits to Raichur at Rs.10 per visit
29.50
2.
Expenses on procurement of site : 3 visits
Checking grant of house site
: 2 visits
Mark out
: 2 visits
70.00
3.
Procurement of cement and wood :
Transport of the same
40.00
'20.00
4.
Obtaining payments in. instalments:
10 visits
100.00
5.
Registration of completed houses : 2 visits
Cost of registration
20.00
25.00
500.00
4 visits
6.
Foundation costs (borne by beneficiary)
7.
Loss of wages for ( On average) 25 visits to
Raichur (at Rs.5/- per visit)
8.
Loss of wages to assist in building for
(minimum) 2 months at Rs.5/- per day
TOTAL EXPENSES INCURRED BY EACH BENEFICIARY
TO CONSTRUCT GOVERNMENT AIDED HOUSE (minimum)
■ 125.00
300.00
y
r-n
7
This calculation is mode according to the expenditure, of the
groups we are working with and may be considered as minimum,
since working collectively with a voluntary agency inevitably
reduces costs.
Were the villagers alone and paying bribes,
the total would rise to Rs.1729/- .
Even this figure does not
include procurement of site which is a necessity for a large
number of groups.
The total of. Rs.1229.50 is therefore a
moderate estimate.
This is the poor’s expenditure on a programme supposedly
providing funds for the poor.
Apart from the foundation costs
all the money is wasted on indrect expenses: the real
beneficiary would see,m to be state transport and hotels.
Rs.1229/- is the beneficiaries expenditure to obtain government
subsidy of Rs. 3,500/- with which to complete a building
10’ x 15'.
It is significant that at the outset the
villagers have no idea of the money involved; they quite
reasonably assume that the government programme means free
houses. Were they aware, they might seriously reconsider.
Since, for the same personal expenditure/loss of income any
villager can in 20 days with minimal botheration build a good
hut measuring 20* x 15’;
Hut construction expenses
(being a good hut that is a viable alternative to a
Janata house)
Rs.
100.00
1.
2 stone pillers
2.
Roofing material (poles, beams.
bamboo weave, dried grass, etc^)
3.
Door'
500.00
’ 250.00
4.
Skilled labour
5.
Lost wages for building: 20
mandays at Rs.5/- per day
200.00
100.00
TOTAL
1150.00
In terms of bis expense, therefore, a villager has little to
chose between a.'government' house and his own hut.
Yet,
in the case of his hut all the money is a direct expenditure
on the building itself.
Consequently, the total cost his hut
represents is only one fourth of*the total cost of the
government house:
a. Personal contribution on house
Rs.1229.00
b. Government subsidy
Rs.3500.00
Total
Rs. 4752.00
8
Were this enormous sum of money properly spent, a villager
could build four good huts or .a wonderful three room hut that
would match the dwellings of the wealthy in the villages.
Yet
the government scheme pours the money into an expensive design,
with the expenses on various items as follows:
Rs.
770.00
1.
2200 stones at Rs.35/- per 100 stones
2.
Tractor hire and labour, at Rs.35/- for
each load of 200 stones
385.00
3.
Mason’s charges
1000.00
4.
Cost of transporting mud and boulders
(including procurement)
300.00
5.
Cost of wood for doors and windows
300,00
6.
Roofing material
500.00
7.
Other expenses (pipes, unskilled labour, etc) 300.00
This does not include foundation
TOTAL
expenses.
And all items mentioned
above are direct construction expenses
3555.00
--------------
A large proportion of these expenses, especially on transport,
stones and mason, are made necessary only by the inappropriate
design.
It is clearly absured that a house 10’ x 15* should
cost Rs.4,784/-.
But it is more than a question of economics.
Having no trust in the people, the government has prescribed
the shape and size of the house according to an urban design:
small stone squares stand with stark uniformity.
Aesthetic
considerations aside, the houses cannot serve the villagers’
needs. With a measurement of 10' x 15' (and anything larger
would be too costly for government to subsidise) it is
impossible to partition'off space for cooking, bathing or
for the animals. Nor can the room be expanded if the family
grows.
This alien design creates a dependence on outside knowledge
and resources.
Hence the high cost: it has been seen that the
subsidy is spent on' the very resources no villager has: a
tractor, stones, mason's skills, all of which have their price.
The villager can neither build nor repaid their houses them
selves.
It will be three years before the Budur benSficiaries
have the money to repair their fallen houses.
They have beer
made dependent on forces outside their control and can no
longer themselves manage their environment.
Such material
dependence gives rise to an increased mental dependency.
The feeling is: "This is a government house", with little
sense of ownership or pride only an increased self disrespc.'t \
I can not build my house.-
9
Yet every villager dues know how to construct his own house
'
using resources available•locally and cheaply.
They can them- •
selves .make their bricks out of mud; they can themselves collect
from th
surrounding waste Land a few star ,-s, a few poles and
thejambu (roofing material, a weed) with which to complete
the job.
Within 1 few weeks they can themselves build a low
cost and a spacious hut which can easily be expanded or
repairer.
No outside resources or finances are necessary.
Bearing this in mind, it was suggested to the Hanchinal group
that they abandon the government scheme and build upon their
■own local knowledge and resources, .Their immediate response
was:- "But you people talk of our 1 huts1 and janata 1 houses1 .
We don't want huts’1'.
Urban slltes~-have made villagers
believe their huts ere lew status,, bad poor man’s dwellings.
People remain in squalid huts they could easily rebuild because
their
eyes are set on 'free' government houses promissed by
passing electionners.
Given the harsh realities of obtaining
government facilities and the depriveds’ lack of the necessary
stamina and inputs, for most,these ideal homes to be delivered
ready made to their doorsteps remain an- elusive dream: a dream
that obscures the existing possibilitiesFor, the two birds
in the bush have been given more value than the one in their
hands.
This growing tendency, -encouraged from- all .quart ers
to look
to the government and other outside institutions for all
resources, ideas and knowledge has lead villagers to ignore or
dismiss what they actually have.
Indeed, they have been made
to feel that they have nothing and can do
nothing.
The
result is increased exploitative centralisation and dependence.
It is vital that this trend be reversed and the people are
given the opportunity to respect and nurture their own abilities
By supporting their hut, ti.-js legitimising it, the creativity
and initiative, of which the people have been deprived, can be
rekindled.
If tl 'y construct their iwn huts with their own
moray. work and designs, the resultant sense of pride and'
achievement.will bolster their lost confidence to improve upon
what they already know and hove in other areas.
A vision will
grow to take their- future' into their own hands.
It is not just
housing which is at issue: it is the independence of the
villagers.
Such is the vision of Indian Cultural Development Centre, a
Madras based group committed to the- conc-ept of 'Indigenous
Resources’.
In collaboration With them, the’project has
■attempted to initiate the process in-HanchinbX•
Discussions
were held to explore way;. ir. w^ ich the traditions! hut~ cool..
be improved upon.
'"he villagers agreed to increase ventilation
and lighting, to build separate small sheds for cuttie and tc
put a bamboo weave under the roof thus reducing the firo
hazard.
At presen”., the poles for roofing do have to he
purchased.
It was therefore suggested that around their huto ■
/they plant saplings winch will bo fully grown (as poles)
/ by the time repairs are necessary for the huts.
The original \
10
idea was that two huts would be constructed at a time, each
subsequent pair attempting to improve upon the previous ones.
Should finance at any stage be a restraint upon their creativity,
the project would give small assistance to encourage
experimentation.
There has been no research at any level
into improved hut design, although the need is clear.
-1." ’
.
c-
i 4
■
>
Unfortunately, though not surprisingly, the plan, despite
initial enthusiasm, has not really taken off the ground.
Huts are coming up fast but with little innovation.
In many
ways this was fairly predictable: it takes time for such ideas
to gain currency.
Swept by a tide of urban impositions, the
people have yet to find faith in themselves. Nonetheless,
we believe the idea should be pursued as a possible alternative
to a deficient government programme which creates problems
of implementation, of house desigg and has wider adverse
effects.
Rather than taking such a. programme to the people,
the project has a far more important role to play in building
upon the people’s alternatives.
-
0
-
WOMEN
It has become highly fashionable to talk of women’s involvement
in development: talk being the operative word. Women’s actual
involvement remains a much trumpeted ideal which rarely reaches
beyond budget proposals.
Our failings in this direction for
the first two years may be taken as fairly typical of voluntary
agencies all over, although there are notable exceptions.
Although a women’s programme was included in our original plans,
it never progressed beyond a few unsuccessful attempts to find
a woman worker.
The main reason for this inactivity was that
ninety per cent of our team consists of male members.
For
years the village workers never gave a thought to the matter,
while the coordinators felt nothing could be done without a
‘
woman to run the programme.
;
v
The problem is partly the indifference of men towards women,
i
aggravated by an urban shyness.
But it is partly one of
linguistics.
We do not talk of the "men's programme" but of
"development work" or "community programmes" even though only
the men participate.
Yet we talk of the "women's programmes".
The subconscious effect is that we mentally partition the
women off from the main development processes. Work with
’
women becomes a sideline that does not infringe upon the "real";
work.
A "women's programme" is generally misunderstood as a
.
self-contained unit, like the "housing programme", which
centres on female problems (- menstruation, child care, rape)
■and the safe urban inspired traditions of balwadi, sewing
classes and mother and child care.
As such it can be parcelled
off to the elusive woman worker without any qualms of conscience
The result in the project was two fold: the women were neither
involved in the general activities ncr in a seperate programme.
11
The problem was compounded by the unspoken assumption that -.-,h a
project, while working exclusively with the men, was, by so;.'
mysterious process, benefitt.ing the entire community.
Henc
lip service apart, the necessity of working with women was no”,
even recognised.
Ideas of trickle-down effects and building i,n
best, while rightLy discredited in terms of rich and poor,
still hold popular currency with regard to men and women.
How any benefits could spread was not quice clear since the
women were totally excluded from the project's work.
,
Men, being considered the superior heads of every household,
'naturally' take the lead on any new initiative, especially orie£\
concerning the whole community.
Whenever a meeting is
called,
usually at a time when the women are still cooking, it is the
men who come and decide upon a course of action the benefits
of which they receive.
Any additional income will go into the
male purse and has therefore less chance of reaching the whole
family in the form of increased food, etc. More crucially, the
benefits attained in terms of increased awareness, self-respect,
community spirit and confidence, being gained only through
experience cannot .be transferred and hence remain a male
pres erv e.
Since such development benefits only half the community, it may
actually have a negative effect upon the women-.
Formerly men and
women were equal if in nothing else then at least in their
shared illiteracy, sense of hopelessness, ignorance about
approaching the government and alternative means to their own
betterment.
With male adult education and action on various
issues, a new inequality is appearing.
As the men acquire a
new knowledge and vision they receive a new superiority and
power while the women simultaneously have' even less respect for
themselves and their role in the community.
The adverse effects of working with half the population are not
limited to the position of women but inevitably also impair the
puccess of any scheme.
Half the potential of the community in
terms of skills, ideas and of forceful individuals is going to
waste.
Furthermore, schemes may fail tiecause they do not have
the support of the women, who,, excluded from the months of
groundwork, are presented with ready-made action plans with
which they feel no sense of identity.
The "people's"
participation in planning, justly acknowledged as the key to
successful development work, stops short at men's participation.
Consequently, just as package deals of researchers fail at
the village level, so male manufactured ideas founder.
This in part explains the workers' ’complaints of 'indifference1
or even 'laziness' on the part of the women.
There have indeed
been a number of instances when the women have objected to, or
refused to participate in 'community' programmes.
One such was'
during house construction in BuduE, when the women did not
come forward to help lift stones as requested.
The entire
housing programme was implemented through the men: yet the
women were expected to do the physical work.
While such
12
incidents are generally taken as proving the impossibility of
working with the weaker sex, they are in reality the natural
result of working only with the men.
The women cannot pn
queue understand and accept ideas to which they have never
been exposed or decisions which they cannot feel are theirs
because they have had no part in their making. When a women
recently objected to a sangha hut being constructed opposite
her house, the coordinator exclaimed: "it is so depressinr -chat
after all these years of working she should think like th.- : ?
Yet for all these years no work was being done with her o? any
other women.
They cannoT-be expected to suddenly acquire n
vision and sense of sacrifice for the community which is only
now emerging in the men after years of work.
As these realities became more and more apparent, we real?.sad
that we could no longer delay working with the women.
It had
become imperative to involve the women by ensuring they become
a part of the general development processess as initiated i.y th
project team.
AH our activities be it in health, housing,
agricultura or loaning, both affect the women and will only
realise their full effectiveness if the women are included.
After some months of discussions, a few workers are slowly
beginning to understand that it is the responsibility of c.n .
one to make a conscious effort to involve the women whenev possible, probably starting in such areas as housing in w?
women have some special knowledge and therefore confidence
There are of course many obstacles in such a path stemming
partly from the domination of men in the villages and parti
from the women themselves.
Double oppressed as poor and a.
women they require a special attention and an enormous eff -.■. I
needs to be made to encourage them to come forward.
It is an effort, and in some cases possibly even a risk, very
few are willing to take at this stage,
Most of the team c.ie
yet to fully accept, let alone implement such ideas.
Som. ; idr
under sexual barriers, some excuse themselves with fear o4
scandals while others join with the village men in insist ,-g
that the women would only disrupt their meetings.
Initio ’.y
such disruption is a real possibility as the women have r
experience of participating in group discussions or of thins.!'along new lines.
However, more often the women are. theme?.!'/
unwilling or unable to come forward.
Bound to servitude .'ron
morning to night, be it in coolie or in household work, they
have little freedom for active participation in community
programmes.
More than the mere practical difficulties, they do
consider themselves to be inferior and fear the men's
disapproval should they become too vocal.
Given this situation, while joint participation remains the
ultimate goal, we felt the starting point would have to be
seperate work with the women.
Only then would they have the
opportunity to develop their full capabilities both as 'indivxduals and as groups.
Moreover, the team feels more confo? tab.Lo^
to work with the women separately, ynther than attempting
involve them
in village issues.
. interestingly, it has t:..-)
the village workers, rather than the coordinators who have
taken the initiative in forming women's groups.
13
Over the post six months, five.women’s groups hove been formed
in four villages, oil of them following a more or less similar
patternOnce a week fifteen to twenty wrmon gather and .
contribute one rupee into a oommon fund.
These savings ore
then loaned to the members at a minimal interest rate: for '
festivals, for . cc ,sumption when.there is no coolie, for
■ vegetables to sell.
The system-is working well and all debts
are promptly•repaid into the growing funds.
At harvest time
when wages are paid in kind, they give one seer of rice (as .
weekly contribution).
This is especially advantageous since, "the
paddy is normally, used to. purchase goods from the village shop.
By July they are buying back their own paddy at Rs.2/- a. seer..-.
This year for the first time they will have their own food
stocks.
Their sangas are a’significant achievement.
They are meotrng
weekly for the purposes of collective development..
They feel
a strong sense of identity with and pride in the sanghas which
give them the crucial sense of importance previously so badly
lacking.
Through them the. villagers are for the first time
saving, thus’ generating their own cooperative funds.
For a ,
society that has seasonal cash problems and survives on a
vicious circle of loans , from the vested interes.ts, this initia—--\
tidn of capital accummulation is ’ of some importance* - Hitherto,
all the men.’is associations had fallen into a pattern of.
approadhing the project for loans.
It is only now. that,
realising the implications of women's savings, some men's
groups have begun to follow suit.’
As yet most.of the women do. not feel ready to undertake any
further activities.
At times they wonder if they can do anything
more, especially when the first visions of instant buffaloes
receded into complex realif.es,
But their potential, previously
suffocated by male dominance is becoming-clearer.
In Dugnoor,
the women had the idea-of bringing cheaper kerosene'.
In- the
event, the local vendors' opposition Became clear, they did not
feel strong enough and. let the more established youth club take
up the issue.
In Budur, the members have twice made additional
collections for one member to contact Raichur officials, and get
the borewell repaired.
It is through such- small beginnings that
the women can move beyond -the, traditional boundaries, of earning
and mothering into a full-and ’active role in the community.
Recently, the women of Budur faced their first challence.
They
all spend long and. laborious hours collecting and cleanihg'neem
seeds which the local shop owner buys at 40 paise a seer. .He
sells to the mills at Re.l/-r a seer.
Previously, the women,
lacking the initiative and organisational infrastructure have
submitted unthinkingly to this exploitation,
This year,
stimulated by having-come together, they have taken matters into
their own hands.
However, they lacked the capital and this
being the lean season could not afford to sell on credit.
The
project therefore advanced .a loan to Lax-mi Mahila -Sangha with
which they bought the seeds at 50 paise a seer.
The seeds
poured in and Rs. 1,200/- prof it was made for the collective fund\
Tha women are now thinking of the ways to invest the..profits
into productive activities.
1
14
Buildinc; upon such community programmes which to the common
\
benefit, make optimum use of local resources, ■ the people can
\
slowly eliminate exploitation by' the middle men.
An opportunity \
given to reap the fruits of their own labour, their creativity
is stimulated.
In future years, the women may even be able to
make soaps or oils themselves so that the
entire products
will be collected, processed and consumed in the village itself.
For, the venture generated enormous enthusiasm among, both the
men and women who worked together to weigh the seed, keep
accounts and find the best market.
However, slowly, the realisation is dawning on the men that the
community means men and women and they are becoming more and
more amenable to th,e idea of joint activities with, the women.
Initially, there were sporadic complaints about wives leaving .
their homes or teachers calling their women but otherwise there
has been little opposition to the sanghas..
In general, the
men laugh indulgently "Let’s see what you can do..."
But as
time passes some of the men are beginning to see the importance,
and the' benefits of the women’s, groups.
Hanchinal is an exceptional case in point.
The worker there is
a local boy who, largely because of his close personal relations
with the community, has been able to facilitate the coming
together of men and women.
His sister is a volatile leader of
some twenty women who, under his guidance and inspiration,- have
come together to form a sangha.
At the women’s meetings the
youth club also come and matters are discussed on an equal.
footing.
Nine families have a mother in one sangha and a son
in the other, while three of the stronger, women are members of
the youth club in place of their small sons and have no
inhibitions about voicing their opinions.
The youths and women
together decided to construct a hut for their two sanghas.
A
three day shramadan was held to which eleven women came and only
five youths(men).
This was the first time since the project
started that women participated in the- work.
Such joindf activities hold the promise for the future.
The
aim of the sanghas is to improve the status of women in society
and to improve the life of the poor by involving the women
in development.
Although the pace cannot be forced, we have
to guard against the feeling that the women have now been
"taken care of'.’’, the women’s sanghas must run parallel to,
j
or—as stepping stones to true community groups.
They are
opening the doors to wider possibilities.
,
Immunity health cell
3«7, 'Srinivasa Nilaya*
!-?4a;r,.-l Slonfe,
MONTHLY JOURNAL OF IMA KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH
President : DR. B. M. ALUR
Hon. Sec. : DR. B. S. RAMESH
Vol.: No. 3
December 1990
Editor: DR. V. GOVINDARA'JU
(Sr. Vice-President)
Issue 1
Price : 1.00
FfrVTORIAL :
Year of the Girl Child
Our children are the future of our country. The
shape of tomorrow depends entirely on what we give to
our children today. The best gift that we cao bestow upon
a child is the gift of health. A healthy child today, means
a stronger and more prosperous India tomorrow.
In our country despite progress in several areas
and well organised health structure, every year millions
of children fall victims to devastating childhood diseases.
In this context it is more distressing to note that the girl
child is a victim more than the boy child. Every sixth
female child death is due to neglect and cruelty. Of 12
million girls bom every year 25% of them do not live to see
their fifteenth birthday. It is the attitude of the parents that
the boy is a better child and the girl a lesser child. The
fr»fef that the boy is a support to the family and continuity
™he family, the girl is married away to another family
makes the parent to have different attitude towards the
girl child. The girl child having feverfor3-4 days is ignored
but, where as <he boy child having 3-4 hours fever is im
mediately taken to a doctor. The girl child in rural areas
works about 9 to 10 hours through the year helping the
parent, both at home and the fields. She takes care of the
younger brother, does household chores and after all this
she is fed with the left-overs and less nutritious food. The
boy child is fed with nutritious food and well fed. He also
has time to play.
The girl child is usually not sent to the school or is
often a school dropout to help the f a'mily. As per the 1985
report the girl child saves about Rs. 39,000/- by her work
in the family.
The attitude against the girl child starts very early/
The day the bride comes home, the mother-in-law's first
few words are that she should bestow the family next year,
with a grand-son and she never says that she would like
to have a healthy grand-child or a grand-daughter.
Now the attitude is changing. Girl child is getting
better care and better facilities. The girl is no longer
differentiated by the parents. Girl is given full opportunity
to study. She has now entered the fields which were once
monopolised only by the boys. The girl is given a choice
to decide her future.
India, a member country of SAARC, is observing
the year 1990 as the "Year of Girl Child" as per the
declaration of SAARC.
Your girl is tomorrow's Pearl. So let us not ignore
the girl child but let us educate ourselves and others about
the rights of the girl child and help her get her rights. Let
us strive to give a better deal - better food, health, educa
tion and joys. Let us ensure she has a place in the sun.
Let us ensure her right to equality - that our constitution
promised her many years ago.
If all of us act as responsible citizens and prevent
the atrocities on the girl child, we can ensure that the
"Year of Girl Child" is a success and assure the future of
the girl child is secure. We can then have a successful girl
child decade 1991 - 2000 as declared by SAARC.
Dr. Jagdish L. Menda
Guest Editor
PRESIDENT SPEAKS
INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH)
President
Members, Central
Working Committee
(Regular) :
Dr. B.M. Alur
(Gadag)
Dr. V. Govindaraju
(Bangalore)
Sr. Vice-President
Dr. V.D. Sapare
(Hubli)
Office Bearers
:
Dr. V. Govindaraju
(Bangalore)
My Dear Members,
In the ever changing medical scene of today, I can
not help being amazed at the mad rush for acquiring so
phisticated medical gadgets like Ultrasonagrams, Scan
ners, Lasers, Gastroscopes and at the mushrooming
ultramodern ho.spitals at colossal expences. And yet it i?
Dr. D. Prabhamandal
(Mysore)
Vice-President
. Dr. K.C. Raju Reddy
i (Bangalore)
Dr. B.V. Rajagopal
(Mysore)
Vice-President
Dr. P.V. Kanchi
(Hubli)
; Dr. S.P. Yoganna
■ (Mysore)
Dr. J.V. Narayan
(Mysore)
Hon. State Secretary
Dr. B.S. Ramesh
(Bangalore)
Members, Central
Working Committee
(Alternate) :
Hon. Joint Secretary
Dr. V.S. Achar
(Bangalore)
Dr. Jagadish L.Menda
(Bangalore)
Dr. K.C. Raju Reddy
(Bangalore)
Asst. Secretary
Dr. G.S. Nagaral
(Tumkur)
Dr. R.N. Godbole
(Gadag)
a faqt that more then 90% of the deaths in India are pre
ventable and are the direct result of poverty, ignorance,
lack of education and near total absrence of public health
and sanitary services in the rural areas. It is in this
direction that the entire medical fraternity must focus its
attention on and try to play a supportive role to the
Government, Semi-government and Social Agencies. No
doubt the doctors throughout the state have been render
ing commendable services all these years.They must
now shift their emphasis on Rural Health Education, Im
munisation and Family Planning and Welfare.They must
associate themselves with IRDP workers, Basic Health
workers, Anganawadi workers, Primary Health Centres,
Village Panchayats and local community leaders.
I request each and every IMA and every Medical
College to chalk out a programme to cover the surround
ing rural areas. They should depute in batches, trained
volunteers to deal with the triple task of Rural Health Edu^
cation, Immunisation and Family Planning and Welfare.
Rural Health Education is the fundamental need of
our country. A systematic and scientific study of the rural
health problems is essential. The popular mdthod used is
the "RAP" Method (Rapid Assessment Procedures), It
has been successfully used in Brazil. The important
points to tackle are rural hygiene, sanitation, personal
hygiene, proper use of water and so on. Certain specific
programmes already in vogue must be popularised They
are ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy), Breast Feeding
and Breast Care, Nutritional education and growth moni
toring.
One of the most vital and rewarding aspect of pre
ventive medicine and Rural Health Education is in the field
Members, State
Working Committee :
Hpn. Treasurer
Dr. K.S. Gopinath
(Bangalore)
Dr. A.K. Handigol
(Dharwar)
Dr. V.S. Huilgol
(Gadag)
Dr. P. Narayan
(Shimoga)
(Contd. on 3rd page)
2
HONORARY SECRETARY'S DESK
This is my first communication after assuming the charge of Indian Medical Association, Karnataka State Branch Secretaryship.
Our profession is going through dynamic changes. As the number of professionals
increase, the problems also grow con-comitantly. We have on the one hand to catch up
wilh the growing health needs of our society and on the other hand to satisfy the
bureaucrats legislations. The recent amendments to the professional tax, application of
*--------------- minimum wage act, shop and establishment act, the periodical pin-pricks from the Drug
Inspectors, Labour Inspectors are some of the few problems apart from the existing CPC which provides the doctors
to face the criminal offence forthe act of professional negligence even before it being proved. The existing situations
of present Government Colleges are far from satisfactory. This year, I have taken an initiative to focbs attention to
above problems mainly and I believe the service given to the mefnbers of our organisation should be exemplary such
that the non-members should feel how much they have missed in not becoming members of our organisation. I appeal
to all members to write to me whenever there are problems which you feel that could be collectively represented to
the Government or similar bodies.
Soliciting your utmost co-operation during the year.
Yours Sincerely
(DR. B.S. RAMESH)
sociation of Community Health, Karnatka State at KM C
Hubli and to be the chief guest at Annual day of Junior
Doctors Association KMC Hubli within these one and a
half months period. I emphasised these ideas in the
above meetings.
(President Speakes Contd. from Page 2)
of immunisation. It is indeed sad that many of ourchildren
and not covered by vaccination against the six dreaded
deseases, which claim, every year 3. 5 million children
globally and out of which India's share is a staggering
44%. The ambitious EPD programme of the W.H.O.
covers all these six diseases - e.g., Polio, Tetanus, Diph
theria, Whooping cough, Tuberculosis and Measles. We
cannot just stand and stare, when the rest of the develop
ing world is fast approaching the targets and eradicating
these diseases.
Family planning and welfare is the third most im
portant area where we have to achieve a breakthrough.
Inspite of the fact that we were the first in the world to im
plement the programme, we have failed miserably in
population control, while many other countries have succejlftbd. It is important to educate.each and everyone and
Long live IMA.
Yours Sincerely
(DR. B. M. ALUR)
PRESIDENT REPUBLIC OF INDIA
MESSAGE
The Universal Immunization Programme was
launched about five years ago with the objectiveof pre-.
venting children from becoming victims of six vaccine
preventable diseases which often cause death:' In this
laudable effort the Voluntary Organisations have played
a valuable role.
;
/ am happy to learn that the Indian Medical Asso
ciation in collaboratin with the Rotary Clubs of India are
organising special immunization camps on 2nd October,
4th Novemer and 2nd December, 1990. These special
camps aim at focussing public attention on the need to
immunize children andpregnant women against vaccine
preventable diseases.
l am confident that active public suport will be ex
tended to the immunization progrqamme.
I wish the organisers every success.
New Delhi,
September 21, 1990
(R.VENKATARAMAN)
impress the fact that the very survival of our nation de
pends upon the success of this programme, this pro
gramme must be above any caste, creed, race or religious
considerations.
- •
•
And lastly, community health education should
build on local beliefs and practices and should use teach
ing methods and techniques which are culturally appro
priate and relevant.
I sincerely hope that you will all participate actively
in these programmes and uphold the prestige and honour
of medical profession.'
I had the prevelige of visiting Laxmeshwar,
Belgaum (M.N. Medical college), Bhadravati, Shimoga
IMA branches, inaugurated 5th Annual Conference of As
3
(Dr. B.M. ALUR, frcs).
CONSULTANT SUGEON & UROLOGIST. GADAG
PRESIDENT. INDIAN MFDICAL ASSOCIATION.
KARNTAKA STATE BRANCH -1990-91.
with Mr. Keith Yeates well known Urologist of England)
Returned to India after 6 months and settled at Gadag,
Dist.: Dharwad as a Consultant Surgeon and Urologist with own
Surgical Nursing Home.
,
Member Techincal Committee family Planning, Govern
ment of Karnataka, 1074-76.
Fellow of Royal Society of Health, London.
Vice-President, I.M.A. Karnatak State Branch -1083-84
Founder Member of D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College,
Gadag.
. .
Surgeon Examiner St. John's Ambulance Association,
Bangalore.
CHAIRMAN, ASSOCIATION OF SURGEONS
OF
INDIA, KARNATAKA STATE CHAPTER - 1988-89.
CHAIRMAN, P.T.A. Kittur Rani Channamma ResidegpS
School for Girls, Kittur, District Belgaum - 1984 - 87.
District Commissioner Scouts, Gadag District -1986-89.
Secretary, I.M.A. Academy of Medical Specialities, Kar
nataka 1989-90
Director, Rotary Club, Gadag - Betgeri.
Vice-President, Indo-Soviet Cultural Society, Gadag
President, Burns Association of India, Gadag Branch 1990
Executive Committee Member, Karnataka Cancer Soci
ety, Gadag Branch -1990-92
Primary Education
at Kanavi Village in Gadag
Taluk, Dharwad dt.
College Education
at Lingaraj College,
Belgaum -1957-58 & P.C. Jabin Science College, Hubli -10SSSO.
Kasturba Medical College Manipal and Mangalore M.B.B.S. 1064
House Surgeon Government Wenlock Hospital and
Lady Goschan Hospital, Mangalore -1964 -1965
Lecturer Anatomy at K.M.C. Hubli in 1965-67.
At England worked at various hospitals in Sanderland,
Grimsby, Burmingham, Rhy 1 (wales), Edinburgh, Newcastleon
Tyne, London, & Glasgow. Registrar Surgeon in General
Surgery for 6 years.
R.C.S. England May 1970
F.
F.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1970
Fellow of International College of Surgeons 1977 F.
C.S. (USA)
I.
Surgeon Superintendent and C.M.O. J.G. Co-Operative
‘ . Hospitals, Ghataprabha, Dist : Belgaum worked there for 7
■ years.
Invited by University of Newcastle on Tyne, (U.K.) as a
visiting fellow surgeon to the Department of Urology (worked
Dr. V. GOVINDARAJU M.D.
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
Secretary LM.A. Karnataka State Branch Diamond Jubilee Cele
brations.
Hon. Joint Secretary of Social Security Scheme, Execu
tive Editor of K.M.J. (1989-90), Convenor of ORT programme in
Karnataka.
Central:
Member of Central Working Committee (alternate) 1989-90, (Regular) 1990-91, IMA Head Quarters.
Member of Advisory Committee : Journal of Indian Medi
cal Association. Invited for Governing Council IMA Academwtf
Specialities.
F )
Others:
Member of Managing Body of the Indian Red Cross So
ciety, Karnataka State Branch.
Joint Convener for Association of Clinical Biochemists of
India Local Chapter.
Awards:
President IMA Appreciation Award for best Adjudged
Hon. State Secretary of the State Branch.
„O(. n 65th u" lndia Medical Conference held at Yamunanagar,
28th December, 1989.
a
Th
PerSOn Trophy in Oral Rehydration
Therapy. 64th All India Diamond Jubilee Medical Conference at
Patna. 28th December, 1988.
As ORT Resource Person won : Merit Certificate to IMA
Bangalore Branch. 63rd All India Medical Conference held at In
dore. 28th December, 1987.
' Dr. V. Govindaraju
is a professor of Biochemis
try at Sri Jayadeva Institute
of Cardiology, Bangalore.
He did his M.B.B.S. from
Bangalore Medical College
and Post Graduation M.D.
(Biochemistry) from Ma
dras Medical College, Ma
dras. He has earlier served
the Government Medical
Colleges at Hubli, Bellary and Bangalore. More than 20 Scien
tific papers were accepted in National and International Confer
ences and has published many articles in Medical Journals.
He has served I.M.A. in various capacities :
Branch (Bangalore) Level :
Hon. Secretary (1986-87), Vice President (1987-88),
Member of I.M.A. Bangalore Trust (1986-90), Member of Execu
tive Committee, State Council and Central Council Since 1984.
’■ During his secretary’s period, Bangalore Branch started
M.A. permanent membership scheme.
I.
State :
.
Senior Vice President (1990-91), Hon. State Secretary
(1989-90), Hon. Joint Secretary (1987-88), Joint Organising
4
MBBSCMdAJU REDDY
vice pnc«inEMT
resident
Is a Consultant Physician
IMA Bangalore East Branch.
Apart from the various professional and academic activi
ties, he has taken keen interest in rehabilitation of Cancer
patients and he is the Founder member and Vice-Chairman of
"Ostomates India".
n
and Cardiologist running a Nursing Homs Raju C|inic Laboratory
and Nursing Home, Lingarajapuram, Bangalore.
He has completed his
’DR.S.P. YOG ANNA M.B.B.S..M.D.,F.I.C.A.(USA),F.C.C.U.(USA)-V.Prasi<lent
graduation and Post Graduation
He is a lecturer in Medi
from Bangalore Medical College.
cine at Mysore Medical College.
Professional Offices
He is a Medical Journalist and
and Assignments I.M.A. Ban
publishes "Arogya Yoga" a
galore Branch President 1987monthly Journal from past 6 years.
88, Vice President - 1985-86,
He has written 13 Books so far in
Secretary 1984-85, Convener.
Kannada for common people
and Chairman for various com
regarding health education. He is
mittees. IMA Karnataka State
Hon. Consultant Cardiologist for
Branch, Joint Secretary 1986-87, State Working Committee
"Arogya Yoga”, Medical Consul
member 1986-87, Central Working Co'mfnittee member (Alt)
tation Centre, Mysore.
President of Karnataka
1987-88. Member of various sub-committees. Secretary IMA,
Kannada Teachers' Association and Krishna RajanagaraTalluk
C.G.P. member Central and State Council-since 6 years. Sec
Students' Welfare Association.
retary, IMA-KSB (1989-90)
Advisor
for
Mysore
District
Kannada
Sahithya Parishath.
Association of Physician of India :- 1. Member ex-.
Member of Sri Kuvempu Vidyavardhaka Parishath,
cir.imittee, karnataka Chapter, 5 years. 2. Treasurer - API
Mysore.
Karnataka Chapter, Since 1986. Attended all State Council and
Central meeting since 1984.
DR. B.S. RAMESH
Social Service
Conducted scores of free health
Dr. B.S. Ramesh hailsfrom
checkup camps since 1984 in remote areas.
Somwarpet, North Kodagu. After
his initial schooling at his native
Life Member :- I.M.A. 2. A.P.I. 3. C.S.I. 4. D.A.I. 5.
place_he
took his MBBS and Post
COPA 6. Cancer Society 7. Academy of Medical Specialist 8.
graduation in Radio Therapy and
IMA club 1984 9. I.M.A. Trust, Bangalore 10. Trustee CMR
Radio Diognosis from Bangalore
Memorial Trust, Bangalore. Spt. Police Officer, Charter Presi
University. He has also special
dent, Lions Club of Bangalore Garden city.
ised in Nuclear medicine and ob
tained DRM from Bombay Univer
PROF. K. S. GOPINATH
Consulting Surgical On
sity. At present he is working as
Hon. TREASURER
Medical Director and Radiation
cologist and Medical Director at
Oncologist at Bangalore Cancer
Bangalore.-Cancer Hospital. He
Hospital.
'has his undergraduate educa
Dr. B.S. Ramesh is aged about 40 years, married, with '
tion at J.J.M. Medical College
one child.
Davanagere, Post-graduate in
General Surgery from G.S.Medical
He has been a member of IMA for nearly 17 vears and
has held various posts and served IMAall these yea, s. He is also
College and K.B.M. Hospital
Bombay. Later he worked as a
a member of various Professional Organisations. He is a Fellow
of
IMA
Academy of Medical Speciality : Member ■ of Indian
senior resident in Surgical On
College of Radiology and Imaging. During his secretaryship in
cology at Tata Memorial Hospital
IMA Bangalore branch, the branch has won the Best branch
Bombay for a period of four years
and at present as a surgical On
award. He was adjudged as best Secretary during that year.
cologist iri Bangalore.
Again, he has assumed the office of the State Secretary
He has many academic
of IMA (KSB) for the year 1990-91.
awards and responsible for starting of new Surgical Oncology at
K.M.I.O. Bangalore, under Bangalore University when he was
Dr. JAGDISH L. MENDA
the Professor and Head of Dept, of Surgery at K.M. I.O. He is the
Hon. Joint-Secretary
recipient of prestigious Travelling Fellowship award i.e. "B.P.
He is a general practitio
Poodar Travelling Fellowship in Oncology 1986”- Calcutta,
ner, passed his M.B.B.S. from
"Mammadi Sandaver Travelling Fellowship in Oncology 1987"Kasturba Medical College,
of New York Charitable Trust. He was the visiting fellow at
Manipal. He was Vice-President
"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre New York, 86-87”. He
and President of Intern's Asso
has many publications in both International and National Jour
ciation of K.M.C., He represented
nals.
as Intern's Representative to
He is the fellow of the International College of Surgeon,
M.A. Udupi branch. He is a state
I.
fellow society of Head and Neck Surgeon U.S.A, and Joint
council member from I.M.A. Ban
Secretary of Indian Society of Oncology. He is the Secretary of
galore South and Hon. Joint-Sec
A.S.I. Bangalore Chapter.
retary of IMA Karnataka State
He is in the IMA activity more than a decade. As a
Branch.
Secretary of the IMA Bangalore branch he has made the
maximum number of membership, During this period this
of LA.G.P. Bangalore, and
branch was awarded Best Branch. Now he is the member of the
earlier was on Joint-Secretary of LA.G.P.
- y
5
so, the bottle should be totally rejected.
5)
Even a small quantity of non-sterile air in
jected. passed into the bottle for some reason, will make
the solution non-sterile and pyrogenic. After the entry of
non-sterile air, sealing the bottles with plaster etc., does
not help at all. This small quantity of non-sterile air
present in the bottle is likely to contaminate the I.V.
Solution. On many occasions an I.V. bottle is discontin
ued for some reasons and the same bottle is used again,
the next day or after some time. This practice should be
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
(Drugs Control Department)
No. DCD/9/DM-1II/90-91.
Office of the Drugs Controller
for the State of Karnataka,
Palace Road, Bangalore -1,
Dated
CIRCULAR
SubGood Hospital Practices to be adopted while
administering I.V. Fluids.
avoided.
6)
Mixing of other drugs with I.V. Fluids is a
common practice followed in the Hospitals. Care should
Many times problems arise because of improper
be taken to see that the drug added is compatible with the
and unscientific administaration of I.V. Fluids in Hospitals/
I.V.Fluid and do not give rise to any adverse reaction in
Nursing Homes. Due care must be taken while prepara
the solution, there by imbalancing the Ph. of the solution
tion and administration of I.V. Fluids. Good Hospital/
Nursing Home practices can avoid mishaps: Hence all the
and isotonicity etc.
Doctors, Nurses and other para-medical personnel are
7)
Needles and syringes used for injectiiyynother drug in an I.V. Fluid should be "Sterile and PyrLa4n
requested to observe the following good hospital prac
tices while administering the I.V. Fluids to the patients.
free". The common practice of boiling the needles and
1)
A bottle/container containing I.V. Fluids has
syringes for sometime is not enough to make them "sterile
to be visually examined before use, for any possible leaks,
and pyrogen free". It is preferable to use "Sterile dispos
turbidity, suspended particles, fungusgrowth etc. The I.V.
able needles and syringes" which are manufactured
Fluid should be administered only if the fluid is clear and
under a licence and are of good quality.
free from any particulate matter.
Please note, the above a good practices are in
2)
Before a bottle is set for administration, the
addition to any other precautions that may be necessary
rubber plug of the bottle has to be pierced with a new
while administering the I.V. Fluids to patients.
sterile S.S. needle, preferably having an air-filter. This is.
Before coming to any conclusion on any adverse
done in order to allow entry of air into the.bottle for ..reaction, please check up the above parameters.
withdrawing displaced solution. Any deviation in this
procedure will lead to contamination of the fluid in the
(V.B. DESAI)
bottle.
DRUGS CONTROLER
3)
The quality of the infusion set including the
TO
scaipvien set is of great importance while using I .V.Fluids.
Only a new sterile infusion set of standard quality must be
1)
The Director, Health & Family Welfare Services,
used which is manufactured under a licence. The infusion
Bangalore, with a request to circulate to all the
set should not be re-used. Many times, it is observed, that
Hospitals in the State for strict compliance.
the infusion sets of poor quality are used or they are re2)
The Director of Medical Educaton, Bangalore, .uh
usedaftersimplyboilingit. This practice is tq be totally dis
a request to circulate to all the Hospitals under his
couraged. Any lapse at this stage leads to reactions/comcontrol for strict compliance.
' plications.
3)
The President/Secretary, Indian Medical
4)
While a drip is in use, the atmospheric air
Association, Alur Venkata Rao Road, Bangalore which is non-sterile, constantly bubles through the solu18,
tion. this atmospheric air is likely to make the solution non4)
The Director, E.S.I.S, Rajajinagar,Bangalore -10.
sterile and pyrogenic after 6 to 8 hours. The I.V. Fluid do
5)
The Central Government .Health Services
not contain any bacteriostat or bacteriocide (commonly
(C.G.H.S;)
called as preservative). The results of detailed studies
6)
All the Medical Colleges in the State,
have disclosed that even inside the same Hospital, the
7)
The Director of Indian System of Medicine and
degree of infection varies with the varying environmental
Homeopathy, Bangalore - 9
conditions of different wards, hence, a bottle should not be
8)
The Principal, College of Nursing, K.R. Road,
used- beyond 8 hours. If for some reasons a drip is
Bangalore-2,
discontinued and the bottle is not used within 8 hours or
9)
All the Private major Hospitals within Karnataka.
6
KARNATAKA RAJYOTHSAVA AWARDEES OF 1990
Dr. M. Gurappa,obtained M.B.B.S. at Karantaka Medical College in 1962, M.S.
General Surgery in 1969 and Meh in 1972 from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi.
He was in 1977 deputed for higher training from W.H.O. for open Cardiac Surgery.
He was trained at National Heart, London, Karotinska Hospital sweeden, & Bakuiu
Institute, U.S.S.R.
He is instrumental in opening department of Thoracic and Cardio vascular Surgery
in Government Medical College namely Mysore and Bellary and also at Sri Jayadeva
Institute of Cardiology Bangalore. He performed the first ever open heart Surgery in
Government Hospital in 1980 at Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cordiology. He started post
doctoral course in Meh in Thorasic and Cardio Vascular Surgery at the same institute.
Presented many papers at state & National Conference. He was invited to deliver a guest lecture at National
Institute of Cardio Vascular Disease osaka Japan in June 1989 on "History and Development of Cardio Thoracic
Surgery in India". Awarded Gold Medal for the oration at Bijapur in June 1990, at the Joint Conference held by A.P.I.
and C.S.I. of India, Karnataka Chapter.
At present he is the Director of Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology.
Dr.-Chikkananjappa Completed his M.B.B.S. at Mysore Medical College in 1956
later deputed to U.K. in the year 1961 and underwent extensive training at whittington and
Brompton Chest Hospitals London and obtained M.R.C.P. After return from abroad he
served as Assistant professor of Medicine at Bangalore Medical College and Honorary
Physician at Victoria Hospital. Later he started his own B.M.S. Polyclinic and Nursing
Home. He was an elected member of the senate of Bangalore university for 5 years. He
is also elected President of the Karnataka Medical Council. During his regime the Karna
taka Medical Council has become a model in the whole of the country and the decisions
of the council is quoted by the other councils in India and up held by the courts. He is one
of the Trustee of the Medical Education and Research Trust and past Vice-President of
A.P.I. Karnataka Chapter.
Founder Secretary of the Association of Nursing Homes and Private Hospitals, Bangalore.
Apart from the profesional and other activities, he is still an active agriculturist and Horticulturist.
DR. SULOCHANA GUNASHEELA F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G., D.A. (Lond)
President - (South Zone) All India Co-ordination Committee of Royal College of
Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and Ex-President of Bangalore Society of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology.
Qualified from Mysore Medical College in 1955. - Gold Medalist and recipient of
several prizes. - Trained in England for about 9 years before returning to Bangalore. - Hon.
Surgeon in Vani Vilas Hospital from 1967-74. - Now running her own private hospital by the
name of Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Hospital. Catering to most modern Obstetrical,
Gynaecological and Neonatal services. Poineered the project of Mass Laparoscopic Ster
ilisation camps in Karnataka and whole South India.
Her Research Laboratory known as Gunasheela Institute of Research In Reproduc'
Qm ifh India
tion recently achieved the fame
off Hnwinn
having rvnHi
produced tho
the Pircf
First hahv
baby of
of South
India hw
by 'Gamete Intra
Intra Pallnnian
Fallopian Trancfar
Transfer'.’
She has another on-going GIFT pregnancy now.
Dr. B.M. Jayaram is a Professor & Head of Medicine Department, Bowring and Lady
Curzen Hospital Bangalore. Qualified from Mysore Medical College M.B.B.S. in 1960 and
Awarded Gold Medal for highest in Medicine and Surgery of Mysore University. Did his M D
(General Medicine) at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
He has worked in the Department of Medicine at all the Government Medical
Colleges in Karnataka since 1962. Advisor for combined medical Services examination ol
U.P.S.C., West Bengal P.S.C.; National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. He has
published more than 40 scientific papers including research work on immunology in thyroid
disease sponsored by Burrough's Wellcome foundation. Great Britain. He was the Organ
ising Secretary of 30th National Conference of Indian Society of Gastro Enterology held at
Bangalore in Oct. 1989.
7
CONGRATULATIONS
Dr. N.R. Acharya.
Convener, IMA Building Committee,
IMA, Karnataka State Branch - Bangalore.
Has been elected as "SENIOR VICE-PRESI
DENT" of Indian Medical Association (Head Quar
ters), New Delhi for the year 1991.
•
He is the Central Working Committee Member for
the last 14 years, Honorary Assistant Secretary, IMA
Head Quarters, New Delhi 1986.
Secretary, State IMA for two years 1974-75 & 1979-80. Treasurer, IMA State
Branch 1976-79. First Vi’ce-President, IMA State Branch 1984-85.
The I.M.A. Karnataka State Office bearers meet Honourable Health Minister Smt k q
was led by Dr. V. Govindaraju, Senior Vice-President of I M
8
m~------- -
gara,namma- The team
THE MEMORANDUM ON EMERGENCY MEDICINE
submitted to the government of Karnataka
1.
We the members of Indian Medical Associa
tion of Karnataka State Branch encourage the develop
ment of all systems of medicines in their own field and
strongly oppose the move of the Government to consider
reintroduction of 18 months "Emergency Medicine"
Course to the students of Ayurvedic and Unani system of
medicine.
2.
This kind of mixing of systems from modern
medicine with Ayurvedic and Unani medicine gives a halfbaked knowledge to the students of other systems of
medicine which is ultimately detrimental to the health of
pi' "'C.
3.
As it is, we have 18 Medical Colleges, teach; ing modern system of medicine, producing more than the
required number of doctors in the modern system of
medicine. Hence,to have one group of half baked doctors
in different system of medicine is not called for. When we
are finding it difficult to meet the present day challenge
even with ourfive years training of modern medicine to our
students, how can this 18 months course of Emergency
Medicine-where modern medicine is taught to the
students of other systems of (Ayurvedic & Unani) medi. cine-solve the problem. It is unfortunate that the Govern
ment has not understood the meaning of Emergency
Medicine.
8.
Just because there is a threat by a section
of students belonging to different system of medicine
aspiring to learn the modern system of medicine, the
Government should not yield to this kind of pressure
tactics. The issue should be thrashed out its merit.
9.
The science in the modern system of
medicine has advanced so much that one should give a
very serious thought to consider whether it is possible
within 18 months time to impart any beneficial knowledge
to the students of other system of medicine who are
ultimately allowed to use this knowledge on the patients
health-care-delivery.
Only Allopathic doctors are
registered in Karnataka Medical Council. The doctors of
other system of medicines are registered in organisations
of their own systems. If something were to happen to a
patient by the treatment of these half baked doctors, which
council will investigate the case? Ultimately it becomes
the responsibility of the State Government to face the
problem and pay the cpmpansation. These half-baked
doctors will only blame the Government, saying that it is
the result of inadequate training they got from this emer
gency course of. 18 months time.
10.
The Government therefore should view the
above stated points with due consideration and should not
yield to the pressure tactics of strikes and counter-strikes
by the medical men. The ultimate objective should be,
whether this kind of knowledge will help to cater to the
health needs of public at large, should be kept at the back
of its mind.
4.
Already there exists, a good number of
unemployed doctors in our state. This move of the
government to introduce 18 months course of Emergency
Medicine will only add to the existing grievences of
th ^doctors who are practising modern system of
rtivSicine.
11.
We wish that Government will not force the
Indian Medical Association to issue a mandate to all Allo
pathic doctors not to teach modern medicine to the stu
dents of other system of medicine.
5.
Government should think of utilising the
services of these qualified doctors in modern medicine in
an efficient way rather than bringing out mixture of half
baked doctors.
6.
This point of emergency course .came for
clearance in the neighbouring states also which finally got
disapproved. This type of Emergency Medicine Course of
teaching modern medicine to Ayurvedic and Unani stu
dents does not exist in any other state which fact should
be an eye opener for Karnataka Government.
RESOLUTION :
Therefore it is resolved that "The Indian Medical
Association being a body representing the doctors o'
modern system of medicine in India wished to express
its objection to the move of the Government for consider
ing to reintroduce the system of teaching modern medi
cine to the students of Ayurvedic and Unani system of
medicine."
7.
Wisely, even the academic council of Ban
galore University did not recommend this course, taking
the pros and cons into Consideration.
9
FOR THE ATTENTION OF STATE COUNCIL & CENTRAL
COUNCIL MEMBERS
INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH
Cir. No./7/90-91
IMA HOUSE
Alur Venkata Rao Road,
Bangalore -18
Date : 17-12-1990
The Honorary Secretaries,
Local Branches of IMA,
Members of the State & Central
Council, All Past Presidents,1
Of IMA Karnataka State.
Dear Doctors,
The 183rd State Council Meeting of the Indian Medical
Association Karnataka State Branch will be held under the
auspices of IMA Bangalore East Branch on Sunday the 20th
January 1991 at 2-00 p.m. Please make it convenient to attend
the meeting.
Venue :
Auditorium of the Lakeside Medical Centre
& Hospital, 33/4, Meanee Avenue Road, Banga
lore-560042
(NEAR ULSOOR LAKE)
AGENDA:
1.
Welcome by President.
2.
Co-option of the local Branch President
3.
Reading of the, Notice of the meeting
4.
Resolution of condolence, if any.
5.
Messages of inability to attend, if any.
6.
Confirmation of the minutes of the 182nd State
Council Meeting.
7.
Adoption of State Secretary's Report.
8.
Report by local Branches' Secretaries.
,9.,
Adoption of Statement of Recei'pts and payments
for October & November 1990.
10.
KMJ Editor’s Report and adoption of audited
statement of KMJ accounts 1989-90.
11.
Adoption of Diamond Jubilee Accounts.
12.
Any other subjects with permission of the Chair.
13.
Vote of Thanks.
Dr. Jagdish L. Menda
Hon. Joint Secretary
To.
All State & Central Council Members,
I.M.A. Karnataka State.
Dear Colleagues,
We are pleased to inform you that we are sponsoring the
183rd State Council meeting of the Indian Medical Association,
Karanataka State Branch, on 20th January 1991 at 2p.m. at the
Auditorium of the Lake Side Medical Centre & Hospital, 33/4
Meanee Avenue Road, (Near Ulsoor Lake) Bangalore 42. We
cordially extend this invitation to you, to attend the same. The
Hon. Secretary of IMA Karanataka State Branch, would intimate
to you about the agenda, etc.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
(Dr. Dilip JavaW
Hon. Secret™1)
P.S.
Lunch : 1 p.m. to 2 p.m.
The following Local Branches have not sent the Addressograph and HFC dues due on 1710-1990 for the year 1990-91
and the Local Branches are liable for suspension. They may
take necessary steps to revive if necessary immediately..
The respective Presidents, Secretaries, Central and
State Council Members are requested to hurry up to do the
needful:
1. Athani
15. Guledgud
30. Mahalingpur
2.
Anekal
16. Gundlupet
31. Magadi
3.
Ankola
18. Harihar
32. Malur
4.
Bagalkot
19. Hunsur
33. Nargund
5.
Bellary
20. Ilkal
34. Nanjangud
6.
Badami
21. Khanapur
35. Navalgund
7.,Channapatna
22. KGF
36. Ramdurg
8. Coofg
23. Kolar
37. Rajajinagar
9.
Chincholi
24. Kadur
38. Ron
10.
Chamarajnagar 25. Kundgol
39. Savanur
11 .Davanagere
26. Koppal
40. Seda'm
12.
Gadag
27. Mandya
41. T. NarfrT'our
13.
Gangavathi
28. Mysore
42. UdupiW
14.
Ghataprabha
29. Mundgod
Note : Please ignore if you have already complied with. Kindly
inform full details in such cases.
Rate of HFC, KMJ, FOCUS and C.G.P. subscription to be
sent by local branches to Kamatka State Branch :
Dr. B.S. Ramesh
Hon. State Secretary
Members are requested to contact:
Dr. Dilip Javali
Tel.: 566723
Honorary Secretary,
; 566738
IMA Bangalore East Branch,
(office)
Lakeside Medical Centre & Hospital
33/4, Meanee Avenue Road, Bangalore - 560 042.
Members
HFC
Single
Couple
Single life
Couple life ?■
60
90
600
940
.
KMJ
FOCUS
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
100
CGP Total
'
10
20
150
300
Noto : subscription to C.G.P-, is optional.
10
.'■90
130
950
1440
IMA MOTTO OF THE YEAR
FULLY IMMUNIZE EVERY INFANT - 1990
PLEASE ENROLL A NEW MEMBER TO STRENGTHEN YOUR NATIONAL
ORGANISATION
5.
INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH
IMA HOUSE, A.V. ROAD,'BANGALORE -18.
Cir. No.77/90-91
Date:29-11-1990
The Chief Minister.
6.
Director of Medical Education - Bangalore.
7.
President/Secretary IMA Head Quarters, New Delhi.
8.
President/Secretary IMA KSB Bangalore.
nir
The text of the resolution with reason is herewith
enclosed for your information and needful action.
The Hon. Secretaries,
of all IMA Branches
Thanking you.
Dear Sir,
I understand that the Government of Karnataka is
planning to reintroduce the 18 months course of emer
gency medicine to Ayurvedic and Unani students of
medicine.
Indian Medical Association strongly opposes this
move. Please pass a "Resolution" in your emergency
Managing/Executive Committee meeting and send the
copies of the resolution to the following officials.
Yours Sincerely,
(Dr. B.S. RAMESH)
Hon. State Secretary.
NOTE: Please inform all the members of your branch who
are owning private nursing home or clinics to be
careful in employing the Ayurvedic/Unani doctors
who are trained in emergency medicine and are
using Allopathic system of medicine, as they may
- pose a legal complication if any mishap happens
while treating the patients by them using modern
system of medicine under their (Members) medi
cal establishments.
1. Chancellor of Universities in Karnataka State
-;the Governor of Karnataka.
2. Vice-Chancellors of all Universities in Karnataka.
i^. Minister of Health and Family Welfare.
4.
Secretary to the ministry of Health and Family
Welfare.
fflay all be Happy and rid of disease. May all have happy, (Prosperous and harmonious life.
May nobody ever be afflicted with Sorrow and Suffering in lifeM aspire neitherfor (Kingdom nor
heaven orfinal emancipation. My only desire is that suffering people be relieved of the affliction of
•■ ■
pa in and disease.
11
BE A GUEST AT IMA GUEST HOUSE.
List of IMA Guest Houses
Andhra Pradesh
1) IMA Building
Boxe Road Tenali
2) IMA Building
Motupallivari Street
Near Sunday Market,
Bhimavaram - 534201
3) IMA Building
Sultan Bazar,
Hyderabad
4) IMA Building
Sedemtrivani
Agraharam, Edepelli
Machilipatnam-521001
Bengal
5) Journal of the Indian
Medical Association,
IMA House, 53,
Creek Row,
Calcutta - 700 014
Bihar
6) IMA House
Luby Circular Road,
Dhanbad - 826 001
7) IMA Building
Medical Association Road
Patna - 800 004
Chandigarh
8) IMA house
Sector 35-B .
Chandigarh
New Delhi
9) IMA House, I.P. Marg
New Delhi - 110 002
13) BWSB IMA Building
Behind Chandan Cinema,
Military Road,
J.V.P.D. Scheme,
Bombay - 400 049
Manipur
14) IMA House, IMPHAL
IMPHAL - 795 004
Orissa
15) IMA House,
Medical Road,
Ranihat
Cuttack - 753 007
Karnataka
10) IMA House
Alur Venkata Rao Road
Bangalore -560 018
Rajasthan
16) Govt. City
Dispensary
Jhalwar
Maharashtra'
11) IMA House,
North Ambazari Road,
Nagpur - 400 020
Uttar Pradesh
17) IMA Building
C-7/31 Chetganji,
Varanasi
12) IMA House,
16K, Khadya Marg,
Mumbai - 400 034
18) IMA Bhavan
River Bank Colony,
Lucknow 226 018
For further details and reservation of accommdation, please write to the Hony. Secretary of the Branch
'concerned at the address given against each.
While at Bangalore stay at IMA Karnataka State Branch Guest Hou^e
Incidental and Maitenance Charges at follows :
1.
For IMA members
2.
For IMA members coming
on IMA State branch Work
3.
For Non-IMA Members Subject to availabilites
Ten days advance intimation required for reservation
Single bed per day
Rs. 20 - 00
Double bed per day
Rs. 40 - 00
Rs. 10-00
Rs. 40 - 00
Rs. 20 - 00
Rs. 80 - 00
Utilise IMA lecture Hall (Auditorium) for your programmes ;
Incidental and Maintenance Charges as follows :
Upto 4 Hrs.
More than 4 Hrs.
For academic activities of
Sister medical organisations
When no registration fee is Charged
Rs. 75/Rs. 100-00
When registration fee is Charged
Rs. 150/-.
Rsi 200 - 00
For non-medical organisations
Rs. 200/Rs" 300 - 00
(Rupees 50/- will be extra as Miso. Charges towards cleaning the premises if lunch or dinner is arranged by these organisations)
12
IMA COLLEGE OF GENERAL
PRACTITIONERS
I
I
Dean of Studies
Dr. Harish Grover (Delhi)
Hony. Secretary
Dr. Dharam Prakash (Delhi)
FEE Rs. 1350 PAYABLE IN ADVANCE
(Including Life Membership Fee of IMACGP of Rs. 150/-
Important
Announcement
Honorary Fellowship
Write to Dean/Hony. Secretary, IMA College of General
Practitioners, IMA House, Indraprastha Marg,
New Delhi- 110 002
IMA CGP
I
'
”66th ALL INDIA MEDICAL CONFERENCE
AHAMEDABAD"
25TH TO 30TH DECEMBER 1990
HOSTED BY : GUJARAT STATE BRANCH, I.MA.
ASSISTED BY : AHMEDABAD MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
GOLDEN JUBILEE CELEBRATION
Honorary Fellowship of the College is now open for
certain categories of members of .the college as pre
scribed.
Nominations made by two Fellows of the College
on the prescribed form are invited through their respective
State Faculties. Those selected by the Academic Council. IMACGP (acting as the Credential Committee) Shall be
VENUE:
Tagore Hall, Sanskar Kendra, Museum
Complex, Paldi, Ahmedabad - 380 007
conferred Honorary Fellowship during the Annual
Convocation of the College in August each year at the
venue of the IMACGP National Conference on General
Practice.
Criteria for Selection : Any life member of the
,
College with a seniority of 20 years or more in the profes
sion and membership of IM A for a continuous period of 15
■ years or more who fulfills the following requirements may
be considered for award of Honorary Fellowship.
a)
Academic
a^^ds won etc.
achievements,
b)
Hony. Professor,
IMACGP, at National/State level.
c)
Registration Charges:
On or before
31-10-1990
A. Delegate fees
Rs. 10/-.
B. Registration fee:
(1) Delegates:
a. IMA members
Rs. 250/b. Non members
Rs. 350/(2) Associate delegates:
accompanying family members /
children .
Rs. 250/(3) Trade delegates Rs. 350/(4) Foreign delegates $ 100/-
distinctions,
Teaching
Correspondence Educational
Course Leading to
Fellowship of the College
Faculty
after
31-10-90
Rs. 10/-.,
Rs. $00/Rs. 400/-
Rs. 300/Rs. 400/-'
$ 150/-
Programme in nut-shell:
Office,-bearership IMA/IMACGP/IMAAMS.
— Working Committee Meeting
— Zonal F.W. Seminar
— Women Doctors’ Conference
— C.M.E. Programme
— Opening of Scientific Exhibition
26th December: — Central Council Meeting
— Opening of Scientific Section
27th December: — Central Council Meeting
28th December: — Inauguration of the Conference &
onwards upto
Scientific Session etc.
30th December noon:
25th December:
d)
Contributions to journals, periodicals, scien
tific meetings, workshops, seminars and symposia.
The nomination forms duly completed shall be
accompanied Bio-data of nominee and a Bank Draft
for Rs. 2500/-in favour of IMA College of General Practi
tioners, New Delhi, For further details etc. write to
Dean/Hony, Secretary, IMA College of General Practitio
ners, IMA House, Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi - 110
002.
13
NEWS CLIPPINGS
Teachers plea to fill up posts in Medical colleges
Express News Service
Bangalore, Dec. 12 : Karnataka Government Medical and Dental College Teachers Association has appealed
to the Government to fill the 386 vacancies existing for the last seven years.
Fortyeight percent of the teaching posts in Bellary Medical College, 45 percent in the Hubli Medical College, 40
percent each in Bangalore and Mysore Medical Colleges are lying vacant, Association president Dr. B. Sadashivamurthy said in a memorandum to the Government.
In all, 44 posts of professors, 62 assistant professors and 280 lectures are vacant. Barring appointments of 13
lecturers this year, no vacancies have been filled in spite of repeated pleas, he said.
The memorandum reminded that the Indian Medical Association had raised objection when the intake of medjcal
students were increased from 150 to 200 during the President's rule in the State. The reason for the objection was the
direct shortage of teaching staff and other facilities. It was also pointed out that the post-graduation diploma course
conducted by the Bangalore Medical College did not get recognition for the similar reasons, the memorandum
said.
■
INDIAN EXPRESS 13-12-T990
IMA opposes ayurvedic students' plea
Bangalore, Nov. 30 : The Indian Medical Association has opposed the Ayurvedic students' demand for a
diploma course in medicine and surgery.
The Association, said in a press release that a diploma in medicine would not convey any meaning but only help
the vested interests to obtain licence in allopathy for practice. The ayurvedic students, instead of demanding a diploma
course in allopathic medicine should demand a post-graduation or super-specialities course in their two system of
medicine, it said.
None of the doctors who get a diploma in allopathic medicine would practice ayurvedic, unani and homeopathic
medicine the Association said.
INDIAN EXPRESS 1-12-1990
KMC's plea to employ registered doctors only
By Our Staff Reporter
BANGALORE, Dec. 1 — The Karnataka Medical Council has warned nursing homes and private hospital*
against employing doctors, not registered with the KMC or the Medical Council of India.
It has been brought to the notice of the KMC that some hospitals are guilty of the practice, which is contrary to
the provisions of the Karnataka Medical Registration Act and the Indian Medical Council Act, according to KMC
President Chikkananjappa, who has called for an immediate halt to such irregulariities.
The KMC President told Deccan Herald that most of the unregistered doctors are not qualified in "modern
scientific medicine", and are employed because they do not have to be paid as much as qualified allopathic
practitioners. Neither the KMC nor the MCI had jurisdiction for the disciplinary action against unregistered doctors if
they are found guilty of malpractices, Dr. Chikkananjappa pointed out.
There are 30,000 doctors registered with the KMC at present, out of whom between 18,000 and 20,000 are
practising in the State. A few years ago, the Principals of medical colleges in the State were asked to send lists of
doctors, who qualified tb the KMC each year. The doctors are then registered provisionally, pending the completion
of formalities. Most of those provisionally registered got themselves registered later, the President added.
AYURVEDIC STUDENTS : The Indian Medical Association, Bangalore Branch, has said that the demand of
ayurvedic students for diploma in medicine and surgery, was meaningless and would amount to "licenced quackery."
14
In a press release, Association Secretaries Dr. S.M. Sureswaraiah and Dr. P. Nagaraja Sharma, said that a
diploma in medicine would suit only vested interests to obtain licence in allopthy for practice.
"A diploma in medicine means a diploma in ENT, diploma in Orthopeadics, but a diploma in medicine and surgery
would mean a diploma in 40 disciplines of common medicine as there could be no diploma in general surgery and
medicine. How can a BASM student demand a diploma in medicine for all the 40 desciplines in medical sciences in
two and a half years," they asked.
It was not understandable why the students are demanding an allopathic diploma rather than post-graduation
arid super specialities in theirown system oVpe^icine, they said, adding that the IMA would neither approve nor accept
such an "unhealthy" programme in the interest of the public as well as the professional interest of both Ayurvedic and
Allopathic systems. Moreover the matter was beyond the control of the university or Government, the release said.
DECCAN HERALD 2-12-1990
Caution on doctors' appointment
Express New Service
Bangalore, Dec. 1: The Karnataka Medical Council has warned nursing homes and private hospitals in the State,
not to employ doctors who are not registered with eitherthe Karnataka Medical Council or the Medical Council of India.
Ijja press note issued here, the President of the Council informed that employing such doctors was contrary to
the pr^sions of the Karnataka Medical Registration Act and the Indian Medical Act. He has urged that such
irregularities be stopped.
INDIAN EXPRESS 2-12-1990
PLEDGE
The leaders of the South Asian Association SAARC
agreed to observe :
1991 - SAARC Year of Shelter.
TO THE CHILDREN OF INDIA
1992 - SAARC Year of Enviornament.
We the undersigned, on behalf of the Rotarians
in India and members of Indian Medical Association,
pledge to work together to protect the children of
India from the scourges of debilitation and death
from Vaccine Preventable Diseases.
1993 - SAARC Year of Disabled persons.
to focus attention on vital isues affecting the
Region.
‘
,
IMA FOCUS
-
We are united in the goal and re-emphasise our
goal to eliminate crippling Polio from India and in
this mission, we invite every voluntary, organisation
interested in this goal to collaborate and
participate.
(News Bulletin of the IMA Karnatka State Branch)
Advertisement Tariff Per Insertion
COV84 PAGES
2nd Cover Front Inside Full Page
Rs. 1,200.00
3rd Cover Back Inside Full Page
Rs. 1,200.00
4th Cover Back Full Page'
Rs. 1,500.00
On behalf of
Rotarians of India
M.L. MANCHANDA
Chairman
ORDINARY POSITION
Full Page
Rs. 1,000.00
Half Page
Rs.
600.00
Quarter Page
Rs.
300.00
SPECIAL POSITION
PLACE: DELHI
,
DR. R. J. SINGH
President
Polio plus Immunisation task force India
23-8-90
Full Page
On behalf of
Indian Medical Association
Rs. 1,200.00
15
■ Registered with the Registrar of New
Regd. No- L/NP/KRNU-175
SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEME
INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH
DETAILS OF THE SCHEME :
-
1)
ELIGIBILITY
a) Membership is open only to the members of
IMA Karnataka State Branch.
i) Any member below the age of 40 years.
ii) Above the age of 40 years and below age of
50 years having a continue as membership of 3 years of
IMA State.
iii) A member of above the age of 50 years and
below the age of 60 years having a continuous member2
ship of IMA State for atleast 7 years.
2)
FEES
Membership Contribution Rsl 1,00,0/- to all the
-members. In ADDITION THE ADMISSION FEES ARE AS
. FOLLOWS :i) Members below the age of 30 years Rs. 200-00 ,
--Ji) Members between the age of 31 to 40 years
’ ■■
Rs. 250-00
'«). Members between the age of 41 to 50 years
__
Rs. 400-00
■iv")' Members between the age of 51 to 60 years
Rs. 600-00
FRATERNITY AMOUNT
Fraternity amount of Rs. 50/- per death. For the
Convenience of members fraternity amount may be paid
at Rs. 100/-half yearly OR Rs. 2,000/- to be kept as
deposit, the interest otwhichwill be adjusted to fraternity
amount. The actuakfrajernityafiyqunt of the year will be
adjusted with thexfino^rtiLp^i'^'IJWkess, it will be carried
-to next year anijifl/s^, wnHie-poiteaed from the mem
bers.
»Ss^5/ '
' ;•
3. The fraternity contribtion is Rs. 50/- death of a
member, out'tjf tfS? amount Rs. 30/- will go to the
■ deceased family/members, Rs. 10/- to tfre disabled'
member and Rs. 10£ to the corpus.
How much th'e family would get? Depends on the
No. of the members of the Sceheme.
for example
for 2,000 members 2,000x30=Rs. 60,000/for 3,000 members 3,000x30=Rs. 90,000/for 4,000 members 4,000x30=Rs.1,20,000/for 5,000 members 5.000x30=Rs.1,50,000/4. For disability of a member to earn his livelihood
subject to the approval of the Managing Committee an<
Expert Committee for Disabled Members.
5. Assuming that there are 4 deaths every ye.
the probable amount of Fraternity contribution would br
Rs. 50x4= Rs. 200/- Say to a miximum extent a meml^f
may contribute would be Rs. 4,000/- plus the contribution
money of Rs. 1000/- and admission fees.
6. The Contribution ismuch less when compared
to LIC Premium Life'lnsurance, for on insurance of Rs.
One Lakh, Rs. 5,000/-approximately needs to be paid per
annum. butinthisScheme.totalcontributionislikelytobe'
I
tion.
(1)
Note : ffiwjdes7yD's*tb beytirawn in favour of
IMA Karnd^^ocfet'Security Scheme.
For out Statiofra-fts. .WT-^to be paid extra.
ill)
COMMENCEMENT OF SCHEME
The Scheme shall come into effect from
1-1-1991
HIGHLIGHTS OF SCHEME
1. Security is given against any kind of death of
the member, may be natural or un-natural.
2. Th initial contribution is very meagre amount
and most likely 80-G exemption under income Tax Act,
will be available. The fees are Rs. 1,000/- as contribution
and admission charges.
9
>2
Rs. 5,000/- for all the years. '
I <0
O r-’
Probably the Social Security Scheme may able to 1 W
r
cover Rs. 40,000/- through Group Insurance Scheme of
P ft
LICtoyourmemberwithoutaskingforanyextracontribu- Q m io £'>.
ENROLMENT FOR MEMBERSHIP IS OPEN
Please Correspond with:
Dr. V. Govindaraju,
Hon. Jt Secretary
IMA. Karnataka State Social Security Scheme,
IMA House, Alur Venkat Rao Road,
Bangalore - 560 018
Phone : Residence : 225179
Office : 602255
Or
(2)
Dr. Vyas A. Uchila
Hon. Secretary,
IMA Karnataka State Social Security Scheme,
(IMA K.S.S.S. SCHEME). Varada Clinic,
Nehru Stadium Road,
HUBLI - 580 020
Phone: Office: 62117
Printed by Rashmi Typoset. Bangalore-27, Edited & Published by Dr. V. Govindaraju for Indian
Medical Association, Karnataka State Branch, Alur Venkata Rao Road, Bangalore - 560 018.
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21-10-1 982
1
EDITORIAL
49th KARNATAKA STATE
MEDICAL CONFERENCE
The 49th Karnataka State Medi
cal Conference which was held at
Chitradurga was a grand success.
The historic town
wore a festive
look
and
sheltered a lot of
eminent men and women of the
medical
profession drawn from
different parts of the State. The
organisers had done a stupendous
task in not only arranging adequate
accommodation
and
excellent
cuisine but also giving a personal
touch to their hospitality.
ISSUE 7
THE GOVERNMENT THAT ACTS
The immediate Past-President of the Karnataka State Branch of the
IMA had written a letter to the Government regarding Quackery.
IMA
FOCUS had editorially also made a strong case against Quackery.
The result is Mr. A Mohandas Moses, Secretary to Government,
Home Department, has addressed a DO letter to Mr- N. K. Prabhakara
Rao, Secretary to Government, Health and Family Welfare Department.
The text of the letter is given below :
Dear Shri Prabhakara Rao,
Please find herein enclosed a copy of letter dated 6th October, 1982
received from the President, Indian Medical Association, Karnataka
Dr. T. M. Hema Reddy, Chair
man, Dr. S. Sivanappa, Organising
Secretary, other office-bearers and
members of organising committee
have toiled long and hard and rightly
deserve our appreciation. The inaguration function was well attended
and Hon'ble Minister for Power,
Government of Karnataka, Sri G. T.
Aswatha Reddy while inaugurating
the conference appreciated the work
done by the medical profession and
lauded its nobility.
Sri
S. N.
Shanthakumar, Deputy
Commis
sioner of Chitradurga, had broughtout in his speech the basic need of
good bedside manners in a success-
(See page 15)
State Branch regarding steps to be taken for abolition of quackery in our
State. The matter pertains to the Health and Family Welfare Department
and necessary action on the suggestion of the Indian Medical Associa
tion, Karnataka State Branch may have to be initiated by it.
I may
however suggest that a meeting may be arranged with the Indian
Medical Association representatives for a detailed discussion of the
matter and the various steps to be taken.
The Director General and
Inspector General of Police and myself may also be associated with the
discussions if you so desire-
With regards.
Yours sincerely,
A. MOHANDAS MOSES
[For Correspondence see last page]
Secretary to Government
Home Department
Government of Karnataka
Declining Standards of Medical Education Deplored
Honourable Minister for Health
and Family Welfare Sri A, K. Abdul
Samad, Honourable Minister for
l ower Aswath Reddy; Sri C. A. J.
Zunaidi, Chairman, Karnataka Hous
ing Board, Government of Karnataka
Sri H. Hanmanthappa Member of
Parliament. Dr. V. Narayanaswamy,
Director Health and Family Welfare
Services; Sri S. S. Shanthakumar,
Deputy Commissioner, Chitradurga;
President-Elect, Dr. B. V. Rajagopal;
Dr. M. T. Hema Reddy, Chairman,
Organising
Committee; DrS.
Sivanappa, Secretary, Organising
Committee; my dear fellow mem
bers, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It has become almost tradi
tional for organisers of successive
conferences of IMA, Karnataka State
to host each year's function in a
magnificient manner.
I wish to
express my deep appreciation on
behalf of IMA Karnataka State to
the estimable organisers for hosting
this 49th Karnataka State Medical
Conference in this historic town of
Chitradurga.
I wish to recall my observations
on the presidential speech delivered
by me in Shimoga at the inaugural
function of the 48th Karnataka State
Medical Conference. Although
almost all the points raised have
been fulfilled or properly channe
lised, the considerable experience
and feedback gained from this pro
fessional organisation has helped
me to arrive at some fundamental
and important observations about
the maladies of the profession and
afflictions affecting society.
The wholesale aping of west
without tailoring to the needs and
aspirations of people has widened
the gap between the doctor and his
patient.
The medical profession
2
even though, by and large, widely
respected can never always maintain
the acme of technical competence.
Hence it may land in troubled
waters and allegations against it
have been levelled by the public
time and again. An average doctor
in our country sees many more
patients than he ought to see yet
fewer than those who would like to
be seen.' The problems that roll on
to a doctor's doorstep cover a wide
spectrum,ranging from sagging ana
tomies to suicides, from unwanted
childlessness to unwanted preg
nancy, from marital difficulties to
learning difficulties, from genetic
counselling to drug addiction, from
lethargy and criminal tendencies, in
Speech delivered by the out
going President of the IMA
Karnataka State Branch Dr. IZ.
Parameshvara at the 49th Kar
nataka State Medical Confer
ence at Chitradurga, on October
9, 1982.
addition to organic diseases, taking
the physician's hew found powers
and landing him in a dilemma,
sometimes arousing public distrust.
The confusion deepens when the
learned within and out of the pro
fession disenchanted by the latest
in diagnosis and treatment, begin
to think aloud, as to whether and
to what extent medicine and the
present health care delivery system
can do for improved health of our
subjects'.
The steady fall in the standard
of undergraduate medical education
has to be reckoned against the gal
loping steep rise in medical know
ledge. Further, once the medical gra
duate has secured his degree, then
after a period, the decline sets in.
There is neither scope nor incentive
for him to brush up and his medical
knowledge takes a nosedive with
obvious results to him and commu
nity health.
It is not only the
undergraduate but also postgradu
ate education which is in need of
improvement. The criteria of selec
tion of candidates may also have
to be altered. Attendance at scienti
fic meetings should be a must for
all teaching staff, housemen and
post-graduates.
Our hospitals
should be centres of learning and
research- equipped with modern
amenities.
Many a consultant is found to
be only moderately equipped for
want of motivation and it is appalr
ing to imagine the deterioration in
standards, in the medical fraternity
who are after all the ultimate custo
dians of health. Neither does the
popularity of a specialist confer on
him the mantle of competence as
the two do not necessarily go hand
in.hand. I earnestly appeal to the
Government
in the interests of
both the profession and the public
to pass the necessary orders, stipu
lating that every doctor in service
should necessarily attend a few
weeks of .refresher course, either in
one or several sessions every year,
failure of which should even lead to
stopping of an increment. I would
even go a step further and suggest
to Karnataka Medical Council—a
statutory body—that production of
a certificate, to the effect, that he/
she should has attended for a cer
tain period a refresher course or
continued medical education be
made mandatory prior to renewing
the registration. Such a step would
make the doctor aware of the recent
developments in the medical field
and enable him to utilise what is
useful to his sphere of practice thus
benefitting the public, the ultimate
beneficiary of this medical expertise.
The very nature of the medical
service and practice, tailored as it
is to individual needs also makes a
doctor highly individualistic.
He
may, many a time, be highly critical
of his professional brethren - more
common in this profession-leading
to an undesirable state of affairs.
This is indeed unfortunate when one
considers the other side of the coin,
where in mutual tolerance, appreci
ation, professional dialogue among
medical men would elevate the
status of the profession and lead to
a better health care delivery system.
The values and ideais handed
down the ladder of generations,
which render a medical man, a
figure for veneration, and sought
after as a friend, philosopher .and
guide should not go unheeded.
Speedy success at any cost should
not be the order of the day. But all
is not lost. There is still time for
all of us to pledge and rededicate
ourselves to uphold the dignity of
our profession and to offer to help
and heal the sick and needy to the
best of our ability.
Dear colleagues we have a trust
with destiny and so let us under the
mantle of IMA, venture forth to seek
this our heritage of an enlightened,
compassionate and service minded
medical fraternity.
The year that ended just now
started with full of challenges as
well as promises, for the IMA.
There were many unsolved and
intricate problems in addition to
newly drawn ambitious programmes
mixed with tasks some pleasant and
others none too pleasant. However
the challenges and opportunities
were met and harnessed promptly
and rationally.
IMA has forged
ahead realising many progressive
programmes while energising older
ones. IMA Karnataka had the plea
sure of a visit by Dr. R. N. Chatter
jee, President of IMA (HQ), imme
diately after assuming the office and
he was the first to appreciate and
report on the good and dynamic
work done by us. At the very
beginning of the year the office of
the State branch had sent appeals
and brochures explaining reasons
for joining IMA to nearly 10,000
non member doctors throughout the
State—a gigantic measure which
has helped to produce a sense of
awareness and enlightened the
medical profession about the role
of IMA. At our instance the Karna
taka Medical Council has passed
a special resolution to the effect,
that as per code of medical ethics
(3) doctors should enroll as mem
bers of a professional body like IMA
and this was circulated by a letter
addressed to every non-member in
the State. For the first time, all the
63 old branches have been revived
and four new branches were added
making a total of 67
We place on
record the good work put forth by
all the branches and thank all the
office-bearers for a job well doneIMA membership at the State level
crossed 5,000 which is an all-time
record. At no time in the history of
IMA has the relation between IMA
and the Government of Karnataka
been so healthy and good, as it was
this year. This was made possible
by the helpful attitude of Sri A- K.
Abcul Samad, Hon'ble Minister for
Health and Family Welfare, Govern
ment of Karnataka, Sri N K. Prabhakar Rao,Health Secretary to Govern
ment of Karnataka, Dr. V. Narayana-
swamy. Director, Health and Family
Welfare Services, Dr. N. K Chanr.appa, Director of Medical Educa
tion, and also for that matter Govern
ment officials at all levels. I on
behalf of IMA and on my own be
3
half thank them collectively as wel1
as individually. Without their effi
cient help,
encouragement
and
goodwill we would not have been
able to achieve our time bound tar
gets. It is a matter of mutual res
pect, co-operation towards achiev
ing a common goal. Our benevo
lent Government ’ has appreciated
and thanked in writing the good,
responsible and timely measures
taken by IMA, in the interests of the
department of public health. Fur
ther more lauding the programmes
of IMA, our Hon'ble Health Minister
declared that what Government
ought to do, IMA was doing'. The
Director of Medical Education and
Family Welfare have sent circulars
to doctors in the department to join
IMA forthwith, as per the code of
medical ethics.
In response to out
suggestion it is heartening to note,
from the communication I have
received that the Government is
seriously thinking of enacting a rule
to this effect. IMA should continue
to strive to reinforce the hands of
the Government in matters of health
and family welfare to achieve
-Health for all by 2000 A.D.'.
18th April was a red letter day
in the annals of IMA, when a festi
val cricket match was played by
Indian Test Cricketers at Tumkur
under the auspices of IMA. The
function was the first of its kind and
was a grand success.
Relations with Press and mass
media have improved considerably
this year. IMA had constant and
periodical dialogues with the press
on professional matters and current
medical topics. Hardly a week or
day passed without AIR highlight
ing the performances of IMA and
letters from IMA official are now
a constant feature in the columns of
newspapers,
The fully equipped
public relations wing of the IMA
which was started this year was a
Call to make best use of Private Doctors
Hon’ble Minister of State for
Power, Govt, of Karnataka Sri G. H-
Aswatha Reddy, President, Kanataka branch of Indian Medical Asso
ciation (1981-82) Dr. V. Parame-
shvara,
other dignitaries on
the
dias, fellow members of the Indian
Medical Association, distinguished
invitees, and
members of the
press..
Today, I feel greatly honoured
having been unanimously elected
the president of the Karnataka State
Branch of the Indian Medical Asso
ciation for the year 1982-83. lam
deeply moved, and words fail me
to express my deep sense of grati
tude to all the members of our
Karnataka branch of the I.M.A.
During the previous years, doctors
of great eminence, with unlimited
knowledge and practical experience
in scientific as well as administra
tive fields, have occupied this cove
ted post and have been responsible
for building up the State branch into
one of the biggest and the most
enviable organisations of our coun
try. Initially, though I felt rather
diffident to shoulder this high res
ponsibility, the immense confidence
and trust that all the members have
reposed in me have undoubtedly
given me a big pep to undertake
this bold venture.
Further, the two vice-presidents
namely, Dr Narayanaswamy, and
Dr. Sadananda Rao, very able work
late them on their success in the
election to this august body.
My immediate predecessor Dr.
V. Parameshvara, who is known for
his dynamism, devotion, and deter
mination in whatever endeavour
he has undertaken, has during the
year 1981-82 added a new dimen
sion and lustre to the already fully
blossomed Karnataka Branch of the
I.M.A. His attempts to bring about
good relations between the I.M.Aon the one hand, the public, the
Government, the prospective mem
bers of the I.M.A., the press, the
central office on the other have been
a great success. This was no small
job as it meant utilisation of time.
talent and effort of a great magni
tude.
He has shown the path-way
to elevate our I.M.A. branch even
to greater heights.
While I am
personally and deeply, indebted to
him for all that he has done to IMA
so far, let me appeal to him to take
up the projects he has started and
keep them going with our full
support and assistance. I immen
sely thank him on this happy occa
environment, shall we say 'just
thanks'to each one of the organi
sers of this mammoth conference in
Chitradurga?
No inaugural function is worth its
importance unless and until the
occasion is blessed by a befitting
celebrity who may not only listen to
us but also offer in his address the
most needed criticism and thought
provoking words directly concerned
with the deliberations of the con
ference. On this happy occasion,
we do have amidst us the most be
fitting celebrity. Who is none other
than our Hon'ble Minister of State
for Power Govt, of Karnataka Sri
G.
H. Aswatha Reddy. Are we not
lucky to have him with us here and
exchange our thoughts with him?
Most of the inaugural functions,
customarily, are characterised by a
presidential speech wherein, the
president places a " charter of de
mands" in front of the chief guest
or the poltical leader and bores him
sufficient to get a
sympathetic and
sion for having
ceremoneously in
stalled me as the
President for the
affirmative reply.
However, our
I.M.A. functions differ from this
Most picturesque'surroundings,
practice significantly. While we do
place before you and the Govern
ment a number of problemsand pit
falls in various aspects of our pro
fession, our main policy is to give
year 1982-83.
salubrious climate,^hospitable peo
ple, and the enthusiastic organisers
of this 49th State Medical Confere
nce with their smiling faces and
readiness to help the delegates all
a helping hand to all the major
health projects of the Government.
Since the I.M.A. consists of a large
number of highly experienced techni
ers indeed of the I.M.A., have pro
mised me their full co-operation du
over, in this historic city of Chitradurga what more do we want for a
cal personnel, it is always ready to
ring my tenure and this should ena
ble me to steer the organisation
towards our cherished goals with
joyous stay here. For the grand arra
ngements made at the conference
hall, for providing us a comfortable
accommodation and a feast of good
food, fellowship, and scientific
offer several valuable suggestions
for the effective implementation of
the various projects undertaken by
the Government. Hence, our only
appeal to the Government is to req-
greater enthusiasm and efficiency.
I take this opportunity to congratu
5
IMA FOCUS
uest them to make use of the services
and give a patient hearing to our
suggestions.
Indian Medical Association is a
national organisation with more th
an fifty thousand members at the
national level and more than five
thousand members at the Karnataka
branch level. It provides a common
platform on which all doctors quali
fied in the modern system of medi
cine men or women, young or old,
in service er in private practice, spe
cialists or general practitioners, tea
chers, researchers or administrators,
they all walk arround with a sense
of fellowship and understanding and
discuss variegated problems concering themselves, their profession and
the public that they serve endlessly.
The anual conference at the branch
level. State level, and the national
level are generally well-attended
and are bringing all the doctors to
gether and closer in order to evolve
projects and to offer better service
to the suffering humanity year after
year.
The very idea of inviting the
elite members of the city, the mem
bers of the press, and many other
dignitaries to this inaugural function
is not only to befriend them, but to
show them how truthfully and in a
cordial manner, we doctors, meet
each other and evolve ourselves to
be better doctors by acquainting
ourselves with newer advances in
the filed of medical science, through
our scientific deliberations.
In the present day world, adva
ncement in medical science and
technology and other allied science
is so fast in different parts of the
world, particularly in the West, with
the single aim of providing the best
health for the humanity, that unless
we docrors, teachers, researchers
and administrators, keep track of
these achievements regularly, we
are likely to become practically 'out
casts' within the shortest time after
our graduation. To avoid this dan
ger, our I.M.A. has incorporated the
"continuing medical education pro
gramme" at all branch levels and
State levels, where we arrange sci
entific lecturers, refresher courses
and mini and major conferences.
Eminent teachers and
clinicians
deliver their goods and all the doc
tors derive the benefit, and in turn.
give the best of their service to the
society.
ber of service projects to improve
the health of the people at largeEither individully or in association
with other voluntary organisations
like Lions. Rotary, Jaycees etc, and
many times with the Government
Health Department, our branches are
conducting quite a number of eye
camps, laparoscopic
sterilisation
camps, cancer detection and treat
ment camps, T. B. camps etc., in
addition to the routine general
medical camps to combat worm in
festations, malnutrition, anaemias,
gastro-enteritis arid a host of others
diseases in the rural areas.
I.M.A. college of general prac
titioners and I.M.A. academy of
medical specialities are the two
Our contribution towards con
trolling the dreadful epidemic ence
phalitis
(BRAIN FEVER) in our
State is welLknown to you. Recently
the I.M-A. doctors have in time ren
dered yeomen service to the unfort
unate victims of the flood havoc
Presidental address delivered by
Dr. B. V. RAJAGOPAL, at the
49th
Karnataka State
Medical
Conference held at Chitradurga
on October 9, 1982.
caused near Kollegal. It was not
only rendering service as doctos,
the I.M.A. members have even don
ated large amounts of medicines,
money, clothing
these people.
major wings which are not only
arranging regular programmes for
updating medical knowledge among
doctors, but also conferring fellow
ship to the distinguished candi
dates.
Further, to promote broader
vision and greater practical know
ledge of medicince, the I.M.A. Head
quarters has been arranging short
term annual tours to western and far
east 'countries at a very nominal
cost. A large number of I.M.A.
doctors have made the best use of
these world tours and have returned
with rich experience.
We Serve
I.M.A. doctors are actively and
truthfully taking part in a large num-
6
and food items to
Our members have a clear record
of service to the Bangla Desh refu
gees, the victims of Andhra Pradesh
cyclone holocaust and many such
natural calamities that have occured
in the past.
Many of our branches have been
regularly maintaining blood banks,
drug banks, 24 hour Oxygen service
and a few are even trying to start
eye banks also.
How nice would it be if the
State and Central Governments in
volve the I.M.A. doctors on a larger
scale and with a better understan
ding in all the major health policies
and projects that are being carried
on in our country? Indeed, there is
a
message
from the I.M.A. head
IMA FOCUS
should
quarters that the Union Government
formulate and declare a
and even
health policy without delay. Right
to health care must be a funda
mental right of the citizens. In this
connection it is therefore felt that
They are not only directly concerned
with the families regarding cure of
the expenditure incurred on health
illnesses, but they also act on seve
care should be considered an invest
ment on its subjects and not a mea
ns, end or charity.
ers and guides for the members of
the families. If the messages of
I.M.A. is indeed a strong sup
porter of the introduction of a
National Health Scheme' in our
0
country. However, a clear dialo
gue between the Government and
some villages of our
tice but here too'the picture is not
that rosy for them. Being sand
State. They actually form the back
bone of our medical profession.
doctors who have all the departme
in
ral occasions as friends, philiosoph-
family, planning immunisation, and
maintenance ofclean habits are to
be spread, it is only through these
family physicians who can play a sig
nificant role.
If the
Government
wiched between the practicing Govt
ntal facilities on the one side and
the established quacks who are
known to follow the most unscrupul
ous methods of attracting the inno
cent patients on the other, the
young, well trained, morally bound,
enthusiastic doctors can hardly get
on, unless they are initially given
an incentive and encouragement by
the Goverment and by our I. M. A.
Each doctor has to have a small,
decently furnished clinic with a
I.M.A. is necessary before the imp
lementation of such a massive sche
can recognise the role of these pri
vate practitioners in the national
me is thought of.
health programmes and give them
more incentives and certain types
waterbath and the required chemi
Health Education
of monetary benefits, the health of
the nation automatically improves
without much burden to the State
or Central exchequer.
cals.
Apart from rendering medical
services to the rural masses, the
urban slum dwellers and the other
needy persons, the I.M.A. is acti
vely and continuosly involved in the
spread of health education in a
variety of ways. Symposias, semi
nars, lecturers, radio talks, slide
shows, wallposters, publishing and
freely distributing pamphlets con-
cering
jQ
are well settled in the cities, towns
prevention
and
cure
of
common diseases, maintenance of
environmental
santitation and a
knowledge of places where specia
lised medical services are available,
are some of the means and media
by which these programmes are
being carried out by each one of our
branches. If a generous support is
given by the Government, I.M.A.
will further intensify these progra
mmes and we can all positively hope
to see the days of 'Health for all by
2,000 A.D. as has been visulised by
the World Health Organisation.
Private Practice
A large number of general pra
ctitioners and private consultants
While, the I. M. A. sincerely
appreciates the great services of
these well established practitioners
it is at present deeply concerned
with the plight of a new generation
of doctors who are our young medi
cal graduates and post-graduates
that are walking out-of the portals
of almost a dozen medical colleges
in our state. It is estimated that
there are 20,000 unemployed doc
tors in the country out of which
Karnataka has contributed 5,000.
The channels to gp abroad are
practically blocked, the scope of
getting seats in the post-graduate
courses are markedly limited, the
chances of getting into Govern
ment servic are perhaps only reser
ved for a fortunate few and the
jobs in private Institutions can only
be temporary ones, and that too
with
meagre emoluments.
So,
these young
brothers are only
left with the choice of private" prac
laboratory equipped with a colori
meter, microscope, a centrituge, a
If the Government could pro
vide interest free loans to the tune
of Rupees 25,000 to 30,000 each
for setting up private clinics a large
number of young doctors would
certainly consider establishing them
selves in the villages and towns.
Doctors belong to a noble pro
fession and they should serve the
the poor with a missionary zeal
This is a common statement that
we hear on many platforms.' Agre
ed. But, let me mention that a
missionary in any other country or
of different faiths in our own count
ry is firstly given the basic facilities
like a house with lighting, furniturel
potable water, the needed materia
supply for his professional work, a
vehicle to move around in the villa
ge areas.
His work is recorded and
appreciated, and promotions are
given to him according to his abili
ties of serving. Naturally, all thesa
things give the missionary a Zeal'
and he works with all honesty, and
dedication
to
produce
good
results.
Why not we think on these
lines to help our young doctors?
(See Page No. 10)
IMA FOCUS
JMA Karnataka State Branch made BIG NEWS In th® Year that ended
If the Government could provide
these basic facilities in the villages,
all the above problems. The malady
is big, but the diagnosis is simple
ensure good drainage systems inside
the villages and start good schools
for children, I am positive that not
a single doctor who is presently
unemployed or under-employed will
hesitate to move to the villages and
small towns to start private clinics
and make a decent living of his own
Is it not a way of a rendering good
service to our population ?
The
same reasoning applies to the Gov
ernment doctors also who are posted
to the villages.
and the treatment even simpler.
Quackery should be abolished.
Ayurvedic and Unani doctors who
are not trained in the modern sys
tem of medicine should not be allo
wed to practice allopathic system
of medicine. Doctors in Govern
ment service should not be allowed
to do private practice during their
working hours in the hospitals.
Erring doctors must be punished.
Government Hospitals
It is commendable that the
Government of Kernatnka has taken
a great stride in increasing the num
ber of general hospitals PHCs, PHUs
and the dispensaries all over the
State. It is trying its best to improve
the facilities.
However, it is not
uncommon to read in the newspa
pers many complaints regarding the
functioning of these units. More
than the patients, it is these hospi
tals that are sick. There is paucity
of equipments, drainage of drugs,
crowding of patients, deriliction of
duty by doctors, callousness of
class four servants, victimisation of
junior doctors these are some of the
lines that we read very often.
I. M. A.
has only one simple
suggestion to offer and that is to
request the Government to tighten
the administration as a solution to
If a few beds are made availa
ble to the private practitioners to
admit their patients in the general
hospitals, a good many poor patie
nts will be highly benefited.
are compelled to produce at least
one research paper every quarter of
a year to be presented in the major
conferences, it would be difficult
to expect any progress.
The selec
tion of teachers should be based on
their research abilities. The Gover
nment and the managements of
private institutions should provide
Nursing Home Act
During the debate in the Legis
lative Assembly recently the issue
of Karnataka private nursing home
(regulations) act of 1976 was raised
and the Hon'ble Minister for Health
& Family Welfare is reported to
have said that certain amendments
to the act were felt necessary to effe
ctlvely implement it and the issue
was being examined by the law
department. The I.M.A. wants high
standards in all the nursing homes.
But at the same time, it insists on
reasonable charges so that the com
mon man is not unnecessarily explo
ited. The various steps taken by
the I.M.A. in response to the act
of 1976 and its insistence on the
Government not to take a hasty
step is a sure sign of I.M.A.'s seri
ous commitment to the cause. There
is no doubt that the private nursing
homes in cities and towns are a
boon to the patients since the Gov
ernment hospitals are mostly over
crowded.
Medical Education
There is decidely a fall in the
standard of education in all the
medical colleges of our country.
Unless there is an absolute impro
vement inte ms of quality teaching
be ter amenit es for research and
practical demonstations for the be
nefit of under-graduate and post
graduate students, the teachers are
better paid, private practice is taken
off from them and these teachers
10
sufficient funds to enable these
teachers to attend the conferences
and present their papers, apart from
giving the usual facilities to carry
on their work in the colleges.
It has become a common feature
that many of the teaching hospitals
and the various departments are
conspicuous by their absence in the
conferences.
Regarding
the
selection
of
students to undergraduate and post
graduate courses in the present set
up of the college administration,
less said the better. If merit has
no place in the criteria for selection
what other factor can produce a
good doctor or a medical teacher
in the due course?
The Government colleges are
losing a good number of senior
doctors who are known for their
teaching ability and able administration,
since they are being
siphoned out by the newly started
capitation fee medical colleges,
where lucrative offers are made.
Here of course, these good teachers
become mostly administrators to
develop the departments and their
valuable contribution to the direct
teaching of the students is almost
nil. Is not this a sorry state of
affairs considering both the type
of medical colleges? Is money
alone important?
Indian Medical Association isto-
taly against further mushroorm gro
wth of medical colleges and parthenIMA FOCUS
ium growth of sub-standard medical
depth of any
graduates. It is dead against the cap
itation fee medical colleges since
it is considered an evil practice.
against any doctor before the matter
When
there is an urgent need to
care for our already exiting unemp
loyed graduates, and improve the
teaching facilities of the existing
colleges, when there is need to give
better emoluments to the teachers,
clinicians and administrators of
these colleges, where is the need for
more medical colleges? Year before
information
given
Ladies and gentlemen, to tell
(There is nothing more sacred than
knowledge) and the Manusmriti
both at the undegraduate and post
graduate level, if commercialisation
of medical education should be put
which declares that :
defended the stand of capitation fee
in colleges. At the same time we ha
ve often heard from our Honourable
It should be the primary duty of
every existing member of this orga
nisation to see that this association
grows in strength year after year. If
each member brings in one more
member into our I.M.A. fold, by
the end of this year, we should have
more than 10,000 members in our
Karnataka branch. Our voice will be
Safeguards doctors
stronger and the results of our ven
tures will be surer. Dear delegates,
Whenever undue victimisation,
uncalled for harassment and un
necessary injustice is done to the
doctors by the authorities, by the
public or by the press, be they mem
let me seek your full co-operation in
all our endeavours during the year
bers of I.M.A. or not,
•aco
you in a nutshell, if the quality of
medical education should improve
monious blend of all the categories
of doctors, there is only one organi
sation which can tackle these multi
faceted problems and that is the
I.M.A.
M.A.
I.
few
different from those preached by the
Bhagavad Gita which says :
start more colleges. Though there
seems to be a lull in this matter for
the last one year, it was dishearten
ing to read in the news papers that
our honourable Chief Minister has
to give a sympathetic hearing to the
I.M.A, and wishes to consult the
I.M.A. on many policy matters. Let
us hope for the better.
these
the press has resulted in innocent
doctors becoming iife-long wrecks.
I.M.A. successfully supported the
massive agitation by the young
medicos who opposed permission
being granted by the Government to
Ministerfor Health that he is willing
concluding
finds a place in the news column.
Many times a hasty step taken by
an end to, if the young doctors
should find a suitable avenue for
getting jobs and job satisfaction, if
suffering masses should get the re
quired benefits from the medical
profession, if there should be a har
last the Karnataka branch of the
Before
words of mine. I should like to
emphasise that the ideals cherished
by the I.M.A. are not in any way
do dj
sira
oiras4'
(Let all be crowned with joy
unbound and all be free from all
diseases,
Let none
experience
pangs of pain. Let good on earth
spread all around)
Our relentless struggle against
the evil practices and emphasis on
the well beingjof all are indicative of
our stead-fast
ideals.
devotion
to
these
We, the members of I.M.A. vow
to bring the above godly words into
action and serve our community for
ever.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Let me thank each one of you
for your patient hearing.
JAI HIND
1982-83.
Stop commercialisation of medical education
I.M.A. has
always intervened in the most dipr
lomatic manner and has saved these
doctors becoming the innocent tar
gets of these malicious attacks.
However, I.M.A., under any circumsti nces does not tolerate or prote
ct a real black sheep in its own com
munity and it recommends that due
punishment is positively given to
him in the interest of the public We
do make an earnest request to the
members of the press to go into the
From Our Staff corrspondent
Medical
Chitradurga, Oct. 10.
mushroom growth of medical colle
ges and against capitation fee.
If the
quality of medical education in the
country is to improve commerciali
sation of medical education must
stop, the new President of the State
Medical Association Dr. B. V. Rajagopal said here yesterday.
He was presiding over the 49th
State-level medical conference. He
reiterated the stand of the Indian
11
Association
against
the
There is urgent need to think
about the 20,000 unemployed doc
tors in the country and the quality
of teaching in the existing medical
colleges. He also said that it was
disheartening to read in newspapers
recently that the Chief Minister had
dfeended capitation fee.
I IVA FOCUS
He called upon the Centre and
State Governments to involve the
Indian Medical Association in all
major health pelicy decision making.
He said the IMA was in favour of
introducing a National Health Sche
me in the country.
He said Ayurvedic and Unani
doctors not trained in the modern
system of medicine should not be
allowed to practice.
Doctors in
Government service should not be
allowed to have private practice
during their working hours he
added.
He requested the Government
to provide interest-free loans to
young doctors to set
up
private
clinics in twons and villages.
The outgoing President Dr. V.
Parmeshvara appealed to the Gove
rnment in the interests of both the
profession and the public to pass
the necessary other stipulating that
every doctors inservice should atte
nd a refresher course every year.
Dr. N. R Acharya, & Dr. Mrs. Acharya receiving the Shield from
Dr. B. V. Rajagopal, President IMA Karnataka
State Branch at the
49th State Medical Conference at Chitradurga for Medico Social and
Community Health Work done during the year 1981-82.
New Office-bearers of IMA Karnataka
State Branch
"The following members of the
Association have been elected to
the Offices of the President and
Three Vice-Presiedent of the Indian
Medical
Association
Karnataka
Minister of State for Power G.
Ashwath Reddy, inauguratng State Branch for the year 1982-83.
the two-day conference, stressed
President: Dr. B. V. Rajagopal,
the need for doctors to serve in
Mysore (elected unopposed)
1st
villages. Deputy Commirsioner S.
V.ce-President: Dr. R. NarayanaN. Shanthakumar
released
the
swamy, Bangalore Vice-President:
souvenir.
H.
(Courtesy Deccan Herald)
I.
M.AChitradurga Branch
Conferance Organisation
Organising Committer Chairman
Dr. M.T. Hema Reddy, D;st. Health
& Family Welfare Officer Chitrdurga.
Vice-Chairman: Dr. C. A. Thimme
Gowda, Dist. Surgeon Chrtradurga,
Secretary: Dr. S. Shivappa, Joint
Secretaries : Dr. M. R. Hanumanthappa. Dr. H. Onkarappa, Treasurer :
Dr. B
Dr. P. Sadananda Rao, Hubli VicePresident Dr. T. Ravinath, Mysore
They will assume office at the 49th
Karnataka State Medical Conference
to be held at Chitrtdurga on 9th
October, 1982. A copy of the pass
port size photograph along with the
Bio-date of Dr. B. V. Rajagopal,
President-Elect is also enclosed for
favour of arranging publication.
State ima Progress
At a Glance
Year
Total No. of Branches
Total No. of membership
1977 78
1978-79
1979-80
48
51
55
3043
3364
4006
1980-81
1981 82
63
67
4663
5018
Ramakrishna,.
IMA FOCUS
( Continued from page 4 )
praise for
IMA Karnataka State
Branch and has asked all other
State branches in the Country to
emulate the example of IMA Karna
taka. These are but a few feathers
in the cap of achievements for IMA
Karnataka in the year that ended.
Our aims have been many and
our achievements quite a few. IMA
Karnataka State branch launcned on
the right note, blazed
along
the
right track with meaningful substan
tial landmarks on its way and also
achieved and maintained good
relations with public,
press
INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(KARNATAKA STATE BRANCH)
Outgoing Office-Bearers
State President:
Dr. B. V. RAJAGOPAL, Mysore
1st Vice-President:
7st Vice-President:
Dr. R. NARAYANASWAMY
Bangalore
Dr. V. V. PAVATE
Vice-Presidents:
Dr. P. NARAYAN
Dr. A. G. VEERANNA
and
State Government.
Thus as the
sun sets on the year 1982 it has
left a memorable tally of promises
kept, programmes fulfilled and blue
prints turned into realities. There
is so much more to achieve but
'time has run out'. And as the day
dawns on another year we hancovcJ
Incoming Office-Bearers
State President:
1
Dr. V. PARAMESHVARA
Hon. Secretary:
Dr. K. M. SREENIVASA
GOWDA
Vice-Presidents:
Dr. P. R. RAVINATH, Mysore
Dr. P. SADANANDA RAO
Hubli
Hon Secretary :
Dr. S. K SRINIVASAN
Hon. Joint Secretary :
Dr. S. K. SRINIVASAN
Hon. Joint Secretary:
Dr. B. S. RAMESH
Hon. Treasurer:
Hen. Treasurer:
Dr. N. S. SATHYANARAYANA
Dr. A. V. SUBRAHMAYNA
the charge with trust and Godspeed
for greater glory of IMA Karnataka
State Branch.
This beautiful Board Room is a fitting finale to the year that ended and a 'Gift' to the IMA
and its sister organisations housed in the prestigious IMA House-
13
IMA COLLEGE OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS
HEADQUARTERS. I- P- MARG. NEW DELHI
1st NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENERAL PRACTICE / FAMILY MEDICINE
Organising Assistance: KARNATAKA STATE FACULTY, IMACGP
Venue : WEST END HOTEL, Bangalore
Dates : 6th, 7th & 8th November 1982
Registrations on all three days (9 a.m. to 5 p.m.)
(Pie-registered participants collect their documents etc.)
New Registrants pay Rs. 100/- each and collect documents etc.
PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME
6th November 1982,
9 a.m. to 11 p.m.
Updated Teaching Session
Topic : Diseases of Chest (Pulm function Tests-lnfections : Ac. Resp. Distress Heoplasms) 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Moderator asks questions (Pre-prepared and circulated to panelists only in advance) bringing out salient
features, one after the other, and co-ordinating discussions all along, to prevent a comprehensive picture of
topics discussed, supported by live demonstrations of machines gadgets appliances etc on the patients or to
arrange simulated demonstrations.
Written Questions are received by the moderator all along the course of discussion and referred by him
to respective panelists.
Write ups on Questions (framed earlier) will be co tributed by the panelists well in advance, for copies to
be prepared and circulated to regd. participants.
6th November 1982,
2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Updated Teaching Session II
Topic : Metabolic Disorders (Diabetos-Hyperthyrodism-Hypothyrodism, Hyperparatioidism-obesity)
Moderator Co-ordinates discussion through Qbestions (Pre-prepared) and circulated to panelists in
advance. Same procedure is followed as outlined in the UPD/TED TEACHING I highlighting salient points
concerning role of physical examinations, investigative procedures (Lab t-Imaging), drugs surgery etc. in both
adults and children.
Write ups on specific questions is to each panelist will be contributed copies made and circulated to all
participants.
As far as possible demonstrations on machine and use of gadgets/appiianaces will be displayed.
8
a.m. onwards
Registrations, Sunday the 7th November 1982
9
to 10 am.
Inaugural Session Sunday the 7th November 1982
10
a.m. to 11 am.
Plenary Session I. Satu'das the 7th November 1982
Theme :
Core Content of Family Medicine/General Practice/Chairman
Saturday, 7th November 1982, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Plenary Session II
2
p.m. to 3 p m.
Plenary Session III.
Sunday the 7th November 1982.
Theme : Teaohing/Training of General Practice/ Family Medicine, Chairman :
3
p.m. to 4-15 p.m.
Plenary Session IV
Sunday the 7th November 1982.
Theme :
Common conditios met within practice
Chairman : Dr. V. Parameshvara
4-15 p.m. to 5-30 p.m.
Pleanery Session VMonday the 8th November 1982
Theme : Workshop on Drugs in Clinical Practice (Peptic ulcer, Arrythmias)
8 a.m. to 11-30 a.mPlenary Session VI
Monday the 8th November 1982.
Theme :
Workshop on teaching/training for general practice/Family Medicine
Moderator:
Dr. P C Bhatia.
Discussion :
Written questions from audience answered.
11-40 a.m. to 12-30 p.m.
Plenary Session VII ,
Monday the 8th November 1982.
2 p.m. to 3-30 p.m.
Plenary Session
Monday the 8th November 1982.
3-40 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Concluding session
Monday the 8th November 1982.
9 a.m. to 12 noon
Optional teaching/training session Tuesday the 9th November 1982.
Topic-. Demonstration common medico surgical techniques will be held on Tuesday the 9th November 1982
(9 a.m. to 12 noon)
Live demonstrations of the following will be arranged at the hospital premises.
-Strapping-Plastering, suturing-splinting-Ophthalmoscopy-endoseopies (if possible otherwise fibre
optic endoscopies will be shown)-Laryngoscopy, Antrum pincture-screening-x ray films demonstrations
inter/relation-common laboratory procedures-Lumbar puncture-tapping of fluids, local anaesthesia etc.
14
Living Profiles-7
and Head of the Department of Pre
cl inical Subjects of the KARNATAK
UNIVERSITY.
Dr. C. S. NARAYANA SETTY
Dr. C. S. Narayana Setty is a
product of the Mysore University
completing his MBBS degree in
1948. Later, he went to the US
to do his M.Sc., Ph.D., in Physiology
of Medicine at Medical Center,
Chicago from 1959 to 61.
Dr. Setty has 32 years teaching
experience in Physiology in various
Medical Colleges of Karnataka.
During these years he has served as
Lecturer, Reader, Professor and Head
of the Department. His Speciality
being Physiology.
He has also held many adminis
trative positions with distinction.
He was the head of the Department
of Physiology, incharge Principal at
the KMC Hubli, Principal, Bangalore
Medical College so on and so forth.
Dr. Setty has also served on
various Academic bodies and held
positions in various Capacities. He
was senate member. Dean of the
Faculty of Medicine and Chairman
(Continued from Page 1)
ful doctor. He released the souvenir
to commemorate the occasion.
Earlier Dr. Hema Reddy welcoming
the dignitaries and delegates had
elucidated about the historic townChitradurga and commended the
efforts of fellow organisers to make
the conference a glorious success.
This was followed by speeches by
the out-going and incoming presi
dents (published in this issue of
IMA FOCUS) and distribution of
awards to the best branches of IMA.
The conference was well attended
by delegates in their hundreds. All
the scientific lectures were delivered
Dr- Setty was a former member
of the Syndicate, Senate and Aca
demic Council of the Bangalore
University.
He also served as
the head of the Department of
Pre-Clinical Studies in the Same
University.
Dr. Narayana Setty is at
present Professor of Physiolgy,
Ambedkar
Medical
College,
Cooketown, Bangalore-5
Dr. Setty's fields of interest are
many. To name a few of them will
make on impressive list.
Gastro (intestinal) Physiology
(obsorption cholesterol). Homeo
stasis, Dys Homestasis—as defini
tion of disease. Solar Eclipse and
Human
Physiology,
Melothesia
(Cosmic Physiology), Pre-pregnancy
Selection of babies' sex (choose
male baby/female baby as per year
desire
and obtain),
Correction
between
Astrology and Human
Physiology under Melethesia for eg.
influence of Lunar Cycle on Human
Physiology the correlating Lunar
by either eminent teachers or popu
lar members of the profession. The
prestigeous A P.l. Endowment Lec
ture and Dr. S. V. Govinda Setty
Memorial Oration were given by Dr.
Krishna Bhargava and Dr. P. S.
Shankar , respectively.
Dr. K. S.
Shadaksharappa lucidly delivered
the IMA oration entitled 'IMA and
medical education'.
The scientific
interesting
sessions
.were
diverse.
The interesting point in
and
the conference was the absence of
free papers.
We do hope this lapse
will be made up in the next year's
conference proposed to be held in
the royal city of Mysore.
Cycle with vital statistics. The influ
ence of Rahukala on Human Physio
logy,Popularising cosmic Physiology
in the form of public lectures or
scientific lectures.
In Dr. Setty there is a happy
blending of the oriental sciences
and modern sciences. He is trying
to synchronise the ancient Know
ledge of the Atomic Age.
We wish Dr. Setty all the best
in his endeavour to bring together
the old and the new for a happy
tomorrow
- Editor
NEW EDITOR
With the change in President
and other office - bearers of the
Karnataka
State
I M A
Branch
heralding the year 1982-83 the
newly appointed editor will take
charge of IMA FOCUS
- Editor
The organisers had efficiently
arranged both transport and guides
to view the historic places in and
around Chitradurga.
A large distinguished gathering
attended the evening's memorable
entertainment which also featured
the historic drama of 'Madakarinayaka'.
This was followed by
fellowship and a sumptuious ban
quet. This was a fitting end to the
breakfast which had been hosted by
Mr. and Mrs. Shanthakumar, Deputy
Commissioner, in the salubrious
garden of their residence. Thus the
curtain was again rung down on
another eventful and enlightening
Karnataka State Medical Conference.
15
&
Regd. No. L/NP/KRNU 175
I.M.A. College of fteiierol Practitioners
J?
FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE on
GENERAL PRACTICE FAMILY MEDICINE
*j>:
*®
>{®
AND
$■
8
UPDATED TEACHING SESSIONS
AT
HOTEL WEST END, BANGALORE
K®
J5
J#
6-7-8, November 1382
KARNATAKA STATE FACULTY IMACGP .
Plese enrol yourselves immediately
H®
H®
$
H®
Reception Committee Members
g|'
Write to:
Rs. 150
|
j!’
Delegate Fee
Rs. 75
Dr. S. K. Srinivasan, Organiging^Secretary/JMA HOUSE/Bangalore--560 018
The Secretary,
Home Department
Govt, of Karnataka
Bangalore
Dear Sir,
Sub : Request to take adequete
steps to abolish quackery
in the State.
I am sure that our benevolent
Government is aware of the uhhealthy growth of quackery in medicine
throughout the State. IMA Karnata
ka State is also receiving a number
of letters and representations to this
effect.
You will appreciate that
practice of quackery applies when
pretenders posingto possess medical
skill resort to the actual practice of
mdeical professions amongst the
public to gainful occupation or
otherwise either in the open or surreptiously. We believe that preva
lence of quackery in a Society reveals
backwardness in terms of literacy
and knowledge and want of adeqaute
social and legal sanction. Quacks
are a social menace and cause
incalculable damage to an already
sick and suffering person whose
general viability is at its lowest ebb.
There are several varieties'of quacks.. . by t.he;'pharmacists only on prescrip-
which have been highlightWJin^thp ,• tip.nsyvhich contains the prescriber's
enclosed article published by our bi ' nam'S Cprinted or sealed) with his/
monthly journal IMA Focus (Volume
I, issue 5). It is rather unfortunate
that quacks prosper by boastful
means including media of advertise
ment and sometimes weilding unscrupolous local and other influences.
IMA as a body of intelligentia and
rightly being the moral custodian
of public health is deeply concerned
about the incalculable damage that
is being done to the patients and
society by quacks and quackery.
Hence, IMA sincerely appeals
to the esteemed Government of
Karnataka through you to take ade
quate steps and speedily implement
the available tools of law or per
haps even pass strict legislative
measures to wipe out quackery in .
her qualifications and registration
number
Council-
of
Karnataka
Medical
I hasten to add that our concern
about quackery in society is noi for
fear of survival of the medical
profession but concern for the health
of the public and concern at exploi
tation of sick in times of ill health
or distress by quacks.
We do hope that the estimeble
Government of Karnataka will take
neceseary and effective steps to
immediately abolish quackery in our
State and help in the establishment
of a civilised society.
, On behalf of IMA Karnataka
State Branch I once again promise
the State. IMA will be more than. ..every help in this regard.
willing to co-operate with the autho
A line in reply will be highly
rities and go to any length, to elimi
appreciated.
nate this menace. We also have a
few practical and simple suggest- ••
Thinking you.
ions namely :
Yours sincerely,
Prescriptions for drugs of mo
dern medicine should be dispensed
V. PARAMESHVARA
President
Edited Et Published by Dr. V. PARAMESHVARA, mbbs, mrcp (London), facc, fccp, fica, fise. faiid, fimsa, on behalf
of the Public Relations Wing of the Indian Medical Association, Karnataka State Branch, IMA House, Bangalore-18
Printed at: Shankar Printers, 301 10th Main Road, 3rd Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore-11
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saas ddoria 155. rii?oiad zoi?ri (o), dood 156. ^ora8 d^zo8 (o), daaSoria 157. oaJ^eoia Sena oiiaenS, SrisaO d)dda ddr sadetsa
ddoria
INDIA'S NEW GROUP 1OR KilOHUR'S INTEGRATED DEVIL OHflSNT
(Regd Society No.695/80-81)
Gillesugar RO
Via: Raichur 584 101
Karnataka, India
NEWSLETTER
. Issue XIII
July-September 1984
(for private circulation only)
This is the thirteenth newsletter being sent by us.
The first one was made in August 1981. Its aim was to
give you some information about what was happening with
the project and with the people living in the villages.
In July 1983 there was a kind of policy change, it became
a kind of discussion paper. Many questions were being
raisedon various kinds of subjects. We found that we.
should ask the readers of this newsletter to comment
on the change. We are very interested in how/ffthke use
of these newsletters. We invest a lot of. time in
preparing these. Prom people we meet regularly we have
got encouraging reactions. The newsletters are now being
sent to about 400 institutions/individuals, and we feel
the need’ to get the feedback from everyone.
We request you to write to us about:
- what use you make of our newsletter/s
- what reactions you have on various issues being
discussed
- what suggestions you would give to improve
- whether you a,re interested in receiving the newsletters
GOVERNMENT, PE OP IE, VOLUNTARY AGENCIES - Tug of war?
This article gives many examples of how the ’’well” planned
government actions in the name of development had negative
effects on peoples development. Individualism has grown,
village institutions have been broken down and the people
have lost control over many of their resources.
Voluntary agencies have spent a lot of /.aie to implement
the programmes planned by the government in a fair manner.
This strategy of the voluntary agencies is questioned;
whether to go on along this path or find other new
directions to reverse the process of underdevelopment.
GOVERNMENT, PEOPLE, VOLUNTARY’ AGENCIES - Tug of war?
The government is the major development agency in the country.
Over th- years it has plan n dan enormous number of programmes
in a multitude of different sectors and created a substantial
infrastructure to implement those programmes. It has had its.
successes and also failures which are rather more obvious. The
problems are well known; corrupt personnel, bureaucratic procedures
delays in completion, lack of followup, of monitoring, of
dedication
But if the extent of government mismanagement was
limited to its failure to meet its objectives there would be
cause for much rejoicing. Unfortunately, it has had a far more
pernicious effect which has left its mark on every most isolated
villager. For the common complaints against the government
topch only' upon the symptoms of a deeper cause which, is a total
lack of respect for the very people the programmes purport to
benefit. It is such a fundamental failure that .it. .calls into
question even the government's successes. Programmes are
implemented, more or less successfully, as they are designed.
But what if the very starting point of those grand designs is
faulty?
As Pharam Pal has exposed in a recent article, the planners and
architects of our nation begin with the belief in their own
superiority and the assumption that "ordinary" people can
contribute only with muscular strength or mechanical repetition.
Since the Indian millions, the thinking goes, do not have the
ability to be creative either organisationally or technically,
it is impossible that they should publical ly. apply their own
minds and talents tovhatever they consider worthwhile or they
wish to create. "The planners are the creators without creativity,
the directors and givers; the people are the supposed beneficia
ries". The truth is the ve y reverse: the planners have deprived
the people of their independence and' initiative and giveim them
nothing in return but empty promises '’or empty rewards.
For the government's assumptions and policies have given rise .s
to a cultural change, a shift in people's thinking, of profound
implications. When educated, urban government officials believe
the villagers have no mental faculties or practical skills, the
villagers themselves come to believe it.. Repeatedly told that
they have nothing, they now feel it to be true.’
Agricultural
extension officers and fertiliser firms will teach, them how to
farm, urban designers will plan their homes, urban officers will
supervise theiriyouth groups, urban women will teach them
embroidery... With an enormous edifice ciaiming to teach and
help them, the poor have begun to feel helpl ,ss and in need of
teachers. They now believe that their only’ lope for "improvement"
is through gifts from the vague, uidefinod, all-knowledgeable,
all-wealthy outside world; the city, foreigners, the
government...
Indeed, they caa no longer on tndr own achieve what they desire
"because their huts, their agricu'._tural implements and methods,
their clothes and flod have come to seem inadequate and valueless.
Visit ins electioneers have raised their exiw stations sky-high
with visions of instant buf. aloe, goats, money, schools, housing,
all to be delivered on a golden pJate if they will only vote
wisely. Yet the 'ne moment of politic al involvement allowed
them - a ballot paper and a few rupees "gift" by political
parties in the fragile hope of a better tommorrow - proves barren.
Any attempt to actually reap the promised government benefits
is doomed far failure, ignite simply, they do not have the time,
determination and money to procure their- "rights" in the face of
an arrogant, unwieldy, bureaucracy. Thsr failure in even this
attempt only reinforces their growing sense of inadequacy.
Finally, they give up trying and succumb to a sense of
frustrated deprivation.
In such a situation matters can only get worse; as indeed they
are with ever greater numbers struggling balow the "psrverty line".
Recent research, both by academicians such as Dharm Pal and by
action groups such as the Indian Cultural Development Centre,
Madras, have shown that for centuries our villages were selfsufficient. They were able to feed, clothe and house themselves,
to settle their disputes, to cure their ill, educate their young,
make their tools, save their souls - meet, in fact, all their
wants. However, just as the culture.of independence has been
destroyed so have these independent village structures of selfreliance. First undermined by the British colonialists, they
were dealt their death blow by th? government of "Swaraj" which
has effectively deprivedthe villages of their freedom and power
to maintain themselves and control t-ieir own affairs by creating
an excessive reliance on outside forces - the market, the
government - over vzhich they nave no contro^-and which have
proved -hemselves untrus.two_.thy rulers.
Evidence of this rystenatic destructic n in the name of development
abounds. In Karnataka alone there are some 4100C tanks feeding
water to 8.5 lakhs acres out of a total of 35 lakh acres of
irrigated land (thus 2,5%). In I960 the amount was more or less
the same but the- percentage was over 50%. In the last two
decades major irrigation works have been carriedout, construction
of very big reservoirs andhundreds kilometers of canals have
been made. In this way the total amount of irrigated fields have
been expanded. Along with this kind of projects new agricultural
technology was introduced (HYV seeds, fertiliser, pesticides, etc).
These two have contributed much to the 2.2% annual output growth
of agricultural production, The effect of this strategy was
that there was a sharp differentiation in areas, irrigated be®?
and dry farming belts. Also a differentiation within the
population took place. The poor could not adjust fast enough
to the new technology and had no capital to buy the necessary
inputs.
Only the educated and rich farmers took the benefits. ■
Many crores of rupees have been spent on construction, still every
year crores of rupees need to be spent on maintenance works.
The Irrigation Department had placed its focus totally on this.
They have taken the responsibility to run this kind of schemes
with a centralised management, the farmers have just to wait to
get water delivered, although they have to please the officers
to do it. The marginal farmers face tail-end problems and don’t
get sufficient water or no water at all. The Irrigation
Department spends only little time and money to maintain tanks.
In the past local princes, temple authorities or landlords took
care of the tanks and they have functioned for centuries.
Nowadays most of the tanks are in a bad condition. Because of
siltation the waterholding capacity has reduced a lot. It is
believed that it is economically unfeasible to renovate the tanks.
So this will cause the end of many tanks. But is not the same
true for big reservoirs? They also will be silted up in about
50-75 years, due to intensive cultivation and deforestation
I
of the catchment area. Another time crores of rupees will be
spent to face thispioblem. So why not spend money on
rehabilitation of tanks?
The command area of the tanks are relatively small andpeople
know by tradition how much water there isin the tank and which
crops over which area can be grown with this amount'of water.
They have a traditional kind of water distribution in which
they have control over each other. Not many outsiders have
decision making power in this system and all have an interest
to use the water as efficient as possible. This kind of
decentralised systems shouldhave preference over centralised
systems where only outsiders, the management, and the rich
decide what is going to happen, leaving the rest in a totally
dependent situation.
This problem is not a transitory one of implementation - corrupt,
lazy officials - it is endemic to an entire system that robs
g
the people of control over their resource. An alternative j is "
to invest money to retain the potential of existing tanks and
other systems of traditional irrigation. These as a decentralised
system should be locally controlled with maintenance transferred
to the people thus relieveing the load on an overburdened
department.
The same holds true for the domestic water supply. The govern
ment’s borewell scheme has been one of its successes. In nearly
every village there are two or three borewells. Many have
little or no water during the summer. All of them breakdown
twice or thrice a year. Naturally enough, none in the village
knows how to repair this urban import. Nor has anyone taught
them how to, presumably because the government believes it is
work only for MSc, BSc, Engineers and beyond the ability of an
illiterate villager. As a result every breakdown necessitates
three or more visits to officialsin the District headquarters
and several months waiting for the permanently otherwise-engaged
repair team. After a little use, more repairs and even more
waiting, the villagers, convincedof the futility of their efforts
give up trying and leave the borewell/pump to collect rust.
Whether useful or otherwise, the intervention of the government
andthe introduction of the borewell hashadits effect. The
village system which was maintaining open wellshas crumbled.
When t.‘ ; borewells are fun tioning, the villagers ignore the
openwells so that the water is spoiled. Forcedto depend on the
government for be rewell/pump repairs, they now expecm it to also
undertake all renovation and maintenance work for the openwells as, indeed,, was promised. But, of course, despite enormous
efforts from the people,, the. government .du es not respond.
In March 1983, after 4 months1 work by the villagers, the Rotaract
Club and the project team, an open well was sanctioned for
Kerebudur under MREP. Despite a number of hurdles created by
the Block Development Officer, including deliberately delaying
workers' pay, digging proceeded fast until June when further
payments stopped.
Ever, since, the people of Kerebudur andthe
project team have made frequent ana regular visits to the
District headquarters andhave presented.countless written
appeals. Innumerable promises have been given andbroken:
nothing has been dene. In the meantime the rains have caused
the wallsto cave in
unless the well, is completed soon, they
money already spent will be down the dra,in. Yet, compared to
the cost of sinking and repairing bore-wells, open wells
require minimal expenditure., The villagers could and would
themselves clean andmaintain them, if they were given just a
little encouragement. • dll it needs''is* for the government to
take the people into confidence.'
Instead, it introduces ever new and complicated technologies
and relies on expertise, high capital cost and entrepreneural
abilities through private contractors. Be it wells, school
buildings or vzhatever, the contractors do sub-standard, haphazard
work f. ? which they receive full payments ad leave the villagers
little better off. As with any centralised system, the roou
of the problem is that the managers have nothing at stake: it
makes no difference to them if work is done well - wheja they
receive no benefit - or badly - when they shift blame to
another department or higher official. Consequently, roads
are remembered only when elections are imminent or dignitories
are visiting. The contractors, hastily called in, simply
spread mud on the existing cart tracks so that in no time at
all their work is invisible.'
It makes no difference to anyone - except, that is, the villagers.
If they were only entrusted with managing and executing the
programmes, they wouldobviously do it well because it is to
their own direct benefit. In 1982 Dugnuor witnessed a parody
of the entire system. The villagers and the project team
held a Shramadan: foundations were dug, stones laid, drains
cut and a new approach road finished, .A contractor then claimed
he did the work ant. took payment from the government.
6
One begins to wonder who the real beneficiaries are. Clearly
not the frustratedpoor. The government officials and local
administrators secure nice jobs, power and plentiful bribes.
The contractors do well and so do the village leaders - often
one and the same person. Indeed, over the years since
Independence the wealth and power of the village leaders has been
substantially increased. Previously their wealth was their land
and their influence narrowly circumscribed. However, the
paradoxical position of a government which while heavily
centralised is trying to control and deliver goods to every
village has put enormous power into the hands of such figures
who are proving models of rapid development. Their fingers are
now in every pie: politics, the black market, contracting work,
the village panchayat, the cooperative banks... This concentra
tion of power in a few hands has meant that time and again they
are the only beneficiaries of government schemes. Irrigation
canals flow into their fields, street lights illuminate their
neighbourhood, extension officers provide them with subsidised
products, banks give them loans. Fair price shops were in
theory created to provide the poor with the basic commodities
at a cheap rate. But in practice, the unwieldy system of
excessive centralisation has meant that only the rich can
operate that system. Usually, ninety per cent of the stock
released is sugar, hardly a basic necessity for the poor, which
is then sold on the black market before it even reaches the
village.
The same government centralism which awarded the village
leaders their new powers has also relieved them of all their
social obligations. While wanting to avoid romantic nostalgia,
it is certainly true that not so very long ago each village
leader or landlordhad certain responsibilities to the community.
This ensured that disputes were settled in and by the village
community, that temples were maintained and wells dug. It
ensured, in other words, that their wealth was in some means
ploughed back into the village. But now that the government
has taken over all organisational structures, they are left
free to indulge in unchecked selfish exploitation andthe
accumulation of capital.
Of course, many still do undertake work in the village but
these are spasmodic moments of magnanimity rather than very
definite structures of village self-reliance. And even such
initiatives are slowly being stifled. The Hanchinal Gowda
took the contract to bpild the school. He took a personal
interest, invested in the construction and did an excellent
job. Eighteen months ago the school was ready but since he did
not give any bribes the officials have not released the payments
due to him. He is, therefore,. unwilling to hand over the
school which meanwhile lies empty.
7
Thus, the governme nt's initial premises are eventually selffulfilling and its own existence is validated. Deprive the
people of any opportunity, for creativity andplanners are needed
to prepare endless schemes; appropriate the villagers' powers
and a plethora of Departments becomes necessary to plan,
implement, monitor and followup- every activity from an urban
headnuarter. It is a constantly self-reinforcing process: the
greater the centralism, the less the people can contribute,
the more they become obstacles in the path of government
programmes, the more necessary'the centralism... ad infinitum.
Village initiative is now perceived as a threat to the power'
spread across a network of- vested interests, for whom everincreasing centralisation brings ever-greater profits. And
all this justified by the great democratic myth.
In theory, of course, the. government is attempting to promote
people's participation through village associations. In reality
the system works to discourage the people from being partners
in development work while palming them off with innocuous
sports and cultural events. Fifteen years ago two departments
were set up specifically to encourage youth associations to take
up development work. Such associations have been formed by
a few rich youths, the poor everywhere having been unable to
master the cumbersome procedures for registration and the
fight for funds. Special schemes-have been formulated in
urban offices which consequently lack innovation and are totally
inappropriate to village life. Last year Bichal Youth Club
hosted a Taluka level cultural festival sponsored ’ and
organised by the -Yo&th Department. The officials had prepared
a Western style programme of a competition with cups and equally
meaningless prizes, -a debate on whether English is a better
language than Kannada and a "general knowledge" quiz which had
no evidence of relevance to the participants who, unable to
answer the questions, were only reduced to a. sense of
rural inferiority.
The'Department of Women's and Children's Welfare is, if possible,
only more invisible and more inappropriate. A group of women
from Kerebudur who had formed themselves into a mahila mandal
approached the Deputy Commissioner for. help. He said that if
they registered themselves- they could get buffaloe. So -they
approached the Department office where they learnt that registration-involves Rs.6O and various pieces of paper in return
for which they are presented with a different piece of paper.
The official knew nothing of buffaloe and referred them vaguely
to other departments. The only scheme for mahila mandal she
knew of required that for two years the group on its own undertake
a useful activity such as "doll-making, embroidery or pickle
making" and keep audited accounts. These conditions fulfilled
the government would give a grant of Rs. 1,000/- a year. Whether
or not that is on paper the only scheme for mahila mandal is
irrelevant; in reality it is for the women of Kerebudur who
can not reach beyond the District branch. Moreover, the whole
farce held up their own somewhat more intelligent and creative
plans. Even now they still nurture a vague feeling that what
they should really do is register and hunt down the free buffaloe.
8
Clearly all the government programmes in the world l
are
never going to encourage, let alone enable, the people to take
development into their own hands. Why then isvoluntary action
persisting in the attempt to implement government.programmes?
It is a policy we have ourselves pursued for three years.
There have been some "successes” : Janata houses have been built
pensions distributed, schools, wells, roads repaired/constructed
There have been more failures: a small farmer who ran a Fair
Price Shop genuinely serving the poor hadhis licence withdrawn,
Dugnoor Janata Housing group have been waiting two yiears for
hakku-patra (ownership certificate), Kerebudur School has taken
two years to reach window level
Every voluntary age.ncy
could prepare a similar list of endless woes wherein, even with
its "skilled" personnel ard finance to help the villagers, it
has been unable to implement government programmes.
We might wonder whether the failures are justified’by the
successes, or whether the results are worth the enormous
investment in terms of time, personnel andmoney. But such
questions of priorities merely evade the issue.
The fact is
that even the successes do not fulfill any of”our avowed
objectives: we didnot set ourselves up to keep contractors in
work. If the government programmes by their very nature have
a negative impact on the villagers with and for whom we are
working, success or failure is irrelevant. The attempt itself
will have a negative effect. How then can voluntary agencies
justify their pursuit of government programmes?
Initially, it seems, we all feel that we should take money and
goods that are on offer. After all, these programmes are for
the people - they are the people's "rights" and as such we
should ensure that they receive them. However, these "rights"
were created by a constitution and government schemes which
the people have no part in framing and which are of no intrinsic
worth.
Indeed, they are meaningless in their concentration
upon material objects which only encourages the poor to overlook
their own resources, to neglect andultimately forget their own
skills and to turn instead to outside forces. The stage is then
set for exploitation: multinational drug companies will sweep
aside the herbal medicines, chemicals will replace natural
manures and the villagers will be put in the hands of profiteers
and politicians. Ultimately, the people for all their new
stone houses and high yielding varieties, secured as their
rights, will be worse off than today and India will be as
underdeveloped as the West. For development is not about
material wealth but about empowering each individual to realise
his/her full potential. And this povzer is surely both the
people's fundamental right andthe real aim of all genuine
voluntary agencies. Yet in our democratic fervour to secure
their "rights" we are jeopardising their power. Their right
is not to accept <. lother's plans but to realise their own
dreams, to themselves determine their rights.
9
Such work involves changing people's minis: giving them the
confidence to assert themselves, respect themselves, to believe
in their own latent abilities and strengths.
This presents
voluntary agencies with a dilemma. We all need visible results:
to show our friends, our guestsr journalists, government
——
officials, funding agencies and perhaps most potently, the
villagers themselves. We can not show people's minds nor prove
our worth with mental change so we surround ourselves with
visible, material achievements - which means government
programmes.
x
Of course, the people themselves can achieve the same tangible
results. If they come together and save Re.l a week, their
common funds will grow, they can take small loans and pay a
little interest, in time initiate an income-generating activity:
the future possibilities are opened wide. In twenty years
they will have the resources to dig their own well or build
their own houses, temples... But we can not wait twenty years.
We are impatient and are in a hurry.
We need quick successes
To boost our morales and assure ourselves that we are doing
"good work". So we encourage the villagers' savings or other
schemes but at the same time cover our losses and speed things
up a little by helping the same villagers implement government
programmes which will gradually undermine their own slower
efforts. Time is tco important for the watch-wearing urbanedyicated elites who dominate voluntary action and in our hurry
we sacrifice our aims and, compromise our ideals. But one day
we will run out of time to rectify our mistakes’of the past.
It will not affect us: the villagers will be the losers.
Yet, there is so much time. The villagers have waited for
generations and haste is not their eternal worry. Last week in
Hanchinal three youths were cleaning a well. Their method was
very slow and one youth could have done the job far more
efficiently and qijickly. But they did not care: let the work
take all day, they would peacefully do it together. Time was
irrelevant: companionship was what mattered. Development work
is an intervention into people's lives. Better to go slowly
with consolidated, invisible benefits along ’ ’ the way. If a
group does start a saving scheme, it is an enormous achievement
when its resources reach, say, Rs. 500. It is their own effort
and their own money and they will ensure that it does not go
to waste. They may, far example, begin cooperative store of
far greater effectiveness than any Fair Price Shop sponsored
and controlled by the government. Looking for way's to best.
utilise their funds all their latent skills will be called into
play. Each individual will begin to discover that they do
have skills they had never imagined or had ceased to value and
that they are capable of themselves changing their own lives,
of taking their future into their hands.
10
This is the process voluntary agencies, forever advertising
themselves as "catalysts of change" should be promoting. We
need to initiate action in two fields in which a vacuum has been
created at the village level. The first is in the field of
knowledge. Every villagehas its skilled craftsmen, or doctor,
or manager or mason. There are those who know how to make ■
oil, medicines, tools, pots or cloth, those who sing the local
myths or enact the local history. Voluntary agencies must
encourage the villagers to revive these dying forms of knowledge
and building upon them, to discover new, alternative possibi
lities. Given the right environment the people can themselves
undertake their own research, whether it be into housing,
or agriculture or whatever, and can experiment with their own
innovative ideas. This would release a creativity through
which the people could find their own expression and vhich
would throw their future wide open.
The second field in which voluntary agencies must take action
is that of structures. It has become a matter of some urgency
that villagers create their own alternate structures whidh can
fulfill their needs. If they come together in associations,
be they farmers, women, youth, which will provide a
' : forum
for the exchange of ideas and the support and organisation to
implement their joint decisions. As individuals, the villagers
are powerless in the face of centralism. It is only through
their own structures that they will have the ability to bypass
that centralism aftd follow their own paths. Eventually they
may even be in a position to challenge and to change the
centralised system.
Therein lies perhaps the hardest task facing voluntary agencies.
Our priority must be to search for and create alternatives,
only then voluntary agencies can make themselves redundant
as outside agents.
The real alternative is the people
themselves - not as "target population" to adopt government
programmes, but as planners, governors, decision makers - as
creators.
In a short span of time
KWALITY
has been able to breathe
fresh life into a backward region in Karnataka
KWALITY Makes an
Impact in Chikballapur
URAL PROVERTY has
assumed
alarming proportions oespite the
efforts made by both the Govern
ment and Voluntary Agencies to alleviate
it. Economic development, including
social and cultural development, to be
meaningful should usher in prosperity,
improved standard of living and social
security to the most deprived sections of
society. The poor have become apathetic
and often cynical about their own econo
mic development and exhibit a sence of
despair and resignation.
R
A few dedicated social workers of Chik
ballapur often met and seriously consid
ered the situation and resolved to initiate
measures for the socio-economic deve
lopment of the poor in and around Chickballapur. As a result, Karnataka Welfare
Society KWALITY being the acronym,
was formed as a Voluntary Organisation
with committed members for the upliftment of the most oppressed and deprived
sections of society.
KWALITY, in its commitment to the
development of the rural poor has
identified 25 villages in Chikballpur
Taluk. Karnataka and5 villagesJinHindu-
pur Taluk, Andhra Pradesh, with a popu
lation of more then 10,000 people
comprising mostly smell aid marginal
farmers, landless agricultural labourers
who are living under acute conditions of
poverty. They are mostly dependent on
rainfed agriculture with its features of
scanty rainfall and
low
productivity_
There is very little activity outside agri
culture and the people do not know any
otherskills for earning adequate income.
There is very little activity outside
agriculture and the people do not know
any otherskills for earning
adequate
income.
KWALITY
has undertaken several
programmes such as: (1) Socio-Econo
mic Survey, (2) Training in Skills, (3)
Income Generating Projects, (4) Aware
ness Campaigns, (5) Seminars/Workshops, (6) Shelter for the Homeless,
(7) Animal Husbandry, (8) Agriculture
and Irrigation, (9) Afforestation, (10)
Tribal Development, (11) Health Prog
ramme, (12) Women's Development and
Promotion of People of Development
Organisations in order to better the
quality of the poor in their target areas.
Programmes for women
In a short span of time KWALITY has
had many achievements to its credit. A
Socio-ecnomic survey of 25 Villages in
the project area has been completed and
the poorest of the poor identefied for
planningtheirdevelopment. FiveWomen's
Development Associations in 10Villages
have been organised and 400 women
enrolled as Members and motivated to
participate in their own development.
Fourhundred rural poor women have been
taught tailoring and supplied with a
sewing machine each free of cost to
enable them become self-reliant. Two
hundred rural poor women have been
trained in imaroved methods of mulberry
cultivation andsilk wormrearing and they
are rehabilated inthesericultureindustry
As many as 140 rural poor women have
P.T.O.
KWALITY
been provided with Skill Training in
Spinning Silk Waste ; a Cottage Industry
of
Silk Waste Spinning has been
established in two villages where the
trained
rural
poor
women
are
rehabilitated. Women have also been
trained in the manufacture of Agarbathi
(incense sticks), a job they did at their
residence. A Dairy Project has been
started for 200 rural poor women. Each
centres.
organised
A free Medical Camp was
where more
than
2000
rural poor were examined and treat
ment given free of cost by a team of
doctors. A large number of Awareness
Camps were organised to awaken and
motivate the rural poor people to
participate in their own development.
More than 500 people have participated
in such camps.
of the participants has been supplied
with two buffaloes.
Shelters and social services.
One hundred low cost shelters have
been constructed and provided to poor
families who had no shelter and they
are now happily living in these houses.
As many as 100 rural youth, belonging
to small farmers and marginal farmers
and landless agriculture! labourers have
been provided with training modern
scientific
methods
of
agriculture,
dairying, horticulture for increasing
productivity and becoming self reliant.
Under the Adult Education Programme,
1800 adults have been trained in 60
Several agencies such as the Social
Welfare and Rural Development Depart
ment and Education Department of the
Government of Karnataka ; Ministry of
Rural Development, Home Ministry,
Ministry of Education,
Ministry of
Agriculture and other Ministries of the
Central Government and International
Donor Agencies have stood by KWALITY
in their endeavour to breathe a fresh
life in a backward region.
KWALITY operates its programmes
and activities through grants received
from Donor Agences, Local Government
and contributions from individuals and
organisations and membership fees,
Published by Central Social Welfare Board, June - July 1989 Social Welfare Magazine
Govt, of India Unit
ao,
C/o
<4
co
S'SrtD^ i^SSe) §3/)^ (D.)
SAVE
—s
tr
55023: rtodO53e)OdO5Jtf8-574 217.
DAKSHINA
KANNADA
CAMPAIGN
The land of Dakshina Kannada, the creation of which is attributed
to God Parashurama, is effulgent with rich natural resources.
The Western Ghats challenging the very high heavens on the east
and the 135 KM long Coast line on the west are the unique gifts
with which Nature has blessed this district. Our district is
famous for its rich natural resources reflected in features like
the 22 rivers rising in the Western Ghats and flowing to the
Arabian
sea,
the estuaries which
are
biologically
and
environmentaly significant,
the rich green earth covering the
heights and depressions in the midland region, the forests,
the
medicinal plants, wild life, numerous springs, waterfalls and
lakes.
This district which has been recognised as one of the
eighteen most biologically diversified and ecologically sensitive
regions in the World, has evolved its own luminous identity in
Arts and Culture.
Why This Campaign?
In the course of the efforts being made to place this district on
top of the industrial map of India by forcing on it unbearably
polluting mega industries the health of our soli, water and air
is at risk and so too is at risk the people's right to
1i ve1ihood.
The process of urbanisation and the mad rush to the urban areas
have made urban life untenable.
The growing pressure
of
population spawning the sprawl of slums and the destruction of
the green belt, specially reserved for the cities, spell danger
to the well being of the citizens. The severe strain on the
system of disposing of waste and sewerage is likely to pollute
the sea, the rivers, lakes, wells etc.
Land use plan may be dislocated with the result that the
agricultural
land diminishes in size and the agriculturists
suffer. A considerable portion of rural farmland may be utilised
for non-agricultural purposes like setting up industries, house
building, supply of soil, sand and stones.
The remaining
agricultural
land may lose its fertility reducing our district
into a desert. The agriculturists may out of short term, but
ultimately ruinous greed be tempted to sell their lands to land
grabbing industrialists at what appear to be high prices.
But
destitution awaits them in the end.
The excessive industrial, agricultural and construction - related
activities may deplete the ground water resources and this will
scorch the district in water famine.
The discharge of effluents from the factories may pollute marine
life and this will deprive more than 3 lakh fisherfolk of their
means of livelihood.
Such mega ventures as chemical industry, steel
industry, coal
based electricity generating plant, oil refinery may cause acid
rain to affect the Western Ghats thereby making plantation
estates and agricultural land derelict.
The relentless loot of forests will destroy our forest wealth.
As it is the forests have considerably shrunk in size.
So too
the common lands meant for grazing, greenleaf, and the other
paramboke land.
Water reservoirs like lakes and ponds have been encroached upon.
This prevents percolation of water underground and thus reduces
the availability of ground water in the long range.
Our traditional crafts, industries and factories will buckle
under the face of the competition from the mega industries thus
causing wide spread and massive unemployment, which in turn, will
cause civil strife and disrupt the social equilibrium.
Having given deep thought to these circumstances this ’Save
Dakshina
Kannada' Campaign has been launched to
generate
awareness among the people at large and at all
levels and to
involve the community in preventing our district from falling a
prey to the evil that is likely to result from the scenario
sketched above.
The Main Object of the Campaigni
Creating environmental awareness among the people in all the
villages, hamlets and taluks of the district and motivate them to
collectively undertake the protection of our soil, water and
forests.
Subsidiary Aimsi
-
To activate the Taluk-level Environmental Committees.
-
To disseminate information on the harmful effects
of
polluting mega industries and raise public opinion about
them.
-
Organise teams of resource persons willing to involve
themselves in the work of raising public awareness.
-
Identify the main environmental problems of the
explore solutions to resolve them.
-
Motivate
the
agriculturists
agricultural practices.
2
to
take
to
Taluk
and
eco friendly
Press for the implementation throughout the district of the
Joint Forest Planning & Management Committee Plan formulated
by the Government so as to save, utilise and conserve the
forests with people's participation.
Demand formulation and
development programmes.
implementation
of
eco
friendly
Demand the implementation of sustainable development plans
in accordance with the recommendations jointly made by
Danida and the Department of Ecology and Environment of
Karnataka Government in their report of the Environmental
Master Plan study.
Activitiesa
The Campaign will rely on people's active participation and will
spread its message through multi-media services.
In the main,
the action plan listed below will be implemented.
-
Taluk-level seminars, workshops, conferences
environmental concepts.
-
Street plays, minstrelry songs, wall
Jathas, video projections etc.
-
Training camps for Resource Persons regarding methodology of
Commun icat ions.
-
Environment related Activities at college and
levels (Competition, Exhibition etc.)
-
Organising cycle Jathas
-
Write-ups in newspapers and other print media.
posters,
focusing
on
pamphlets,
high
school
Organisation and Management of the Campaigns
A district level Co-ordination Committee has been formed.
It
will be entrusted with designing the frame work for the conduct
of the Campaign, supervision of action plans and guiding the
Campaign.
Its responsibilities will
include finding
local
support, Co-ordination of various programmes and activities,
publicity
and information, producing the street play
and
organising the teams and performances, fund raising, ensuring and
encouraging women's participation in the Campaign,
framing a
time-table for the implementation of the plans and ensure its
observance. The Committee will operate on a full time basis.
3
Office
The affairs of the campaign will be co-ordinated in Mangalore at
the office of the Shubadha Society (Urva School Complex, Near
Ladyhill Circle,
Mangalore - 6)
Duration of the Campaign:
Will be from December, 1995 to November 1996.
Our Appeals
The participation and partnership of people of the district in
the campaign is most necessary for it to succeed in saving
this district from disaster. Men and women of all age groups
have to involve themselves in this great cause. The survival of
this beautiful
land and its people depends on the success of
these
efforts.
So let us one and all commit ourselves
physically, mentally and financially to the sacred task of saving
and enriching the natural resources of this district and thus
ensure its uninterrupted progress and the welfare of
our
succeeding generation for all time to come.
Pure air, Pure water and enjoyment of a clean environment is
birth right and nobody shall deprive us of it.
our
Contact Addresses:
Campaign Office
Okkoota Office
Save D.K. Campaign
c/o Shubadha Society
Urwa School Complex
Near Ladyhill Circle
Mangalore - 6
K.
D.
Jilla Parisarasktha
Okkoota
C/o Nagarika Seva Trust (R)
Guruvayanakera Post - 574 217
Belthangady Taluk
Ph:
Ph: 22019, 22070 (08256)
457964 (0824)
KARNATAKA CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMITTEE (KCLC)
J^.?B.QP2£TION : Th® Constitution of India guarantees
certain democratic rights and civil liberties to the people.
In reality, however, there has been a steady'violation of
basic human rights and even the constitutional guarantees
by the ruling classes and their law-enfisrcing agencies, over
the years. A vast majority of the people do not have a
concrete awareness of their fundamental rights. The lack of .
democratic conscience makes them submissive and does not allow
even a mild p'rotest when their rights are curbed.
Although civil liberties organizations were formed in the
wake of inhuman tortures and killings perpetrated by the police
on revolutionaries in 1970-71, a wider interest and more vocal
and organised resistance emerged in the post-Emergency period.
Emergency caught many a citizen unawares and made even the
opposition leaders, liberals, journalists and students face
the wrath of the rulers directly. That some of these organi
zations could not go beyond a movement for the release of
political prisoners indicates their lack of perspective and
inability to grip the people in general and mobilise them to
build a strong and meaningful civil liberties movement. Hence
the scope and tasks bf civil liberties organisations should be
placed in their proper context.
With-more than 60' per cent of our population living below
the poverty line, the basic demands of the people are for food
.and other, necessities o.f life. People have to and do struggle
for these. Economic exploitation'by the ruling classes aided
by the social conditions like illiteracy, superstititions,
casteism and the political tradition of authoritarianism have
deteriorated the living standards of the toiling masses as
well as the middle classes , to a great extent. Peasants, workers
and middle classes have been carrying out incessant struggles
for a better life. These struggles for just, demands are demo
cratic and press for implementation of the proclaimed policies .
of the State. Therefore, the struggle for civil liberties can
not be viewed in isolation from the movements waged by oppressed
people. Civil liberties movement should help create the condi
tions that facilitate organisation and struggle of people and
fight against the authorities auid establishment which crush
these struggles ruthlessly.
Blatant violation of the existing laws and acts like the
Minimum Wages Act, Trade Union ar\d Factories Act by the landed
gentry and industrialists are questioned only by a few isolated
organisations and trade unions. I'hese bodies are, however,
caught in the mire of economism and legalism and could therefore
make hardly any progress towards democratisation of the system.
Those who protest and ask . the authorities to implement the
very laws made by the government are' outlawed and their voice
is throttled. The State uses repressive measures like intro
duction of undemocratic and anti-peop.le legislations, declara
tion of disturbed areas and suppression of genuine movements
by using the brutal force of police and para-military machinery.
Simultaneously, it uses diversionary tactics to misdirect
people's anger and covertly nurtures trade-union rivalry,
communalism, casteism, etc. Even the conscious sections of
our country-fall for the empty phrases like national integra
tion or threats of war with the neighbouxd-ng countries which
are being used to c -mcuflagc the inability of -the state to
deliver goods. FrsKc-.re of the opposition parties and the
role played by the press, radio and TV which are used as almost
a part of the State machinery are also to bi’.ame for the present
situation.
.2
-2Women have always been and still remain economically and
socially oppressed. Dowry deaths, ill-treatment and rapes
even in police custodies indicate the plight of Indian women.
Any civil liberties organisation must seriously, work for
women's rights and rightful place for them in our society.
Inspite of the stipuations of directive principled and
constitution thousands of children are employed in labourintensive units and many more do not receive the promised
."free and compulsory" education.
The cases of illegal detentions, harassment and torture
in jails and lock-ups leading to the death of many .arrested
are cn the increase. Manipulations of laws and acts and
killing many innocent and poor people in fake encounters
have become the classic methods of repression usqd by the
ruling classes. Jail manuals are not complied with by the
authorities, the jail conditions have hardly improved; hundreds
of political prisoners and thousands of undertrials are behind
the bars today.
Given such a situtation, complete awareness and vigilant
action from all sections of the people is essential to protect
their democratic rights. It therefore calls for the initiative
of conscious and articulate sections in the intelligentsia
especialy lawers, academicians, writers and journalists. T^eir
firm commitment to create awareness of rights in all sections
of the people and mobilise ’them to build at strong and sustained
civil liberties movement recognising the needs and aspirations
of fellow beings and identifying with the movements of all
oppressed people is the need of the hour/.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
1.
The KCLC opposes and fights against the violation of civil
liberties and democratic rights;' of the people by any agency
in any form.
2.
KCLC1s main objective is to c/reate awareness among the people
about their rights, expose the repression by the State and
other vested interests and build vigilant movements to ensure
and achieve these rights•
3.
Life, liberty and happines/s are the natural rights of mankind.
KCLC therefore stands by .'ill those people who struggle for
food, shelter, clothing, land, freedom and equality.
4.
KCLC opposes discrimination on grounds of religion, caste,
race, nationality, sex or place of birth and will combat
social evils like untouchability, casteism and communalism
which divide the people.
•5.
KCLC condemns police zulum.on people1s movements and'fights
against atrocities of the police, para-military forces and
other State machinezry in suppressing people's struggles all
over India.
6.
The Committee demands ban on illegal detentions', torture in
police lock-ups, Sake encounters which are perpetrated by the
law-enforcing authorities.
7.
KCLC will work f;or building a strong democratic movement and
bring about denvocratic culture in the society. It therefore
fights for he r.-epeal of the undemocratic laws and acts like
NSA, DIR, ESMA, Hospitals and Educational Institutions Bill,
Official Secrejts Act, Disturbed Areas Act, the proposed
CONSTITUTION
1.
NAME :
KARNATAKA CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMITTEE (KCLC).
It is a democratic mass organisation- for the protection
of civil liberties and democratic rights of 'the people'.
2• KCLC is an independent democratic organisation consisting of all
those who agree with its aims and objectives. It will be
independent of any political party.
3.
Address : c/o S. Rama Krishna, Advocate, 9-Bathing Ghat Lane,
Chickpet, Bangalore - 560 053.
,
4.
5.
The financial year will be January 1st to December 31st.
MEMBERSHIP :
5.1 Any person above 18 years of age agreeing and willing to abide
by the Aims and Objectives and constitution of the KCLC is
eligible to become a member. The membership fee is Rs. 10/- per
annum.
5.2
Those who pay Rs. 250/- in a lump sum will be life members.
5.3 Each member is entitled to one vote.
6. GENERAL BODY :
6.1 The General Body shall be held once a year, within a period
’.of 12 months from the date of the last General Body Meeting.
6.2, ..The Quorum for all General Body Meetings shall be l/3rd
of the total membership of KCLC. However, if the quorum is not
there at•the stipulated time of the meeting the Executive Comm
ittee will meet and decide the matters .(regarding adjourned
meeting, resolutions, etc.) thereof.
6.3 Notice of the General Body meetings along with agenda shall
be sent to the members at least 15 days before the date of the
meeting. •
7.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE :
7.1 There will be an election to the Executive Committee every
year. This election will take place in. the first General Body
meeting after December 31st of the previous year.
7.2 Any member of the General Body except those mentioned in
7.3 is eligible to stand and get elected on the Executive
Committee.
7.3 No member is eligible to contest in the elections to the
Executive Committee if he/she* (1) is a member of a political
party or (ii) has not paid the annual membership fee.
7.4 The Executive Committee consists of eleven members, including
office bearers, all of them duly elected by the General Body.
7.5 The Executive Committee will draft policies and programmes
for the KCLC to be ratified by the General Body.
7.6 The Executive Committee will co-ordinate the activities
of the KCLC.
7.7. The quorum for the Executive Committee meetings-is 2/3rd of
the entire committee.
7.8 Notice of all Executive Committee meetings along with the
agenda shall be given at least 48 hours before the time of the
meeting.
<.
8.
OFFICE BEARERS :
8.1 One President,’ one Vice-President, one General Secretary,one Joint Secretary and one Treasurer will be Office Bearers.
-3-
Forest Bill which are designed to curb the rights of workers/
tribals, journalists and students.
8.
9.
KCLC will work to ensure free and uncensored
press and
independence of mass media like the radio and television.
KCLC demands abolition of capital punishment.
10.
KCLC demands immediate release of all political prisoners and
. quick disposal of cases pending, against undertrials.
11.
KCLC demands -the constitutionally guranteed free and compulsory
education to children below 14 years.
12 •
KCLC demands the right of civil liberties activists and
organisations to periodically inspect the jails, prisoners
and undertrials. The committee also demands radical improve
ments in the conditions of Indian jails and fights against
the inhuman treatment received by the prisoners. Non-compli
ance with the jail manuals and lacunae in the rehabilitation
programmes will be questioned and fought against.
13.
KCLC demands inclusion' of right to work as a fundamental right.
14.
Despite the promises of equality of sexes in the Constiution, •
women are oppressed economically and socially. KCLC will
strongly oppose such exploitation and fight for women's rights.
15-.-
KCLC opposes 'the practices of employing child labour and
bonded labour.
16.
KCLC will offer legal assistance to the backward sections o.f
the society who are ignorant of the legal aspects and cannot
afford the court expenses.
17.
KCLC suggests and demands "certain amendments in the various
acts and laws such as the Criminal Law, Industrial Disputes
Act# etc. which are necessary to make them more meaningful.
18.
KCLC demands implementation of: reforms in the judicial system
to ensure democratic rights in real terms. The committee
will also work towards securing independence to the judiciary.
19.
KCLC holds that the question of democratic rights is closely
related to the question of safeguarding the economic, poli
tical and cultural independence of the people of our country
as well as other countries.
p
20.
KCLC ..will unite with all civiij.I. liberties and democratic
rights Organisations in taking-up issues concerning people's
rights and achieving the above/objectives.
- 2 -
8.2 The Office bearers shall be directly elected by the General
Body.
8.3 The President will preside over the meetings and represent
the KCLC together with the General Secretary in all organisational
forums, delegations, etc. In the absence of the President, the
Vice-President assumes the charge in these matters.
8.4 The Secretaries will (i) keep the minutes of all the'
Executive Committees and General Body meetings, (ii) maintain thereport books of the various sub-committees or fact-finding teams
of the KCLC, (iii) convene and undertake to inform all members
about every General Body and Executive Committee meetings, (iv)
prepare the agenda of both the Executive Committee and General
Body meetings, (v) present the annual report in the annual
General Body Meeting.
8.5 The Treasurer will (i) maintain the books of the account of
the KCLC, (ii) present a budget for the forthcoming year
immediately after the election (iii) co-ordinate all the
finances of the KCLC, (iv) present in the General Body meeting
the final balance-sheet in the annual General Body Meeting.
9.
SUB-COMMITTEES :
9.1 To facilitate the smooth functioning of the organisation's
activities Sub-committees may be formed by the Executive
Committee from time to time.
9.2 To allow for proper co-ordination at least one member of
the Executive Committee will be on the Sub-committee.
9.3 Members of the Sub-committees shall be the members of the
General Body.
Executive Committee.
9.4
All Sub-committees are responsible to th
10.
ELECTIONS :
10.1
All elections will be conducted by secret ballot.
10.2 The entire procedure of putting in ballots as well as
counting of votes must be done in one sitting.
10.3 All members must be proposed and seconded by at least
one member each.
10.4
Voting by proxy is not permitted.
11.
RESOLUTIONS :
11.1 There will be two type's of resolutions,"
Resolutions (b) Special Resolutions.
(a) Ordinary
11.2 Vote of no-confidence motions, recall of any particular
Executive Committee member, amendments to the Constitution and
Aims and Objectives of the KCLC will be considered as Special
Resolutions.
11.3
All other Resolutions are Ordinary Resolutions.
11.4 Any ordinary resolution shall be tabled either in the
Executive Committee or in the General Body with the permission
of the Chair.
11.5 All ordinary resolutions passed in the Executive Committee
shall be ratified in the earliest General Body meeting.
- 3
11.6
A13 special resolutions shall be first tabled in the
Executive Committee.
11.7
No special resolution can be passed by the Executive Commi
ttee. These may only be discussed at the Executive Committee
1evel.
11.8
The Executive Committee is obliged to table all special
resolutions received before the General Body.
11.9
All ordinary resolutions shall be proposed and seconded by
at least one member each of the General Body.
11.10 All special resolutions to be admitted for discussion
shall b.e proposed and seconded by atleast 25 members of the
General Body.
•
11.11 All ordinary resolutions shall be passed in the General
Body by a simple majority present and voting.
11.12 All special resolutions shall be passed by 2/3rd of the
members present and voting.
11.13 The organisation will maintain a statute book wherein all
resolutions and bye laws passed may be recorded.
12.
ADVISORY BOARD :
12.1
The KCLC may appoint an Advisory Body consisting of
esteemed democratic people.
12.2
The Executive Committee may consult the Advisory Body on
any issue concerning democratic rights and civil liberties,
also on policies, programmes, etc. from time to time.
12.3
Individual members of this Advisory Body may change from
time to time.
KAR1VATJ1EA AND INDIA
■- AT A GLANCE
ESSF&g ±e3
JBOed
todo djsjy
(As on 31 -3-1 992)
(31-3-1992SO adog)
Published By
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND EVALUATION DIVISION
DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE SERVICESBANGALORE-560 009
=S5cj sinai;S Sb:prf
Sdrc^oDlJ
'tzM^Z^ZZZT
Karnataka and india at a glance
Karnalalajcs^rxos
(D Per Capita Income 1933-39 (in Rupear.Xt murcst prices
3ce=dj H=afc-19S8-89 (do==sogn-s>=,s
Ypsrltd 044 tpcai --e4> iacU
(J« on '3I-3-I3XS2 ’t=ocd)
3.
Kamatahaltr—PUS
I. General Information no:
3835.30
(6) Age specific Fertility Ratu (1936)l~t£xrO=X=lZ> d=I3J3= jpd (Cm.)
Years/adrrtCa
15—19
88.8
20....24
230.2
25-29
180.3
30....34
103-9
35 .39
60.4 .
40—44
22-8
45 .49
6-9
91.1
252-3
2164
. 139-2
73-6
37-7
14-9
Vital Statistics/cdd-dJdodY set ucib*
(A) Fertility/^cdS i
1,91,791
rfa) Birth Ratelaxt 0,=xu
(Provisional 199O/==1cs (.-.nrj
Rural/n^Cxn
Urban/auja
Combined/Sxsus,
No. of Rcven-e Divistons/Sasa, z^err.o —a
No. of Districts
=«A
No. of Sub-D.-isions ’r~ aa="0 =es5t
[ndiappxza
3787-00 ■
49
No. of Taluks sst^-'s serf,
No. of Towns a.-.d Cities (1991 Census),,'au
254
No. of inhabited villages (1981 census)/—a—s nosS ro,a
(191
2. Demographic Features (1991 Census) (Pronsioual):
44,806
Population (in '.COsye-aaad, (OOOrtcJ)
22,846
NA
Female Population (in 000s)/o2rt=l useod, (OCO r.og
21.960
NA
Decinnial Growth Rate(198l-91)/19«:-»10==Scsc tttt
20.66
Percentage of Urban Population to Total Population
30-91
Density of Population per km‘ (1991 Census),ap u=U.a=.rt =
(1991
,3 234
Male Population (in OCOs)/neaed
(OOOnej)
Sex Ratio (No. of Females per 1000 Males)
(c) Total Fertility Rita (WSS);--^ 0=5^3 = is(CEZl.)
Rural/n^aatra
Urban/auja
Combined/~c=s,
(if) Grou Reproduction Rale (I9SS){-Uoi
Rural/rajOstra
Urban/auja
Total/t-us,
961
63.36
Male Stas—
Female.*^team
(B) Mortality/riadQ
^(S) Expectation of life al birth (»« yew) (7991-96) (Projected)
Male 5~—
Ferra.e.=U^=cs
^c) .Yo of Eligible Couple Protected a> on 31-3-1992
(or icorced out by Minister of H k FIT)
^(a) Death Rate/^xm a,=
Provisional (1990) saxtfii (C!7T)
Rural/najdara
Urban/auja
Corabined/=:c=s_,
64-15
49.4
(1991)
(4) Percentage of Married Femala to total Remain m the
age gnup'of I3-44I15-3M =t=:=K=£3 •_= efcrcSS.
=isca= =4>C=m-S<enc=aa (19810 =S)
76.08 '
(e) J/eon Age al Marriage of Female-Male (1991 Census)
t&dzaiKacS =sa x= aalus, (19SIO
Male V
Female;'
0^3=5 (Cm.)
25.86
19.21
SO.5I
;
Infant Mortality Rate[bO^x^z ~,=
(Provisional 1990,'3t=iOs 1990)
Rural/royixrs
Urban/au_ra
Combined,'»c=e,
AC) .Veo-natal and Post natal Mortality Rota (193S)
»=3 baa =sn sid (srttl)
Neo-natal,'a:Set ease as. c=y uert
Post-natal,■=t=p:-a at cc= aiX ZTtrucrt
Jndio
Karnataka
4.
Percentage of Peculation below Poverty Hoc (1987-88) (Provisional)
Rural ni.L:
Urban-4/
Combined;
5.
NA
31.%
Per Capita (Pnblk Sector) Expenditure on Health (Medical
Public Health) and Family Welfare (86-87) (Ln Rs.)
erijs'rt (£,«1*(CS9
syrfrtxa* e?daan^)
^olbou tfcs.o
asssada (jRircatf ssonli)
(ncct-«.) tie. rttfO
Health.ei^
**
'
4*39
939
Family Welfare^tixt: ecc^n
5437
7.61
x6'/ (s) Health and Medical Institutions
. Genera! Hospitals, Major Hospitals and District Hospitals
=s--es^
tLoci^ trz.dxw: cteo,
•
Pnmary Health Cenlrts,^/?^
Stccyttf:
Primary Health Units’Dispensrie$/=»/. c.
'No. of Beds'=wr^
ZNo. of Sub-Cen£res,to^^c^r< =cx34
eea4R
101722
1262
2C5312
S3I(p)
283W2
48439(p)
6254185
•7,793
130902
.'Rural Family Welfare Centres/^corra fcu=u esa r *?c= Jttfa
’• >Urban Family Welfare Ccntres/s^
?93(p)
'
. ,Post Partun Centres/csrecsa Xr» e?oq/K;
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Centres/
'Health and Family Welfare Training Centres'
sat, Ul!u? wjk Z0A3 *rc=xw:
269
5345 ▼
102
‘T941O
103
1501*
471.
NA
5 .
NA
-(6) Jnrtiiuium PajndatioH Ratio]: 2i«740(P) 1: 1000**
(Fo* Census Population of 1991)/(199to
=xxcxJart)
z(cj B^d Population RatiopSiK^,sZXa^i S^zxxs
J: J3f5(p) ] ; !39&y
((f) Lryzior Population Ratio (Gort.y^^Ci c-7Xcc54
(XRTO)
Excluding Teaching StafT/vL^rcJs
dx53cz!zi*<
]: J0.230
Including Teaching Staff^xT^s
uc-V-53ct
1:8418
/(e) .-.Kjiiiary Kurtf SiidiriJefXlidtrijc Population Ratio (Govt.)]
(xearo)
For Total i.^pu!aiion/i-U:u
ff) Svnr Bai ^«u> c=iXiO zmxrt c csr
^
(P) Provisional as on 31-3-92 2 as on 31-3-90 * 1985
* 31-3-1987 O 31-3-89
(p) Provitivital •
1:4.934
1: 8
V 1986
“1-1-1988
NA
NA
1:3"
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#680, 15e5c daaa^d^, 3853? sscScJ/y,,, 4s3? ‘&3’ txsadra, &o±>s3rtd,
doristacb - 560041.
Tel: +91 80 663 5622 Fax: +91 80 632 0021 E-mail: ds.iblr@bgl.ysnl.iietin
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12
FREE RURAL MEDICAL SERVICE
REPORT BY THE RESIDENT DOCTOR - Dr, S.MADHUSUDAN M.B.B.S, D.P.M
REPORT FOR THE PERIOD OCTOBER 1 999 - APRIL 2000.
As part of the Om Shantidhama Free Rural Medical Service Scheme, the
Since then,
mobile clinic had its beginning on 14th October 1999.
Medical Service is being provided to 11 villages around Om Shantidhama
covering a population of about 5,000.
The clinic is held 3 days a week (Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays).
6
spots have been selected where the clinic is held and patients from
nearby villages are asked to come there.
On any day 3 spots ( 4 on
Tuesdays) are covered.
A brief description of utilization of the service is given below:-
1. Number of patients registered (Registration started from 23rd
November 1 999)
=
595.
2. Number of consultations (month wise)
No of days clinic held
Average
Month
No.
October 1999
152
8
November 1 999
254
13
1 9.5
December 1 999
301
12
25.08
19
January 2000
193
13
15
February 2000
174
14
12.4
March 2000
248
13
19.07
April 2000
268
12
22.33
1,590
85
18.7
TOTAL
Or 265 consultations per month approximately.
2
This includes those patients attending the clinic who are outside the area
of activity and therefore are not registered.
3.
Breakup of patient population according to Major diagnostic
categories.
A.
Infections and Infestations- including upper respiration
infections (which form a major part), Intestinal worm
infection, suspected tuberculosis etc.
- 245
B.
Lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma = 38
C.
Musculoskeletal problems like Arthritis, Sprains
D.
Skin diseases - Fungal infections, Impetigo, Dermatitis,
=
Scabies
= 156
E.
Injuries
= 46
F.
Gastrointestinal problems - Indigestion, Childhood
diseases, Acid peptic diseases
= 5
= 12
G.
Suspected Malaria
H.
Others (for Eg. Vague body ache)
I.
Gynecological cases
J.
Ophthalmological cases
=28
=10
= 21
_K. ENT cases
= 18
(The total is more than the No. of patients because a large number of
patients could have multiple diagnosis)
4.
74
Breakup of population according to age groups
0 - 14 y
195
15-59y
333
60+ y
67
Total
595
3
An analysis of diagnostic categories and
groups reveals that in age
group
0 - 14y A.D.E.F.K.G, and Nutritional disorders like Anemia are common
1 5-59years Almost all the diagnostic categories are represented
60 + yA.B.C.D.FJ are common.
5.
Breakup of patient population according to Sex
M
327
F
268
Total
595
An analysis of Diagnostic Categories and Sex reveals that in Males
A,B,C,D,EIF,G,H, Smoking, Alcohol dependence and mental disorders are
common.
In Females apart of category l,A,C,D,FJ and Nutritional disorders like
anemia are common.
6.
No. of New cases registered each month
November 1 999
69
December 1 999
202
1 09
January 2000
February 2000
"
64
March 2000
95
April 2000
96
Sd/Dr. S.Madhusudan MBBS, D.P.M,
05.05.2000
Sub: FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO SPONSOR SCHEME FOR
MEDICAL HELP TO NEEDY WOMEN.
Introduction: As part of the Om Shantidhama Rural Medical Service
Scheme, the Mobile Clinic had its beginning on 14th October 1999.
Since then, Medical service is being provided to 11 villages around Om
Shantidhama covering a population of about 5,000.
The clinic is held 3 days a week (Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays). 6
spots have been selected where the clinic is held and patients from
nearby villages are asked to come there. On any day 3 spots (4 on
Tuesdays) are covered.
Till date about 600 patients have been registered. Amongst these
about 270 are of female sex (nearly 50%).
An analysis of the
problems they present with, reveals that nutritional disorder like
Anemia, skin diseases and gynecological problems are common.
However, the uptake of those suffering from gynecological problems
and antenatal cases is less as of now probably because of the gender
of the treating physician.
A!soH?he-socfo~ecO'rTornic_status of the populace is low with majority
depending on dry land farming, forest produce, and work as farm
labour for their income.
Access to the nearest Primary Health Center, which is 16 k.m. from
Sangama, is difficult with just 3 trips by the public transport bus
during the day. The villages themselves are away from road heads.
Rural Medical Service being oriented towards Primary Health Care has
its focus on preventive and promotive aspects of health care.
Taking the above aspects into consideration, the development of
Maternal and child health services assumes importance (MCHS).
This will involve:
(a)
Manpower development: To involve a female health worker
who will interact directly with the community (make regular
J 'jCS‘l' house visits) and identify the consumers of MCHS. Suitable
training needs to be imparted to such a person. She will also
act as a conduit for the various facilities to be provided under
2
the MCHS and co-ordinate with the Medical Officer where
needed.
(b)
Development of Infrastructure:
(i)
To provide basic laboratory facilities: to investigate cases
of Anemia, carry out mandatory antenatal investigations
(estimate appended)
(ii)
To provide facilities (Furniture and Surgical Equipment) for
conducting deliveries at Arogyadhama (Health Center) at
Om Shantidhama.
(iii)
To provide facilities for carrying
(Refrigerator, vaccine carrier)
out
immunization
(c)
To set up a "Benevolent Fund" to meet part/full of the
expenses in case of referral for further care.
(d)
Further, to arrange for regular health awareness campaigns,
health camps (wherein specialists are invited) as part of
MCHS.
EXPANSION OF ACTIVITIES
After the development of infrastructure as above, more villages will
be included under the umbrella of our Free Rural Medical Service for
the needy women.
J H - 7-.
RETHINKING OUR ROLE IN BIJAPUR - AN ATTEMPT
As
gradually the complex and multifaceted reality of Bijapur
District
reveals itself and is critically understood
by
the
Jesuits
and
the religious groups collaborating with us;
as
newer sociological, developmental, religious and cultural
in
sights surface in the world we need to reformulate our vision,
rethink priorities, redefine strategies and rework our plan of
action.
Since June ’97 the new team of Jesuits are
increased
to six and three groups of sisters have joined us and one more
will
be
joining in the near future, it is necessary
to re
articulate our vision, priorities, strategies
and plan of
action.
I. THE CONTEXT:
1. Areawise the biggest district (17,069 Sq Km) with 11
talukas
and a population of over 3 million, is blessed with five
rivers, good soil and a variety of stone and minerals. Yet
it
is one of the poorest of the districts of Karnataka because of
historical, socio-cultural, political and geographical (scarce
rainfall of 550 mm per year) reasons.
2.
The
district
has been bifurcated in August
’97
taking
Krishna river running through the district as the
demarcation
line and dividing the district into 2 almost equal parts.
But
the benefits of harnessing of the 3 rivers Malaprabha,
Ghataprabha and Krishna all go to the southern district leaving the
northern
part, the present Bijapur, dry and deprived of most
of the irrigation
and other benefits.
3.a. The district of Bijapur lacks miserably, infra-struetura1
facilities of water, (even there is dearth of drinking water
in Bijapur which is released once in 4 or 5 days), power and
communication,
as a result of which no new industries are
started
and many of the small scale industries
have
become
non-functiona1.
Even though the quality of soil and
tempera
ture are well suited for horticultural production the lack of
availability of water, the vagaries of already scarce
rain
fall,
dearth of organized markets, poor transport
facilities
and modern agricultural technology all concur to make agricul
ture a non-profitab1e proposition. So much so for the 15 years
agricultural
production has remained stagnant. All
told
the
economic
growth of the district is on the decline and
the
outcome is unemployment or partial employment leading to heavy
seasonal migration not to the city of Bijapur or towns in
the
district
where
there is no availability of jobs but
to
the
other
regions of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa. This
has a
negative effect on the education and human development of
the
children and the wellbeing of family and rural community life.
b.
3.
In the southern part now called Bagalkot district
there
are plentiful resources like dams, canal irrigation, a variety
of stone minerals etc. A power plant has been sanctioned and a
broad-gauge
railway line is being constructed. It has
cement
factories,
oil and ginning mills and a big handloom
industry
with 40,000 looms and important tourist attractions.
Aihole,
Pattadakal and Badami are places of famous historical, religi
ous and architectural interest. (Bijapur city too is
histori
cally and architecturally famous). And yet there are gigantic
problems of unemployment and seasonal migration. The existing
industry is in bad shape, specially the textile and oil indus
tries.
The
big handloom industry which was
famous
for
the
production of special cotton sarees is in the doldrums
since
it has not been updated to meet the present demands. The cons
truction of two huge dams has affected thousands of households
and 2.5
lakhs of people have been and
are
being displaced
without adequate rehabilitation efforts.
3.c.
One would expect animal husbandry to flourish in a dis
trict predominantly agriculture based. Again the lack of infra
-structural
facilities and the absence of fodder and grazing
grounds do not permit the development of cattle farming, sheep
rearing and poultry in a sizable way.
Whereas 4% of the area of undivided Bijapur is
said
to
under
forest
cover,
the present Bijapur has only
1.5%
forest area.
be
of
4. The technical skills in the rural areas where 75-80% of the
people live have not been upgraded (leaving Bijapur Taluka, in
the other 4 taluks of Bijapur district over 90% live in
rural
areas) and no real effort is made to upgrade them or no appro
priate skills
needed
for growth are
introduced.
All
this
creates
frustration
among the youth leading to many
social
prob 1ems.
5. No human development can take place without proper educa
tion and Bijapur district in spite of covering
almost
every
village with a primary school still remains 46% illiterate and
the young join the band of illiterates since 40% don’t
finish
the first primary stage of 4 standards. 70% of children don’t
finish
the
last
year of the 2nd stage of 7
years
of
edu
cation. What is disturbing is that the quality of education is
so deplorable that many children even in the 7th St'd are
not
sure of the alphabet. This situation makes the young unemploy
2
able except for unskilled work. Skill training schools are
a
rarity
in rural areas and eagerness to acquire them both
in
the
parents
is lacking because of lack of
opportunities
of
work.
The
situation of women defies description since
they
suffer
from
the
consequences of illiteracy,
lack of work
opportunities
or work with very low wages and several
social
disabi1 it ies .
Poverty
leads them to get involved in undesirable activities
in
the district and in other larger cities in
the
country.
Child-labour
is taken for granted and certainly about 40% of
the
children in rural areas between the age group 8-14
years
are child labourers. The situation in the slums of Bijapur
is
even worse.
6.Basic health is a fundamental right of every human being and
this
is
not available to the 70% of people living
in
rural
areas of Bijapur district. Though there is net-work of Primary
Health • Centers,
Sub-Centers and dispensaries
in
the
rural
areas they hardly deliver the goods due to lack of
facilities
or the little commitment of medical personnel. The concept
of
community based
health has not yet entered Bijapur district.
There are certain grave diseases like T.B., STD, AIDS and res
piratory diseases
that are very much prevalent in
the
area
mainly because of seasonal migration, prostitution and work in
the cotton industry. The non-availability of potable water too
brings with it a variety of diseases. The use of Herbal
medi
cine
is
constantly on the decline since the
every present
thorny
hedge
plant provides food-fuel to
the
poor
hinders
other plants from growing. There is hardly any NGO involvement
in Community Health, training of vi11 age-1eve1 health workers/
facilitators in the rural areas of Bijapur.
7. The SC population is 17.41% (higher than that of the
State
e.16.8%)
i.
of which 82.61% live in rural areas. 393 out
of
1247 villages in the district (31.93%) have a SC population of
over 30%. In the four taluks we are at the moment present, the
SC population is significant: Indi - 24.25%, Basavana Bagewadi
22.53%, Sindgi 14.01% and Bijapur 11.74%.
The Lambanis whose number is 88,736 are really STs but in Kar
nataka have been enumerated as SCs. Special attention is
paid
to this group since they are very much marginalized and
noma
dic.
The
untouchables like Holeyas
87,448,
Bambis 88,306,
Madigas
11,968 etc. are of special concern to us
since
they
still
remain on the lowest social rung and have historically
been ostracized socially and economically dispossessed.
They
3
are indeed the least of all and to them apply the words of the
LordiUntil you do the least of my brethren you did it unto me.
Our work in the rural and urban slum areas is meant to empower
them
to
discover their dignity and identity and be able
to
bargain with the other groups in society.
The ST population is small in Bijapur district
being studied by Fr Lawrence.
(1.35%) and
is
8.
The life of the people rotates very much around
religious
festivals,
jathras, mutts, mandirs and masjids. The
religion
that is most visible in Bijapur is Lingayatism and the
symbol
of the
Linga, a symbol of the eternally
creative power of
Shiva is visible everywhere. Basavanna born in B. Bagevadi
is
held
in the highest esteem by them and is considered to be
a
very big saint. The dalits more and more are taking Ambedkar
as their heroic model and yet have great veneration for Basa
vanna.
The very name of Basavanna has a warm resonance
among
the Lingayats and in fact with all the people of Bijapur. They
are
simply gripped when any of the vachanas are
recited.
We
could say that Basavanna was the proclaimer and witness to the
values of the Kingdom as proclaimed by Jesus. His vachanas are
guiding
lamps to those wanting to work for the establishment
of God’s reign here on earth - equality for all, gender equal
ity, dignity of work, non-exploitat ion of the other,
absolute
detachment to do God’s will, sharing etc., are the key values
he affirmed and lived by.
3,91,978
(13.68%) of the people of Bijapur district are
Mus
lims and 2,13,628 (54.5%) live in rural and 1,78,350(45.5%) in
urban areas. Bijapur city has a large Muslim population.
They
live
in
harmony with the majority community but
very much
insulated. The illiteracy rate is high among them and the com
munity as a whole is poor, socially backward, and
religiously
fundamentalist .
The Christian community comprising 25 catholic
families
and
150
families of 3 Protestant groups is just a drop
in
the
ocean. The catholic community concentrated in Bijapur city
is
well
taken
care of and participate in the
running of
the
parish.
They
are mostly outsiders come on
transfer and
so
don’t
have roots in the area. The few families who have
set
tled
down here are involved to some extent in the affairs
of
the
city. Two English medium schools are run by them and
one
of
the families has 3 workshops. Of late the small
flock
is
awakening
to their vocation of being the leaven
in society.
There
is good rapport among the Christian communities and a
4
healthy ecumenical spirit.
People
in
general are aware that Christians
are concerned
people
and service oriented. Yet they have a strong
feeling
that Christians do service in order to proselytize.
This
is
confirmed
by small Protestant groups who openly try
to con
vert.
The
RSS/BJP are becoming strong in the
area and
in
smaller
towns are openly antagonistic to
Christian presence
and service activities.
9.
There
are a number of NGOs in the area but
the general
feeling
is that they are mainly to enrich themselves and so
don’t have a clout in the functioning of society. The absence
of voluntary organizations and the malfunctioning or
lethargy
of
the
existing ones is evident. There is a general
apathy
among the educated to get involved in civic matters and
hence
things are allowed to drift without any common effort to con
front
them. A peculiar work ethic has
discouraged entrepre
neurs
from coming to Bijapur. Any change demands
a cultural
change and this cannot be had except by going to the religious
roots of the two major groups of Hindus and Muslims through a
process
of
dialogue.
Our role will be
to- facilitate this
dialogue
of life through intellectual activity and create an
atmosphere for exchange of experiences and meaningful action.
11. OUR VISION
Our vision for Bijapur is:
a.
to be the leaven that transforms relationships interper
sonal, intra-persona 1 and societal, so that the Bijapur socie
ty goes towards God’s reign of justice, fellowship and peace.
b.
It is to facilitate the movement of love initiated by Jesus
and already existent in the striving and struggles of Bijapur
peop 1 e .
c.
It
is to form concerned human communities imbued by the
presence
of God and a commitment to transform society with
genuine human values of justice, love and service.
d.
It is to discover the presence of Christ in the struggle of
people, specially the deprived and dispossessed,
economically
marginalized
and socially ostracized, in
the
cultures and
religious traditions of different groups in the Bijapur socie
ty.
e.
It is to make the person, message and values of Jesus known
and Jesus acceptable as a loving and concerned Istadevata.
f.
Jesus’ manifesto is our manifesto - to heal, to
liberate,
to transform and thus walk towards the Jubilee year, a year of
structural and cultural change, of brotherhood and sisterhood,
of communion in pluralism though dialogue and sharing.
5
Ill,
OUR STRATEGIES:
1.
With deep humility and respect to discover and affirm all
the
positive elements in the cultures and traditions
of
the
Bijapur people.
2. To identify the existing human natural resources
existing
in Bijapur district.
3. To collaborate with all positive
forces
individuals,
groups, movements - fostering the affirmation of life,
change
and growth.
4. To contribute towards Empowerment of the weakest groups
untouchables,
Lambanis, women, chi Id-labourers and OBCs so
that
they are able to bargain with other social
groups
and
enter
the
process of decision-making and uplift
their
own
life.
5. To organize the poor at the grassroots, work for advocacy
and
policy change and to be meaningfully present
in painful
situations of struggle, disaster etc.
6. To identify and work for the uncared for and unreachable
peop 1 e.
7.To train the laity through a process of participation in the
parish and in human activities to play the role of leaven
in
their milieu,
to foster
inter-denominational
dialogue
and
activities.
IV.
PROGRAMME OF ACTION:
1. Organization of weaker sections in 25 villages, in each of
the talukas for their Empowerment.
2. Organization of slums for empowering them to obtain
their
rights and strive for their growth.
3. Special school for slum children and child labourers.
Formal
System - open school system - Non-formal
Education
Balwadi Teachers Course - TCH.
4. Special skill and Life training for child labourers.
5. Centre for action oriented research and training and Insti
tute of Women’s Training
: Certificate and Diploma Course
: Degree course in social and human
sciences.
6. Home for women in distress.
7. A pioneering programme of community health and alternate
medical systems in one taluka.
8. The Disabled (cf p. 13)
9. An agricultural farm for dryland cultivation, animal
hus
bandry, training etc.
10. Animation Centre:
-Training, Offices for different areas of concern
-Facilities for our groups, NGOs & other service oriented
6
groups
-Religious studies and inter-faith dialogue
-Documentat ion.
11.Parish and Activities.
Reflection and suggestions on the Programmes:
1 .Organization of weaker sections in villages for their Empow
erment .
For the past 50 years despite massive efforts of the govern
ment,
the development of rural areas has not taken place
and
the situation of the weaker sections has not substantially im
proved
economically, socially and educationally. The massive
network of institutions for education and health have yielded
very little fruit and the poverty alleviation and developmen
tal
programmes have hardly reached the people for whom
they
were designed. Among the many reasons for this grim situation
the lack of collective participation and control of their own
destiny by the poor stand out.
Therefore
no
programmes will succeed unless
the poor
are
awakened to their situation, organized, trained and motivated
to bring about change. Generally in Bijapur district there are
100
to 150 villages in each taluka and we take up for
inten
sive work only 25 villages and hopefully animate another
25
surrounding villages. Through our intervention in SC and
ST
hostels
in
the talukas we will be able to
conscientize
and
motivate students to be catalysts in their own villages.
A variety of programmes could be thought of for empowering the
weaker sections specially the women and children according
to
the context and the response of the people. Only one thing has
to be kept in mind and that is the participation of people
is
an essential element in any initiative.
a. Formation of sanghas and training of leaders to
run
them
efficient 1y.
b. Training specially the women leaders to participate in
the
panchayats.
c. Small saving schemes so that they get out of the clutches
of money lenders.
d. Identification of common issues in the area of
involvement
and organizing people in view of forming a people’s movement.
e. Initiating balwadis where they don’t exist so
that
every
child
specially
from the weaker sections is
assured of
at
least one year of pre-school.
f. Forming of committees for health, education and development
so
that the institutions and programmes in the villages
are
7
well
run.
For this training of paraprofessional
teachers,
health and developmental workers will be very useful.
g.
Starting
centres of
learning and
cultural
activities
(Samskriti Kendras and Kridanganas) or helping run those
that
already exist.
h.
Animation or initiation of Bhajana Mandalis.
i.
Grihinis for forming girls in an holistic manner
so
that
they play leadership role when back in their villages.
j.
Where
there is need, starting of primary/higher primary
schoo1s.
k.
Rural hostels in several places not only offer a chance for
children who otherwise would not be in school but enliven
the
village life and the school they attend.
1.
Finding out possibilities of sending the young for training
in
the taluka/district/state. There are many Government
Pro
grammes
for youth and they need to be motivated
to
attend
them.
m.
Initiating emp1oyment/se1f-emp1oyment/upgradation of skills
training schemes.
n.
Helping the people come to know the government
and
semi
government
programmes
and facilities and
training
them
to
contact officials and obtain them.
o.Co 11aboration and service Government organizations
in
the
area, with movements working for change.
p.Programmes
for the prevention of child labour, training
of
child labourers to enter school and upgrading skills of child
labourers so that they have a better future.
q.
Community health programmes and evolving alternate
systems
of health for e.g. Herbal etc.
r. Organizing rallies for highlighting particular issues.
s. Study and leadership camps for youth etc.
2.
Si urns:
The existence and multiplication of slums in cities and
towns
is a fact, specially in a country like India where the
urbanrural gap is increasing and the increase of poverty, landless
ness
& unemployment, occurrence of drought and attraction
of
cities draw more and more people to urban centres in search of
means of survival or a better future. In the slums the
pover
ty, deprivation of minimum facilities of sanitation,
hygiene,
water,
nutrition,
dwelling, electricity,
health
care
etc.
create
a dehumanizing atmosphere and a host of social
evils.
Among
the 60 slums in the city of Bijapur only 22
have
been
recognized, i.e. they are eligible to basic government facili
ties
and have right to occupy the space in the
slum without
being dislodged by the government or by vested interests.
We
need
to join the people in forcing the authorities
recognize
8
those that remain unrecognized. Hence our intervention in
slums is truly living our option for the poorest.
the
Work
in the slums is difficult and often frustrating due
to
the
tensions, conflicts and the general
dehumanizing
condi
tions in which people live. Yet it can be extremely rewarding
because of our encounter with raw suffering specially of women
and children and the discovery of genuine humanity that under
lies the outside misery.
We have been involved for the past five years in 12 slums
and
a
lot of organizational work has taken place as a result of
which people themselves are able to claim their rights, resist
injustice
and work for a change in their
living conditions
(sanitation,
water, electricity, health
facilities,
streets
etc.)
Yet much more remains to be done so that
their
living
conditions specially housing and sanitation improve. This can
not
be
done unless people are motivated and trained
to act
collectively, to give preference to common good over personal
self-interest,
offered skills for self-employment or
employ
ment
and given an opportunity to upgrade their
skills.
They
have to realize that the only way to a better future for their
children is by educating them.
A study of the slums we are involved in has shown
that
35%
children of the age group of 7-11 and 51% of the age group of
12-14 are out of school and are considered to be child labour
ers. Though 12-balwadis are run yet very few children continue
to be in school and those in school receive an education
that
is very poor in quality and therefore make them ineligible for
any
type
of formal, technical or
academic
training.
Hence
schooling for the children has to be given special
attention,
the chi1d-Iabourers have to be trained to re-enter school
and
for
those for whom it is not possible to join school
a
pro
gramme of non-formal technical training has to be provided.
It is these needs of the slums that have prompted us to plan a
slum school for children and chi1d-1abourers and a school
for
technical
training
for child-labourers. These
schools will
also
serve children from rural areas. The formal school
will
hopefully contribute in enlivening government primary schools.
Since
it envisions inclusion of the Open School System which
is
flexible
in terms of duration of school
years,
subjects
etc.,
and takes into consideration the situation of deprived
children
it will bring in children who otherwise would
never
have a chance of finishing secondary education.
There is a great need in Bijapur of networking the efforts
9
of
other NGOs and of government agencies. The study of the
slum
situation of Bijapur city which is in progress will help plan
relevant programmes for the betterment of slums and the growth
of the people dwelling there. Efforts have to be made for
the
inclusion of non-recognized slums in the government
list
of
recognized slums so that they become recipients of government
facilities.
3.
Special school for Slum Children and Child Labourers:
A plot
of land 1.5 cares close to Maitri
Saadana
is
being
negotiated and hopefully the deal will be finalized soon.
It
is
an agricultural land and with the help of
the
government
officials will be converted into revenue land. Once the
prop
erty is purchased we will request a religious congregation
of
sisters
to
help us and together with them we will
draw up
plans
for the school. All this will take some time and so
a
primary
school for slum children and child labourers will
be
started in coming June in a temporary place.
The
special
school for chi Id-labourers to train
them enter
school which is being run at Maitri Saadana is truly a
coach
ing
school for
the children to be admitted to school.
4.Special Skill and Life Training School
for Child Labourers:
Cf.
2. We are going to request the government to
provide
us
with
land which we have already identified of
this
special
skill
and
life
training school. The Director of FVTF has
assured
us
of his co-operation in planning this
school.
Fr
Francis
has taken responsibility to approach
the
government
for land and for planning of the school.
5.C entre for Action-oriented Research and Training and
tute of Women’s Training:
Insti
If we are serious about contributing to the reorientation from
downward
to upward trend of the socio-economic
and
cultural
situation
of Bijapur district then research into
the varied
problems
and issues which have pushed the district towards
a
negative direction of development have to be continuously made
so
that
the root causes are identified and
appropriate
and
effective
measures taken to remedy them.
An
action-oriented
research center will bring us close to the committed people of
Bijapur
and help us evolve groups of committed
intellectuals
and act ivists .
Already
we
are associated with groups that are
10
working
for
civic and public causes like safe drinking water for Bijapur,
sanitation,
environmentally safe power plant, health hazards
in Bijapur
etc. We very much feel the need of a competent
person
to
research
into
the
basic needs of
the
infra
structure,
education, health, development etc. The
challenge
before us is daunting chiefly because of lack of personnel but
a small beginning will make possible more effective
involve
ments in the future.
There is a dearth of trained personnel in the social field
in
Bijapur
district.
It is hard to come by any trained people
in
the field and this partly explains why the number of
com
mitted NGOs are so very scarce. Hence an institute for
train
ing women beginning with short term certificate and diploma
course is a crying need. Moreover as the new Bijapur Universi
ty is going to be started shortly it will be good if we
think
of
initiating two or three degree courses in social
sciences
and this will give us a healthy contact with the new center of
higher learning and also afford us an opportunity to
contrib
ute towards its healthy growth.
The women’s university SNDT of Bombay which has
jurisdiction
all
over
India has promised to design
the
certificate
and
diploma courses and recognize them.
6.Home for Women in Distress:
In our effort to be solidaire with those in pain, helpless and
socially ostracized we want to think of the most helpless of
persons
- battered women and those in distress, women
caught
up in the web of the devadasi system and sex workers. Wherever
we
have
centers of welcome for these type of
people
a
new
awakening in society arise about being compassionate. It is
a
powerful
means of revealing the never failing
compassion
of
and
the Father whom Jesus revealed to us through his words
life.
We are waiting the arrival of a group of sisters who will opt
to involve themselves in this type of work or similar work of
compassion
e.g.
HIV/AIDS patients who already number
above
10,000 in Bijapur city.
7.
Community Health
The health situation especially in the rural areas of Bijapur
district
is dismal so much so 80% of the population does
not
receive
any government facilities. Experience has shown
that
the top-down approach, the hospita 1/dispensary centered health
11
services just don’t touch the fringes of the health problem in
our
country.
Therefore only a down-top
approach,
or
peop1e/community centred health care with innovative
initia
tives can meet the challenge of health in the rural areas.
Dr Ravi Narayan and the CHC team has promised to make a health
survey of one or two talukas of Bijapur and train personnel to
initiate a community based health programme of health
educa
tion,
training of para-professional health workers,
updating
of skills of local dais, networking of the health work as
it
progresses, adopting alternative systems of medicine etc.
We are waiting for group of sisters who are interested in
the
healing ministry to adopt to work in the district of Bijapur.
May be the Charity Sisters of Basavana Bagewadi will take
up
the challenge of health in the taluka.
8.
An Agricultural Farm along the line of Mu11s/Ashrams.
Over 90% of the people in the talukas of Bijapur live in rural
areas
and most of them are involved in
agricultural
activi
ties. As things stand agriculture in Bijapur is not profitable
and since it depends on scarce rainfall (550mm) which is often
irregular,
the
district has been declared
a drought
prone
area.
Due to lack of infra-structura1 facilities
and modern
technical
skills the people are always at the mercy of many
adverse
factors and even survival becomes a problem for mar
ginal
and small farmers and also for agricultural
labourers.
A number of marginal labourers are forced to sell their
lands
to pay off debts and become landless
labourers.
Hence
the
situation of seasonal migration which adversely affects child
ren and families.
No doubt agriculture is one of the important
questions
that
needs
to be addressed and a multi-pronged approach is
needed
if we want to respond in a positive way.
At the moment we don’t have personnel to attend to the problem
of agriculture
in
an effective manner. But we need
to
be
gripped by this situation faced by our rural people and
hope
fully something constructive may emerge in the near future.
There
is
no point in buying land unless we have
a suitable
Jesuit
or
a group of religious willing to
get
involved
in
the
field of agriculture. However the groups
at
the
grass
roots will have to be gripped by the situation
and
possibly
train one of the team members (religious or lay) to involve in
this field to the extent possible.
12
The services of government agencies for agriculture, horticul
ture,
watershed management, animal husbandry etc need
to be
tapped. The agricultural college located near Bijapur city can
be of help tour groups. There are many issues which arise with
irrigation
canals extending to certain areas of
the
present
Bijapur
district and to large areas of Bagalkot
district
of
which we need to be aware.
The group in Almel is gripped by the agricultural situation in
Sindgi
taluka and have decided to send a sister for
training
to ISI Delhi. Fr Chacko of ISI Delhi has volunteered to be of
help to us.
We are conscious of the plight of seasonal migrants, specially
of children who are deprived of education because
of
their
studies
being interrupted. If we are really committed to
the
poorest
of Bijapur/Baga1kot districts then we need to
awaken
religious
groups in Bangalore, South and North Kanara
to be
concerned about the seasonal migrants mostly involved in cons
truction work and have special concern for
their
children.
This was also suggested by the DC of Bijapur who
feels
that
only Christians
can extend caring service to
these
hapless
people, particularly children. Their experience of this caring
concern from the Christians will go a long way in making them
aware of the compassion of Jesus who always reached out to the
poor and the stranger.
9.
The Disabled
This is a people which always drew the attention of Jesus.
We
need to welcome any religious whose charism is to work for the
disabled. Our grassroot groups need to think whether communi
ty based rehabilitation of.the disabled cannot be organized in
the area they are involved in. They could make us of the many
government programmes for the disabled.
Bijapur city offers opportunities for work among mentally and
physically
disabled children. Services for them are
totally
absent here.
10.
Animation Centre
The
important services of an Animation Centre could be
mani
fold:
a.Accommodation
for grass root groups when thy come to
Bijapu r.
b.Venue for the meetings and training of religious groups.
-Training
of
Animato.rs
and village
leaders;
of
different
13
J
service-oriented
people of Bijapur and the
groups we
are
associated with.
-Availability of the place for NGOs and other service-oriented
groups.
-Offices for our different areas of concern
-Centre for Religious Studies and Inter-faith Dialogue
-Documentat ion.
11. St Anne’s Church is centrally located and easily accessi
ble
to people. Besides being a focal point for Catholics
it
can become a place for sharing information
to inquirers about
Jesus
and
hiss
message, for a religious library and
as a
healing place through individual and family counselling.
At
the
moment a course being run for skill training
for girls.
This type of activities also could be organized as need
aris
es .
Once the Bishop clears the claims of the Syndicate Bank to the
land
adjacent to the Church a building for Enquiry Center
Library -Counselling Center could be constructed in par to the
church
compound without spoiling the ground. Without
waiting
for
the
construction of the building the
three
activities
mentioned
above could be started in
the basement and hall of
the presbytery which will soon be ready for use.
Our
cordial relationship with the Protestant groups needs
to
be strengthened. At present we share a common cemetery and
it
is well maintained by mutual co-operation. Building an
artis
tic mortuary chapel by mutual collaboration will
help
the
small Christian groups towards greater union. The chapel could
be kept open for other people for prayer during fixed hours.
Claude L'Souza S.J.
14
178 a P. RADHAKRISHNAN
had its political compulsions to support the 69 per cent policy. In
any case, as a net result of their pressure tactics, the Tamil Nadu
Reservation Bill obtained Presidential assent on 19 July 1994, and
under further pressures, by the Constitution (85th Amendment) Bill
passed by the Rajya Sabha on 24 August and the Lok Sabha the next
day, it was included in the Ninth Schedule.
Though political leaders in the state vied with one another in
claiming credit for this success, Jayalalitha outbid all others. She
dedicated ‘the fruits of the crusade she launched’, ‘a great victory’, ‘a
Himalayan achievement in the history of reservation in Tamil Nadu',
to the people of the state. Her followers deified and ‘beatified’ her
as the ‘saviour of social justice’ through newspaper advertisements
and victory celebrations.
The euphoria was, however, short-lived. Responding to a writ pe
tition against the Act, while referring the matter to a Constitution
Bench, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme Court on 28 August 1994
ordered the state to create 52 extra seats in the first year MBBS course
in government medical colleges for 1994-95 (besides the 10 seats
available in the private Ramachandra Medical College). It asserted
that, had the 50 per cent rule been followed, 62 more candidates in
the open competition would have been admitted, and the order was
to redress the injustice meted out to them by the state’s implemen
tation of the 69 per cent formula. Dismissing the state’s petition for
modifying this order on the ground that inclusion of the Act in the
Ninth Schedule absolved it from following the 50 per cent limit, on
17 November the Court directed the state to implement its order
within one week, report the same to it, and that if the order was
not complied with by 25 November, both the Chief Secretary and
Secretary, Department of Health, should be present in the Court on
that day to explain the non-implementation.
If the government thus found itself in a bind, it was because the
ruling party, instead of reordering the quotas so as not to exceed 50
per cent, concerned itself exclusively with evolving strategies for cir
cumventing the law. In any case, when it complied with the order, the
opposition parties accused Jayalalitha of playing a ’double game’ and
demanded her resignation. Amidst preventive arrests, the MDMK
attempted to picket the.State Secretariat on 2 December 1994; the
DMK and allied opposition parties did so on 15 December.
The Jayalalitha government then asserted that it would be in an
unassailable position to implement 69 per cent from 1995-96. But
Caste, Politics and the Reservation Issue 14 179
the apex court, before which the case is still pending, issued orders
similar to the one of 1994, for admissions in 1995 and 1996 also.
Since the AIADMK was wiped out in the 1996 general elections
to the Lok Sabha and the State Assembly, and the Karunanidhi-led
DMK ministry has been preoccupied with investigations into the
spate of multi-crore scams by Jayalalitha and her cabinet colleagues,
for the time being the reservation issue does not figure prominently
in Tamil Nadu politics. Meanwhile, in the absence of any informa
tion about job reservation, the main issue for disposal in the Mandal
case, it has to be presumed that Tamil Nadu is happily continuing
with its 69 per cent job reservation.
Karnataka
Though Karnataka’s history of reservation is comparable to that of
Tamil Nadu in the sense that it, too, had reservation for several
decades, its politics of reservation is not. In Tamil Nadu the entire
political spectrum has supported its high quantum of reservation,
whereas in Karnataka political parties have seldom put up a united
front on the reservation issue. Its reservation politics have repeat
edly shown that the fate of reservation in it hinges on the place of
Lingayats and Vokkaligas, the two powerful vote-banks accounting
for about 11 per cent and 13 per cent respectively of the state's
population, in the reservation scheme.
To begin at the beginning, in 1958 the Mysore government issued
an order declaring all communities excepting Brahmins as BCs and
reserving 75 per cent seats in educational institutions for the BCs,
SCs and STs. While such orders were being issued every year with
minor variations, the 1962 order reserving 68 per cent seats in all
engineering and medical colleges and technical institutions was chal
lenged. Quashing this order in the Balaji case, the Supreme Court
in 1963 ruled that though caste may be relevant in determining the
social backwardness of a class of citizens, it cannot be the sole and
dominant test, reservation made under Article 15(4)—and by im
plication also under Article 16(4)—should not be such as to defeat
or nullify the main rule of equality in Article 15(1). and broadly it
should be less than 50 per cent.'17
The government’s modified order of 1963 used an income-cumoccupation test and fixed 30 per cent reservation for BCs and 18 per
cent for SCs and STs. However, by inclusion of ‘actual cultivators’
180
P. RADHAKRISHNAN
in the BCs list, it invidiously allowed the advanced communities to
collar the reservation benefits through false certificates. Though this
order was also challenged, the Supreme Court upheld it. This led to
efforts to mobilise the backward communities. In September 1970
a delegation of state leaders and supporters of the BCs presented a
memorandum to the President of India for appointment of a com
mission. In November, a state-level conference of BCs, SCs and STs
reiterated the need for such a commission.48
It was against this background that D. Devaraj Urs (from the mi
nority Kshatriya caste), who became Congress chief minister in 1971
replacing Lingayat leader S. Nijalingappa, appointed a commission
in 1972 with L.G. Havanur as chairman and seven members. The
appointment of Havanur, the most redoubtable critic of the incomecum-occupation test, and a committed and scholarly student of the
subject of reservation,49 was in keeping with Urs’s strategy of cap
turing power from the Lingayats (from 1956 to 1971, except for
a few months, the state had only Lingayat chief ministers) and of
mobilising the backward communities.50
This commission’s report of 1975, the most comprehensive and
thoughtful of the BC reports (Galanter 1984: p. 240), was the fo
cus of heated controversy. When the Urs government eventually
implemented its recommendations in 1977, it diluted them for po
litical expediency. The commission had grouped the BCs into three
categories: backward communities, backward castes and backward
tribes, and recommended reservation of 6 per cent, 10 per cent and
16 per cent respectively, based on its estimate of their population in
the state as 8 per cent, 14.5 per cent and 22 per cent respectively.
The Government of Karnataka added Muslims to category 1, and SC
converts to Christianity up to the second generation to category 2.
To satisfy the Brahmins, Lingayats and other excluded communities,
it created a fourth category (‘special groups’) of ‘actual cultivators’,
artisans, petty businessmen, persons in 'inferior appointments’ (class
IV or equivalent) and self-employed or those engaged in manual
labour. It hiked reservation to 40 per cent (20 per cent and 10 per
cent for categories 1 and 2, and 5 per cent each for categories 3
and 4); and introduced an income limit for restricting reservation
benefits to families with an annual income not exceeding Rs 8,000
in categories 1 to 3, and Rs 4,800 in category 4.51
Responding to writ petitions against the two related GOs of
February and March 1977, in April 1979 the Karnataka High Court
Caste, Politics and lhe Reservation Issue
181
deleted from category 1 the Arasu community for purposes of Ar
ticles 15(4) and 16(4), and Balija, Devadiga, Ganiga, Rajput, Satani
and Nayinda communities for purposes of Article 16(4), and from
category 2 all the 13 communities which the Commission had in
cluded without any basis. When the matter reached the Supreme
Court in the Vasantha Kumar case, the government appointed an
other commission in 1983, with T. Venkataswamy as chairman and
14 members.52
This commission’s report of 1986 reduced the BCs from about
200 to just 35 for educational and 31 for employment purposes
(both mostly by combining different names), and reservation from
50 per cent (reservation for ’special groups’ was increased to 15 per
cent in 1979) to 27 per cent for both purposes. Its severe restrictions
and several exclusions, in particular of the Lingayats and Vokkaligas,
besides other groups like Brahmin, Vysya, Balija, Devanga, Nchgi,
Ganiga and Maratha,53 drew their ire and the displeasure of a govern
ment whose survival depended on their support. The Vokkaligara
Sangha took the lead in launching an agitation against the report.
Buckling under pressure, the JP government headed by Ramakrishna
Hegdc shelved the report.54 The ‘interim arrangement’ which it
made in October 1986, brought to the BCs list Lingayats, Vokkali
gas and other advanced communities. The five groups into which it
divided the BCs for 50 per cent reservation, together covered prac
tically all Hindus (except Brahmins other than Padartis and Staniks,
and Vysyas) and other religious groups, and about 74 per cent of the
population (besides the 18 per cent SCs and STs).
The 1990 report of Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy, whom Hegde
appointed in 1988 as a one-man commission, was partly a challenge
to the state’s arbitrary and unsavoury reservation politics and partly
a vindication of Venkataswamy ’s report. When Reddy submitted his
report, Congress(I) was in power, with Lingayat leader Vccrendra
Patil as chief minister. The stirrings in the excluded communities
of the Lingayats, Vokkaligas and even the less numerous Devangas,
Ganigas, Padmasalis and Catholic Christians, and their demand for
rejection of the report, left him in a quandary. In his decision to
consign the report to a cabinet subcommittee headed by himself,
sceptics sensed the shelving of this report as well.55
Before this subcommittee could submit its report, Patil was dis
lodged from power for displeasing the Congress high command.
When S. Bangarappa, a BC leader from the Idiga community
182 if P. RADHAKRISHNAN
(traditionally toddy tappers) from Shimoga district, was chief minis
ter from 1990 to 1993, all that happened on the reservation front was
reconstitution of the cabinet subcommittee. When M. Veerappa
Moily, another BC leader from the Devadiga community (tradition
ally Nadaswaram players in temples of South Kanara), became
Congress chief minister in 1993, following Bangarappa ’s expulsion
from the Congress for anti-party activities, he not only reconsti
tuted this committee but even tried to be one up on his Tamil Nadu
counterpart.
The Moily government had announced on 13 September 1993
that Reddy’s recommendations would be implemented before 19
December. But its GO of 20 April 1994 diluted them. Reddy had
pegged the reservation at 38 per cent (against the existing 50 per
cent): 5 per cent each for categories 1 (most backward) and 3 (oc
cupational groups) of the three categories into which he divided the
BCs, and 28 per cent for category 2 (more backward). He excluded
from BCs the whole of Vokkaligas, the bulk of Lingayats (barring
a few severely disadvantaged subsects) and a few other groups.56
The government hiked reservation to 50 per cent: 5 per cent each
for categories 1 and 3, 28 per cent for category 2, and 12 per cent
for category 4 (backward) which it created for accommodating the
Lingayats, Vokkaligas, Bunts, Marathas, Christians and Kodavas in
‘rural areas’ (those with less than 50,000 population). It also raised
the quota for SCs and STs from 15 per cent and 3 per cent to 18 per
cent and 5 per cent respectively.
The new dispensation did not have the intended effect. Yadavas,
Gollas and Kurubas denounced it for listing them in category 2 in
stead of category 1, and held protest demonstrations. The Vokkali
gas, whom Moily desired to mollify most, saw the rural-urban divide
as an attempt to divide them, and their clubbing with Lingayats as
unfair. Their discontent led to a massive rally in Bangalore on 25
July 1994, by the Vokkaligara Sangha. Speakers, a number of them
Kannada film stars, pressed for withdrawal of the GO and restoring
the October 1986 GO pending the report of the state’s Permanent
BCs Commission at work.
With the GO thus rebounding on the government, just two days
before the Vokkaliga rally and in an attempt to pre-empt it, Moily
issued another GO. It removed the rural-urban divide, regrouped
the communities and increased total reservation from 73 per cent
to 80 per cent. It shifted the Yadavas, Gollas and their synonyms
Caste, Politics and the Reservation Issue k! 183
to category 1; split categories 2 and 3 into 2A and 2B, and 3A and
3B; included in 2B Muslims, Buddhists, converts to Christianity and
Jettis; and in 2A the rest of the communities hitherto in category 2;
in 3A the Vokkaligas and their subcastes, and the Kodavas; and in
3B Lingayats and other communities hitherto in category 3. It raised
the quota for category 1 from 5 per cent to 7 per cent; set apart 6
per cent and 20 per cent for categories 2A and 2B, and 8 per cent
and 11 per cent for categories 3A and 3B; and retained category 4
with the existing 5 per cent reservation.
Responding to writ petitions by the Vokkaligara Sangha and others
against the two GOs, and a petition against the 1986 GO, the Supreme
Court stayed the operation of the first two GOs on 1 August 1994,
and the 1986 GO on 30 August, and ordered on 9 September that
the state’s reservation shall not exceed 50 per cent. In a desperate
move, the Moily government resorted to a Bill57 closely modelled on
the Tamil Nadu Bill. But unlike Jayalalitha, Moily could not muster
political support. The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) state unit dubbed
the special Assembly session on 19-20 September 1994, convened
to pass the Bill, as a fraud on the BCs; the JD and BJP boycotted
it, unwilling as they were to be parties to Moily’s machinations; the
Karnataka Congress Party (formed by Bangarappa after his expulsion
from the Congress) staged a walk-out.
The Bill, scaling down reservation from 80 per cent to 73 per cent
(50 per cent for BCs, 18 per cent for SCs, and 5 per cent for STs),
adopted by the Assembly on 20 September 1994, obtained the Presi
dent’s assent on 23 October without a hitch, thanks to the precedent
set by Tamil Nadu. Though Moily hoped to go the whole hog in
getting statutory protection for the Act, he was trapped midway.
For one thing, in view of the Assembly elections to Karnataka in
December 1994, the Congress(I) at the centre did not move Parlia
ment for a constitutional amendment for inclusion of the Act in the
Ninth Schedule for fear of breach of the model code of conduct. For
another, while staying the Karnataka Reservation Act in response to
a writ petition, the Supreme Court on 11 November 1994 frowned
upon the calculated manner in which the government went about
making the law override Court orders, and asserted that the Court
had already laid down the law on reservation which it wanted to
be complied with by every authority. When the two connected writ
petitions (one from the Vokkaligara Sangha and others) came up be
fore the court on 30 November 1995, it directed that the state of
184
P. RADHAKRISHNAN
Karnataka should continue to provide reservation to the extent of
50 per cent only in terms of the law laid down in the Mandal case.
With the Congress(I) receiving a severe drubbing in the elections
despite Moily’s attempts to appease everyone by the blatant abuse of
the reservation provisions, the Janata Dal which returned to power
with H.D. Deve Gowda as chief minister, played it safe by adhering
to the Court orders and ensuring that the overall reservation did not
exceed 50 per cent.
The Judiciary and Reservations
With increasing political abuse of the reservation policy, the Supreme
Court’s role in regulating it has been crucial. The six separate
judgements of 16 November 1992 on the NF government’s order
of 13 August 1990 and the Congress(I) government’s order of 25
September 1991, by a nine-judge bench constituted for the first time,
are an erudite exposition of who should be treated as belonging to
the BCs, and how.58
The first order is held valid subject to exclusion of the creamy
layer by the common judgement of Chief Justice M.H. Kania and
Justices M.N. Venkatachaliah, A.M. Ahmadi and B.P. Jeevan Reddy,
and the concurring judgement of Justice P.B. Sawant; valid in toto by
the judgement of Justice Ratnavel Pandian; and invalid in toto by the
judgements of Justices T.K. Thommen, Kuldip Singh and R.M.-Sahai.
Clause (i) of the second order on preference to the poorer sections is
held as requiring to uphold its validity, and clause (ii) on 10 per cent
reservation for the economically backward is held invalid by the first
two judgements, and both these clauses are held invalid by the other
judgements.
Backward Classes and Backwardness
Departing from the earlier rulings that the expression 'backward
classes ’ in Article 16(4) is the same as ‘socially and educationally back
ward classes’ in Article 15(4), with the exception of Justice Thom
men, all the judges hold the former expression as wider than the
latter. Their reasoning is that Article 16(4) speaks only of ‘any back
ward class of citizens’ and does not contain the qualifying phrase
‘socially and educationally'.
Casio, Politics and the Reservation Issue 14 185
Related to this wider connotation of the BCs is the issue of back
wardness. Justice Thommen, following some earlier rulings, has held
that their backwardness should be comparable to that of the SCs and
STs. The other judges have rejected this view, most of them for the
reason that if the BCs are similarly situated in their backwardness,
they would, by Presidential order, find a place in these categories and
no longer belong to the BCs. In any case, as the accent in the use
of the term ‘backward’ for purposes of Article 16(4) is upon social
backwardness, for understanding what this expression signifies and
how the classes within its ambit should be identified, it is imperative
to understand the related caste-class nexus.
Caste-Class Nexus
On the caste-class nexus the arguments ofJustices Thommen, Kuldip
Singh and Sahai arc that class under Article 16(4) cannot be read as
caste. Those of the other judges are that class for purposes of Article
16(4) is used in the sense of a social class, denoting a number of
persons having certain common traits which distinguish them from
the other, and not in the sense it is understood in the Marxist ‘jargon’;
as such, a class often is a caste, the nexus between the two being too
close to disregard. That explains their observations to the effect that
a caste has all the attributes of a class, a caste is also a class of citizens,
nothing but a social class, a socially and occupationally homogeneous
class, and so on.
Bearing on the recognition of this nexus are the clarifications on
the use of caste in the classification of the BCs: by Chief Justice Kania
and Justices Venkatachaliah, Ahmadi, and Jeevan Reddy that the clas
sification is not on the basis of the caste but on the ground that that
caste is found to be a BC not adequately represented in the services
of the state; by Justice Sawant that in order to constitute a BC the
caste concerned must be socially backward and its educational and
economic backwardness must be on account of its social backward
ness; and by Justice Pandian that a caste per se without satisfying the
agreed formulae, the primary test of social as well as economic and
educational backwardness, generally cannot fall within the meaning
of backward class of citizens under Article 16(4).59
As virtually all the judges have thus recognised the relevance of
caste for identifying social backwardness, all but Justice Kuldip Singh
have held invalid the determination of backwardness only and
NAGAR1KA SEVA TRUST
Post: GURUVAYANAKERE - 574 217
(Dakshina Kannada Dist. Karnataka State, India)
Phone: (08256) 232019,233509; President: 232709, Fax: 232019
e-mail: nstgkere@sancharnet.in
Date: 4-9-2004
DCar i>V SA.U-'
In the over 27 years of NST’s journey you have been with us at varying level ;
when we faced crises and met with opposition you stood by us; when we needed
your inputs you provided them; when we organized peoples movements you were
part of them; when we met with many achievements and successes you were
humble enough to give the credit to NST.
NST together with the strength of peoples organizations (Peoples’ Organisations
namely, DKPO, KMJV & PKVK) promoted by it and mass participation in its
campaigns has been giving equal importance to grassroots peoples development.
Formation of over 1700 self help groups of poor women and men with micro
credit activities and bank linkage, is an example of NST’s efforts in addressing the
consumption and income needs of the poor; NABARD’s award to NST for the year
2003 as the best performer in the State of Karnataka is the recognition of its
efforts and quality of work by this national financial institution. Providing health
services to the poor & marginalized, especially the women in collaboration with
Kasturba Medical College, which benefits a large number of minority muslim
women, addressing the issue of domestic violence and gender discrimination
against women through counselling, legal action and campaigns is yet another
example of providing justice and improving the quality of life. Its many struggles
including the massive campaigns in the cause of over 4 lakhs beedi workers in
Udupi 8s DK districts, environmental campaigns, efforts to impact on recently
held Assembly / Parliament electoral process through people’s manifesto etc.
have not only raised the expectations of the people and different stake holders
but also have added new responsibilities on its shoulder.
Apart from existing PC’s, NST has now plans to address the issue of dalit
empowerment and development through DAS (Dalit Abhivrudhi Samiti) as a
direct programme. Adivasi issues are being addressed under a separate section
within NST. In the background of massive campaigns in the cause of beedi
workers and the consequent expectations raised, NST is contemplating to
organize them separately. While all these and peoples and public expectations
have put added responsibilities on NST, it is also facing challenges from extremist
threat, dogmatic forces and charity based development approaches which
obstruct NST’s Right Based Approach.
Such a situation and the new expectations as above have created anxieties in
NST family about its own capabilities to face them. But, when we remember your
contribution which has been our strength, we in NST thought that from relating
to you all as individuals we should institutionalize these relationships in an
informal but structured way. The result is the idea of forming a broad based
“Consultative Forum” including you and others to enable you all to involve,
support and guide us in our endeavours.
The list of the persons proposed to be included in this consultative forum is
attached with this letter requesting you to be part of it. Your role will be to
provide input individually whenever need arises and collectively once in a year in
an annual meeting. Apart from this, your solidarity support and advocating for a
better, sustainable and just society for which NST is committed, we feel, are most
crucial aspects of our relationship.
Already an advisory committee to provide regular and day-to-day advice and
guidance is in existence.
The list of members is attached. The proposed
Consultative Forum is an addition to the Advisory Committee.
May we, from NST family request your kind consent to be a member of proposed
consultative forum, which will go a long way in empowering the poor and
marginalized and overcoming poverty and marginalization.
Kindly confirm your acceptance by return of mail / Email / over telephone.
In anticipation of your acceptance, we remain
With warm regards,
K. Somanath Nayak
K. Subraya Shenoy
K. Ramananda Salian
B.K. Parameshwara Rao
President
Vice" President
Secretary
Trustee / Director
Vidya Nayak
Ranjan Rao Yerdoor
Joint Secretary
Founder Trustee
PROPOSED NAMES OF CONSULTATIVE FORUM OF NAGARIKA SEVA TRUST (Sept.- 2004)
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Abdul Lathccf Sahcb Haji, Panakajc (B’dy)
Almithra Patel, Mrs. Bangalore
Amruth Someshwara Prof., Mangalore
Anantha I Icgdc Ashisara, Sirs!
Anantha Achar, Belthangady
Anathamurthy U.R., Dr. Bangalore
Annaji Ballal,N. Manipala
Anna Vinayachandra, Sullia
Asha Nayak Mrs., Mangalore
Babu Mathew, Prof., Bangalore
Ballal M. Lion, Sullia
Bhojaraj llegde , Padangady (B’dy)
Dcviprasad, Belthangady
Dharma P.L., Prof. Konajc, Mangalore
Dilecp Kamath, 13clgaum
Edwin Chcrian, Bangalore.
Eshwara Daithota, Bangalore
Esubu Bcary, Koyyuru (B’dy)
Gangadhara Gowda K., Belthangady
Gangadhara Mithamaru, Belthangady
Gopalakrishna Nayak, Kumble,Kasaragod
Harish.R. Bhat, Bangalore
Hcmanth Bhidc.Ujirc (B’dy)
Husain S.A. Prof., Mangalore
Idinabba B.M., Ullal, Mangalore
Indira Yesupriya Mrs.Madikeri
Jayan Malpe, Udupi
Jayaprakash. A, Bangalore
Jayarama Shetty, Ullal, Mangalore
John Fcmandies Fr., Mangalore
Jogan Shankar Dr., Konaje .Mangalore
Kamalaksha Achar, Belthangady
Kumaran Nayar, Subramanya
Kumaraswamy B.M., Prof. Shimoga
Kumble Sundara Rao, Mangalore
Madhav Gadgil, Prof. Bangalore
Madhava Bhandary, Dr. Mangalore
Madhyastha N.A., Dr. Udupi
Mahadeshwaran, Dr., Bangalore
Mahidas B.V.Dr., Mangalore
Manorama M. Bhat Mrs., Mangalore
Mukunda Suvama, Bangady (B’dy)
Nanda Kumar Vidwan, Belthangady
Namadcva Shenoy, Badiadka, Kasaragod
Narayana, Shishila(B’dy)
Natcsh Ullal, Mangalore,
Prabhakara Shctty,Kuvcttu (B’dy)
Pramod Kathavi, Bangalore
Padiyar S.N., Dr. Kundapura
Poojya Pcjawara Swamiji, Udupi
Prabhakara Nayak, Udupi
Ramakrishna Shasthri Pa.; Belthangady
Ramakrishna Y.B. , Bangalore
Raniamohan Rao, Puttur
Ramesh Kcdlaya Dr., Udupi
Rachayya, Mangalore
Raghu Dharma Sena, Belthangady
Raghuram, Bangalore
58
Raghu Bellippady Dr., Uppinangady
59
60
Raghavendra Bhat, Kalasa
61
Raja Pallamajalu, Bantwala
62
Rajeevi Rai, Sullia
63
Ranjani Krishnamurthy Dr., Chennai
64
Ramakrishana Bhat, Kalkani (B’dy)
65
Ravindranath Ilhal Dr., Putturu
66
Ravindranatha Shetty P.K., Mangalore
67
Ravivarma Kumar, Prof., Bangalore
68
Ravindranath Shyanbaug Dr., Udupi
69
Rita Noronha Prof., Mangalore
70
Rukmayya Poojary, Bantwal
71
Rohini K.A., Mangalore
72' Sadananda Poonja B. , Bantwal
73
Sadashiva A.J., Justice, Bangalore
74
Satyaprakash Varanasi, Bangalore
75
Shankar Khandcri Dr., Putturu
Sharath Dawla Dr. Hyderabad
76
Sharath Lele, Dr., Bangalore
77
Sharathchandra. H.C., Bangalore
78
Shambhu Naik, Bantwala
79
Shcctharam Palakala, Moodabidre__________
80
Sheela Shetty Mrs., Udupi
81
82 v / Shirdi Prasad Dr., Bangalore
Shivaraje Gowda,.Bangalore
83
Shivashankar Rao Addoor, Mangalore
84
Shrec Padre, Perla, Kasaragod
85
Shreckanth S., Hunsur
86
Shirthadi Willium Pinto, Udupi
87
Somashekara Dcvasya, Guruvayanakere
88
Susheelamma Mrs., Bangalore
89
Sujitha Bangcra, Mrs.Belthangady
90
Sunanda Mrs. and Mr. Sheshadri, Bangalore
91
Sham Bhat, Puttur
92
Uma Ramaswamy Mrs., Bangalore
93
Udayashankar Prof., Manipal
94
Vadiraja, Bangalore
95
Vaidya
M.S., Mangalore
96
Vani. S. Kumar, Dr., Killuru, (B’dy)
97
Vani Periyodi Mrs., Bantwal
98
Varadesha Hiregange, Manipal
99
100 Vasanth Bangera K. Belthangady
101 Vasanth Nayak Palimarkar, Mulky
102 Vasudeva Bolooru Mr., Mangalore
103 Vcnkataramana P., Belthangady
104 Venkatram Daithota Mr., Panajc, Putturu
105 Vidyaprasanna Theertha Swamiji, Subramanya
106 Vijaya Raghava Paduvetnaya,Ujire(B’dy)
107 Vishnu Kamath Dr., Bangalore
108 Viswanatha Shetty K.Mr., Mangalore
109 Vivckananda Paniyal Mr., Mangalore
110 Vijaya Harvin Mr., Putturu
111 Yathish Baikampady Mr., Mangalore
112 Yellappa Reddy A.N.'Mr., Bangalore
113 Yogish Bhat, N Mr., Mangalore
______________ ____ _________________ ,
Advisory Committee Members of Nagarika Seva Trust (Sept. 2004)
1 Sri Parpakajc Eshwara Bhat
Bantwala
2 Sri Laxmeesha Tholpady
Putturu
3 Prof. K. Prabhakara Achar
Karkala
4 Dr. Narendra Nayak
Mangalore
5 Prof. Shashikala Gurupura
Manipala
6 Dr. M.K. Bhat
Bangalore
7 Sri Annu Sadhana, Padmunja
Belthangady
8 Sri Yelyanna Malckudiya, Neriya
Belthangady
9 Sri G. Shreedhar G. Bhide, Mundaje
Belthangady
10 Sri K. Harish Kumar
Belthangady
11 Smt. Usha S. Mehendale, Thenkakarandooru
Belthangady
12 Sri Sukumara Konde, Odi Inala
Belthangady
_13 Smt. Kavitha, Kuvettu
Belthangady
14 Smt. Vatsala M. Bhat, Savanalu
Belthangady
15 Sri Bageeratha G., Melanthabettu
Belthangady
1
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chapter-i
BACKWARDNESS _0F_ G.ULB.ARGA DIVISI ON
Brief Historica1 Background:
1.1
About the year 550 A.D. the Chalukyas
conguered the Pallavas and founded their kingdom,
spreading east and west across the peninsula with
their capital at Kal^ani in Bidar District.
By
the middle of the 8th century, the Chalukyas con
tinued to rule a large portion of th$ Deccan when
they were displaced by the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed
in Gulbarga district.
About the year 973 the power
of the Chalukyas was again restored and they continued
to rule this part of the country for nearly
1.2
200 years.
The Chalukyas .were succeeded for a short while
by the Kalachuris.
They were obviously the feudatories
of the Chalukyas and when the strength of the Chalukyas
waned,
they asserted themselves.
again Kalyani.
Their period,
Their Capital was
though brief,(1151-52),
is of interest, because of its association with Basava,
the Veerasaiva Reformer.
1.3
About the close of the 12th Century,
the Yadavas
of Devagiri and the Hoyasalas of Dwarasamudra in Mysore,
destroyed the supremacy of the Chalukyas and Kalachuris.
About this time, the Kakatiya Kings of Warangal came
into prominence.
Raichur and Gulbarga were part of
their kingdom, while it is possible.that.the greater
part of the present district of Bidar was in the possession
of the Yadavas of Devagiri.
1.4
The Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra who rose to
power about the beginning of the 11th century
supplanted the Gangas in the south of Mysore and
continued in power till the year 1342.
A greater
part of the kingdom of the Gangas passed to the
Hoysalas who extended their dominion to the east
and south by their conquests.
1.5
In 1294 during the first Mohammedan invasion
under Alauddin Khilji, the Yadavas were subdued and
lost their independence.
In 1318 the rebellion of
the Devagiri Ruler led to the final suppression of the
the Kakatiya's power was
Yadava Dynasty.
Similarly,
subdued in 1321.
The entire Deccan including the
districts of Gulbarga, Raichur and Bidar,
passed to the
control of the Muslim Emperors at Delhi.
In the middle
of the 14th century,
the rebellion of the
Muslim
Governors appointed from Delhi resulted in the founding
of the Bahamani Kingdom with its capital at Gulbarga.
During this period, Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur were
parts of the Bahamani Kingdom.
About the same time,
the Vijayanagar Kingdom was founded.
14th and 15th centuries,
Throughout the
the Vijayanagar Kings were
freauently at war with the Bahamani Sultans,
the scene
of most of their conflicts being the Raichur Doab.
Towards the end of the 15th century, the Bahamani
Kingdom broke up into five independent kingdoms of
Ahmadnagar, Golconda, Bidar, Bijapur and Berar.
In
this period the hostilities continued mostly between
the Muslim power of Bijapur and Vijayanagar.
In the
3
year 1519, Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar, extended
his conquests to the north and took possession of the
Raichur Doab.
The conflict between the Empire of
Vijayanagar and the Muslim Kingdoms culminated in the
year 1565 in what is known as the " Battle of Talikota "
(Rakshasthangadi), in which a confederacy of the
Bahamani Sultans defeated the Vijayanagar King,
in the break up of the Vijayanagar Empire.
resulting
On the
conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb in the 17th century,
the areas covered by the districts of Gulbarga, Bidar
and Raichur, passed to the Empire of the Moghuls.
the early part of the 18th century,
In
ASAFDAH - a distinguished
General of Aurangzeb- who was appointed Subedar of the Deccan
with the title " NIZAM-UL-MULK " asserted his independence,
when the Moghul Empire was in the throes of decline and
founded the present Hyderabad State.
The three districts
thus became part of the Hyderabad Kingdom.
of 1853,
ed to the Nizam in
States'
Under the Treaty
Raichur was assigned to the British, but was restor
1860.
This position continued till the
Reorganisation in 1956.
State's Reorganisation:
1.6
The State of Mysore consisted of 9 districts
namely,■Bangalore, Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chikmagalur,
Shimoga, Chitradurga, Kolar and Tumkur.
With the
formation of a separate Andhra State in 1953, Bellary
district of the old Madras State was added to Mysore
as the 10th district.
On 29th December 1953,
I
the
Government of India appointed an High Power Commission
4
which later cams to be known as the States'
Reorganisation Commission (SRC), headed by
Sri S. Fazal Ali as Chairman and Sri H.N. Kunzru
and Sri K. Fl. Panikkar as Members to make an objective
examination of the question of reorganisation of
States in all its aspects so that the welfare of the
people of each constituent unit as well as of the
nation as a whole is promoted.
The Commission
completed its work and submitted its report to the Govern
ment of India on 10-10-1955.
On the basis of the
Commission's recommendations,
the new State of.Mysore
comprising old Mysore State (including Bellary district)
Belgaum district except Chandgad taluk, Bijapur, Dharwad
and the North Kanara districts of Bombay State,•Gulbarga
district except Kodangal and Tandur taluks, Raichur
district except Alampur and Gadwal taluks and the four
Kannada speaking taluks of Bidar district from the old
Hyderabad State, South Kanara district except Kasargod
taluk and Amindiv Islands, Kollegal taluk from Coimbatore
district of the old Madras State and tihe whole of Coorg
came into existence on 1-11-1956.
f]
Observations of Fact Finding Committee.
1.7
Earlier in June,
1954 when the question of
Reorganisation of States was still under examination of
the SRC the Government of Mysore had appointed a Fact
Finding Committee to make an assessment of the level of
development in the various Kannada speaking areas which
were to be integrated with the old Mysore areas.
The
5
Committee made a detailed study of the state of
development in the fields of education, medical
and public health,
rural development, industries,
irrigation and power and came to the conslusion that
the Kannada speaking areas of old Fombay, Hyderabad
and Madras States and Coorg had not reached the same
standard of development as the old Mysore and
considerable leeway would have to be made to bring
them to that level^
Findings of the Committee while
revealing the comparative backwardness of most of the
newly joining areas, conclusively showed that the
areas joining from Hyderabad were much more bakward
than other areas.
For instance in communications, the
average road mileage for every 100 sq^ mil-es of area
was only 8.6 miles in the Ex-Hyderabad areja while it
was 21.6 miles in Ex-Bombay area, 26 mile| in South
Kanara and 36.7 miles in the old Mysore State.
Similarly in education, the percentage of literacy
was only 8.49 in Hyderabad-Karnatak while it was 22.3
for Bombay-Karnataka and 20.6 for the Mysore State.
In respect of Medical and Public Health the Fact
Finding Committee observed that even after making
allowance for variations in the density of population,
climatic conditions and other factors, it'will be
necessary to increase the medical facilities fourfold
in the districts of Raichur, Bidar and Gulbarga and
two fold in the Kannada areas of Bombay and South
Kanara.
It will thus be seen.that the Ex-Hyderabad- .
Karnataka area was comparatively more backward than
other areas joining the new Mysore State.
6
After the integration of all the Kannada speaking areas
into one State, the Government of the composite State was
charged with the responsibility of bringing
the newly
integrated areas to a uniform level of development taking
special care to remove extreme backwardness in under
developed pockets.
Famine and Drought conditions in Gulbarqa Division:
1.8
Topographically, the Gulbarga Division comes under
the Northern Maidan.
It presents a land-scape of
monotonous plateau covered with traPPean soil in open
tree-less fields.
It is in the rain shadow zone of the
arid Deccan plains.
This area is frequented by famine.
Of the various factors contributing to the backwardness
of a region, drought and famine are most important.
This
is also taken to be the first of the many factors of
" fundamental backwardness " by the Planning Commission.
The Gazetteer of India gives an account of famines and
scarcity conditions in the Gulbarga region from the 17th
century.
There was a great famine in 1630 which
devastated vast areas in the Western region of Deccan.
20 years later there was another famine caused both
wars and droughts.
by
In 1659 there was a famine through
out the sub-continent and the territory now comprising
Hyderabad-Karnatak faced a difficult situation.
Again
in 1681 central portion of' India was affected by famine
both due to a state of wars, and a season of drought. The
years 1685 and 1713 were also famine years in the Gulbarga
area
7
1.9
In 1730,
the first recorded famine (since the
Asafjah dynasty came.tinto power) occured and there was
a great distress throughout the Doccan.
was/famine year.
The year 1747
Again in 1749 a serious famine
occured in ths Western portion of the Nizam’s dominion.
The same area was affected again in 't'ljfT-
In 1792-93
distress prevailed throughout the Hyderabad-Karnatak
This was known as " DOGI-BARA " or the
region.
11 Skull Famine ” due to the appalling number of human
beings then perished.
Famines ravaged Gulbarga in 1-Q04
1819, 1833, 1854, 1873, 1877, 1878 (the great famine)
1897,
1899,
1900 (also severe),
1922,
1923,
1934 and 1945.
1909 (fodder famine),
Another severe famine occurred
in 1971-72 and it was one of the most severest in recent
times.
During this period more than 40 per cent of the
area was not sown and the price of beef came down to
50 paise per kologram due to the distress Sale of cattle
for lack of fodder.
Many plough-bullocks were sold for
as low a price as Rs.
10/-.
Again scarcity conditions
prevailed in this area during 1980.
Socio-Economic Backwardnosg of Gulbarga Division;
The Gulbarga Division has the least area under
forest and climatically- it is highly arid with scanty
rainfall.
The main physical features such as area,
population, density,
forest area and rainfall are shown
in Table-1 comparing it with the State.
District
firea _
(So.
km. )
Popula
tion
1981
(In
lakhs)
Density
(per so.
km. )
Rain
fall
(Namal)
(mm)
Per cent
of forest
area to
geographi
cal area.
Gulbarga
16224
20.8
1 28
702
4.66
Bidar
5451
9.9
182
908
3.14
Raichur
1 4005
17.8
127
602
2.30
98 98
14.9
150
•575-•
12.24
Gulbarga Dn.
45578
63.4
139
697
5.36
State
191773
370. 4
193
1355
15.81
Bellary
■•
•
Gulbarga Division thus has 23.7% of the- State's
area but supports only 17.1% of the State's population.
The rainfall is scanty and the forest cover is only
one-third of the State's average.
1.11
The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) of Karnataka
has dealt with regional imbalances and development of
backward areas in detail.
For identification of the
backwardness' of an area,
the Government have • selected
22 indicators measuring inter-district variations in the
level of development.
1.
These indicators are:
? .
Density of population.
’
2.
Percentage of urban’population to
3.
Percentage of non-agricultural workers to total
workers.
total population.
9
4.
Net area sown as per cent of total geographical area.
5.
Total cropped area as per cent of net sown area.
6.
Net sown area as per cent to cultivable land.
7.
Average yield per hectare in cereals.
8.
Average yield per hectare in pulses.
9.
Average yield per hectare in oil seeds.
10.
Area irrigated as per cent of net sown area.
11.
Number of industrial establishments as per cent
to State total.
12.
Number of vehicles per lakh population.
13.
Number of bank offices per lakh population.
14.
Value of turn-over per regulated marke.t.
15.
Percent of literates in total population.
16.
Number of Schools per lakh population.
17.
Number of University Educational INSTITUTIONS
per lakh population.
18.
Number of health units per lakh population.
Number of hospitals beds per lakh population.
19.
20.
Number of pumpsets energised as per cent of
State total.
21 .
Road length per 100 sq. kms.
22.
Number of towns and villages electrified as per
cent of total number of towns and villages.
1.12
area.
On the basis of the above 22 indicators a
composite index of development has been built in order
to understand how different districts stand in relation
to each other as well as the State as a whole.
This is
shown for. 4 points of time namely 1960-61 , -1971-72,
and 1979-80.
1 974-75
The ranking of the four districts of Gulbarga
10
Division out of the 19 districts of the State over
a period of 20 years is shown in Table-2.
Table-2
o
1960-61
1971-72 i
1974-75
1979-80
Gulbarga
19
19
19
’ 19
Bidar
17
14
16
17 ■
Raichur
18
17
17
18
Bellary
14
' 15
15
11
District
1.13
'
The analysis of the detailed statement of the
composite index of development of the 19 districts is
shown in appendix.
It can be seen from this that the
backwardness ranking of tho Gulbarga Division has remained
at the bottom of the list throughout the period while
Raichur and Bidar have remained close to Gulbarga ranking
18 and 17 in backwardness.
1.14
The approach of the composite index of development
is useful to find out the over all developments of
different districts .
But from the point of view of
evblving.suitable policies and programmes to achieve
reduction in the degree of ineauality in respect of
social and economic development as between different
districts it. is necessary to dissegregate the various
indicators of development/backwardnessf
For such an
approach the whole exercise has to be based on programme
11
linked with indicators.
For this purpose,;' 25 indicators
have been selected and the data with regard to these
indicators in 4 districts of the Gulbarga Division vis-a-vis
the State average are analysed.
1.15
The economy of the Gulbarga Division is primarily
agricultural in nature.
The occupational classification
of the working population also reflects greater-dominance
of the agricultural sector.
Greater reliance on
agricultural sector need not cause concern provided the
productivity in the agricultural sector is Quite high .
But the greater reliance on the agricultural sector
coupled with low agricultural yields will push the' economy
backwards.
This is actually what has happened to-the
economy of the Gulbarga Division.
The agricultural
income per hectare of agricultural land in Gulbarga
Division is Rs.
Rs. 1806,
1020 compared to the State average of
the district's figures being fc. 876 for Gulbarga
district, Rs.
1412 for Bidar district, Rs. 975 for Raichur
district and Rs. 1173 for Bellary District.
The agricul
tural income per agricultural labourer for the State as
a whole is Rs. 843 whereas it is Rs. 755 for Gulbarga Division.
Even the average yield of cereals, pulses and
oil seeds
per hectare is also low in these districts compared to
the State average except in case of pulses in Gulbarga
district and oil seeds in Bellary district.
The reasons
for low agricultural yields in the division are due to
low irrigation, scanty and erratic rainfall and
traditional agricultural practices.
The area under
of
irrigation
as per cent/net sown area is 15.3 for the
Gulbarga Division compared to the State average of 21.4.
Gulbarga and Bid=r districts have only 4.7 and 9.3 per
cent of net sown area under irrigation.
12
Due to low irrigation, the area under HYV is also less
in this Division compared to the State average.
1.16
Apart from being agriculturally backward
Gulbarga Division, is backward in industrial sector
also.
The employment in registered factories per
lakh population is only 1,000 compared to the State
average of 4,000.
The gross fixed capital in the
industrial sector in Gulbarga Division forms hardly
11.6 per cent to the total gross fixed capital in
the industrial sector of the State.
The per capita
income derived from the manufacturing industrial units
in the Gulbarga Division is as low as Rs.72/= compared
to Rs.135/= for the State.
1.17
The communication facilities of the Gulbarga
Division are also not adequate.
Roads are the only
means of communication even to-day.
per 100 Sq. Kms.
The roqd-length
of geographical area in the Gulbarga
Division is only 34 Kms., compared to the State average
of 51 Kms.
The number of vehicles per lakh population
is also less compared to the State.
The number of
telephones is an indication of urbanisation and
industrialisation of an area.
The Gulbarga Division
has only 132 telephones per lakh of population
compared to the State average of 370.
1.18
With a view to provide curative, preventive
and promotive health services, wide range of health
units have been established in the State.
As far as
Gulbarga Division is concerned it is deficit in
13
health facilities.
The average population served per
health unit in the Division is 21,200 as against the
State average of 18,500.
The number of hospital-
beds
per lakh population is also less than half of the State
average except in Bellary District.
1.19
Though the educational facilities have expanded
considerably in the State, the same is not true for the
Gulbarga Division.
The percentage of literates in the
total population in the Gulbarga Division still continues
to be as low as 26.5 compared to the State average of
38.4.
The number of school going children per school
is 272 for Gulbarga Division which is higher than the
State average of 233 indicating thereby the inadequate
schooling facilities in the Division,
1.20
i
\
As' regards village electrification the Division
is on par with the State average.
However in Gulbarga
and Raichur districts the percentage of villages electri
fied is 51.8 and 51.1
respectively compared to the State
average of 60.6.
1.21
The implementation of various beneficiary
oriented programmes like Diary, Piggery and Poultry under
Animal Husbandry programmes to a large extent depend on
the extent of health coverage to animals.
As regards
this facility, Gulbarga, Bidar and Bellary districts are
more or less close to the State average whereas for
Raichur district,
'adeeuate.
the existing facilities are not
14
1.22
The expansion in the bank branches in rural
areas since the nationalisation of commercial banks
in 1969 has been very fast.
However, the banking
facilities in .Gulbarga Division are still inadeauate
when compared to the State average.
The population
served per bank branch is 19,000 for the Gulbarga
Division whereas it is 11,000 for the sState.
1.23
The per caoita income is considered to be the
most important indicator for measuring the level of
development.
For Gulbarga Division the per capita
income during 1977-78 works out to be Rs. 987 compared
to the State average of Rs. 1132.
1.24
The level of development of 4 districts in
Gulbarga Division vis-a-vis the State is summarised
in Table-3.
The details of district-wise data of
various indicators for different points of time are
given in the appendix.
1.25
It can be seen from the above that the Gulbarga
Division is the most backward in the State.
Historically,
being a part of interior Deccan Plateau this area had
not been exposed to active development efforts.
More
over having been in the rain shadow area, the agricultural
and related development is also retarted.
Throughout
the centuries this area had been at the border out-skirts
of various empires and therefore did not receive.- the atten
tion of the various rulers.
Re-organisation in 1956,
Thus,
age in being remote and backward.
3 decades also,
at the time of States'
this area started with a disadvant
Over a period of nearly
the backward position of the Division has
continued unchanged.
It, therefore,
becomes necessary that
some special attention is given to this area so that the
regional backwardness of Gulbarga Division is reduced and
this area is brought
towards the State average.
15
TABLE-3
LEVEL DE DEVELOPMENT IN GULBARGA DIVISION VIS-a-VIS THE STATE AVERAGE
Indicator
Unit
IGulbarga
Dist.
Bidar
Dist.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1. Per hectare agricultural
Income (1977-78)
Raichur
Dist.
Bellary
Dist.
Gulbarga
.
Division State
Rs.
873
1412
975
1173
1020
1806
2.
Agricultural Income per
Agricultural Labourer(1977-78)
Rs.
758
749
781
720
755
843
3.
Avorago yield of Cereals per
hectare (1977-78)
Kgs.
705
1'035
886
1055
4.
Average yield of pulses per
hectare. (1977-78)
II
483
428
396
428
-
453
Average yield of oil s eeds
per hectare ( 1977-78)
II
352
422
559
829
-
564
5.
6. ,Net area irrigated as per cent
of net sown area (1978-79)
7.
Area under Forest ( 1978-79)
8. Per hectare consumption of
fertilisers ( 1979-80)
9. Per cent of area under HYV to
net sown area ( 1979-80)
1174
per cent
ii
4.7
5.3
27.9
24.9
15.3
21.4
4.7
3.1
2.3
12.2
5.4
15.8
kgs.
3
13
43
“*~~57
27
36
per cent
4.2
20.0
15.6
29.9
14.4
24.7
10. Per capita Industrial Income
( 1977-78 )
Rs.
66
35
69
110
72
135
Employment in Registered
Factories per lakh population
(1979-80)
Nos.
1000
Neg.
1 DOG
3000
1000
4000
11.
Indicator
Unit
12.
Per cent of Industrial Gross;
percent
fixed'capital to total(l977- 78)
13.
Road length per 100 sq.
km. area U980)
14.
Number of vehicles per lakh
population 11979-JO;
15.
Population served per
health unit ^1930)
Gulbarga Bidar
Dist.
Dist.
Ra ichur
Dist.
Bellary
Dist.
Gulbarga
Division
State
11. 6
100.0
4. 6
0. 5
2. 9
3. 6
'Kes.
27
45
35
38
Nos.
419
267
380
(No.in 100)
230
226
220
51
853
-
1076
172
212
185
16.
Number of Beds per lakh
population 1.1979-80,
17.
Literacy (l98l)
13.
Population in the Age group
5-14 years per school
Nos.
19.
Villages electrified
(1979-30)
20.
Bovine population served
per Veterinary Institution
21.
Population served per
bank branch (1979)
ii
24.
16
11
19
11
22.
Population served per
post office
Nos.
3500
3200
3960
3410
3540
4070
ii
112
123
79
182
123
127
208
150
132
139
370
193
Rs.
949
880
1011
1096
987
1132
23.
24.
Telephones per lakh popula-.
tion
Density of population 1931 j
25.
Per capita income(1977-78)
42
23
107
-
100
26'. 3
24. 9
30.4
26. 5
38.4
289
299
276
247
27 2
233
per cent
51.8
90. 2
51. l'
71-8
60. 5
60. 6
(Nos.in’OO)
112
110
163
117
124
111 .
Nos.
per cent
50
25. 1
20
■
17
CHAPTER II
APPOINTMENT DE HYDERABAD-KARNATAKA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
2.1
The Government of Karnataka constituted a Committee
for ths development of Hyderabad-Karnataka area in May,
1980.
The Government Order No.PD 4 PPB 00, dated 3rd May,
1980,
shoui ng the constitution of this Committso is shown-
in appendix..
There were representations from the legisla
tors, that for the development of the Hyderabad-Karnatak
area a body such as a Board should be constituted.
The
former Divisional Commissioner of Gulbarga had also sent
certain proposals for the development of the Hyderabad.-Taking into account all these factors, the
Karnatak area.
Government constituted the Committee to make suitable
recommendations to the Government.
Originally, only the
three districts of Gulbarga, R.aichur and Bidar were inclu
ded in this Committee as only they were from th? erstwhile
Hyderabad State.
However, later cn in Duly,
1980, Bollary
District which is also a part of Gulbarga Division and
more akin to the three districts, was included in the
Committee.
2.2
The Committee as it stands today consists of all
the legislators from the four districts including the
Members of Parliament,
the Divisional Commissioner and
the Deputy Commissioners from the four districts and also
the Deputy Secretary to Government, Planning Department.
After inauguration of the Committee bylthe Chief Minister
of Karnataka,
on 15.10.80.
the first meeting of theJjCommittee was held
?!
10
2.3
During this meeting the Members explained in
detail the- backwardness of Gulbarga Division and the
need to implement special schemes to reduce the back
wardness of Gulbarga Division.
A few Members also
expressed the view that the Committee 'should be
converted into a Statutory Board.
2.4
The Committee again had a meeting on 2nd May,
1981,
and discussed the same problems.
this meeting,
Following
a Sub-Committee was appointed vide
Government Order No.PD 4 PPB 80 (p) dated the 18th
May,
1981.
The Sub-Committee was entrusted-with the
task of examining all aspects of the issue relating
to the conversion of the Committee intto a Board.
The
Government also appointed the Administrator, Command
Area Development' Authority,
Gulbarga,
Upper Krishna Project,
as the Secretary of the Sub-Committee.
The
Committee undertook a visit of 'Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh to examine the steps taken by them to deal
with regional backwardness and imbalances.
described in the next chapter.
/
These are
19
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Subject:- Constitution of a Committee for Development
of Hyderabad - Karnataka Area -
ORDER NO. 2D 4 PPB 80
BANGALORE, DATED THE 3RD MAY 1980.
P reamble:
It has been suggested to Government^that they might
’consider the question of 'forming a Boardjjto develop the
much neglected Hyderabad-Karnataka Area;!
The Divisional
Commissioner, Gulbarga had sent a Comprehensive Plan for
the development of the Hyderabad-Karnataka Area.
ment
Govern
consider that this plan could form the starting,
point for further examination of the needs of the HyderabadKarnataka Area and that a Committee might be constituted
to examine the proposals contained in the report and to make
suitable recommendations to Government.
ORDER
After careful consideration of all aspects of the
question, Government are pleased to constitute, with
immediate effect,
a Committee to report on the Development
of Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Comprising the following members:
V
&
<3
1.
Sri Dharam Singh,
Minister for Housing i Urban
Development.
-
Chairman
2.
Sri Narasingh Hulla, M.P.,
Bidar.
-
Member
3.
Sri B.V. Desai, M.P.,
Raichur.
-
Member
4.
Sri H.G. Ramulu, M.P.,
Gang-avathi, Raichur District.
-
Member
20
5. Sri Manik Rao Shama Rao Patil,
Thana Kushnoor, Taluk Aurad,
Bidar District.
6. Sri Bhimanna Shivalingappa
K. hand re, ML A. ,
Post Bhalki, BidaT District.
MLa
Member
|
ft
Member
7. Sri S.B. Madanlal, MLA.,
Bheemanagar, Bidar.
Member
8. Sri Veerashetty Mogalappa
Kushnoor, MLa.,
Bidar.
“
9. Sri Basavaraj PATIL, PlLA.,
Zerpeth, Humnabad,
Bidar District.
Member
Member
10. Sri Bapu Rao Ananda Rao Hulsoorker,
Hulsoor Post, Basavakalyan Taluk,
Bidar District.
MLa. ,
Member
11. Sri Devendrappa Ghalaopa, MLA.,
Chincholi, Gulbarga District.
Member
12. Sri Govinda P.Vadeyaraj, MLA.,
Housing Board Colony,
Behind District Court, Gulbarga.
Member
13. Sri Anna Rao Bheem Rao Patil, MLA.,
Korahalli, AHand Taluk,
. Gulbarga District.
’ -
Member
14. Sri O’^marul Islam, MLa. ,
H.No. 1-1456, MSK Mills Road,
Station Bazar, Gulbarga.
Member
15. Sri Sharanaopa Fakeerappa Bhairy, MLA. ,
Chitapur, Gulbarga District.
Member
16. Sri M.Y. Patil, MLA. , .
No. 84, Housing Board Colony,
MSK Mills Road, Gulbarga.
17. Sri Prabhakar R. Telkar,
Advocate, P.O. Kalagi,
Gulbarga District.
~
Member
-
Member
~
Member
~
Member
-
Member
MLa.,
18. Sri M. Sher Khan, MLA. ,
Malkhed, Sedam Taluk,
Gulbarga District.
19. Sri Mallikarjuna M. Kharge, MLA.,
House No. 11-859, Basavanagar,
Gulbarga.
29. Sri Sharanappa Nagappa Kalaburgi,
House No. 2-2-48, Bandegeri,
Yadgir, Gulbarga District.
21. Sri Shivanna Sauoor, MLa.,
Mattigudur P.O Shahpur Talk,
'
Gulbarga District.
MLa.,
Member
21
22. Sri Rajakumar Naik, MLA.,
No-3-388, 89-Koti, Mahal,
Shorapur, Gulbarga Dist.
-
Member
23. Sri B. Shivanna, MLA.,
149, LIG Housing Board Colony,
Nijalingappa Nagar, Raichur.
-
Member
24. Sri Nazaer Ahmed Siddiqui, MLA.,
Androon Oilla, Raichur.
-
Member
25. Sri Sudhendra Rao Kasbe,
Minister of State for Marketing
& Muzrai, Vidhana Soudha,’
Bangalore.
Member
26. Sri Raja Ambanna Naik,
Hanumappa Dorai, MLA.,
Manvi, Raichur District.
-
27. Sri Basavaraj Patil, MLA.,
Anuari Post Lingsugur Taluk,
Raichur District.
Member
Member
28. Sri R. NarayanaPPa, MLA.,
RagalaParvi Post, Sindhanoor Tq.
Raichur District.
-
Member
29. Sri M. Ganganna Bhemappa, MLA.,
Advocate, Mudgal Post, Lingsugur Taluk
Raichur District.
Member
30. Sri Lingaraj Shivashankar Rao
Dssai, MLA.,
Chikamyageri, Yelburga Taluk,
Raichur District.
"
Member
. 31. Sri M. NagaPPa, MLA.,
Near Neelakantesuara Temple,
Gangavathi, Raichur District.
-
Member
Sri Yadava Rao Shesha Rao Chitala, MLA.
Mallikarjuna Mutt Road,
Gangavathi, Raichur District.
-
Member
33.
Sri Heeranna Pampanna Mudgal, MLA.,
Dauahar Road, Koopal,
Raichur District.
~
Member
34.
Sri Basauanth Racr Shivappa
Gouda Patil, MLA. ,• '
Raddeuadgi’Via Kolkur, Deuargi Tq.
Gulbarga District.
,
-
Member
-
Member
j'l
fi'•
'
~
Member
<5
32.
•35. Smt. Basavarajesuari
, MLC.,_
■Dhadesugur P.O.,
Raichur District.
36.
;
Shanthamallappa Patil, MLC.,
Post Shankur, Chittapur Taluk,
Gulbarga District.
Sri
vvl
MxaJ-AAC
t AAUC.'
lity-
22
37. Sri R.S. Manohar, MLC.,
No. 2-11-94, Near Home Guard Office
Nangalpet, Bidar.
38. The Divisional Commissioner,
Gulbarga District.
-
Member
39. The Deputy Commissioner,
Raichur District.
-
40. The Deputy Commissioner,
Gulbarga District.
-
Member
41. The Deputy Commissioner,
Bidar District.
-
Member
42. The Deputy Secretary to Govt.,
Planning Department (P.I)
-
Member
43. The Deputy Commissioner,
Bellary.
-
Member
Member
Member
The Gazetted' Assistant to Divisional Commissioner,
Gulbarga Division, will be the Secretary to the Board.
/
The Head Quarters of the Committee will be at Gulbarga.
The Committee will .submit its report to Government as early
as possible.
Sanction is also accorded for the payment of (a) T.A.
to the non-official members of the Committee as per'list
and (2-) to the payment of D.A
(a) under Annexure-A to KCSRs.
and sitting fees in liew of T.A at Rs.
15/— per day for attend
ing the meetings of the Committee in any place other than
Bangalore City and Rs.20/-per day if the meetings are held in
Bangalore City.
The expenditure on this account shall be debited to the
Head " 253-pistrict Administration-1-rCommissioners-IIIGulbarga Division-2-Travel Expenses (Non-Plan) Voted ".
This Order issues with the concurrence of the Finance A
Department vide their U.O Note NO. FD.939.Ex-l/80 dated 9.4.1980
By Order and in the name qf the
Governor of Karnataka,:
Sd/-
■
■ (a.ramaswamy)
Deputy Secretary to Government,
Planning Department(PP.I).
23
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Subject:- Constitution of a Committee for Development of
Hyderabad-Karnataka Area.
GOVERNMENT ORDER NO.PD 4 Pit’ll 80 BANGALORE
DATED THE 29TH DULY 1980.
No. PD 4 PPB 80 dated 3rd May 1980^
G.O.
Read:
Preamble:
Tn the Government Order read above, sanction was ,
accorded for the constitution of a Committee to report on
the Development of Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Comprising 42
(forty-two) members including Shri Dharam Singh, Minister
for Housing and Urban Development,
as Chairman.
Bellary District, which came from the earstwhile
Madras State,
is more akin to the districts which came
from the erstwhile Hyderabad State.
In view of this,
Legislature of Bellary have represented to Government to
include Bellary District also within the perview of the
said Committee.
It is, therefore,
considered necessary
that Bellary District also should be represented on the
Committee which has been appointed to report on the Develop
ment of Hyderabad-Karnataka Area.
ORDER
After careful consideration of all aspects of the
question, Government are pleased to accord sanction for
representation of Bellary District on the Committee
constituted in the Government Order read above and to
include, with immediate effect,
the following members
accordingly in the said Committee:
1.
Sri M.M.3. Sadyojatha,
Minister for Transport & Minor
Irrigation, Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore
-
Member
24
2. Sri R.Y. Ghorpade, 01.P.,
127, ALPHA, UI Cross,
Lower Palace Ordhards,
Bangalore.
Member
3. Sri B.E. Ramaiah, MLA.,
Siruguppa, Bellary District.
-
4. Sri M. Ramappa, MLA.,
Kappagal Road, Gandhinagar,
Bellary.
5. Sri K. Bhaskar Naidu, MLA.,
No.61, Coul Bazar, Bellary.
Member
Member
-
Member
6. Sri K. Gudu Saheb, MLA.,
No. 43, VII Uard, Hospet,
Bellary District.
Member
7. Sri C. Rudrappa, MLA.
• Yesuanthanaoar Post,
Sandur Taluk.
Member
8. Sri T. Somappa, MLA.,
Advocate, Kudligi, Bellary Dist.
Member
9. Sri N. Karibasavanna Goud, MLA.,
Kogali, Hagaribommanahalli Ta.
Bellary District.
Member
10. Sri D. Narayanadas, ML
I Ward, HaraPanahalli,
Bellary District.
Member
11. Sri H.B. Narayanasuamy, MLC.
-Uard No. 3, House No. 202,
Hospet, City Municipality,
Hospet.
Member
f/1
All other conditions stipulated in.the Government
Order read above will remain unaltered.
This Order issues with the concurrence of Finance
Department vide U.0 No.
1733/80 dated 29.7.1980.
By Order and in the name of the
Governor of Karnataka.
Sd/~
(K.C. BHEEMAIAH)
Under Secretary to Government,
Piaening Department(PP-I).
25
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Subject:- Constitution of Sub-Committee for HyderabadKarnataka Area Development Committee - Issues
Orders.
I';'
ORDER NO, pD 4 PPB 80 (p), BANGALORE, DATED THE 18TH
MAY 1981.
(i) G.O. No. PD 4 PPB 80 dated 3.5.80.
Read:
On.) G.O. No. PD 4 PPB 80 dated 29.7.80.
P reamble:
In the Government Order dated 3.5.80 read at (i)
above,
sanction was accorded for the constitution of a
Committee to report on the Development of Hyderabad-Karnataka
Area comprising 42 members including Shri Dharam Singh,
Minister for Housing and Urban Development as Chairman.
In the Government Order dated 29.7.80 read at(ii)
above, sanction was accorded to include some more members ,
for representing
Bellary District to the said Committee.
At the meeting of the Committee for the Development
of Hyderabad-Karnataka Area held on 2.5.81 under the Chairman
ship of Shri Dharam Singh, Hon'ble Minister for Housing add
Urban Development, the subject relating to conversion of
the Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Development Committee into
a statutory body was discussed and the members authorised
the Minister for Housing and Urban Development to constitute
a Sub-Committee to go into the details regarding the forma
tion of a Statutory Board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka Area
consisting of 7-9 members, which would submit a report with
its recommendations as early as possible and not later than
two months.
ORDER
In the circumstances explained in the preamble,
26
the Government of Karnataka are pleased to constitute a
Sub-committee to look into all aspects of the issue
relatino to conversion of the Hvderabad-Karnataka Area
Development Committee into a Statutory Board with the
following members as resolved at the meeting of the
Committee held on 2.5.1981,
1.
Sri Dharam Singh, Minister for
Housing & Urban Development.
-
Choirman
Member
2.
Sri R.Y. Ghorpade, H.P.,
-
3.
Sri B.V. Desai, M.P.
-
4.
Sri Govind P.Wodeyaraj, MLA.,
-
"
5.
Sri Veera shetty Kushanoor,M.L.$.,-
"
6.
Sri Prabhakar Telkar, MLfl.,
-
"
7.
Sri B. Shivanna, MLA.,
-
"
8.
Sri Nazcer Ahmed Siddioui, MLA.,
-
"
9.
Sri B.E. Ramaiah, MLA.,
-
"
10.
Sri Bhaskar Naidu, MLA.,
-
"
11.
"
Sri Ramachandra Rao, Joint Director
Land Records, Gulbarga & Secretary
Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Development
Committee.
- Member Secretary
The Sub-Committee shall submit the report with its
recommendation within two months.
The expenditure like T.A.
D.A, etc., in connection
with the meetings of the Sub-Committee shall be debited to
©■
the Head " 253-District Administration-1-Commissioners-IIIGulbarga Division-2-Travel Expenses (Non-Plan)voted ",
©
This order issues with the concurrence of the- Finance
Department vide their Note No. FS1743/81 dated, 5.5.1981.
9
By Order and lin the name of the
Governor of Karnataka.
Sd/(n.krishnamma)
l/c.Under Secretary to Government
Planning Department(PP-I).
27
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
Subject:-Appointment of Shri V. Balasubramanian, IAS.,
as Secretary of the Sub-Committee constituted
by the Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Development
Committee - Issues Orders.
Govt.
Read:
Order No. PD 4 PPB 80(Part)dated 18.5.81.
P reamble:
The Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Development
Committee has constituted a Sub-Committee for going into
all aspects of the issue for the development of the
Hyderabad-Karnataka Area.
The Sub-Committee which met on ■
20.5.1981 has chalked out a programme of action which
includes a visit to Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra States
to study the set up and functioning of the Regional Develop
ment Boards constituted in these two States.
Therefore, a
competent officer is-reouired to be incharge of the'drafting
of the report of the Sub-Committee and help the- Sub-Committee
in discussions, etc.,
ORDER NO.PD 4 PPB 80 (PART-IIl)
BANGALORE, DATED THE 23RD HAY 1981.
In the circumstances stated above, Government of
Karnataka are pleased to a ppoint Shri V. Balasubramanian,IAS.
doing duty as Administrator, CADA,
Upper Krishna Project as
Secretary of the Hyderabad-Karnataka Arfea Development Sub
committee in addition to his existing cfuties as Administrator
CADA,
Upper Krishna Project.
Director,
Shri M. Ramachandra Rao,
Joint
Land Records, Gulbarga■shall be redesignated- as
Joint Secretary of the Hyderabad-Karnataka Area Development
Sub-Committee in addition to his existing duties.
This order issues with the approval of the
Chief Secretary vide No. CS/395/01'1-81 dated, 16.5.1981.
By Order and in the name of the
Governor of Karnataka,
Sd/-
(n.krishnamma)
l/cUnder Secretary to Government,
Planning Department(PP.I).
-28-
CHAPTER-III
BACKWARD AREA DEVELOPMENT IN OTHER STATES.
3.1
The Sub-Committee visited Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and North-Eastern States to
study the pattern of Regional and Backward area development.
Discussion were held with Chief Ministers, other Ministers,
officials and other Organisations in these States.
The
Committee met:1)
The Chief Ministers of Bndhra Pradesh, Uttara Pradesh,
Meghalaya.
2)
The Ministers for Housing and Urban Development,
Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, the Ministers for
Planning, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Uttar Pradesh.
3)
The Deputy Minister for Power, Uttar Pradesh.
4)
The Executive Vice-chairman, State Planning Board,
Maharashtra.
&
5)
The Advisor, Planning, West Bengal.
6)
Members of the Planning Board,'MeghalayaL
7)
Secretary, Telengana Area Development Committee.
8)
Secretary , Rayalaseema Area Development Committee.
9)
Secretary, Coastal Area Development Committee.
10)
Secretary, Sundarban Development Board, West Bengal.
11)
The Development Commissioner, West Bengal.
12)
The Land Reforms Commissioner, West Bengal.
13)
The Secretary, North-Eastern Council, Shillong.
14)
The Secretary-, Hill Area Development Committee,
Uttar Pradesh.
15)
The Special Secretary, Planning, Uttar Pradesh.
16)
Uidarbha Development Corporation, Nagapur.
17)
Marathwada Development Corporation, Aurangabad.
18)
Development Corporation of Konkan, Bombay.
19)
Planning and Rural Development Corporation,
Andhra Pradesh.
20)
State Planning Board, Meghalaya.
21)
State Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh.
-29-
Andhra Pradesh;
3.2
The State of Andhra Pradesh camo into existence on
1st November, 1956.
Andhra Pradesh comprises of 21
districts: Nine Telangana Districts namely, (lahbobnagar,
Nalagonda, Hyderabad, fledak, Adilabad, Nizam^bad,
Kareem Nagar,' Uarangal,
and Kammam and 12 Andhra Districts
viz., Srikakulam, Uishkapatnam, East Godavari, l/ost Godavari
Krishna, Guntur,
and Kurnool.
Prakasam, Nellur, Chittoor, Ananthapura, Cuddapah
Out of the 12 Andhra Districts, Chittoor,
Anantpur, Cudapha and Kurnool comprise the Rayalaseema, while
tho rest from the Coastal Andhra.
3.3
Consequent on the occurrence of large scale
political agitation in Andhra Pradesh in 1972 an
agreement was entered into by the leaders of the State
and a formula known as Six point Formula was evolved.
The Six Point Formula, among other things, laid emphasis
on the accelerated development of the backward areas in
the State and tho p lanned development of the state capital
with specific resources earmarked for this purpose, and
envisaged tho constitution of a State planning Board and
the Regional Committees at the different backward areas of
the State.
The Regional Planning and Development Committees
for Telengana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra areas were
constituted on 1- 1-1974.
The functions of tho Committees
were as follows:-
(a)
To consider and advise tho State
Government in regard to schemes
pertaining to the development of
the backward areas as have been
included in the five year plan
-
or in the annual plans.
(b)
To clear programmes in respect of
development schemes in tho area.
-30-
(c)
To suggest such changes and
modifications in regard to them as
may be considered necessary in the
interast of better implementation of
the plan for more rapid development
of the area.
(d)
To recommend in particular such
measures as may be considered necessary
to accelarate the pace of development
of the badkward areas.
3.4
The Regional Planning and Development Committees
associated with the representatives of the backward areas
in the State Legislature and certain experts from each of
the three regions.
The following criteria was adopted for
purposes of identification of backward areas;-
1 . Gross value of agricultural out-put
per hectare.
3.5
2.
Gross value of agricultural out-put
per agricultural labourer.
3.
Percentage of gross irrigated area
to gross sown area.
4.
Normal rainfall.
5.
Workers in registered factories per
lakh population.
6.
Percentage of literates to total
population.
The Government of India extended a special
assistance of Rs. 100 crores during the period 1974-79
including Rs. 10 crores for the development of State
capital.
The special assistance was distributed in
the ratio of 5:3:2 to Telcngana, Rayalaseema and Coastal
Andhra regions respectively.
Of the total assistance
of Rs. 90 crores, an amount of Rs. 67.4 crores was earmarked
for district level schemes and the balance of Rs. 22.6
crores for regional schemes.
Some of the main activities
-31-
on which the amount was spent are medium and minor
irrigation, rural water supply,
rural electrification,
agriculture, animal husbandry including dairy,
fisheries,
forests, cooperation, economic support schemes, large
and medium scale industries, handlooms and textiles
including sericulture, ground water development, Girijan
Development Agency and S.F.D.A.
In the district programmes
highest priority was accorded to minor irrigation followed
by rural electrification, rural water supply, animal
husbandry, dairy and economic support schemes.
The following
is the breakup of outlay for these programmes:
SCHEHE
AMOUNT (fc. crores)
1.
Minor Irrigation
26.24
2.
Rural electrification
3.
Rural water supply
4.
Animal husbandry and
dairy.
6.48
5.
Economic support schemes.
4.60
3.6
16.75
-
9.18
Under regional s chemes, large and medium industries
and higher education was included.
Under industries
allocations have been made to Industrial Development and
Industrial Infrastructural Corporation to help in the
establishment of industries in these regions.
Some of
the industries to be established in the states included
rayon crate pulp at Uarangal, sponge iron at Kammam,
playwood-galse at Mehaboob Nagar, artificial fibre at
Medak, solvent extraction plant at Nalagonda and Nizamabad
■-3’2
pulp and paper at kurnool, jute mill at Srikakulam,
sugar factories at Yadiyalaguda, paleiar,
Renugunta and Hindupur eto.,
Andava,
The Andhra Pradesh small
scale Industries Corporation and Leather Industries
Development Corporation of' Andhra Pradesh and Andhra
Pradesh Mining Corporation have also been assisted
under the regional schemes for the rapid development
of small industries in these areas.
Some of these
industries are already in production.
3.’7
Under higher education, Kakathiya University at
Warangal and Osraania University,
Nagarjun University
andi Andhra Universities have been provided with funds
towards starting of post graduate centres at various
district headquarters.
3.8
Though it is difficult to assess the exact impact
of the programmes taken up under the six point formula,
it can be seen from the above that the additional amount
provided for three backward regions in Andhrja Pradesh
has helped the regional development committees to take
up such schemes which could complement and support the
normal plan programmes.
In a way,
these schemes acted
as catalytic programmes for realising fuller benefits
of the plan programmes.
MAHARASHTRA:
3.9
Regional Development Corporations have been formed «-
in Maharashtra for the Uidharba area,
the Marathwada Area
Konkan Area and Western Maharashtra Area.
These Corpora
tions have been constituted under the Companies Act.
The
Government have given a share capital of Rs. 5 crores to
the MaratawadahDeuelopment Corporation^
Development Corporation of konkan and Rs. 3 crores to the
Development Corporation ofUidharba.
Apart from this,
33
interest free loans have also been given to these
Corporations by the Government.
The objective of
the Regional Development Corporations are as follows:-
3.10
1.
Conducting economic potential surveys and
analysing material from surveys carried out
by other agencies for formulating Develop
ment Schemes for the region.
2.
Developing local enterpreneurship and
providing comprehensive assi stance for
setting up small scale industries.
3.
Setting up projects directly or in
collaboration with other enterpreneuirs with
the objective of developing and utilising
the natural resources of the region.
4.
Motivating and assisting industrialists for
setting medium and large scale industries at
the industrial growth centres established at
selected places in the region.
The main objective of-the Regional Development
Corporations in Maharashtra,
is to promote rural
industries and employment by maki rg use of institutional
finance for understanding the activities of these Cor
porations, it is enough if we look into the detailed
working of the Maratawada Development,Corporati□n.
With
a Government Share Capital of about Rs. 5 crores the
Marathwada Development Corporation which was formed in
1967 has been able to promote investments and economic
activities four-^fold.
The various activities taken up
by the Marathwada Development Corporation are as follows:
A.
PROMOTIONAL SERVICES:
1♦
Entrepreneurship Development:-
Intensive Entrepreneurship Development
Programmes have been conducted throughout
the region to help the entrepreneurs from
rural areas.
This has been done with the
active cooperation of the institutions
The Corporation has
like SICOM, MSEC.
3'4
undertaken on a regular and continuous
basis about 25 courses, workshops and
training programmes for motivating the
budding rural entrepreneurs during a
year.
L
ii.
Skilled Manpower requirement and Technical
Education*. Experience tells us that there is a
definite gap between technical capabilities
available and the actual requiren ents of
the industries coming up in the area. After
identifying such shortcomings, the Corpora
tion has been pursuing the Department of
Technical Education to expand/diversify its
training facilities to meet the actual
requirements.
The precess is time consuming.
But the authorities have favourably responded
to these suggestions and have since introduced
oondensed courses.
One such shor-t term course
in Leather Technology has been started at Beed
in view of MDC’s modern tannery there.
Coordination:-
With a view to assist the existing in<2ui--tries
in solving their problems and also for guiding
the new entrepreneurs, meetings of representa
tives of all the Government agencies and
Departments are organised.
The feedback
received in such meetings has helped in
correction and /or reorientation of some
policies and procedures.
More than 700
entrepreneurs have taken benefit of these
meetings.
iv.
Ancillary Industry Development:-
Several large and medium scale industries have
been set up at Aurangabad and many more coming
up because of the incentives available.
The
Corporation has set up a special cell ta study
the potential and problems of ancillary indus
tries around these medium and large industries.
With the continued efforts of the Corporation,
about 14 ancillary units have been provided
with work by 4 large scale units in Chikalthana
Industrial area.
v.
Package Scheme of Incentives:The implementation of the Goverrment of Maharashtra’s
Package scheme of incentives in respect of small
industries has been entrusted to the
Regional Development Corporation from
April, 1977.
The Corporation has
established a new cell to handle this
work and has issued essentiality
certificate to 60 units.
Special
capital incentive loan amounting to
Rs. 3.5 lakhs has been disbursed to 20
eligible units in the Region.
vi.
Scheme for Educated Unemployed:-
The Corporation has been implementing
this scheme since 1972.
During the last
7 years 8200
units were promoted and
assisted under this scheme upto December
1978.
Seed money amounting to Rs. 156
lakhs has been disbursed to these units
in the region catalysing an investment
of Rs. 2503 lakhs and has gm erated an
employment of 22,389.
In addition to
above, the scheme of assistance to tiny
units is being implemented by the Corpora
tion from April, 1978, Under this scheme
seed money at 10% of the project cost for
establishment of industrial ventures with
investment upto Rs. 1 lakh is being given
and a provision of Rs. 50,000 has been made
for this scheme.
vii.Mini Industrial Estates:This scheme envisages building up mini
estates at rural growth centres where FlIDC
does not have its industrial a-eas.
Each
estate will have 12 sheds of 17’x12’ and
will be provided with basic infrastructure
facilities.
The Corporation has planned to
construct 15 such estates during the period
of next five years.
At the three estates,
viz., Ambad, Vaijapur and Paranda sheds have
been ready and they have been allotted to
entrepreneurs at Ambad and Vaijapur.
Three
more estates are being taken up at Kinwat,
Ausa and Sailu.
viii.Information Counter and Data Bank
for Educated Unemployed Persons!To help the educated unemployed youths seek
ing self-employment opportunities, the Corpo
ration has started giving, by special effort
two more services to such persons, ; These
services are information counter and Data
375
Bank at Vikas Bhavan.
At the
information counter an officer extends
necessary assistance and services to
entrepreneurs Ln helping them to realise
their own ideas,
The Data Bank keeps
upto date information about raw material,
machinery and other project data required
for industries which can be started in
small scale sector.
ix.
Sick Unit Cell:The State Level Coordination Committee for
Sick Units has decided that the units
identified by nationalised banks and
financial institutions as sick units and
not being taken up for nursing should be
looked after by the Corporation.
Accordingly,
the Corporation has set up a Sick Unit Cell
to investigate and study the problems of such
units.
About-3 cases have been studied and
are being recommended to the concerned
authorities.
x.
Identification of Neu Projects;-
Search for neu projects has to be continued
relentlessly.
The Corporation’s planning
Cell conducts feasibility studies and prepares
project reports for small ventures.
However,
for large projects, help 'of technical consultants
is taken.
A technical and industrial library
has been built up in the Corporation.
The
Corporation has played a significant role in
developing Oalna MIDC Industrial Area by promot
ing and establishing neu and existing industries
in this Area.
1.
Textile Corporation of Marathuada Ltd.,
(TEXCOM):-
This subsidiary, company of MDC Ltd. , manages the
centralised pre-ueaving and processing unit at
Nanded with an installed capacity of
.l^kh
metres of cloth per day.
With an investment of
Rs. 832 lakhs, about 1600 persons have been
provided employment.
2.
Pouerloom Co-operative. Societies: -
About 3,500 persons are engaged in ueaving
1.2
metres of cotton fabrics per day through
48 powerloom industrial cooperati ve societies
in the five districts of Marathwada.
An
investment of Rs. 403 lakhs has been made in
this division by MDC.
37
Dsirv Development Corporation of Flarathwada
Ltd., (ODCf-1):-
For implementing cattle development and dairy
project this subsidiary company has been
established.
Under the artificial insemina
tion programme through 100 centres in five
districts, the Company proposes to produce
7,000 cross-bred cous per annum.
This programme
of about Rs. 27 lakhs will engage
families.
Similarly, a cattle breeding farm at Oamb will
'have 100 cross-bred cows per annum.
At
Aurangabad a 15
ton per day ice plant costing
Rs. 6 lakhs has been set up employing 8 people.
The Company also undertakes the activity of
distributing cattle-feed manufactured by MAIOC
in the Region on agency basis.
4.
Leather Tennery, Beed:-
This tennery is managed by Leather Industries
Corporation of narathawada Ltd., (LICOM) with
an installed capacity of 250 hides per dey to
produce finished upper leather, with an employ
ment potential of 125.
An investment of Rs.
lakhs has been made so far.
At present, the
The
tannery is processing 100 hides pei; day.
company is committed to export 60%|of its production.
It has been gradually establishing
its
name with the prospective buyers.
5.
Kinwat Roofing Tiles Ltd.
(KRT):-
This subsidiary utilises red clay available
in the tribal area in an around Kinwat.
The
capacity is 5000 bangalore type roofing tiles. VJith
an investment o£ JR?. 15 lakhs, so far, it has
provided employment to about 75 persons.
Besides, local sale, the tiles are also being
supplied to the Collectors'for hut construction
for landless labour and re-habilitation prograntne.
6.
Godavari Garments Ltd.
This ready-made garment project has been started
with a view to provide household employment tn
women', especially of the weakers sections.
About
400 women are engaged in this project which is in
operation in all the five districts of Flarathwada.
With a projected capacity of goods worth Rs. 75
lakhs, an investment of Rs. 20 lakhs has been made
so far ( including working capital).
38
Parbhani krishi Gosamvardhan prakalp (PKG):-
7.
Production of 100 cross-bred cows every year
is proposed and will be’supplied to small and
marginal farmers at an economic price.
This
farm would also serve as a demonstration-cumresearch centre, to educate the participatants
farmers in rearing cross-bred cows with
improved techniques.
The fodder requirement
will be met by cultivation
of project’s own
land.
About Rs. 3 lakhs have been invested in
this project involving 300 persons.
8.
Marathwada Mini Industrial Estates:Three estates per annum will be build up,
providing basic infrastructural facilities
to entrepreneurs and employing about 100
persons, Rs. 6 lakhs have been invested so far.
3.11
Besides the above on going projects,
search for the
new projects and ideas is constantly going^on.
Due consi
derations are given to such ideas §rom the point of view -of
the interdistrict imbalances.
As a result of this, the
implementation of projects like ceramic Functional Estates
and Mini Cement Plant are under active consideration.
3.12
The Corporation also proposes to participate in
equity in the promoted projects like Victor Moped at
Osmanabad and Hosiery Projects at Latur.
Besides, the
Corporation has plans to invest in equity in 5 to 6
identified projects in the Region every year.
3.13
Though the Regional Development Corporations are
actually incurring losses (the Marathwada Development
Corporations accumulated loss was Rs. 20 lakhs as on 21.3.1980)
yet these corporations have a useful role in promoting
investment and employment.
For instance the Dairy Development
Corporation of Marathwada, which is subsidiary of Marathwada
Development Corporation, has promoted Cattle Development
Programme and Fodder Development Programme in a big way and
have also obtained the assistance of the Bharatiya Agro
Industries foundation in opening about 65 artificial insemina
tion centres in the 5 districts of Marathwada.
*■ ba'
3.14
Besides the Regional Development • Gorpo-ratiort,-the
State Planning Board has also non turned its ,attention
seriously to the problem of removal of imbalances of various
regions of the State.
Recently the PlanningliBoard has
recommended the analysis of the following indicators of social
and economic development to have a picture of the relative
levels of development of different areas.
Gross value added in Agriculture:
1.
a)
Per Agricultural worker
b)
Per capita
c)
Per Hectare.
2.
Per Capital Food grains Consumption and production:
3.
Manufacturing:
a)
Percentage of labour force,
b.i Percentage of net value added
Number of households with electrical connection:
4.
Roads:-
5.
a) Percentage of villages linked with roadsb)
Length of roads per Sq. Kms.
c)
Length of roads per lakh of population
dLj, RHRTC Services available.
6.
Percentage of Harvest coming to Regulated markets.
7.
Bank Branches per lakh population.
S.
Pupil rates(student enrolment at different levels
as percentage of population, of corresponding
age groups).
9.
Percentage of agricultural labourers.
10.
Percentage of tertiary workers.
11.
Literacy
12.
Instances of droughts.
Besides the above, the State Planning Board of Maha
3.15
rashtra has entrusted the data collection of about 82 important
indicators for the various districts of Maharashtra to the
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, Bombay.
3.
16
It can be seen from the above that the State of
Andhra Pradesh has dealt with the problem in the period 1974
to 1979 through the State Government Departments mainly,
while
the State of Maharashtra has made efforts through the
Regional Development Corporations making use of Institutional
Finance.
4A
WEST BENGAL:
The Government of West Bengal have constituted
3.17
the following Regional Development Boards:
1)
Sundarban Development Board.
2)
North Bengal Development Board-.
3)
Oargam Development Board.
4)
Darjeeling Hili'Areas Development Council.
5)
Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority.
6)
Siliguri:3alpaiguri Development Authority.
3.18
Th*-!’ Hoards and Authorities except the Hill
Development Council, have been constituted by Government
Order having elected representatives as Chairmen.
The
himself is the Chairman of the North
Chief Minister
Bengal Development Board.
These bodies constituted from
1972 onwards have been attending to the work of Regional
Planning and implementation of schemes to reduce regional
backwardness.
3.19
Of these bodies, the Sundarban Development Board has
prepared a project for Rs. 35 crores to implement schemes in.
5 years time.
The assistance of the International Fund for
agricultural development has also been secured.
A Cabinet
Co-ordination Committee consisting of Ministers for Irriga
tion and Waterways, Agricultural Community Development,
Animal Husbandry and Veteninaryservices, Fisheries, Cooperation
and Forests and Tourism has been constituted at the non
official level.
At the official level, a committee headed
by the Planning Adviser with 5 Secretaries to Government with
a full time Member-Secretary has been constituted for
monitering the work.
3.20
The Sundarban Project covers an area, of only3.36 lakh
hectares with a population of 25 lakhs,
The main schemes
taken up for implementation are as folloim:
1)
Agriculture and Irrigation uorte.
2)
Fisheries.
3)
Animal Husbandry.
4)
Social Forestry.
5)
Communications.
r
... .
41
3.21
It may thus be seen that the Sundarban Project is an
area Development programme bringing an integrated development
of the area in key sectors.
NORTH *E6STERN COUNCIL:
3.22
|
The Sub-committee visited North-Eastern Council with
Capital at Shillong and held detailed discussions with the
Chief Minister, Planning Minister, Members of the Planning
Board, Secretary, North-Eastern Council and experts attached
to the North Eastern Council.
3.23
The North Eastern Council was constituted by a
presidential Order in 1972.
The Primary objective of
North Eastern Council is t he
development of the region for
greater welfare.
The North Eastern Council covers Assam,
Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal
Pradesh.
The objective of North-eastern Council is to
supplement the State Plan and the central departmental schemes
by taking up inter-state projects in the North Eastern Council
It is headed by the Governor of North-eastern States
area.
with the Chief Ministers r>f these States as Members with a
full time Secretary of the rank of Secretary to Government of
It is also helped by experts in various disciplines
India.
who are on deputation from Government of {'India and State
Governments.
3.24
The North Eastern Council is essentially a financing
and advisory body, directly taking up only a few programmes.
During the V plan period an amount of Rs. 54 crores has
actually been spent.
During the years 1978-79 and 79-80 an
amouiht of Rs. 65 crores has been spent.
The draft outlay for
the UI plan period is Rs. 340 crores and the expenditure
during the 1st year of the VI plan i.e., 1980-81 was Rs. 52
crores.
'
42
3.25
The Council has taken up such schema as are
of permanent interest for more than one State or
Union territory and to the region as a whole under
its development plans.
The Council has played an
impottant role in the development of Inter-Regional
Programmes of power generation and transmission,
construction of roads, agriculture, animal husbandry,
fisheries etc.
It has been supporting research and
experimental projects.
A training infrastructure
is being built up for man-power development in the
region under the auspices of the Council.
UTTAR PRADESH;
3.26
The Uttar Pradesh with 56 districts has immense
regional imbalances. The Government of Uttar Pradesh has
constituted Bundelkhand Development Authority covering
4 districts in Southern Uttar Pradesh and Parvati Vikas
Board for areas.
The Bundelkhand Development Authority
has been constituted about 3 years ago with financial
allocation of rupees one crore.
The amount is used as
seed-money with the intention of securing institutional
finance .
3.27
The Parvati Vikas Board covers the Hill districts
of Dehra Dun, Pauri, Garhwal Tehri Garhwal, Chamali,
Uttar kasi, Almora, Pithoragarh and Nainital.
3.28
During the IV Five. Year T? . 'an amount of Us. 570
crores
was allocated for the development of Hill Area.
3.29
The Government of Uttar Pradesh have also decided
recently to make a minister in charge at the Divisional
Level to supervise
the Planning work.
-45-
CHAPTER
IV
STRATEGY FOR REDUCING 3A OKU fl RONE. S3. OF GULS.ARGA_DI. VJSJtON
4.1
It uas seen in Chapter-1, that Guloarga Division
is the most backward area on the basis of many socio
economic indicators.
It is interesting in fflhis regard to
note the views expressed by the States' Re—organisation
Commission regarding the
iritcgl’atcd
areas forming the linguistic states.
development of all the
As the Commissions
views are Very . important, these are given verbatim below:
REGIONAL GRIEVANCES
"836. The feeling that some areas have been or will
be neglected, is, however, one which, whether it is
rational or not, has to be taken into consideration
as an existing fact. If it is at all possible, it
•will be desirable, therefore, to devise such arrangements in future that no State or area will have any
ground for complaint.
837. Some attempts have been made in the past, mainly
as a result of non-official efforts, to provide
adequate assurances of non-discrimination and equal
treatment along these lines.
The Sri Baug Pact of
1937 in the case of Andhra, and the Akola Pact of
1947 and the Nagpur Pact of 1953 in the case of Maha
rashtra may be cited as examples.
These pacts
represent an attempt to spread as equitably as
possible the benefits and advantages which may be
derived from the location of important offices or.
institutions of the State Government and from the
expenditure of the-State Governments in general.
838.
Ue have carefully examined the question
whether it will be possible to suggest certain
broad lines of action to the reorganized States.
Apart, however, from other difficulties, an attempt
to prescribed in advance the direction in which
expenditure will be incurred to meet regional or
local demands .seems to us to be bad in principle;
and we would be reluctant to depart from the
salutary principle that a Government should not be
tied to commitments which it may not be able to
fulfil and which may not later on reflect the needs
of the time.
’■
SPECIAL OEVELOPliE IT. BUhRDS:
839.
Cpn.s.i.s te nt ly,.wl.t h. this. view, the only special
aXJAaaejnerLt__fax^r_e^^vIuj;h_2ils_^Q.^L-.ej2flnflW Anally
ynde.ya loped, _whiph. .sppnp. tp..up__t_Q_b.S_.Suitabl.e,_ i§_iha±.
Pla.v.£.io,pm.ent_ boprds may be .con.s.titute_d__in. t. h.e_$.e__ax.gps...
wh£.r.e.ve.r_. conditions justify such an expedient, in
orddr that, the needs, of..these. prpps. _niay__be_.prpp.erly_
studied and schemes adequate to meet them formulated.
(emphasis added) Advisory Planning bodies, ue under
stand, have been constituted in most States.
Our
suggestion in effect only extends this principle.
840.
Ue have already referred in Chapter I of
part III to the possibility of a provision being made i
the constitution authorising the Centre to exercise
supervisory powers in relation to the development of
certain economically underdeveloped areas during a
period, say of ten years.
This provision is only
intended by way of caution.
These areas will, we
think, be assured, if supervisory authority for a
short period is thus retained by the Government of
India.
BODY TO LOOK INTO ECJ.IOfllC GRIEVANCES OF AREAS:
841.
Apart' from the special needs ofspecific
unoer-developed areas, there is one important
aspect of the distribution of development expenditure
which, in our opinion, calls for serious consideration.
During the course of our investigations we found that'
most of the demands for constituting new States were
based primarily on alleged unfair and unequal distri
bution of development expenditure.
These complaints,
it may be stated, are not confined, and cannot in the
nature of things be confined to multi-lingual States,
but exist also in unilingual States.
As we have
stated earlier, the conclusion we have reached is that,
by and large, these complaints are greatly exagerated.
However, considering that such complaints and counter
complaints have proved to be a prolific source of
internal discord in' various States, we consider it
necessary that a permanent body consisting of persons,
who would inspire public confidence, should be
appointed for the purpose of looking into the economic
grievances of different areas.
The proposed body
should serve a two-fold purpose. It should help on the
one hand to remove wrong impressions, and on the other
to redress the legitimate grievances cf the various
areas.
It will be an advantage if this body includes
some members of the Planning Commission and reports
its findings to the National Development Council.
We feel that such an arrangement will go a long
way towards eliminating friction and distrust
arising out of the feeling that certain areas
are getting special or undue consideration
at the expense of others".
4.2.
While the Gulbarga Division was backward in 1956,
compared to the other areas, the SRC did take into account
the future development of this area.
While commenting upon
the formation of new Karnataka State,
the Commission observed
as follows:
"356.
Northern Karnataka is now on the eve of
large-scale and rapid economic development.
The Thungabhadra, Upper Krishna, Bhima, .Ghataprabha and f'lalaprabha projects, when they have
been completed, will convert.a parched and
dry area into one of the best irrigated agri
cultural regions in the Country.
The increased
production of food and other commodities, after
irrigation has been extended, will meet the needs
of Mysore, which in years of scarcity suffers
from a serious deficiency of food supplies.
It is not, there fore only northern. Karnataka
which.may hope tobenofit from the unification
of the two Kannada-speaking areas north and
south of the Thungabhadra" (Emphasis added).
4.3.
While there was a feeling expressed by certain sections
in the old Mysore State before the S.R.C. that the resources
of the newly joining areas are not commensurate with the
expenditure involved.
The contrary was shoun by the findings
of the Fact-Finding Committee appointed by the Government
of Mysore in 1954.
For instance,
the Fact Finding Committee
has shown in Chaptcr-11 of its report that as far as the three
districts of Gulbarga, Raichur and Bidar ar| concerned,
there was surplus of revenue over expenditure every year
over Rupees 1 crore
from 195G-51 to 1952-53, the years in
respect of which the Committee collected the data.
is shown in 4. 1.
This
-45"-
TABLE 4.1
( in Rupees)
1950-51
District
Revenue
■Expenditure
Plus or minus
Gulbarga
1,31,04,085
94,01,914
+37,02,171
Raichur
1,41,48,514
68,93,057
+72,55,457
Bidar
59,46,342
57,90,857
+ 1,55,485
Total
3,31,98,941
2,20,85,828 1, 11, 13,113
J25Jz52.
District
Revenue
(in Rupees)
Expenditure
Plus or Minus
Gulbarga
1,47,16,542
90,44,400
+56,72, 142
Raichdr
1,44,33,257
72,45,771
+71,87,486
Bidar
63,52,885
57, 25, 114
+ 6,27,771
Tota 1
3,55,02,684
2,20,15,285 1|34,87,399
1252=52
'
District
Revenue
Expend i ture
Plus or minus
Gulbarga
1,43,79,771
93,73,800
+50,05,971
Raichur
1,22, 66,828
72,68,828
+49,98,000
Bidar
65,19,257
59,04,857
+ 6,14,400
3,31,65,856
2,25,47,485
1,06,18,371
T otal
■
■ ■
.
- ■■
-- —u.——-x
.
-47-
4.4
This will sho" that unlike the districts which came from
the conposite ex-8ombay State having deficit, the HyderabadKarnataka area came to the unified state with surplus.
There
is therefore justification from every point of view for the
accelerated development of Gulbarga Division in the total
development effort of Karnataka State.
EFFORTS OF THE STATE TO REDUCE IMBALANCES
'
The Sixth Plan document of Karnataka says that while
4.5
there is no ready made approach for tackling the problem of
regional imbdances, certain attempts are made to reduce the
imbalances.
The main effort is said to be in having a two-tier
planning process.
Under this, allocation of more resources to
backward districts is said to be attempted.
The following
•
schemes are demarcated into District Sectoj- Schemes and State
Sector Schemes:
.i
DISTRICT SECTOR SCHEMES ?!
1.
Agricultural Production.
2.
Soil Conservation
3.
Forests
4.
Fisheries
5.
Horticulture
6.
Animal Husbandry
7.
Marketing
8.
Minor Irrigation
9.
Ayacut development under Minor Irrigation
projects.
10.
District and Village Roads
11.
Primary and Secondary Education
12.
Health
13.
Drinking water supply ‘and Sanitation
14.
Urban Development
15.
Welfare of Backward Classes
16.
Social Welfare
17.
Housing
18.
Co-operation
..44..
19.
Village and Small S'ale Industries
20.
Sericulture
21.
Welfare of Women and Children
22.
Slum Improvement
STATE SECTOR SCHEMES
4.5
1.
Generation and Distribution of Po^er
2.
Major and Medium Irrigation Projects.
3.
Major and Medium Industries and Investment
in Corporate Bodies.
4.
University Education.
5.
Professional and Technical Education.
6.
Research and Training
7.
State Highways
B.
Ayacut Development under Major and Medium
Projects.
9.
Ports and Inland Waterways.
The plan document further says that after taking the
allocations for the State Sector Schemes and also the indivi
sible portion of District Sector Schemes (where the expen
diture is to be incurred centrally from Bangalore) the rest
The
is kept at the disposal of the District Plan Sector.
amount so kept at the District Plan Sector is again intended
to be distributed on the basis of certain criteria as shown
in table 4.2.
TABLE 4.2
Ng’
Indicator
Weight
1.
Population
50$
2.
Agricultural backwardness as measured
by the value of agricultural output
5%
3.
Backwardness in irrigation as measured by
• proportion of irrigated area to net area sown
5%
4.
Backwardness as measured by the value of
Industrial output
5%
5.
Backwardness in communication as measured
by road and railway length in Kms. per
100 sq. Km. area and per lakh population
2^/o
6.
Backwardness in financial infrastructure
as measured by size of population served
by each commercial and cooperative bank
2^%
7.
Backwardness in medical and health facili
ties as measured by the number of hispitals
per 1000 population/bed population ratio
8.
Backwardness in power supply:
9.
a) As measured by the proportion of
villages electrified
2|%
b) Per capita power consumption
2|%
5%
Problems of weaker sections:
a) As measured by the proportion of
SCs./STs, Population
2i%
b) As measured by the proportion o f
landless agricultural labour
10.
Local tax effort
21%
11.
5%
5%
5%
Special problems of malnad areas
and drought probe areas:
a) As measured by the area under Forests 21%
b) As measured by the rural population
of drought-prone areas
2^%
12.
Incidence of unemployment as measured
by the proportion of registrants at
the Employment Exchange
4.7
The share of Gulbarga Division in the District sector
and the State sector is shewn in Table 4.3.
TABLE-4.3
DISTRICT PLAN ALLOCATIONS
(Rs.
•
in crores)
District
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1.Gulbarga
2. Bidar
3. Raichur
4. Bell ary
3. 66
O 7
2. 72
2. 40
3.77
3.01
3. 54
3. 85
4. 30
□.
3. 32
5. 25
2. 89
3. 93
3. 53
Gulbarga
Division
11 23
14. 17
13. 44
15. 60
District Sec
54. 97
tor outlay
350.00
Plan Size
81. 18
385.39
79.00
418. 00
84.00
450.00
90
. . 46. • .
2•,
•
-
•
•___ -
. . _____________________ •„
■
-50-
Percentaoes:
1n7R-7Q
7O_Rn
-80-81
81-82
District Plan/
State Plan
15.7
21.1
18.9
18.1
Gulbarg a
Division/
District Plan
20.2
17.5
17.0 • 18.6
3.2
3.7
3.2
Gulbarga
Division/
State Plan
4.8
3.5
An analysis of the allocations made from the year
1978-79 to 1981-82, however,
facts.
reveals certain interesting
Firstly, the District Sector Schemes ( after
taking away the indivisible portion ) accounts for less
than 20 per cent of the annual plan of the State.
The
balance 80 per cent consists of the State sector schemes
and the indivisible portion of the departments.
Secondly,
the 4 districts of Gulbarga Division have got on an
average about 18 per cent of the District sector alloca
tion over the past 4 years.
The population of Gulbarga
Division out of the total population of the State is 17.1
per cent.
Per capita-wise,
therefore, the amount allocated
for the backward area of Gulbarga Division is the same.
as the gmount allocated to the other districts whioh are
not so backward.
In fact it is even regressive in that
certain more developed districts get an higher allotment'
in the district plans.
For instance,
in terms of ranking
of economic development, the districts of Dakshina kannada,
Mysore,
Shimoga and Mandya stand 2,3,4 and 5 respectively
The allocation in the District Plan for these
in 1979-80.
4 districts in that year was Rs. 4.11 erodes, Rs. 6.75 crores,
Rs. 3.36 and Rs. 3.00 crores respectively J' This makes a
total of Rs.
17.22. crores.
For the same year, the District
Plan allocation for the backward districts of Gulbarga
Division was, Gulbarga Rs. 3.77 crores, Bidar Rs.
Raichur Rs. 3.54 crores and Bellary Rs.
a total of Rs.
14.17 crores.
3.01 crores,
3.85 crores, making
In other words the Districts
-51-
which are ranking 2nd to 5th in the State have got an
higher allocation in the District Plan.compared to the
4 districts constituting the backward region of Gulbarga
Division.
The District Planning exercise has due to
various reasons, seem to fail in bridging the gap between
the backward and developed districts.
4.9
Moreover,
if we take the actual expenditure in
contrast to the allocated expenditure,
be still worse.
the situation•will
It is common knowledge that- in every one
of the development departments,
the staff vacancy position
and the■attention paid by the various departments to
Gulbarga Division is not on par with the rest .of the State.
Hence,
the development efforts by the various departments
in spending the allocated expenditure compared to the
allocated
outlay ’
'
the situation will be still more
aggravating.
4.10
Such a distortion or the inability tocorrect the
regional imbalances through the District Plan allocation
is also understandable if we take into account one
important factor.
Inmost of the development departments,
due to the legacy of the past,
the numberf'of on-going
schemes are more in the more developed districts.
Since
about 90 per cent of the annual plan expenditure by the
departments are sufficient only to be incurred on the on
going schemes,
naturally the investments incurred during
the annual plans are in the more developed districts.
Historically the development
departments do not have a
shelf of projects for the less developed districts which
again is due to various factors like vacancy in staff
positions,
Officers not knowing the Gulbarga area,
ness of State capital,
remote
lack of enthusiasm of Officers in
preparing schemes suitable to the Gulbarga area,
a
psychological barrier that tn the hot and adverse climatic
conditions no scheme can succeed etc.
It is not a secret
-5 2—
that very feu Heads and Joint Heads of Departments
make frequent visits to the Gulbarga Division due to
lack of communication facilities and distance from
Bang alore.
Strategy:
4.11
In the strategy of the development of backuard
areas,
the central point should be to improve the
living conditions of the poor.
For this purpose it is
essential that the strategy attacks rural poverty from
tuo plants.
Firstly, there are sectors like reads and
communications,
health,
education, uhich are the basic
infrastructure necessary for any meaningful economic
development of the area as a uhole.
Both fjrom- the point
of employment and purchasing pouer as well'as contributing
to the long range development of'the area,
investment in
the basic infrastructure has to be made.
4.12
Secondly,
there are certain activities uhich are
uhat is popularly knoun as beneficiary oriented.
These
are activities such as making available improved cattle
to the farmers,
organising industries uith locally
available rau materials etc.
These programmes uill yield
economic benefits directly to the beneficiaries and lift
the level of economic activities in the area.
The
gestation period of such activities isdnort.
Thus the
strategy of reducing the backuardness of Gulbarga Division
can be broadly categorised into infrastructure development
and beneficiary oriented programmes.
The infrastructure
development programmes uill have to be taken up by the
existing Governmental Departments only since it is not
possible nor advisable to duplicate the existing structure
of plan implementation.
Houever, uhen it comes to promotion
of beneficiary-oriented economic activities uhich are having
shorter gestation periods,
it is possible to group such
activities under the direction of a corporate body.
Hence a
-53-
Government Company by name Gulbarga Area Development
Corporation may be formed to promote beneficiary oriented
schemes.
This has the basic advantage of utilising- the
institutional finance.
$
4.13
?
There is also another dimension to the strategy
of reducing the backwardness of Gulbarga Division.
The
backwardness of this region compared to- the developed
areas is such that the degree of development in Gulbarga
Division is far below the average for the state.
It is
reasonable to expect that the backward area should be
atileast brought to the state average.
However,
an
examination of the various economic indicators and the
level of development of Gulbarga Division as-compared to
the State average shows that if in ’10 years time it has
to reach the state average,
an investment of huge
dimension will be required.
For instance,
taking one
item of infrastructure namely roads and communications,
the state average is 51 km.
for 100 sq. km while the
Gulbarga Division average is 34 km.
For Gulbarga Division
to reach the .present level state average,
an investment
of over Rs. 127 crores is needed at the 1980-81 prices. But
oven this will not solve the problem because by the time
the Gulbarga Division reaches the present state average,
the state average itself would have again gone up due to
the normal plan investment taking place in the rest of the
state and the ” Spin-off-effect” in various • sectors' in the
developed areas.
Uhat can therefore be very modestly
attempted is to make investment at least in key sectors
in Gulbarga Division over a period of 10 years to start
with so that the extreme backwardness will show signs of
reduction.
This
investment in key sectors is suggested in
'addition to the normal plan programmes.implemented in the
Division.
-54-
4.14
In viow of the above, it is suggested that
investment in the koy sectors of communications, health,
education,
forests, minor irrigation, animal husbandry,
sericulture and urban development should be made over a
period of 10 years from 1982.
Besides this, what is also
important is to ensure that the normal plan allocations
in the Gulbarga Division actually gets spent on the plan
programmes.
The total cost of the investment suggested
will have to be met out of the plan ceiling if no special
assistance is forthcoming from tho centre.
It may be
seen from tho programmes chapter that tho 10 year invest
ment suggested is hardly 5% of the plan expenditure.
If
we consider the total Government expenditure including
the non-plan, the suggested investment is much loss than
5%.
-55-
CHAPTER-V
PROGRAMMES
5.1
The key sectors in which investment in the
next 10 years have to be made in Gulbarga Division
and the approximate amount is show below:
Sectors
(Rs. in crores)
-1. Communication
.2. Health
,3. Education
z4. Minor Irrigation
5. Animal Husbandry
6. Sericulture
7. Forest
■^'8. Urban Development
9. Others
10. Share Capital contribution
to Gulbarga Area Development
Corporation.
30
22
$0.'
10
10
65
10
10
10
350
Total
1. Communications
5.2
1"
The average road length per 1OQ Sq. Kms. of
area in the State is 51 Kms. and for Gulbarga Division
it is 34 Sms., for district being Gulbarga 27 Kms.
Bidar 45 Kms., Raichur 35 Kms and Bellary 38 Kms. To
bring the Gulbarga Division to the State average, an.
addition of 17 Kms. per 100 Sq. Kms. is needed. This
would require an additional road length of 7750 Kms.
which would require a huge amount of Rs. 155 crores at
Rs.2 lakhs per Km.
-56-
5.3
As a priority measure,
it is proposed to take up
the construction of approach roads to such of the
villages which have no approach roads of any kind.
There are 393 inhabited villages (161 in Gulbarga
district,
44 in Bidar,
157 in Raichur and 31 in Bellary)
in 4 districts without approach roads.
The length of
road required to be constructed in these villages is
1319 Kms. which would require an outlay of Rs.26.4 crores.
Apart from connecting villages with no approach roads
it is also proposed to construct important roads which
will connect the villages with growth centres.
Besides
taking up these 2 items of work it is proposed to
improve kutcha and fair-weather roads to the category of
all-weather roads.
Thus not only to expand the road
length in the Gulbarga Division but also to improve the
road conditions an outlay of Rs.1^3 crores is provided
under this plan.
Detailed plans for locating these
roads will heve to be drawn up by the P.U.D.
f'
2. Health
5.4
As already indicated in Chapter-I,
the Health
facilities in Gulbarga division are not adequate.
In
order to improve the health facilities in the division
the following schemes are proposed to be taken up under
this plan with an allocation of Rs. 30 crores in the next •
10 years.
Establishment of Sub-centres
5.5
There ase 5B0 sub-centres in the Division at
present.
At the rate of ono sub-centre per 5000 Rural
population, 460 additional sub-centres are required
as per the projected population.
Hence,
it is proposed
' •.. -
- -- --
.. •
-57-
to establish 460 Additional Sub-Centres to cover the
entire area.
In addition,
it is also proposed to
construct Sub-Centre buildings for 500 Sub-Centres, which
were established upto the end of 5th Five Year Plan,
where there are no buildings at present.
5.6
The Sub-Centre consist of one Twin quarters for
a Health workers (male and female) with clinic portion
for conducting Sub-Centre clinics.
At] the rate of
Rs.1.50 lakhs (approximately) per sub-centre a sum of
Rs.1,500.00 lakhs will be reouired f or (.construction of
1000 sub-centre buildings.
5.7
The Non-recurring expenditure like purchase of
Examination Table, Medical Chest and equipments
including furniture, etc. , will work out to Rs.5,000/=
each per Centre.
A sum of Rs.50.00 lakhs is set apart
for this purpose.
5.S
The recurring expenditure i.e,,
staff and supply of drugs,
salaries on
etc., will be met out of
Government of India funds as contemplated under F.U.
programme.
Establishment of Primary Health Units
5.9
There are 185 Primary Health Units, which are
functioning in this Division and there are still 68
vacant Blocks of 15,000 population.
There are no
medical facilities in these areas.
It is now proposed
to establish at least 40 primary Health Units with
6 bedded Maternity Annexes out of 68 vacant block with
the hope,
the remaining will be covered by Government
under tho normal plan.
58
Si
5.19
The construction of Dispensary building with
6 bedded Maternity Annexe requires- 17 Sq.
space for
which an amount of Rs. 2.00 lakhs (Approximate) is
reouired.
Therefore the total amount■for■construction
of 40 Primary Health Units with Maher^nity Annexes
works out to Rs.80.00 lakhs.
5.11
A sum of Rs.0.25 lakhs will be required under
Non-recurring expenditure for purchase of cots, lockers,
initial Linen and bedding and equipment including
furniture for each such institution.
This work out to
Rs.10.00 lakhs.
5.12
Recurring Expenditure i.e., salaries on staff
(Rs.0.50 lakhs) drugs (including Maternity Ward) Rs.0.12
lakhs and Office Expenses (Rs.0.03 lakhs) Total Rs.0.65
lakhs will be reo'uired for each Primary Health Unit.
Thus a sum of Rs.26.00 lakhs p.a. will’be reouired for
■48 Primary Health Units.
5.13
In addition,
it is proposed to construct
Primary Health Unit buildings with 10 bedded Maternity
annexe in at least 100 places where Primary Health Units
are existing.
The total amount works out to Rs. 200.00
lakhs for this purpose.
5.14
It is also proposed to construct staff quarters gj
in 150 places where Primary Health Units are established
for M.O.,
ANM.,
and Pharmacists with an estimates cost
of Rs. 2.50 lakhs per Primary Health Unit.
works out to Rs. 375.n0 lakhs (Approximate).
The total cost
59
Establishment of Primary Health Centres
5.15
91 Primary Health Centres are required- for this
Division based on the projected population,
at the rate
of one PHC for every 50,000 population^ 59 Primary
Health Centres are functioning at present in the Division.
Hence the additional requirement uill be 32 Primary
Health Centres. Owt of 32 Primary Health Centres, it is
proposed to establish 20 PHCs., under this Special Plan
with the hope that Government will establish the
remaining 12 Primary Health Centres under Minimum Needs
Programme.
5.16
A sum of Rs. 100.00- lakhs uill be required for
construction of PHC buildings with staff quarters for
these 20 Primary Health Centres at fc.5.00 lakh per
Primary Health Centre.
5.17
Further a sum of Rs.20.00 lakhs is required for
Equipments and Apparatus,
Furniture including vehicle at
the rate of Rs. 1.00 lakh per centre.
5.10
A sum of Rs.1.50 lakhs p.a. per centre will be
required under recurring expenditure.
to Rs.30.00 lakhs p.a.
This works out
for 20 Primary Health Centres.
Upqradation of Hospitals into 50 bedded General
Hospit ?ls
5.19
Out of 23 Taluks (excluding District and Sub
Division Headquarters) it is proposed to upgrade 10
Talukas with 50 bedded General Hospitals under this
Special Plan.
.
60
A sum of Rs. 150.00 lakhs is reouired for construction
5.20
of 50 bedded General Hospitals at 10 Taluk Headquarters
In addition a sum of
at the rate of Rs. 15.00 lakhs each.
Rs. 180.00 lakhs is
required for construction of staff
quarters at the rate of Rs. 18.00 lakhs each for the
following staff who will bo in position in these General
Hospitals.
Assistant Surgeon
5
Asst. Dental Surgeon
1
10
Nursing staff
Pharmacists
2
X-ray & Lab. Technicians
2
Drivers (Twin)
2
22
Total
A sum of Rs.30.00 lakhs
5.21
£s ■
required under
Non-recurring for purchase of furniture and equipments
including Ambulance vans at the rate of Rs,3.00 lakh
each.
An amount of Rs.60.HO lakhs p.a. has been worked
out for recurring charges i.e,,
Salaries on staff,
Drugs, District Linen and Contingencies etc.,
at
Rs.6.00 lakhs p.a. each.
Renovation of existing buildings
5.22
■f ■
M
A sum of Rs.189.00 lakhs is earmarked for the
Renovation of existing Hospitals and Dispensary buildings
and to meet the expenses of R_ocal bodies towards
upgradation of Hospitals.
cent escalation charges.
This amount includes 10 per
61
5.23
The summary of the proppsale under health is
presented in the Table 5.1.
Table-5,1
Health Programmes
(Rs.
SI,
No,
in lakhs)
Scheme
ecurring
Non
Recur
ring
CapiTotal
tai
bldgs.
includ
ing
staff
quarters
of Sub-Centres
1.
Estt.
Nil
?0.00
1500.00 1550.00
2.
Estt. of Primary
Health Units.
26.00
10.00
280.00 | 691.00
(+ )375.00
3.
Estt. of Pry. Health
Centres.
30.00
20.00
100.00
150.00
4.
Upgradation of
Hospitals.
60.00
30.00
330.00
420.00
-
190,00
109.00
5. Renovation of existing
Hospitals and
■ Dispensaries.
89.00
Total
205.30
.
110.00
2685.00 3000.00
K
l-f </>
Pt"
—
Hr
AZxJ
Up
Z-ayg-o^y
M.
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Position: 918 (5 views)