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RF_IH_2_PART_1_SUDHA
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No. 702
Health
Karnataka
Medicare, The Kasturba Medical College, P.O. Box 8,
\y'Manipal 576119
1.
Started in 1972
2.
Coverage; The four broad areas are; Medicare, camps;
school health care; and rural maternity and child
welfare homes. The last is described here.
3.
Activities. Seven centres are run at distances of
3 to 20 miles from the hospital. Each home has
6 beds for delivery, with supporting facilities.
A team from the hospital visits each centre once
weekly. The centres act as a base for family
planning advice.
4.
Personnel. The team consists of a lady Medical Officer
health educator, social worker, a paediatrician and
6/7 students.
7.
Sponsorship & Funds. A private society in Manipal
sponsors the scheme.
10.
Problems.
a.
Coordination between different agencies responsible
for health care and development has been difficult.
b.
Transport costs; two-wheelers for younger personnel
may be the answer.
c.
Tendency to prescribe costly/sophisticated treat
ment needs retraining of health care personnel.
d.
Often, the root cause is poverty; health will
improve in such cases only when the general
economic condition improves.
Outlook;
a.
The homes are being expanded; an out-patient
service with an intern and a doctor posted there
is envisaged.
b.
Intensive health educationand action to cover
major diseases.
c.
Safe water supply and sewage disposal with the
help of panchayats.
i LOBE-560 001
9.
2
No. 701
Personnel & Training
a.
Medical officer;
b.
ANM;
c.
clerk?
d.
compounder;
e.
ayah.
6.
The health coopCommunity & Other Participation.
erative committee includes ths chairman and secre
tary of the Mallur Milk Cooperative, representatives
of the St. John's Medical College, of the Bangalore
Dairy, the State Health Service, and the medical
1---- covered are members
officer.
45% of the villages
of the Mallur milk cooperativee. Hence the community
leaders are actively involved in the planning and
organisation of the cooperative. Also the youth
association, the Young Farmei ' s Association, the
Mahila Mandal and the panchaj at take part in the
activities.
Paramedical worh ers are drawn from the
community and trained for conmunity health work.
The recurring costs of the he alth cooperative are
borne by the milk cooperative , either as a levy
on milk production by members or for extra expenditure by the cooperative itself.
7.
Sponsorship/Funds. Apart frcm the above community
sources, the VHAI, the Catholic Bishops Conference
of India and St. John's Medical College sponsor the
project. At first the MMC aid Bangalore Dairy
financed the scheme,with some inputs from the medical
college,: now MMC alone does so.
8.
Evaluation. A project has been taken up to study
the effect of the scheme on morbidity and mortality
statistics.
9.
Problems, a.
Improvements are needed in the quality
of promotive and curative sei vices.
Simpler skills,
cheaper drugs and intermedia! e technology to suit
rural conditions must be devised, b.
Improvement
of education including health •education through VHWs
must be attenpted.
11.
Contact. Maj.Gen. B. Mahadevan, Prof, and Headsi
of the Dept, of .Community Mecicine, St John's Medical
College, Bangalore 560034.
12.
Reference.
1976.
Note?
Paper presented at the National Symposium.
No information available on items 5 and 10.
2
No. 702
d«. Intensification of pest control measures
e.
Intensification of family planning programme.
f.
Prophylactic immunizations to cover the entire
population of surrounding areas.
g.
Medicare, a comprehensive medical and dental
health care scheme so far operating in the town
will be introduced in the surrounding panchayats.
11.
Contact. Dr A. Krishna Rao, Dean, The Kasturba Medical
College.
12.
Reference; Paper presented at the National Symposium, 1976
Note; Noinformation available on items.5, 6 and 8.
No. 901
HealtfiT
Kerala
Cooperative Pural Dispensaries, Kerala
1.
Started in 1972 (?)
2.
Coverage. Each dispensary will cover one panchayat.
3.
Activities.
a.
4.
The dispensary is a self-contained medical unit
for both curative and preventive care;
b.
An inpatient ward with 8 beds is provided.
c.
It has a clinical'laboratory ;for routine tests.
d.
The pharmacy attached to the dispensary dispenses
medicines at fair price.
Personnel
a.
Medical officer
b.
Nurse
-
1
c.
Pharmacist
-
1
d.
Technician
-
1
e.
Manager-cumaccountant
-
1
f.
Attenders
-
2
5.
Supervision & Records. The board of directors manages
the affairs of a cooperative. The Registrar of
Cooperative Societies has overall control (?).
6.
Community and Other Participation . The scheme has govern
ment as well as community involvement, the latter due
to the cooperative management.
7.
Sponsorship/Funds . The scheme is run by the state
government. . But medicines;, consultation fees and
tests are paid for by the community.
8.
Evaluation. The pilot scheme has been successful, witness
the demand from the public for more such dispensaries.
2
No. 801
9.
Problems.
,Uncertain
a.
and not-too-attractive service conditions
for doctors, as they are not regular government
employees.
b.
Lack of proper guidance and supervision from the
medical department, the cooperative dispensary
being treated as a step-child of the cooperative
department.
10.
Outlook. The dispensaries ate expected to be selfsufficient in three years' time.
11.
Contact. Dr M.V. George, Chief Evaluation Officer,
State Planning Board, Trivandrum.
12.
Reference. Paper presented at the National Symposium, 1976
No. 802
Science Education
Kerala
Kerala Sastrasahitya Parishad, Trivandrum
1.
Started in 1963 (Active from 1966)
2.
Coverage. Kerala State.
Membership at the beginning was 40 and
by now has grown to 2,000 regular members
and 2,000 student members. There are
1,500+ affiliated science clubs and
societies.
The "impact population" is
estimated at 50,000 families.
3.
Activities. a) Publishes three science journals for
upper primary, secondary and college
levels.
7.
b)
Mass popular Lecture Programmes in
1973 (1,200), and again in January 1976
(12,000) - on Nature, Society and Science.
c)
Establishment of school science clubs
and science societies.
d)
Activities being planned or yet in an
embryo stage include science academies,
science centres and rural science forums
and their inputs to improved village
technology.
Sponsorship & Funds. The organization is based purely
on voluntary effort.
11-
Contact. Dr M.P. Parameswaran, Chintha, Trivandrum 1
'12.
Reference. Brochure and Report of the Society.
Note; No information available on items 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10
INDIA *.«•
DEVELOPMENT
SERVICE
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p.0Ap PHftPaOM) 560002^
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India Development Service International [IDS(I)] is a
non-profit, non-political and non-sectarian organisation
committed to the economic and social development of India.
I DS (I) believes that development refers primarily to the develop
ment of people and not merely of goods and things. It aims
to facilitate this process by working with villagers, as a
catalyst, in the establishment of institutions and technologies
which are comprehersive, future-oriented and appropriate to
an existing economic and social situation.
The underprivileged and the poor, naturally, occupy a
place of priority in the I DS (I) scheme. The projected lines of
service include agricultural development, water-resources
development and management, improvement in agronomical
practices; dairy, poultry and other animal husbandry develop
ment and subsidiary occupations; development of rural
industries and appropriate technologies for rural artisans;
curative as well as preventive medical services and health
education; rehabilitation of the old and the chronically ill; con
formal education and promotion of literacy.
After intensive study visits to various parts during JulyDecember 1979, Ranibennur Taluka in Dharwad District of
Northern Karnataka has been selected for the I.R.D. Programme.
Ranibennur Taluka is one of the most drought-prone talukas
in the district. Rainfall in the entire taluka is scanty and un
certain; the land now under irrigation is very low - some 4,432
hectares against the net sown area of 66,427 hectares. There
is thus vast scope and need for developmental activities.
The centre of the project is a village called MEDLERI
(population 5,071; area 8,532 acres). IDS(I) will initially
restrict its activities to a cluster of 21 villages with a total
population of 20,000 to 25,000. Immediate activities envisaged
for 1980 are: (i) identification of needs of the area and assess
ment ,.of available resources; (ii) familiarising ourselves with
the local customs, traditions, etc.; (iii) collaborating with
existing local bodies in developmental activities; and (iv) intro
ducing a comprehensive health programme covering both cura
tive and preventive aspects, with emphasis on the latter. Immu
nization and health education will be an integral part of
the health programme.
This is one of the first projects undertaken by IDS(I)
The aim is to promote (i) improvement in tools and tech
niques for village artisans (carpenters, cobblers, blacksmiths,
etc.); (ii) improvement in their skills through training pro
grammes; (iii) diversification of products; and (iv) norms for
quality control of products. The Artisan Programme in the
Dharwad Taluka has been undertaken in collaboration with
Dharwad Taluka Seva Sangh, a pioneering service organisation.
The above programme is closely linked to work in the
Ranibennur area. A Social Action Camp was held at Medleri
from 5 to 8 March 1980 by the Nettur Technical Training
Foundation, under the guidance of Mr. P. M. Kuruvilla of the
NTTF Technical Training Centre of Dharwad. 1DS(I) has been
exploring possibilities of long-term partnership with NTTF.
20 NTTF trainees conducted an in-depth survey of the state of
blanket-making, pottery, blacksmithy, carpentry, etc. in
Medleri. NTTF has since selected a few youngsters from
Medleri for imparting training in smithy, welding, borewell
repair etc. to meet local needs.
A dispensary with adequate staff has already been set up.
In addition, some specialist medicare camps are also planned for
1980. The type of camp (eye camp, gynaecology camp, dental
camp, etc.) will depend upon the health conditions in the area.
Woo/ yarn processing, Medleri
India Development Service International is registered
under Karnataka Societies Registration Act (Reg. No. 79/197980 dated 3rd September 1979) with the registered office at
98/2, Kelgeri Road, Dharwad-580 008, Karnataka. It is adminis
tered by a duly constituted Board of Management, and also
has a panel of advisers possessing expertise in various fields.
Several sub-committees consisting of engineers, doctors, etc.
have also been formed to guide and evaluate I DS (I) activities.
As an adjunct to the developmental activities of IDS(I),
periodical meetings and workshops have been held. A training
programme in group dynamics with reference to rural develop
ment was held at Dharwad from 18 to 20 January 1980, in
collaboration with the Institution of Engineers, Rural Family
Planning and MCH Programme and Gandhi-JP Institute. The
training facilitators were Mr. George and Mrs. Lillian
Willoughby of the Movement for a New Society in Philadel
phia. There were 30_participants.
ORGANISATIONAL
A two-day workshop on Integrated Rural Development
was arranged by IDS(I) at Ranibennur on 23-24 February
1980. There were over 50 participants from Dharwad, Hubli,
Bombay, Bangalore and other places. Mr. B. Rudramoorthy,
I DS (I) Chairman, guided the sessions.
IDS (I) has been set up with initial support from India
Development Service, Chicago. Over the years, IDS in the
US has been in contact with many individuals and organisa
tions in India including many grass-roots development groups.
IDS collaborated with Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi,
Appropriate Technology Development Association, Lucknow,
Monday bazaar, Medleri
and various other agencies in some programmes. The visits ef
Mr. S. R. Hiremath and Mr. Rakesh Popli (both of whom have
been closely associated with IDS parent body) during 1978
weie utilized to plan the establishment of a broad-based
oiganisation in India. In June 1979 Mr. and Mrs. Hiremath
Permanently moved to India and are now working with IDS (I)
on a whole-time basis.
The Ecard of Management sets the IDS(I) policy. The
Board for 1979-81 is made up of the following :
CONTACT ADDRESSES
Registered Office ;
Address in U S :
India Development Service
(International)
98/2, Kelgeri Road
DHARWAD-580 008
P. 0. Box 980
CHICAGO, IL. 60690
India Development Service
(U S A)
Working Office :
M. B. Hasalkar, Project Officer
India Development Service (International)
Prakash Bldg., Opp: I.M.A., U. B. Hill
Tel : 80430
DHARWAD-580 001
Grams : 'INDSERVE'
S.
R. Hiremath, President
India Development Service (International)
MEDLERI-581 211 (Ranibennur Tk., Dharwad Dt.)
Dr. M. C. Punit
Chairman, Ranibennur Working Grcup of IDS (I)
Saraswati Sadan, Behind Bus Stand
RANIBENNUR-581 115
Tel : 202
C. N. N. Raju
IDS(I) Co-ordinator in Bangalore
(Hon. State Secretary, Youth Hostels Asscn. of India)
4, Obalappa Garden
BANGALORE-560 011
Tel: 611292 (Res)
S. R. Ramaswamy
Village blacksmith, Medleri
Chairman: B. Rudramoorthy, Bombay. President: S.R. Hiremath, Medleri. Vice-Presidents : G. D. Jinagouda, Bombay;
A. S. Lakshmanan, Bangalore; P. Basavaiah, Dharwad.
Secretory; Shyamala Hiremath Medleri. Treasurer: M. N.
Tavargeri, Dharwad. Editor, fDS(l) Newsletter : S. R. Ramaswamy. Bangalore. Board Members : B. C. Ananthpur, Mahalingpur (Bijapur Dt.); I. H. Keshwani, Bombay; AshokKulkarni,
Dharwad; Ramu Pandit, Bombay; M. A Parthasarathy, Banga
lore; S. B. Polisgowdar, Dharwad; Sarojini Shintri, Dharwad;
Anand N. Kabbur, Dharwad, P. M. Kuruvilla, Dharwad; and
H. M. Marulasiddaiah, Bangalore.
Editor. IDS(I) Newsletter
8, 4th Main Road, Chamarajpet
BANGALORE-560018
G. D. Jinagouda
35/601, Manju Mahal
Pali Hill Road, Bandra
BOMBAY-400 050
Tel: 398460/377066 (Off)
549085 (Res)
Htw caa yetA Keep ?
Become a member of IDS(I) [Please write for terms]
■fa Contribute and raise funds for I DS (I) projects
* Participate in 1DS(I) activities [Please intimate area of
interest]
Organise seminars devoted to rural development
* Provide technical expertise and literature relevant to
rural development
Disseminate information about IDS Cl) activities
_________________________________ ■
Village Potter,
Medleri
Photoshy : SAL1. Dharwad
Designed by : KAMALESH Printed by : SHALIVAHAN PRINTERS, Bangalore-SSOCSi
SERVICE RESPONSIBILITY OF A DEPARTMENT
OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE THROUGH HEALTH
COOPERATIVES
' by
Ravi Narayn, Assistant Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,
St.John's Medical College, Bangalore
&
MajiGen.B. Mahadevan, Director Rural
Health Services and Training Programme
St.John's Medical College, Bangalore.
(7) This paper highlights the experience of a Department
of Community Medicine of a medical college is tagging on a
health care function to a milk cooperative in a village
in Kolar District, Karnataka. The method of financing are
detailed and the main model of primary health care
followed are outlined^) An attempt to evaluate various
aspects of this experiment in comparison to neighbouring
villages covered by Primary health units are described
briefly and some of the problems encountered in Planning
of an evaluation procedure on such projects which are
basically development and service oriented rather than
research oriented are high lighted £3) The conclusions drawn by
the team involved in this project are (1) A health care
function can be tagged on to an economic cooperative
activities but preferably all components of the economy
should be tapped (2) A sound cooperative can support
substantially the recurring costs of a primary health care
programme (3) Tagging on a health function to a cooperative
benefit not only the members and their families but also
the non-members and neighbouring villages who get indirect
benefits of professional services, preventive and promotive
programme (4) Local financial support greatly increases
overall community panticipation^/)The proposed attempt by
the medical college to introduce the main components of
this experiment into the government PHC service allotted
to it are highlighted.
Dear Friend,
16.7.1980.
There are over 6000 powerlooms and about 20,000 powerloom work
ers in Belgaum City Corporation area. The owners of the factor
-ies have all devided these in to what they call 'UNITS'of four
(4) powerlooms each. This way they escape from all the
labour
laws: the workers are not entitled to gratuity, bonus,provident
fund, E.S.I, or apy thing. The workers are paid on piece -rate
basis and as this rate is very low they have to work 10 to 14 hours to earn a subsistance wage. They do not get overtime wa
ges. They don't even get a paid.weekly holiday! Due tothiskind
of intense exploitation the owners have flourished and have in
creased the looms three folds in a decade. The workers, however
have been somehow surviving.
The workers organised themselves in 1977 under the red banner
of the '-SHRAMIK SHAKTI SANGHATANA and gave a bitter struggle of
70 days and were victorious. For the first time a large section
of these unorganised workers \rere organised. They started gett
ing an ex gratia payment of Rs. 111.00 every year in lieu of bonus.
The .owners had agreed to give a service card to each of their -workmen but did not keep their wordj
-The whole thing was peaceful for1'abcSut two ■ years. In this period
•the Shramik Shakti Shangatana tried to educate the workers. Anti
-liquor campaign, Anti-matka campaign, women's liberation, PeoT
pie's Science Movement were some of the programmes takenup du
ring this period.
The Government of Karnataka revised the rates of minimum wages
payable to powerloom workers with effect from 1.12.1979. Accor
ding to this notification the workers in the preparatory depart
ment are to get Rs8.00 per day of eight hours of work and workers
in the weaving ’department are to get Rs. 11.20, 12,90 and 13.70 for different kinds of production per day.
The workers waited for 45 days and then started pressing the Go
vemment for the early implementation of the act it had passed
itself: The lethargic and idle’government machinery took
more
than three months just to start moving.' J After waiting quietly
for 90 days, the workers started morchas and public meetings to
pressurise the labour department to ensure the implementationof the Act. Slowly the labour inspector made a couple of inspe
ction visits to a handful of factories and suddenly on 14.3.1980
the owners declared an illegal, unjustified and sudden lock-out.
All the workers wore thrown out on the street for no fault
of
theirs. After a long and peaceful agitation the labour minister
....2
/2/
called, a joint meeting at Bangalore on 28.3.1980. It was mutua
lly agreed in the meeting that the lock-out will be lifted with
effect from 29.3.1980. An advance of Rs.40.00 will be given to
each worker towards wages to be received by them for the period
of lock-out and the rest of the problems will be discussed before the labour minister in Belgaum on 10th and 11th April 1980.
The labour Minister, when he came to Belgaum requested the work
ers to sign a private settlement with, owners, agreeing to accept
wages less than the minimum'fixed by the Govt. The workers refused.
The Owners' contention was that the minimum wages fixed by the
government are very high and if paid, the industry will bear loss.
The Union offered to reduce the wages if the own'ers prove their
contention. The owners refused to produce their accounts.
Another contention of the owners was that the wages fixed bythe
government are not linked to production. The Union offered
to
give an undertaking’ that a standardized minimum production will
be given by each worker before demanding the minimum wages, say,
if it is proved that an average of 14 meters of 'cloth can be
produced in 8 hours, the Union is ready to give in writing that
each of its members will give that much of produot-id’n. The man?
agement was adamant and insisted that the piece-rate system...should continue. Thus the conciliation failed.
Immediately the owners started harassing the workers bystopping
the weekly advance system and deducting the Rs.40.00 advance to
wards lock-out period wages. They gave a notice on 19.4.80
to
all their respective workmen stating that they will 'close down'
their factories with-effect from 19.5.1980,as the new
minimum
wages act puts them heavy loss I
The Union answered to this saying this 'closure' is infact
a
lock-out in disguise and that it is illegal, unjust and malafide
and made with the intention of disuading the workers from deman
ding the implementation of the'minimum wages act. We also asked
the government to intervene. This had no effect on the owners or the government.
So all the powerloom factories are locked out with effect from
19.5.1980.throughing over 20,000 workers out of employment and
on the street. The nation is suffering lose of production
of
lakhs of rupees every day. The minimum wage act which is .suppo
sed to benefit the workers has in practice made them lose their
employment and suffer.
'
/?/
As the workers are determined inspite of their hardship and suf
fering, the owners are desperately trying to tarnish the image
of the union by calling it Naxalite and what not! The government
itseems to be disinterested in doing justice to the Act it has
passed to show that it is in favour of the poor! On the other handit is harassing the workers.
On 24.5.1980, 192 workers including the undersigned were arres
ted when they went to give a memorandum to the D.C. asking him
to take immediate action against the owners whohave declared an
illegal lock-out. The D.C. charged that the workers tried to
disturbed work of the government and trespassed the premises wi
thought prior permission. Later on 2.5.1980 these 192 people were
let out from prison on personal bond.
Then again on 1.6.1980 when the Chief Minister of Karnataka came
to Belgaum, the Police brutally lathi charge 250 workers inclu
ding women and children when they had gone to give a memorandum
making an excuse of a stone throw! So, on the one hand the gove
rnment alaims to benefit the workers by bringing the
minimum
wage notification. And when the workers demand just the imple
mentation of the same, the government brutally tries to suppress
the demand!
To day thousands of workers are starving. A couple of thousandhave left Belgaum in search of work. A few thousands have taken
up various kinds of jobs in Belgaum itself. But inspite of the
daily worsening situation there is not a single case- of violence
or arson. The lot of the old, sick and destitute people who can
not find work elsewhere is miserable beyond description.
They
need to be helped if we think that they have a right to survive.
^e appeal to you to help the just cause of the fighting workers
in whatever way possible for you..
We are always willing to discuss the norms of production. When
we demand minimum wage, minimum production becomes our social and moral responsibility ( tiirough - not legal ) and we
don't
want to shirk it.
\Je hope you would sympathise with us and help us in always,
Thanking you
Yours Sincerely.
Reproduced by- RCPED
MADURAI
DILIP KAMAT
for Shramik Shakti Sangatana
BELGAUM.
The latest Development;
/4/
The latest development in the struggle of the Belgaum powerloom
workers is as follows: On July 3rd and 4th, 1980 the union lea
ders participated in negotiations at the labour ministry of Kar
nataka state in Bangalore with government'representatives (commissoner and Secre-tary of labour) and representatives of
the
management.
The whole climate of the negotiations was characterised . by the
exorbitant claims of the owners and' the open and reasonable at
titude of the workers,’ so much so. that finally even the govern
ment officials who had sided with the owners throughout, ,came
round to back the demands of the workers. All the same, the stiff
attitude of the management prevented any settlement.
Just to give a few examples: the management maintained tP incur
a loss of fc.92 to Rs. 481 per beam of 80yds of cloth ( varying
according to quality and design of the material). If this is so
one wonder. • how they could, have prospered sufficiently to triple
their number of looms during the last decade.
The owners staunchly refused to open their accounts in order to
prove theit losses and demanded worknorms of 35 yds per worker
per day which is about double ‘Che amount a worker can
produce
during an eight- hours ’ working day.
While the workers were prepared to settle for somewhat less than
the minimum wage, they determined to fight the piece rate. Piece
rate work imposes a working day of 12-16 hours on them and it
also leads to competition among the workers, undermines their
unity and positively tries to prevent common struggle. The wor
kers were prepared to fulfill a norm Of .15-18-yds a day;- They
even suggested to fix the norm by having an experiment for ei
ght days. They wanted to have workers chosen by thd management
weave for eight hours daily on looms chosen by the workers and
to calculate the average of their production as the norm. The
management insisted to accept about one' Rupee less than the
minimum wage (which is supposed to be 11.20-13.70 in the weav
ing department). But they stood firm on the piece-rate.
Finally, the labour commissioner offered to open the factories
provisionally under condition of 50% raise in the wage, but
keeping the piece rate. This arrangement should be kept for six
months .while the notification would remain and a later settle
ment be aimed at. The workers, though-they abhorr the piecerate, felt presurised to accept this■compromise because of their
serious condition. However,the management stuck to it's
5
/5/
''generous offer-' a 10% "raise in wages (i.e. Rs.8.80 instead ofRs8),
all other conditions remaining the same. Even the labour commi
ssioner and secretary would not have wanted the workers to agree
with this bargain. Thus, the negotiations broke down.
This means the workers have to sustain their struggle under tro
mendous hardships. But they were also relieved not to have gone
in for a settlement without real improvement of their situation
in the long run. They are confident to finally prevail in their
just demands. They therefore m^ke.a, strong appeal .to give theircase publicity, No other union in Karnataka has dared so far to
take up the protracted atruggle for implementation of the mini
mum wage in the textile industry. If.the Shramik Shakti Sangatana
wins the struggle, textile workers all over Karnataka will bene
fit from this. Morover they will have set an example of workers
organisational power, courage and moral strength which is of •
national importance,
The union has taken the responsibility to support about 300 wor
kers who are old, sick and without a family to fall back on.
Those 300 would literally, starve and perish'without the support
of the union. About 6000 Rs. per month are needed to prevent such
loss of life in the Course of the’struggle. Further, the whole
case .will go to the high court and, in order to safeguard th,eir
interests, the workers have to declare themselves a party to the
case and to get legal representation. To fight their case in the
court will again cost several thousands of Rupees.
We therefore appeal' to everybody to give the Shramik Shakti
Shangathana continuous financial support and to give wide pub
licity to the struggle. No amount is too small, no amount too
big to support the heroic struggle of the Belgaum powerloom
workers. THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES.'
- GABRIALLE DIETRICH -
Money orders can be sent to:
Shramik Shakti Sangathana
Bharat Nagar
Shahpur
Belgaum - 590 003
KARNATAKA STATE.
Cheques can be made payable to:
Dileep Kamat (Union President)
Khasbag
Belgaum - 590 004
KARNATAKA.
If you need our address:
(For private Circulation Only)
Resource Centre For People's
Education and Development
lO,Jawahar II street
RAMNIWAS Upstairs
Somasundaram Colony
MADURAI-625 016.
W O-A. yMalsaMc. |2
Weekly Edition-2__________
•/
u
—
™nday, JULY ’’ ”79-
'THE 3#8» HINDU
The l^sfifufe Qf Social Work has been keeping in touch with the
pioble,ns of the community in Mangalore and its neighbourhood. Students
Iw&aX Mafiomt Mewipope^
cl the post-graduate course run by the Institute are given f ield training.
some money- Boys are undergo venile delinquency are some of
ing training under a professio the main cases handlednal worker.
“One of the boys
Navjeevan marg, formed prin
trained here, has been accepted
cipally to co-ordinate the work
as an assistant by a carpenter”,
of social workers of the institute
she said. After getting trained,
and secure the involvement of
the boys could easily take up
the people of the village, is a
work elsewhere or set up their
project of the institute started
own .units.
in Ullal, 10 kms awayThe centre also accepts orders
Basing its philosophy on the
for making furniture,
with a
brotherhood of man and dignity
view to making it self-reliantof the human person, navjeevan
marg
would like to point the
The child guidance clinic is a
project started in 1976 as part way to a new life, and join the
■
Guidance clinic for children.
of the family service agency villagers together into one com
and has now a full-time psycho munity.
logist, Miss Shakila Shetty, and
Initiated in 1974 to rehabili
a play therapist. Miss Bernadictate several poor flood-affected
tafamilies — Muslims, Mogaveeras,
The main aim of the clinic is (fishermen), Harijans and others
to help emotionally disturbed in Ullal — the field-workers of
children under fifteen years of the institute conducted a detail
age, and give them treatment eu
.cv;uuunuu
ed auulu
socio-economic
survey auu
and
for correctng
their behaviour t]len motivated the panchayatin
through play therapy and acti- meeting a long-felt need for a
vity.
decent market and a bus stop.
When a child is brought to
The State
Government was
the clinic, the parents or close
moved to take up health
prorelatives are
interviewed and
SS^dinTe^
hist^is'obtained and the prob- gr^t^^s^nd^O^S
Community meeting when students discuss the
problems of working women.
in” difficulties psychologic!] learn handicraft.
tests are administered to detect work, was heldand tackle the problem suitably-
embroidery
Efforts are also being made
to motivate the vanchayat to
UIDED by a
meaning ment for social welfare in Kar clinic, workshop for school drop
The. second was a outs, the janata kendra. urban
ful
view of health as nataka”an integral
state of health survey on behalf of tho community development centre
complete physical
and Voluntary Health Organisation of are among the varied field pro
grammes offered to the student
*.
mental well-being and not mere- India1t the absence of
disease or
The family service agency of
infirmity, a woman psychiatrist
Two more research projects,
the
institute
had its origin in
social worker attached to the on "existing child care practices
1966- It assumed the responsibi
Institute of Social Work in Man in Karnataka” and
‘Child wel lity of collaborating in the train
galore, tackled the case of a fare institutions, activities, pro
ing of students of the
BSW
disturbed
pre-adolcscence girl, grammes and cost’, were
con and MSW courses through field
in one of her field-work studies- ducted last yearwork placements. The agency
G
thr
helps to bring about reconciliaBy frequently vicitins
-----o---j-1
T,ne
Four other projects, on child tion in broken families by pro
home of the affected girl, by ,
counselling,
by
giving
labour,
physically handicapped viding
<------- —
listening sympathetically to her *
help for
children’s
children, dropouts among child- monetary
parents and by using the techni- •’
for field-work—are put at Ullal, and to provide water
upto-, the matricula- family service agency has been tions in fibre-work and handi- the need was felt during family clinic
ques of confrontation,
advice ren and child welfare, have been education
counselling. The Rotary Club of in charge of each of these chil supply.
planned for the
International tion stage wherever
------------ necessary,
-------------- successful in helping a number cratts'
and guidance, the social worker ‘
families' through premarital
The students of the institute, “ort^the^geScy6 by^raising"’^ dren. They handle the cases unr
by serving as a link with pros of
<JI IctltlJ.llCS UltUUgn .pACI-lUUl-lUti r • J-f,v ------. "
*■ v“.'succeeded
in
modifying
the Year of the Child.
Under the navjeevan marg ru
der close
supervision
of the
Placed
m
field-work,
extension
^UVfor^he
workshop
g
pective employers and by tram- Counselling as well as individual Placed m. field-work , extension
home atmosphere, and helping
agency staff, make visits to the ral community welfare project, a
■uuuui. Jones, the
The institute has been conti- ing school dropouts. Among its _____ •«.. _____________
h 'under the agency, have involved
programme for rural
Katherine
disturbed
child’s home, and visits to the training
counselling.
The agency
The
girl, feel secure at home without nualIJ’ keeping in touch with achievements during the last 13
-•
themselves in helping slum dwei— building
------- —„was
— . constructed
school to know the environment women in public co-operation
sponsored children for educatio
'
'—' '
' the
"
work the
lers and low-income groups, in by
involving
in
having to resort
to unhealthy the needs of the community in years 338 needy school children
to which the child is exposed. was conducted as a short-term
nal assistance from families ab
♦antrums
Mangalore and its neighbouring were helped, seven handicapped
effecting repairs to old houses dropouts themselves.
course
in
January this yeartantrumsareas.
children provided with commu roadand constructing new ones at
Basic training in carpentry is
nity aid for rehabilitation, six
The working team of the cli Young unemployed women were
villages of
Dr. Olinda Pereira, Principal Ya-^jT’the ^suburban Centres' given •“
Doys' Tne
to lne
the young boys.
The nic meets every week in a “case selected from the
Explaining
the
Shalini
—r----- case,
----- ---------The institute has involved it- children were adopted in decent
Ullal. Someshwar and Permanstudents and social work- lntentlon was not t0 §ive them
Shetty, a final year student of
]{ j
,
measure in rural homes abroad and locally while of the Institute, said the family
J™Xidc"education on *“y diploma’ Dr' Miss philomena conference.” The children come nur.
the Institute, traced the beha*clarg£six other children were arrang- service agency had helped fathemselves of '"Jon, “ion^g’ene.
Vice-Principal, made it to the clinic once every week
vioural problem
of the child dtudents and social workers into
■ foiter -care to wean them milies to avail
and, depending on the severity
Katherine to the stress she was
X"d arnlnri
- away from the ill effects of bro- the benefits of loan .assistance
A small survey was conduct
- .
clear.
of the problem,
they may be
the vUlages
villages around.
aroundsubjected to at home. Nagging tne
,
.
,------------------ed in the villages with the help
A significant contribution of
“We give them training here asked to come daily.
ken
families
or drunken
parents- from-financing' agencies. Famiof school teachers, health work
quarrels between the
parents.
The f„...ily
lies
were encouraged to start the' family service agency has in the craft, something like apfamily service -oi-cy,
agency, tb.r
the
ers,
adult education workers and
Under
the guidance of a full- ■piggery, young unemployed girls been-the workshop
for school prenticeship training. This must
the faUier’s coming home drunk foster care programme, sponsor
—
Behaviour problems, childhood
worker since
1969, this were trained to take up voca- dropouts, which was set -up when help
the young boys to earn schizophrenia, hyperkinesis, ju social workers. The training
and his rude behaviour towards ship programmes, child guidance time
programme, which had the bles
Katherine’s sisters were regular
sings of the
Social Welfare
scenes at home
Board of Karnataka, consisted of
lectures,
demonstrations, visits
Once an active child, Kathe
to
several welfare institutions
rine had all of a
sudden be
and community edvelopment cen
come sullen,
forgetful, started
tres in the arealosing concentration at studies,
and would not eat but would
The participants were introdu
laugh or cry by herself.
ced to the different policies and
programmes in social
welfare,
. Persistent efforts to
bring
and were taught to evolve mea
about a healthy change in the
sures to solve social problemsfamily environment helped pre
The subjects
chosen for this
vent further
deterioration
in
first
course were development
the girl's personality.
programmes in the Five-Year
Plans; health education on im
Vilaya’s — a 10-year-old polio
munisation, elementary sanita
patient — was
yet
another
tion, hygiene; nutrition educa
case where the
intervention
tion; family welfare education;
of a social field-worker helped
village development; group dy
"guide the parents to give their
namics; elementary communica
s'best to meet the needs of the
tion and typewriting etc.
child.
NSS activity has also drawn a
large number of students to par
ticipate actively in rural deve
lopment programmes through
shramdan in levelling and wide
ning the approach road to the
Someshwar temple and the sea
beach resort, and in other acti
vities.
The Institute of Social Work
wax established in Mangalore in
Karnataka in 1960. This is the
only centre run by a
private
agency in coastal Karnataka, for
offering training in social work
— with a post-graduate course,
and a bachelor’s degree course
for girls- The institute is affi
liated to the University
Mysore.
'
of
To cater to the needs of urban
working and middle class people,
the institute is also running a
janatha kendra in Bolar at Man
galore.
A training centre for
handicrafts and tailoring, a balawadi and a women's community
centre are run here-
There Is special bias on rural
reconstruction
and
develop
ment.'
The institute
bas a
equipped library which “ being
used not only by the students
but
also bv the public. Progress
has been^made with- the meeP-
The Institute of Social Work
in Mangalore has had noticeable
impact on the quality of social
work in this region-
tion of a department'of research.
The first study “doutby
StrarsSwel^re »
meat 1 on ‘‘manpower require-
Students conducting a survey on the - in’P°c* of mechanisation in forming.
Mangalore
CarrasDOndent
Kindly help us
by donating liberally
for the cultural jatha
WM
TATHA .
THE KWAL
Donations can be sent to :
The Secretary
Samudaya
46, Shop Street
Basavanagudi
Bangalore-560004
WWAW
Jan. 15th to Jan. 31st 1981
SAMUDAYA
46, Shop Street
Basavanagudi
Bangalore-560 004
K
al'ezkc-- 13
SAMUDAYA TAKES A CULTURAL
JATHA, ON BICYCLES, IN TO THE
RURAL AREAS OF KARNATAKA
The Jatha
_ Culture has never been and can never
W, measured in terms of its magnitude
alone. Yet a cultural event which covers
four thousand kilometers through the
hinter-land of rural Karnataka should make
even the most ivory-towered aesthete stand
up and take notice. In terms of its sheer
magnitude Samudaya’s Cultural Jatha-1981
would rank among the greatest single cul
tural events in Karnataka and probably
in India.
Ten jathas will set out simultaneously
on January 15th 1981, to cover these four
thousand kilometres over twelve of theninteen
districts of the State. Travelling on cycles
Rese jathas will provide a wide range of
cultural programmes, songs, dramas
painting exhibitions, book exhibitions,
and the like. By January 31st, nine of
these jathas will cover a district each
giving upto five shows a day.
The Districts covered
The ten jathas will cover a total of
twelve of the nineteen districts of Karna
taka. Districts of such diverse physical
and social characteristics as Bidar, Gulbarga
Raichur, Bellary, Chitradurga, Bangalore
Kolar, South Canara and Shimoga will
all have troupes of their own. The Malaprabha and Ghataprabha areas, districts
of the Dharwar, Belgaum and Bijapur
will be covered by one troupe.
The Programme
The jatha will consist of songs, drama,
book exhibitions, painting exhibiiions
and lectures. The dramas are being
prepared at workshops in different parts
of the state. As a part of the book
exhibition twelve pamphlets are being
released by Samudaya on topics such as
the women’s question, litreature, art,
peasant struggles etc. Niranjana, the
award winning author of Chirasmarane
has written a booklet on the Kuyyur
peasant movement. Rajashekhar, whose
Kagodu Sathyagraha remains, one of the
most important political works in Kannada
has authored another booklet on the
Telangana struggle.
The Organisations involved
In addition to Samudaya, several
organisations will be involved in the
jatha - the Dalitha Sangarsh Samithi, the
Bandaya Sahitya Sangatana Samithi (the
rebel literary movement) and other student.
women, trade union and peasant
organisation are taking part in the
jatha. All the left political parties are
lending support to the proposed jatha.
The Finance
The jatha has been financed, essen
tially by the making and selling of greeting
cards- Since all these cards are partially
hand made, there has already been a
tremendous mobilization of talent even
before the actual jatha commences.
Though over a lakh cards are being
printed it is not certain that the funds
raised will be sufficient for an exercise
of this magnitude. In this context, the
organisers of the jatha would be grateful
for any support, both financial and
otherwise, which could be forthcoming.
Organisations and individuals interested
in participating in the jatha could contact
the Secretary, Samudaya, No. 46, Shop
Street, Basavangudi, Bangalore-560004
Those interested in financial contributions
may also kindly send Money Orders, Bank
Drafts or Postal orders to the Secretary,
Samudaya at the same address.
3.
Organisation of training programmes for personnel
from developing countries of the ESCAP Region in
the area of technology development and transfer.
4.
Establishment of an information network in relevant
areas of science, technology development and techno
logy transfer by bringing out regular and special
publications highlighting activities and achievements
of countries of the region and RCTT.
5.
Promotion of technical co-operation among develop
ing countries (TCDC) in the region.
6.
Establishment of technical information service.
LOCATION
The Centre is located in a beautiful and spacious campus
in the heart of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka State in
India. Located about 900 meters above mean sea level, it
has an equitable pleasant climate throughout the year. It is
well connected by air, rail and road from different metro
politan centres in the country. There are daily flights
connecting Bangalore with Delhi, Madras, Bombay, Cal
cutta, Hyderabad and other Centres. Excellent accommo
dation is available in Bangalore for visitors. Bangalore is
a seat for higher learning and for science and technology
and a hub of industries of all types.
Those wanting any assistance may kindly write to the
address given below.
ESCAP
Regional Centre for Technology Transfer
Manickvelu Mansions
49, Palace Road, Bangalore-560052
INDIA
Telex: 0845-719
Telephone: 76408, 76931
Cable: "ESPRECENTT” BANGALORE (INDIA)
Brilliant Printers, Bangalore-560 053
A UNIQUE INSTITUTION
A unique initiative was taken by the Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in
establishing the Regional Centre for Technology Transfer
in Bangalore (India). The Centre was started in July 1977.
The ESCAP Regional Centre for Technology Transfer at
Bangalore was conceived on a network principle with inti
mate links with National Centres and institutions of excel
lence in the countries of the region, for assisting them and
the countries in the development and transfer of relevant
technologies and generally cater to their needs in the areas
of science, technology and technology transfer to promote
development.
OBJECTIVES
The Regional Centre for Technology Transfer has the
following objectives:
I.
Assisting countries in the ESCAP region in streng
thening their national capabilities/capacities in the
field of development of technology and its transfer.
2.
Initiating co-operative programmes among the coun
tries of the Region for the development and utiliza
tion of technologies of mutual interest.
3.
Assisting National Centres and countries in the assess
ment and evaluation of technologies required by them.
4.
Assisting participating countries in identification of
appropriate technologies.
5.
Supply of need based information to national centres
and countries.
6.
Delivery of information services.
7.
Unpackaging of technologies in use or proposed to be
purchased.
8.
Assisting National Centres and countries in negotia
ting for best terms while purchasing technologies.
9.
Assisting National Centres and Governments in the
development of appropriate technologies and their
transfer.
10.
Assisting National Centres and Governments in
indigenisation, absorption and development of impor
ted technologies.
11.
Instituting training programmes to help countries of
the Region in training their personnel in the area of
technology development and technology transfer.
One of the key roles of the Centre is in assisting the
countries of the Region in establishing National Centres or
other appropriate mechanisms to promote development of
science and technology and its transfer. Wherever, such
National Centres exist, the Centre at Bangalore will assist
them in forging links with similar centres in other coun
tries and with RCTT thereby creating a technological
network.
The Regional Centre set up by ESCAP has close links
with UNIDO, UNCTAD, ILO, WIPO, FAO and similar
UN Organisations which are engaged in the area of techno
logy development and transfer. The Centre is working
closely with organisations like COSTED and many institu
tions of excellence in and outside the ESCAP region. The
Regional Centre has established linkages with Industrial
Technological Information Data Bank of UNIDO.
The Centre acts as a promotional, advisory and training
agency in the activities relating to technology development,
adaptation and transfer.
Currently, the activities of the Centre are divided into 6
broad categories:
1.
Assisting countries of the region in establishing and
strengthening National Centres for Technology Trans
fer or similar structures for promoting, development
of science and technology and technology transfer
for development.
2.
Organisation of sub-network programmes for the
development of relevant technologies with the co-ope
ration of national institutions of excellence in coun
tries of the region.
COIVJJUufti,-, Y
(First Fi
C;;u
*
"
IJIJ H 3IWWW—U.B April 26, J.9S1
The bank has secured oldage pension for 35 destitute
people. Some factory work
ers and small, farmers have
been provided insurance cover.
The bank has disbursed
advances to the tune of Rs 8
to 10 lakhs, out of which over
Rs 2 lakhs has been repaid.
Of this, advances to small and
marginal farmers and farm
labourers were Rs 6.64 lakhs
for 454 units covering dairy
ing, sheep rearing, piggery,
poultry, bullocks and carts.
retail trade, small business,
carpentry, etc.
In case of animal husbandry
programmes, the bank buys
the animals themselves and
hands them to the recipient.
People who have started dai
ries have benefited. As
they
progress they
are
supplied cross and exotic
breeds of cows.
Insurance
cover is arranged for all ani
mals. Weekly visits of vete
rinary doctors have been
arranged.
The panchayat chairman,
M. Gangadharayya, an educa
ted man, who takes an intelli
gent part in the proceedings,
says that average income of
the villager has more than
doubled since the bank’s pro
gramme was launched over
built, midday meal for school the bank towards some handi' two and a half years ago.
children arranged, kitchen for craft work under the AntyoThe bank has got a primary
preparing it being constructed, daya scheme. The panchayat health centre for Abbigere
four adult education centres chairman, Dhondoji Rao, run in a building provided
for men and women set up, told newsmen that the bank, free of cost by the panchayat.
55 destitute men secured old- had sanctioned Rs 6.5 lakh A new building on four-acre
age pension, 260 children up loans to 450 people at a camp Government-donated Sand to
to five years immunised, medi organised at Sulikere with the bouse the clinic costing Rs
cal health check-up program cooperation of DRDS and 50,000 (half jointly collected
me and food and nutrition BDA, DRDS itself giving a by the bank and Guild of
demonstration,
programme subsidy of Rs i.9 lakhs. He Service and half from govern
said that with the help of the ment grant) is to come up.
arranged.
For all these the bank loans, individuals were able to The bank had arranged free
did hot provide financial aid increase their income almost eye check-ups.
but acted as coordinators. twofold. Bank officials said the
A creche, a mahila samaj\
rather as instruments, in get repayments by loanees were and a youth club to interest
ting interested in the projects quite satisfactory. More wel themselves in welfare schemes
the right agencies—the Direc fare schemes are on the anvil. have been opened with the
torate of the District Rural
Abbigere panchayat comp help of the Guild of Service.
Development Scheme(DRDS). rising four villages
has The bank has taken up with
the Small Farmers Develop 1,100 families, 40 per cent of the Government the launching
ment Agency (SFDA), the whom are S. C. and S. T. of drainage and sanitation
Block Development Authority Here the bank’s wofk was work.
(BDA), CARE, the Revenue more well-advanced than in
Farmer's training progra
Department, Vani Mitra Ken Sulikere.
Approach roads mmes were arranged through
dra, Guild of Service, IMA, to Abbigere and roads linking the
and food and nutri
Universal Love and Brother Kereguddadahalli were built tion UAS
programmes also taken
hood Association and the Food by the villagers. Roads to
and Nutrition Demonstration the other two villages are up. The villagers planted 300
Department of the Govern also to be built. A. commu tree seedlings donated by the
Forest
Department.
The
ment of India.
nity irrigation well for small bank arranged the donation
A few have been helped take and marginal farmers (SC and of books by the Central
up dairying with advances- ST) has been constructed. Library to start a library in
Ten weakest of the weaker Midday meals for 240 school Abbigere and it is run by the
sections had improved their kids have been arranged- The Youth Club.
livelihood through loans (a panchayat itself built a kitchen
Abbigere may soon have the
total of Rs 25,000) given by and the bank the vessels.
first community biogas plant
m Karnataka when the bank’s
z..
.
- ~~ZZZZ
proposal fructifies.
Aid to small units
The HMT watch factory at
Tumkur consists of an assem
bly unit managed by HMT
and I9 units making cases and
crowns and polishing and
processing them. . These units
are run by entrepreneurs who
are technically qualified, hav
ing been in HMT service ear
lier. The UCO Bank has
financed 15 of these units,
having given a total of Rs 25
lakhs over two ye&rs. It
generally gives the initial ca
pital and seed money (10 p c
of investment) as loan to a
unit which gets a term loan
A bank that adopted two panchayat5
and changed their
way of life
The quality of life in two pumping in money in selecte
areas
and
withdrawing
clusters of villages constituting from the scene
once
th
Abbigere and Sulikere pancha- scheme is completed but in
yats near Bangalore have acting as a catalyst for the al lgreatly improved, thanks to ervasive overall improvement
the multi-dimensional and of life of the community by
comprehensive integrated rural encouraging self-help and in
development programme of volving other agencies who
the United Commercial Bank. are interested in its ultimate
Karnataka Division. The ih- welfare.
come and social life of the
By the look of it, this pro
people in all its facets have gramme seems to be a continu
undergone a big change since ing one. That is the impres
the bank adopted these two sion journalists in Bangalore
panchayats on October 2, and from Calcutta gained by a
1978.
visit to the two panchayats
The special feature of this recently.
When journalists visited
adoption by-the bank consists
in its imaginative methodology some villages of Sulikere
adopted in betterment of this panchayat (six villages) they
rural community—not merely ■ found inter-connecting roads
AT
9JVLY
WHERE WE STEAK OUR BEST
,KtFC-'
But where
\bt-L took time to process
the loans the bank itself gave
the term loan as bridge finance.
R. Rbj Gaps
CREST
“CENTRE FOR RESEARCH EDUCATION SERVICE AND TRAINING
FOR FAMILY LIFE PROMOTION”
14, High Street, Bangalore-560 005
REPORT FOR 1983
1983 has been a year of stabilising most of our activities and venturing in a substantial way into the
field of Family Life Education. We will describe our work under the headings of Research, Education,
Service and Training.'
.
' ‘
RESEARCH : The sub studies of the W.H.O. Multicentre study of the Ovulation Method of
Natural Family Planning (NFP) are still being prepared by W.H.O. for publication.
studies were as follows:
In 1983, some of the
World Health Organisation Studies
SYNOPSIS
1.
The outcome of pregnancies with particular reference to the sex of offspring and the occurence of
spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations.
“In a prospective, five-country study of the ovulation method of natural family planning,
175 pregnancies occured, (with known outcome), 2 congenital malformations (1.2%) ineluding 1 still birth.
The rates of congenital malformations, still births and spontaneous abortions do not differ from outcomes
in the community or associated with other fertility regulating methods. Among the live births, there are 81
boys and 59 girls, a male proportion of 0.58.”
This is an important finding as there had been a question of congenital malformations in children'
born to couples using the rhythm method.
2.
Characteristics of the menstrual cycle and of the fertile phase.
Road
“ Seven hundred and twenty-five women of proven fertility recorded the presence of cervical mucus
at the vulva in 7,514 menstrual cycles. The mean cycle length of the 6.472 cycles was 28.5 days (SD ± 3.18).
The peak day of mucus discharge was the last day of slippery, raw egg-white-iike mucus and occured on day
15 (±2.6). The fertile period was defined as any day on which mucus was reported before the peak day Jj
until 3 days after the peak. Its-mean length was 9.6 (±2.6) days. The probability of pregnancy was maximal O Y. S
on the peak day (PD) and declined on the days before and after the peak. (Fertility, Sterility, 1983).
X
The mean length of bleeding was 5.0 days for all cycles, but this varied between 4.3 days in Manila <
L.‘
and 5.9 days in Dublin; the two centres with the longest bleeding period were the centres in developed X — ■ :
countries —publin and Auckland.
$ S
The mean length of pre-ovulatory dry days was 3.5 days for all cycles, but this varied between
1.5 days in Dublin and 5.1 days in Manila.
“j - 'S,
U ; <■
The probability of pregnancy in the presence of sticky mucus was 0 024 on PD-4 or earlier but rose
to 0.50Q.on PD-3 to OD-1. In the presence of slippery mucus, the risk was 0.343 on PD-4 or earlier and
rose to 0.546 on PD-3 to PD-I There were 9 acts recorded on the PD out of the 7,514 cycles which resulted
in 6 pregnancies which gives a pregnancy probability of 0.667.
'
y
Outside the fertile phase, the probnbility was 0.004 per cycle.
Our series also confirms other reports that the menstrual cycle length decreases slightly with
increasing chronological and gynaecological age until the approach of the menopause.
This study allowed us to evaluate whether the detection of mucus discharge at the vulva defines the
fertile phase and whether the probability of pregnancy differs in the presence of sticky or slippery mucus.
Our analysis indicates a probability of pregnancy per cycle of about 0 004 outside the fertile phase as
defined by the ovulation method, which rises to a maximum of 0.667 on the PD and declines steeply during
the following three days. Thus the method docs effectively define the fertile phase.
It must be recalled that all these results are based upon the self-observation of mucus symptoms by
women from Europe, Latin America, India. East Asia and Australasia of varying race, education and social
Status and a wide variation in cultural background.
The probability of pregnancy correlates very well with the self-identification of the PD. The interval
which includes the days of mucus before the PD, and the three post-peak days adequately defines a fertile
and an infertile phase of the menstrual cycle which has important implications not only for family planning
methods based upon periodic abstinence but also for the diagnosis and management of infertility.”
Much more publicity by wider circulation for the WHO Study of the Ovulation Method is needed.
Part of this need was filled by sending all medical colleges, and health departments of State Governments in
the country reprint of “The Ovulation Method in India” published in the Fall issue of “The International
. Review of NFP” (USA).
(Copies of this are available to anyone sending a.s.a.e.)
EDUCATION: Two major publications were released in 1983.
The third edition of
“ Counselling Youth ” which has proved very useful for Marriage Preparation, for Youth, for parents and
teachers in High School, Colleges etc.
This book was updated and enlarged to include topics on Family Planning etc., etc. with the help of
Ms. Bina Nair a psychologist. We are grateful to Asian Trading Corporation-Bangalore for publishing
the book.
Our second venture was the publication of a much awaited and needed textbook and guide on
“ Family Life Education —Value Education.”
Following the research and pretesting of the earlier file type of book, this textbook it is hoped, will
reach every university in the country and fill a vacuum for value education in the vital areas of Personality
Development, Career. Sexuality and the Counselling of students in general for the life that awaits them after
graduation.
Each of the 17 chapters has a section entitled “Class Activity” in which relevant and interesting
questionairres, discussions/debate topics etc. are given. (Pg. 322 with illustrations and tables. Please order
your copy soon from CREST - Rs. 25/- including postage.)
We are grahful io the “ All India Assac'atim for Christian Higher Education in India ”
and to the “ Xavier Board for Higher Education ” for their encouragement and support in bringing
out this book.
“The entire proceeds of the book will go towards educational work.”
SERVICE : Counselling Services to individuals and couples personally'ahd by letter continue.’
Referral is made when necessary to appropriate persons whose collaboration we greatly appreciate.
In August we were very fortunate to have a Meeting of the Trustees with our advisors. We have as
a’result definitely decided to put much bmphasis and expertise into the field of Family Life and Value
Education through correspondence to other centres a'nd organizations'con’cerned with Youth and Family Life;
We have established a network and will strive to strengthen both Crest and others needing help. ■
■ , Seva Sadan and Ashraya continue to be visited and it is with satisfaction that we look back on 1983
as a step forward always remembering “ That a journey of a thousand miles begins' with the first step.”
We continue to place the importance of service to 4 families whom'we serve in cur Family Support
Scheme. Other persons requiting emergency .help are also aided whenever possible, especially if they are
women or children.
TRAINING Programmes in Family Life and Population Education
,
(3-5 days duration normally), , .
■
Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad—1 Day Workshop - on NFP.
• St, Joseph’s College, of Commerce—! day,Seminar- Bangalore.
. • • *.
Jesus & Mary College —1 day Seminar —in New Delhi.
Various Religious Institutions —in Bangalore—6 Programmes.
Kristu Jyoti College —in Bangalore—2 Programmes.
Fatima Mata College—Quilon - Kerala.
Loyola Institute of Social Studies—Trivandfum — Kerala.
' ''
Sudeep Training Centre—Bangalore—2 Programmes.
Kannada Training Programme—State. Youth Centre.
...
St. Ann’s College of Education —Mangalore —2 Programmes.
Crest Training Prqgramme—Bangalore—2 Programmes.
Jyoti Nivas College—Bangalore —2 Programmes.
St. Martha’s School of Nursing - Bangalore—2 Programmes.
Technical Training Institute for the Deaf—Bangalore.
St. Ann’s High School —Mangalore.
Mount Carmel College—Bangalore.
.
'<
UADpy ADE THOSE WHO DREAM DREAMS AND
ARE WILLING TO PAY THE PRICE TO MAKE
THEIR DREAMS COME TRUE
THE FIRST NATIONAL WORKSHOP'ON “THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES AND
EFFECTIVE USE OF THE OVULATION METHOD OF FAMILY PLANNING”.
The highlight of 1983 was a workshop for fortyone doctors (all medical except for two sociologists)
from Government medical colleges and state departments.
.This , three day workshop- which ineluded' Dr Rashmi Shah—Research Officer (Division of
Contraceptive Research in Institute of Research in Reproduction —Bombay), evoked great great interest from
the participants and the need to repeat this was expressed by all. Some of the comments were :
From Dr. P. V. S. Kumar —Indo-German Social Service Society—New Delhi.
“Through this letter I would like to thank you for permitting me to attend the workshop —and youcan count on another “Converted” Convinced NFP (User) advocate. 1 appreciate your untiring efforts to
make the workshop create an impact on the participants.”
CREST
14, High Street.
Banga)ore-560 005
Fr^>m K-.Jl.i-HuilgeJi—^Post Partum Centre, Karnataka Medical'CoHege— HuMfo^nro
*;
’ ’’ 1
’'■
Respected Madam,
*’ ’ "lam glad to .inform you .that I havg smarted convincing the people regardipg the' Ovylatipn
Method,,’.’ I have decided to take up hundred cases at present. J shall write later, regarding the success .or/
the difficulties J come across.'
■
• 1
“
• " '
’ ' ~
From Dr. A. Fernandes —Goa Govt. Medical College
•
.. One,.very important thing.I,gained was, L was pot, at all aware,.of ,thisi particular, method ,i;e. O. M.
After, attending the workshop. I not only cleared-my mind,about-a lot of things about’ NFP but' I am fu'IIy
convinced about the method which I should think would be a very good alternative for1 other methods ‘df
Family Planning. (s
: .-.. . .,
,. M
.’ • ■
<t'.
From Shivdev Singh Sidhu —P.H.C. Sahriewal —Lii'dhiaria, Punjab.
It is one of the methods-oflFamily Planning which can be very useful to the conimhnity.
«-s.'i«nii .
-—
•>
From F. R. Choudhury—Sibsagar Civil Hospital — Assam.
■■■>
I will select cases who are not.interested in other.methods and implement the programme.
-
I... ■
•
,
.,U
From Dr. Ratban Sundari —Urban Welfare Planning Centre—Bangalore.
As a lady Medical Officer, of'a'Family Planning CeWtre, I have already met some women, who could
not follow the other usual methotJSjCOntinuously. , Sp now I „am .planning to practice ithe OM for a small
group to start with.
.
‘
■■■
From Dr. Peter Schubarth-Kathmandu —Nepal.
. - . .
.-
M
I learned a lot attending'yb.br three da,Vs-worksfio'p ori the ovulatidn'metljod and seeing your work.
It will be of great help for our work.
' ''
l.‘~ ■‘.i
t-'-. "''
l.':
■
a-'/ ?. ';. ' .;
j
Front our Visitors Book—1983
.
. ...
To the Workens in Family Welfare—St. Martha’s Hospital.
From Bishop F. Cox’—Secretary—Pontifical Council tor the Family, ,..
'tr
«HT
. .. .
... “ With great admiration, I.thank :yau fo’r your work and example.' Yo/ur witness is wonderful.”
From Sukant Singh — C'.Ai.’A.I. — Bangalore.
“ A excellent piece of work done in a humSie set up. This will enable the Christians to think how
to,be involved.,’.’.-..
;
3
. ..........
.• .-
’'•'I
«t»i;•• •«. -o- ........mm o', it -j-i-.-qori-. v
ORDER FORM’
Please send me
copies of “Family Life & Value Education” by PoSt/V.P.P.
Name & Address
.
• • -m
From Shirley D’Silva—St. Agnes College—Mangalore-2.
Hats off! to the organisers of this course on Family Life and Population Education. The course,
with the rich fruit of knowledge, and interesting talks and discussions, have not only enriched me but
have given me the confidence to handle such a course to my students if opportunities arise. All the best
to the members of the CREST and wellwishers for offering me such a good opportunity.
From M. R. Anthony Doss—Madras.
I am so grateful to the Director who has conducted this Family Life Education programme. It is
very useful for me. I learned a lot of things during these five days. Whatever I have learnt from here. I
could go back and tell others.
Thank you very much for all the arrangements what you have provided for me.
this centre in my life.
I will never forget
From Mrs. Asha Jolly —Bangalore.
“ It was very educative and very interesting.
Thanks you very much for everything,”
From Mary Russell —P. G. Student—Bangalore.
“A very interesting and educative programme. It helped me and I really hope I will be able to
help others.”
From Dr. Jeevaraj Alva—Minister for Youth—Govt, of Karnotaka.
“A very creative, innovative seminar indeed.
The participants must have been really fortunate.”
Z said to the man who stood at the gate of the Year—
“ Give me a light that I may tread safely into the unknown.
And he replied—
“ Go out into the darkness and put your hand into the hand of God.
shall be to you better than light and safer than a known way.”
*
*
*
That
Lecture, Tours, Meetings and Conferences.
ABROAD: Pontifical Council for the Family Meeting, Rome.
Meeting with (Fr. H. Carrier, Pontifical Council for Culture
Lecture on “Scientific Advances to NFP in the Obstetrics and Gynecological. Faculty Catholic
University of Rome.
Lecture Tour, Holland (Njmegan, Amsterdam, Utrecht, etc ) by Drs. M. M. & Alfred Mascarenhas.
Lecture State University—Utrecht on “ Population Dynamics in India ”
Several informal meetings in Rome and Canada with Experts including Coady Institute.
paper on ‘‘ The Dynamics of the Development of Women in the Family.”
“ World Union of Catholic Women Organizations,” Canada.
Read two papers at International Federation for Family Life Promotion —Hong Kong.
2 Lectures in Singapore —Care and Counselling and Family Planning Associatioa.
1 Slide Lecture—Bangkok on NFP.
1 Meeting in Cairo —Egyptian Family Planning Training Institute.
2 Meetings in Singapore—K. K. Govt. Hospital and the Mother’s Breast-Feeding Association.
Meeting with Catholic Women’s League in Hong Kong.
“FOR
Don’t ualk in front of me
I will not follow
A
COUPLE”
Don’t walk behind me
I will not lead
Walk beside me
And I will walk with you.
Lectures in Bangalore and Elsewhere
S.’ C. M. House Bangalore— “ Women’s Role in Education.”
Students S. S. Sai Organization — " Youths Life and Sexuality.’’
St. Martha’s Hospital Day—“ The Scientific Proof of the beginning of Life.”
St. Peter’s Seminary—Symposium 2—Lecture, Discussions and Film on "The Begining of Life and Marriage
Methodist Council of India —" The Family and the Role of Women.”
Methodist Youth Programmes—" You’h and Sexuality.”
Community Health Trainers —Planning on NFP Programme
Baroda University—1 Lecture on “Alternate Strategies for Population Control.”
Bangalore Jaycees—“ The Couple, Children and Family Life.”
Ahmedabad—Two lectures on " Family Life Education.” ■
Meetings and Public Talks ;
With experts from various institutions and organizations :
In Bangalore 6 and 1 in New Delhi, 1 in Trivandrum.
Public address with Dr. A. Fl A. Mascar'enhas in Madras'on “ The Family and its Role in Contemporary
Indian Society.”
Consultation Regional Training Institute Mysore on Family Life Education.
Medico Pastoral Association Counselling —Sub-committee Meetings. 6 Meetings in Bangalore.
In Mangalore to the Ladies Club a talk on “ The Parents Role in Family Life Today.”
Meeting with Bangalore University on Family .Life Education.
.
All India Association of Christian Higher Education Consultation in Madras on Value Education in.India.
Xavier Board of Higher'Education Meeting.
Our world does have only one alternative:
to love or to disappear—we have to choose.
CREST instituted Two Prizes in 1983—one for the nurses of St. Martha’s School of Nursing for the best
performance in the Exam, held at the end of the course on Family Life and Population Education and for the
best Fertility Awareness Record. The second Prize commemorated, the visit of Bishop Cox and is the
Pope John Paul II Trophy for the Best Essay,on the Family for College students.
We are happy to record that India’s WHO’s WHO recorded our work in the field of Family Life in its
soon to be published directory of 1984.
The NFP Teacher will go into its 3rd edition in 1984-85.
Telugu and Indonesian.
*
»
.
*
■
It has been translated into Kannada,
....
....
On behalf of the Trustees and advisors and supporters of Crest, and also on behalf of the four.
families and several other poor and handicapped persons that we are privileged to assist with finance,
clothes and counsel. “ I wish to place on record our gratitude to all those who have encouraged, supported
and helped us.”
As Helen Kelier has aptly put it—
The world is moved along, not only by the mighty shoves of its heroes, but also by the aggregate of
the tiny pushes of each worker.”
MARIE. MIGNON MASCARENHAS
Director —CREST.,.
[
KARNATAKA o
INDIA
A1EOGYA VIKASA
in the selected villages. For this purpose, two health promoters-one female and one male-will be chosen from each
village in the project area. These individuals should be able
to read and write the local language fluently, and should be
well settled in the locality. Aptitude for voluntary service and
ability to gain the confidence of their fellow-villagers are
expected of these health promoters.
The initial strategies contemplated include the following :
1.
(a) Increasing the awareness in community regarding
health and health-related problems; community
participation in the programmes for raising the health
status of the people.
This will be pursued through intensive mass education.
Periodical lectures and audio-visual demonstrations
for small groups of villagers and school children,
organising discussions on health-related activities,
and arranging health exhibitions will be the media for
these educational programmes. Family welfare activi
ties will also be undertaken.
About the Project
There has been an increasing awareness that the health
care delivery in our country is facing a challenge, especially
due to maldistribution of health manpower. There is also a
wide gap between people and programmes, which needs to
be effectively bridged. The rural population are consequently
deprived of basic health services.
Alternative approaches
have been suggested by various health organisations. One
such strategy is the Community Health Worker Project launched
by the Government of India in 1977. While these schemes
emphasise the remedial aspect, not much attention has been
bestowed on health promotive techniques. Leading workers
all over the world engaged in the field of community health
care have realised that health promotion should gain priority,
through comprehensive community development programr^^.
(b) Comprehensive community development through
health.
This includes improving the living conditions by
increasing the nutritional status of the people,
promoting clean maintenance of surroundings and
hygienic maintenance of livestock, and provision of
recreational facilities. Methods of more effective
use of locally available foodstuffs will be explored
and demonstrated. As the programme expands and
finance and facilities become available, other develop
mental activities will be undertaken such as providing
employment opportunities for women, non-formal
adult education, and cultural programmes.
To promote positive mental health, community activi
ties to improve harmony within the community will be
undertaken.
The project 'AROGYA VIKASA' was conceived with this
aim. In this project the main emphasis is on health promotion
and preventive care, while the prevision of remedial care
will be incidental. It is hoped that this will gradually raise
to the dimensions of a movement for health promotion to
reach the unreached in the rural and under-privileged areas.
Though 'Arogya Vikasa' is designed as a health pro
gramme, the ultimate object is the overall development of the
human personality. All the programmes will therefore be
drawn up in this perspective. People's participation naturally
occupies a central place in such a scheme.
The main theme is "health by the people." To begin
with, primary health care should be ensured for all the families
Health Promotion
2.
Preventive Health
Work under this head includes immunisation programmes,
early detection of communicable diseases, making available
technical help in the event of outbreak of epidemics, etc.
3.
Curative Health
Simple remedial measures will be provided as and when
necessary.
However, the actual strategies and action plans to be
adopted will depend on the actual felt needs of the community,
based on periodical assessment.
Location and Finance
Initially, the project will be located in two clusters of
villages in Karnataka - one in Shimoga Taluk (focal village:
MATTUR) and the other in Sagar Taluk (focal village:
TYAGARTI), each cluster consisting of about 5,000 population.
For the first year of operation, the project is estimated^
cost about Rs. 30,000.
Training and Organisation
A panel of doctors and experts in the field of social
sciences has been constituted, to plan the details of training
and community development activities. Training of the
health promoters will be carried out in two phases : a short
intensive orientation course for 2-3 weeks, and field training
in practical work thereafter.
It is also proposed to develop a network of full-time
workers, one for every ten health promoters, to organise and
co-ordinate the activities of the health promoters. Technical
supervision of the work of health promoters will be done by
Iccal qualified practitioners.
Health manuals will be prepared in the regional language,
using the already existing manuals published by World He^ja
Organisation and other bodies. Audio-visual materials vWF
be prepared for training the health promoters. A library will
be established which should be of use to the doctors who
impart the training as well as to the health promoters' work
in the field.
A Publication Wing will be oraganised to bring out books,
manuals, periodicals, etc., aimed at promoting development
in general and health-care in particular. This will also help
communication among the health workers and with other
service agencies.
'Arogya Vikasa' will undertake a project also to explore
the possibility of evolving an integral system of treatment
using simple,' inexpensive remedies drawn from different
available systems of medicine.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Black
Karamenjala
Bangalare-560034 India
PANEL OF ADVISERS
DR. SRIDHAR UPADHYAYA
Retd. Joint Director of Health and
Family Welfare Services, Karnataka
Shimoga
DR. B. n. gangadhar
JjCturer, Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore
AJIT KUMAR
Director, Hindu Seva Pratishthana, Bangalore
CONTACT ADDRESSES
LIAISON OFFICE:
lWSiilKirN'7~~i5^:N ‘QlABHA P.
'AROGYA VIKASA' LIBRARY &
INFORMATION RESOURCE CENTRE
C/O RASHTROTTHANA PARISHAT
KEMPEGOWDA NAGAR
BANGALORE 560 019 (INDIA)
DR. UPENDRA SHENOY
Medical Consultant & Social Worker, Bangalore
SRI S. R. RAMASWAMY
Editor, Utthana, Bangalore
PROJECT OFFICE :
DR. H. S. NARAYANAN
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bangalore
SRI H. KRISHNA MURTHY
SOCIAL WORKER
C-2 THIPPAJOIS COLONY
TILAKNAGAR
SHIMOGA 577 201 (INDIA)
DR. R. NAGARATHNA
Consulting Physician and Yoga Therapist, Bangalore
DR. MADHAVBHANDARY
Medical Practitioner, Mangalore
(PHONE : 3223)
DR. T. KRISHNA MURTHY
Medical Practitioner, Mysore
Dr. G. H. NAREGAL
Medical Practitioner, Hubli
DR. PRAHLAD JALIHAL
Medical Practitioner, Ranebennur
K. J. JALIHAL
S. G. S. Chemical Co., Bagalkot
SRI H. KRISHNA MURTHY
Social Worker, Shimoga
Rashtrotthana Mudranalaya, Bangalore-560 019
Aug. 82
i Health Institute
GHATAPRABHA
Nurses at
Exercise
THE
Mobile Medical Unit started entering the
barren Villages from zr.u October <■ 1955.
Discipline, self-confidence and self-reliance., and
family feeling is the result of 8 years of sustained
experiment of Village Women’s Conferences.
DEVELOPMENT
Training in Holiday Homes is continued in some
Villages by forrnihg H. H. Clubs—for they should
form the pillars of the future
Immunization Programmes are now accepted by
even rural children and their parents.
The village women then wanted to see the world
they were hearing about from K. H. I. workers
and others—they dared and arranged successfi I
trips to Goa, Mysore, Maharashtra & Andhra-something to be proud of
These smart children 1 Do they look like
Villagers now?
KARNATAK HEALTH
1.
K. H. I. is a truely voluntary Institution :
From the very inception, KHI is a result of an
intense desire of some of our people to start a purely
Medical Mission with Medicine its religion, patient as
the God, and his nursing as the mode of worship. We
recognise that even for mercenary levels, and workers HE is
the God that gives them their daily bread and deserves all
respect due to him.
The workers of KHI have no rules of service or scales
of pay from the very inception. They work with full devo
tion and barring few, most of them are fired by the zeal to
do service to the Humanity....... suffering or not.
That is why they work day and night and make it
possible for the Institution to develop as it has done with
minimum income and expenditure. Even the Members of
the Governing Council and General body attend regularly
though they do not get even travelling allowance or any
INSTITUTE.
GHATAPRABHA
thing in return except the satisfaction of honest services
that the Institution does. In fact, some of these have paid
generously to the Institution in times of need, and some of
them have been the biggest donors, too.
Often, the Distinguished guests, including the Gover
nors and Ministers have complimented by remarking that
the Institution was doing the Govermental duties and so
the Government should encourage it and help it in its tasks
every way.
2.
There were difficulties as could be expected :
There were difficulties from the very beginning as
this was a pioneering effort. Foreign Government, ignorant
public, isolated position, absence of communications, barron
land and surroundings, lack of money, unavailability of
workers, particularly trained ones, to come in a place where
there was no promise of money or future, no water, light,
no houses and even no patients to serve for miles around,
5.
Luckily, the promoters did not consider these as diffi
culties, but as problems to be solved for furtherance of the
aims and progress; and there was progress.
3.
Government gave the land, public gave the money:
This came slowly but surely as services were appre
ciated. Society gave the workers who came raw but were
trained and made use of as that was the only way to pro
ceed under the circumstances. There were several and often
severe tests to be passed. And at the end there were rewards
by progress. That is the only way I can summerise the life
of the last 40 years of this • Institution before I recount
the present position for your kind knowledge-............
As a result of solution for each problem posed by
the need and time, have come the following results.
1.
A Hospital complex of 150 beds having all the
main department nuclei equipped for modern sur
gery and investigations.
2.
A Maternity Hospital of 55 beds getting popular
year by year. And its rural offshoots in six vill
ages managed by rural women.
3.
A Chest Hospital of 160 beds risen merely on
public demand.
4.
A mobile Health service carrying education and
medical aid to the door of the villager and cove
ring about 60 villages since 1955.
4.
A scheme for settling new Doctors in villages
which has done f ne as both the neo-graduates and
the villagers have accepted one another and KHI
has done its best to help both. Later, in recent
years even post-graduates have seen the chances &
have come & settled in these villages.
As things progressed came also other needs:
These needs had to be satisfied too. So, one by one,
came the primary school, the craft school, the Health
Homes for the Healthy to rest, Convalescent Homes for
the convalescent. The power laundry for cleanliness, the
canteen to food the patients and the workers, the libraries,
the nurses school, to train the village girls in the art of nur
sing, the agricultural section to utilise the waste water, and
also to supply needs of the canteen, clean roads, closed
drainage, and septic tanks, posts, telegraphs and internal
and external telephones, the power supply, internal and
external, gardens so essential for healthy living, workers’
houses, workshop for several needs of the building and
maintenance and so on and so forth.
5.
The rural wing which formed the main base :
This was the main base of the whole structure and
was taken up as soon as the base hospital was on some
reliable footing. In that section to-day we have been able to
mobilise the local talent and their enthusiasm and the end
result is the various balawadis, mahila mandals, maternity
centres, educative conferences of men and women, Holiday
7.
Homes for the children of rural people, Holiday Home clubs
for the follow up of Holiday Home teachings, self help
schemes for the mahila mandals, family planning work,
school check-ups, concessional medical services for women
and children, help to the villagers to build their maternity
homes, and welfare centres, specialist services at nominal
charge or free, educative exhibitons going round the villages,
etc., have been tried as and when needs and awareness was
created and felt. Adult education, Dr. Hardiker Seva Dham
for village centre.
6.
What has been done for the workers :
Luckily, because we got devoted workers, with a
sense of duty to society or their work, we have been able to
work in a new way without rules of service or scales of pay.
Due to this devotion, it has also been able to develop with
less workers and better reliability.
But it is the duty of the Institution to provide them
with basic amenities first, and better opportunities next.
We also had to give them some security for their life and if
possible, help their children to rise in the world.
The only aim of K. H. I. and its struggle is to serve the
the public:
We have, to that extent, been able to give them
better housing, higher standards of living with water supply,
electricity, drainage, roads, school and libraries, free medical
aid, salaries that have also grown with improvement in the
financial condition of the Institution, Provident Fund and
Life Insurance. Still we are not satisfied. We have to do
much more in that direction. In recent years some of the
more devoted have been made Honorary members of the
General Body of the Institution irrespective of their position
in the service. Thus they can have a say in the running of
the Institution also.
This it has done without any reference to the help it
might receive, through last 40 years. Though medicine is
the mainstay of its social services, it has the human being
as its main target. That is why, it had to develop all the
above variety of sections and it has tried its best to take
every opportunity to develop them all these years.
And while doing all this we have always tried to
maintain honesty, sincerity and uprightness to the best of
our capacity. And we feel it is rewarded. For the public &
Government have kept their faith in the institution and
supported whatever we tried. And that has been our greatest
encouragement even though there might be occasional crit
icism from the less understanding and less concerned about
what is going on.
With the rising costs of everything recently, we have
become very uneasy as to how to make both ends meet both
for the workers and the Institution. We have come to a
stage where we have to look to Government and people for
help, of a recurring nature, voluntarily given.
3
came and saw and felt inspired or got themselves identified
with the ideas and deals have given to the Institute gene
rously. These generous minds have been our greatest asset.
Even the Governments have given without asking on
several occasions. That has been our pride. I can recall
Rs. 80,000/- given by the Community Project Minister,
S. K. Dey, the nurses school suggested and given by the
adviser to Govt, of India, Dr. Mrs. Bhatia, several grants
and encouragements given by various Ministers of Gove
rnment, and others in office and so on which have gone
towards building the Institution as it stands today.
Maharajas, and industrialists like Kirloskars, Ogales,
Wadias, Velankars and several others have helped from
the beginning. Recently, Mr. Ganpuley from Germany,
staying in Whitefield, Bangalore, made a “ Sarwaswadana”
or gift of almost all that he had; cash, kind, and self, for
the cause of the Institute,
mAift'Mth-MFrfei
laftriti rrrrr-It is difficult for us to recount
everyone so great and also forget anyone so generous. Doc
tors from Bombay, Belgaum and Goa-eminent specialists,
have given their expert services free to the Institution for .
several years.
10. Position of K H. I. vis-a-vis other benefactors :
Newspapers in the surrounding areas have always
done their bit without any hesitation or pressure. This,
they have been doing since 1935, purely in appreciation of
what they have been seeing and with the same purpose as
of KHI to help the needy public to know and take advan
tage of the services of the Institute in which they have
confidence.
Similarly, the support given by the Unitarian Service
Committee of Canada which gave us power to develop
various village services through a long period of 20 years
the help given by CORSO of New Zealand which helped
in some other schemes and by OXFAM of England for rural
Health Programmes.
And yet, there is no end to the work lying ahead. If
there could be workers who come forward to shoulder the
responsibilities of growing needs and facilities that could
be created with a sense of dedication, there is no end to the
work that could be done. Such workers in good numbers are
found wanting. This is not their fault. There is an atmos
phere which brain-washes one and all and makes them
dependent on the theory of •“ money for everything ”. The
tide is in that direction and it has built the power of an
avelanche as years have passed.
Individuals have been contributing through cash,
kind and labour in a way that has made us say that this is
the Institute of the small man built for the small man, the
villager. It welcomes any voluntary offerings from any
where. These amounts may be small or big, the persons
may be small or big, but we have recognised their big hearts
and affection for the Institute and its cause. It is their
goodwill which has been the mainstay of our own inspira
tion and confidence, and progress of the Institute and its
stability without any funds, in the banks.
5
3'1
11. The Final Picture :
On the other side, there is still a hope. There is
increasing awareness in the increasing number of youngsters
as well as the old that the life needs to be reoriented. That
higher values are different and there is need for them to be
guarded if peace and prosperity of real type is to be expe
cted.
It is based on the wide and deep conception of
“ Health ” on K. H. I. which needs physical, psychologi
cal familial, social, national, moral, spiritual, and
financial well being and balance of man. Bal wadis for
toddlers, H. H. Clubs for children, Bharat Seva Dal for
the youths, Mahila Mandals for women, Village workers
for community Health and Home industries for the families
and society with healthy limits for watch is ultimate goal
of all efforts.
And K. H. I. workers work with faith. They appeal
to the public to understand higher values and give their
goodwill, services and help as and when possible. They
have faith, strong faith that goodwill succeeds. It has
succeeded in its case all these 40 years and so they work on
and hope for the best.
It is also hoped that this experiment will be repe
ated every 30 miles with K. H. I. type medical centres as
their nuceli and will help develop humanitarianism.
6
j
“ I had heard a great deal about it (K. H. I.) but my visit has shown me that it is even greater than what I had
envisaged.”
— Jayachaniaraja Wadcyar
Maharjah of Mysore
“Whoever is going to write that very important book of yours, explaining step by step, how you created Ghataprabha
the way it is to-day and the unbelievably large number of pilot projects which were your brainchild.......... I am
.so appreciative of the fortune I had to follow the development of your Ghataprabha experiment so closely
and I hope that your pattern will be followed not only in your area, but very far away as well.
How I would love to return to your very unique enterprise and stay with you for a few days so that
I would take many new ideas and approaches back to Canada!
How I would love to have a new look at what is happening with one of my most beloved projects which I
saw unfolding almost since its very beginnings 1
As I dictate this, your and any first contacts come back to me and how you knew from the very beginnings
exactly how you wanted to shape your Institute and how magnificently you succeeded!
Dr. Lotta Hitschmanova
Founding Direct
*
r, U. S. C. of Canada
a world welfare Organisation
Gandhi and his ideas, are now more or less forgotten by the mass of Indians. Yet Dr. Hardiker and Vaidya
have carried out these forgotten ideas : ideas of selfless service to the helpless, to the downtrodden, to the peasants...
This Hospital is one of the most impressive things in Karnataka
— Dom Moraes
Govt, of Karnataka
A band of selfless devoted workers has undertaken a Herculean task in running such an Institution on purely
voluntary basis.
The spirit of equality and comradeship that exist here is unique and is not to be seen usually in other
Institutions.
— Dr. N. L. Bordia
Adviser (T B) Govt, of India
In a democratic country the responsibility of starting and conducting such Institutions is primarily on
the public.
It is regretted that people are in the habit of looking to Govt, for all their needs.
V. N'imbkar
President, K. H. I.
THE
B'XTRAL ’ DEVELOPMENT
Smt. Durgabai Deshmukh gave new strength to
the rural service conception of K. H. I. in 1954.
In 1955 all doors closed as soon as our jeep was
seen—But now—curiosity, enthusiasm and
cooperation join together to greet us.
Dr. Lotta Hitschrr.znova gave us the wheels and funds to develop the Villages through medical aid at their doors.
Milk when given over a period of 15 years must
show its effects.
Work ar.d earn to run Mthila Mandals
The Karnatak Health Institute, Ghataprabha
A short note giving its Life History
The Kaniatak Health Institute was conceived and
brought into existance mainly with the purpose of bringing
modem advances to the door of the neglected villager and
educating him in “ Healthy Living ”■ The word “ Health ”
indicating a wide meaning in physical, mental, spiritual
moral, familial and National Health.
A.
B.
3.
The main assets of the concept were :
Good climate (Dry, unpolluted, quiet, with mode
rate variations),
2. Medicinal waters,
3. Nearness of Railway Station,
4. Nearness of River Ghataprabha,
5. Flat, vast, breezy, land with hard rocky soil and
no plantations,
6. Central position for several villages and towns
around, and
7. Enthusiasm of the promoters and generations of
workers with devotion.
The Central Theme was :
1.
2.
4.
1.
5.
6.
C.
Relief to suffering humanity in the rural areas.
Bringing the latest in modem medicine and living
to the service of villager.
To utilise the strength of modern medicine as a
spearhead for all round health and socio-economic
progress of the villagers.
To make the villagers accept our ideas through
psychological approaches.
Also to bring the progressive ideas within their
financial reach
To help them to replace wrong practices and not
ions with scientific thought.
This required several other favourable factors :
1.
2.
Workers to come and stay in the barren place and
work with ideals.
Buildings and building materials from distant
places.
Some additional factors were
implimented :
Equipment for every plan including for the main
medical work.
4.
5.
Finances.
Amenities of various types for workers, patients
and their attendants.
1.
6.
Communications from within and without. (The
place being totally isolated ).
Education of the people after their suspicions and
superstitions were removed.
2.
7.
D.
E.
3.
8.
Water supply, electricity, drainage, roads, gardens,
schools etc.
9.
And all those things that would be necessary to
build an ideal in a God-forsaken place like that.
All this had to be achieved
tions also :
with certain restric
1.
The Institution had to retain its simplicity and
rural character.
2.
It had to have all urban amenities denuded of their
evils.
Its running had to be a model of economy suited
to India, economical services to the suffering hum
anity, neatness, cleanliness, honesty, sincerity,
good morals and character, reliability; humility
and all round co-operations.
It had to have a National and broad outlook at
all levels minus monetary bias.
3.
4.
3.
F.
2
also conceived and
It had to be a model of co-operative effort, run
ning without conventional Rule and Scales etc.,
which have proved horrible everywhere.
Workers had to be chosen for their honesty, dev
otion and hard work, and trained for good living
standards with minimum standard of expenditure.
An atmosphere of Healthy United Family, with
goodwill all round, peace and satisfaction, with
responsive responsibility for all workers and a
deep desire to be useful to the needy, in everyone,
everyone working to his or her capacity with no
retirement, but being taken care of till the end.
It also bad to be a meticulously guarded Centre of
Demonstration for those intending similar ventures. :
1.
A controllable size suitable for Indian conditions
to-day.
2.
A controlled population where mutual affection
and contacts could grow and stay.
3.
An atmosphere of comraderie all over the area.
4.
A voluntarily running administration eliminating
supervisions etc.
5.
An ideal socio-economic medical centre with all
sophisticated and rationally ideal outlook and
practices reared by persons who know its utility
and ultimate values.
Achievements in 30 years from these points of view :
I.
A General Hospital of 166 beds with various depart
ments.
2.
A Maternity Hospital of 55 beds and its 6 rural
.branches.
3.
A Chest Hospital of 160 beds in cottages, wards and
post-operative rooms.
a.
A land of about 195 Acres
Buildings to house workers and Hospital activities.
Water supply so essential for all human beings,
particularly to Hospital.
d. Drainage which is equally essential to avoid
nuisance and disease.
e. Electricity on which all modem speed, efficiency
and progress depend.
f. Roads and clean Tar roads to reduce dust and
streamline the campus.
g. Gardens and trees, for beauty and shade and puri
fication of air.
h. Modern flush latrines, and septic tanks for clean
liness, to breed good habits and maintain good
health.
i. Agriculture to utilise waste water and for economy.
j. Power laundry for washing clothes.
k. Flour Mill for saving time and for economy for
the inmates.
1. Post Office, Telegraph Office and Telephones both
internal and external.
m. Workshops and Generating sets to be independent
and as stand bye.
n. Ambulance services for the benefit of the patients
once roads were made.
o. Libraries for education and recreation of a better
type.
p. Play ground for children
b.
c.
Facilities for advanced treatments, investigations, for
all diseases except Leprosy, Mental illnesses and Cancer
in late stages only.
5. A Nurses Training School with a capacity for 100
ANMS and 80 full 3J years.
6. A Craft teaching school and production centre for
helpless women.
7. A Balwadi for children within and outside the campus.
8. A Primary School for about 100 children within and
outside.
9. Mobile units for transport of patients and to carry
medical aid to villages.
10. Communications, S. T. Services, roads. Telephones,
Telegraphs, Post offices, etc., in many villages, to bring
speed to their thinking, acting and economy. (This was
done with the help of Government Departments and
villagers).
4.
11.
Amenities within the campus had to come fast:
12.
14 Rural Health Centres with their own Mahila
Mandals, Balawadis, some with Maternity Homes and
a variety of supportive activities for development of
women and children particularly.
3
q.
Physical training classes for better physical health
for inmates.
Health Homes for the healthy people for relax
ation.
s. Convalescent Homes for the convalescent people.
t. A Bakery for the supply of clean healthy bread
within and outside too.
u.
A Canteen giving subsidised food to all the inm
ates and patients.
v. A Medical Store to keep cheap and reliable medi
cines for patients.
w. A Hospital comolex which has latest X-Ray
machines, a well equipped operation theatre, for
general surgery' and its branches like Eye, ENT>
Brain, spinal cord, Thcracic, Orthopaedic, Gynaec,
Obstetric, Microscopic, Telescopic, Intrathoracic
with ease and safety.
A clinical Laboratory with most of the facilities.
A Blood Bank with 24 hour service for the Insti
tution and even outsiders.
A physiotherapy Heliotherapy section with Ultra
violet, infrared, Poonawave, Ultrasonnin, Short
Wave, Pantostat, Massagers etc.
A Central Oxygen supply and Central Suction
Units.
Specialised Instruments like, Def.brillator, Pace
maker. Audiometer, Surgical diathermy, Operat
ing Microscope, Intensive Care Units fcr monito
ring hearts, X-Ray, Television,Respirators or arti
ficial lung, Anaesthesia units, etc., had also to be
x.
r.
y.
brought as no specialists in these branches would
come easily to such a place.
A Health Education Museum with programmes for
spread of knowledge.
A Central broadcasting system which carries talks,
lectures, twice a day, prayers and news broadcasts
etc., to most of the comers and wards of the Inst
itution so that an atmosphere of serenity and deep
calm may spread to every mind afflicted or
healthy.
A number of other activities which fill the year
and which arc meant for cultural upbringing of
people who participate e. g.,
Medical service camps, ceremonies with educative
values, functions, talks by eminent men, and
visitors, exhibitions of educational and health sub
ject, excursions, training camps for students, teac.
hers, vocational training classes and demonst- rations, meetings, audio-visual programmes, Holi
day Homes for rural and low income group chil
dren, etc.
13.
The Rural complex is another big section that came
up with time and need :
This is now spread out under three separate agencies
for convenience: .
A. The Karnatak Health Institute Rural Services.
B: The Dr. Hardiker Memorial Health Education
Centre and Museum.
C.
A.
Dr. Hardiker Memorial Seva Dham Society for
rural economic programmes.
4.
FREE VILLAGE SERVICES OF K. H. I. (STARTED IN 1955)
1.
Special activities: Experiments and new
schemes i
Health weeks or “ Better Living ”
weeks-25 select women ... 2/year
H. H. Club gatherings for Holiday
Home children (120)... 2/year
c. Holiday Homes for 50 children for
21 days-18sofar
... 1/year
d. Free Maternity services in KHI up
to 1,500 a year
e. Free ambulance service up to 30
miles.
f. Free sterilisation operations.
g. Multipurpose servives to 30,000
population with 30 V. L. workers.
h. Construction of buildings, latrines,
Maternity Homes ... 8 entres.
i. Equipment for Medical work.
j. Special functions to teach organisa
tion, eloquence etc.
a.
Village Medical Services :
b.
Routine services on mobile units :
... yi'Centres
b. Specialist camps: Eye, ENT,
Dental and Gynaec ... Periodic
c. Family Planning work ... up to 900
operations.
Preventive Medicine i
a.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Immunisations.
Health Education.
Maternity and ante-natal
Child care
School check ups.
Social Services, routine :
Mahiia Mandals or Rural Women’s
clubs ... jXclubs ^5
Balawadis, Milk and Mid-day meals
... J^'centres
c. Craft teaching: tailoring, doll
making etc. ...
d. Women leaders meetings :
(about 114 women each) ... 6 per
year
e. Holiday Home clubs for children
... 8 centres
a.
5.
Extra Activities:
a.
Exibitions on various subjects and
ceremonies,
b. Films and slide shows: audio-visual
teaching.
c. Trips and excursions with expenses
and arrangements by women.
d. Concessional Medical Services.
e. Settling of Doctors in villages, by
giving them confidence.
b.
5
6.
Other Social Services i
a.
Craft training for educated, idle and
rural helpless women.
b.
Primary school for children around.
c.
Nurses Training Programme
villagers and helpless.
d.
Libraries and reading rooms.
e.
Physical
training
students,
teachers,
Volunteers.
for
programmes:
Seva
Dal
f.
Establishment of Oil Ghani unit
for Socio-economic services.
g.
Opening of shopping Centre
outlet to rural products.
h.
Starting Bharat Seva Dal centre at
K. 1-1. I. and units in other villages.
i.
Starting Adult Education Scheme
of 60 centres,
for
“ I had heard a great deal about it (K. H. I.) but my visit has shown me that it is even greater than what I had
envisaged.”
— Jayachamaraja Wadeyar
Maharjah of Mysore
“Whoever is going to write that very important book of yours, explaining step by step, how you created Ghataprabha
the way it is to-day and the unbelievably large number of pilot projects which were your brainchild.......... I am
.so appreciative of the fortune I had to follow the development of your Ghataprabha experiment so closely
and I hope that your pattern will be followed not only in your area, but very far away as well.
How I would love to return to your very unique enterprise and stay with you for a few days so that
I would take many new ideas and approaches back to Canada!
How I would love to have a new look at what is happening with one of my most beloved projects which I
saw unfolding almost since its very beginnings!
As I dictate this, your and any first contacts come back to me and how you knew from the very beginnings
exactly how you wanted to shape your Institute and how magnificently you succeeded!
Dr. Lotta Hitschtnanova
Founding Direct; r. U. S. C. of Canada
a world welfare Organisation
Gandhi and his ideas, are now more or less forgotten by the mass of Indians. Yet Dr. Hardiker and Vaidya
have carried out these forgotten ideas : ideas of selfless service to the helpless, to the downtrodden, to the peasants...
This Hospital is one of the most impressive things in Karnataka
— Dom Moraes
Govt, of Karnataka
A band of selfless devoted workers has undertaken a Herculean task in running such an Institution on purely
voluntary basis.
The spirit of equality and comradeship that exist here is unique and is not to be seen usually in other
Institutions.
— Dr. N. L. Bordia
Adviser (T B) Govt, of India
In a democratic country the responsibility of starting and conducting such Institutions is primarily on
the public.
It is regretted that people are in the habit of looking to Govt, for all their needs.
V. Nimbkar
President, K. H. I.
Some facilities in the Karnatak Health Institute :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Subsidised food services for all. In main kitchen and Paneeya.
Rationalised passtimes: Playground, Library, Gymnasium, and Museum
Post, Telegraph and Telephones (internal as well as external). Postal Savings Bank.
Rest Houses and Guest houses : Both in the Hospital and Nandanvan sections.
Primary school and Balawadi : for children in and outside the campus FREE
Electricity from Electricity Board supply and Stand-by generators of KHI.
Postal Address j^Karnatak Health Institute
P. I. N. 591 310.
Phone : 31 & 32
Telegraphic :XDist : Belgaum (Karnataka)
Residential facilities in K. H I. :
A.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Health Colony :
Madhughata
;
K. Health Home :
Shyamala Sadan :
Potdar Memorial :
Vasatigruha
:
B.
Convalescent Homes :
C.
Approaches to K. H. I.
for Healthy people only coming for a change or rest.
specially for guests of the Institute.
spacious bungalow for families : not more than 1 month.
another spacious bungalow for families or groups.
comfortable units for small families
6 units.
dormitaries or small rooms with various categories.
Three units of bungalows for families to help as midway homes.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Railway : Station “ Ghataprabha ” midway from Miraj to Belgaum. Very near to KHI.
Airway : Sambra Aerodrome about 46 miles via Gokak town.
Roads : Various bus routes which pass through KHI campus at Bus stops
Conveyances: Ambulances, Rickshaw, Coolies, Tonga.
VIVEKANANDA KENDRA YOCTAS
( H. Q. Kanyakumari)
37, 4th Main Road, Malleswaram, Bangalore-560 003
Phone : 36 87 88. and 60 75 85
OFFERS
Outpatient clinic facilities for the following ailments
*
*
*
*
*
*
Asthma, Allergic rhinitis, Chronic Bronchitis etc.
Diabetes, Thyrotoxicosis
High B.P., Low B.P., Ischaemic Heart Disease
Epilepsy Migraine, Tension Headache, Anxiety Neurosis M.R.
Rheumatism, Obesity, Low back pain
Peptic Ulcer, Chronic Diarrhoeas I Dysentery
CONSULTATION: Tuesdays
:
5 to 7 p.m.
Dr. Umakrishnamurthy
Consulting Psyhciatist
Thursdays :
5 to 7 p.m. Dr. R. Nagarathna
Yoga Therapy Specialist
■
Easy simple selected yogic practices which include Asanas,
Pranayama, Kriyas, Meditation etc., will be taught by trained teachers
after detailed medical consultation.
OTHER ACTIVITIES OF VIVEKANANDA KENDRA, BANGALORE
Saturdays
50, IV Main Road
Chamarajpet
Bangalore-560 018
BHAGAVADGITA
6 p.m.
Lecture Series
on
by
iProf. A. Satyanarayana
Shastry
Sundays
* Balasamskara Varga
Chamarajpet
on
590, 12th A Cross
J. P. Nagar, 2nd Phase
Bangalore-560 078
UPANISHATS
4 p.m.
Malleswaram
Banashankari II Stage
* Bhajan Classes
Malleswaram
Chamarajpet
Banashankari 11 Stage
3-30 p.m.
Saturdays
4-00 p.m.
10-00 a’.m. Sundays
Tuesdays 6-00 p.m.
Sundays 10-00 a.m.
* Advanced Yoga Classes Wednesdays
6 a.m. to 7-30 a.m..
(.3 months Course)
Chamarajpet, 9, Appajappa Agrahara
YOGA CLASSES CONDUCTED BY
VIVEKANANDA KENDRA IN BANGALORE
(Class Duration:
One Hour)
Class Starts'.at
Address
1.
MALLESWARAM :
Phone :
36 87 88
Vivekananda Kendra
37, 4th Main
2.
HANUMANTHANAGAR :
Kattaraguppe Main Road
Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy
Temple, Banashankari IstStg.
•3 a) CHAMARAJPET:
Gents
Ladies
6 a.m. & 7 p.m.
7 a.m., 10 a.m.
*
6 p.m.
Ladies &
5 a.m.
Gents
Gents
Ladies
6 a;m. & 6-30 p.m,
6-15 a.m., 10 a.m.,
*
11 a.m.
4-15 p.m. & 5-15 p.m.
Gents
5 a.m. & 6 a.m.
Gents
6 a.m.
MATHIKERE :
Vivekananda Kendra
438, H.M.T. Main Road
Gents
Ladies
5-30 a.m. & 7 p.m.
7-30 a.m., 10 a.m.
*
5-30 p.m.
6 a) INDIRANAGAR :
Chinmaya Mission Hall
Chinmaya Mission Hospital Rd.
b) ARYA SAMAJA :
Gents
Gents
5 a.m.
7 p.m.
Phone :
60 75 85
9, Appajappa Agrahara
3rd Main Road
Opp: Parry’s Confectioneries
b) RAMAMANDIRAM :
6th Cross, 8th Main
4.
5.
7.
8.
SAMPANGIRAMNAGAR :
Chidgaganananda Ashrama
15th Cross, 4th Main
BANASHANKARI 2nd STAGE
Devagiri Venkatarflmana
Gents
Temple
Ladies
Ladies
GANGENAHALL1 (R. T. Nagar)
(I. Y. C. Hall, beside Post Office) Gents
Sampathkumar, 12, P&T Colony
. (Very near Bus stop)
• Special Class Conducted for Housewives.
6 a.m.
6 a.m.
3-30 p.m.
7 to 8 p.m.
*
&
% YOGA THERAPY TREATMENT
M
&
CENTRE
(A project of SERVING THE SICK)
M
M
&
$
&
T
X.
%
%
%
%
M
&
M
M
M
1
*
VIVEKANANDA KENDRA YOCTAS
YOGA THERAPY & RESEARCH COMMITTEE
(HQ. KANYAKUMAR1)
37, IV Main Road, Malleswaram,
BANGALORE—560 003.
Phone: 368788
M
M
VIVEKANANDA KENDRA YOCTAS
is happy to announce
* Bronchial Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Bronchitis, etc
INPATIEJMT FACILITIES
*
Diabetes Mellitus, Thyrotoxicosis
in Bangalore
*
High B.P., Low B. P., Ischaemic Heart Diseases
for
*
Epilepsy, Migraine, Tension Headache
YOGA THERAPY TREATMENT
*
Anxiety Neurosis
Yoga Therapy consultation with
Dr. R. Nagarathna MBBS, MD, MRCP (UK), FICA (USA)
DURATION OF TREATMENT;
FEES;
AILMENTS TREATED
2 to 4 Weeks
Rs 100/- including Consultation check up
Usual clinical investigations, Yoga training etc.
Special Tests (if any) extra
LODGING: Rs. 5 to 30 per day per perso
.
*
BOARDING: Arrangements can be made on request.
CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:
MANAGER
YOGA THERAPY TREATMENT CENTRE
Vivekananda Kendra YOCTAS,
37, 4th Main Road, Malleswaram, Bangalore-560003.
* Rheumatism, Obesity, Low back pain
* Peptic Ulcer, Gas trouble, Chronic Diarrhoea,
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
* Opthalmic Disorders
Easy simple selected yogic practices which include
Asanas, Pranayama, Kriyas, Meditation, etc., will be taught
by trained yega teachers after detailed medical consultation.
VIVEKANANDA KENDRA
Vlvekanaudapuram, Kanyakumari, Taniilnadu.
The Vivekananda Rock Memorial & Vivekananda Kendra
the spiritually oriented service mission constitute the twin
expressions of a Nations’ homage to the Patriot-Monk
Swami Vivekananda. Dedicated to Swamiji’s ideals of
renunciation and service, the Kendra strives to serve humanity
through the following main programmes:
1.
2.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME :
— Serving the villagers to help themselves
* Nutritional, educational, social, cultural and youth
in Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts of Tamil
Nadu.
MEDICAL AID :
— Serving the sick
* Free dispensaries and mobile medical vans in the
rural areas of Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts
(Tamil Nadu) and Chandil (Bihar).
*
Yoga Therapy treatment for patients of Bronchial
Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis. Chronic Bronchitis, Diabetes,
Thyrotoxicosis. High B. P., Low B. P , Ischaemic
Heart Diseases,
Epilepsy, Migraine, Tension
Headache, Anxiety Neurosis, Rheumatism, Obesity,
Low back pain, Peptic Ulcer, Chronic Diarrhoeas,
Dysentery etc.
3.
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES :
— Spreading the light of knowledge
* Schools in the tribal regions of Arunachal Pradesh, «
(13 Residential Schools), Assam, North East Regional
and Backward areas of Andamans and Rajasthan.
4.
PROPAGATION OF YOG.l & PRACTICAL VEDANTA :
— Illuminating the educated
* Residential Yoga Camps and Spiritual Retreats in
Kanyakumari, Kashmir and other centres.
* Short-term Non-residential Yoga courses in different
parts of the country.
PUBLICATIONS WING :
— Publications of Periodicals and Books from Madras.
5.
FREE COUNSELLING AND GUIDANCE
We live in towns, cities and metropolitan areas
which are aptly described as large crowds of self
alienated, isolated individuals living together, where
an individual does not get an opportunity to evolve
himself. Many a time he is not considered as a
'person' being evolved. In this situation one cannot
grow and branch out.
In situations where the road to growth is blocked
or diversified, persons are subjected to enormous
stress ; and extreme tension is the only result. Our
Counselling and Guidance Centre accepts all such
individuals as they are, so they may learn what they
can become later. Our Counsellors at the centre
offer such help and assistance that is needed in these
situations to make the persons grow to their full
potential with lesser tension. Of course growth and
contentment do depend on the amount of effort and
struggle by the aggrieved individual.
Friends, you can utilise our services and you are
welcome to bring in your friends and relatives who
are in grief. We assure you that we halve your grief
by sharing it and double your joy by adding to it. It
may look like a tall claim, but though we are short we
assure you that we will grow to reach the height of
your agony. We welcome you for an informal chat
before we accept you for counselling.
Sample of strange situations in which you can
approach us:
,
* Immense tension and agonising anxiety.
* Maladjustments in marital relationships.
* Before and after emotionally disturbing situa
tions - interviews, examinations, operations,
marriages etc.
* Families with problem children.
* Problems of addictions-either the addicted
or the dependants.
* The aged, the ill, the dying.
* Adolescent problems.
* Problems due to erring students as. well as
punishing teachers.
* Probable difficulties arising out of suicide.
In addition to our services in such situations, we
offer services in circumstances as,
* Counselling and treatment for early cases of
mental illness.
* Counselling with a view to avoid possible
emotional instability.
* Co-operation with other organisations
concerned with ideal social order.
* Providing group counselling for
students,
teachers,
couples^
families,
officers and staff,
workers,
executives etc, etc.
We urge upon persons who have been fortunate
enough for having been given or entrusted with
more, to share with us their time, energy, experience
and money to lessen grief and mental agony and
carve a better society around us.
In any difficult situation please contact us by
post or better in person, between 6-00 p.m. and
30 p.m. on week days.
7-
M. C. PANKAJA
Coordinator
AJITKUMAR
Director
HIM SEVA PRATISHTIIANA
91, ‘Dliarmasri’, Shankarmath Parallel Road, Shankarpuram
BANGALORE-560004
Phone:
604641
FREE COUNSELLING & GUIDANCE CENTRE
Expert personal counselling and guidance offered
regarding problems and situations arising from :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Interpersonal relationships.
Maladjustment in marital relationships.
Adolescent age.
Alcoholic addiction and drug dependency.
Attempted suicide.'
Tension-Anxiety-Worry.
Lonliness.
Strange working situations in offices, banks
and factories.
9. Any other situation of mental agony.
Contact between 6-00 & 7-30 p. m.
M. C. PANKAJA
Coordinator
AJITKUMAR
Director
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SEARB-IUHE. 6. Viswanatha Rao Road, Madhavanagar,
Bangalore-560 001 (India)
Phone: 76396
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR HEALTH EDUCATION
Executive committee 1982-85
Honorary President
Prof R. SENAULT (France)
President
Mr. P HINDSON (Australia)
First Vice-President
Dr H. CRAWLEY (Ireland)
Vice-Presidents
Dr Y. AGBOTON (Benin)
Mr. C. CABRAL (Brazil)
Prof H. HASSANFIN (Egypt)
Prof D. LORANSKY (U.S S R )
DrY OGINO (Japan)
Prof V. SURASITI (Thailand)
Dr C. VELEZ (U.S.A.)
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Dr. E. BERTHET (France)
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Prof E BACKETT
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Dr Y BILGIN (Turkey)
Dr R. BORROTO CHAO (Cuba)
Dr J.M COHEN SOLAL (France)
Dr R. DRAPER (Canada)
Or G. GONDA (Hungary)
Prof M. HAMBURG (U.S.A.)
Mr W. HENDERIKX (The
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Mr. K. KOSKELA (Finland)
Dr M.W. KREUTER (U S.A.)
Prof M. MODOLO (Italy)
Dr D. PLAYER (United-Kingdom)
DrG. REGINSTER (Belgium)
Mr H. SAID (Pakistan)
Prof K SAKAKIDA (Jhpan)
DrW. SCHMIDT (G.D.R.)
Dr A. SOUKEHAL (Algeria)
Dr J. TULLOCH REID (Jamaica) .
Prof R VARADARAJAN (India)
Pr R. WINDSOR (U.S.A.)
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Mr. A. RECIPON (France)
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Mr. M. PALKO (Canada)
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Mr H. ENNES (U.S.A.)
Mrs A. KAPLUN (Switzerland)
Mr. S. LIFSON (U.S.A.)
Mr. A. MACKIE (United-Kingdom)
Dr H. MARTIKAINEN (U.S.A.)
Dr J METNEKI (Hungary)
Mr. H. OGDEN (U.S.AJ
Prof A. SEPPILLI (Italy)
Dr B. TOMIC (Yugoslavia)
Prof K. TRIEBOLD (F.R.G.)
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Mr. K. KLEIN (F.R.G.)
Mrs. S. LIEDTKE (Poland)
Dr J. MARTIN (Switzerland)
Mrs M MAXIMOVA (U.S.S.R.)
Prof J. MONNIER (France)
Dr D. PLAYER (United-Kingdom)
Dr E. OJOFEITIMI (Nigeria)
Mr. A. OLEINIK (Isreal)
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Dr E. BERTHET (France)
Mr. C.E PEARSON (U.S.A.)
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Prof K. STANDARD (Jamaica)
Mr. P. HINDSON (Australia)
Mr. T. TARABI (New Guinea)
Dr J.A. LAOYE (Nigeria)
Mrs M.C. TEISSIER (New Caledonia)
Dr V. RAMAKRISHNA (India)
Mr. D. TREADWELL (New Zealand)
Prof R. SENAULT (France)
Dr LG. VAN PARIJS (Belgium)
Mr. FJ. TOMICHE (France)
Mr. R.E. WENDEBORN (Canada)
Mr. E. WENZEL (F.R.G.)
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Dr M. DANZON (France) Mr. BEN AZIZA HAMADI (WHO/AFRO)
Mr. J.K. DAVIES (United Kingdom)
Mr. H.S. DHILLON (WHO/WPRO)
Mrs K. ELLIOTT (United Kingdom)
Dr I KICKBUSH (WHO/EURO)
Prof L.W. GREEN (U.S.A.)
Mr. H.G. OGDEN (WHO/PAHO)
Dr B. TOMIC (WHO/EMRO)
Mrs S. VAN DER VYNCKT (UNESCO)
President
Mr. M.E. PALKO (Canada)
Vice-President
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR HEALTH EDUCATION
SOUTH EAST ASIA REGIONAL BUREAU
Bangalore-560 001 India
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(Rs. 1,000/-)
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CANARA BANK
SOCIAL ACTION
One of the Dental Camps, sponsored jointly by
Canara Bank and Dental College, in progress.
CANARA BANK
IN
SOCIAL ACTION
THE BANK WHICH IS MORE THAN A BANK
“Our Banks must adopt a new attitude, befriending the poor and taking
the benefits of progress to the rural areas — and become agents of
change and development”.
—Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi.
“I have felt particularly drawn towards your various welfare activities.
Your Book-Bank Scheme, Jubilee Education Fund, the Housing Loan
Scheme, the Jubilee Staff Welfare Fund etc., symbolize activities
aimed at the improvement ofsocial conditions”.
—Late Dr. Rajendra Prasad, President of India.
“A good Bank is not only the financial heart of the community, but
also has the obligation of helping in every manner possible to improve
the economic conditions of the common people”.
—Late Shri A. Subba Rao Pai, Founder of Canara Bank.
BORN TO SERVE
The lamp of Social Service was lit in Canara Bank as far back
as 1906, when the late Sri. A. Subba Rao Pai founded this Institu
tion with the sole objective of serving small people. He had also a
vision of how banks could try to solve social problems. Since
then, your Bank has been serving you to grow and growing to
serve you — by being more than a Bank. It has now taken the fifth
place among the Nationalised Banks, by the sheer dint of Service!
2.
SOCIAL SERVICE FROM EARLIEST DAYS
The noble tradition built up over the years through the able guidance
and dedicated service of the selfless men who served the Institution
all these years, has set many examples for others and has earned a
high place for Canara Bank. In the year of its Golden Jubilee
in 1956, the Bank crystallised two of its ideals—by starting its:
(a) Jubilee Education Fund
and
(b) Staff Welfare Fund.
While the former helps the student community through Book-Banks,
Loan Scholarships, etc., the latter is concerned with the welfare of
the staff.
Yet another milestone in Social Service was reached in 1962 by the
founding of Canara Bank Relief and Welfare Society, which started
functioning with an Orphanage —“MATHRU CHAYA”. The
Society has initiated a number of programmes and projects to
help the helpless.
4
3.
THE CHRISTENING
On Independence Day in 1971, the Bank opened a new Chapter in
its history by consolidating all the service-objectives and .giving a
new dynamism for Banking by the formation of a unique “SOCIAL
ACTION SECTION” in the Bank.
4.
In the event of natural calamities like floods, drought, fires, earth
quakes, landslides, etc., the section mobilises assistance and relief
from the staff as well as the public, in the form of cash and kind,
awakening the sense of National belonging.
A WIDE SPAN
While coordinating the activities of various Welfare Bodies like
Canara Bank Jubilee Education Fund, Canara Bank Relief and
Welfare Society, etc., sponsored by the Bank, the Section evolves
new schemes, especially for rural areas. It encourages the staff to
join in relief and social welfare activities. It acts as a catalyst by
sponsoring Social/Rural Developmental Programmes and Projects.
Welfare Agencies and other Bodies including Government Depart
ments, interested in Social Welfare, are brought together for various
projects. It tries to bring about a more compassionate and sympa
thetic attitude in the minds of the staff towards the less fortunate
in Society.
The Section has also been called upon to form schemes to help
different cross-sections of Society, like the student community, the
socially handicapped, the physically handicapped, children, slum and
rural women, educated women, the educated unemployed, etc.
It arranges self-employment seminars, programmes, campaigns,
exhibitions, etc., to help solve the problem of unemployment.
Extension Services like spreading the message of Welfare Banking,
inculcating Banking habits among the masses — by education
programmes, etc., are also a function of the section.
Promotion of Health and Hygiene, Literacy, Education, Art and
Culture, with special attention to rural areas, is also an object.
The Section also tries to bring out hidden talents among the staff
by providing outlets through functions and celebrations.
Banking Exhibitions and Audio-visual and training programmes to
popularise Banking habits are conducted.
THE SECTION AT WORK
I.
1.
STAFF INVOLVEMENT
“ RAM ” CAMPAIGN
Our ‘Rupee a Month’ (RAM) Campaign propagates the spirit of
charity. One rupee a month from each of the staff cannot do much
individually, but collectively these little drops make an ocean of
difference to some like the slum area school children, orphans, the
handicapped, destitutes, patients in hospitals or a cobbler on the
pavement 1
Under this programme, free note-books to poor and merited students
have been distributed in a large number of schools, sweets and fruits
have been distributed to patients in hospitals and help extended to
victims of fire accidents etc.
2.
NATURAL CALAMITIES
In our vast country with various climes, Nature’s fury is ever
present, in some part or the other. Floods, quakes and such other
calamities have always found us thinking of the suffering victims
and doing our bit. Fodder to cattle, ‘Roti-Sagu’ to people, clothes
to the naked and a word of consolation by members of our staff
did bring some solace to the troubled hearts in their hour of distress,
in the drought stricken areas of North Karnataka or during the
floods in South Kanara.
3.
“SHRAMADAN”
CANBANK men and women offer voluntary service for any public
utility project. Kaggalahally village is an example which drew our
staff in large numbers from Bangalore to clear a bund in the village.
6
4.
CLOTH BANK
5.
The Relief and Welfare Society also operates a cloth bank, collecting
new cloth and old clothes from donors and distributing them to the
needy on occasions like floods and fire, and in orphanages and slums.
(a)
II.
1.
RURAL WELFARE
CHILDREN’S CLUBS
“Catch them Young” is the motto that has inspired us to sponsor
clubs for rural children. The aim is to inculcate among them an
aptitude for comradeship, character, self-help and leadership.
More than fourteen clubs have already started functioning. Sports,
trips and literary competitions are sponsored.
2.
RURAL CIRCULATING LIBRARIES
Reading opens the gate of wisdom and it is a more urgent need in
our villages. Canara Bank’s Circulating Libraries operate in
more than fifty rural centres. Useful reading material is made
available to the general public and our staff.
3.
COMMUNITY WELFARE GRANT
The spread of banking in our villages is a must for their progress.
While more and more branches are being opened by Canara Bank,
an added incentive is provided. Any village which supports our
branch in an outstanding way in spreading the banking habit, in
savings and credit, is given a grant up to Rs. 5,000/- by our Bank to
implement any public utility project. A condition is its contri
bution of Rs. 2,500/- at least, as money, material, or labour. This
also helps the spirit of self-help and so far 29 villages have qualified
for this award. Seven have completed projects like a Community
Hall, a Bus Shelter, a Children’s Park, etc., with our grant.
4.
EQUIPMENT GRANTS
To help those who are helping the less-fortunate in rural areas, our
Equipment Grants Scheme comes handy. The Social Welfare
Agencies operating in the villages, can look to us for grants for
equipments costing up to Rs. 500/-.
HEALTH AND HYGIENE
Ignorance is bliss—but not in the matter of health. Our villages
have neither education nor a regular health programme.
Dental Health Camps
By mobilising the help of Doctors from the Bangalore Dental
College, we have sponsored more than 35 rural dental camps
giving check-up and treatment facilities.
(b)
Eye Camps
More than 14 Eye Camps have been initiated by us in different
places.
(c)
Mental Health Camps
This is a new programme taken up by us recently in collaboration
with the All India Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences and
the Indian Association of Mental Health. Already two Camps have
been organised.
(d)
Health Education
We have been associated with TB and Cancer Education Camps
arranged at Hassan, etc.
(e)
Darshini
This scheme, launched by our Relief and Welfare Society in co
operation with others, has been providing spectacles free of cost to
many deserving persons, especially to students.
(f)
Blood Donation
This is the most precious kind of donation, which saves lives. Our
staff are being motivated to give this sacred gift in larger and larger
numbers.
6.
BANKING GOES TO VILLAGES
Training for Rural Youth—Knowledge in general, and about Bank
ing in particular, is a great need among our rural youth, if the nation
has to prosper. A number of Self-Employment Seminars and
Exhibitions on Banking are being held for this purpose.
9
III.
1.
SERVING THE STUDENT COMMUNITY
“EARN WHILE YOU LEARN”
This is a unique help available to poor students who may work in
the branches of the Bank either during their summer vacation or for
an hour on every working day for a year, to get stipends ranging
from Rs. 60/- to Rs. 250/- per month. Nearly 1,000 students derive
this benefit every year all over the country.
2.
BOOK BANKS
Students in technical courses like Engineering, Medical, etc., get
free books from Book Banks, maintained in 11 Centres in five
States by our Jubilee Education Fund. More than 3,000 students
are finding these extremely useful.
3.
LOAN SCHOLARSHIPS
Sad cases of merited students stopping their studies for lack of
finance abound in our country. Canara Bank has gone to the
rescue of many such young men and women. Through its Jubilee
Education Fund, Loan Scholarships are given to students in technical
and professional courses to complete studies. Interest is nominal—
4%. Repayment starts one year after completing the course, or
earlier if a job is secured.
4.
PROMOTING BANKING HABITS
BANKING
1.
EDUCATION
MONEY MANAGEMENT SEMINAR FOR WOMEN
Of any home, the woman is the pivot. And of any child, she is the
first teacher. Hence, a woman taught is a family shaped.
Our Money Management Seminars are meant to give women the
correct approach to their handling of money at home, and to show
how banking can be useful to them. Over 5,000 women have
benefited from these Seminars so far.
2.
WELFARE BANKING SEMINARS
Basic ideas of economic living and Banking are transmitted to
people of rural areas and slums, especially women, to make them
economically aware and help them prosper. More than 5,000 rural
and slum people have been educated thus.
3.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEMINARS
For students and the educated unemployed youth, these seminars
aim at creating an interest in Self-Employment. A large number of
these seminars has been conducted. They acquaint them with the
facilities offered by our Bank to make them stand on their own legs.
BIRD’S-EYE-VIEW OF BANKING
A training programme for students in Banking has been well
received in schools and colleges. It propagates good banking
habits — the need of the hour. More than 5,000 students have
derived the advantage of this programme.
5.
IV.
V.
A VARIED BASKET
Our Social Service Programme is being carried on in newer and
newer forms. Each one suits a particular need, a particular group.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT SEMINARS AND EXHIBITIONS
The message of self-help and self-confidence is infused into the
minds of the future citizens, to make them develop entrepreneurial
qualities so essential on the National Economic Scene.
Motivational lectures and Exhibitions are held for college students
to wean them from white-collar jobs to self-employment. More
than 50 colleges have been covered so far.
1.
TAILORING PROJECT
Through the Canara Bank Relief and Welfare Society, training
centres in tailoring have been established in some slum areas and as
many as 50 slum women are being trained. They first stitch our
own Gold Loan bags, as a further support. Once proficient in the
line, the women would be provided with sewing machines
through bank loans and become independent.
More than a
hundred women have now completed the training.
10
2.
ECONOMY FOR US AND A LIVING FOR THEM
Used envelopes are no longer a waste. They get re-dressed and
become economy envelopes. Destitute women, slum women and
orphans make them new, and get Rs. 5/-to Rs. 8/- per thousand.
Old envelopes light smiles on sad faces'.
3.
CHILDREN’S SELF-HELP CLUB
Classic example is the “Sewanagar Children’s Self-Help Club”,
which has not only earned the school fees, cost of the books for its
members, but also helped them maintain savings accounts in the
Bank by the poor children working on these envelopes.
4.
HOLIDAY HOME CAMPS
With the assistance of the State Social Welfare Advisory Board,
and Canara Bank Relief and Welfare Society, these camps provide a
splendid opportunity for the children from all parts, especially rural,
to come together, have collective living and emotional integration,
for 15 days. Only poor students are selected and camps are held
in different places. Inter-state children’s camps have also been
organised.
SPARKS
VI.
OF
In a developing country like ours, the scope for Social Action is as
vast as the sky, unlimited. We only do our modest little. But
with an open mind and a warm heart, we strive to do more and
more. And Canara Bank strives to grow, only to serve.
The Canara Bank Relief and Welfare Society administered summer
vacation day camps for teen-agers so that they could profitably
utilise their vacation in collective activities. For the first eight
years the Society organised the camps through the All Karnataka
Children’s Association, which is now conducting the camps.
5.
ALL KARNATAKA CHILDREN’S ASSOCIATION
This is an Institution which aims at building up the future citizens !
Our association with this Institution, and for that matter with the
cause of children, is in more than one way. Holding various tests,
contests, competitions, etc., arranging lectures on savings, helping
self-employment, banking, etc., awarding prizes to merited and
talented students, are some aspects of our association.
6.
GUIDANCE TO EXCURSIONISTS
School and College students and other parties visiting Bangalore
get a ready helping hand from the Social Action Section for showing
them round Bangalore.
SERVICE
And we have no illusions — that all this is very much, or even enoughOne cell or one Section is but a single rivulet, whereas the need is for
a criss-cross of several rivers. We are aware that Social Action
even in Canara Bank has to flow from many points. Not only
from the Head Office, but from our many Divisions and then from
every one of our soon-to-be-a-thousand branches, Social Action
should flow like a mighty, many-fingered torrent. The country
needs that every Canbank man or woman becomes a spark of
service.
iQMMUNnw health cell
V
I Glock
Koranic. ng a.'3
BangalCre-560034
India
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K
HABITAT BANKING FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
X
Q
The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Shri K. R. Puri, has
called upon the banks to “usefully associate themselves with the
Habitat Movement which has already been launched in the
country.” The aim of the Habitat Movement, according to him, is
to develop economic, social and cultural viability of habitats (Rural
and urban) and it aims at adopting a sound plan for strengthening
the economic base in each habitat unit. The movement involves,
in regard to rural habitats, plans to improve the living conditions
of inhabitants by improving their housing, roads, afforestation,
drainage and transportation, assuring the population of a sound
public health and creation of a socio-cultural environment for
promoting a healthy living. Commercial banks, the Governor
pointed out, can contribute a great deal in realising the objectives
of this movement, as part of their efforts to revitalise and rehabilitate
the rural economy under the lead bank programme. While habitat
banking would naturally develop on the basis of financing com
mercially viable and bankable projects, there would be immense
scope to undertake innovative banking within the accepted canons
of banking viability. Banks could usefully have collaboration with
“Habitat-India” which is a society which co-ordinates the activities
of the Habitat Movement in India.
X
Prepared by Social Action Section, Development Wing, Canara Bank.
Designed and produced by Public Relations Section, Development Wing,
Canara Bank, Head Office, 112 J. C. Road, Bangalore 560 002.
DW:PRS:PTG:OR:NO. 68/76/18-10-76 20,000 copies
Printed at The Phoenix Press, Bangalore 560 004.
X
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The Rellary Area
Comprehensive
Rural Development
Project
What It Is And How It Works
The Bellary Area Comprehen
sive Rural development
Project
WHAT IT IS AND HOW IT WORKS
BACRDP is a service and liaison agency
based on the C.S.I. Nava Jeevana Kendra, Kavutalam-518 344 which is near the Karnataka border
in Adoni Taluk, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh,
South India, but is in a predominantly Kannada
speaking area. It is sponsored by the Karnataka
Northern Diocese of the Church of South India.
which has made available the buildings and com
pound of the former C.S.I. Hospital, Kavutalam to
the project, makes available the services of a worker
from overseas and up to the end of 1982 gave a
modest amount of financial aid. It serves the
village people of the areas round Hacholli, Halvi
and Kavutalam, mainly through Village Develop
ment Sanghas which are the primary organs of
development, and also overseas agencies and pri
vate persons contributing aid, which use the
project as their locai agent.
The Project’s legal holders are (i) ( for the
Andhra area) the C. S. I. K. N. D. Comprehensive
Rural Education, Health and Vocational Develop
ment Society (CREHVDS) (registered No. 60 of
1979 in Kurnool) and (ii) (for the Karnataka area)
C.S.l. K.N.D. Socio-Economic Agricultural Develop
ment Society (SEADS) (Registered No. 4/SOR/DR/
79-SO) which also covers other Development
Projects in the Karnataka Northern Diocese.
The project operates in the area between
the Tungabhadra Low-Level Canal and the river
Tungabhadra on either side of the Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka border. It was for long a droughtridden area but nowadays 10-15% of the lands of
each village are irrigated from the Canal - i) of it
paddy land irrigated' in the monsoon season and %
of it dry-cum-wet lands irrigated from December
until April. It is therefore becoming an agricul
turally prosperous area but it is still socially
backward and has little in the way of rural
industry or handicrafts beyond those meeting the
immediate needs of the area. The extensive group
movement among the Madiga people who are the
most numerous Harijan community in this area
spread from the Telugu side to Kavutalam in 1916
and there arc now 30 established congregations in
the area as well as many scattered Christian
families. These contacts made an entry point into
the villages at an appropriate level and the educated
3
young people ( mostly ‘drop-outs’ ) from this
community have become the project staff.
BACRDP was launched in September 1978
by the appointment of 6 Community organisers
from among 12 young volunteers who had worked
with the Project Manager to conduct a survey of
Harijan households in the area using a questio
naire lhey had themselves prepared. They also had
the benefit of Previous thinking and planning in
the area. They started off by persuading the Hari
jan and Tribal communities in the area to join
together to from self-help development Sanghas and
by helping individuals and groups in Various ways.
They were joined in May 1979 by 6 more young
men who had extended the volunteer survey and
later by 2 more and 3 young women. In course of
time 41 Sanghas were formed in the 50 villages
and 20 hamlets of the area (the marginal areas
were not intensively 'covered). Unfortunately (and
Partly on account of the recent history of the
Christian Church in the area) the people’s presupposi
tions about the purpose of the Sanghas died hard
-many thought they would be simply means of
getting free hand-outs and were very disappointed
when that turned out not to be the case.
In July 1979 the C.S.l. Hospital, Kavutalam
was closed (a) because the funds had been
misappropriated
by the last Doctor there
4
(b) because such a Hospital was not economi
cally viable in a village area, (c) because it was
not really meeting the needs of the poor people
of the area. Its resources were made available to
the Project which launched its Health Programme
in August 1st, 1979. 1 his was aimed al meeting
the health needs of the majority of the people of
the area who cannot afford expensive medicine
and doctors’ fees.
Four young women went (not all together)
for 3 months’ informal training in the pioneering
Nutrition Rehabilitation Unit in the C. S. 1.
Hospital, Jammalamadugu (Cuddapah District A. P.)
and they have formed the core of our team of
women workers. The first was appointed as work
with the Mobile Clinic in 1979 and the others
worked with it in a voluntary capacity together
with some of their friends for a long time
Eventually 2 of them were appointed to start
Childrens’ Centres (playgroups with supplementary
feeding) for the 1-5 age group and the others to
the Clinice team, (which has now become the
Mobile Health Team, using a new diesel Jeep
given by the Council for world Mission in 1981)
The work of the Health Programme had become
progressively more orientated towards Health,
Education throught teaching and dialogue, facilitated
by the excellent services and publications provided by
the Andhra Pradesh Voluntary Health Association
5
(part of the Voluntary Health Association of
India).
Including such as Where there is
no Doctor (David Werner). Special
attention has been given to small children and
latterly to expectant mothers using patient retained
Health Record cards for weight and treatment re
cords etc. This programme had been conspicuously
successful in improving the health standards of
the under-fives, especially when combined with the
children’s centre programmes; but we would like
to meet more children and especially mothers. In
Kavutalam where we are less subject to the vaga
ries of weather, Jeep and bad roads we have star
ted 12 centres to which we pay weekly or fort
nightly visits (the village has a population of ab
out 10000) but we can visit other villages only
once a month. We have not neglected curative work
and the previously empty Health Centre now reg
ularly has 5 T. B. inpatients - the maximum we
can afford - and several more convalescent ones
employed around the compound; our very simple
methods of treating this, the biggest single scourge
of adults in our villages, has a high success rate,
but we have no established source of funds for
this work apart from personal donations and most
patients have sold everything and are completely
bankrupt before they come to us. We are trying
to get proposals through the Diocesan channels
for the Health Centre including Doctoj and T. B.
work.
6
During Phase II (1980-83) our Community
Organisers working in and through the Sanghas
accomplished a very great deal and took up a wide
variety of projects. The biggest single scheme was
the Night Schools Scheme of Adult Education, which
ran in most of Sanghas. They were intended to be
the focus of thought and action for self-help. But they
did not work out like that even though many
people ' learned to read and write. They were
eventually taken over in the main by the 7-14 age
group (which we think really need something rather
different) so we closed the scheme after 3 years.
The people continued to be (in our view) too de
pendant on the Project and its staff so with the
advice and encouragement of the C. S.I. Council
for Technical and Vocational Training wc changed
our operational structure in such a way that the
Sanghas were obliged to stand on their own feet
in order to continue association with the Project
Now they have to build at least a hut fora
Community Hall, raise their own subscriptions and
employ their one part-time workers, starting with
at least own general-purpose Vi'lage Worker. The
Project has its own full-time staff of Co-ordinators
whose task it is to encourage the Sanghas and
train their workers and leaders. The Sanghas are
autonomous Registered Societies, which are legal
entities and operate Bank Accounts. The Co-ordi
7
nators encourage them in solving their problems
and in implementing self-help schemes, and see
that Project monies which are given as subsidies
for the part-time workers’ salaries, grants for train
ing purposes and security against Bank loans (when
for technical reasons these cannot be obtained) are
used in the authorised manner. 22 Sanghas are al
ready registered or in in the process of being
registered, and they are gathered into 6 groups. We
have appointed 6 men and 4 women Local Co-ordinators to these groups so far, and it was inte
resting that when we came to appoint them we
found our existing workers were the best qualified
of the applicants.
The kinds of Sangha enterprise serviced by
the Project are diversifying and developing very
rapidly at present, but from the begining of Phase
111 the Project gave special attention to cer
tain categories of need which had already become
apparent. These include the Children’s Centre
scheme already mentioned, for children aged 1-5
years old and including supplementary feeding using
locally available foodstuffs, a Functional Education
seheme for 7-14 year olds operating from 4-7 p.m.
after they return from work and very practicallyorientated, Village Health Workers’ scheme and
Women’s and Youth groups. For all of these spe
cific leadership training courses are run centrally
and locally by the Project in which experience and
8
ideas are shared and a common plan is prepared;
the Project then supplies information and materials
not available in the out-villages together with sub
sidies for paying part-time workers as appropriate
but all these activities are run by Sangha sub
committees - they are locally-based and potentially
self-supporting. Income - generation schemes are
more diverse and often call for skill training. An
overall training plan was prepared by the Staff a1
the end of Phase II for the Project as a whole;
this is implemented by and through the Co-ordinators. In addition instruction and training are
provided by the Project free of cost in specific
skills either at the local (Sangha) level or, as in
the case of leather work training, agricultural and
construction skills, at the Project level. Security is
provided for Bank loans through the Project’s
fixed deposits but all production schemes, whether
individual or group agricultural ones or rural in
dustrial ones, have to be self-supporting with the
aid of such loans. Small grants are, however, avai
lable on a limited scale to enable Sanghas to
get started on Government housing, schemes, and
Bank loans can be negotiated for bigger amounts
of this.
Present developments include wider use of
the Agrikart, moves towards the agricultural deve
lopment of the NJK. Compound and Church lands,
temporary financing of labour contracts (e.g. school
9
building) and rapid growth of a Staff Co-operative
which we hope can be extended to all Sangha
members to help to deliver them from the injustice
of the present distribution and marketing systems.
The project as a whole is open-ended -we do
not know how it will develop and - we feel that
God is opening up the way for us and providing
us with the human and financial resources to walk
in it. We believe it is totally in line with the
Biblical understanding of God’s activity in Chirst
in making slaves into sons. We are most grateful
to our aid partners, particularly ’Bread for the
World’ and individual donors, for making this
enterprise possible.
Robin Slei«li
Project Leader
2-1984.
12-
KATHARINA KASPER LEPROSY
CONTROL SCHEME
38/4,
LEPROSY CONTROL SCHEME
No 16, Hutchins Road
BAN3ALORE-660 005.
SOME
by
FACTS
ABOUT
Dr. M. S.
NILAKANTA
LEPROSY
RAO
SOME
FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY
Introduction
Leprosy is a disease of antiquity. It had been recorded fairly
well even two thousand years ago by Susrutha. Some other Indian
physicians of repute like Charaka and Vagbhata had also mentioned
it in their treatises.
Leprosy was found in other countries like China, Middle Eastern countries and Egypt in ancient times. It is not possible to say
where it originated first. The deformities and the consequent ugli
ness in advanced cases were primarily responsible for segregating
these patients from society.
It was in 1873 that Armaur Hansen, a Norwegian physician
discovered the lepra—bacillus which is the causative germ of the
disease. Even though it was almost one of the first of the few
disease producing organisms discovered, it has nor yet been possi
ble to grow it in cultures outside the body.
Extent of the problem
Leprosy is found in all tropical and sub—tropical climatic con
ditions, at present. It is'estimated that there are more than 15 mil
lion patients in the world; of whom nearly 3.2 million are supposed
to be in India. More than 60% of these patients are in the South;
the largest number being in Tamil Nadu (7 lakhs); next comes
Andhra Pradesh with 6 lakhs of patients. According to WHO an
area is considered endemic for leprosy if there are more than 5
cases per 1000 of the population. By that standard almost the
whole country except some areas in the North West is endemic for
leprosy. Nobody can consider that Karnataka is having a less seri
ous problem because there are 2 lakhs of patients.
Again, according to the WHO standards, if there is one patient
in a population of 1000, it is considered as a serious public health
problem. By this standard one can notice that we have a serious
p ublic health problem in the whole country and also Th Bangalore
City.
Some epidemiological
aspects
Leprosy is found in all strata of the society, rich or poor. But
we see more number of patients amongst the poor because there
are more number of poor people in our country. It can be said with
some justification that poverty encourages spread of infection
whether it be leprosy or any other, because of overcrowding, mal
nutrition, illiteracy and improper utilisation of even available
resources.
No age is exempt from leprosy. But careful studies have indi
cated that 55% of the cases are found below the age of 20 years
and 45% of the cases are more than 20 years old at the time of the
onset of the disease. It is difficult to say that the adult is not
susceptible or that the chance of acquiring the disease is dimini
shed in later age—groups. Therefore all age groups have to be
protected against the disease by all known methods
80% of the patients in our country have the non—infectious
type of leprosy. These patients are bacteriologically negative. On
the other hand, the remaining 20% of the patients are the infectious
type and have millions of germs. Thus in our country quite a few
lakhs of patients are having large numbers of bacilli in their
systems.
With regard to sex, leprosy is more commonly found in men
than in women, roughly in the proportion of 2 to 1 or 1.5 to 1
This difference is only because of the social habits of the two
sexes. If women were to mix with others just as men do, or come
out as men, then the chances are, that the disease will be as
commonly found in women as in men.
Study of the diesease in a number of countries suggests that
its endemicity has no relation to the climatic conditions, food
habits or the like. It seems to be definitely influenced by tne
standard of living. As the standard of living improves, there is a
decline in total number of cases. It is not a hereditary disease
nor is it transmitted by sexual relationship.
2
'
Types
Ordinarily speaking, there are two types of disease: one type is
that in which leprosy bacilli are found in large numbers in a patient.
The other type is that in which almost no bacilli are found by ordi
nary methods of examination. These two are referred as 'lepromatous' and 'non-lepromatous' types or in lay language these can be
put down as 'infectious' and 'non—infectious' respectively.
_
Fortunately in our country 80% of the patients are non-lepro.
’ matous (non infectious) cases and 20% belong to the lepromatous
(infectious) groups. Even then it is worthwhile to remember that
we have a large number of infectious patients in our country.
Because the quantum of infection is high it would not be
wrong to say that fhe majority of the population in endemic areas
do get infected with Leprosy bacilli at one time or other. But
96—97% of such people overcome the infection by their body
defence mechanisms. It must be clearly understood that infection
and diesease are not the same.
Incubation and resistance
Z-')
When a person gets infected With leprosy bacilli he will deve
lop the disease only after 2—5 years, if he is susceptible. In some
people the body resistance is so low that they will develop the
lepromatous or infectious type of the disease. In some people there
is resistance but the resistance is not good enough to completely
eliminate the infecting organisms. Therefore they develop the nonlepromatous or non-infectious type of leprosy. In between these
two types one may come across variations.
Hosts
Leprosy is a disease found only in human beings. It is not
found in animals in the natural state. Therefore infection is trans
mitted from a leprosy patient to a healthy person.
3
Transmission
A lepromatous or infectious patient who has millions of bacilli
will be a good source of infection. The non—lepromatous cases
sometimes show evidence of increased activity of the disease. At
such times they may have more number of germs in their body and
may be able to act as a source of infection.
However, it is not clear how the organisms are transmitted from
a diseased person to a healthy individual. It is more or less defi
nitely proved now that insects do not play any significant role in
the transmission. It is likely that repeated contact with leprosy
patients may give rise to transmission. Another method of trans
mission is through droplets of sneeze or saliva. In the earlier stages
of the disease itself an infectious patient will show a large number
of bacilli in the nose. Therefore when such patients cough, sneeze
or spit possibly a large number of bacilli are ejected and a healthy
person may get infected.
At this stage it is wise to remember that we cannot recognise
all the leprosy patients especially in the early stages. Only 5—6%
of the patients are beggars. The rest are in the community. They
will be coming in close contact with others in areas like markets,
buses, cinemas etc. Such of these patients who are already taking
treatment for 3 months or more will not be dangerous to others.
But some of those who have not been taking treatment for whatever
reason it may be, can be dangerous in the sense that they will be
transmitting the infection which may produce the disease in any
other healthy person.
Early signs of the disease
It has already been mentioned that there are two types of
disease, The early signsand symptoms differ in these two types.
Leprosy is primarily a disease of the skin and nerves. Only
when it is in an advanced stage it will affect almost all the other
organs.
In the early stages, in the lepromatous or infectious type of
disease, there will be change in texture of the skin noticeable on the
face and back. Later as the disease progresses the skin gets thick
ened and slight thickening of the earlobes may also be noticed.
At this stage faint patches appear; a large number of them can be
seen on the back. Still later as the disease progresses, these
patches become reddish and rise above the surface of the skin and
extend to the limbs. Patches may be seen on the face also. At this
stage the ear lobe will be very much thickened, there will be loss
of eyebrows on the outer third. Even at this stage one may not
perceive any significant deformity in the patient even though the
patient had the disease for 4 to 5 years. In other words,, defor
mities develop slowly in the course of the disease and there will be
enough time for the patient to commence treatment and avoid
having deformities. The delay in development of the deformities in
these patients is because, the nerves are not damaged.
The situation in the case of non—lepromatous or non—infec
tious case of leprosy is different. The disease shows up as one 6r
few well demarcated patch or patches, usually on the face or limbs
or buttocks. Occasinally the first patch may also be seen on the
*
abdomen.
These patches show loss of sensation to touch, pain
and heat or cold. On the other hand the patches that occur in lep.
romatous cases do not show loss of sensation of this type. If a
person is having a clear-cut patch anywhere on the body and
which shows loss of sensation to touch, pain and temperature, it is
most likely to be a patch of leprosy; and if the patient takes treat
ment at this stage he will be cured of the disease without any trace
of the disease left behind or without deformities.
If the disease is allowed to progress these patches become
elevated or rise above the surface of the skin. The nerves supplying
the face and the limbs may show thickening. Some portion of the
*
These are pale patches but can
distance of 10 feet.
5
be seen
even from a
limbs such as the inner sides of the hand and forearm, foot and the
leg or face may show loss of sensation initially; later on there may
be wastage of the muscles affecting smooth functioning of the
hand and/or foot; and the eye muscles of some patients are affected
and the patient may find it difficult to close his eye.
Still later the nerve damage becomes more pronounced and
stiffening and later clawing of the fingers may be seen; the thumb
may fall back. The patient may not be able to hold a pen. The foot
may show a condition called foot-drop. If the patient is not careful
he may develop ulcers on the sole.
These are the beginnings of the deformities in these patients.
To reach such a stage it would have taken about 2-3 years. On the
other hand if the patient consults a doctor as soon as the first patch
appears and takes necessary treatment and for as long a period as
the doctor advises him, then he will be cured of his disease with
out leaving behind any deficit.
Treatment
The treatment of the majority of the patients of leprosy is
simple and straight forward if they come in the earliest stage only
when patches have appeared and there is no involvement of nerves
then a drug called DDS has to be given. For an adult the dosage
of this drug is 100mg per day. All that the patient has to do is to
take one tablet of 100mg of the drug after food every day. The cost
of the drug is also very little. 1000 tablets cost about 45 Rupees
only. Therefore if a patient is confirmed to be having leprosy his
treatment is simple and cheap. When the nerves are affected and there
is loss of sensation especially in the peripheral portions ofthe limbs
and/or face, the patient has to be taught to take care of his anaes
thetic (loss of sensations) hand and/or feet, and eyes. Ina leprosy
patient the fingers do not drop off by themselves^ If a patient has
learnt how to take care of his anaesthetic limbs he can have normal
hands and feet like anybody as long as he lives.
If the disease progresses and nerve damage becomes more pro
nounced then the patient has to be treated with physiotherapy and
if necessary reconstructive surgery. Now-a-days it is possible to
correct almost all the deformities with care in a leprosy patient.
Lepromatous or infectious patients are now-a-days usually trea
ted with 2 or more drugs. One of them being DDS. This multiple
drug therapy will have to be continued approximately for about a
year. Later on only DDS will be continued. Such of those patients
who have taken treatment for about 3-6 months will not be danger
ous to others in the spread of infection. However they will become
bacteriologically negative only after 3-4 years.
Duration of treatment
Cure
and
A non-lepromatous or non-infectious patient gets cured of
the disease usually in about 4-5 years of time. Therefore the treat.
ment has to be continued for this period even though the patches
may disappear (in a large number of patients the patches disappear
within 3-6 months). But the patient should not stop treatment
untill he completes the full course, otherwise there will be re-appea
rance of the patches.
Lepromatous patients on the other hand will have to take the
treatment for a considerable period of time say about 15-20 years
even though their skin will show normal appearance and they be
come bacteriologically negative themselves; because in a small
percentage of patients relapses occur if the drug is discontinued
prematurely or it is taken irregularly. . Hence to prevent such relap
ses it is much better to take the drug regularly. It may be noted that
taking the drug is easy and it is not expensive.
With modern drugs it will be possible to cure almost all the
patients who hava developed leprosy. Therefore it is repeatedly
stressed that leprosy is a disease like any other disease and is emi
nently curable.
Concept
of
rehabilitation
Many people have the notion that leprosy is a problem of the
poor, and leprosy problem is identical with leprosy beggar problemAs ha« been mentioned earlier both these statements are incorrect.
Majority of the patients are in thr community, doing their work for
7
themselves. They are not asking the society to look after them. The
only favour they expect from the society-which is natural, is not to
stigmatise them. The members of the society should encourage
leprosy patients to take treatment and should not take any negative
step such as obstructing their normal life, just because they have
leprosy.
This makes it clear that the majority of the leprosy patients do
not require rehabilitation. They only require encouragement and
support from the society to continue their treatment openly. Only.
5%of the oatients turn to begging. They are the people who have
passed through a very difficult phase of the disease and have ulti
mately taken up beggary as a profession. These are social outcasts
whom it will be extremely difficult to retrieve and since this is a
social problem, the society has to deal with it.
Some patients however develop handicaps because of the
disease itself. They may be unable to continue with their jobs or
work. If they can be placed in alternative jobs which are suitable
for them, many patients would not require rehabilitative assistance.
A few however do require the help of an organised set up so
that they can continue as dignified members of the society. Such
people will have to be taught not only the care of their hands, feet,
eyes and nose but also they may require surgical correction and
training for the developments of a new vocation. After the deve
lopment of the vocation, it will be necessary to place them in sui
table jobs. Thus complete rehabilitation comprises of series of
steps where by the handicapped person is suitably placed back in
society with newly learned skills and he can earn his maintenance
and possibly maintain his family, living as an equal member of the
society. The above few remarks indicate that rehabilitation is a
long drawn out, difficult, expensive programme which may or may
not yield the desired result of putting back the patients in society.
Hence the stress is continously on early detection of the cases and
treating them so that leprosy becomes just an incident in life, to be
forgotten later.
8
10,
CHR1SC0HS AVENUE
(NEAR SWATHI THEATRE)
DODDA BANASWADi, BANGALORE-560 043
KARNATAKA - iNOiA
P.B. 3317
Grams: CHRtSCONS
'
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(NEAR SWATH! THEATRE)
DOODA BAN AS WAD I, BANGALORE-560 043
KARNATAKA - IND!A
P.B. 3317
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“STUDENTS’ OPTION
FOR THE POOR”
(an exhibition-on 21st & 22nd January, 1984 )
Time : 9-30 a m. to 5-00 p.m (both days)
ORGANISED Bq:
THE YOUNG STUDENTS' MOVEMENT
BANGALORE
PLACE : ST. EUPHRASIA'S GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL,
GOOD SHEPHERD CONVENT,
MUSEUM ROAD,
BANGALORE-560 025.
WHAT
IS
YSM?
Freedom, equality, peace and brotherhood are
the highest aspirations of man. Every family or
■association, society or nation strives for the attain
ment of these aspirations. History records that
quarrels, riots, and wars, hatred, selfishness and
insecurity have shattered the dreams and struggles
of man to live in a peaceful, just and harmonious
world In order to safeguard the noble, human
and divine aspirations of man, history has given
birth to numerous movements according to the
rmeds of the times.
The Young Students' Movement was one such
movement started in 1930's by Cardinal Joseph
Cardijin in Belgium to build up a responsible student
world. Since then the YSM has spread to 88 coun
tries with international headquarters in Paris. It
was started in India in the 60's and at present has a
membership of over 50,000 students covering 14
states divided into six regions.
YSM-ers are thousands of students all over the
world who gather 'together in small groups to dis
cover themselves and to work for the betterment of
the people around them. Through various activities
and in fellowship with their classmates, and under
guidance of animators, they go througj^p
process of personal growth, discover social res
ponsibilities and commit themselves to selfless
.service, justice and brotherhood.
’
THE TOPICS
1.
PARTICIPANTS
SACRED HEART G. H. SCHOOL (Museum Road)
Introduction
YCS I YSM City Committee
2.
YSM in Bangalore
3.
The Movement: Its Alm, History & Organisation
4.
Child labour
STELLA MARIS G. H. SCHOOL (Malleswaram)
5.
Bonded labour
SACRED HEART G. H. SCI IOOL (H.A.L.)
6.
Scheduled Castes
SACRED HEART B. H. SCHOOL (Ashok Naga.)
7.
The conditions of mines workers
8.
WPs poor and their life struggles
K G. F. (YSM-ers)
R. T. C. & FRANCIS XAVIER'S G H. SCHOoW
...
....
ST. THERESA'S G. H. SCHOOL (Chamrajpet)
9.
The life situation of slum-dwellers
ST. ANN'S G. H. SCHOOL (Ulsoor)
10.
The life situation of beggars
ST. EUPHRASIA'S G.H. SCHOOL
11.
The Rich
LOURDES B. H. SCHOOL (Ulsoor)
12.
. The Causes of poverty
ST. JOSEPH'S (Briand Square)
13.
The role of students & their responsibility ....
YCS (Rayapuram)
14.
The India we want to build
ST. MARY'S G. H. SCHOOL (Miller’s Road)
Conclusion
GULABI G. H. SCHOOL
General arrangements
LOURDES B. H. SCHOOL (Cubbonpet)
15.
ST. CHARLES G„ H. SCHOOL
Hot#To Reach The Place:
The Place is near to Imperial theatre, St. Patrick's
Church & Opp. to St. Joseph's College.
From City Bus Stand, Bus Nos. 138, 315,
333, 131.
From Shivaji Nagar, Bus Nos. 141, 142, 144,
164.
From K.R. Market, buses: 130, 313, 327, 317.
Please get down at Opera bus stop. St. Euphrasia's
High school is a couple of minutes walk from there.
MARIA NIKETAN BOYS' SCHOOL
£
About the Exhibition
The Movement focuses its attention for the
coming two years on the theme 'STUDENTS WiTH
THE POOR IN THE STRUGGLE TO BUILD A
BETTER SOCIETY.' this exhibition is the result of
the reflections and discoveries of the YSM-ers of
Bangalore on the situation of the poor and our
responsibilities towards their development. The
exhibition presents the life situation of the poor
people in our country and makes concrete sugges
tions on the possibilities of relevant action we (stu
dents and the general public; can undertaka to build
a better society.
Dear Friends,
The Inaugural function is to be held on the 21st January at 10-00 a,m. at St.
Euphrasia's Girls’ High School, Good Shepherd Convent, Museum Road, Bangalore.
e
Dr. JEEVARAJ ALVA Hon'ble Minister for Culture and Youth activities will declare
open the Exhibition, Rev. Fr. BERNARD PEREIRA C.Ss.R. Prefect of Students. (St.
Alphonsus College) will preside over the function.
THE EXHIBITION IS KEPT OPEN TO ALL..
THERE IS NO ENTRANCE FEE
COME IN LARGE NUMBERS
...
...
LOOKING FORWARD TO YOUR PRESENCE,
Leo Francis Saldanha,
YSM President,
St. Joseph's Boys’ High School,
Bangalore.
Sr. Tresa Cyriac,
Diocesan Animator
YCS/YSM Bangalore.
&
CENTRE FOR NON FORMAL
AND
CONTINUING EQUATION
" ASHIRVAD "
30, St. Mark's Road
Bangalore - 560 001
Telephone: 570154
Centre for Non-Formal and
Continuing Education
The ' Centre For Non-Formal & Continuing
Education ' was established in the year 1982.
It was started to answer the need for pro
fessionalism in non - formal education, to
collect and disseminate material on Kar
nataka to action - groups, and to provide
professionals with opportunities for second
ary level social action. The objectives of the
Centre are as follows :
A
V
1.
To be a Resource Centre and a
supportive team to grass root groups
in rural and urban areas in Karnataka;
2.
To provide resource materials, con
tacts with Governmental and local
agencies, conducting training pro
grammes and initiating research ;
3.
To motivate and initiate individuals
and groups to non-formal education
work in rural and urban areas in
Karnataka ;
4.
To organise regular work camps to
students and youth and expose them
to the problems and opportunities in
rural areas and in developmental
work.
^)R VISION :
Since Independence, India has made tre
mendous progress in agriculture and industry,
in science and education, in communication
and commerce. Even taking into account the
rich heritage of both India and Karnataka,
their vast resources and the great achieve
ments under the democratic government, the
facts that disturb us are that the number of
the poor is rising steadily. In 1980, accord
ing to the sixth plan document the total
number of poor people was 320 million. The
average of annual increase in the number
during 1961 -78 was at least 37 million.
If present trends continue, there will be as
many as 394 million people below the poverty
line in India at the end of the century. That
is, people who cannot spend Rs. 2.50 a day jn
rural areas, Rs. 3.00 a day in urban areas are
defined as poor.
In Karnataka, about 50 percent of our people
are below the poverty line and about 60
percent of the people are illiterate. They are
deprived of the basic necessities of life-of
wholesome food and adequate clothing and
shelter, of protective health care and libera
ting education and basically of human dignity
and the power to decide their own future.
of society into a just one where all the
members have opportunities of self actualisation. There is also a need to influence
those who have the power to make decisions
affecting the lives of groups of weaker
sections.
TARGET GROUP:
Among the powerless people who need our
concern most, we identify the following
groups of people :
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
landless labourers, small and marginal
Injustice that springs from selfishness in tK>
V farmers, bonded labourers, working
heart of people is also built into the very
children, Devadasis, slum dwellers,
structures of our society and makes a vast
rag pickers, workers in non-formal trades
majority of people deprived of even basic
and similar groups.
necessities of life. When people in a society
are bonded to acquisition and greed for
DETAILS ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES :
power they work for their own welfare. The
bonds between people then become weaker,
1. Library and Documentation Facilities :
leading to a phenomenon of alienation. In
We have about 2000 books on various sub
this type of a society, individuals are cut off
jects and about 50 journals of which 16 are
from humanity, thus producing crippled
duly documented and indexed.
human beings. Since, to be fully human,
communion with humanity is a necessary
Our library is specialised in books on nonprerequisite.
formal education, forestry, rural development
and social sciences.
Deprived sections in the present social system
can neither educate nor organise themselves,
Journal documentation is undertaken and we
nor achieve economic independence. Human
^e updated documentation of 16 journals
emancipation is the major concern of f'1'
viz ; Seminar, Economic and Political Week
positive thinkers. We need to find out alter
ly, Social Action, Commerce, Science Today,
natives, to enable the under-privileged to
New Frontiers in Education, Facts, Inter
emerge from their helplessness and to set
nationalists, Social Welfare, Alternatives,
people at the grass root level of the social
Bulletin, Medical Service, JFDA Dossier,
matrix moving.
State and Society, Southern Economist and
THE PEOPLE WE ARE INVOLVED WITH :
Yojana. These well documented journals are
bound and stored.
Our commitments are primarily to groups of
deprived sections. Besides our direct in
Paper/magazines marking and cutting is also
volvement with certain sections of the poor
undertaken.
We have documentation of
and the oppressed, we recognise the need to
papers from January 1985. We concentrate
cooperate and collaborate with different
documentation on Karnataka State.
individuals, groups and movements who are
The library and documentation section is
actively involved in bringing about the libe
continuously evaluated and updated.
ration of human beings and transformation
2
3
The documentation centre is much frequen
ted by various researchers, students and
people who are responsible for the work at
grass roots.
2. Involvement in Crisis Situation Drought Relief :
Every year, drought manifests itself in diffe
rent forms. An acute situation was found in
1982-83. In 1985-86, crops dried across a
wide belt, giving rise to the problem of pro
viding employment to an army of people in
the interior. The drought of 1985-86 was
severe and pervasive, covering all the districts
of the State, except Dakshina Kannada.
An assessment of the situation as shown
by the Deccan Herald on 6th August 1987
Progress of Monsoon Rains :
1 June to 29 July 1987
Drought is, in popular perception, linked to
declining rainfall. A possible intensification
of the cropping pattern may have resulted in
the same amount of rainfall proving insuffi
cient to recharge irrigation systems such as
tanks and wells. The situation is compounded
by the poor maintenance of the irrigation
systems. Drought therefore does not merely
seem to be a consequence of the failure of
rainfall, it also reflects the absence of long
term planning with respect to irrigation and
cropping patterns.
|t is the rural population, particularly the
poorer and more vulnerable segments com
prising of small and marginal farmers and
agricultural labourers, which has been hit by
crop failure, resulting in wide spread loss^Y
employment. The impact of another monsoon
failure on the livelihood and resources, the
health and all — too low nutritional status of
these groups would be disastrous.
As per a Deccan Herald report. August 8, the
average rainfall in the State during the last
few months is as follows :
Normal
rainfall
(in mm)
Rainfall
in 1987
(in mm)
Varia
tion
(in mm)
%
March
9
3.55
— 5.45
60.56
April
41.9
8.90
— 33
78.76
May
91.4
64
— 27.4
28.98
June
182
187
— 5
2.75
Month
4
Varia
tion
Excess
20% or more
Deficient
20% to 59%
Normal
19% to 19%
Scanty
60% or less
Diagram showing the progress of monsoon rains
over Karnataka from June 1 to July 29. Chikmagalore District received scanty rainfall, that
is, less than 60% of the normal. Betgaum.
Shimoga, Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Hassan,
Bangalore and Kolar District received deficit
rainfall. In the remaining districts the rainfall
was normal.
— DKR
In January 1986, we prepared a background
paper on the drought situation explaining the
modes and severity of the drought. Through
our efforts we were able to mobilise funds
and personnel.
We carried out drought relief work in 3
areas viz; Tumkur, Sira and Kolar. In these
areas we had our contact action groups who
organised people through educational and
training programmes.
3.
Wasteland Utilisation Pattern Study:
i account of the imbalances in the availality of wood resources, during the Seventh
Plan Period (1985-90) the Karnataka Govern
ment has planned to cover 1.49 lakhs hec. of
land with fast growing trees for five years,
with loan assistance from World Bank and
Overseas Development Assistance Agency,
UK.
«
As part of this wood resources' raising prog
ramme, Government of Karnataka has set up
a joint sector company viz., Karnataka Pulp
wood Ltd., in colloboration with Ms. Harihar
Polyfibres Ltd., Harihar. This Company has
been allotted 1,75,000 acres (about 77,000
hec.) of "C" and "D" class of lands i.e.,
lands which were categorised as wastelands
^uthe land utilisation survey done in the
Wate some 30 years ago. In these lands the
joint sector company will raise plantations
for meeting the raw material needs of Harihar
Polyfibres Ltd., at a price fixed by the
Government. This decision has been taken,
presumably, without taking into account the
present biological productivity and carry
ing capacity of these lands, usufructuary
arrangements prevailing now and mode of
disposals. Where as the Seventh Five Year
Plan documents' state that the "primary"
objective of raising wood resources is to
meet the increasing shortage of rural energy
needs, the aim of the joint sector company
is to meet the raw material requirements of
the fibre-manufacturing unit. While the
5
Campaign for Housing Rights :
objectives are impressive overtly, a closer 5.
scrutiny of the schemes reveals that :
A national meeting of concerned groups and
a)
they have emphasised plantations on individuals from various parts of the country
private lands, village commons and and from various fields of work has issued a
degraded land as against degraded lands call for a National Campaign for Housing
only;
Rights. A central part of the campaign will
be drafting of a Bill of Housing Rights, and
b)
they have favoured exotics like eucalyp
— taking advantage of the UNO's Internatio
tus which are commercially valued and
nal Year of Shelter for Homeless (IYSH) in
which hardly fulfil 'basic' needs of fuel,
1987 — the campaigning for its passing in
fodder and fibre.
Indian Parliament will be highlighted
It is these two aspects that have led inde throughout 1987.
pendent researchers to hypothetically state
is bill aims at providing positive and
that the present social forestry programme A
ncrete rights in an area of life essential to
essentially a response to the failure of pro
all and, moreover, where there are extensive
duction forestry, which in essence aims to
struggles and efforts already taking place all
meet the raw material requirements of the
over the country.
industry.
«
OBJETIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
This study represents an effort to analyse
comprehensively the land-use pattern of "C"
and "D" class of lands in Karnataka in vari
ous ecological zones vis-a-vis availability of
biomass. The study aims to provide :
i) an insight into patterns of
- an overview of land dynamics and
emerging needs;
- land use patterns of macro-level with
special reference to waste lands;
- usufructuary arrangements;
ii) a framework and perspective for formu
lating a concise people-oriented develop
mental plan within the village, taluks
and State context, in line with the
ecological zones;
i'i) a data base for continuing work, both
pure and applied.
4.
Our Involvement with Movements :
We extend our cooperation and support to
movements like Dalit Movement which are
aimed at empowering the weaker sections
and are meant to bring about social change.
6
A wide range of groups, organisations and
individuals who are in anyway concerned
with the struggles of ordinary men and
women for the " right to live with dignity "
have come together under our Centre to form
a Regional Co-ordination Committee to build
up momentum to this National Campaign for
Housing Rights. A wide range of activities
have been agreed upon, and responsibilities
divided.
These include :
The drafting of a Bill of Housing Rights
” through intensive interaction and mass
level contacts ;
b) The setting up of specialist research and
documentation centres on a number of
vitally related subjects all over the
State ;
c)
Wide-scale dissemination of information
on all related aspects of housing as well
as screening of films and exhibition
materials.
To start this campaign, in May 1986, six
college youths took a National Cycle Rally
and cycled through 2000 kms from Banga
lore and ended their journey at New Delhi.
7
At New Delhi they submitted a memorandum
to the Prime Minister of India, urging him to
pass a bill protecting the housing rights of
the people, especially the weaker sections.
The Centre is hosting several meetings and is
a referral point for State level housing acti
vities.
Preparation of Resource Materials :
6.
CLUSTER SCHOOL
MOVEMENT
IN KARNATAKA
- Publication of materials to meet the
needs of the animators and literacy
groups.
x
- Preparation of training and awareness
materials - articles, songs, slides, street
plays and other aids.
- Documentation of studies relating to
society, development and liberation
struggles.
- Research on and analysis of various
social forces and aspects of people's life
and culture.
- Audio-visual production on issues of
injustice and social analysis.
7.
Involvement with Grass Roots :
We are closely linked with various groups
working at the grass roots, who are active^'
involved in bringing about the liberation
human beings. It is people themselves, who
are responsible for their growth and deve
lopment. Change cannot be imposed by
external agents, but is the prerogative of
those who form a community and should
come from within the community itselfDevelopment workers play an important role
as 'facilitators' or enablers. They are instru
mental in bringing about change in the
people and society. In our involvement with
grass roots, the actions we envisage are as
follows :
- Initiating new groups to work at the
grass root level.
8
• CLUSTER SCHOOL MOVEMENT
- Providing relevant reading material to
the groups working at the grass roots.
- Providing awareness materials — articles
songs, slides, street plays and other
aids.
- Guidance for organisations at the grass
roots.
- We have been according highest priority
to educational and training programmes.
- Training
survey.
the
groups for conducting
'V_ Training of village level animators to
guide their people in achieving social
awareness, informing Sanghams, Mahila
Mandals and achieving literacy.
- Rallying people together on different
issues of injustice, to create movements
which work toward the change of unjust
structures.
8.
Youth Training Programmes:
- Camps are organised for high school
and college students.
- Orientation is given on social analysis
and development of leadership.
Sr Cluster School Movement:
Scanning through our educational system, it
is obvious that the privileged groups are the
principal beneficiaries of our educational
system. The system operates in such a way
that under-privileged groups can utilize it
only marginally and the bulk of them become
either drop-outs or push-outs and automati
cally are forced to reconcile with their own
inferior status.
9
Age-wise distribution of the
children attending school ■. 1981
Age
in
Percentage of children attending school
Rural
Male
Rural
Female
Urban
Male
Urban
Female
5
9.91
7.01
28.49
25.73
6
31.29
21.19
55.02
49.65
7
49.16
32.88
72.53
65.43
8
52.34
32.45
75.50
66.80
9
65.30
41.45
83.58
75.41
JO
57.70
32.05
78.17
84.22
68.17
74.16^'.
11
68.32
38.97
12
55.33
26.79
75.25
63.90
13
59.60
27.94
77.35
64.86
14
51.84
21.02
71.31
57.37
Source : Census of India, 1981
From the available data it is clear that the
proportion of children attending school,
especially upto the age of 7, is very low. That
means many children do not even start
attending school at the prescribed age.
The gap between male and female participa
tion is very large in rural areas compared to
the corresponding gap in urban areas. In rura|
areas the gap between male and fema^'
participation increases rapidly with age.
With regard to the absolute size of non
enrolled children, the Census data has
revealed that the number of children not
attending school is about 74 million and out
of this 65 million are in rural areas.
The profile portrayed indicates that the
number of additional children to be covered
through the non-formal and other modes of
education would be slightly larger than those
who are already attending schools.
Many studies have shown that the indica
tors of socio-economic development are
intrinsically associated with the level of
educational development. It is usually the
poor in the rural areas who suffer the most.
On one side we have to face the stark reality
of the majority of rural children non
enrollment in school, on the other side what
happens to those who attend schools ? Let
us take stock of Karnataka's position to
illustrate how deceptive is the present formal
educational system.
Of the 23,514 Lower Primary Schools in the
State of Karnataka (as on July 20, 1985) —
W,017were single Teacher Schools with a
“al enrolment of 907,214 pupils which
accounts to about 70 percent of the total
enrolment in the State in Lower Primary
Schools. Source: Educational Statistics of
Karnataka Education Department, 1985.
If deprivation starts to build up at an early
age for nearly 70 percent of Karnataka's
children who are enrolled in rural schools
and progressively limits and eventually
blocks entry into the mainstream of society,
what should be our response?
AIMS OF CSM (LONG TERM) :
Change occurs, when people examine their
problems, identify solutions to these proband go about practically, to solve these
“blems — thus improving the quality of
life of the community.
Cluster School Movement is a peoples' move
ment aimed at empowering the weaker sec
tions leading to social transformation. It is a
peoples' movement towards a society where
dignity of human beings is the first and fore
most priority, with no consideration to class,
caste, creed, sex and religion.
It aims at a cultural revolution to bring
about a change in the attitudes, values and
thought processes, with a view to set in and
accelerate the process of social change to
restructure the society.
10
11
It strives to bring about necessary changes By participation, accountability and responin the policies of the Government in favour sibility, people from the deprived sections
of the weaker sections, thus increasing their may gain control over the institutions which
bargaining power.
serve them, with a view that institutions
must serve their purpose.
GOALS (SHORT TERM) :
- To bring out a comprehensive strategy To foster creativity and critical thinking, in
for providing universal primary education order to find alternatives for effecting and
with special emphasis on children from finding solutions to the problems and for
initiating constructive programmes by a
deprived sections.
rational use of their many personal potentials
- To form a community based and decent
ralised model for the organisation of and assets.
universal primary education.
- To strive to provide universal primal 1
education for children in the age group
6 to 16 in selected rural areas.
- To strive to improve the quality of pri
mary school education in selected areas
and to relate it more closely to the life
and needs of rural children and to rural
transformation.
- To produce improved educational mate
rials for use in primary schools and to
collect and devise improved pedagogical
methods.
- To provide insights for the improved
participation of teachers and improving
their standards where necessary.
- To strive to provide pre-school educati^
in selected areas.
OBJECTIVES OF CSM :
To strengthen the unity among deprived sec
tions and to achieve the desired development
collectively through hon-formal education.
To ward off unfavourable cultural beliefs
which have been hindering socio-economic
development of people in the rural areas.
Towards building and strengthening the
power of the weaker sections, so that there
may be decentralisation of power, with a
view that their "silent screams" may be
transformed into powerful voices, so that
they may actively participate in the decision
making processes.
12
ITION FOR CSM AT THE CENTRE :
i) Seminars : We conduct seminars with
our contact groups at grass roots for
clarifying concepts of Cluster School
Movement and also for new inputs for
Cluster School Movement in terms of
'thinking' and strategies of implemen
tations.
ii) Training : We accord highest priority
for training programmes. These prog
rammes are arranged for different
categories of people working at the
grass roots like animators, pre-school
teachers, and leaders of the commu
nity.
iii) Orientation Programmes: Orientation
ip programmes are conducted for religir ous groups.
iv) Training Programmes for the Target
Population : Members of village Sanghams and Mahila Mandals are brought
together for reflection and training
for effective functioning, leadership
development, raising issues and pro
blem solving.
v) Camps : To create awareness among
the youth, camps are organised in the
villages where CSM is initiated.
vi) Production of resource materials
like booklets, articles, slides, video,
stories, songs.
13
To create an awareness among the people
and to organise them needs lot of skills, so
the activists and media personnel work in
close collaboration with each other.
vii) Training Street Theatre.
viii) Training in survey and research.
B.
Research :
i) We conduct health, socio-economic
and educational surveys to get an
accurate understanding of the situ ation wherever we initiate Cluster
School Movement.
t
ii) At present we have trained a group to
conduct research on 'Single Teacher
Schools' in Doddaballapur Taluk. There
are 179 Single Teacher Schools out o^
236 primary schools in Doddaballap®?
Taluk. We have already constructed
the tools for research. Presently, the
group is collecting data.
iii) A study is also being conducted to
understand the problems of drop-out
in rural schools.
iv) Research is also initiated in English
language. Our prime objective is to
devise appropriate means of teaching
English in rural areas. This research
was initiated in August 1987.
I ■ )
j I
1.
To produce communication materials
that can be made use of to bring aware
ness among the people, mainly at grass
root levels.
2.
To train grass root level workers in
order to make them understand the
communication system that functions in
our country which has become part of
their life and to search for alternate
media that is apt for grass roots like
theatre, posters, songs, puppetry, slides
etc., and acquire necessary skills to
make use of these group media.
3 To build a net work among the grass
root level group for sharing, acquiring
communication materials and searching
for new themes.
TRAINING ;
All the planned workshops aim to provide a
comprehensive and integrated framework, in
which the participants can learn, work and
transfer social skills and respond to the
complexities of modern day demands.
Further, we are developing a team to
study the pedagogy and content of
primary schools.
PRESENT STATUS OF CSM :
The communication department of CNF & CE
has mainly the following objectives :
0
We have initiated Cluster School Movement
in different parts of Karnataka. The map will
give a fair idea about it.
The media centre conducts workshops on
the following :
i)
Workshop on poster making.
DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA :
ii)
Workshop on street theatre.
Grass root level communication plays an
essential role in the process of social change.
The relationship between the personnel in
the department of media and other personnel
at the CNF & CE is a partnership rather than
a'tool-user relationship. This new relation
ship depends on two elements : to under
stand the dynamic relation between two
parties, and to define their roles in the
process of social reform.
iii)
Workshop on slide sound production.
iv)
Workshop on communication media.
14
I <
j 3 ;
VIDEO PRODUCTION:
i) Situation of one teacher schools.
ii) Children's festival.
iii) A video documentary film is produced
on 'Rural Women-priorities and needs'
iv) Video film on Rag Pickers.
15
SLIDE PRODUCTION :
i)
Abbu and Subbu : Slide show for
children to convey the importance of
education.
ii)
Slide documentation on 'Hakkipikki'
tribes festival.
SLIDES READY FOR SALE :
i) Drug policy of India.
ii) Two faces of India.
iii)
Life and struggle of rag pickers.
iv)
Abbu and Subbu.
v)
Island - old version.
SCREENPRINTING: ,
One of the new undertakings of the year was
the introduction of screen printing. So far
we have produced the following :
1.
1,000 posters which emphasise the
need to go to school.
2.
Visiting cards for the members of the
centre.
3.
1,000 posters on the theme 'Unity'.
16
VATHSALYA CHARITABLE TRUST
The Rights of the Child ensure that the
child shall be entitled from his birth to
a name and a family.
Need for Family Support for Development of
Children
“It is an accepted fact that the balanced development of a
child - emotional, physical and intellectual - can be best
ensured within the family or where this is not possible, in
familial surroundings. The responsibility for providing care
and protection to children including those who are
orphaned, abandoned, neglected and abused rests primarily
with the family, the community and society at large.
However, since many traditional institutions including the
family structure are undergoing changes on account of
urbanisation, industrialisation and the general process of
development, family support to a child is not always
(
available. It, therefore, becomes the responsibility of the
community, of society and of the State to provide both
institutional and non-institutional support to destitute
children.”
Ministry of Welfare publication Gazette of India (Part I) July 1989
This is where the Vathsalya Charitable Trust comes in. We
strive to find homes for abandoned and orphaned children.
Our objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Every child should be in a family.
Strive to prevent abandonment of children.
Emergency care of children in crisis situations.
Place homeless children with families within the country.
Our services
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Child-care centre.
Counselling service to unwed mothers.
Temporary child-care services.
Foster-care services.
Adoption within the country.
Would you like to be a partner in this venture?
What you can do
1. Refer any orphaned or abandoned child to us.
2. Refer the unwed mother or unwanted baby to us.
3. Encourage couples and families to provide a permanent
home for homeless children.
4. Send us your views on our programmes.
5. Promote adoption in India by referring prospective
adoptive parents to us.
His name is TODAY
“We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our
worst crime is abandoning the children, neglecting the
fountain of life. Many of the things we need can wait. The
child cannot. Right now is the time his bones are being
formed, his blood is being made and his senses are being
developed. To him we cannot answer ‘Tomorrow’. His name
is TODAY"
- Gabriela Mistrala
(Chilean poet)
For further details please contact:
Programme Director:
VATHSALYA CHARITABLE TRUST
115/2 Naganapalya Main Road,
Marathi Sevanagar,
Bangalore 560 033
Phone: 570 009.
Comprehensive
Community Based
Health and Development
Programme
•ST THOMAS MISSION SOCIETY
M A N D Y A
Phone : (0823244) 107 3
SANTHOME, Post Eox No. 42,
Engineering College Road
Mandya - 571 401, Karnataka, INDIA.
3
COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY BASED
HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
The " Saint Thomas Mission Society ” has
been working in Mandya District since 1978, having
mainly the villages in mind. This society started
more organised social service • the 1 Comprehensive
Community Based Health And Development
Programme” (CHDP) in 1987.
Aims and Objectives ?
The CHDP is aimed at bringing about an inte
gral development of the community irrespective of
class, caste and creed. By integral development we
mean the total well being of individuals in their
physical, mental, spiritual, social, economic, educa
tional and cultural aspects of life.
I.
Creating an awareness in the people of illiteracy,
exploitation, casteism, poverty, inequality and disea
ses ; to motivate the people to work for the irradication of these social evils.
O
II. Improving the living conditions and general
welfare of the public, particularly of the rural
population composed of farmers and agricultural
labourers as well as the poor and indigent persons of
whatever occupation by effecting change in the entire
outlook and attitude of the people at large. This is
possible only by motivating the people to find out
ways and means to reach the envisaged goal
III- The dynamism which is a prerequisite for
development is inherent in the community The only
thing needed is to facilitate the hidden potentialities
in the people to blossom out. This is possible by
making people aware of their ignorance and creating
in them a socio-political consciousness which gives
an impetus to concrete action.
IV. A general awakening in the society is impossible
through piecemeal work ; it should rather be through
(^iccssant and organised efforts. In order to attain
this end, the various groups in the community such
as children, women, youth and adults are to be
organised in a positive and creative manner. By
means of various contextualised educational pro
grammes, the groups and the community at large
have to be conscientized, motivated and helped to
think and act for their own development.
V. Ours is a humble effort to join hands with the
worldwide attempt to realize “ Health for all by
2000 AD”, the objective put forth in the ‘Alma Atta’
(WHO) declaration.
To attain the above said objectives, we have
launched the following programmes :
Mlursery Training Programme :~
It is the training given to children in the age
group of 4 to 6 years This pre-primary education
is meant to give initiation and interest among child
ren in learning. The teachers are given special train
ing not only to conduct nursery classes but also
to work as animators in the grass root level So the
34 nurseries we are having help us to reach out the
entire villages
Non-Formal Education For School Dropouts r
In villages vast majority of children discontinue
4
5
going to school even before they complete their
primary eduation. Some of the reasons for this
are poverty, low wages, unemployment, lack of
interest on the part of parents and poor facilities
available in schools. This situation prompts parents
to send their children for work to eke out their
livlihood and these children engage themselves in
agricultural labour, go for grazing cattle and sheep
or baby sit at home.
S
Taking into consideration the various aspects of
the social situation and economic backwardness, an
education programme of a different sort is being
executed
We envisage an education of a non-formal type.
For this, teachers are so trained in each station that
they can give this type of education for the school
dropouts.
The teacher’s role in this regard is of utmost
importance. They have to motivate parents as well
as children and have to get the co-operation of the
whole village. At present we are running 42 nonformal schools under the project.
Motivation Programme :
and to facilitate people’s organisations and better
functioning of them. With this in mind we conduct
more than 50 motivation camps every year.
Adult Education :
The adult education programme is intended to
be a community mobilization and organization prop-ramme. It will be a non-formal forum where people
. ill sit together and discuss various issues and
problems, trying to find out solutions by themselves
through their common efforts
Making people literate will also be a concern of
ours under this programme. A one month literacy
campaign will be undertaken every year after having
motivated educated volunteers for the same. The
enlightened volunteers in the village will make a
survey of the illiterate in that village and organise
and conduct this literacy campaign.
This will be followed up through the supply of
reading materials adapted to their standard and
occasional short courses to keep in touch with them.
Qpadership Training :
People are capable of changing their situation
if they are properly motivated. Therefore, this
motivation programme is intended to elicit and
facilitate the process of analysing the social situation
and to take common action
The villagers are not united mainly because of
the lack of able leadership
Traditional power
structure and existing leadership are very much antidevelopmental. They stand to keep up the tradi
tional structure and institutions for their own vested
interest. Democracy and' democratic values are a
distant dream for the majority.
The main intention of this programme is t°
enable people to critically evaluate the basic causes
of social evils and to work for their eradication, t0
make them aware of their right in decision making
So a new generation of leaders, who have
interest and initiative to work for the development
of the village, should evolve to replace the old
8
7
encouraging community participation.
generation of self-seekers.
The ultimate result of this programme is to have
charismatic and committed leaders in villages and to
motivate them to work against inequality and
injustice and bring about a transformation for
the better.
Farmers’ Education Programme :
The backbone of economy of Mandya district
as of the whole of India is agrarian. The income
farmers get from traditional methods of farming
is very meagre.
Under this programme, various seminars, camps
and demonstration classes are being conducted on
topics such as agriculture, animal husbandry, small
scale industries, co-operatives and self employment
schemes.
The primary goals of this programme are to give
theoretical and technical knowledge on agriculture
and animal husbandry and io link people with govt.
departmental agencies.
Community Health Programme :
™
Community health programme is drawn up to
make an awareness among the people that health is
their right and that people have a collective responsi
bility to maintain and promote it.
The planned community health programme is
oriented towards prevention of sickness and promo
tion ot health, utilization of local health resources,
promotion of herbal and traditional system of medi
cine, training of village based health cadres and
r
Mother and child health
2. Jyothir Vikasa
2)
Health animators’ training
3)
School health programme
4)
Herbal medicine and home remedies
5) Community health centres
Kalenahally (Post)
Mandya Taluk
Mandya -571^02
Phone : YeliyUr gtF
*
7.
The multi-prong project is being carried out by
22 Fathers belonging to the Missionary Society of
St. Thomas Apostle, 14 Sisters belonging to the
Sacred Heart Congregation and 4 Sisters each
belonging to the Holy Family and Snehagiri
Congregations. They make up the core team and
work hand in hand with local committees, govern"
|nent and voluntary agencies.
There are 80 animators (grass root level workers)
chosen from among the best in villages and two
energetic MSW graduates working as Field Officers
and experts. We carry out these programmes with
special emphasis on the rural poor, the working
class, the slum dwellers, the women, and children,
the aboriginals, the scheduled castes and scheduled
tribes. More than 120 villages are covered in diffe
rent parts of Mandya district and all our activities
are carried out through the following centres.
4*
Jeevan Jyothi
Ganjam,
Srirangapatna
£
Mandya. ^571438
Phone : SRP-] go"—*”*
3. Vimalalaya
In order to conduct the programme, we make
usd of the services of experts in respective fields.
government and voluntary agencies.
People at the helm :
Christalaya
Hadanur
Thendekere Post.
K. R. Pet Taluk
Mandya - 571 426
P. B.No. 42
Nehrunagar,
Mandya - 571401.
To reach the above said goals, we are conducting
1)
6.
I. Deepti Bliavan
Guthalu (Post)
Mandya - 571 403
Phone : 1462
8. Sanjeevana
4. Gulabisadana
-Sikkaripura^F'
Chirftflifruli (via)
Mandya - 571455
5. Sevasadana,
Gollarahally
Halagur Post
Mandya - 571 421
~~9T"Preethinilaya
•
Koppa, Maddur
Mandya - 571425
Fr Jose Kochupara
Fr Michael Maliekal
Director
(Social Service Centre)
Assistant Director
(Social Service Centre)
Fr John Kadookunnel
President
St Thomas Mission Society
Santhome, P. B. No. 42, Mandya-571 401. @ : 1073
“ Whenever you did this for one of the
least important of these brothers
of mine, you did it for me ” - JESUS
A
BREAKTHROUGH
Occurs outside our normal structures of
thinking
Frees us from our invisible self-imposed
limitations
Alters our view of what is possible
Transforms everyday issues and concerns
into possibilities of effective action
Yields
results
unprecendented,
unpredictable
Breakthrough occurs often in our lives by
accident. Can we make them happen?
The Breakthrough Program addresses itself
to this fundamental enquiry. Every leap human
kind has taken, every leap each of us have taken
to accomplish anything in our lives has been
the result of a Breakthrough.
Where do these breakthroughs come from? What
causes them to occur ? Our normal responses
is-- accident, or will of God, or luck, or
chance, or fate.
In the Breakthrough
Programme, we enquire into whether it
is really so.
The workshops are not lectures. The workshops
engage participants in a rigorous participatory
enquiry.
What is the source of power to accomplish
anything?
THE PERSONAL EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM
(PEP) (ENGLISH & KANNADA)
Is it possible to tap this source?
This is a year long programme for those who
have completed the introductory workshop,
used in their work, and are committed to
inquire deeper into the technology. Every
month a two day session is held for the
participants who enroll into this program.
The rest of the month is practice in the field
Regular followup support is provided for the
use of this technology by the participants.
The enquiry reveals our structures of thinking.
It reveals the limitations we have set on
ourselves that shape how we act and react in
^our day to day situations. The enquiry offers
^Pus the possibility of insights into effective
accomplishments.
BREAKTHROUGH WORKSHOP
THE FUND RAISING TRAINING PROGRAM
This is a workshop to introduce the
Breakthrough technology to the participants
which opens up an enquiry in them.
One of the fundamental aspects of life in which
we get stuck in our work and our relationships
is money. This program engages participants
in an enquiry into our relationship with
money. What is the source of our power to
work effectively? Is it possible to elicit
partnerships in our work? Is it possible to raise
enough funds for our work from people ? The
program equips participants to raise funds
from people to support development and service
activities for the community. This is a four
month program. Every month a two day
session is held from 9.00 AM - 5.30 PM,
followed by practice in the field.
The questions we ask are :
Prarambha conducts the two day introductory
programme in Bangalore once in two months
(Second Saturday and Sunday) between 9 00
AM and 6.00 PM. The fee for each participant
is Rs. 150/-.
What are hidden and unexamined assumptions
of what is possible?
When we communicate,
communicate?
do
we
really
Do we really listen to and speak to people?
What do we listen to?
<
What are we really saying when we say
something cannot be done?
When do we say we are controlled
circumstances ?
by
Do we really see and know things as we
experienced them?
How do our hidden structures of thinking filter
our perceptions?
A Prarambha also offers introductory programs
on request both in English and Kannada for
development
organisations,
educational
institution and business houses. Those who
wish to take this workshop to their
organisation would have to see the usefulners
of the program for themselves, use it in theis
own work and then request us to conduct a
program for the team working in their
organisation. The inhouse program would be
designed to suit the needs of the host
organisation - the duration of the programme
could even be more than 2 days.
RESULTS
Over 2000 persons from different walks of
life, the majority of them in the development
field, have participated in the Breakthrough
program, this includes key people of nearly
50 organisations, development professionals
field workers, tribals, villagers, students, tea
chers, businessmen, corporate professionals
and the like.
Breakthrough workshops are committed to
produce visible, measurable results in work.
Participants are able to see new opportunities
for creative action some of the accomplish
ments are:
*
increased effectiveness and productivity
*
enhanced ability to manage and communi
cate
*
work completed on time
*
satisfying relationships
*
taking on projects thought to be difficult
or impossible to achieve.
THE NETWORK
PRARAMBHA
Prarambha is a nonprofit development organi
sation registered as a Trust in 1985 by a team
committed to rural development.
Prarambha has developed strong relationship
with many rural development organisations
and individuals committed to development in
Karnataka.
(
Prarambha promotes rural development projects
in Karnataka providing training, guidance and
funding for committed individuals to initiate
village development projects. 35 teams have
been initiated till 1988.
The teams initiated are spread in 9 districts
working in 200 villages.
Many who have done the program associate
themselves with the work of the Breakthrough
Program of Prarambha. Though otherwise
engaged in their own professions and organi
sations, they are committed to take this
program to those in whose life they wish to
make a difference. This takes the form of
enrolments into the various Breakthrough
Programs, follow-up with participants as
they practice in their own work and relation
ships, practice in the various commitments
they have made to having an impact on society
on issues like environment, forestry, energy,
public accountability, rural & urban health,
education, employment etc..
Israr^nbhair^ 6,{oP„
This network is the base on which this whole
Breakthrough Program stands and is a context
in which participantscan see the usefulness
of this technology in actual practice.
53, Berlie/Street Cross „
.
BCC Quarters, ShantinagaK,' ''»<? (
BANGALORE 560 025
Kar/fataka India
yf\-. (0812)-233948- aj
j
They are engaged in programs such as
education, delivery of government welfare
schemes, rural employment, women welfare,
social education.
•
PRARAMBHA
1B/1, Ali Askar Road,
Cunnigham Road,
Bangalore - 560 052
SoflH ,/T
LEPROSY IS CURABLE
BWOiTE PEAK
ENCOURAGE TREATMENT
SOME FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LEPROSY _• '
Leprosy is a Communicable Disease like any other disease. The germ which causes
leprosy was identified by Dr. HANSEN and so Leprosy is also known as "HANSEN'S
DISEASE."
•
It is caused by a Germ.
•
LEPROSY IS CURABLE.
It is neither hereditary nor a curse from God.
"
It is the least infectious of infectious diaseases.
*
Leprosy can affect both the rich and poor. Anybody in the community can get the
disease. So it is everybody's concern.
*
Leprosy is long in coming, and long in going.
• Treatment should be regular and varies from 6 months to 3 years with M.D.T.
(Multi Drug Treatment).
• Suspect Leprosy when there is
-
A pale or a red.patch, non itching, and shows loss of sensation to touch, pain,
heat and cold.
-
Numbness and weakness of fingers.
-
Smooth, oily, shiny. Reddish skin.
and Consult a Doctor.
,
Only a small percentage of Leprosy patients are infectious.
Aocept them in the family and in the Community.
All persons exposed to leprosy, do not get the disease.
the disease. It may be even less with better hygiene.
Do not isolate them ;
Only 2 to 3% of them get
Infectious patients once put under modern treatment do not spread the .disease.
All leprosy patients do not spread the disease. Only 15 to 20% of cases are
infectious.
Repeated close contact with infectious leprosy patients may cause the
disease- Like many other diseases leprosy germs also spread, through coughing,
sneezing, sputum etc.,
Deformity occurs in 25% of untreated cases, and that too, after 3 to 5 years. This
proves that majority of patients are not deformed.
Deformity indicates neglect of treatment and is not a sign of infectivity or of active
disease.
Early and regular treatment, not only cures the disease but also prevents deformities.
Leprosy is mainly a disease of skin and nerves.
be involved.
At present there is no vaccine for leprosy.
Occasionally other organs may also
It is still in the experimental stage.
At present only 5 to 10% of the patients are beggars. The rest are in the community.
Beggars do not spread the disease, because we do not come in contact with them.
Early deformities can be prevented by regular physiotherapy. Some of the defor
mities can be treated by Surgery. Early detection and regular treatment is the best •
way to prevent deformities.
Leprosy patients can also develop damage to nerves of the eyes, resulting in para
lysis of the eyelids, loss of sensation of the cornea, dimness of vision and later loss
of vision.
The disease is not directly responsible for dreadful deformities. Leprosy damages
some nerves and the patient experiences loss of sensation. Without adequate pro
tection, hands and feet get injured causing ulcers and deformities.
Leprosy is not only medical problem, but also a social one. The greatest enemy for
leprosy control is STIGMA the darkest aspect of leprosy.
What is most needed is social acceptance and concern for the patient, so that the
goal set by our Country to eradicate Leprosy by the end of the Century is achieved.
9
What can you do about Leprosy
1.
Educate yourself and discuss the correct information with friends and relatives.
2.
Protect yourself against Leprosy by yearly medical check ups.
3.
If you see early signs of Leprosy in any one .encourage them to go for immediate
Check up.
i-.
Accept the patients in the family and community and help them to lead healthy and
happy lives.
5.
Give equal opportunities for education, employment and marriage to leprosy patients
and their children.
6.
Rehabilitate the leprosy patients with family and community. Support, accept
them. Family members and the community should be educated and motivated to
wards this end. Otherwise, they resort to beggary.
SOME FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY CONTROL WORK IN INDIA
Leprosy has been a disease of misery and suffering, existing in our Country
for many centuries.
Extent of the Problem : India has about four million patients (out of a
total of eleven million in the world) according to estimates made in 1981. Of these
7.33 Lakhs of Patients are in TAMILNADU, 6.2 Lakhs in ANDHRA PRADESH, one
kLakh in KERALA. 2.22 Lakhs in KARNATAKA, 4 Lakhs in MAHARASTRA. Thus it
will be seen that more than 50% of the patients are in these five StatesControl Work : The National Leprosy Control Programme was started in
1955 in India. In 1981 the programme was redesignated as National Leprosy Eradi
cation programme because the Government took a policy decision of eradicating
Leprosy by 2000 A.D.
The Programme is also included in the Prime Minister's 20 point programme..
Treatment : There was no significant drug for treatment of Leprosy
till 1947, when D.D.S. (Dapsone) was found to be useful. In 1981 the Multi Drug
Treatment was introduced according to the recommendations of Indian Government
and later of World Health Organisation (W H O.). This was possible because three
other effective drugs namely, RIFAMPICIN. CLOFAZAMINE. and ETHIONAMIDE have
been found out in the period 1960-1975.
Gradually M. D. T. is being
introduced
in as many districts in India as
possible.
The period of treatment has become indeed very small with M.D.T. 80% of
the patients belonging to the non infectious group require only 6-9 Months while
those belonging to infectious group requires only 2 to 3 years of treatment.
More Informations at
SUMANAHALLI LEPROSY PROJECT
No. 99, Residency Road
Old ST. Mary's Seminary Building
BANGALORE - 560 025
Telephone ' No. 211698
SUMANAHALLI REHABILITATION & TRAINING CENTRE
Magadi Road, Opp. To Beggar's ^Colony
BANGALORE-560079
Telephone No. 355317
7
VTVEKANANDA GIRIJANA KALYANA KENDRA
BROJECT PROPOSAL FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORK
AT KOLLEGAL TALUK (M.M.HILLS AND EASTERN PART
OF .
B.R. HILLS
Background information of the agency;
Vivekananda Girijanan Kalyana Kendra.is a- welfare organisation dedicated to the cause of serving Tribal people.
In spite of the
existing various tribal development .projects, much needs-to be done
for the real upliftment of the 'tribal-, people.. .The people .living in
Male Mahadeswara Betts and Biligiri rangana- Betta are one" such group,.
Who, are backward and.primitive to the extent of still living on wild
roots and tubers /for their food. The Community is knpwn as Sbligais. ,
It is with the. aspiration of serving these brethren thaf Vive-- ■
kanada Girij ana Kalyana Kendra found light with the tw’in obj ectives
of improving the socio-economic condition of.the tribal people arid
also to help them enrich their traditional culture and values.
Great importance is given to: create a sense of self-help and subjective
participation of the tribal people in all our developmental acti
vities.
Situation:
The Soliga tribal people living in the Mahadeswara Hills and
eastern part of the B.R.Hills, come under Kollegal Taluk. These
people in Small hamlets known as 'Podus'.
In spite of the esisting
various tribal development projects of Government, the life of these
people has been still miserable.
They live by casual labour which
is uncertain and some of them cultivate small pieces of.land in the
forest and grow Ragi.
In the lean period they.fetch roots and tubers
for their food. Being devoid of social exposure and ignorance and
fear hovering over their heads, they are in utter confusion and
leading a life of hardship.
There are about 20 such podus (hamlets) and there is much needs
to be done to mitigate further hardship of these people. The details
are as follows:
Name of the Podu
No. of Families
Population.
40
32
62
60
68
55
30
180
125
280
250
400
300
140
Eastern part of B.R,Hills:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Havinamule
Kathekallu Podu
Mavathur
Hiriambala
Hosapodu
Boodipadaga
Huilnatta & Kodvale
.
S. ■
-J O
O 5X £ §
M.M . Hills area:
8.
9.
10.
11.
Hanehola
Gorasane, Tulsgere
and Kumudikki
Konankere
Ponnachi
60
300
80
90
235
375
500
1100
h
<
s.
J—
"SS"
o
to
to
-2Name of the oodu
No. of Families
Population
25
80
50
60
100
110
350
200
250
480
1,027
5,340
Tamilnadu State;
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Germala
Gaddesalu
Arepalya
Hasnoor
Konkere and other
(excluding these areas some more areas are to be covered)
Main problems of the area;
The main problems of the area can be identified as follows:Unemployment, lack of adequate housing, nutrition problem, lack
of food availability, diseases among children due to under nurishment, lack of health care, illitracy, lack of educational opportu
nities, strong feeling of helplessness and hope lessness and ex
ploitation by the non tribals.
Main aim of the Work:
Integrated development of the Soliga tribals with their
initiative and participation.
Objectives;
need based tribal development programmes.
1.
To initiate
2.
To Co-ordinate and co-operate with other voluntary and
Governmental programmes in tribal development.
3.
To organise people, based on specific issues.
4.
To mobilise mass power to get their rights - Land, Minimum
wages, Employment Guarantee schemes etc.
5.
To improve the economic condition of the tribal people.
6.
Forming Podu level and Taluk level tribal development
Sangams (Samithi) to enable them to solve their own
problems.
7.
To enable tribal people to participate effectively in the
process of development.
Specific Programmes to achieve the objective;
1.
Organise social awareness and leadership training programmes
2.
Conducting adult education programmes.
3.
^ssue based workshops.
4.
Organising street plays discussions, meetings, popet show
etc., to educate the people.
5.
Help to get the financial assistance from Government and
other financial istitutions for the productive purposes
to the needy.
3
-36.
Promotion of Co-operatives.
7.
Organising agriculture training programme and demonstration.
8.
Providing health awareness and medical service - Through
training the local people.
To accomplish the task, the propossed staff and their expenditure
is as follows:
B UP GET
Social Worker
Community and Health
workers
700 x 12
8.400-00
9 x 50 x 12
5,400-00
Mobile Medical expenditure
(Once in a month)
200 x 12
2,400-00
Travelling expenses
150 x 12,
1,800-00
Rent for Branch Office
(At Koilegal)
150 x 12
1,800-00
Total
19,800-00
(Ninteen thousand'and Eight hundred only)
(Dr. H. Sudarshan)
Hon. Secretary
Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana KendrB.R.Hills-571317
Mysore District-Karnataka
VIVEKANANDA GIRIJANA KALYANA KENDRA
Project proposal for community development work
AT KOLLEGAL TALUK (M.M.HILLS AND EASTERN PART
OF
B.R. HILLS
Background information of the agency;
Vivekananda Girijanan Kalyana Kendra is a welfare organisation
dedicated to the cause of serving Tribal people.
In spite of the
existing various tribal development projects, much needs to be done
for the real upliftment of the tribal people. The people living in
Male Mahadeswara Betta and Biligiri rangana Betta are one such group.
Who are backward and primitive to the extent of still living on wild
roots and tubers for their food. The Community is.known as Soligas.
It is with the aspiration of serving these brethren that Vivekanada Girijana Kalyana Kendra found light with the twin objectives
of improving the socio-economic condition of the tribal people and
also to help them enrich their traditional culture and values.
Great importance is given to create a sense of self-help and subjective
participation of the tribal people in all our developmental acti
vities.
Situation:
The Soliga tribal people living in the Mahadeswara Hills and
eastern part of the B.R.Hills come under Kollegal Taluk. These
people in small hamlets known as 'Podus'.
In spite of the esisting
various tribal development projects of Government, the life of these
people has been still miserable. They live by casual labour which
is uncertain and some of them cultivate small pieces of land in the
forest and grow Ragi.
In the lean period they fetch roots and tubers
for their food. Being devoid of social exposure and ignorance and
fear hovering over their heads, they are in utter confusion and
leading a life of hardship.
There are about 20 such podus (hamlets) and there is much needs
to be done to mitigate further hardship of these people. The details
are as follows:
Name of the Podu
No. of Families
Population.
40
32
62
60
68
55
30
180
125
280
250
400
300
140
Eastern part of B.R.Hills:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Havinamule
Kathekallu Podu
Mavathur
Hiriambala
Hosapodu
Boodipadaga
Huilnatta & Kodvale
:
M.M,, Hills area;
8.
9.
10.
11.
Hanehola
Gorasane, Tulsgere
and Kumudikki
Konankere
Ponnachi
60
300
80
90
235
375
500
1100
2,
-2Name of the podu
No. of Families
Population
25
80
50
60
100
110
350
200
250
480
1,027
5,340
Tamilnadu State:
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Germala
Gaddesalu
Arepalya
Hasnoor
Konkere and other
(excluding these areas some more areas are to be covered)
Main problems of the area;
The main problems of the area can be identified as follows;—
Unemployment, lack of adequate housing, nutrition problem, lack
of food availability, diseases among children due to under nurishment, lack of health care, illitracy, lack of educational opportu
nities, strong feeling of helplessness and hope lessness and ex
ploitation by the non tribals.
Main aim of the Work;
Integrated development of the Soliga tribals with their
initiative and participation.
Objectives;
1.
To initiate need based tribal development programmes.
2.
To Co-ordinate and co-operate with other voluntary and
Governmental programmes in tribal development.
3.
To organise people, based on specific issues.
4.
To mobilise mass power to get their rights - Land, Minimum
wages, Employment Guarentee schemes etc.
5.
To improve the economic condition of the tribal people.
6.
Forming Podu level and Taluk level tribal development
Sangams (Samithi) to enable them to solve their own
problems.
7.
To enable tribal people to participate effectively in the
process of development.
Specific Programmes to achieve the objective;
1.
Organise social awareness and leadership training programmes.
2.
Conducting adult education programmes.
3.
^ssue based workshops.
4.
Organising street plays discussions, meetings, popet show
etc., to educate the people.
5.
Help to get the financial assistance from Government and
other financial istitutions for the productive purposes
to the needy.
3.
-3-
6.
Promotion of Co-operatives.
7.
Organising agriculture training programme and demonstration.
8.
Providing health awareness and medical service - Through
training the local people.
To accomplish the task, the propossed staff and their expenditure
is as follows:
BUDGET
Social Worker
Community and Health
workers
700 x 12
8.400-00
9 x 50 x 12
5,400-00
Mobile Medical expenditure
(Once in a month)
200 x 12
2,400-00
Travelling expenses
150 x 12,
1,800-00
Rent for Branch Office
(At Kollegal)
150 x 12
1,800-00
Total
19,800-00
(Ninteen thousand and Eight hundred only)
(Dr. H. Sudarshan)
Hon. Secretary
Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendr
B.R.Hills-571317
Mysore District-Kamataka
*****
*******
*****
PROJECT
P ROO P O S A L
INTRODUCTION:
I am a physician by profession.
I studied in Mysore Medical
College, Mysore.
Immediately after my graduation I joined Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra at B.R.Hills run by Dr.H. Sudarshan
who is serving the Tribal people for the past six years.
During my stay at B.R.Hills, 1 had an opportunities to work
intimately with tribes.
1 was also exposed to many gatherings,
workshops and Voluntary organisations serving a variety of pppulations in an around Karnataka. After a detailed study and experience in
this field I have arrieved at my own method of approach which I
am confident of implementing.
AREA MAP
-2AREASURVEY
report
Name of the
Place
Distance from the
Head Quarters
No, of families
;otal number of
'ribes in each
Hadi
1.
YALCHATTY
9 Kms
3 (All Jenukurubas)
20
Landless labourers, no houses
no drinking Water facilities
(2 Houses recently alloted)
2.
LOKKERE
10 Kms
6 (Jenukuruba and
Betta Kuruba)
40
Landless labourers, 6 Janatha
houses have been constructed,
No drinking water.
Occupational Details
of the Tribal Families.
3.
YALCHATTY COLONY
(Chenniyanapura)
8 Kms
10 Mixed Community
(7- Soligas,
2 Jenukuruba
1 Bettakuruba).
40
Cooli, no lands, no drinking
water.
4.
BURUBAR HUNDI
9 Kms
10 Soliga
70
Cooli, 3 members have got
lands 4.10 acres each, few
of them have got Bullocks
no drinking water.
5.
KANIYANAPURA COLONY
10 Kms
26 Soligas mainly
161
26 Janatha Houses, most of
them have got patta lands,
cattles. There is a Balavadi.
6.
KANIYANAPURA COLONY II
(kar Ragi HUndi)
9 Kms
8 Soligas mainly
36
Landless labourers, 8 Janatha
Houses.
3,
3
Name of the
Place
Distance from the
Head Quarters
8 Kms
NOi of families
25 Soligas mainly
Total number'
of Tribes in
each Hadi
7.
HADANA KANIVE
8.
CHANNIKETTE
3.5 Kms
9.
BANDIPURA’
H,,Q.
72 Mixed Community
5 Kms
12
55
-
19
103
12
( 9 Soligas
3 Jenukurubas)
10.
MELKAMANAHALLI
11.
BANDIPURA COLONY
12.
HAGGADAHALLI
18 Kms
17
13.
HANGALA
10 Kms
3 Soliga
Occupational Details
of the Tribal families
120
No lands, labourers.
60
Landless labourers,
3 Janatha houses.
296
Landless labourers,
34 Janatha houses.
Few of them have got
lands not more than
Two acres.
17 janatha
houses. Labourers.
4.
- 4-
Most of the tribes in this area are landless labourers, who
have to depend on the forest Department or on theland lords for the
labour. The wages (Coolie) they get in that area is Rs.6/- day for
men and Rs.5/-day for women. They have been exploited by the Forest
people and non-tribes.
Most of the distant villages (Hadi) do not have proper drink
ing water some of them do not have the shelter or houses.
The Government have not been able to provide the basic needs
to the Community like, shelter, food and drinking water.
Here it
has failed to educate the community. The tribes have been deprived of al
of all the facilities given by the Government through banks and
other resources like B.D.O. as the extention officials dont take
much interest in identifying the benificiaries. All most all the
tribes are below the pverty line, they don't get proper wages.
Added to this they have been Exploited by the advanced formers of
this area.
There is a school in Mangala and a Residencial school in
Bandipura, which are not functioning. After the inception of my
programmes I intend to rectify these problems of school.
FELT NEEDS
Organising in to groups;
As the tribes are uneducated and have scattered in a wide area
and there is no leadership which enables them to organise themselves
in to group and fight for the needs.
Hence the intervention of Volun
tary Organisation is a must .
Economic Programmes:
The Economy of the tribes are so less, the average income of
the family is less than Rs. 10/-day and they are all landless labourers.
The Government has failed to improve the economical condition of.
each family and hence inception of Voluntary Organisation is a must
Health Programmes;
The peoples are deprived of basic needs like food, shelter
and drinking water facilities which is the root cause for the illhealth of the community. Most of the children are suffering from
Malnutrition, Infant mortality rate is (IMR) higher in the Community-r
Education Programmes;
All this is because they are lacking in Education.
I inted
to Educate, guide organise them into a group which can create selfreliance in them and to make them aware of the surroundings as well
as. facilities given by the Government and the basic rights of tribes.
■PROPOSED HEAD QUARTERS:
BANDIPURA, GUNDLUPET TALUK, MYSORE DISTRICT.
Which is about 18 Kms from Gundlupet.
80 Kms from Mysore in Ooty-Mysore Road.
PROPOSED NAME CF THE CENTRE:
TRUEAh EDUCATION AND RECONSTRUCTION SOCIETY
In Kannada GIRIJANA VIDYA MATHU PUNARNIMANA SAM SAMSTHE
....... 5.
AREAS BENIFITED;
1:
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
Bandipura
Lokkere
Burudar Hundi
Hadanakanive
Channikette
Haggadahalla
Magunahalli
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
Ya1chatty
Yalchatty Colony
Kaniyanapura Colony I
Kaniyanapura Colony II
Melkamanahalli
Bandipura Colony
AIMS OF THE PROJECT;
Short Term results expected:
1.
To achieve good health in the community with
much importance to the preventive and promotive care.
2.
To identify and implement the local resources
for the development of the community.
3.
To identify the local Dais who can conduct
deliveries in each Hadi or Village. Train
ing her in aseptic methods and learning any
new methods if available locally and encourag them.
Selecting community health workers and train
ing them in First-aid and to use simple remidies and to educate the community regarding
the Health education.
4.
5.
Identifying traditional doctor who disposes
herbal medicines and to encourage them.
6.
Achieving good community health by preventive
and promotive health care by achieving (a)
Health Education in community (b) Education
nursing and pregnent women, (c) School health
education.
LONG TERM RESULTS EXPECTED:
1.
Development of autonomous Tribal organisation
in each Hadi.
2.
Development of autonomus Tribal organisation
in gundlept Taluk area.
3.
Extending the same to the District with the
support of our brothern organisation like
DEED, CORD and VGKKI
Establishing women organisation in Gundlupet
Taluk.
5.
Developing an attitude to take, over the organi
sation by the tribes themselves in long run.
6.
To improve the economic status of the community
7.
To reduce the rate of illiteracy by Social edu
cation (informal: education)
8.
To establish economically viable Cottage
Industries that suits the present environ
ment.
9.
To take up drop-out education and training
them in suitable programmes.
10.
To take up down tredden rural masses and
create awareness.
BUDGET
Name of the post
PROPOSAL
Qualification
& Experience
Salary P/M
Salary P/A
1.
DIRECTOR
Rs. 1500/-
Rs. 18, 000/-’
2.
PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR
M.Sw/B.Sw
At least, one
year experi
ence
Rs.1200/-
Rs.14,400/-
3.
SUPERVISOR
B.Sw/B.A./B.Co/
B.Sc
With at least
one year Ex
perience or
intensive
Training.
Rs. 800/-
Rs.9,600/-
4.
RENTS
(OFFICE & RESIDENCE)
5.
FURNITURES
6.
YOUTH CAMPS
(ONCE
IN
3
MONTHS)
Rs. 200/-
Rs. 2,400/-
-
Rs
Rs. 5,000/-
-
-
Rs.fl, 000/-
Rs. 1000/- each camp.
7.
WOMEN'S CAMPS
(TWO CAMPS)
Rs. 1000/~each camp.
8.
TRANSPORTATION &
FOOD ALLOWENCE ■
FOR THE WHOLE YEAR
Rs. 2,000/-
Rs.20.000/-
TOTAL
Rs..75.400/-
Proposed by,
Dr. S.B. Maheswara.M.B.B.S
BANDIPUR.GUNDLUPET TALUK.
PROJECT
P ROO P 0 S A L
INTRODUCTION;
I am a physician by profession.
I studied in Mysore Medical
College, Mysore. Immediately after my graduation I joined Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra at B.R.Hills run by Dr.H. Sudarshan
who is serving the Tribal people for the past six years.
During my stay at B.R.Hills, 1 had an opportunities^ to work
intimately with tribes.
I was also exposed to many gatherings,
workshops and Voluntary organisations serving a variety of pppulations in an around ^arnataka. After a detailed study and^experience in
this field I have arrieved at my own method of approach which I
am confident of implementing.
AREA MAP
/>-
-2-
AREASURVEY
REpORT
Name of the
Place
Distance from the
Head Quarters
No. of families
otal number of
ribes in each
Hadi
1.
YALCHATTY
9 Kms
3 (All Jenukurubas)
20
Landless labourers, no houses
no drinking Water facilities
(2 Houses recently alloted)
2.
LOKKERE
10 Kras
6 (Jenukuruba and
Betta Kuruba)
40
Landless labourers, 6 Janatha
houses have been constructed,
No drinking water.
Occupational Details
of the Tribal Families.
3.
YALCHATTY COLONY
(Chenniyanapura)
8 Kms
10 Mixed Community
(7- Soligas,
2 Jenukuruba
1 Bettakuruba)
40
Cooli, no lands, no drinking
water.
4.
BURUDAR HUNDI
9 Kms
10 Soliga
70
Cooli, 3 members have got
lands 4.10 acres each, few
of them have got Bullocks
no drinking water.
5.
KANIYANAPURA COLONY
10 Kms
26 Soligas mainly
161
26 Janatha Houses, most of
them have got patta lands,
cattles. There is a Balavadi.
..
6.
KANIYANAPURA COLONY II
(kar Ragi HUndi)
9 Kms
8 Soligas mainly
36
Landless labourers, 8 Janatha
Houses.
3.
.
- 3 -
Name of the
Place
Distance from the
Head Quarters
No. of families
25 Soligas mainly
7.
HADANA KANIVE
8 Kms
8.
CHANNIKETTE
3.5 Kms
9.
BANDIP,URA
H.Q.
72 Mixed Community
10.
MELKAMANAHALLI
5 - Kms
11.
BANDIPURA COLONY
—
12.
HAGGADAHALLI
18 Kms
17
13.
HANGALA
10 Kms
3 Soliga
Total number
of Tribes in
each Hadi
Occupational Details
of the Tribal families
120
No lands, labourers.
60
Landless labourers,
3 Janatha houses.
296
Landless labourers,
34 Janatha houses.
12
55
—
19
103
12
( 9 Soligas
3 Jenukurubas)
-
—
Few of them have got
lands not more than
Two acres.
17 janatha
houses. Labourers.
4.
4-
Most of the tribes in this area are landless labourers. Who
have to depend on the forest Department or on theland lords for the
labour. The wages (Coolie) they get in that area is Rs.6/- day for
men and Rs.5/-day for women. They have been exploited by the Forest
people and non-tribes.
Most of the distant villages (Hadi) do not have proper drink
ing water some of them do not have the shelter or houses.
The Government have not been able to provide the basic needs
to the Community like, shelter, food and drinking water. Here it
has failed to educate the community. The tribes have been deprived of al
of all the facilities given by the Government through banks and
other resources like B.D.O. as the extention officials dont take
much interest in identifying the benificiaries. All most all the
tribes are below the pverty line, they don't get proper wages.
Added to this they have been Exploited by the advanced formers of
this area.
There is a school in Mangala and a Residencial school in
Bandipura, which are not functioning. After the inception of my
programmes I intend to rectify these problems of school.
FELT NEEDS
Organising in to groups;
As the tribes are uneducated and have scattered in a wide area
and there is no leadership which enables them to organise themselves
in to group and fight for the needs. Hence the intervention of Volun
tary Organisation is a must .
Economic Programmes;
The Economy of the tribes are so less, the average income of
the family is less than Rs.lO/-day and they are all landless labourers.
The Government has failed to improve the economical condition of
each family and hence inception of Voluntary Organisation is a must
Health Programmes;
The peoples are deprived of basic needs like food, shelter
and drinking water facilities which is the root cause for the illhealth of the community.
Most of the children are suffering from
Malnutrition, Infant mortality rate is (IMR) higher in the Community,-
Education Programmes;
All this is because they are lacking in Education. I inted
to Educate, guide organise them into a group which can create selfreliance in them and to make them aware of the surroundings as well
as facilities given by the Government and the basic rights of tribes.
PROPOSED HEAD QUARTERS;
BANDIPURA, GUNDLUPET TALUK, MYSORE DISTRICT.
Which is about 18 Kms from Gundlupet.
80 Kms from Mysore in Coty-Mysore Road.
PROPOSED NAME OF THE CENTRE;
TRCDBAL EDUCATION AND RECONSTRUCTION SOCIETY
In Kannada GIRIJANA VIDYA MATHU PUNARNIMANA SAM SAMSTHE.
5.
—5 —
AREAS BENIFITED;
1:
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
Bandipura
Lokkere
Burudar Hundi
Hadanakanive
Channikette
Haggadahalla
Magunahalli
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
Yalchatty
Yalchatty Colony
Kaniyanapura Colony I
Kaniyanapura Colony II
Melkamanahalli
Bandipura Colony
AIKS OF THE PROJECT;
Short Term results expected;
1.
To achieve good health in the community with
much importance to the preventive and pro
motive care.
2.
To identify and implement the local resources
for the development of the community.
3.
To identify the local Dais who can conduct
deliveries in each Hadi or Village. Train
ing her in aseptic methods and learning any
new methods if available locally and encourag them
Selecting community health workers and train
ing them in First-aid and to use simple remidies and to educate the community regarding
the Health education.
4.
5.
Identifying traditional doctor who disposes
herbal medicines and to encourage them.
6.
Achieving good community health by preventive
and promotive health care by achieving (.al
Health Education in community (b) Education
nursing and pregnent women, (c) School health
education.
LONG TERM RESULTS EXPECTED;
1.
Development of autonomous Tribal organisation
in each Hadi.
2.
Development of autonomus Tribal organisation
in gundlept Taluk area.
3.
Extending the same to the District with the
support of our brothern organisation like
DEED, CORD and VGKKI
Establishing women organisation in Gundlupet
Taluk.
5.
Developing an attitude to take over the organi
sation by the tribes themselves in long run.
6.
To improve the economic status of the community
7.
To reduce the rate of illiteracy by Social edu
cation (informat education)
8.
To establish economically viable Cottage
Industries that suits the present environ
ment.
9.
To take up drop-out education and training
them in suitable programmes.
10.
To take up down tredden rural masses and
6
6-
PROPOSAL
BUDGET
Name of the post
Qualification
& Experience
Salary P/M
Salary P/A
1.
DIRECTOR
Rs. 1500/—
Rs.18,000/-
2.
PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR
M.Sw/B.SW
At least one
year experi
ence
Rs. 1200/—
Rs.14,400/—
3.
SUPERVISOR
B.Sw/B.A./B.Co/
B.Sc
With at least
one year Ex
perience or
intensive
Training.
Rs. 800/—
Rs.9,600/-
4.
RENTS
(OFFICE & RESIDENCE)
Rs. 200/-
Rs.2,400/—
5.
FURNITURES
6.
YOUTH CAMPS
(ONCE IN 3 MONTHS)
7.
WOMEN'S CAMPS
(TWO CAMPS)
Rs. 10Q0/—each camp.
8.
TRANSPORTATION &
FOOD ALLOWENCE
FOR THE WHOLE YEAR
Rs
-
■ -
Rs. 5,000/-
Rs.4,000/-
Rs. 1000/- each camp.
Rs. 2, 000/-
Rs.20.000/-
TOTAL
Rs.75.400/-
Proposed by,
Dr. S.B. Maheswara.M.B.B.S
BANDIPUR.GUNDLUPET TALUK.
New Frontiers of
Devehjpmmt:
jalore
a
VIVEKANANDA GIRIJANA KALYANA KENDRA
(Vivekananda Tribal Welfare Centre)
B. R. HILLS, MYSORE DISTRICT - 571 317, (Karnataka)
(Registered under Societies Registration Act 1960)
Feel, my children feel ; feel for the poor, the ignorant,
the downtrodden, feel till the heart stops and the brain
— reels'and you think you will go mad — then pour the soul
out at the feet of the Lord and then will come power,
help and indomitable energy.
—Swami Vivekananda
A movement is conceived with a progressively
organised programme for the social and
economic emancipation of tribals. The Centre
is a non-sectarian, humanitarian organisation
dedicated to the ideal of "Service of God in
Man".
A
Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra is an
Organisation founded with such an ideal.
In spite of the existing various tribal development
projects, much needs to be done for the real
upliftment of the tribal people. The 'Soliga'
tribal people living in Biligiri Rangana Betta
(B. R. Hills) are one such group, who are
backward and primitive to the extent of still
living on wild roots and tubers for their food.
These innocent and honest people live in small
hamlets, amidst flora and fauna of the thick
jungles in the domain of elephants and are in the
oblivion due to their way of life.
It is with the aspiration of serving these
brethren that Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana
Kendra found light, with the twin objectives of
improving the socio-economic condition of the
tribal people and also to help them enrich
their traditional culture and values. Great
importance is given to create a sense of
self-help and subjective participation of the
tribal people in all our developmental
activities.
The Welfare Centre is already rendering service
in right earnest within its resources and has
ambitious projects to systematically achieve
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its objectives, without harming in any way the
intrinsic values of their traditional culture.
MEDICAL SERVICE
The following medical work has been undertaken
for the tribal welfare, keeping in view the
immediate as well as long term needs :
fjcjpital: A tribal hospital, with
tncdest facilities and accommodation available
is serving the tribal people. However, as this
is not commensurate with the need, efforts
are in hand to take up the work on a wider
scale.
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(b) Out-patient Dispensaries : Three out-patient
medical centres have been set up at interior
tribal hamlets — Purani, Kanneri Colony and
Bedaguli. While this has helped in greater
service to the tribal patients, economy by way
of saving in transport has been achieved.
(c) Jaya-Vijayam Mobile Medical Unit:
"Jaya-Vijayam" — the mobile medical unit of
the organisation caters to the needs of other
interior hamlets.
i^L ‘Sickle-cell Anaemia ’ Screening Programme :
intensive screening programme of the
entire tribal population, to identify ‘Sickle-cell
Anaemia', a genetic disease more prevalent
among these tribals, has been taken up.
(e) Mother and Child Health — Nutrition
Programme : A programme to provide nutritious
food for expectant and lactating mothers and
also children of 0-5 age group, is in hand.
As many as 150 needy mothers and children
are covered by the project.
EDUCATION
The tribal people in B. R. Hills are illiterate
and there is a great need to educate them.
The following projects are in progress to
achieve this objective :
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(a)
Vivekananda Girijana Prathamika Shala :
A primary school is run by the centre
exclusively for the tribal children, at B. R. Hills.
About 45 children attend the school.
(b) Sarada Vidyamandira : Some of the
tribal hamlets are in the interior forest and the
children of these parts cannot attend our school
without residential accommodation. A hostel
for the tribal children has therefore been opened,
and about 20 boys are being facilitated at present.
(c)
Adult Education : The Kalyana Kendra is
conducting adult education classes, in the
evening hours. Health education has also
been included in the curriculam.
(d) Vocational Training : A bamboo and cane^
handicraft training programme has been started
in liaison with All India Handicraft Board.
Further, a training centre in bee-keeping,
tailoring and carpentry is in making.
AGRICULTURE
Three tribal hamlets — Yarakanagadde, Purani,
and Bangalipodu have been adopted by the
organisation to help the tribal people in
intensive cultivation. Though land was
distributed to these tribal families almost a
decade back, most of the land had remained
uncultivated. A few of them, out of ignorance,
had even sold their lands. The welfare centre
has helped them in getting back their lands.
feow a trench is being dug all around the area,
to protect the crops from wild elephants.
Through the District Rural Development Society,
loans have been given to the tribal families for
land development and the entire area is now
under cultivation.
OTHER PROJECTS
Some of the other important projects, which are
in hand for the tribal welfare, are the following :
(a) Co-operative Society: A Co-operative
Society is functioning for the tribal people
with a view to provide essential commodities
at fair price and also mobilise collection of
minor forest produce.
(b) Dairy Farming : Milch animals have been
distributed in collaboration with the District
fcural Development Society and a milk
co-operative society has been established for
collection and distribution of milk.
(c) Housing : Construction of 20 low cost
houses is under progress in a nearby hamlet.
(d) Fisheries : Two fishery units have been
started in order to provide employment and also
improve tribals’ nutrition. These are under
the charge of four tribal boys trained in
Fisheries, for this purpose.
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(e) Cultural : Various cultural programmes
are being conducted to promote the traditional
music, dance and festivals of tribal people.
AN EARNEST APPEAL
All the developmental activities are intendedwf
to accomplish the three-fold purpose of
inculcation of awareness, self-reliance and
purposeful involvement in the national stream,
in the tribal people. The enlightened public
would appreciate that these projects can fructify
only through their sympathetic and invaluable
help.
The donations/contributions made to the
Girijana Kalyan'a Kendra are exempted from
income-tax under IT Act of 35CCA. Donations
may be made preferably through crossed cheques
drawn in favour of Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana
Kendra.
We earnestly appeal to you to contribute
liberally towards this noble cause.
For all particulars, please contact:
The Hon. Secretary
Vivekananda Girijana Kalyanj Kendra
B. R. Hills, Mysore District - 571 317 (Karnataka)
Chaluvadi Madegowda
Dr H Sudarshan
President
Hon Secretary
G S Jayadeva
Hon Treasurer
Forestalls Evictions
From B. R. Hills
A study on the impact of the proposed imple
mentation of the Karnataka Government's
Wild life Protection Act (1972) on the
Soliga tribals of B. R. Hills in Mysore
district.
Karnataka Civil
Liberties Committee
For the forest people of India. 1947 has brought no new
freedom- On the contrary the state has clamped down even more
harshly than it did in the past, on the rights of forest dwellers.
From preventing their use of major forest produce and curbing
their movement within the forests which automatically strikes a
death blow to their food gathering activities; the government has
even drawn the line on their rights on minor forest produce and
has banned their agricultural activity.
In B. R. Hills the implementation of the Wild Life Protection
Act (1972) is precisely another such legislation which aims at
evicting the Soliga tribals from their own habitat.
To justify these anti-tribal policies the government has been
drawing public attention to aspects like forest destruction and
ecological devastation as the motive for stamping down on the
rights of the forest people. This viewpoint makes it appear that
the forest dwellers are the cause for deforestation and that with
their eviction the ecological balance will automatically be
restored.
However as this KCLC investigation revi als, harm to forests
is caused by the planters and industrialists in the main, and the
damage caused by Soligas is negligible. What indeed must be
arrested is the onslaught of the Forest Department itself which
acts on behalf of these entrenched economic interests. At the
same time it is a fact that legislations like the Karnataka Wild
Life Protection Act (1972) are implemented not to preserve
forests but as a means to obtain absolute monopoly to control and
further their use as industrial raw material even if it may be at the
cost of the rights of tribals to their land. life, culture, wealth.
or of the ecosystem itself.
Bangalore
November
1984
Introduction
3000 members of the Soliga tribe, original inhabitants of
the BiligiriRanga Hills, will be soon be uprooted from the forests
where they have been living for thousands of years.
B; R. Hills was declared a wild life sanctuary in 1974. In a
bid to enforce The Wild Life Protection Act (1972 ) the Deputy
Commissioner of Mysore district directed the Village Accountant
of B. R. Hills, in the first week of July 1934. to make an enume
ration of all privately owned land in the area within two months.
Those not covered by the enumeration would have to declare
their rights to the land by August 31, 1984. This would mean a
death blow to the Soligas since most of them do not have docu
ments to prove their rights to the land.
Therefore the Karnataka Civil Liberties Committee sent a
fact-finding team to B. R. Hills to make an on-the-spot study of
the threat to the livelihood of the Soligas caused by enforcement
of The Wild Life Protection Act in this area. The team consisted
of K. Ravi (Engineer), C.K. Meena (Journalist) and N.S. Ashok
(Lecturer).
B. R Hills is a beautiful range of moist deciduous forest
situated in the southern part of Mysore district. It covers around
638 square kilometres. The Soligas have inhabited these forests
for hundreds of years now. Till nearly 200 years ago they Jed an
uninterrupted life of plenty, practising shifting cultivation, hunt-'
ing small game and gathering roots and greens to supplement
their food. Food would be produced separately by families but
consumed collectively. When an individual harvested his land all
the members of the settlement visited him and took a share of his
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produce. During the lean season they would barter forest
produce with the plains people (naadavaru) for essentials like
salt, chillies, clothes etc.
Each settlement (podu) consisting of 10 to 20 families had a
large area of forest to itself. The few internal disputes of each
podu would be settled by its Yajamana, an elder chosen by
consensus. The first impact of the outside world was in 1800
when the BiligiriRanga temple on top of the Hills was put in
charge of some Srivaishnavite Brahmins. The temple was granted
22300 acres of forest land ■ as Sarva Inant. The temple priests
disrupted the primitive democratic oiganization of the Soligas.
The Yajamana was given pride of place in the temple rituals
and co-opted into a hierarchial set up with the temple authoritieat the apex.
In 1871 came the next intrusion when 1200 acres of the south.
eastern slopes of B R. Hills were converted to coffee plantations.
(Most of this even today nestles among the densest part of the
forest.) It was around this time that by a series of forest enact
ments the colonial government unlocked for itself the wealth of
Indian forests. The British government denuded vast stretches
of virgin forest to provide timber for railway sleepers and the
British shipping industry. Exploitation of the forests increased
during the World Wars.
After the Indian government came to power it only stepped
up the exploitation of forests. For example the forest depart
ment’s average annual revenue for the whole of India during
1936—’39 was Rs. 2.59 crores while in 1951-’54 it was Rs. 21.01
crores and by 1980-’81 it leapt to Rs 472.54 crores.
The Forest Department ar.d the Soligas
We shall now see how the Forest Department made use of
the Soligas to serve its own interests and that of industry. (The
products of the exploitation of forests go primarily to satisfy the
needs of the paper and pulp industry and urban fuelwood needs).
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Before the 1960s the Soligas lived in 20-odd major settlements
practising shifting cultivation. Approximately 2 acres would be
cultivated by a family for around 3 years. They would raise one
crop a year. Thus after 3 crops they would move to a new area
which would be cleared again for cultivation. They would not
return to the area al'eady cultivated, thus allowing the forest to
regenerate itself
After the 60s shifting cultivation was banned. The Soligas
were removed from their 20-odd settlements, herded together
and brought to three major colonies constructed for the purpose.
Yerakanagadda, Bedguli and Kanneri. fn the name of tribal
development houses were built for them. Abont 96 acres were
granted with title deeds to around 20 Soligas in Yerakanagadde.
Most of the others remained landless. We find that the motive
behind the ‘development’ of the tribals was only to maintain
access to a cheap and readily available supply of labour which the
Soligas provided. It was convenient to have them gathered
together and housed in the forest department’s colonies. The
Soligas thus came to be dependent partly on the work given by the
Forest Department for their livelihood. The other source of
their livelihood is the peculiar system of cultivation that the
Forest Department bureaucrats created.
The Forest Department graciously permits the Soligas to
clear a patch of land for cultivation. After a while the Soligas
are made to dig pits in this area and teak, silver oak and eucaly
ptus saplings are planted. In the process of protecting their
crops the Soligas also tend the saplings. Two to three years later
when the saplings have grown sufficiently the Soligas are forcibly
evicted from the land. Their resentment is quelled by promises
;of fresh land. But the same cycle of planting crops, tending
saplings and eventual eviction repeats itself over and over again.
The happenings at Guruvinagadde are a case in point.
Guruvinagadde was a traditional hamlet where developmental
activities were undertaken in 1972. 38 houses were built, roads
4
were laid, wells were dug and fruit saplings were given. 4 years
ago when then Conservator of Forests met the Soligas he promised
them by touching the land that he would give them the land
(about 490 acres) that they were cultivating there. After the
Conservator of Forests was transferred they were all evicted from
there-their houses were burnt and their crops destroyed when
they rightfully asserted that this was land promised to them.
This betrayal by the Forest Department has become part of the
folklore of the Soligas. A play that is very popular among them
re-enacts the events at Guruvinagadde. Ironically, the Soligas
of this and other settlementshave been included in the voters’
list, along with their house numbers. One of the available letters
of right (hakku patra), for examp'e, is of one Nanja, son of
Mukkinanja, in Guruvinagadde, who was allotted Survey No. 4,
Site No. 36
Under the transformed mode of shifting cultivation the
Soligas are totally dependent on the ‘benevolence’ of the Forest
Department whose main interest lies in extracting the maximum
revenue from the forest at the cost of natural forests (See
table 6)
Who poses a threat to forest and wild life ?
Another well-known ploy of the government to wrest land
from the tribals is to hold them responsible for destruction of
forests and wild life. Wee see this ploy at work in B. R. Hills
where the Forest Department has sought to ‘protect’ its treesand
animals by declaring it a sanctuary. But to protect it against
- whom, is the question.
Let us first consider the felling of trees. As we have noted,
slash and burn cultivation is banned by the Government and has
totally stopped in B. R. Hills. Soligas make use of the forest
only for firewood. They do not cut trees for this purpose but
merely collect dried twigs and deadwood which they use for
cooking and to keep themselves warm in the nights. This would
5
hardly come to 10 kilos of deadwood per family in a day which
amounts to approximately 6,000 tonnes a year.
Contrast this with the Forest Department whose primary
interest has been to maximise forest revenue. Most of its annual
revenue in B R. Hills comes from major forest produce like
honne. (Pterocarpus marsupium) matti. (Terminaliatomentosa)
teak and bamboo. This is in keeping with the general trend of
forest produce collection in the State where large quantities of
wood are allotted to plywood, matchwood and paper industries.
Tables 1, 2, 3. 4 clearly indicate that most of the wood goes into
industries. (Even this is given to them at a subsidised rate).
In the B. R. Hills for instance, the forests were a primary source
of sandalwood for the perfume industry. But the exploitation
has been so complete that today it is difficult to find even a single
sandalwood tree in the area.
The Forest Department for all its “scientific forestry” and
highly qualified personnel has involved in clear felling along the
hill slopes as can be seen in Uppnare Podu, leading to the
complete erosion of topsoil. The degree of erosion caused by
indiscriminate clear felling at Uppnare blocked the road so much
that it had to be cleared for the movement of traffic.
B. R. Hills which is composed mainly of Charnockite rocks
also contains some open deposits of Black Granite. Today Black
Granite has got a good market in Japan and fetches the Karna
taka Government several crores as profits. A few years ago the
Department of Mines leased out the Black Granite deposits to
private mining agencies. The exploitation of Black Granite has
led to the disappearance of the rocky hill tops and the creation
of deep quarries causing destruction to the flora surrounding
these hills. Due to the unexpected profits Black Granite has
fetched private miners, the State Government in a recent move
stopped all private contracts and through the Mysore Minerals
Corporation is monopolising the mining, and the sale of Black
Granite to Japan. It is quite probable that they might commence
6
mining in other parts of B. R. Hills where deposits are plentiful,
causing further destruction of forest wealth.
Another source of destruction of forests is the smuggling of
forest produce that goes on in connivance with Forest Depart
ment personnel. Smuggling has become so regularised that a
tradition of ‘mamools’ to be paid to the Forest Department per
sonnel at the forest check gates by lorries, buses and jeeps has
emerged.
In addition to the Forest Department there are also other
agencies causing destruction of forests. Very few Soligasown cattle
In fact the inhabitants of the villages surrounding the forests
constantly graze their cattle in the forests.
Let us next consider the destruction of wild life. The Soligas
do not hunt or fish for food. The few flintstock rifles owned by
them were confiscated by the government years ago. Disarmed
thus they have to remain watchful throughout the night to guard
their crops against wild boar and elephants which have become a
constant menace.
Let us now explore the possible threats to wildlife. Ina paper
titled Management of Sanctuaries and National Patks and The
Wild Life Act and Rules, the Additional Chief Conservator of
Forests, Wild Life Preservation, Bangalore, Mr. M. K. Appayya
has listed the causes of depletion of wild life. The second of the
causes listed is Pesticides. There are J.200 acres of plantation
in the middle of thick forests in B R. Hills where the Arabica
species of coffee is cultivated. About 8 kgs of fungicide (a combi
nation of copper sulphate and lime) per acre, that is a total of
about 9.6 tonnes of fungicide is applied twice a year-in June and
in September-October. The application of dosage is concen
trated over a week, and is washed down into the stream which
flows through the jungle. Arabica is grown in the higher slopes
and lower down the wild animals drink the water contaminated
with chemicals. In addition to the fungicide about 4 kgs per
acre of benzene hexachloride, (a pesticide), that is, a total of
about 4.8 tonnes is also applied twice a year. Wild life srnctuary
or no wild life sanctuary, the coffee plantations are there to stay.
Apparently the Forest Department is doing nothing about this
threat to wild life.
In the past, the rajahs and the British used the Soligas, who
have an excellent knowledge of the foiest and of tracking, during
their hunting expeditions. Much of the wild life was recklessly
destroyed in this manner. Till recently poachers too were a seri
ous menace, but the Forest Department has reduced it by tigh
tening security measures.
We find that far from destroying wild life the Soligas have
played a crucial role in the ‘management’ of the forest by the
British and later on by the Forest officials. It.is the Soligas who
have an immediate and intimate knowledge of the forest and the
Forest Department has to depend on them to keep track of wild
animals, and to combat poachers and those who steal forest fire
wood. The Forest Department uses the Soligas to protect the
forest but pays them a pittance in return-Rs. 7 a day for a
24 hour job as a watcher, with no clothing, footwear or protection
from heat, cold, wind and rain.
Daily wages paid to the Soligas who work for the Forest
Department is very meagre; men receive Rs. 6.50 a day while
women get only Rs. 4.50. This nominal wage which compares
poorly with what the Forest Department pays to labourers
in paits of Coorg district who earn more than Rs. 10 a day, can
not meet their material requirements as the prices of grain and
other basic consumer items are very high in B. R. Hills. This
economic deprivation caused by the Forest Department therefore
pushes some of the Soligas, negligibly few in number into the
waiting hands of poachers and smugglers. Once caught they are
severely victimised since they neither have the economic means
to bribe nor the political clout to pressurise Forest officials.
8
The Wild Life Act
It is on this state of affairs that the State Government is
bringing its implementation of the Wild Life Protection Act,
According to the Act entry within the sanctuary is restricted to
those with a permit, those who hold immovable property within
the sanctuary area, those who pass along a public highway thro
ugh the sanctuary and those who have been permitted to reside
within the sanctuary. Further the Act requires . the DC to enq
uire into and determine the rights to land of all persons within
the sanctuary limits and empowers him to acquire such land if he
deems fit. The Soligas who have lived in the forest for an
indeterminable age and whose ancestrial burial grounds are
located in the forest do not, however, possess documents toprove
their rights to the forest.
It is a further extension and concentration of the powers of
the Forest Department that the Forest Bill proposed in 1980 also
aims at. Under the proposed Bill the state government is empo
wered to declare any land as reserve forest and all private rights
to the land have to be ratified by the Forest Settlement
Officer who assumes “the powers of a civil court” in this
respect. According to the Peoples Union foa Democratic Rights
(PUDR) report ‘Undeclared Civil War (A Critique of the Forest
Policy)”, “...in simple words it means that all rights of the
people are extinguished”.
The proposed Bill also lists a large number of offences which
include‘trespassing” and “gathering forest produce” including
leaves, grass, tubers, flowers and fruits in reserve forests. Even
in any forest or wasteland which does not belong to the state
government it may prohibit acts such as collection of grass or
leaves- The punishment for these offences is severe and ranges
from imprisonment upto 3years or to a fine of Rs. 5000 or both.
Jf the offence is committed “after sunset or before sunrise”
the punishment can be doubled. Forest officials are vested with
magisterial powers and may ‘‘arrest a person without a warrant”
9
for “reasonable suspicion”. No legal proceedings, can. be laun
ched against a forest official for “anything done by him in good
faith under this Act” unless permission is given by his superior
official’*. ’ Of course, the Forest Bill has been withdrawn, after
repeated strong protestsfrom all quarters. - However there is.still
a strong lobby for itsr implementation. This;Bill, would-give the
Forest Department such sweeping powers, that the destiny of the
tribals .would, be entirely in ,its.hands. . This is.sought to be
justified by. the: claim that.the.tribals, are the ones who.cause
denudation though. it has been repeatedly , established that .the
tribals play an insignificant.role'in the destruction of forests.
The tribals have a wealth of knowledge about the .forest
combined with an attitude of reverence and love that bears enor
mous significance to its conservation. The PUDR report carries
this fact to its logical conclusion—“Generations of tribal commu
nities over centuries have established a harmonious ecological
balance with the forest. Their forest practices are an inseparable
part of their religion and culture.” (The Soligas, when they cut
down a tree, have a custom of bowing down and paying obeisance
to it.”) Both knowledge of past history and concrete studies of
their contemporary practices make it evident that the forest
dwellers are crucially required to prevent deforestation”.
The Forest Department’s Past Record
What arc the consequences of the Forest Department assum
ing suchswerping powers? What has. its record been in the past ?
We quote again from the PUDR report “
in. Singhbum,
in Bihar and Koraput in Orissa
forest departments have
become the biggest land grabbers by their arbitrary habit of
of declaring cultivated areas as forests.” . The report goes on to
say . “At present ‘forest villages’- are organised in .the forests of
Bihar, Orissa,.West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
In-these settlements the tribals do not have a right to tire .land
which, they cultivate and are liable to punishment if they, do not
provide., labour to. the government, under stipulated wages and
10
conditions. In other words, in these forest villages, tribals are
the bonded labour of the government itself.”
The Betta Kurubas and Jenu Kurubas who have been evicted
from the forests of Nagarahole and Bandipur have become
bonded labourers in the neighbouring villages. Some of them have
become the menial attendants of tourists, hordes of whom flock
here as part of the state government’s lofty tourism promotion
schemes. Some have been thrown into the great urban centres
where they have neither a future nor a hope of one. The PUDR
report sums up the common experience of evicted tribals :—
“They ultimately land up as casual wage labourers at the
mercy of contractors or as destitutes in urban areas unable to
adjust to the indifference of city life.”
We may ask whether the Forest Department actually has
ecological preservation as its goal. What are the imperatives
that drive it? The paper and other softwood based industries
demand large quantities of wood from the Forest Department and
the demands will grow increasingly larger. Quantities that the
Forest Department has already agreed to supply have not yet been
met- Such a situation can only force the Forest Department to
increase the land under plantation to provide raw material for
the industry, which represents powerful political interests that
cannot be ignored. This the Forest Department would be forced
to do even at the cost of ecology unless the forces that represent
ecological conservation make themselves felt far more strongly
than they do today.
The Soliga Viewpoint
How do the Soligas perceive the threat of eviction that looms
over these hills, their homeland ? Says Rangegowda. pointing to
the top of the hill, “We were originally settled there and then
the Forest Depaitment shifted us there and again there and
again there and again here. How many times are we to be thrown
from place to place ? Now we are to be evicted from these hills
11
vyithout being given any land. These are the hills where our
forefathers were born, where they led their lives and were buried.
Let the FD distribute poison to 11 Soligas. if it will not give us
land. We would rather die that.way.” Again, he says, “The
Forest Pepartment and everybody want to preserve and prefect
forest animals (kaadu pranigalu) but why has everyone forgotten
us, the forest people (kaadu manushyaru) ? We say, if they want
to drive us out of the forest, let them first drive out the animals,
and then we will go.”
Unequal land distribution
€>
Thus we note that the Soligas the original inhabitants of B.R.
Hills, have the least elaim over it. Of the 600-odd Soliga families
about 66 only own land-around 189 acres of revenue land. Land
however has been granted to all and sundry non tribals (See
table 5). 331 acres and 37 guntas of land are under the temple
authorities. 50 acres of forest land was given to the department
of horticulture and 30 acres of revenue land to the department
of sericulture. In 1974, after the Wild Life Protection Act was
passed, 3000 acres of forest land was distributed to Tibetans on
the basis of 32 guntas per adult and 20 guntas per child at the
VodeyarapalyaTibetan Ressetlement Camp. Around 40C0Tibetans
reside here now. Meanwhile the Soligas who were cultivating in
all about 75 acres of land in Hirihambala and Kathekalpodu are
facing eviction, driving them straight into the bands of the
Tibetans as bonded labourers. The government has clearly been
freely distributing forest land to non-tribals. Why cannot the
Soligas get their rightful share ?
Conclusion
Industrial growth has its imperatives that inexorably drive
the demand for forest products. The Forest Department whose
primary aim is to satisfy this need has continued and even intensi
fied- greatly the commercial exploitation of our forests. The
Soligas too are given a small part in this drama by making them
12
wholly dependent on the Forest Department and by constantly
holding over them the threat of eviction. The implementation
of The Wild Life Act and the eventual eviction of the Soligas
without granting them land would mean their destruction. While
so much land is owned in B. R Hills by non-tribals, and much
more is planned to be brought under commercial tree plantations,
when a vast area of virgin forest was cleared to rehabilitate the
Tibetan refugees, it is only justified that Soligas get land to
sustain themselves in their own homeland.
—The Soligas who are cultivating forest plantation land
must be given the land they are presently cultivating. All evic
tions from such land must be stopped and it must be converted
into revenue land and distributed to Soligas. This is fully justi
fied considering that the Forest Department's eventual aim is to
convert this land to teak, silver oak or eucalyptus plantations to
satisfy the interests of the big industrialists.
—No land in the B. R. Hills forests should be granted to
non-tribals.
—Land promised to the Soligas in Guruvinagadde (about
490 acres) from where they have been evicted, must be returned
to them Pledges are meant to be kept.
—We give below a list of podus where Soligas live but own
no land-Seegebetta, Kalyani podu, Manjigundi podu, Hosapodu,
Beduguli. Kyathedevara gudi, Kanneri Colony.
Land must be distributed in these areas in order to enable
the Soligas to sustain their livelihood.
In Adilabad in Andhra Pradesh tree pattas have been
distributed. This means that they have a right to the products
of these trees which includes honey, f.uits, etc., as long rs the
tree survives. The fruit orchards must be brought under this
system in B. R. Hills, to provide sustenance to the Soligas.
13
—Instead of eucalyptus, silver oak or teak plantations which
are of no use to the forest people it would satisfy the interests at
the tribals as well as that of ecology if trees bearing minor forest
produce were planted. This would moreover bring the Forest
Depai tment’s activity closer to the central government’s profe
ssed policy of “developing the forests by developing the people
of the forests.”
—The eucalyptus monoculture in B. R. Hills forest must be
immediately removed.
—Wages of the labourers must be improved, working condi
tions bettered and regularisation of watchers taken up immedia
tely by the Forest Department with the view of overall develop
ment of the forest.
TABLE NO—5
SOME STATISTICS RELATING TO LAND IN BILIGIRI
No. of Revenue Forest
tribal
land
Plantation
families cultiland under
culti vated
cultivation
vating by
by tribals
Families Popula revenue tribals (acres)
tion
land
(acres)
(appro
ximate)
Tribal Settlements Population
Enumeration
by VGKK
(July 1983)
Seegebetta
31
Kalyani podu
12
Manjigundi Podu 11
Yerakanagadde
54
Hosapodu
94
Bedaguli
148
Bangali Podu
47
155
60
55
270
470
740
235
Kyathedevara Gud i 2
Kinnare Colony
94
Purani Podu
61
Uppnare Podu
30
10
470
305
150
TOTAL
-
—
—
18
87-01
—
Included under
Yerakanagaddo
-
48
-
10
5
25
40
-5
-
102-02
-
580
2,900
66 189-03
—Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra
40
15
140
RANGANA HILLS—A KCLC COMPILATION
'X
Number
of
non tribal
families in
B R Temple
Revene land
under culti
vation by
non-tribals
(acres)
Revenue land Forest land
under culti
under culti
vation by
vation by
olher govt.
govt, agencies
agencies
(acres)
(acres)
58
331-37
(in BR Tem
ple Panchayat)
1,200-00
(in Bedaguli
under coffee
plantations
controlled
by 3 indivi
duals)
39-00
(Dept, of
Sericulture)
58
1,531-37
39-00
50-00
(Dept, of
Horticulture)
50-00
TABLE NO-1
Quantity of soft wood allotted and removed by Karnataka's
Industries during 1983—84
Quantity
SI. No. Name of the No.
of industries allotted
industry
(M3)
1.
2.
3.
Plywood
Matchwood
Chipboard
17
2
2
4.
Packing case
2
Appx. Qty.
removed during
1983-84 (M3)
1,07,116
21,000
40,119
83601.556
4103.211
26216.816
(stacked cu. m.)
7,120
2781.265
TABLE NO—2
Quantity of Eucalyptus wood allotted to the Industries
during 1983-84
SI. No. Name of the
Industry
1.
2.
3-
Quantity allotted
in tonnes
Harihar Polyfibre
2,05,000
Mysore Paper Mills
88,000
West Coast Paper Mills 32,000
Quantity
removed in tonnes
59,026.180
14,519.348
1,301.765
TABLE NO—3
Supply of Bamboos to two paper mills during the year
1983-84
Name
Allotment
Qty. received
in tonnes
West Coast Paper Mills Ltd.,
Dandeli
Mysore Paper Mills,
Bhadravathi.
1,58,000
50,105.127
1,26,500
94,909.867
SI. No.
1.
2.
TABLE NO-4
Firewood released to the Public for Domestic use during
1983-84 through (Upto end of December)
No.
1. Depots run bj Karnataka State Forest
Industries Coiporation Ltd.
54
2. Depots run by Department
104
3. Others :
i. Supplied to Co-operative Societies
30
ii. Tile factories
iii. Other institutions
iv. Karnataka Soaps and Detergegts Ltd.,
Bangalore
Quantity in M3
2,01,8C0
2,40,806
93,600
22,400
14,053
5,000
TABLE JNO^-,6
The Working Plan
Every 30 years a working plan is prepared for the Forest
$' '•
Department giving a set of guidelines, a sort of plan of action,
which the FD may not strictly follow :
<
The Working Plan for 1973-2003 recommends the following.
Area under industrial
plantation (acres)
Ranges
BRT
Chamrajnagar
Bellatta
Atkuly
Budipaduga
Pstnjur
Hutchanakembarahalli
Doddagowdanapalya
3950
7790
7582
2897
4200
3628
TOTAL
38844
8797
'' We were originally sealed there and then the Forest Depart
ment shifted us there and again there and again there and again
here How many times are we to be thrown from place to place I
Now we are to be evicted from these hills without being given any
land. These are the hills where our forefathers were born, where
they led their lives and were buried. Let the FD distribute
poison to all Soligas, if it will not give us land. We would rather
die that way.”
r
"The Forest Department and everybody want to preserve and
protect forest animals (kaadu pranigalu) but why has everyone
forgotten us. the forest people (kaadu manushyaru) ? We say,
if they want to drive us out of the forest, let them first drive out
the animals, and then we will go.”
Karnataka Civil Liberties Committee (KCLC) started taking
up issues concerning civil liberties and democratic rights in early
April,1984. Fact-finding teams exposed the police brutality result
ing in the death of a resident of Bangalore and countless atrocities'
on innocent people in March, 1984 by bringing out a publication,
holding a press conference and hall meetings and taking up the
cases with the Law Ministry and the enquiry commission.
KCLC also investigated the problems of bonded labour in
H. Nagasandra Village of Kolar district.
After identifying
seventy-seven bonded labourers and exposing the negligence and
false reports of the officials concerned. KCLC persuaded the
Rural Development ministry to visit the village and conduct an
official enquiry. KCLC also followed up the case for release and
rehabilitation of the bonded labourers.
In this report KCLC has made a study of the impact of
implementation of the Wild Life Preservation Act on Soliga
Tribals of Biligiri Ranga (B R.) Hills in Mysore district. KCLC
has called a halt to their likely eviction from the forests, pointting out the ensuring threat to their livelihood.
In its attempt to focus on the violation of democratic rights
by any agency in any form, and to create the necessary public
awareness KCLC needs and invites democrats to participate in
its activities
For Copies :—
I.
PRAGAT1 BOOK CENTRE
Opposite Corporation
Shopping Complex,
Sangam Theatre Road,
Bangalore - 9
2.
S. Ramakrishna
Advocate,
9, Bathing Ghat
Lane, Chickpet,
Bangalore - 53
Copies of the report on bonded labour in Nagasandra of Kolar
district are also available.
ARASA MUDBANA. Vijayanogar. Bangalore 40
Price,
Re :
1
kef
: G96
September
DEVELOWNT AND IMHEMCTTATION Of AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL HEALTH
FOB
DECTA
SEVA
SANGHA
CHI1DHEN,
BANGALORE.
28,
1984
MiOGBAMME
'ZS/
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELT
326, V Main, I Block
In trod action:
Koramengala
Bangalore-560034 -
A comprehensive and •well thought out programme has been drawn up by Dr Ravinarayan
giving details of basic components, concepts, resources etc.
In this note the
action for implementation of such a programme is highlighted.
It is necessary
at the outset to state clearly that the main philosophy is, that a school health
programme should be the responsibility of a team
of teachers who are in intimate
contact with their pupils throughout most of the day.
Identification of this
team having qualities of leadership and their education with the ultimate goal
of developing an effective self supporting system with minimum inputs of
resources from outside is envisaged as most important in implementation.
This
process has minimum involvement of doctors, drugs and dispensaries.
These
are components which come into the picture when health breaks down.
It is now
realised that lay people, teachers and other dedicated persons interested in the
health and welfare when properly educated and trained can take the responsibility
for the promotion of health and prevention of diseases.
They can themselves
recognise the early symptoms and signs of common diseases and give preliminary
treatment in cases of minor illness before referral.
Programme
The programme is to be implemented keeping in view that modifications and alter
native approaches are to be tried whenever the scheme worked out is not suitable.
It is reported that altogether there are about 4000 children on the roll, out of
which it is expected that on an average about 10$ of the pupils will be absent
each day.
40 teachers are in-charge of these pupils in the activities.
To
start with, the children of high school are not to he included under the programme.
For the present only about 2000 children studying upto 4th standard is recommended
to be taken up.
About 20 teachers are to be identified, to look after the health
and welfare of these children.
This gives a ratio of 100 pupils per teacher.
Considering the fact that pupils with acute conditions are not to he tackled, it
should be possible for one teacher to observe and take care of a group of 100
children.
The task of identification of teachers and 100 pupils for each, will
be the responsibility of the Headmaster, if necessary in consultation with the
teachers themselves.
2
A committee will be in charge of the entire achool health scheme.
The
constitution of the committee may be by nomination from among the representa
tives of various actively participating persons including the ex-officio
persons like the expert and the coordinator.
It will have a chairman, a
The number of members will have to be
secretary or convenor and members.
kept at a minimum for effective working.
This committee will form the
executive board for concurrent evaluation of the scheme, guiding the teachers,
finding resources, budgetting and maintenance of accounts, annual reports,
maintenance of records, etc.
Details of the scope and responsibilities of
such a committee may be drawn up by the chairman in consultation with others.
The progransne will take off with teacher's training as early as possible.
The teachers education and training will provide necessary information and
skills for the achievement of the objectives.
A curriculum will be drawn
up and the meghodologyr worked out to suit the various persons involved.
Lesson planning will be an important point-
The curriculum among others
will include the basic understanding of health and healthy living, normal
physical, mental, psychological and economic environment and its impact on
health.
They will also be able to identify common problems and manage them
either on their own or by referral.
Knowledge training in First Aid will
also be imparted.. Since tfe physical, psychological and economic dimensions
play an important role in the health of the children, it is envisaged to have
extension workers who will go to the field and work as links and liaisons
between the teachers and the family of the pupils thus giving an idea of
home environment.
It is estimated that about 300 families will have to be
visited.
Staff for Implementation.
1.
Teachers
2.
Extension Workers (full-time)
(Key persons)
-
20
-
2
(preferably ladies with minimum of SSLC qualifications with desirable
experience and special aptitude to community work, specially in
children, health and welfare).
3.
Coordinator (full-time)
- 1
- person/ with the qualification of H.I. and diploma in sanitary
scheme at Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu.
Exposure — minimum 10 years of field health operations
Desirable - person with the capability of handling classes for leaders
on health matters, one who can organise the school health
scheme at grass root level and integrate it wBth the existing
agency and general health activities of the community. A
3
A competent senior Health Inspector, a person who has worked in
training centres, in health department of Karnataka Government.
Retired persons are also eligible if they are otherwise physically
fit.
Expert - a person who can lay down policies, plan the operation,
administer and implement the programme with in-built evaluations.
HJDGKT
a.
S
Capital expenditure
5,000.00
Equipment for health education and demonstration
. • Its.
Stationery and printing
. . Rs. 10,000.00
Establishment of a Library
. . Rs.
3,000.00
Miscellaneous
. . Rs.
2,000.00
TOTAL : Rs. 20,000.00
NOTE
The required accommodation, furniture etc are available and hence not been
included.
b.
Recurring expenditure
Salaries and allowances for :
Expert (Honorarium)
Coordinator Rs.l,000.00 x 12 months
Rs. 12,000.00
Extension vorkers @ Rs.500 x 2yl2 months
Rs. 12,000.00
Incentive to teachers
Transport and allowances for expert/coordinator/
Extension Workers/otiiers
Rs.
Stationery
Rs.
500.00
Library replenishment
Rs.
500.00
Subscription to journals
Rs.
300.00
Drugs, diet supplements etc
Miscellaneous (contingencies)
Rs.
1,500.00
Rs.
3,000.00
3,000.00
TOTAL: Rs. 31,000.00
NOTE
The per capita expenses work out to Rs.15/- per pupil per annum or Rs.1.25
per month per pupil.
:
4
:
It tn ay be noted here that a sum of Rs.10,000.00 per annum from the Government
and another sum of Rs.3,600.00 per annum from tie City Corporation are already
being received.
budgetted.
These resources can be utilised for the recurring expenses
A balance of Rs.16,400.00 will have to be covered from other
sources in addition to resounSes needed and budgetted for capital ex;«nditure
of Rs.20,000.00.
A free dispensary with a doctor and compounder with necessary budget for drugs
etc are in position.
This can be made use of without incurring any extra
expenditure for immediate and minor curative services.
Conclusion
An all important programme like the health and welfare of school children
is to be implemented with an idea of resorting to long term benefits,
emphasis has been laid down on imparting education and skills to the teachers
with minimum involvement of doctors and curative services.
This is with an
idea to develop, a self supporting scheme involving mainly the teachers as
key persons with minimum inputs from outside resources.
Evaluation will be
able to
* throw light on the achievement and realisation of objectives of such
an experiment.
Dr. S.V. RAMA RAO
Professor of Community Medicine (Retired)
ngn
2\tectot 3 “ ' fetter
Dear Friends,
section of moderates in each
^tiiu^rand an alliance across the
bordpt^f the moderates is also
possible'-. The political wisdom
should’perceive this and positively
respond to them.
were returned to the Christians
for their use and the Government
is even assisting the Christians in
building new churches. Almost
everyday a new Church is opened
and the Sunday worships attract
thousands of people.
I write this letter from China
Churches in China have risen to
where as
part of a team of
theological educators I have visi the occasion. Discarding their nar
ted several places in this great row sectarian view of Christianity
country during the past few days. they are united and commit them
The purpose of the visit is to learn selves to the task of nation build
from the
experiences of the ing, without, of course, com
Christians here, especially the promising their attitude towards
emerging methods of theological Marxian ideology. They openly con
fess that they as Chinese Chris
In recent times the focal point education, formal as well as in
tians maintain their identity ac
of organised political activity has formal. Perhaps later, I will share
cepting the discipline of national
with
you
some
of
my
impressions
become religion or communal
unity. It is this balance which is
grouping. To seek redress of their of this most rewarding visit. Here,
I
want to mention the change of unique. The Government under
age-old grievances and to further
stands the potential of such com
attitude
of
the
Communist
regime
their struggle for justice many a
mitted groups. Perhaps we can
group in our society has found it in China towards religion. As we
learn from the experiences of
know
during
the
period
that
fol
necessary to organise along reli
Chinese Church in our attempt to
gious and communal lines. This is lowed revolution and especially
respond to the present confused
during
the
time
of
the
cultural
inevitable and necessary. But in a
revolution,
the
Government
was
situation.
pluralistic situation the assertion
of one’s own communal identity hostile to Christianity and all other
With all good wishes.
should submit itself to the pres religions. A concerted attempt was
made to root out religion. Chur
sures of national unity.
ches were forcefully taken from
Yours sincerely,
We need to have a safer and the Christians and turned into
realistic view of the role of reli public places. Bibles and hymnals
gious and communal loyalties in were destroyed and public worship
politics. The political elite tends was disallowed. With all this
to view these elements as fissi- Government could not destroy the
parous tendencies. The rulers treat religious aspirations of the people.
Rev. Dr. K. C. ABRAHAM
them as law and order problems.
Radical groups dismiss them as
Today the Communist Govern
irrelevant. In the absence of a ment is taking a more realistic
more realistic view the fundamen view of religion. They are deter
tal extremists in each group make mined to harness the religious
their point by resorting to muscle potential, especially of the mode
power. What is often forgotten is rate and progressive within it, for
the fact that there is a greater nation building. Church buildings
The murder of Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi and the senseless
violence that followed were shock
ing. We are rudely awakened to
some of the disturbing realities of
our national life. Violence that is
entrenched in society erupts like
a volcano. National harmony is a
far cry.
- 2 —
Political trends in India
A consultation on the “Political
Trends in India Today" was held at
the Ecumenical Christian Centre,
Whitefield, Bangalore on October
21 and 22, 1984. Participants were
drawn from varying backgrounds :
political leaders, grass-root work
ers, academicians, journalists and’
others from different parts of the
country.
| We reproduce the statement of
the consultation :
"An assessment of recent poli
tical events, policies and pro
grammes of the present Govern
ment reveal alarming trends. Power
and decision making process are
concentrated in a group, rather
more so in one individual. Not
only do they keep people away
from the centres of power, they
also fail to solve the basic pro
blems of mass poverty, glaring
disparities, growing unemployment
and rising prices. Increasing mili
tarisation and the build up of
several para-military forces that
^suppress demands for human
’rights, have a crippling effect on
the economy and morale of the
people. Threats, physical attacks,
bribery and extortion have become
a way of life. The Government,
besides, unleashes repressive ac
tion on the plea of maintaining law
and order. Constitutional provi
sions are constantly twisted for
political gains. The media is being
misused to project personal and
group interests and real facts are
being distorted. Thus, the present
political
process and
govern
mental apparatus controlled by the
ruling
party are fundamentally
inimical to the democratic process.
parties that arouse the aspira
tions of people to basic human
At the same time we feel that
and
cultural values.
the major political alliances in the
country struggle to share power
While we are conscious of the
among the upper dominant class/ ambiguous fundamentalist and
caste groups. Hence, even if a revivalist
forces overpowering
new party or parties come to some of the movements and how
power, we cannot expect any they can be exploited by the
significant share of power for the ruling elites to divide people, we
common, marginalised man. None have no doubt that these move
theless, we perceive certain signs ments have set the stage for the
of hope :
participation of the people in the
(a) The several people's move decisions that affect their lives
ments emerging at various and bring in a new political
levels throughout the country, culture.
in so far as they assert basic
To counter the political degrada
human rights.
tion and to build up a new order
(b) The grass-root movements or we have no option but to work
ganised by the action groups towards the destruction of the
as well as left-oriented parties upper class/caste domination by
where people have become ushering in a new political culture
politically conscious.
wherein dalits, tribals, the margin
(c) To some extent, the emerg alised and the oppressed have a
ence of the few regional decisive voice, wherein the wealth
— 3 —
of the nation is no longer concen
trated in the hands of a few and
wherein the people actively parti
cipate in the development and
well-being of the nation.
However, in view of the forth
coming elections, as a short term
goal, we opt for a change in the
present ruling party and its leader
ship at the Centre. Concentrating
all the powers in the hands of one.
on the plea of a strong Centre,
could sound the death knell of
democracy. Opposition parties also,
let it be remembered, may not
come up to the expectations of
the people. But, we believe a
change in the present political
leadership would
brighten the
morale of people’s movements and
further the emergence of a new
political culture.
8. Decentralise power structures,
ensuring greater participation of
Panchayats and other local bodies.
The aspiration for a peoplecentred democracy to be a reality.
fascist, fundamentalist and feudal
forces
must be replaced by
sovereignty of the people. This
calls for a new people-centred
"political culture."
Study Project on
Ecclesiology
A study project on Ecclesiology
is being formed in Asia to initiate
dialogue between churches with
traditional ecclesiology and those
who challenge it with the different
The consultation demands :
experiences they possess through
1. Root out the dictatorial and their involvement in the lives and
dynastic trends.
struggles of people. In India the
2. Withdraw all the. draconian responsibility of the project is with
an ecumenical group and the first
laws and anti-people legislations.
two meetings were held here in
3. Disband all the para-military November 1983 and April 1984.
forces.
This project is related to the
4. Bring in necessary constitu Christian Conference of Asia.
tional reforms regarding election,
election expenses and defections.
Global Semester
alternative
TO FASCISM
“What is the alternative? ” This
is a thirty-seven year old question.
PEOPLE ARE THE ALTERNATIVE.
People should become a permanent
opposition in this country to safe-|
guard democracy. From time to
time
the Government should
emerge from a people who have
the courage to root out fascism.
The future of India lies in the
hands of those who dare to
respond to this call.
—Editor
S.C.M. Training
Programme
A training Programme for the
Student Christian Movement of.
Karnataka was held in June. The!
emphasis was on exposing these
students to the realities of India
— social, economic, political and
educational. In addition to this
their understanding was related to
the role of the Church, deeply
5. Implement basic and major Thirty-two students from St. Olaf rooted in Biblical faith. The res
recommendations of Mondal Com College, Minnesota spent three ponse to these
training pro
weeks here during a study on ‘the grammes has been good and it has
mission.
socio-economic realities of India been encouraging to see that there
6. Guarantee the right to recall
from a developmental perspective.' are young people committed to a
representatives on loss of trust.
The course included lectures, cul better life for all, basing their
7. Demand the support of elec tural programmes and field trips to beliefs on an understanding of
ted representatives for people’s various projects and places of themselves in relation to church,
historical interest.
movements.
college and society.
— 4 -
Assam crisis throws long shadows
tion with the Indian Council of
Social Science Research.
The consultation recognised the
fact that—Land and land relations
have been one of the main causes
of tension in Assam and in the
North-East since the advent of the
British. AASU can be directly
linked to the alienation of land by
non-citizens and deprivation of
indigenous people in general and
tribals in particular.
To quote a participant of the
consultation, an economist, “When
the British started Tea estates
in Assam
in the middle of
the last century, they could not get
local people to work in the estates
which were located in unhygienic
and inhospitable climates in inaccessable regions. For cultivation
of the tea estates labour had to
be brought from outside, mainly
from backward tribal areas of
Orissa, Bihar and the Madras pre
The three-day consultation on sidency. Contractors were appoint
‘Assam’ held here in October ed to bring tea garden labour to
induced the
identified the symptoms of the Assam and they
crisis of Assam as weak regional, labourers to sign bonds for five
years.
But
once
they
came to the
political leadership, divided polity,
failure of bureaucracy as a system, tea estates of Assam there was no
escape.
irrelevance of political parties, dis
“Between 1880 and 1917 a large
criminatory use of financial powers,
disinterest of media in long drawn number of tea estates were opened
and
thousands of labourers were
struggles, growing anti-people char
acter of the Government and the brought to Assam. The process
erosion of democratic process, use considerably slowed down after
of non-citizens, slum dwellers and 1920-21 because of labour unrest
minorities as vote banks by poli in several tea gardens.
tical parties. This consultation
People migrated to Assam from
brought together a small number different parts of the sub-continent
of men and women from Assam, from East Bengal, Nepal. There was
Orissa, Punjab. The consultation a continued influx even after Indep
was organised by ECC in associa endance, especially from East
A militant awareness of the
crisis in Assam led to the All
Assam Students Union’s struggle
for identity. The present predica
ment of Assam is a precipitation
of two centuries of neglect and
manipulation which began with the
British. The people's sense of
neglect and isolation and their
critical needs were bypassed even
after Independence. Assam’s an
guish was intensified with the
influx of refugees from Bangladesh.
India opened its door for the
refugees and later to illegal immi
grants but never recognised it as
a national problem and did not
protect the people of Assam who
were increasingly becoming threat
ened. The crisis throws long sha
dows : political, social, economic
and cultural which compelled the
students in Assam to launch AASU
which is proposing an alternative
system.
- 5 —
Bengal. The political and com
munal patronage encouraged the
immigrants."
Another participant from Assam
said, “The present five-year old
movement in Assam for the detec
tion and deportation of foreign
nationals started around the middle
of 1979 soon after the revision of
electoral rolls of the Mangaldoi
parliamentary constituency. The
revision of electoral rolls resulted
in nearly 75,000 objections being
filed in a constituency of six lakhs
voters and as many as 45,000 were
declared as foreign nationals by
competent courts in just one of
the 14 parliamentary constituencies
of Assam.
“It was this discovery that led
the All Assam Students Union to
change its list of priorities so that
the detection and deportation of
foreign nationals, which was way
down on the list came to take the
first place in the list of pro
grammes to be undertaken."
“The response to the call given
by All Assam Students’ Union and
the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) was instantaneous
and spectacular. During the six
days of Gana Satyagraha from
12th to 17th November, 1979 over
700,000 persons courted arrest in
Gauhati alone. The momentum
generated by the movement could
be said to have attained its peak
on 19th April, 1980 when about
500,000 people in Gauhati came
out of their houses on their own
to violate an unwarranted curfew
order clamped in the small hours
of the morning. The time chosen
for the announcement of the
curfew order (4.00 a.m.) gave
AASU no time to make any appeals
to the people, and yet almost by
instinct the people seemed to
know what was expected of them
and marched towards the refinery
about 5 kilometres away. In the
process they compelled the Dis
trict Magistrate to revoke the
curfew order. At that time the
AASU was riding the crest of
popular support and had it pressed
home its advantage it might have
even got most of the legislators to
resign. However, this did not
happen and the initiative passed
into the hands of the Central
Government.
"The subsequent events, especi
ally those culminating in the
general election of February 1983
and the holocaust of Nellie, Gohpur and Samaria that followed
are fairly well known. These were
months of frustration (resulting
from a series of talks that seemed
to lead nowhere despite the AASU
and the AAGSP having made major
concessions regarding the foreign
nationals who had come to Assam
between 1951 and 1961 and those
who had come between 1961 and
1971), repression and large scale
arrests of activists and suspension
of Governmnet employees."
Speaking about the national press
he said that the problem of the
national press had always been its
lack of information about the North
East. “Most national dailies, there
fore, took their cue from the better
known Calcutta dailies like the
Statesman which was rather an
unfortunate mistake. In the initial
stages, therefore, the national
press tended to project the myth
that the movement was directed
against all non-Assamese people
rather than foreign nationals.... The
major drawback within the national
press was its inability even to
sustain its critical stand that it
was indeed a national issue, let
alone sustain its interest in a
remote corner of India it knew so
little about — a State with a
population of about 20 million.
What was even more remarkable
was that it did not take the
national press very long to forget
the main issues involved or the
constitutional and legal provisions
being violated once the negotia
tions of AASU and AAGSP with
the Centre ran into rough weather.
The issues and their implications
however, have not changed : (a) if
anything, the number of Bangla
deshis in Assam (we are not talk
ing about the Indian Bengalees),
have gone up slightly, (b) a large
number of foreign nationals have
got their names on the electoral
rolls of Assam (about 23 lakhs
according to a rough estimate),
(c) the responsibility of accommo
dating the bulk of the influx from
Bangladesh remains that of Assam
alone though
Bihar and West
Bengal are also feeling the pinch
now. With the change in the
Government's attitude to the move
ment and its leaders the national
press seemed to tire of the delay
in arriving at a solution and to
forget the issues involved."
The consultation felt that the
— 6 -
apolitical, non-party movements are
promises to future India. AASU’s
apolitical non-party vigilance is its
silver lining and this should be
safeguarded because it has the
potential for a new political culture
and an alternative political struc
ture.
The economist from Assam who
spoke on land and land relations
suggested that action programmes
shuold be drawn up for the future.
“Following suggestions may be
considered in this regard :
1. No further settlement or
encroachment should be tolerated
in the Government waste land,
reserved forests and Char land.
2. If it is absolutely necessary
to allot Government land, prefer
ence should be given to indigen
ous people, particularly to the
landless or evicted or to people
affected by flood or other natural
calamities.
3.
All types of land transfer,
particularly in rural areas, should
be scrutinised so that land can be
transferred only to agriculturists
and indigenous people.
4.
All available land should be
surveyed and up-to-date records of
rights established, particularly in
Char land. No encroacher or illegal
occupant should be given legal
rights (annual or periodic leave) on
the plea of continuous occupation.
If occupation of waste land and
obtaining of legal rights are made
difficult there will be a lesser
degree of inducement to grab land
in Assam.
5.
Annual lease holders' claim
One-month journalism course
should be vigorously scrutinised as
there is great possibility of obtain
ing such lease through connivance
of the Government officials.
6.
Voters’ list should be thoro
ughly checked to ensure partici
pation in the election process by
genuine citizens only. If necessary
citizenship certificates and identity
cards should be issued to all
£ voters in North-East India after
proper verification of citizenship.
Only foreigners should be de
franchised and migrants from other
parts of India should not be
affected in exercising voting rights.
7. To accelerate the process
of linking of different population
groups educational and cultural
facilities should be extended to
areas where there is preponder
ance of
immigrant population.
Unless there is mutual confidence
and co-operation, it will be difficult
to avoid tension and conflict.
The one month Journalism
course in February was planned
in the context of the truth that
the press in India has failed to
absorb the vibrations of Rural
India — its people, their aspira
tions, struggles
and creative
urges. The course was designed
8. Above all, strict steps should to equip the students with skills
be taken to stop inflow of migrants for effective communication; to
from foreign counrties, as the enable them to understand critic
deportation of foreigners, even ally the Mass Media and its role
when they are identified, or evic in the struggles of 80% of the
tion of encroachers from land people in India.
already occupied by them are
extremely difficult, solution must
The participants realised the
be found by de-franchising them urgency to pursue developmental
so that their influence in the journalism which has tremendous
administration of the State is mini possibilities in rural India. They
mal. It is ludicrous to entrust also explored ways to develop
identification of foreigners to Tri alternative media. Wiht the help
bunals which may only decide the of experts in the field the sub
cases brought to them by some jects they discussed included
complainants at the risk of their history of journalism, the socio
own security and interest.
political context in which the
media operates, the Constitution
(Continued on page 15 CoIm. 1)
of India, developmental journ
alism, history
and
evolution
of communication, developmental
communication and little media.
Apart from written assignments
in reporting, editing, interview
and display and the production of
a newspaper, they visited news
paper offices and AIR, Bangalore.
The participants were chal
lenged by the rural realities and
they were convinced that more
than print media the traditional
forms of communication are effec
tive. Some of the participants
decided to devote more space for
development
stories in their
columns. 18 young men and
women who completed the course
were drawn from Uttar Pradesh,
Orissa, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Kerala. The journ
alism course next year will con
centrate on developmental journ
alism.
Development needs of the village vs global negotiations
There is a deepening con
frontation between the rich coun
tries and the poor countries
over the distribution of the world's
income and resources. The inter
national monetary system which is
in complete disarray continues to
operate. The multinationals are
tightening their grip over the
South. Dictatorial regimes are
being installed in many of the
countries to weaken the political
and economic equilibrium in the
South. This is the context in
which the North-South dialogue
began without a structural change
in its agenda.
Terms to denote international
development patterns and relation
ships have changed over the
years. The East-West/developed
— developing / First world—third
world equations have given way
to the new term — the North —
South. The countries of the South
include Cyprus, Gibraltar, Greece,
Malta, Portugal, Spain, Turkey,
Yugoslavia and all countries in
America, Africa, Asia and Oceania,
except USA, Canada, Japan, Aus
tralia and New Zealand.
The relationships between the
North and the South reached a
crisis point. It was at this juncture
an independent commission was
set up to look into the possibilities
of a dialogue between the North
and the South to bring about
mutual co-operation. The dialogue
was predestined to be a failure
because of the development philo
sophy of the North which was
reflected in the Brandt reports
I & II.
The reports of the commission
were reformist in character and
its recommendations protect the
decadent international order which
is being perpetuated. Teresa Hayter
in her book ‘The Creation of the
World Poverty' comments on the
Brandt report, “Its proposal for
reform are designed first and
most crucially to ensure that the
existing world economic system
functions smoothly. Second, if
possible, the reforms are to be
The national
conference on
'Issues in development and the
North-South Dialogue' held here in
September stated, “As at the
national level, alliances are being
continually forged, even at an
international level, between the
national governments and the
international institutions towards
a direction which is both mutually
convenient and profitable. There
are possible dangers underlying an
uncritical acceptance of such solu
designed in such a way that
they achieve some alleviation of
extreme poverty in underdeveloped
countries. But the report like
most of the orthodox literature on
development, notably omits to
explain why the poverty exists in
the first place. If it attempted
such an explanation it might come
to an embarrassing conclusion that
the poverty is caused mainly by
the economic system which its
proposals are supposed to pro
tect.”
tions, both in the interests of the
growth potentials of the economy
and an even distribution of it."
The focus of the conference was
village. The complexities of the
development needs of the villages
of the South are far beyond the
economic theories and the deve
lopment models prescribed by the
international agencies. Develop
ment has to be people oriented
and seen in the context of the
Political processes that will lead
to social transformation. Develop-
- 8 —
ment should become a peoples'
movement if it has to fight the
cruelty of man to man. The vil
lages in India and elsewhere need
this kind of development. The
people of the developing countries
need to demythologise the deve
lopment game of the powerful.
When people become masters of
their own destiny, development
i becomes real.
the poorer sections of the eco
nomy was emphasised during the
discussions in order to trace the
links between development and
distributive justice.
The participants felt it necessary
to pose two basic problems in
development.
(1) The present
skewed distribution of land and
other assets. (2) The centralised
planning process. It was con
sidered essential to press for de
This three-day conference, spon
sored by ECC, had a blend of 21
The conference in its statement centralisation and realisation of
men and women from different said, “Development of an economy federal principle and arrest the
parts of the country — economists, aims at the incorporation of an tendencies towards centralisation
social scientists, sociologists, de increasing share of a nation’s of power and decision-making at the
velopment journalists, communica resources and man power in the Centre leading to authoritarianism
tion experts, Government officials, market-money nexus. In India while and curbing on human rights. This
educationists, experts living with the traditional economy was re is crucial for establishing healthy
the people in the village, and latively self sufficient it went democratic processes and also in
studnets. These included Dr. Rajni through a process of considerable the interest of regenerative forces
Kothari of the Centre for the Study disintegration with the colonisa in the economy. The planning has
of Developing Societies, Dr. C. T. tion process. The pace of dis to begin at the village level with
Kurien of The Madras Institute for integration however has acceler the water-shed as the basic unit of
Development Studies, Mr. C. S. ated along with an on-going pro planning and these plans formed
Swaminathan who served as Sec cess of commercialisation during in consultation with the people
retary to the Government of India, the last thirty seven years of have to be co-ordinated at the
district and at the State level.
Dr. Sulabha Brahme of the Gokhale Independence.
Institute of Politics and Economics,
Active participation of the people
The focus laid in the conference
Mr. Ninan Koshy of the Commis was to identify the prevailing pat in the production process demands
sion on International Affairs of the tern and the process of growth that there should be full aware
World Council of Churches, Dr. retarding and inegalitarian forces ness of the social-cultural millieu
Sunanda Sen of the Jawaharlal in the economy. The highly skewed that provides background of such
Nehru University and Mr. Abdul pattern of asset distribution, espe activities. This can be achieved
Nazir Sab, Karnataka Minister for cially in the rural areas has often, only through grass-root level plan
Rural Development and Panchayat according to the participants, acted ning. Orientation of planning should
Raj.
as fetters to the furtherance of assure that the fruits of labour are
The development story of Konkan growth potentials. Special stress received by the people not in rela
in Maharashtra presented during was laid on the repercussions of tion to the assets they own but in
the conference depicts the pre the developmental forces, in the relation to the work they put in.
The people’s movements are
dicament of the South — its colo economy keeping in view its links
nial inheritance, Konkan becoming with the external markets and protesting against the current
development
planning, against the
international
institutions.
The
ex
the backyard of Bombay,, the
resource flow, people being thrown periences of the rural areas and of loss of their resources, violation
away to the city, the money order
economy, clusters of lifless vil
lages, distorted relationships and
devalued land. The prices of people
are also low; they work in Bombay
for sixteen hours a day but find it
difficult to make both ends meet.
Konkan story unfolded the myth of
the dialogue between the North
and the South in all its dimen
sions : the international, national
and regional.
— 9 —
Law as an instrument of social change
of human rights, and trampling on
civil liberties. These are spon
taneous movements attempting to
work out alternative paths to deve
lopment. The attempt is to initiate
egalitarian and democratic pro
cesses in all walks of our life, to
ensure improvement in the quality
of life of all people and to arrest
the present tendencies towards
squandering of the countries’
resources.
The conference expressed con
cern at the impact of an increasing
integration of the domestic eco
nomy with the international eco
nomy. As in the colonial period,
the process entails a parallel or
analogous sequence of surplus
extraction, primarily
from the
direct producers. More recently
there has been attempts on the
part of the less developed nations
to demand an increasing share
of the gains from International
division of labour. It is also
observed that the country of late
has been moving in the direction
of increased liberalisation and a
wider access to the multi-national
corporations. The above implies
changes in the technology-mix, to
directions which may not reflect
the resource based needs in the
economy.
★
Legal cells and legal activism
become meaningful only when they
work hand in hand with people's
movements in their struggle for
basic rights, said a four-day confer
ence on ‘Law as an Instrument of
Social
Change,
in which 58
lawyers and legal activists parti
cipated.
The conference held in ECC was
jointly sponsored by Ecumenical
Christian Centre, and Indian Social
Institute, New Delhi. The parti
cipants felt the need for legal
activists, social action groups,
Human rights and Civil liberties
activists, journalists, judicial acti
vists and organisations to play a
supportive role in the unceasing
struggle of the people for dignity
and the right to live.
The growth of oppressive struc
tures and increasing State violence
has led to an erosion of the basic
rights of the people and the pre
sent political crisis. This resulted
in the emergence of peoples'
movements which voice the aspira
tions of the people. The last
decade has seen a sudden spurt
of such movements and groups.
Their democratic demands for
basic rights are branded as anti
national and dealt with as sedi
tious action. (Section 124). This is
reminiscent of the techniques used
by the colonialists. The primary
responsibility for creating the pre
sent political crisis thus rests on
the State itself.
A specific need was felt to
evolve special legal strategies to
deal with the increasing violence
against women both within the
— 10 —
family and outside to end the
discrimination women face in their
struggle for dignity.
Legal aid
initiated by the
Government is the legitimate right
of the poor, and not charity. Social
action groups and legal activists
involved in legal aid programmes
should enable the deprived sec
tions of our society to fight for
justice, and to resist the arbitrari
ness of the powerful and the
Government.
Public Interest Litigation the
emerging judicial activism, can
become a powerful instrument in
enforcing fundamental rights only
when the lower rungs of the judi
ciary respond to it and recognise
the legal rights of the poor. Some
of the areas now being fought by
individual lawyers and legal acti
vists under Public Interest Litiga
tion are issues connected with
bonded labourers, forest and envi
ronment, employment of children,
Inter-State migrant workers, wo
men’s rights etc.
Public Interest Litigation should
no more remain as mere legal
action; it should be transformed
into a movement having close links
with people's struggles. Legal
awareness through legal literacy
could generate power and confid
ence in the suffering masses to
organise themselves more effec
tively.
The desire to establish teams
of lawyers at every conceivable
grass-roots level was expressed by
the participants who decided to
set up a net-work for information
and mutual support.
COMMUNITY HEMTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-560034
India
" No one gives the other his/her human rights.
The rights are there."
mic independence of the handicap
ped. The participants deplored the
outmoded laws affecting the handi
capped and demanded that such
discriminating
and segregating
laws should be repealed and new
ones enacted. They demanded
radical changes in the policy
making at all Government levels.
“Disability is the cause and
consequence of underdevelopment.
It is a vicious cycle. If you attend
only to the consequence what will
happen to the causes? If you
attend only to the causes what
will happen to the consequences?
We must concentrate on the total
development”, said one of the
participants of the consultation
on ‘The
handicapped from a
human rights perspective held
here on 6, 7, 8 April. No one
gives the other his/her human
rights. The rights are there. It is
our environment that causes handi
caps and not the physiological
shortcoming itself.
The participants felt the need to
intensify the struggle for human
rights, the struggle to get their
share of development from the
Government. It is imperative to
change the wrong concepts, de
stroy the stigmas and to create
awareness in people to respect
the leprosy patient, the deaf, the
mentally retarded, the blind, the
mentally ill, the physically handi
capped, the orthopaedically handi
capped, as persons and to respect
their inherent right for human
dignity.
The participants felt the need
for the people who work with the
handicapped to come together
along with the other weaker sec
tions in the fight for their rights.
This would strengthen the hands
of these organisations for lobbying
and for an organised struggle for
justice.
The Government machinery by
and large came under severe criti
cism because of its lethargy,
corruption and its lack of concern
about the needs of the handi
capped, while recognising services
rendered by certain Government
agencies in this field. In bank
loans to the handicapped priority
must be given to economically
weaker sections.
Every effort
should be made to promote econo
— 11
The handicapped people should
enjoy the freedom to take up their
cause, to be makers of their own
destiny. It was felt that organi
sational set-up of voluntary agen
cies and their heavy dependence
on foreign resources stood in the
way of achieving this goal. There
was a suggestion that the handi
capped should be allowed to parti
cipate in the policy making of the
Government to voice their needs.
Recommendations
Focussing on the five principal
objectives in the ‘Declaration on
the Rights of the Disabled of the
United Nations’: a) Helping dis
abled persons in their physical and
psychological adjustment to the
society; b) promoting national and
international efforts to provide dis
abled persons with proper assist
ance, training, care and guidance,
to make available opportunities for
suitable work and to ensure their
full integration in society;
c)
Encouraging study and research
projects designed to facilitate the
practical participation of disabled
persons in daily life such as
improving their access to public
buildings and transportation sys
terns; d) Educating and informing
the public on the rights of disabled
persons to participate
in and ing to leprosy and lunacy from the:
contribute to various aspects of
Indian Christian marriage acts,
economic, social and political life;
1872
e) promoting effective measures Muslim marriages act 1934
for the prevention of disability and
Special marriages act 1954
for the rehabilitation of disabled
Hindu marriage act 1955
persons, the consultation recom
and Repeal
mends :
The lunacy act
1. In the absence of accurate
The
leprosy beggar act
information on the number of the
handicapped an exhaustive survey
and numerical census should be
undertaken. Classification and defi
nition of handicaps should be laid
down clearly for implementing
welfare measures. This should be
the same for the Central Govern
ment and all State Governments.
The formulation of this should be
done in consultation with experts
in the field and not based on
extraneous consideration.
In view of the discrepancies in
the various Central and State laws
and Acts, a model Act should be
formulated and presented to the
Government in this respect.
6.
Trained personnel and training
facilities for basic skills in leader
ship, policy making, life skills and
personality development for social
integration of the handicapped
are lacking. Serious consideration
should be given to training and
research in the methodology, stra
tegy, information dissemination,
and job capabilities and avail
ability. There is a need for^
courses like the B.Sc. in Rehabili
tation Sciences offered by the
Bharatidasan University in Tamil
Nadu.
7.
The handicapped should parti
cipate in their programmes and
articulate their needs; they should
become
makers of their own
destiny. The handicapped should
be represented at policy making
levels and nominated to the upper
houses of the Parliament and State
2. Access to regular schools
5. Awareness should be created legislature.
should not be denied to the handi
among policy makers and other
capped who are otherwise capable people in charge of the rehabilita
8.
It is recommended that as
of going through the curriculum. tion services. A special depart a foilow-up measure two con
Children should be integrated into
sultations
be held.
ment to cater to the needs of the
the mainstream early enough. The
handicapped should be created.
a)
For
the
handicapped to arti
right to higher levels of education
and research should not be denied.
Families of the handicapped culate and vocalise their concerns.
4. Access to public offices,
buildings and public transportation
should not be denied to the
handicapped. Where necessary,
structural modifications should be
carried out to facilitate easy
access to them.
Access to regular employment
should not be denied to the handi
capped who are otherwise capable
of doing a job.
need to be educated and involved
b) For organisations working
in the rehabilitation of their child with the handicapped for a struc
ren. Aids for the physically handi tural analysis of their management
capped should be made easily and goals and to evaluate them
available. Public awareness and
3. There is no law in favour of education programmes should be in the perspective of the handi
capped.
the disabled. New laws should be given special emphasis and a fuller
enacted to do justice to the handi usage must be made of existing
Thirty men and women repre
capped. Provisions in Central and media facilities for the coverage
senting Government and voluntary
State Government acts which dis of the handicapped. Teachers
criminate against the handicapped should be trained in special educa organisations from Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and
should be repealed.
tion skills as part of their training West Bengal participated in this
Repeal relevant sections pertain programme.
consultation.
- 12 —
Baptism, Eucharist, Ministry—The Lima document
The regional consultation on the
Lima document on Baptism, Euch
arist and Ministry was held at the
Centre in November, Participants
belonging to the major church
traditions — Catholic, Protestant
and Orthodox — from Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka attended the con
sultation. The participants agreed
that the major thrust of the docu
ment reflects their church's under
standing of Baptism, Eucharist and
Ministry. It is recommended that
the document should be studied at
the congregational level, making
available the text in regional langu
ages. The over-riding concern of
the consultation was to seek ways
of interpreting the major affirma
tions in the document in a way
relevant to the daily struggles of
the people.
quest fora common identity in the
Indian Church and the identifica
tion with the wider society and the
continuity with the Church univer
sal are all
dimensions which
should be considered when we try
to redefine Baptism, Eucharist and
Ministry.
Rural Development
Centre
The Rural Development Centre
is a symbolic gesture of ECC’s
relationship with the villages. It is
a registered organisation working
for the last three years in this
area. Among other things RDC
is running a school for the handi
capped. A survey of 12 vil
It was felt that Baptism as a
central act of the Church repre
sents its committment to Christ.
There is an
integral relation
between Baptism, Confirmation and
Eucharist together representing the
fullness of Incorporation into the
body of Christ.
A close link between the work
of the Holy Spirit in the Eucharist
and the creative work of the Spirit
in society, is affirmed. The implica
tion of this for our committment
to social transformation should be
made explicit in the preaching.
Eucharist is the act of the total
people of God, in this sense it is
Mass.
The consultation agreed that the
— 13 —
lages surrounding Whitefield was
conducted by the RDC and 93
handicapped persons were iden
tified. Of these about 10 per
cent are totally incapacitated. Of
the others about 30% are chlidren
who are physically, mentally, orthopaedically, visually and aurally
handicapped, below the age of
fifteen. A special
school and
physio-therapy Centre was opened
at Gandhipuram village in Nov
ember. This school for the handi
capped was at the campus for
some time.
An Eye camp was held in
October 1983. The mobile opthalmic team of the Minto Opthalmic
Hospital, Bangalore came to Whitefield. A total number of 767 cases
were examined. Of these 607 were
non-surgical cases and 33 were
surgical cases.
Academy
experience one of them nar
rated his story in the city that
he saw somebody throw away a
half eaten corn cob. As he was
debating whether he should pick
it up and eat it, a small boy went
and picked it up and that act
moved him to tears.
One-month course
on development
and justice
The three-month Academy bn
Politics and Social Change con
cluded on 21st September. Four
teen graduates representing Naga
land, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu consisted of men who
work for voluntary organisations
and fresh graduates.
Thirteen participants, women
and men from various parts of
India : West Bengal, Orissa, An
dhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala
and Tamil Nadu participated in
All the participants submitted a the one month study on Justice
fourth paper on India of my and Development. After discus
dreams.
sion of the different perspectives
Some of the participants spent of development during the first
24 hours in Bangalore city with week, we delved into the econo
five rupees for expenses of which mic, political and social aspects of
three rupees were
spent on development during the following
transport. After this plunge intoweeks. The rude shock experi-
0
The programme was divided into
three sections (1) Introduction to
the social, economic and political
structures from a historic, deve
lopment-oriented perspective with
an emphasis on issues and ideo
logies. (2) Exposures to village.
slum, factories; workshop on com
munication techniques; seminars
on slum and ecology. (3) Discus
sion on topics like legal aspects
of the Constitution, communal ten
sion, growth of regionalism, and
theology and development. In addi
tion to this, the participants sub
mitted three papers each.
- 14 —
enced by the group at the slums
and villages only helped to confirm
the idea of one-sided development
and the role of social action groups
in the process of total human deve
lopment.
Workshops, seminars, group sha
ring on various topics and enter
tainments, besides evoking a sense
of community also helped to moti
vate them for group action. The
course began on the 5th of May
ended on the 1st of June with the
presentation of certificates and
submitting of their term papers.
The great anxiety of our nation
for structural changes, the most
urgent need of economic restruc
turing of our country, and the role
of every participant in fighting the
status-quo found expression in
words and in the papers of the
participants. The different perspec
tives of development, they felt,
provided them a foundation to
work on.
Ten-day course
in Tamil
Conference on Mission
of the rural laity
Two batches of 33 young
grass-root workers, co-ordinators
of various action gruops both
women and men from Tamil Nadu
spent ten days each with us,
March 24 to April 2 and August
16 to 23 discussing the various
political ideologies, their plus
and minus points, to enable them
in their fight for the cause of the
marginalised in their region, to
involve in the political concerns
of the people. Sharing of experi
ences, group discussions and
seminars made the input from
the resource people meaningful
and applicable to their situation.
Sovereignty of the people em
erged as the fulcrum on which a
just and equitable socio-political
pattern could be built up.
^(Continued from page 7, Co Im. 7)
Although there is no direct rela
tion between the present Assam
Movement against foreign nationals
and the land relation, it is true
that illegal settlement by the
immigrants in various parts of the
State has changed the population
composition greatly affecting econ
omic, social and cultural lives of
the indigenous people. When these
illegal occupants of land from
foreign countries registered them
selves in the voters' list without
acquiring citizenship of the pountry
these infiltrators have become a
great political force.
- 15 -
Twenty-five people, laity and cler
gy of the various churches in India,
representing CSI, CNI, Methodist,
Mar Thoma and Lutheran spent
three days at the Centre discus
sing the socio-economic and poli
tical encounter of the rural chur
ches, and the role to be played by
the laity there. The apparent dis
tinctions between the clergy and
laity are functional, and the laity is
equally entrusted with tha mission
of the Church which is the same
as the Mission of Christ — the
mission to the poor and the
opprsesed —to liberate them. This
conference was jointly sponsored
by the Ecumenical Christian Centre
and the Laity Commission of the
Church of South India.
I am told anew
the story of a king
who rose outside the fortress
of the old regime.
Logos . . . light . . . incarnated
to bear witness to the truth,
breaking up ‘the old dispensations.’
Hark ... His kingdom dawning
outside the city wall
where refugees, rebels,
bleeding prophets reside
awaiting incarnation.
—Susy Nelllthanam
I am told
the story of a new king
a vulnerable infant,
refugee, rabbi, rebel
who chose to die on a Cross
outside the city wall.
Wood cut by Caroline Mackenzie
Published by the Ecumenical Christian Centre, Whitefield - 560 066, Bangalore, India; and Printed at Hosali Press (P) Ltd.
S8-A, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore • 560 001
Edited by Susy Nellithanam
Institute of Social Studies Trust
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES TRUST
THREE YEAR REPORT
1981-1983
BACKGROUND
The Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST) founded in 1964 as a non
profit, private research organisation was registered as a Trust in 1980. Its
trustees are drawn from the fields of social action, health and publishing.
During the first ten years since its inception, ISST conducted studies and
surveys on cooperative development, planning and rural development
oriented towards development with equity and the elimination of poverty.
Since 1975, ISST has extended this focus to concentrate on issues related
to the inequality between men and women. The impetus for women’s studies
emerged from a compilation of essays on ‘Indian Women’ edited by Devaki
Jain. This became the publication of the Government of India for 1975,
Women’s Year.
CURRENT PROFILE
As it stands today ISST is neither a purely academic organisation nor
an activist one. Areas of research are selected with a bias towards strengthen
ing the struggle for women’s equality with a strong information base and
alternative strategies for united action. The focus is on the poorest women
and their families. ISST also directly offers services to women’s organisations
particularly those working for self employed women. It also assists in design
ing policies and programmes for both official and non-official agencies.
This work is done by a group of 21 persons both women and men trained
in social sciences, arts and administration. The head office is at Delhi and
the field office in Bangalore. An ISST nucleus was set up in 1983 at Calcutta,
to facilitate studies based in West Bengal. The growth and diversification
of the activities of ISST are recorded here for the period of 1981-1983.
PROGRAMME AREAS
Over the last three years the programme areas being pursued at ISST
in research, networking, facilitation and dissemination are:
1.
2.
Improving the data base on women and children.
Policy research on large scale national rural development schemes,
towards integration of women into development and the planning
process.
Identification of technology options available to poor women.
Stimulating debate on an ideological frame work for the feminist
movement.
5.
Facilitating the development of mass based women’s organisations
through leadership training and networking with peer organisations.
6.
Providing an information service-both academic referral material
on women’s studies; as well as information sei vice on implementing
agencies, official and non-official, relevant to programmes for the
poor, especially women and children.
3.
4.
The progress and development in each area is described below in detail.
1.
IMPROVING THE DATA BASE IN STATISTICS ON WOMEN
AND CHILDREN
A pioneering study in research methodology was undertaken by ISST
for the Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR) to record the
work participation of female labour by the time allocation method. This
study based in six villages in Rajasthan and West Bengal was designed to
test the hypothesis that women workers were under enumerated in official
employment/unemployment statistics, and also to identify the determinants
of female labour supply.
The findings of the study were presented at several meetings and con
ferences convened by National data collection agencies. ISST also presented
the findings at a Technical Seminar on Women’s Work and Employment
organised by ISST in April 1982. The seminar was an interface between
micro, quality data collection and the macro, official data collection system
and was attended by heads of the various statistical systems in India. A
special session was held on Ground Level Technology where all the question
naires used for labour force enquiry by the National Household Survey,
the Registrar General, the Planning Commission as well as academic agencies
were reviewed and in the presence of the field workers discussed for
adequacy.
As a result of the seminars and the debates, the Planning Commission
sponsored a Steering Committee to look into the statistics on women
and children. The Committee requested the National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER) to apply the time allocation method on a
sub-sample of the National Sample Survey 38th round on employment
and unemployment which was on the ground in 1983. This would help to
assess whether the profile on women workers and employment patterns that
emerged by the usual household survey can be improved upon. At this time
all the agencies along with ISST doing innovative household surveys in
India were called together in order to exchange experiences in a workshop.
These were the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), Central
Statistical Organisation (CSO), National Council of Applied Economic
Research (NCAER), Kerala Statistical Institute, Operation Research Group.
law
2
After this meeting an ISST team visited a village near Delhi along with the
NCAER team for a field trial of the questionnaire.
Economists Interested in Women’s Issues Group (EIWIG)
In 1981, ISST presented a paper derived from the time allocation study on
Patternsof Female Work-implicationsfor Data Collection, Economic clas
sification and Social Organisation at the National Conference on Women’s
Studies, Bombay. Some of the women economists who met at the conference
felt that it was important to form a net work in order to strengthen each
others research as well as to have a collective formation and voice in the
field of economics and statistics. ISST became the secretariat for this informal
group called EIWIG. The group decided to plan and execute seminars
which would further strengthen the understanding of women’s economic
roles. The first seminar was the Technical Seminar described above. The
second seminar was held in April 1983 at Calcutta on Women and Poverty.
ISST helped in the organisation by identifying paper writers/mobilising fiscal
support as well as disseminating information. ISST also presented a paper
derived from the planning study in Karnataka. The selected papers from the
two seminars will be appearing in book form in April 1984.
The experience of the time disposition study and the exercises in integra
tion of women in planning described below led ISST to an increasing aware
ness of the existence of households headed by women especially among the
poor assestless classes. In January 1983, ISST undertook a study for Inter
national Labour Organisation (ILO) on this phenomenon, with a view to
determining the extent of female headedness among poor rural households
and there by arriving at a definition of what constitutes female heads of
households for purposes of data collection and enumeration. The study
based in West Bengal, Karnataka, U.P., and Rajasthan is expected to be
completed by June 1984.
2.
POLICY RESEARCH
Integration of Women and Children in Planning
From 1981, ISST undertook a series of research projects to study the
situation prevailing in the area of development services for children. A
paper was prepared for the UN Centre for Social Development and Humani
tarian Affairs, Vienna, on Providing Comprehensive Child and Family
Welfare Services. This case study based in Coorg, Karnataka was part of an
exercise to examine various country experiments and identify what could be
deemed a model comprehensive child and family welfare scheme. The study
describes the functioning of a government welfare scheme, the Integrated
Child Development Services (ICDS) and a non-government organisation
also in the same area.
The Working Child—A Guide to the Literature is a compilation which
gives close ups of child workers as well as some of their linkages with
economic, social and environmental externalities.
3
The bibliography was undertaken in order to provide a ready reference
for those who are in the area of formulating policies, designing projects
and doing more research on the working child. The compilation summarises
the findings of approximately 100 surveys undertaken in India and other
Asian Countries. The study was sponsored by UNICEF Delhi 1981.
With the experience of these two studies ISST moved into the area of
specialised policy research and undertook a research project for the
planning Commission on the ICDS Programme: “Developing a Functional
Model for a Child Development Programme”. The study was conducted in
three districts of U.P. and three in Karnataka with a view to evolving a
prototype of Child Welfare Services.
Integration of Women into a State Plan
ISST undertook a planning study for Ministry of Social Welfare in the
same districts of U.P. and Karnataka to analyse the process of integrating
women into planning and also to analyse how development programmes
meant for both women and children could be better integrated at the planning
stage itself. ISST surveyed about 4,000 households to measure the out reach
of government development schemes at the grass-root level to poor rural
households particularly to women. The methodology of the survey emerged
out of meetings organised by ISST at field level between government officials
and beneficiary households.
The preliminary findings were again taken to the field. Thus the research
becomes the end use to the end users.
The findings and tables of the study have been circulated at a series of
meetings in the Planning Commission over 1983 and the ideas presented
were accepted for incorporation into the national schemes and plans as well as
research and statistical modification programmes. Two schemes that have
emerged as a result of these surveys: one for providing economic services for
groups of women workers and the other for a community centre with water,
toilets, creche and leisure space for women have already been suggested
to government. Several other individuals and research institutions both
government and non-govemment have been facilitated in this area through
the use of the data collected for these studies. The Joint Director, Social
Development, Planning Commission and the Principal Research Officer
have visited ISST Bangalore and used the data base to conduct a special
study on the ICDS, on behalf of the Planning Commission.
A process that ISST has developed and which it used for all its research
work is to collaborate with local institutions for research and implementation.
This helps to involve the local institutions in the area of women studies,
train the staff for field work and provides access to the institutions and
information network that ISST is linked to. ISST net works, have been
useful in undertaking large scale studies without necessarily increasing the
core staff. Researchers and academics from other institutions have also been
sensitised to women’s issues within their own field of work, and coopted
by ISST to help with its research studies.
4
ISST has disseminated its findings in this area in forums abroad as well.
At a Seminar organised by Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in
January 1982, the Director of ISST addressed a meeting of the Women and
Development group on “Integrating Women in Rural Development”, her
presentation covered three aspects, based on ISST’s planning studies: the
situation of women in poverty households in terms of intra household
inequalities, the need to stimulate articulation of poor women as a different
voice from men and incorporate it into policy, and thirdly to identify
women occupation specific clusters and coopt them for delivering gover
nment programmes.
At another seminar of the Internation Research and Training Institute
for the advancement of women (Instraw) in Santo Domingo in December
1983, one of ISST’s core staff presented a paper on “Women and the
Planning Process”.
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) Block Level
Planning
In August 1982, at a conference organised at Gulbarga to discuss the
findings of the two planning studies, ISST had first proposed the strategy
that women should be organised around occupation specific groups and
these clusters should be used as an entry point to reach development pro
grammes to poor women.
This strategy was accepted by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD)
and UNICEF and incorporated into DWCRA, the new plan being imple
mented by the MRD and UNICEF in selected blocks. Voluntary agencies
including ISST will be used to prepare block plans to identify women’s
needs on the basis of occupational clusters. ISST, Bangalore office will
conduct this planning exercise in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka. The
preliminary survey of the project area has already been conducted. Plan
schemes available in the block will be identified and women selected from
the groups for leadership training.
ISST Bangalore, will also help to train women functionaries of govern
ment departments which will be implementing the DWCRA in Tamil Nadu.
At the request of the newly formed Corporation for Women in Tamil Nadu
two functionaries will be attached to the ISST team to study the ISST metho
dology of survey. They would also familiarise themselves with ISST’s papers
on inequality and study some successful project case studies to see how
programmes for women could be designed.
A major research project undertaken by ISST in 1982 for the Indian
Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR) in the same area of developing6'1*'
planning was the study of Rural Development-Delivery Arrangements at
Village, Block and District level. This study was undertaken in order to
examine the structure and suitability of the institutional arrangements that
have been made for the delivery of rural development programmes specially
to the poor. Another context for the study was the introduction of a number
of new programmes which are based on the belief that programme innova5
tions will over come past weakness. The performance of various selected
programmes were observed in relation to the stated objectives. Programmes
were selected in the various fields of employment, health, irrigation, child
as well as general development (IRDP). The field for the study was based in
Rajasthan, Karnataka, U.P. Bihar, M.P.—The report of the study entitled
Grass Without Roots has been completed.
Adult Education for Women: Developing a Research Base through Four
Case Studies
This study was completed in June 1983. However, in order to provide
a wider perspective on methodological issues relating to non-formal education
for women as well as their integration with every development programme,
the Ministry of Education agreed with ISST that the study should be expanded
further to include another four studies of innovative efforts at reaching poor
women with adult education. ISST therefore undertook further extensive
field work in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar Rajasthan and West Bengal, to look at
adult education programmes being conducted by Universities, Government
departments and Voluntary Agencies. The new case studies are expected
to be completed by May 1984. Meanwhile the findings of this research were
widely disseminated and discussed at a seminar held by the Directorate
of Adult Education in collaboration with ISST in January 1983 to which
many voluntary agencies were invited at the recommendation of ISST.
Orientation of Planners
In October 1983, when the working groups were formed for providing
the draft for the 7th National Plan, ISST was involved in all the sectors as
(1) Member of the Advisory Committee on the new rural development
programme for Women, Development of Women and Children in Rural
Areas (DWCRA) (2) The National Advisory Committee on Women’s
Employment as well as its two sub-committees’ namely (a) Sub-Committee
on statistics in relation to women workers and (b) Sub-Committee on unorgansied workers. (3) The Working Group on Women and Development for
the 7th Plan. (4) The Working Group on Adult Education for the 7th Plan.
Within the Working Group on Women and Development the recom
mendations of ISST’s study on women and planning were circulated, as a
result of which sub-committees were formed according to ISST’s classification
namely (a) a sub-committee on awareness building since this had been
pointed out as one of the major lacunae, (b) District Planning (c) Em
ployment.
Similarly in the sub-committee on adult education, awareness in develop
ment programmes was introduced and conceptualised; it was decided that
2% of all development programmes must be put aside for providing adult
education and that the Directorate of Adult Education and Adult Education
Resource Centres should be strengthened to provide the relevant technical
services to the development programmes such as Integrated Rural Develop
ment Programme (IRDP), National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) as well as programmes of
6
the Boards such as Handloom Board, Handicrafts, Sericulture and others.
Other Research Areas
ISST has undertaken several research studies on women workers employed
in vaiious occupations which are women intensive such as Sericulture,
Agriculture, Fishing. A Report on a Field Survey in Chandrapur District,
Maharashtra, sponsored by the Swiss Development Corporation (SDC)
constitutes a socio-economic survey of tasar silk rearers of the region. The
Survey was initiated to provide the feed back to the Inter-State Tasar Project
which was to be implemented by a joint collaboration of the government
of India and the SDC.
An Assessment of Women’s Roles: Karnataka Sericulture Development
Projects
This study sponsored by the Ford Foundation and completed in 1982
high lighted the role and problems of women workers in sericulture and
identified policy changes which would benefit them. The task Force on Seri
culture appointed by the Government of Karnataka used the report to
identify the kind of action that had to be taken to prevent some of the in
equalities of distribution suggested in the report.
Statistics available on Women, Children and Aged in Agriculture
—
■J
A paper was prepared in 1983 by ISST, for the FAO, from Micro and
Macro surveys with the participation of other consultants and economists.
The paper identifies data gaps and suggests changes in methodology by which
data can be improved, taking note of the latest research of all the international
agencies involved such as FAO, ILO, United Nations Statistical Organisation
(UNSO). The idea of collecting data available was also to see how far 30
years of rural development and rural programmes had changed or impacted
on the lives of rural women and children. It was found that poor rural
women were under pressure in terms of loss of employment opportunities
as well as inadequate nutrients for survival.
"For a/i FAO consultation on Women in Food Pyo 'action, ISST
prepared a paper o :• the experience of women in rural development
in India. The consultation brought together 40 women from all over
the world. 3 to 4 projectswere derived from the consultation;"id be
followed through by the different divisions of FAO such as nutrition,
statistics avid women in developing group"
Women in the Fish Industry
ISST undertook a research project for the Ministry of Labour on Women
in the Fish Processing Units of Gujarat. The purpose of the project was to
study the employment pattern and working conditions of young Kerala
7
Women who migrated to Veraval in Gujarat and explore possibility of their
absorption in the Kerala industry itself. Recommendations have been made
by the ISST on possible intervention by Government, trade unions and
Women’s organisations in Gujarat to reduce the exploitation of the girls
by contractors.
In view of the complete neglect in the area of research on women in
fishing ISST has undertaken a second project, in Tadri, in the North Kanara
District, to analyse the division of labour, resources and responsibility within
the fishing families and the allocation of power to women.
3.
IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR RURAL
WOMEN
ISST started its appropriate technology cell in 1980 by bringing out
status papers on rural sanitation, bio-gas and smokeless chulahs. Its interest
in appropriate technology from the point of view of technology transfer
was to see how these technologies can be brought to the service of the rural
poor, especially the women.
As a first step ISST participated in a workshop convened in May 1981
by Consortium on Rural Technology (CORT) to identify technology options
in the three selected fields. Through this workshop, useful links and inter
action were set up between research and field organisations and concerned
government agencies .The proceedings of this workshop were published in a
hand book called Rural Sanitation: Technology Options. Following the
workshop ISST undertook a study sponsored by OXFAM India Trust to
identify the different models of Bio-gas plants being implemented all over the
country. A study team visited organisations and documented their experience
and problems in setting up and running of bio-gas plants. It is hoped that
this research will help to evolve suitable models which could be used as
modules for different categories of users, according to the area and the need.
The common experience of all rural women in the area of collection of
fire wood led ISST to collaborate in a Pilot Project for the installation of
smokeless Chulahs (Cookstoves) in the hill areas of Chamoli District, U.P.
ISST participated in a camp where different models of chulahs were de
monstrated and gained enthusiastic acceptance from the rural hill women.
ISST participated and presented papers at various technology conferences
over the past three years.
4.
STIMULATING DEBATE ON AN IDEOLOGICAL FRAME WORK
FOR WOMEN
In search of an ideological base for the feminist movement, ISST initiated
a series of introspective workshops starting with Gandhian Constructive
Workers. The first workshop was held in 1981 at Bangalore and was devoted
to a sharing of personal experience of the participants and the place of
Gandhian Ideology as a motivating force both in their lives and work. At
the second workshop held in Ahmedabad, 1982 a constructive programme
8
for action was drawn up which included taking up of issues like prohibition,
dowry and the image of women in the media at the national level. The third
workshop in the series held at Kausani focussed on the principles of Gandhian
methodology for grass root activities.
The Academy of Gandhian studies provided partial support for the three
workshops. In National and International Forums ISST has contributed
several papers on women’s studies and an ideology for a global movement
particularly in the context of development within a Gandhian ethic.
In November 1982, ISST’s Director delivered two lectures the Padmaja
Naidu Memorial Lectures, under the auspices of the Nehru Museum and
Library. The lectures entitled “Indian Women: Today and Tomorrow.”
attempted to identify through profiles drawn from ISST’s research experience
the kinds of situations that the majority of Indian Women live in today.
The feminist movement has a moral responsibility towards these inarticulate
and exploited women from poverty classes. The lectures analysed the roots
of neglect of women in the context of classical ideologies and concluded
with the hope that women could and would emerge as a strong political
force united within a Gandhian ideological base.
At the meeting of the correspondence group of women and development
the OEDC/DAC group in Paris, in January 1983 she presented a paper on
“Development as if Women Mattered or Can Women Build a New Paradigm”
The lectures reviewed case studies of the impact of development of women.
Other Forums where she spoke about the gender and class issues and the
need for a philosophical base for research and development on women
were provided by a lecture tour of Scandinavian Countries in Summer 1983.
A paper on Women, Gandhi and Religion was also presented by her at a
Seminar on Women and Religion held at Harvard University. Similarly at a
Common Wealth Students Conference held at Melbourne, she spoke about
the need for a North South Exchange with special reference to the women’s
movement and the Student movement.
Women’s Studies
The Indian Association for Women’s Studies (LAWS) was registered
early in 1983, and the first meeting of the Executive Committee was held in
February 1983. ISST had worked for mobilisation of members for the IAWS
as also in organising the workshop on Work and Employment for the Second
National Conference on Women’s Studies to be held in Trivandrum in
April 1984. ISST will be preparing three papers on Situational Analysis of
Women in Karnataka, Women in the Handloom Industry and Women’s
Work and Employment.
5.
FACILITATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS BASED
WOMEN’S ORGANISATIONS
In 1980, ISST organised a Shibir in Delhi for Self Employed Women’s
Association (SEWA) Ahmedabad to discuss problems and policy for the
9
self employed. This was followed by ISST’s playing an active role in organis
ing self employed women in Delhi. SEWA Delhi was thus registered in 1981.
The membership of this organisation consists of over 1000 women who are
provided support through saving schemes, raw materials and marketing
support. ISST is currently trying to assist chikan workers of Lucknow and
spinners in Srinagar to organise in a similar way through cooperative
societies. Organisers of both groups have been facilitated by ISST to attend
leadership training courses. Grass root level workers of similar organisations
have been provided fellowships to encourage growth of potential leadership.
In November 1983, a workshop was organised jointly by ISST and
SEWA, Delhi on the self employed in which 10 newly formed Sewas from
all over India participated, represented by organisers and self employed
women workers. Participants talked about their problems and experience
of facing the traders and other vested interests as well as government struc
tures including the police. It was decided to have an All India Sewa
“Sewa Bharat” to protect the interests of self employed women; strengthen
the movement and intervene with government for recognition of the rights
of unorganised labour.
ISST also designed projects for income (generation for other voluntary
organisations working with the self employed sector. In November 1982,
ISST organised a workshop on planning employment projects for women.
25 projects leaders from voluntary agencies participated in the workshop.
These participants were implementing diverse programmes for women in
the areas of survey, health, income generation and sanitation, and reflected
the motivating ideologies of their various organisations. The Workshop
helped to identify the many problems they faced in working with women
in rural areas. The major fall out was the setting up of a net work for future
interaction between the voluntary agencies themselves and with ISST in its
role as facilitator.
To date ISST has designed about 20 projects specifically geared towards
the needs of women in health, employment, and training. These projects
have been sponsored by development agencies.
Voluntary agencies repeatedly reiterate the difficulties faced by production
groups among them in the marketing of goods made by rural poor women
under the aegis of various income, generation programmes. Acquiring raw
material, credit and technical assistance in design and feedback were some
of their other problems. ISST designed a project to link all such women
producers to a common market facilitation centre, the nucleus of which is
to be provided by ISST. The project has evoked great interest among funders
and government departments interested in strengthening women’s employ
ment and ISST hopes it will be on the ground in 1984. If successful at a pilot
level, it could lead to the setting up of such centres regionally to provide
support to many such self employed women’s groups.
Action Programme with Voluntary Agencies
ISST worked closely with other women’s groups and voluntary agencies
10
in Delhi and outside and participated in “action” programmes along with
some of these groups.
As a member of the “Committee for Portrayal of Women in the Media”
ISST staff took part in a demonstration on March 8th, 1983-Women’s Day,
to blacken obscene posters. In Sptember 1983 the committee staged a,
demonstration outside a local cinema hall screening offensiveMalayali Films.
The demonstration resulted in the withdrawal from the theatre circuit of
the 11 such films being screened at that time and provoked a lively debate
in the press on this issue.
ISST also prepared a paper for the Committee on the Portrayal of
Women in Children’s literature, based on an analysis of children’s comics
and books and publications of the national press.
-4
6.
PROVIDING AN INFORMATION REFERRAL SERVICE
In October 1981, ISST set up a small reading room and documentation
centre called “JIGYASA” as a first step towards setting up an information
‘network’ service on women’s studies/women’s development. While the
initial purpose was to provide a retrieval system for ISST’s own research,
training and action programmes it was hoped that Jigyasa would eventually
become a focal point for dissemination services. These would cover the
transfer of information on (a) women workers-data, methodologies of data
collection, employment schemes and projects (b) development agencies
(c) womens struggles and organisations built through people’s participation
to achieve social justice (d) appropriate technology options suited to women’s
needs.
ISST hopes that Jigyasa will be further enlarged to accomodate a service
for counselling women in need which would include guidance on legal
matters as well. Some ISST staff participated in a training programme for
para legal workers organised by the Committee for Implementing Legal
Aid Schemes, following which they have become members of a coordination
cell of voluntary workers who will try to reach legal aid to women in need.
Two of ISST’s staff after attending a course in counselling organised by the
Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) have joined the Voluntary Action
Bureau of CSWB and are actively involved in its work.
Dissemination
One process of dissemination is through the circulation of ISST papers
and publications at seminars and conferences attended by the group both
in India and abroad. ISST papers have been very well received and there is
a great demand for its publications. The book Women’s Quest for Power
has been instrumental in opening up for many people the complexities of
the whole issue relating to women’s economic roles. The book is now out of
stock and the second re-print is to be brought out. The Catalogue of Volun
tary Agencies Reaching Poorest Women in India has also been widely used
11
by funders planners and researchers alike and the second edition is also
exhausted. ISST hopes to be able to update and re-print this publication.
Another strategy for dissemination is through workshops and meetings
organised by ISST, and government officials as well as academics are sensi
tised to crucial issues relating to women as emerging from ISST’s research
data. One such workshop was the Regional Conference on Women Studies
at Bangalore in October 1983. The workshop was attended by researchers
and activists from the Southern States. Issues raised were on feminist ideology
relation between the grass root workers and researchers, data base on women
and strategies on linking all these adverse components within a common
feminists perspective.
Training Programme and Exchange of Scholars
In April 1983 one of ISST’s core staff was one of two candidates selected
from India to participate in the Women’sCross Cultural Learning Exchange
Programme Organised by “ISIS” a women’s collective based in Geneva
and Rome. After an orientation programme at Geneva, attended by 11
participants from 9 countries she was sent to Rome to work at the ISIS
documentation centre for 3 months. ISST is now preparing to re-organise
its own documentation at Jigyasa on the pattern of the ‘OASIS’ system
followed at ISIS.
The Exchange Programme was the first attempt by ISIS in an effort
to build up an international women’s network and will be a regular pro
gramme from now on at ISIS. ISST also participated as a receiving group
for the exchange and an African woman spent 6 weeks at ISST for a inhouse
training with the group. Two women from Kasturba Gandhi Memorial
Trust were also attached to ISST at the same time. The group designed a
training/orientation programme for these field level trainees consisting of
reading materials, lectures and visits to institutions.
The African woman worked with a counselling centre in Limuru and
ISST arranged visits for her to Saheli and other women’s institutions which
could be of special interest to her.
An American Scholar from School for International Living came to
ISST to do research work in her field of interest and during the period of
her stay assisted ISST in preparing a bibliography on Adult Education.
As a result of ISST linkages with Scandinavia, there have been several,
visitors from Scandinavian countries who have come both for counselling
in choice of research fields, survey as well as collaboration. A Danish Scholar
is attached to the ISST office at Bangalore and is working with ISST field
workers for her Ph.D. on participation of women in mass movements. A
scholar from Christian Mifihelsen Institute was financed by her institute
to work with ISST for one year in helping in the preparation of a paper
on Alternative Development for the 1985 World Conference. A Finish
political Scientist and anthropologist from DANIDA, a Bangaldeshi,
researcher living in Lund and others have visited, used the library documenta
tion and held discussions with the group for guidance in their field work.
12
ISST REPORTS/PAPERS/PUBLICATIONS (1975-1983)
Statistics and data Collection on Women
Coopting Women’s work into the Statistical System: some Indian
Milestones, Devaki Jain, May 1983.
Statistics on Women, Children, Aged in Agriculture, ISST, December
1983.
3. Field Investigation of Rural Household for Indian Council of Social
Science Research, presented at Technical Seminar on Women’s work
and Employment (ISST Delhi, 1982).
4. Background note for Technical Seminar on Women’s Work and
Employment (ISST April, 1982).
5. Domestic Work its implications for Enumeration on Women’s Work
and Employment presented at Symposium on Women’s Work and
Society (Delhi September 1982).
6. Women in the Labour Force: Papers presented at Seminar on Women
in Labour Force (Artep-ILO, Trivandrum 1981).
7. Patterns of Female Work-Implications for Statistical Design Economic
Classification and Social Priorities presented at National Conference
on Women’s Studies, (SNDT University, Bombay, 1981.)
8. Importance of Age and Sex specific Data Collection in Household
Surveys, presented at: Regional Conference on Household surveys
(ESCAP, Bangkok 1980).
9. Measuring of Women’s Work: some Methodological Issues, published
in Women in Development: Perspective from South and South East
Asia, (Dacca, 1977).
10. Measurement of Household Activities in India, presented at Agri
culture Development Council Workshop, Singapore 1976.
1.
2.
Policy Research/Women in Development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Study of Development Delivery Arrangements at Village and Block
level, sponsored by Indian Council for Social Science Research
1984.
Women’s Employment: Some preliminary observations, ISST, March
1983.
Note on Adult Education for Women, ISST, November 1983.
Women and the Planning Process: A case study from India, ISST,
November 1983.
Brief Paper: India, Devaki Jain, December 1983.
Inter State Tasar Project: Report on a Field Survey (Chandrapur
District, Maharashtra, (sponsored by SDC, Delhi 1982).
An Assessment of Women’s Roles: the Karnataka Sericulture Develop
ment Project (Sponsored by Ford Foundation) 1982.
From Research to Social Action: “Paper presented at Carribbean
University Women’s Conference (August 1982).
13
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
“In Search of an Identity: the Asian Women” Paper presented at
Seminar on “Role and Rights of Asian Women” Asian Students
Association, (Manila, 1982).
Providing comprehensive Child and Family Welfare Services spon
sored by U.N. Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian
Affairs (Vienna, 1981).
Women in Development: Exchange of Experience in Asia and Pacific
(UNDP New York, 1980).
Women’s Employment as related to Rural Areas—India presented at
United Nations Mid Decade Conference on Women, (COPENHAGEN
July 1980).
Employment opportunities for Women in Forestry: presented at Semi
nar on Role of Women in Community Forestry, FAO, Ministry of
Agriculture (Dehradun 1980).
Impact on Women Workers Maharashtra Employment Guarantee
scheme sponsored by ILO 1979.
Ongoing
1.
Developing a Functional Model for a Child Welfare Programme
sponsored by Planning Commission, Govt, of India
2.
Integrating Women’s interests into a State Year Plan (Karnataka)
sponsored by the Ministry of Social Welfare, Govt, of India.
3. Adult Education for Women: Developing a Research Base through
4 case studies, sponsored by the Directorate of Adult Education,
Ministry of Education, Govt, of India.
4.
Evaluation of trainees graduating from National/Regional Vocational
Training Institute, Ministry of Labour, G.O.I.
5.
Study on status of Fisher Women in the Tadri Project; Indo-Danish
Project.
6.
Block Level Planning in Chickmagalur District; Ministry of Rural
Development.
7.
Female Headed Households and Rural Poverty; International
Labour Office, Geneva.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14
Case Studies
Khet Majoor Mahajan: Study of a Peasant Organisation in Gujarat,
Sponsored by ILO 1980.
Women’s Quest for Power: Five Case Studies, sponsored by ICSSR
pub. by Vikas 1979 (priced).
Income-Generation Activities for Women: Some Case Studies publi
shed by UNICEF 1979.
Modernisation of Traditional Handloom Weaving Industry in Kashmir
Valley UNDP/APCWD 1979.
Role of Rural Women and Community Life prepared for expert
1978P meet'n8, Population Social Affairs Division, ESCAP Bangkok
IV Technology
Implication of Technology for Rural Women presented at Regional
Conference on Women and Technology, (Surat 1983).
Technology Planning for Women, presented at Seminar on Science
and Technology for Women, IIT, (Delhi Feb. 1982).
3. Impact of Technology on Family Life and Changing Role of Women:
presented at Regional Conference of International Council on Social
Welfare, (Bombay 1981).
4. Rural Sanitation: Technology Options; proceedings of a Workshop
on Rural Sanitation sponsored by Oxfam (Delhi 1981).
5. Status Papers on Appropriate Technology, (a) Smokeless Chulahs:
the Burning Issue (b) Bio-gas some Issues (c) Rural Sanitation (ISST
1980).
1.
2.
Ongoing Action Programmes
1. Study Tour of Bio-gas Plants, sponsored by OXFAM, India Trust.
2. Pilot Project for the Installation of smokeless chulahs (Cookstoves)
in the hill areas.
V. Ideology
Development as if Women Mattered or Can we Build a New Paradign
for Women? presented at DAC/CEDC conference (Paris, January
1983).
2. Conflicts in Gender Relations: The Indian Predicament, Devaki Jain
April 1983.
3. The Natural Power of Women (for the Sarla Behn Granth), Devaki
Jain, March 1983.
4. Indian Women: Today and Tomorrow: Padmaja Naidu Memorial
Lecture Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (Delhi November
1982).
1.
VI. Dissemination
Report on a two Day Southern Dialogue between Researchers and
Activists, ISST, October, 1983.
Report on Workshop of Self Employed Women’s Association, Devaki
Jain, November, 1983.
3. Report on a Lecture tour of Scandinavian Countries, Devaki Jain,
May, 1983.
4. Catalogue of Agencies Reaching Poorest Women in India-Published
for SIDA 1981.
5. The Working Child-a guide to the literature, sponsored by UNICEF
1981.
1.
2.
15
TRUSTEES
Sita Ram Goel
Som Senegal
Gopi Krishna
Radha Bhatt
Shanti Ghosh
Leela Chandrashekar
Director
Consultants
Devaki Jain
Malini Sheth
N.P. Saxena
Mukul Mukerjee
Nirmala Banerjee
Gita Sen
Sudhir Bhattacharya
Advisor
K.S. Krishnaswamy-Bangalore
RESEARCH
Bangalore
Delhi
Shashi Rajgopal
Mridula Udaygiri
Rajamma
Aruna Prasad
Sudha Rao
Narayan Prasad
Madhav Gowda
Anand Raj
M. Balakrishna
Tara Appachu
Rekha Bezboruah
Manju Mishra
Suchitra Anant
Shobha Jaishankar
Raj Virdi
Lata Menon
Krishna Bhatt
Fellows
Srilata Batliwala
Mariam John
|0^4^
Administration
Delhi
SuShil Kama r
Pus/ppa Rani
Sulochana
Neeru Bala
SultaYj Singh
Ram Phool
16
C BN. Murthy
C.V Jagadish
Dusappa.
Institute of Social Studies Trust
S.M.M. Theatre Crafts Museum
“Tharanga” 10th Cross,
5, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Marg
Raj Mahal Vilas Extension,
New Delhi.
®
Bangalore 560080
Tel: 276687
Tel: 30315
COMMUNITY health CELL
326, V Main. I Block
Koramangala
Bangalore-560034 -
India
OX.
<
ROM ‘REE INDIA’
TO ‘NEW INDIA’
- AN APPEAL TO VOTERS -
1. We view with grave concern and dismay
the alarming state of the Indian polity today which
has been debased to an extent that the people are
fastly losing faith in the political parties and
democratic political process. Money, mafia and
anti-social' elements are controlling our political
life Conditions conducive to the rise of fascism
are already visible. It is indeed frightening.
2. The major blame for this, certainly lies
with the Ruling Party which has wielded power
at the Centre for thirty five long years. The
prevailing political culture has perverted and
demoralised our national life. It has undermined
our federal democratic institutions, norms and
principles replacing them with personality cult,
dynastic rule and concentration of power in the
hands of a few individuals. It has divided
people, communities and sections and played off
one against the other to be able to continue in
power. Human values have been thrown to the
winds.
3. The Ruling Party at the Centre has even
after more than three decades of Republican
Constitution, kept in tact the whole paraphernalia
of Colonial Raj by way of bye-laws, rules, regula
tions. manuals and practices in every Department,
especially in the Police Department. It" resorts
to Preventive Detention Laws, National Security
Act, Disturbed Area Act. 'Encounters', under
trials and other anti-people laws, to deny the
citizens of their life limb and liberty. This is no
secret.
4. Its administrative machinery and the police
force are never efficiently and conscientiously
used to prevent and curb recurrence of communal
violence. More often than not those in authority
seem to incite the miscreants to go on rampage.
5. Scheduled Castes. Tribes and other weaker
sections continue to be oppressed and are denied
basic human dignity. If they assert in any way,
they come in for most inhuman and cruel treat
ment at the hands of the land lords and upper
castes often in connivance with the State
machinery. Even Human Rights Organisations
and others that champion the cause of the
oppressed do not escape suppression.
6. A 'right-about turn' in the system, style
and culture of this polity is called for. For this a
change of Government at the Centre is imperative.
This is a must. Its long callous rule has resulted
in the underdevelopment of the common people.
Its actions are governed by vested interest for the
continuation of the status-quo which is corrupt
and degenerate to the very core. It is dangerous
to allow any single party to stay in power too
long in a democratic polity. It is this type of
extended rule that leads to dictatorship. There
fore this is the time to save our Indian Democracy.
People must awake and act.
7s It is unfortunate that the Opposition
parties are divided and have not yet succeeded
much in rising to the occasion due to ideological
and other differences. In this connection it is
essential to remember the unwholesome manoeuvres-of the Ruling Party and power lobbies to
dismantle any attempt at Opposition Unity. How
ever, hopeful signs of unified Opposition at the
State level are visible This is indeed encourag
ing.
8. The Opposition parties should be streng
thened. This necessitates the defeat of the
Ruling Party. We do hold out the hope that with
this replacement at the Centre, the shape of the
polity is bound to change for the better though
slowlv and haltingly. The Indian people are
critical of the 1977 Janata Experience after Emer
gency. However the people have not grown
desperate. They live in Hope for a New India.
True, we have a free India today free from foreign
yoke, but not free from the yoke of poverty,
injustice and oppression. We must now strive
for the emergence of a New India where the
human dignity of every person is guaranteed and
sustained.
9. For the healthy functioning of a Demo
cracy. a strong Opposition is a prerequisite. We
hope the present Ruling Party at the Centre will
emerge as an Opposition Party after this election
in December 1984.
10. We should continue to strive ceaselessly
with firm determination for the eventual establish
ment of a truly secular, egalitarian and partici
patory democracy where people are guaranteed
their Economic, Social and Cultural rights as well
as Civil and Political rights. This is the New
India we want.
11. In this India we envisage, every citizen
will fulfill his or her duties for each other's well
being and for the well being of the whole nation.
Undoubtedly this will contribute to the solidarity
of all peoples in all Nations.
HENCE
VOTE OUT THE RULING PARTY
AT THE CENTRE
VOTE FOR THE OPPOSITION
AND INSTALL
A NEW GOVERNMENT AT THE CENTRE
JAI
HIND
(Issued by the All-lndia Conference of the
Vigil India Movement held in Bangalore on 27, 28
& 29 November 1984, participated by Delegates
representing Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar,
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, West
Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala 8 Karnataka).
Vigil India Movement
National Office
13, Charles Campbell Road
Bangalore- 660 005
1-12-1984
Ragpickers Education
&
Development Scheme
(R. E. D. S.)
25,000 of them in Bangalore
Boys, Men, Women And Children
Toil, live, eat, sleep, and grow in dirt
THEY NEED
YOUR
HELP, LOVE, CONCERN
Sacred Heart Church Compound
62 A, Richmond Road,
Bangalore 560 025
Who Are Rag Pickers?
Every dustbin in Bangalore has a visitor for every
ten minutes. From dawn to dusk rags, pieces
of paper, plastic bits, bones, metal pieces get
collected and sold.
Clad in torn and dirty shreds, with huge gunny
bags thrown over their shoulder, their backs
arched, with grubby hands and face underfed,
under nourished, these Visitors look alike and
seem to abound on all the streets.
*
Who are these Boys? why do they resort to
Rag picking?
They are usually migrants from various districts
of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
They belong to a large and ever growing
numbers in the city.
an unappetising meal. Usually their meal
comes from stale left overs from restaurants or
• bought from small wayside shops.
Shunned by the public and i gnored by the
authorities they band together and live on pave
ment and slums.
The pavement is young Ragpickers' home. The
street is his workshop and rags is his mainstay.
Every bit of paper and rag is a treasure for him—
^guarantee for his survival.
Once on the streets, they are completely on
their own and are forced to fend for themselves
against all odds.
The Work
The Plight
Inability to find employment has forced them to
spend their lives burrowing into garbage heaps
and make a living on pavements. Their parents,
if not ragpickers themselves are sweepers,
coolies, quarry workers and in many cases,
hopeless alcoholics.
— the nature of their occupation
— the insecurity of the street
25% of the writing paper in the market are
from paper shreds. Plenty of unused was^
paper also goes into the manufacture of pack
ing material, egg trays etc. .
At the end of each day, having trudged 15 to
20 Kilometres, they get back to their hoVels to
The Reason:
The Ragpickers constitute the lowest rung of the
poverty groups. The reasons for leaving their
native place were economic, want of love, care,
attention, a quest for independence ....
— The oppressive economic need of the Rag
pickers,
The Ragpickers daily scour the dustbins and
rubbish heaps, picking meticulously waste ma
terial. They sell their products at retail shops
spread all over the city. There are more than
300 retail shops and 36 registered wholesalers
purchasing waste material in Bangalore.
Today, when the wood pulp is scarce, Ragpic
kers' contribution in the recycling of waste
paper, keeps the prices of paper low and some
more trees uncut for paper manufacture.
Their hardship reach the peak on rainy days.
Being roofless is bad enough but worse is the
fact that wet paper has no market.
— the constant rejection and threat from the
society
When one stays, lives, eats, sleeps and learns
on the streets, the habits cultivated are not
exactly refined.
With daily exposure to dirt and low resistence
to disease. Ragpickers easily fall prey to various
illnesses. Through constant handling of gar
bage, they contract skin ulcers, scabies and
other such ailments.
— the mutual distrust and fear among them
selves
prevent them from organising themselves for
a collective bargaining voice. Thus making
them vulnerable to different levels of exploi
tation.
R.E.D.S.
Appeal
Has decided to see that
Life can become
More than
Garbage for young ragpickers
Action
Q
O
Minimise economic exploitation
Facilities for bathing and temporal
0
Saving Schemes to promote the habit
of thrift and self reliance.
shelter
Help me to see the conditions
in which my brothers and sisters live
Help me to hear the cry of the anguished
the whisper of the hopeless
the plea of the forgotten
Help me to recognize the stench of poverty
the odour of illness
the air of rejection and loneliness
Q
O
0
Life oriented Education.
0
Cultural and recreational facilities.
0
Rehabilitation
0
Co-operative Society
Are you touched by their life
situation?
Help me realize
why some people have no taste for life
no palate for living
Do you want to do something!
Can you spare some time an$
LORD,
Help me to reach out and touch
these Brothers and Sisters
You want to make a contribution!
Remember love can pass
Person to Person.
Energy working with them?
only from
Donate your waste paper and
help the Ragpickers.
thus
Write to or Contact
Secretary
Ragpickers Education and Development
Scheme.
(Sacred Heart Church Compound)
62 A, Richmond Road
Bangalore - 560 025
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madauahd- auoadu oaa kosu ajdjj addj aao ^oOj ddde.d ae.0
aj&tfodJOrt aauass saodjfd sjdn tAjd^ea;
*
e.3uarid*
6>
ajdde.S1?^ rta^addym aauodaodj a/aa aauraod doaso sodafi
dya • 3,000 e>3Jda3 ae.3tra0d-
78-
ajuadu ajd aqt’e.odd adjdja^e.on^d tAjd«ja^e.ri t^onauanddaade.3d odujas ao^a du^oaajci dua- 2-500 ajdur ajao ode.0
a«ja& tJuasuafid •
*
9-
na?add ffi^odj 5yjmsjarld *
ao^3
od-jaeaiS doduaoauahd •
10-
1986, 1987 dym ktjju 300 auS^rt SjdSd^ .auruad *
033 0-603^auadd
®®ao kBfi
*
, e>o33aa© BaodoF5>aj daejja„£rt aoa
SjOduuSj ^03 *
•©•&• t aao aid asF
*
s= rfa_, ajrW3j<< yodSdaO
5aodoF&j a<jd^ 3e.O3yaod ■
11-
-se.adrt
50
ajgAs?rt d-ja1
45&-03 aaaay„ wad^s a^d^ae-odu
Sdaaj< aoSqOxXjoa a^an
*
aj5Avao<' irao3Jdri$?oa d^aoaod( i990Se. aisao ojjoa ).
dja - 5,0003 t,o3d
00OQ0O0O00
'
kwf-a
r.'jpo?.? c-1 ~TVof hxphp.ts okhatihgodu
S;ryC7
si'TMOGA ...^ Q-T-py
'..up, DISTRICTS. - ■ '
. . ’
\
Bo.rerer.ces; 1. GGTf 1) CP.-502/92-S3 from the Principal^-P.l;.C. Bangalore'.
dated. 23.il.19B2
2.
0M.D.i:.C./24/S2-83 dated 3.11.32 or D.M. 2. Bangalore
Cy'TIjE^M
1.
Dr Mohamed Furudfin (Leader of the'term), Professor of Medicine
2.
Dr reshikachar, Professor o" Surgery ...
3.
Dr 1' " Shivapraluish, professor of Orthopaedics'
4.
Dr Krishna Murthy,'Professor-of Pathology
5.
Dr Parthasarachy, professor.of.Radiology
6. Dr P "
, Assistant professor of Pf.-S Medicine.' '
Accompanied by;
to Handigodu and other villages
1.
Dr Gopinath, Assistant District Health'& F
2.
Dr Lokappa, Medical Officer, Sagar
Officer, 'Sagar
.
Places visited inJ3him03a.Distriot
1 . Handigodv. Pillage'
2. Kele.dipura
3. Kolise.ru
♦ Bctnc
c © ■•
Accompanied by the following at Chikl.~amaga.lur
1.
Dr Prasanna, District Health ?■ FJ Officer, Chickmagalur
Places visited at .Ohikl-amagalur District
1. Kadaba Gadde
2. Hallandur
3. Sangames hb-arpet
Patients from the affected areas were seen in the above centres.
At Sagar Taluk 49 cases v.’ere examined• and at Chikkamagalur division 46
cases were eraudned.
AGS GROUP ; I-JHODS
Patient age group ’juried from 4 - 40 years. Most of the affected persons belon;
to the age group of 5 - 15 years.
2
Religion & Caste
All the patients belong to Hindu Religion. Most of the patients belong
to Harijans, Vokkaligas and Edigas.
Detailed clinical examination of each case was done.
An attempt was made to study the Pedigree of each'family.
Blood samples were drawn for investigation. Living conditions and the
surrounding area were studied.
History of origin of the disease, their food habits and type of diet
were stuoied.
Clinical photographs of the patients were taken.
OBSERVATIONS
Most of the patients belong to socially economically backward class
1.
2.
Highest incidence of the disease is seen in the age group of 5-15 years.
3.
Sex prediliction is equal
4.
No significant nutritional deficiency was noticed. No gross symptoms
of deficiency was water and fat soluble vitamins seen. No gross protein
deficiency noticed. No calorie malnutrition observed.
5.
Upper part of the body was seen to be normally built than to the lower part.
TABLE 1
Measurement of normal children aged 10 - 12 years, at Sangameshwarpet
Name
Height
in cms.
Span
_
Length between
crown to symph.
pubis
* __
Length between
symp. pubis to foot
1. Bagyadeva
12 years
133 cms<.
133 cms
64 cms.
69 cms
2. Satish SC
12 years
129 cms
135 cms
62 cms
67 cms
3. Prasanna
10 years
116 cms
120 cms
59 cms
57 cms
4. BS Sudhakar
10 years
119 cms
120 cms
59 cms
60 cms
Measurements of affected children at Sangameshwarpet
Name
Height
in cms
Span
Length between
crown to symph.
pubis.
Length between
symp. pubis to foot
1. Basavaraja
12 years
122.5 cms
126 cms
55 cms
62 cms
2.Narayana
10 years
127.5 cms
135 cms
60 cms
57 cms
3. Thimmaiah
* 17 years
98.5 cms
105.5 cms 47 cms
57 cms
4. Suresh
** 14 years
—
153 cms
60 cms
75 cms
* Patient and Bilateral congenital cataract
** Patient is unable to stand. Tibia and fibula were bowed. Fibula is almost
by the side of medial side of tibia.
OBSERVATIONS
Gent-ally patients are of short stature. In most of the affected individual
shortness was contributed by the below trunk affection as evidenced by the gross disparity
between Heel to Symphysis and Symphysis to crown length.
Span length was found to be abnormal. It is observed that in majority of
the individuals this abnorlnality ranged from 1-7 cms.
One achondroplastic was also seen. One patient had congenital cataract of both eyes.
The disabilities noticed were involved of Endochondral ossification and generalised
involvement of bones'.
These were confinddto the lower limbs and trunk. Particularly the hip joints in
majority of cases and in few cases other joints were also involved.
The following deformities were observed:
Exaggerated lumbar lardosis
Coxaverun of hip of varying degrees
Genuverum, genuvalgus and genurecurvatum
Deformities were noticed in tibia and fibula of varying degrees.
No obvious limb length discrepency could be made out.
5. Flexion contractive of hips and knees were seen in few individuals who were seen
*«-•Few bed ridden for long time
6. In majority of the affected individuals the gait was short shuffing
associated with mild to moderate degree of waddling.
Except in 3 cases who had evidence of mild inflammation of the knee joint.
Others had no signs of active inflammation of the joints.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4
In one case Syndactyle was seen.
No neurological defect was observed.
No mental deficiency was observed.
No evidence of CVS diseases
No evidence of involvement lymphnodes.
PEDIGREE STUDIES
Villagewise details of the Pedigree studies were
tabulated in Table 2.
No. of families in
SI
No
No. of
cases
Handigodu
1
1
*
1
2.
2
-
3.
3
2
2
1
*
1
4.
4
*
2
*
2
*
3
-
Kaldipura
S angame swar- Kadabagadde
pet
—
-
No. of
■ families
with history
of consanguineousmarriage
2
1
*
3
3(1+2)
1
-
1
1
. 3(14-1+1)
5.
5
1
1
-
-
-
6.
6
1
-
-
-
-
7.
. 7
-
*
1
1
Total
No. of
families
7
8
6
58
NO. OF CASES
26
23
23
8
*Family with history of consanguineous marriage found.
In 4 villages where detailed history of 80 cases were collected
The cases were distributed in 26 families and history of
consanguineous marriage was observed in eight families.
All these families originally belonged to Karkala Area
(Gattada Kelage) and migrated to these places about 2 centuries
back.
(Keladi Shivappa Nayaka's time).
5
5
FOOD HABITS
Rice with sambar or rasam without dhal with available vegetables
and roots, like Kesavedantu (Colocasiae), Basale (spinache)
Dantu (amaranth).
Rarely they take non-vegetarian diet once in a year. During
rainy season crabs and fishes are consumed rarely. Some food is
consumed by other people of village.
As it was not the rainy season fish and crab samples were not
collected for examination.
General environmental conditions and housing were quite
satisfactory ’-. Lighting ventilation of the houses were . satisfactory.
Water sources were common both for affected and non affected
persons in the villages.
In many families many persons were affected. Symptoms of this
syndrome were suggestive of a developmental defect as a result ■
of flexion deformity of hip and knee, upper limbs are normal
in these people.
Majority of’ the individuals are able to move about for their
routine activity without much of complaint except perhaps-that their
efficiency was lower to the extent of disability.
From history narrated by local people and from affected area,
no definite date could be fixed as to when the disease was first
seen. It is likely that this disease appears to be present in the
community since a few generations.
Members of this community are in the habit of consuming illicit
liquors from their teen age in both the sexes. Blood samples collected
showed normal serum calcium levels and in two patients eosihophilia
was present. Anaemia was present in a few cases. Anaemia is of
normocytic hypochromic type. No radiological investigation could
be done.
On the day of our visit to Handigodu village one person who was
suffering from the Handigodu syndrome had died because of pulmonary
tuberculosis as told by the relatives.
6
6
Following are the names of the persons who were subjected to
blood examination.
SI No
Name
Age
Sex
I. HANDIGODU VILLAGE
1.
Griyappa
40
2.
Subbamma
34
F
3.
Nagaraja
’13
M
M
4.
Rama
5
M
5.
Ramachandra
18
M
6.
Bharathi
9
F
7.
Jaya
12
F
8.
Nagaraj a
10
M
9.
Ramachandra
12
M
10.
Varadappa
18
M
11.
Rudramma
25
F
12.
Raju
M
13.
Chandramma
18
40
14.
Manj appa
23
15.
Pokuramma
35
F
16.
Thimmamma
45
F
F
F
II. KELADIPURA VILLAGE
M
17.
Chowdamma
35
18.
Guttiyamma
40
F
19.
Parwathamma
12
F
20.
Basamma
35
F.
21.
Durgamma
38
F
22.
Nagappa
50
M
23.
Ramappa
40
M
24.
Ramappa
16
M
25.
Chowdamma
18
F
CONCLUSIONS
1.
The disease appears to be a herido families disorder affecting
2.
Subsequent crippling appears to be due to super added traume
endochnodral ossification.
on a joint which is not mechanically sound.
... .7
7
3.
The crippling is also due to lack of treatment at the
4.
Crippling is appeared to be a preventable condition.
crucial time of Jits development.
OBSERVATIONS
In these crippled persons their earning capacity is
considerably reduced. Consequently their nutritional status
decreases. They become susceptible tomany other diseases due
to above factors.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
The individuals who develop the signs of inflammation
of the joints have to be shifted to a hospital under
the care of an orthopaedic surgeon.
2.
Immobilisation of the joint, traction,analgesics, steroids and
3.
Deformed joints should be surgically corrected and o
antibiotics have to be used whenever felt necessary.
this will increase the earning capacity of the individual
enermously.
4.
The persons who underwent corrections of the joints
5.
Genetic counselling and marriage counselling should be
should be rehabilitated with occupational therapy.
done to control the disease..
6. Services of social and phylanthropic associations could be
taken for the social upliftment of the community and
rehabilitation of the cases.
7.
Chromosomal and genetic studies have to' be undertaken.
For the detailed study of cases a selected number of cases
from the affected villages from each group.of crippled
and non crippled persons have to be taken. To pin point the
herido familial character of the disease and to adopt practical
measures in the management and prevention of this disease.
8. In view of the magnitude and endemicity of the problem
and in the interest of long term treatment and in the
prevention of disease it is suggested that a creation of' a
special cell headed by an officer with his associated staff.
9.
Such rehabilitation centres should be located in a place
where the persons of both the places could be treated similar
to Kyasanur Forest Disease team.
10
FvcrcTeciLS—fehat—a_ de +• ailae)—www-ha*■ _t -
a —j-8
8
10.
The team suggests that a detailed survey has to be conducted
in Karkala for detection of cases from where these people
have migrated.
We thank Dr Gopinath, Assistant District Health and Family
Welfare Officer, Dr Lokappa, Dr Prasanna and Dr Begur for thar
cooperation in conducting the abovestudy.
1.
Dr Mohammed Nuriddin, Professor of Medicine (Leader of the team)
2.
Dr Desikachar, Professor of Surgery
3.
Dr M N Shivaprakash, Professor of Orthopaedics
3.
Dr Krishna Murthy, Professor of Pathology
5.
Dr Parthasarathy, Professor of Radiology
6.
Dr PV Aswath, Assistant Professor of P&S Medicine
kwp- a
nrows, ® c-Ry?52. _RA
_,r- iegruTed. development
(Regd Society No.695/80-81)
Gillesugar PO
Via: Raichur 584 101
Karnataka, India
NEWSLETTER
Issue Kill
July-September 1984
(for private circulation only)
This is the thirteenth newsletter being sent by us.
The first one was made in August 1981. Its aim was to
give you some information about what was happening with
the project and with the people living in the villages.
In July 1985 there was a kind of policy change, it became
a.kind of discussion paper. Many'questions were being
raisedon various kinds of subjects. We found that we
should ask the readers of this newsletter to comment
on the change. We are very interested in how/ffiake use
of these newsletters. We invest a lot of time in
.preparing these. From people we meet regularly we have
got encouraging reactions. The newsletters are now being
sent to about 400 institutions/individuals, and we feel
the need to get the feedback from everyone.
We request you to write to us about:
- what use you make of our newsletter/s
- what reactions you have on various issues being
disctnssed ■- what suggestions you would give to improve
- whether you are interested in receiving the newsletters
*
*-x-
GOVERNMENT, PEOPLE, VOLUNTARY AGENCIES - Tug of war?
This article gives many examples of how the ’’well” planned
government actions in the name of development had negative
effects on peoples development.. Individualism has grown,.
village institutions have been broken down and the people
have lost control over many of their resources.
Voluntary agencies have spent a lot of time to implement
the programmes planned by the government in a fair manner.
This strategy of the voluntary agencies is questioned;
whether to go on along this path or find other new
directions to reverse the process of underdevelopment.
GOVERNMENT, PEOPLE, VOLUNTARY-AGENCIES - Tug of war?
The government is the major development agency in the country.
Over th- years it has plan n d an enovr-mous lumber of programmes
in a multitude of different sectors and created a substantial
infrastructure tc implement those programmes. It has had its
successes and also failures which are rather more obvious. The
problems are well known: corrupt personnel, bureaucratic procedures
delays in completion, lack of followup, of monitoring, of
dedication
But if the extent of government mismanagement was
limited to its failure to meet Its objectives there would be
cause for much rejoicing. Unfortunately, it has had a far more
pernicious effect which has left its mark on every most isolated g
villager. For the common complaints against the government
'
topch. only upon the symptoms of a deeper cause which is a total
lack of respect for the very people the programmes purport to
benefit. It is such a fundamental failure that it calls into
question even the government's successes. .Programmes are
implemented, more or less successfully, as they are designed.
But what if the very starting point of those grand designs is
faulty?
As Dharam Pal has exposed in a recent article, the planners and
architects of our nation begin with the' belief in their own
superiority and the assumption that "ordinary" people can
contribute only with muscular strength or mechanical repetition.
Since the Indian millions, the thinking goes, do not have the
ability to be creative either organisationally or technical, ly,
it is impossible that they should publically apply their own
minds and talents tovhatever they consider worthwhile or they
wish to create. "The planners are the creators without creativity.
the directors and givers; the people are the supposed beneficia- (
ries". The truth is the ve y reverse:’the planners have'deprived
the people of their independence and initiative and given them
nothing in return but empty promises for empty rewards.
For the government's assumptions andpolicies have given rise
to a cultural change, a shift in people's thinking, of profound
implications. When educated, urban government officials believe
the villagers have no mental faculties'or practical skills, the
villagers themselves come to believe it.. Repeatedly told that
they have nothing, they now feel it to be true.
Agricultural
extension officers and fertiliser firms will teach them how. to
farm, urban designers will plan their homes, urban officers will
supervise their youth groups, urban women will teach them
embroidery... With an enormous edifice claiming io teach and
help them, the poor have begun to feel helpless and in need of
teachers. They now believe that their only hope for "improvement"
is through gifts from the vague, undefined, all-knowledgeable,
all-wealthy outside world: the city, foreigners, the..
governme nt...
5
Indeed, they can no longer on their own achieve what they desire
because their huts, their agricultural implements and methods,
their clothes and f&od have come to seem inadequate and valueless.
Visiting electioneers' have raised their expectations sky-high
with visions of instant buf.'aloe, goats, money, schools, housing,
all to be delivered on a golden plate if they will only vote
wisely. Yet the ne moment of political involvement allowed
them - a ballot paper and a few rupees "gift" by political
parties in the fragile hope of a better tommorrow - proves barren.
Any attempt to actually reap the promised government benefits
is doomed far failure. Suite simply, they do not have the time,
determination and money to procure their "rights'.' in the face of
an arrogant, unwieldy bureaucracy. Thar failure in even this
attempt only reinforces their growing sense of inadequacy.
Finally, they give up trying and succumb to .a. sense of
frustrated deprivation.
In such a situation matters can only get worse; as indeed they
are with ever greater numbers struggling below the "pzrverty line".
Recent research, both by academicians such as Dharm Pal and by
action groups such as the Indian Cultural Development Centre,
Madras, have shown that for centuries our villages were selfsufficient. They were able to feed, dothe and house themselves,
to settle their disputes, to cure .theii’ ill, educate their young,
make their tools, save their souls - meet, in fact, all their
wants. However, just as the culture of independence has been
destroyed so have these independent village structures of selfreliance. First undermined by the British colonialists, they
were dealt their death blow by the government of "Swaraj" which
has effectively d~privedthe villages of their freedom and power
to maintain themselves and control their own affairs by creating
an excessive reliance on outside forces - the market, the
government - over which they have no control and which .have
proved inems elves untrustworthy rulers.
Evidence of this ystematic destruction in the name of development
abounds. In Karnataka, alone there are some .’-1000 tanks feeding
water to 8.5 lakhs acres out of a total of 35 lakh acres of
irrigated land (thus 25%). In I960 the amount was more or less
the same but the percentage was over 50%. In the last two
decades major irrigation wo ides have been carriedout, construction
of very big reservoirs andhundreds kilometers of canals have
been made. In this way the total amount of irrigated fields have
been expanded. Along with this kind of projects new agricultural
technology was introduced (HYV seeds, fertiliser, pesticides, etc).
These two have contributed much to the 2.2% annual output growth
of agricultural. production, The effect ?f this strategy was
that there was a sharp differentiation in areas, irrigated bells
and dry farming belts. Also a differentiation within the
population took place'. The' poor could not adjust fast enough
to the new technology and had no capital to buy the necessary
inputs.
Only the educated- and rich farmers took the benefits.
4
Many crores of rupees have been spent on construction, still every
year crores of rupees need to be spent on maintenance works.
The Irrigation Department had placed its focus totally on this.
They have taken the responsibility to run this kind of schemes
with a centralised management, the farmers have just to wait to
get water delivered, although they have to please the officers
to do it. The marginal farmers face tail-end problems and don't
get sufficient water or no water at all. The Irrigation
Department spends only little time and money to maintain tanks.
In the past local princes, temple authorities or landlords took
care of the tanks and they have functioned for centuries.
Nowadays most of the tanks are in a bad condition. Because of
siltation the waterholding capacity has reduced a lot. It is
.
believed that it is economically unfeasible to renovate the tanks!
So this will cause the e nd of many tanks. But is not the same
true for big reservoirs? They also will be silted up in about
50-75 years, due to intensive cultivation and deforestation
of the catchment area. Another time crores of rupees will be
spent to face thisproblem. So why not spend money on
rehabilitation of tanks?
The command area of the tanks are relatively small andpeople
know by tradition how much water there isin the tank and which
crops over which area can be grown with this amount of water.
They have a traditional kind of water distribution in which
they have control over each other. Not maqy outsiders have
decision making power in this system and all have an interest
to use the water as efficient as possible. This kind of
decentralised systems shouldhave preference over centralised
systems where only outsiders, the management, and the rich
decide what is going to happen, leaving the rest in a totally
dependent situation.
I
This problem is not a transitory one of implementation - corrupt,
lazy officials - it is endemic to an entire system that robs
the people of control over their resource. An alternative ; is
to invest money to retain the potential of existing tanks and
other systems of traditional irrigation. These as a decentralised
system should be locally controlled with maintenance transferred
to the people thus relieveing the load on an overburdened
department.
The same holds true for the domestic water supply. The govern
ment's borewell scheme has been one of its successes. In nearly
every village there are two or three borewells. Many have
little or no water during the summer. All of them breakdown
twice or thrice a year. Naturally enough, none in the village
knows how to repair this urban import. Nor has anyone taught
them how to, presumably because the government believes it is
work only for MSc, BSc, Engineers and bejtond the ability of an
illiterate villager. As a result every breakdown necessitates
three or more visits to officialsin the District headquarters
and several months waiting for the permanently otherwise-engaged
repair team. After a little use, more repairs and even more
waiting, the villagers, convincedof the futility of their efforts,
give up trying and leave the borewell/pump to collect rust.
Whether useful or otherwise, the intervention of the government
andthe introduction ci.the’ borewell hashadits effect. The
village system which was maintaining open wellshas crumbled.
When th ; borewells a.re fun< tioning, the vi Hagers ignore the
openwells so that the water is spoiled. Forcedto depend on the
government for be rewell/pump repairs, they now expect it to also
undertake all renovation and maintenance work for the openwells as, indeed, was promised. But, of course, despite enormous
efforts from the people, the government does'not respond.
In March 1983, after 4 months1 work by the villagers, the Rotaract
Club and the project' team, an open well was sanctioned for
Kerebudur under PREP. Despite a number of hurdles created by
the Block Development Officer, including deliberately delaying
workers' pay, digging proceeded fast until June when further
payments stopped.
Ever since, the people of Kerebudur andthe
project team have made frequent and regular visits to the
District headquarters andhave presented countless written
appeals. Innumerable promises have been given andbrokens
nothing has been done. In the meantime the rains have caused
the wallsto cave in - unless the well is completed soon, they
money already spent will be down the drain. Yet, compared to
the cost of sinking and repairing bore-wells, open wells
require minimal expenditure. The villagers could and would
themselves clean andmaintain them if they, were given just a
little encouragement. All it needs is for the government to take the people into confidence.
Instead, it introduces ever new and complicated technologies
and relies on expertise, high capital cost and entrepreneural
abilities through private contractors. Be it wells, school
buildings or whatever, the contractors do sub-standard, haphazard
work £( which they receive full payments and leave the villagers
little better off. As with any centralised system, the roo.
of the problem is that the managers have nothing at stake: it
makes' no difference to them if work is done well - wheja they
receive no benefit - or badly - when they shift blame to
another department or higher official. Consequently, roads
are remembered only when elections are" imminent or dignitpries
are visiting. The contractors, hastily called in, simply
spread mud on the existing cart tracks so that in no time at
all 'their"work, iff invisible.
- '
It makes no difference to anyone - except, that is, the villagers.
If they were only entrusted with managing and executing the
programmes, they would obviously ?.o ''t well veca "w- i+ is to
their own direct benefit
In i’982 Dugnoor witnessed a parody
of the entire system, The villagers and the p.v ject team
held a Shramadan: foundations v^re i’ug. stones . .■.id. drains
cut and a new approach road
2 shed. A ©outracvor then claimed
he did the work and took payment from the gcverrnen’:.
6
One begins to wonder who the real beneficiaries are. Clearly
not the frustratedpoor. The government officials and local
administrators secure nice jobs, power and plentiful bribes.
The contractors do well and so do the village leaders - often
one and the same person. Indeed, over the years since
Independence the wealth and power of the village leaders has been
substantially increased. Previously their wealth was their land
and their influence narrowly circumscribed. However, the
paradoxical position of a government which while heavily
centralised is trying to control and deliver goods to every
village has put enormous power into the hands of such figures
who are proving models of rapid development. Their fingers are
now in every pie: politics, the black market, contracting work,
the village panchayat, the cooperative banks... This concentra
tion of power in a few hands has meant that time and again they
are the only beneficiaries of government schemes. Irrigation
canals flow into their fields, street lights illuminate their
neighbourhood, extension officers provide them with subsidised
products, banks give them loans. Pair price shops were in
theory created to provide the poor with the basic commodities
at a cheap rate. But in practice, the unwieldy system of
excessive centralisation has meant that only the rich can
operate that system. Usually, ninety per cent of the stock
released is sugar, hardly a basic necessity for the poor, which
is then sold on the black market before it even reaches the
village.
The same government centralism which awarded the village
leaders their new powers has also relieved them of all their
social obligations. While wanting to avoid romantic nostalgia,
it is certainly true that not so very long ago each village
leader or landlordhad certain responsibilities to the community.
This ensured that disputes were settled in and by the village
community, that temples were maintained and wells dug. It
ensured, in other words, that their wealth was in some means
ploughed back into the village. But now that the government
has taken over all organisational structures, they are left
free to indulge in unchecked selfish exploitation andthe
accumulation of capital.
Of course, many still do undertake work in the village but
these are spasmodic moments of magnanimity rather than very
definite structures of village self-reliance. And even such
initiatives are slowly being stifled. The Hanchinal Gowda
took the contract to bpild the school. He took a personal
interest, invested in the construction and did an excellent
job. Eighteen months ago the school was ready but since he did '
not g&ve any bribes the officials have not released the payments
due to him. He is, therefore, unwilling to hand over the
school which meanwhile lies empty.
7
Thus, the government's initial premises ere eventually selffulfilling and its own existence is validated. Deprive the
people of any opportunity for creativity andplanners are needed
to prepare endless schemes; appropriate the villagers' powers
and a plethora of Departments becomes necessary to plan,
implement, monitor and followup every activity from an urban
headquarter. It is a constantly self-reinforcing process: the
greater the centralism, the less the people can contribute,
the more they become obstacles in the path of government
programmes, the more necessary the centralism... ad infinitum.
Village initiative is now perceived as a threat to the power
spread across a network of vested interests for whom ever
increasing centralisation brings ever greater profits. And
all this justified by the great democratic myth.
In theory, of course, the government is attempting to promote
people's participation through village associations. In reality
the system works to discourage the people from being partners
in development work while palming them off with innocuous
sports and cultural events. Fifteen years ago two departments
were set up specifically to encourage youth associations to take
up development work. Such associations have been formed by
a few rich youths, the poor everywhere having been unable to
master the cumbersome procedures for registration and the
fight for funds. Special schemes have been formulated in
urban offices which consequently lack innovation and are totally
inappropriate to village life. Last year Bichal Yopth Club
hosted a Taluka level cultural festival sponsored ’ and
organised by the Yopth Department. The officials had prepared
a Western style programme of a competition with cups and equally
meaningless prizes, a debate on whether English is a better
language than Kannada and a "general knowledge" quiz which had
no evidence of relevance to the participants who, unable to
answer the questions, were only reduced to a sense of
rural inferiority.
The Department of Women's and Children's Welfare is, if possible,
only more invisible and more inappropriate. A group of women
from Kerebudur who had formed themselves into a mahila mandal
approached the Deputy 'Commissioner for help. He said that if
they registered themselves they could get buffaloe. So they
approached the Department office where they learnt that
registration involves Rs.60 and various pieces of paper in return
for which they are presented with a different piece of paper.
The official knew nothing of buffaloe and referred them vaguely
to other departments. The only scheme for mahila mandal she
knew of required that for two years the group cn its own undertake
a useful activity such as "doll-making, embroidery or pickle
making" and keep audited accounts. These conditions fulfilled
the government would give a grant of Rs. 1,000/- a year. Whether
or not that is on paper the only scheme for mahila mandal is
irrelevant; in reality it is for the women of Kerebudur who
can not reach beyond the District branch. Moreover, the whole
farce held up their own somewhat more intelligent and creative
plans. Even now they still nurture a vague feeling that what
they should really do is register and hunt down the free buffaloe.
8
Clearly all the government programmes in the world <.
are
never going to encourage, let alone enable, the people to take
development into their own hands. Why then isvoluntary action
persisting in the attempt to implement government programmes?
It is a policy we have ourselves pursued for three years.
There have been some "successes1’ : Janata houses have been built
pensions distributed, schools, wells, roads repaired/constructed
There have been more failures: a small farmer who ran a Fair
Price Shop genuinely serving the poor hadhis licence withdrawn,
Dugnoor Janata Housing group have been waiting two years for
hakku-patra (ownership certificate), Kerebudur School has taken
two years to reach window level
Every voluntary agency
could prepare a similar list of endless woes wherein, even with
its "skilled" personnel and finance to help the villagers, it
has been unable to implement government programmes.
We might wonder whether the failures are justified by the
successes, or whether the results are worth the enormous
investment in terms of time, personnel andmoney. But such
questions of priorities merely evade the issue.
The fact is
that even the successes do not fulfill any of“’our avowed
objectives: we didnot set ourselves up to keep contractors in
work. If the government programmes by their very nature have
a negative impact on the villagers with and for whom we are
working, success or failure is irrelevant. The attempt itself
will have a negative effect. How then can voluntary agencies
justify their pursuit of government programmes?
Initially, it seems, we all feel that we should take money and
goods that are on offer. After all, these programmes are for
the people - they are the people's "rights'] an.d as such we
should ensure that they receive them. However, these "rights"
were created by a constitution and government schemes which
the people have no part in framing and which are of no intrinsic
worth.
Indeed, they are meaningless in their concentration
upon material objects which only encourages the poor to overlook
their own resources, to neglect andultimately forget their own
skills and to turn instead to outside forces. The stage is then
set for exploitation: multinational drug companies will sweep
aside the herbal medicines, chemicals will replace natural
manures and the villagers will be put in the hands of profiteers
and politicians. Ultimately, the people for all their new
stone houses and high yielding varieties, secured as their
rights, will be worse off than today and India will be as
underdeveloped as the West. For development is not about
material wealth but about empowering each individual to realise
his/her full potential. And this power is surely both the
people's fundamental right andthe real aim of all genuine
voluntary agencies. Yet in our democratic fervour to secure
their "rights" we are jeopardising their power. Their right
is not to accept .. lother's plans but to realise their own
dreams, to themselves determine their rights.
PROTECT
No.7, Sept-Oct-1993
"And you shall know the truth,
And the truth shall make you free"
- John , 8 s 32
Sharavathi Tail Race Project :
DEVELOPMENT DEVIL
In this issue :
Sharavathi Tail Race Project
Afforestation and ODA assistance
Shankar Guha diyogi
Human Rights Commission and
Carnage of December 1984
* Davison L.Budhoo
* Narmada Battle
*
+
*
*
voluntary,
is
a
"Protect"
unit
of
organisation.
A
Vanaprasthashrama Charitable Trust
(R). Our membership is open to all
who are concerned not
only of
deteriorating physical Environment
out also of Human degradation by
way
of
erosion
of
values,
straining human relationship and
human exploitation.
Address s
"PROTECT"
901, 6th Cross, K.N.Extension,
feshwanthpur, Bangalore - 560 022,
Karnataka.
Annual Subscription :
Individual Membership
Institution Membership
Overseas Subscription
Information compiled
and furnished by :
Sri. Madhav R.Ithal,
Co-ordinator,
PROTECT
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Uttara Kannada district
in
Karnataka is a classic case of
a district dieing bitten by
development devil. The process
of development and hence
the
destruction of fauna and flora
started in the year 1946 when
a
dam was
constructed
at
Hirebhaskara to produce 120 MW
power.
There came a second
project
on
Sharavathi
at
Linganamakki to produce 890 MW
of
power.
Project
after
project
followed Chakra,
Kadra,
Kali, Kodasalli
At present
there are
four
finished
projects,
four
projects under
construction
and eight on the anvil.
The
latest addition being Bedthi,
and Sharavathi tail race.
S.R.T.P. was mooted in
the
year
1981,
which
instantaneously faced popular
protest.
A 55 meter high dan
at
Gerusoppa,
which
is
estimated to produce 600 MW of
power,
which costs ' Rs.232
crores. The project
submerges
700 hectares of rich
rain
forest which took around 4
lakh years for its present day
evolution. Robert Bush Baker,
an advisor to World Bank,
in
his detailed report advised
the World Bank not to fund the
project, as it. destroys one of
the most valuable forest
in
the
world. The
Geological
Survey of
India and Bombay
Natural History Society also
opposed the project. Karnataka
High Court
in January,
91,
asked the Union Government
to
reconsider the clearance given
to the project.
Sensing
the
mood of
the populace ,
tne
Union Forest and Environment
Ministry,
in its letter dtd.
31st July, 1992, took back the
permission
granted as
the.
project
seriously
affects
wildlife
and
submerges
2/
2
s-
precious rain forest. But the State Government submitted a report
in
the first week of April to the U..ion Government Ministry and
got the fresh clearance. This district is over burdened with many
development projects.
Caustic Soda factory at Binaga,
Paper
factory at Dandeli, continued onslaught of manganese mining
at
Bisagod,
notorious Kaiga,
sensitive Sea Bird
...
the
list
continues.
This district has maximum number of water falls,
picturesque and beautiful,
it produces most of
the
power
requirement of
the State, most diverse ethnic groups and a
district with low population density, now became a heaven to the
migrators.
It
consumes very less power,
its
land
being
deforested, became a breeding ground for unknown diseases. Once a
district with 90% of its land area covered with forests,
today
there is long stretches of barren land filled with weeds
like
Eupotorium.
Now the picturesque Zana, whose only sin is that
it
contains vast reserves of .lime stone,
already attracted the
greedy industrialists.
When the power minister was talking about SRTP, one generator
caught
fire at Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectric Project at Joga.
According to the Chief .Engineer, it was a minor accident and loss
incurred is Rs.l crore. 2 out of 10 generators in
this project
seldom operate,
no measures were taken
to repair them.
do
measures
to stop the theft of power, none bothers to switch off
the street lights which competes with blazing sun.
Union Power Minister Mr.N.K.P.Salve, hints of rise in power
tariffs in days to come. According to him, India needs Rs.97,500
crores for the production of additional 32,500 MW of power by the
end of
1997.
There are 60 proposals
from MNC's to produce
electricity.
So the T. rl .C. car t els already arrived in
India to
thwart
the efforts of Indian Companies like B.H.E.L,
N.T.P.C,
etc.,
World Bank is pressurising the Government to increase the
unit price of electricity. With the invasion of M.N.G's 1 MW of
power costs about Rs.4 crores, with addition of
transmission
expenses, an unit of power costs Rs.5 or more. Since electricity
is essential
for the production of all goods,
there will
be
general
increase in prices of all the commodities.
Hence more
burden on our starved citizens and more mystery.
Non conventional energy remains untapped, Government
insists
only on hydel and nuclear energy as they need vast
investments.
Solar wind, Geothermal, Tidal and Micro Hydel projects are not
encouraged no measures to lessen the transmission losses which is
a massive 23%, highest in the globe.
Projects like STR should be fought tooth and nail. Unless the
entire Western ghat region will pass into oblivion in the days to
come.
AFFORESTATION AND O.D.A: Overseas Development Administration
sanctioned Rs.85 crores for the development of Western Ghats with
tne condition
that the programme should involve active
local
participation
in
planning,
development,
protection
and
regeneration of forests with the pressure from Oxfam India Trust,
the State Government
formulated a programme - Joint
Forest
planning Management Programme,
sidelining a much
acclaimed
Integrated Forest Management Programme formulated by experts from
various N.G.Os.
According to J.F.P.M, anybody can be a member of the village
committee by paying a fee of Rs.2/=, the local forester will be
the Secretary, who selects the members and administrators of
the
Committee.
So the doors are wide open
to smugglers,
forest
contractors and local politicians. Also the village committee
will
be filled with government officials, whose apathy for
the
common citizens
is well known. Conservator of Forests of
that
region will appoint a representative from an N.G.O, so chances of
appointing a stooge or a fake activist
is more.
The
forest
committees will be supervised by a forest management
committee,
. . .3/
3
headed by a forest official, who has power to stop and punish the
guilty of offences. The Secretary will look after the accounts.
The Forest official reserves toe right to appoint or disqualify
any member. It is clear that the J.F.P.M, is totally controlled
oy forest department, which is the biggest enemy of our forests.
The very intention
of peoples
involvement
as envisaged by
O.D.A.become a farse by the high handedness compunction of forest
department.
According to the forest department officials,
20 village
forest committees are already formed and 7650 hectares of
land
will
be under afforestation in Uttar Kannada district. Mr.Bill
Atkin,
nead of the monitoring mission of O.D.A expressed his
satisfaction at the pace of the progress of the project. Chief
Minister of Karnataka fixed a goal of planting
20
crores of
sappling by the end of 1993. But
alas,
according
to forest
minister,
that
is an unattainaole goal, as no sappling were
available.
tfhen
these green saviours were
talking
about
afforestation, a petty official of PROJECT TIGER allowed 70 cars
and motor cycles of Xadur Rally to zoom through Bandipur Wild
Life Sanctuary
(later the oi'der was taken back following wide
protests) .
At Rio,
our Prime Minister and Union Minister of Forests,
talked eloquently quoting scriptures, about preservation of bio
diversity,
out
the same Prime Minister permitted the Chief
Ministers
to denotify the reserve forests.
Displacing
tribal^,
whose very life depends upon th$ forests, will not help anyway.
We have the cases of Gujjars displaced from Rajaji National Park
and Soliga tribals from forests of M.M.Hills.
Government and
forest departments must take the people
into confidence,
the
Government must show its willingness to learn lessons from the
past
experiences and must acknowledge the wisdom of the people.
JFPM will bound to fail
like World Bank sponsored Social
Forestry, which converted our forests into monoculture Accasia
weed plantations. The only one achievement of Social Forestry is
leasing of 75,000 acres of C&D forests and common grazing
lands
which are the livelihood of our villagers to Birla owned Harihar
Polyfibres Limited.,
SHANKAR GUHA NIZOGI - The Old Soldier never dies : 28th of Sept,
93 marked the second death anniversary of Niyogi,
a versatile
Labour leader founder of C.M.M, who dreamt of a society based on
human values and tried hard to realise it. Niyogi, a native of
Bengal,
migrated
to Bhilai and joined Bhilai
Steel Plant.
He
founded G.M.S.S, to save casual labourers from exploitation by
industrialists. He was expelled from the factory, in his exile he
married Asha. His vision of labour movement was not restricted
just to rise wages, but he thought of providing basic education
to children, healtn. care, abolition of liquor and protection of
Environment.
Because of his anti-induscrialist view, he has to
bear the brunt of the powerful politicians and money-lords of
Bhilai belt. At last they.succeeded in eliminating him physically
by employing an hired assailant. 2 years after submitting
FI&,
one of the assailant was arrested and the other (brother of
the
President of Industrialists Union of Bhilai) is still at large.
iVhen
there was a dire need of visionaries like Niyogi,
his
death came as a shock to all who are concerned about human rights
and human welfare. His death should not go waste, serious efforts
should be made to fulfill his dreams.
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION & CARNAGE OF DECEMBER ‘84 s Nation paid
rich tribute to'the former Prime Minister late Mrs.Indira Gandhi,
on
31st
October,
1993.
The mayhem,
that
followed
her
assassination,
took 2,733
sikhs
life
(Government
figure,
authenticity
?) property of worth hundreds of crores of
rupees
were burnt.
The bloody carnage of
sikhs
never stirred our
conscience. The Jain/Agarwal Committee in its report states about
colossal indifferences about Sikhs life and property, failure of
. . .4/
4
the
authorities
in
registering
FIRs
and
sabotaging
investigations. According to a senior official, in a meeting held
in Delhi which was chaired by the
Prime Minister and Home
Minister,
P.V.Narasimha Rao, ( a fiddling Nero of Suitcase fame
),
it was decided not to call army to curb violence.
Groups of
slogan shouting Gong-I goons led oy H.K.L.Bhagath and Sajjan
Kumar massacred at ransom. The Jain/Agarwal Committee recommended
to register the murder cases on Bhagath and Sajjan Kumar, but the
government is sitting over this recommendations to protect
them.
This will remain an eternal blot on
our much boasted
"NON
VIOLENT, SECULAR" character of India.
The President of India, promulgated an ordinance on 28th
September to set up a National Human Rights Commission.
Justice
Ranganath Mishra, former Chief Justice (his stand on equality
to
women
and his soft heart to rioters of 1984 is well known) will
be the Chairperson of ine Commission. The Commission is not a
investigative machinery but depends upon state and central
forces,
(whose exclusion is hard to understand). The Commission
can make only recommendations and no action can be taken by it,
which curtails its usefulness.
It
is a well known fact that the Government constituted the
Commission
just to appease its money lending bosses.
It will
remain as an empty bureaucratic body if the Government
is not
- sincere in the implementation of the recommendations of the
commission and in creating a humaue society where all
the
•^citizens can live with dignity and enjoy their legitimate rights
and liberties.
DAVISON BUDHOO - A VOYAGE TOWARDS LIGHT : Davison L.Budhoo,
a
Grenadine Economist, joined the IMF in 1966 and resigned on May
3,1988.
He
is the author of one of the most acclaimed
bool
on
developmental
assistance titled
"THE INTEGRATED THEORY
OF
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE".
His open
resignation
letter is published as a book with title "ENOUGH IS ENOUGH", is a
classic which depicts
the conscientious protest of
a single
oerson against a devilish power.
After tne second World War, the war ravaged Western countries
assembled at Brettonwood, there W3/IMF took their birth.
Since
its inception on
1st March, 1947,
the fund has played an
exploitative and subversive role in the globe. In the name of
developmental assistance,
it toppled the popular Governments,
curbs the voice of dissent and uses all tne bullying tactics
to
please its bosses.
In
the name of
structural
readjustment and import
of
technology,
WB/IMF pumps consumerist
goods
and
redundant
tecnnologies.
It supports expenditure on arms as
it
is a
lucrative business for the developed countries- The fund official
draws a salary which is much higher than *
hc salary of
the
top
executive of any profession. Because of this,
these officials
become slaves to Bank philosophy, they utilize all of
their
intelligence to sabotage their own countries. Our prophets of
"Economic liberalisation,
Dr.Manmohan Singh and Montek Singh
Ahluwalia's being
the slaves of the same philosophy,
readily
""licks their masters boots, gets applause in return.
Budhoo travelled in India last year and he is planning
to
submit
an
alternative
programme
for
WB/IMF
structural
readjustment programme. According to him, the conceived programme
stresses on
the rural non agricultural production,
widens
the
economic base and diversifies exports, to quote him 'INDIA MUST
SAY A FIRM NO TO IMF/WB ASSISTANCE, AND I HOPE THAT WILL HAPPEN'.
We wish the same, but the contrary is most expected.
NAR.MADA BATTLE :
One of
Sarovar
the most destructive project of modern
India Sardar
Project, took another toll in the name of Rahimal Punya
.. .5/
5
Vasave a 16 year youth of Chinch Khedi Village, when police fired
at him at point blank range. His death brought
the agitation
against
the survey in the tribal areas to the lime
light,
Ms.
Medhaji, along with 170 activists were arrested and locked up in
Dhule jail.
It
is a moral victory to NBA because it has shown
tne
Government
at its true colours - Indifferent, ignorant,
callous
rude and brutal.
The monsoon starts at June, by that time the dam is expected
to rise
to a level of 80 metre, since the survey started only
now, evacuation and resettlement is virtually impossible.
Police brutalities on NBA activists is on the rise,
illegal
arrests and detentions, false charges became a routine.
It was
shocking to see a photograph of Medhaji's hair being pulled by a
jawan and being beaten black and 'blue. How long
are we to
tolerate all these things, is our conscience dead?
PROTECT CONGRATULATES :
1.
M.C.Mehtha, an environment lawyer, founder of Indian Council
for Envirolegal action, for being awarded with ’‘GLOBAL 500“ award
for 1993.
2.
Dr.
Vandana Shiva,
coordinator of THIRD WORLD
NETWORK
(TWN)being awarded with "EARTH DA?" international award,
"GLOBAL
500“
for her book "STAf ALIVE" and GOLDEN ARG award for her
book"TH£ VIOLENCE OF GREEN REVOLUTION".
3.
Ms. Banoo Coyaji - Raman Magsaysay award for public service,
for
mobilising
resources for a modern hospital
in
rural
Maharashtra.
4.
Chief Justice of Supreme Court,
M.N.Venkatachalaiah,
who
brought confidence
to the Supreme Court, who
inculcated fresh
breath to the decaying Indian judiciary.
5.
The friends of “SAHMAT".
6.
Nikhil Wagle : Editor of Mahanagar Eveninger for his
crusade against Bal Thackeray and his Shivsena goons.
tireless
7.
Ms. Taslima Nusreen - a well known social activist of Bangla
Desn, author of the book "LAJJA" for which she faced the wrath of
Muslim fundamentalists.
WE CONDOLE : the death of lot of valuable life that perished by
nature's wrath.
■a'E THANK one and all who responded to our call to support the
quake victims.
WE REGRET THE LOTS OF MISTAKES IN THE LAST ISSUE
BOOK POST
PRINTED MATTER s
To,
PIN !
pior memJustice S.
The approach it did take stands out
in its narrowness. It is worth recall
ing because the then government
f wiji Jus- chose to go along with that
fid Rangajudgment
by leader
sc of elec
tions was
under law.
f that par
case of A.
ind others)
tion of Mr
rom Parur
t> 50 of the
the voting
ed on an
ts broader
i the effect
g the chip
in area.
gment was
n lines of
stitutional
f the efecthe mcan-
approach. The present government
will have to drastically review that
stand if it is to take its famous “leap
into the 21st century.”
Said the justices: “It is a well
settled rule of interpretation of
*
stat
the rules were made, tht system of
voting by machine was not in vogue
in this country. In these circumst
ances, therefore, we are con
strained to hold that the word
‘ballot’ in its strict sense would not
include voting by the use of voting
machines.”
The court, however, did not go
down alone as being backward in its
oach. On the contrary, it
ipted —successfully—to pass
uck, as it were, to the govern. “Our view”, the court said,
s a good deal of support from
ircumstance that even though
/stem of voting by mechanical
process was submitted to the gov
ernment for approval, yet the same
was declined, which shows that the
rule-making authority was not pre
pared to switch over to the system
of voting by machines...”
Mr Trivedi is a very determined
man and, by all accounts, his deter
mination is going to bear fruit at
long last. The court had chosen to
i infact
lca<
word Ballot’ is wide enough to
include the mechanical process and.
therefore, the direction of the com
mission falls squarely within the
four comers of both rule 59 and
rule 49. Reliance was plaped (by Mr
Jethmalani) on the dictionary
meaning of the word ‘ballot’ which
has been defined in Black’s law
dictionary (fourth edition), at page
DOCUMENTATION NEWS FROM CED
said to represent this will." The boxes between me -ywnnng ami
latest election, he added, highlight counting dates, etc
ed the fact that this distortion of the
Presently, it takes at least seven
voting pattern swung that margin days to print the ballot papers.
between defeated and victory in at
Mr Trivedi, in true salesman
least 39 constituencies.
fashion, pushes his product with the
An argument used last year by added incentive that when not in
the government, which the Sup use for Parliament or Assembly
reme Court had supported elections, the machines could be
wholeheartedly, was that the pro rented out, for a fee, to smaller
ject would be taken up for govern local bodies—panchayats, munici
ment consideration only after the palities and even college elections.
people were made familiar with the
Also, there is the additional con
system of voting by machine and sideration that the machines have
after there was general acceptance been the result of 100 per cent
that the system of voting left no indigenous research and develop
scope for misuse.
ment by ECIL and BEL, both of
Ta this Mr Trivedi counters: which are public sector units.
“The actual use of the machine is as
Where the election commission is'
simple as pressing a light switch." concerned, once the cabinet takes
He, however, says that this educa its decision and forwards »he
tion requirement could also easily amendment to the 1951 Act to
be satisfied through a short film on Parliament for approval, it is just a
the machine, which incidentally has matter of time before the entire
already been prepared for viewing. electoral process goes electronic-To the misuse aspect, he points out perhaps even in time for the next
that while the machines were used batch of Assembly elections
Vol. Ill No.10
October 1985
deo Films on Racism in Britain
We shall be holding another small video-film festival at the CED.
This
time all the films are based on short stories written by Farukh Dhondy, on
the problem of racism in Britain.
Venue:
Centre for Education &. Documentation
Day & Date: Saturday; November 2,
1985.
Timings: 3 PM to 8 PM
Duration
Time
Title of Film
3.00 PM
Maids,
3.25 PM
Good at Art
35 mins
The Bride
35 mins
Dear Manju
30 mins
5.15 PM
Come to Mecca
30 mins
5.50 PM
Salt on a Snake's Tail
30 mins
6.20 PM
Romance, Romance
30 mins
7.00 PM
Empress and the Munshi
6 0 mins
4.05 PM
™4.40 PM
the Mad Shooter
25 mins
Feedback on CED
In August this year we had formulated a long questionaire which chose to
seek the responses of our various friends and users,
to CED activities.
We had sent copies of this out to about a 100 people in Bombay as well as
outside.
pl It was very reassuring and heartening for us to note that about 70% of the
people responded at length.
In doing so they evaluated our various aspects
and eiiher endorsed them happily ox offered suggestions for improvement.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CEL!
- 2
All the criticisms and suggestions have been discussed seriously and we
shall be incorporating most of them in our activities.
To inform people
□f what the nature of the responses was like, we prepared a summary rep
ort of al]
the feedback and have already mailed it to all those people
who had responded.
If any others are curious to know how people react
to CED, they can ask for a copy of the summary report from us.
B00K5/BQDKLET5 RECEIVED LAST MONTH
i.
1.
Women’s Issues, Health
For Her Own Good? 150 years of the Experts' Advice to Women, by
Barbara Ehrenreich and Diedre English.
1978.
(BK)
2.
Gynaecology; The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, by Mary Daly.
3.
The Cultural Crisis of Modern Medicine.
1978.
(BK)
M.R. Press.
4.
1978.
1985.
The Making of Health Services in a Country; Postulates of a Theory,
by Debabar Banerjee..Lok Paksh.
6.
The Impact of the Ahmedabad Disturbances on Women.
Jump Cut•
Report by the
September 1985.
Sexual Representation; A Review of Contemporary Media.
Issue No. 30.
9.
by Robert Benowicz.
(BK)
Women and Media Group.
8.
1985.
Non-Prescription Drugs and Their Side-Effects,
1977.
7•
I
Women, Health and Development; A Report by the Director General.
World Health Organization,
5.
Edited by John Ehrenreich.
(BK)
USA.
The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman, by
Alexandra Kollontai.
1970.
(BK)
II.
ENVIRONMENT,
1.
The State of India's Environment 1984-85: The Second Citizen's Report
■ Centre for Science and Environment.
2.
1985.
(BK)
The "Dirty Dozen": A Profile of twelve extremely hazardous pesticides
giving their basic characteristics, hazards, regulatory status and
technical background information.
Pesticide Action Network
(PAN).
1 985.
3.
Environmental Aspects of the Activities of Transnational Corporations
A Survey.
4.
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations.
Bibliography of Printed Resource Material on Environment-
1 985.
Environmen
tai Services Group (WWF). March 1985.
in. History, Ideoloc.'/, Development
1•
Subaltern Studies III: Writings on South-Asian History and Society*
Edited by Ranajit Guha.
(BK)
3
2.
Third World; Development or Crisis?
Report of the International Con
ference organised by Consumer's Association of Penang. Penang,
9-14
November 1984.
3.
Declaration of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement■
Adapted
at the Second International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and
Organizations which formed the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement.
March 1984.
4.
Arun Shourie's Slanders Rebutted: History has Vindicated the Communi~
sts, by Gautam Chattopadhyay.
Communist Party.
June 1984.
iv.
Mental Health
1.
Critical Psychiatry; The Politics of Mental Health.
Ingleby.
2.
Free Associations
Culture.
i
3.
Edited by David
(BK)
1980.
(Pilot Issue): Psychoanalysis, Groups, Politics,
Edited by the Radical Science Collective.
Social Security. U.K.
October 1984.
(BK)
Published by Department of Health and
Drug Misuse: A Basic Briefing.
1985.
lhlTFR\jENT|ON(gh<|, Cl A
V.
American
1.
The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda, by Edward
S.
Herman.
1982.
(BK)
2.
Reagan's Secret Wars, by John Peterzell.
3•
In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story, by John Stockwell (Former Chief,
CIA Angola Task Force).
4.
1978.
1984.
(BK)
(BK)
"Soldier of Fortune: The Journal of Professional Adventurers."
Special 10th Anniversary Issue. August 1985.
5•
"Eagle: For the American Fighting Man". September 1985 issue.
vi.
Punjab^ Education t other.. Issu es
1.
Constitutional Aspects of Sikh Separatism, by Dr. Durga Das Basu.
1 985.
2•
National Policy of Education,
September 1985.
1985: A Framework, by J.C. Agarwal.
(BK)
(BK)
3.
Profile of Industrial Workers, by Manik Kher.
4•
Witness to Genocide: The Present Situation of Indians in Guatemala
by Craig W. Nelson. Survival International.
5.
World Says "No" to Nuclear War.
1984.
1983.
A Communist Party Publication.
January 1984.
6•
JBS: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane, by Ronald Clark.
1968.
(BK)
MATERIAL FDR DISTRIBUTION
CEP and CITE Publications
1.
Land Degradation:
India's Silent Crisis, by Mukarram Bhagat (A Cite
Publication. December 1 982.
123 pages.
2.
Operation Flood: Development or Dependence?, by CED Research Team.
3.
Factsheet 2 - Communalism: The Razor's Edge, by Factsheet Collective.
(A Cite Publication). April 1982.
110 pages.
September 1983. 78 pages.
4.
Asbestos: The Dust That Kills,
Counterfact No.5, CED. July 1983.
28 pages.
'5.
Health and the Work-place, Counterfact No.4,
6.
ORT and the Credibility Gap,
CED, May 1983,
10 pages.
Counterfact No.8, CED. October 1984.
10 pages.
Third World Network Publications
1.
State of the Malaysian Environment 1983/84 by Shehabat Alam Malaysia.
2.
Malaysian Women: Problems &. Issues, by CAP.
3.
Environmental Development and the Natural Resource CRISIS in Asia and
4.
Drugs and the Third World: phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone Sale
1983. 96 pages. Rs. 23/-
the Pacific, by SAM.
1983.
134 pages. Rs. 45/-
1984. 422 pages. Rs. 85/-
and Hazards - A Malaysian Study. CAP Report. No.5, October 1984.
Rs. 4 0/5.
Beware of Hazards in the Workplace. A Kit by SAM Workers Education
6.
Papan Radioactive Waste Dump Controversy, by SAM.
Programme. Rs.
Rs.
7.
8.
23/-
1984. 82 pages.
18/-
Pesticides: Problems, Legislation and Consumer Action in the Third
World. The Malay
perience. CAP.
Seeds and Food S
, by SAM.
Rs.
1984. 85 pages.
Rs.
18/
Anjum Rajabali.
BOOK-POST
PRINTED EDUCATIONAL
MATTER ONLY
F rom : C.E.D.
3, Suleman Chambers,
4, Battery Street,
Behind Regal Cinema,
Bombay - 400 039.
Tel. No. 2020019.
43o Ravi Narayan,
Medico Friend Circle,
(Organisation &. bulletin
326, V Main,
Koramangala,
1st Block.,
•).-.n-.nlnrn-S60 064-
nior mem
*
.Thc approach it did take stands out
in its r
»wness. It is worth recall
I Justice 5/ ing be
'C the then government
chose to go along with that
nd Rfinga- approach. The present government
judgment will have to drastically review that
by leader stand if it is to take its famous “leap
se of elec into the 21st century.”
tions was
Said the justices: “It is a well
•jnder law. settled rule of interpretation of
f that par star
case of A.
md others)
tion of Mr
rom Parur
o 50 of the lea<
the voting
ed on an word ‘Ballot’ is wide enough to
ts broader include the mechanical process and,
the effect therefore, the direction of the com
g the chip mission falls- squarely within the
four corners of both rule 59 and
gment was rule 49. Reliance was placed (by Mr
n lines of Jethmalani) on the dictionary
istitutional meaning of the word ‘ballot’ which
If the efec- has been defired in Black’s law
the mean- dictionary (fourth edition), at page
the rules were made, the system of
voting by machine was not in vogue
in this country. In these circumst
ances, therefore, we are con
strained to hold that the word
‘ballot’ in its strict sense would not
include voting by the use of voting
machines.”
The court, however, did not go
down alone as being backward in its
oach. On the contrary, it
ipted —successfully—to pass
uck, as it were, to the govern. “Our view”, the court said,
s a good deal of support from
ircumstance that even though
./stem of voting by mechanical
process was submitted to the gov
ernment for approval, yet the same
was declined, which shows that the
rule-making authority was not pre
pared to switch over to the system
of voting by machines..."
Mr Trivedi is a very determined
man and, by all accountSi his deter
mination is going to bear fruit at
long last. The court had chosen to
i infact
Vol.
DOCUMENTATION NEWS FROM CED
said to represent this will.” Hulatest election, he added, highlight
ed the fact that this distortion of the
voting pattern swung that margin
between defeated and victory in at
least 39 constituencies.
An argument used last year by
the government, which the Sup
reme Court had supported
wholeheartedly, was that the pro
ject would be taken up for govern
ment consideration only after the
people were made familiar with the
system of voting by machine and
after there was general acceptance
that the system of voting left no
scope for misuse.
To. this Mr Trivedi counters:
“The actual u^c of the machine is as
simple as pressing a light switch.”
He, however, says that this educa
tion requirement could also easily
be satisfied through a short film on'
the machine, which incidentally has
already been prepared for viewing.
To the misuse aspect, he points out
that while the machines were used
III No.9.
ooxes between tne -poinng ano
counting dates, etc.
Presently, it takes at least seven
days to print the ballot papers.
Mr Trivedi, in true salesman
fashion, pushes his product with the
added incentive that when not in
use for Parliament or Assembly
elections, the machines could be
rented out, for a fee, to smaller
local-bodies—panchayats, munici
palities and even college elections.
Also, there is the additional con
sideration that the machines have
been the result of 100 per cent
indigenous research and develop
ment by ECIL and BEL, both of
which tire public sector units.
Where the election commission is
concerned, once the cabinet takes .
its decision and forwards t£e
amendment to the 1951 Act to
Parliament for approval, it is just a
matter of time before the entire’
electoral process goes electronic—
perhaps even in time for the next
batch of Assembly elections
September 1 985.
Video Festival at CED
|2ED is holding an ’open-choice*
1 festival of video films on its premises
later this month.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
D a t es s September 24, 25, 26 , 27, 28 1 985.
Daily Timings: 3 PM - 9 PM
Bangalore-560034
Venue: Centre for Education &. Documentation
I.
Fixed Shows:
326, V Main. I Block
Koram.ngila
India
Every day at 5.30 PM, we will show a film of our choice.
Almost all of the following films are of 50-60 minutes duration each.
Sept.
24,
1985
"PEPSI VS.
COKE IN THE ICE-COLD WAR"
A sharp, biting account of the phenomenal growth
5.30 PM
of the two giant multinationals, the power they
wield internationally, their role in America’s
wars and imperialism over the Third World.
Sept. 25,
1985
"THE BETRAYAL OF BHOPAL"
Tackles most of the aspects of the ’accident’ viz.
5.30 PM
Carbide's safety-record, double-standards, UCC's
indifference to the conditions in their plant at
Bhopal,
etc.
Includes interviews with Carbide
(USA) safety officials and film clips of the imm
ediate aftermath of the leak.
Sept.
26,
1985
"NICARAGUA" (Parts 1 & 11)
A very scathing film on U.S.A's interventionist
5.30 PM
and destabilising tactics in Nicaragua and the
courage of the people in fighting against it to
make a success of their revolution.
Sept.
27,
5.30 PM
1985
"THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEN AND BOYS IS THE
PRICE OF THEIR TOYS"
About armaments. Deals with their role in interna
tional relations and third world economy. Highlights
some very interesting figures and trends.
2
Sept. 28,
1985
- "BHOPAL: LICENSE TO KILL"
OR
5.30 PM
"CENTRAL AMERICA: REAGAN'S BACKYARD"
The first one deals with the Union Carbide gas leak
and its implications.
The second is on the USA's
interference in Central America and its covert mil
itary and overt political and economic pressure on
those countries that fight it.
The 'Open-Choice'
list: The following films are also available with us
The video set will be kept for open-use and
these films can be seen by anyone at anytime
between 3 PM and 9 PM (except at 5.30 PM) on
the above days.
(Unfortunately, since we rece
ived a majority of these films just a few days
ago, we haven't had the time to view all of
them ourselves from start to finish and there
fore cannot give the exact duration of each
one. However they seem to be of an average dur
ation of 50-60 minutes each).
i) "TALKING HISTORY"
- A discussion between E.P. Thompson and
C.L.R. James on issues facing the world
today, with emphasis on nuclear armame
nts and the peace m o v
i) "REALITY OF THE MEDIA"
- How the media is €
Sed
*
in the Third
World. A case study of Colombia.
i ) "TO SING OUR OWN SONG"
- On the
*
situation in the Philippines
today.
v) "PHARMACEUTICAL MNCs AND
THE THIRD WORLD"
- On the
manufacture and ruthless mark
eting of inessential and even harmful/
banned drugs in the Third World by drug
MNCs.
A case-study of Ciba-Geigy in
the Philippines.
v) "HARD TO SWALLOW: DRUG
MARKETING IN THE THIRD
- About the killing practices of drug
MNCs in the Third World.
WORl D"
i) "HEALTH CARE IN MOZAMBIQUE" - About the new and innovative health
care techniques that are being employed
in Mozambique.
i) "NO PROMISE FOR TOMORROW
- A report on the Bhopai
gas
'accident'
Position: 1205 (4 views)