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PRECAST STONE BLOCK MASONS
in regions, where stone is available in abundance, random rubble
masonry is a traditional method of wall construction. However, a
rubble wall has to be thick and therefore consumes a lot of stone
as well as cement/lime.
Precast Stone Block Masonry method has been evolved by C.B.R.I.
to cut on the excessive use of materials as well as skilled labourIn addition, this method uses stone spalls (5 cm to 25 cm.) which
otherwise find little use.

Large size stone spalls are first
placed on the bottom of the mould
leaving a minimum gap of 1.5 cm.
between two stone pieces or the
mould wall. The gaps are filled
up with lean cement concrete mortar
1:5:8 (Cement : Sand : 10 mm and
down coarse aggregates). Proper
filling up is ensured by tapping
the mould walls and deep trowelling
alternately.

Demoulding can be started 5 to
10 minutes after casting depending
on weather. The moulding can be
done either in individual or gang
moulds. The details of different
types, of moulds are given in the
illustration.
12mm J M.S BAR HANDLE
M S ANGLE HXJSXGmm

ffi

EEFEE

.SECTION On Y -y

m

s Partitions plates

4mm

THICK 5 Not

PkAAW?. SHFFNER

Bl

----- h

1-15*2.’* 6 I 180 LONG

r

M 5 ANGLE---- I2mm. $ M. S BOU
M S. DOLI-

Iq.

s

—------

'-M S PLAIES 4mm THICK
6Nos UOXISOmm.

'12mm () M. S [,AR HANOI?

END VIEW

t

nxisxiimfn
940ElONGrWE.LDlN£T SNo* M 5 PARI'TION Plates 4mm Th Hfikiso
s Al NCLES

I

3J8

*3

u4T\°~T~u°

Y

u

y\

t

20

— 12mm. ()M. S- Bar handle

Ul

t

uo —

----- I2mm 0 M. S. BOLTS 2 Nos.

ENO PLATES 2 Nos. 290X19BXAmrTv
------- *----------------------- ----------- 940

Pl A

f

35X35X6 8. 190 LONG

_m. s. partition plate

N

■ -£ANG mould of six blocks
ALL DIMES JONS IN m/n.

— 6 mm,

RQH haNOlC

A*

I

♦—12 mm- 0 Pin

4mm. THICK M. S. PlAie
WGIOEO FROM OU! SlQG

SI
6mm. 0 M. S.F'OD'
HANDLE WELCEO
FROM OU I $.QE —

4mm. THICK M. S. PLATE WELOEO
FROM OUT SIDE AT ALL CORNERS

Split type mould

Fixed type steel mould

To break vjsrtical joints, 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 sized blocks can
also be casted with same moulds using 4 mm thick steel plate
partitions.

Partially prefabricated Brick Panel Roofing System

Flat roofs serve as additional living spaces in low
rainfall
temperate climates, However, the R.C.C. slab is
quite
expensive for this.
Partially prefabricated Brick Panel Roofing system saves
not only money but also scarce and energy intensive materials
. like steel and cement besides
------ * substantially reducing the use
use
of shuttering work. It alsoC does away with the complications
inherent in cast-in-situ work.
Bricks can be arranged either
as in type A or in type B for
brick panel of size 560 mm x
1040 mm. The panel is rein­
forced with two M.S. Bars of Onm0
with their hooks projecting
outside the precast panel..

The roof panels are supported on
the partially precast joists and
joined together in 1:2:3 concre­
te (grit) mortar. Temperature rein­
forcement is provided by 3 mm0
wire at a spacing of 550 mm,
parallel to joists and 1040 across-- them.
6 mm0 bars for negative
reinforcement are provided,where
necessary. 25 mm thick concrete
mortar of grade M-150 is laid all
over the roof panels, to develop
T beam action with joists.

joists

S
\560
).

•

iO 4 O'"

TYPE A

___

wfc.
SHrrups <2/
a S<qO

« * lOTk St

-’h
panels and the •nou
erection
personnel. Therefore these joistsJ <are
-- --supported by two
concretinQh
Safely removed after 7'days
, of'the
.
) top
Many interesting details <about
'
the structural action
(
of panel can be extracted from
2---1 your resource
persons!I
Reference : Verma, Narendra 1974, ’’Prefab Brick Panels for
low—cost Rural Houses','
Journal of the institute
of Town planners, India,
September,1974 No: 82

PRECAST LINTEL & CHAJJA
The cost component of centering, shuttering and scaffolding
in R*CvC construction has always been a matter of concern.since
^tS inception. Also, the quality control in R»C.C construction,
which enables the full realisation of its potential has been a
difficult task in in-situ construction.
cornPonents like chajjahs and lintels can be casted on
ground at a substantial saving of materials. while exercing great€‘r
quality control.

The details of lintel & chajja, that will be precast on
site is given in the illustrations.

up to

23 On.

4I

4

2

vrr
8AC 3 No*

6MM.4 ^T.rpups^) l5CM.c[c

LINTEL

T

23^?'

4

1.
6mm.^ Bar
locM.e|c

V

BAf? 3No6.

CUAJJAM
8mm.(Q Zoom. c|c

GUNA VAULT ROOFS
Roof is technically the most critical structural element even in
the simplest of houses. 7“ * s to be light in weight, strong and
durable. It has to also withstand thej ccVv4.
cov vx
severest
of oun
sun, rain and dust,
likthefef?re re^llires hi9h environment/energy/monetary
j cost materials
like steel, timber, cement etc . to meet these specifications.
Guna vaults are a low cost, rural technology based non-traditional
alternative which we have been
working upon for'"last
--------8-10
-J years.

k
o

A
-d,

a

ci

A ’Gunna is a tapered clay
tube thrown on a potter‘s
wheel, (it is normally
GUNA
broken into two halves to
make pan tiles for tradi­
tional roofing). Over a
skeleton, these Guna’s are
socketted into each other
to form a series of arphes,
thus making into a barrel
vault. The ‘top surface is
plastered in cement mortar
to bind the Guna elements
together and seal the built
ROOF- IM€>\OE —
element to penetration of
VIEW
water.

CEMENT PLASTER. -—

GUtiK IN
arch

Guna vault (made of essentially burnt clay tubes - c
n_
excellent
insulators)
stays cool even under scorching
uSouth Asian Summers
scorchinc?
besides needing
little maintenance-present cost
Rs. 18.00 per sq.ft.
------------Reference :

c.s.V., Manual on alternatives.

tile faced mud blocks
Plain mud surfaces suffer from ©•rosion and pock marks due to
weathering. *This
“* * can
__ be countered by building in terra cotta
lining, to face the elements.
lloULbUlu the

blocks

Terra-cotta (burnt clay) lining tiles are made to size to start
with. They are moulded with a dovetailing rib at the back
with the fair face
icking to the facing side of the block. the

i

tile is placed into the mould.
Prepared mud is now hand pressed
into the mould working it into
the acute corners of the rib. As
the mud dries and hardens the
tile becomes an integral part
of the adobe block.

LIME / CEMENT POINTING
.
rY^c-i» the blocks are built into an exterior wall with the
tile skin to face the exterior side, using mud mortar to Join
them. The joihts are then rakedd <out to provide lime/cement
pointing. This
‘ pointed tiled skin effectively
r seals the wall
from moisture.
•

I V*

LOCAL CORRECTION

near wardha,the only available soil is black cotton
soil which has an unmanageable shrinkage factor.
makina
-t In In
making
blocks from this soil,we have added murrum (heavily disintegrated
trap) @ 70% to correct the shrinking tendency.
^integrated
QUOIN BLOCKS
The corner blocks must have protective skin on two sides.

Specially moulded tiles have
to be placed on the two facing
sides before the mud filling.

J
SITE PRODUCTION

For casting £he blocks one
<-- ---may use appropriate steel/wooden
moulds as suitable. Block sizes normally used1 at CSV are
300x225x100 mm and 225x225x100 rrm
7
A pair of workmen
can cast 200 - 225 blocks per day.
Reference

C. S.V.’.y Manual on Alternatives.

improved thatch
Thatch roofs are
arc -.-_r
very popular in rural areas owing to the
ready availability of the r'' ’
leaves
etc)
and'
the
’
simpli^tro^coisSctZin^H^eJ^S"^
leaves etc) and the simplicity of construction". I’’
suffers,' from the
besides needing
needing fr^ni
the risk
rlSk of
°f fire
fire besides
frequent replacement.
Pressed Thatch Panels :
Barnboo splints are arranged in
a grid 15-30 cm (depending on
the thatching material) and tied
together to form panels (about
2.5 metres wide x full length +
overhang). The thatch bundles
are laid on the grid and tied
strongly to the grid panel, by
G.I. wires and a bar bender's
'J* hook. These panels are
placed on purlins and tied well.

Fire retardant treatment :
rhe prestressed thatch panel is
now made fire retardant by dipp­
ing it in 14% solution in.water
of fertilizer di—ammonium phos­
phate and sodium flouride. If
the chemical is not available,
alternately the following combi
nation can be used to give fire
retarding treatment.
Copper sulphate
Boric acid
Zinc chloride
Sodium dichromate
Water
One Kg. of chemical mixture is
sufficient to treat 10 Kg. of
thatch grass.

SISTANT THATCH

bOAMHG THE FALMXRA LEASES IN IA7L LOCUTION

OF IXAMNvJm^pnOiPHATE V $O0lUM VUlVKlOt >.

k'

PHhPAKE THE THATCH POO€ AFTER 0R»iH4i THE

Tkeaieo thatch

in the iajn

££gj?arcition of Mud & NEM :

The mud is reinforced by add­
ing cut straw and pugging
the whole mass together at
intervals for a week or so.
Bitumen cutback is prepa­
red by addin?j molten bitu­
men (80-100 grade) to
Kerosene in 5:1 ratio and
vigorously stirring the
mixture to form a solution.

THE THATCH TRtATi D

V/IVH FlRE-KLSaTAl«T
■ SOcUTlOH CCEi l ujT
\ CATCH F iHi. CICAUi
\ GDML TO WCMM. F'tt
\ SmAUi V£«T SlXWU

I Ar*o SO CJN Bd
I EAT>»aK><tlH£O W>fMH

PALM THEE

I HO TIHIE

I*
This cutback is laid over a mud heap (about 5 Kg of cut back
tor one cubic metre of soil) and the whole mass is kneaded well
by using spades. This mixture is called Non-Erodable-Mud (NEM)
plaster.

Application of Plaster in two coats :
Plaster is now applied to the pressed thatch panel in two
coats. The first coat is of straw reinforced mud and rendered
thick enough to cover the unevenness of the thatch panel including
the overlaps.

NEM^piaster is now applied to a good smooth finish and

allowed to dry.
, ’ (Cracks would normally appear which are filled up
with mud + gobar slurt.y; It'ik finished with two coats of gobar
wash.
Further solution containing one part of bitumen mixed with
2 parts of kerosene is applied over the gobar wash to make it water
resistant.

To do away with the black colour of bitumen further coating

of gob«ar wash would give it a touch of harmony with the surroundings.

References :
C.S„V., ’Science & Technology for Women’, DST, New Delhi.
C.B..R.I., "A cheap and effective fire retardant Treatment for
thatch" in Building Research note, 1983.
★★ ★★ **

( <

Stabilised Mud Block.g

2 tne block tends to lose strength and suffer erosion a«?
mois&t£: resistantPpropertiestof the^oif^^ids'^n'ti^s^

eoSS^

Xopert^sX^neslT

S-tK^dKio^^TP^^-eies would in.prov^^’bloek

and cement are the two commonly adopted stabil Isers. The
on the field condithee5aditional
stabilisers,
used since ages by humble rural folks
the
details
of which as
usual needs to be explored.
j on the

on field.

soil requirements. More details
-- —» resource persons

Reference :
cragdish K.S.• and* Venkatarama
”
Reddy B.V.;

construction, ASTRA, Bengalore7

A manual of soil Block

FRAMELESS DOORS & WINDOWS

Doors & Windows comprise
6% to 7% of total expenditure
of the house, in which just the frames account for 1.5 to 2%
of the total cost. Modified & improvised fixtures can do away
with the frames thus saving in cost and also in consumption of
scarce resource like timber.
There are two types of such fixtures. Pivot type & Fork
type to meet different applications.

(a)

Pivot system : It consists
of a pin & socket arrange­
ment. The sockets are
embedded both in floor
(sill in case of a window )
and in lintel, while the
pins are mounted on shutt­
ers, both on top & bottom.
It is of extreme importance
that the two sockets are in
perfect alignment to ensure
smooth operation of the
door during its life.

The top socket works as
a guide while the floor soc­
ket at the bottom carries
the weight of the door.
The top socket is a
simple piece of G.I. pipe
while the floor socket is
made by welding a piece of
G.I. pipe to a square shaped
piece of M.S.plate. To
carry the weight of the door
and ensure
smooth operation,
a glass marble is inserted in
the floor socket just before
fixing of floor pin.
The pin’s are welded on
the shorter leg of the two
unequal angles (or built up
by welding two pieces of M.S.
flat section) while the longer
leg is provided with screw
holes to fasten it to the
shutter from sides.

I

•— C i

P IP c

<w£L0lh<)

I

/

,SQUARE

/

/ M $ PLA»e

•l

FLOOR SOCKET-VIEW

FLOOR SOCKET-SECTION

■HI-

nu

u
■'

TOP SOCKETVIEW

'I

01 pn«t

TOP SOCKET-SECTION

M. S BAH

I'1

I
III | fir

/■WEUOiNO

pf.
I

«0

SCRt».

6

MOLES

0
£

PIVOT-VIEW

6

4

0

PIVOT-SECTION PIVOT-ELEVATION

I
j

(b)

Fork system: Fork hinge
is fabricated out of
M.S.flat.’ The piece to
be embedded has a fork
end on the wall side,
while the other end is
formed into a tube. The
other leaf of the hinge
is a M.S. flat provi­
ded screw holes to
fasten it to the shutter.
M.S. pin is welded at the
free end of the flat to
pivot into the tube.
»io cf HOLE

o-.

"r

4

I
I

SI^E CLAMP

HOLD-FAST

I
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Il

II
ll

** ★★

CAVITY WALLS

S rh?sablsytXe£^aSa?£1M“ingt'MterlalS-

More

scaled module. The lenath wiax-H
ifc iS anatonu.cally
are all the qualities which rneroe'i-«h^CkneSSi wei9ht and texture
which r*erge to form a brick. Very surorisingly the brink -i q
the
golden
and what a human paw can^handle^
30^0^^^ the Soil can sustain
domes, the vaults the^iers the
The walls- tha
drains, the pavings the aouXd^L wtter®sses» tha arches, the

cation of this simple material.

Ve

" the gamUt Of

The cavity brick wall, which are of
many variations has mainly
two purpose.
functiM

to

(11)
used for thermal

The other salient features of cavity wall are:-

(1)
(11)

Good exposed surface can be obtained,

in volurne from 19.3% to 45.5% as
compared
to solid brick wall.

(ill)
(iv)

Reduction in dead weight.
Reduction in □oe of cut brick, thus economical brick
work
can be done.
"Swastik Bond1* is other variation
it is the
combination of Brick on Bed & Edge, r in brick bond. ZBy this Bond 8” thick
—: brick
wall can be made, which
is
----- —> structurally sound and
-- 1 economical.
AXonOMETRIC BRICK ;
Salient features
(1)
brick wall can be made with
vertical and horizontal
reinforcement.
(11)
(ill)

,7" be "ad<i US1'”

relnforee^nt.
whlch ls

supposed to

In a Bond,
to have c~~
elements of wall have
edge to edge, The X/ (Mu) joint ,
- Brick on bed to bed and
however offers a different variation.
Like ci_
walls in the
like metal

p.

The

basically has two elements of
«thbeing
two T"
elements of wall

□xrrzrrrC:

Saving of bricks

(in volume ) us

LJiJLJ I.—Lit L—I _L.|L-_J-.1~1UL«L

JOSH! BOND

Eluvatic.ii'

[ Aperture tor taking

Elevution

comport J to solid

12" Brick wail in

out mortar

-pi'Fi'rlF
—i!

3
' j

—

rd
zs
3
Course

i—Basic Module
2 Brick plang*

3

1

JrihMk
nd

2

1

T

rd

Cavity

-LI

M

|

Court*

□T

2nd

Course

Cavity

4 -

•— Module
7 Br}ck Flany*

5 ■

.II** * *-***!{* >*/zl* 1C**9 It*.*
It* *>**-**] f
Cavity
[I
Cavity
~~ll
II
ll. Il
II
IT

X

35 7V..

4007..

3•

17;'.'ir'.'",ir",7'1 i

------

42 3 7..
43 8 7..

44 t 7..
7 ■

•• ------ 45 5 %

r_jc

Court*
NEW BfilCK BON0
(BRICK ON E£X»J)

C—IZDI—nngr-i7TTT]acr=i

go
st

n

2 - Brick Flangt

□ntzziaantzzjcz^cz^c^

ril lrnorzrr'ni"'r~i['"r"Trir”ir'^'ir'^r''i! Ir~i

FOR ECONOMY A

INSULATION

L Halt Bat Inserted
I8* Course

Course

CAVITy WALL

on compfoUon

CAYITy

extra li^t

WALL

X

3 .HARP
2

nd

Course

nO

nd
2
Half

Court*
Court*
.nd
ZL
Course
>

1*‘ Half

5WASTIK

<-

s

BOND

S.clion-XX

Eltvutlon

1

1

st

Course

A combination of stretcher course of Brick.on.Bed and
Brick on-Edge
2. Frogs of Brick-on-Edge art k.pt outsidt tor b.tttr stating ol ptasltr
3. Thickness of wall reduced by f while using conventional / Brick.

nd
2
Half

4. Strength same as regular 9 ( 1 Brick wall )

Ar. Ashok Joshi
1 ' Court*

I8*

Half

FEATURES
1. Flanges elongate by One-Brick for succeeding
variation with larger cavity.
2 lherrnal insulation in an increasing order as
I-ftange increases.
3 Saving of bricks (in volume ) as compared to solid
One-cnd-a-Helf (14‘) Brick wall in:
J

\ If*, ft • r*

W.
« - LJ m t i

( ii,
I < / !• \

XVIU
i

2 Brick Flange
- o

3

-

4
5

.

■

-

•

6
7

----- ------------- -------

8

----------- —

-

IIV

1

1

19 3 7.
23 07.
25 07.
26 5 7.
27 -4 7.
28-07.
28 5 7.

4 Reduction inn dead weight as well as saving in
bricks by 2 or 3 Brich Flange in Ground Floor
4 or 5
' m First Floor
6 or 7 or 8
m Second & above
Floors
5. Elimination of metal ties .
6. Reduction m use of cut bricks
7. Provision for taking
out mortar falling in the
cavity

8. Useful as external walls in houses
granaries, hospitals etc. in hot-dry
C
hmnloc
climates.

'

the load bearing strength is not reduced, on the other hand a
danhge caused in one arm does not get transferred to the other.
Replacement pf any one element also is easy in /(Z joint.

To conclude, we also find that the manufacturing cost of
brick does not depend merely on quantity. The manufacturing
process of brick costs much less as compared to other building
materials like cement, steel, etc.

*★

WATER PROOFING OF MUD WALLS

Mud walls, although good insulators have great disadvantage
against rains. Traditionally, mud walls are rendered on the
external face with mud plaster which consists of local soil
and mud collected from the pond mined with bhusia (straw)
with a final coating of gobar (cow dung) slurry. This method
however, cannot with stand continous rains thus leading to
the erosion of walls.

Ul
□ MUO WALL

A simple technique, incorporating bitumen offers a durable
water proof coating to the already standing mud walls.
Tile process involves three steps.
i)
ii)
iii)

Preparation of mud plaster
Preparation of cut back
Preparation of Non-erodable & water proof plaster.

Preparation of mud plaster : The soil should neither
be too clayey nor too sandy - a clay content of 20 to 25%»
sand content of 40 to 45% and a plasticity index of 6 to 20
is suitable. A soil fairly free
from organic material, gravel, pebble
__ __is______
__
Bhusa (wheat straw)
etc.
durable.
at the rate of 6% by weight of dry
3
soil be about 64 Kg. for e/ery M
of soil, is added to the dry soil
and throughly mixed. The soil
straw mixture, if kept wet and
well kneaded, enhances the
cohesion and strength of mortar.
(i)

WHIM-CHAfF

V1
> ** I

back
(ii) Preparation of cut bac
k :
80/100 grade of molten
bitumen is slowly added to the kerosene oil in the ratio
of 5:1 by weight or 1:1 by volume
(latter being convenient on field)
the mintule is vigorously stirred
to have a thorough mixing. Bitu­
men should be added to the kerosene
and not the other way as otherwise
PRIP**1** ’THt

CUT BACK

kerosene remains on top rendering
mixing difficult.

(ill) Preparation of NEM Plaster : The cutback is spread
over a heap of mud mortar uniformly and worked up with spades
several times to ensure its thorough mixing. About 53 Kg.
of bitumen and 10.5 litres of kerosene are required for cut3
back to be added to 1 M of dry soil.

c

MIXING THt CUT-HACK
WIIH MUD ANt> >NHt At CHAFF

fl

//'
/ I MlXBlft
Ml*IMG T
TW
(1f
//
'‘'‘A

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X’ •

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....... .

f ' ’’’ •

—7^*

V1
\

PlASnRlNU THS WAlLt

Reference :
C.B.R.I. "Non Erodable Mud Plaster on Mud Wall for Rural
Houses" in Building Research Note.

★★

★★ ★ ★

GUNA VAULTS
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FERRO CEMENT CONSTRUCTION

Ferro cement constitutes cement,sand mortar with wire mesh
reinforcement. It is particularly suited in making thin
panels which are impossible in conventional reinforced concrete.
Ferro Cement technique, in history, is older than Ferro
(Reinforced) concrete, having been displayed at the Great
Industrial Exhibition at Paris in 1840, in
i_. many novel applications. But it fail d to attract the kind of7 at
attention that
Reinforced concrete did in the coming decades and
„_l even more
in the coming century.
Ferro Cement found a large scale application under the famous
Italian Engineer P.L.Nerwi in the 40*s but still continued
its dormancy. These special characteristics of a high strength/
weight ratio and high mouldability which is now attracting
notice the world over in many varied applications.

At C.S.V., we have used this technique in constructing
low cost rural latrines in a big way, with the slight modifi­
cation of using 5 mm$ bars to strengthen the panels, the
details of which is given in the illustration.

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SOAK PIT

Waste water from house-hold <operation
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cooking, cleaning,
kathJ-ng do not need to be connected i. .
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After removing large sized
___• can
soakpit
avoiding
in-sanitary
muddy pools.
A pit S'xa'xa* (lOOcmxlOOcm
xlOOcm) dug close to the
drain outlet (at a minimum
of 30 cm.away from the nearest
wall of the house) serves as
soakpit for a house hold emit­
ting a sullage water of 20-30
buckets per day. it is filled
with boulders in the bottom
one foot. Next one foot of
height is covered with stones
with pebbles laid on top of it.
The stones are loosely placed to
enable easy perco lation.

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r»EARTH CUSHION

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Inspection chamber/trap of
6"x6"x6H in Brick masonry
terminates the exit drain.
Abo
4" deep chamber is
filled with coconut fibres to. trap solid wastes in the
sullage. These solids should
be cleared from time to time.

Wcms

With little care, soakpit can 1
last for 10-15 years without
choking. Rocky soils being unsuitat>le
---- » for the system.

Reference :

c.S.v,.

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1983, Science and Technology for worn 'n.
OST, New Delhi.

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FOUNDATION

pile

CottonJ’soils°naThets^ilstexDandalW^YShbTen 3 Problem with Black
decrease in ^oistlre
soJf
th?
Shrink With increase and
rnents, rendering difficulties for JoSndaJion?330^1 9r°Und m°Ve"

p

The usual method to counter thiq nmEiom
-u
under reamed piles taken
therdepJhs^f
3 m. has b^n to P
rovlde
-n to
toUtJ:
/h^ problem
provide
t
a
=-p'
n
u
tO
th
^
e
Pths
of
3
m.
below
the
soil.
These piles have
safe bearing capacity of 8
8 'tonnes.
tonnes. However
in single storied
where
tJ
?
e
foundation
donot exceed 2,5 tonnes, under reamed piles of r loads normally
proves uneconomicai. Thnc
Thus, ccxr
csv v,
has v
been
worSng
--------conventional design
inus,
CbV
has
been
workinn
to suit the specific requirements on site.
9 on modified piles

L. *. .The details of pedestal pile used in low
cost latrine construction by CSV is as follows:
Holes are augur bored in the soil
to a depth of 1 Meter and the
bottom is compacted by ramming,
in position, -----■
_
is placed
(as well as for anchorage"in
cement pipe (normally used in
drainage)
is now inserted around the
bar and concrete in worked down
’in
--1
the
pipe.
This
This bar
bax* is
is then
then
carried into the masonry.
Other details can be seen in the illustration.
showing the
use of this technique.

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SPILL V7ATER SYSTEM

Water is becoming a scarce commodity under the fast depleting
ground water resources in most parts of the world. It would therefore
be wiser to put our waste waters to greater use. Spill water system
is one such effort, particularly suited to public water points like
tube wells now becoming a common sight in our country side.

The system consists of an inlet tank followed by a filter unit
which in turn in connected to the inspection chamber and finally to
the collection tank. Heavier solid particles in the spilled water
settle in the inlet tank and the water finds its passage to the filter
unit
through a strainer. Filter is a trapezoidal tank of length
1.2 m. Tank is filled with graded stones with bigger ones at the
inlet side and smaller ones the further end. Water purified partly
by sedimentation and partly by filtration is received at the inspec­
tion chamber.

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inspection

REGULATOR

CHAMBER
sectional

VIEW

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THE

FILTER

The turbidity of the effluent water can be checked in the
inspection tajik. In case of unacceptable turbidity, the cleanout
operation is periodically necessary.
tank.

Clean outs are provided both to the inlet tank and the filter
The outgoing water is allowed to flow into a soak pit.

Reference :

C.S.V., Manual on alternative techniques.
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BAMBOO-A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

Bamboo, the most versatile natural resource has a broad range
of construction applications. The lower density and natural
pipe form are great advantages as a structural per forer. Its
high tensile and comprehensive strengths comparable with that
of steel enables its application in critical structural elements
like roof, trusses and purlins etc.

The unidirectional fibre arrangement
in bamboo makes for easy extraction
and high workability with simple
tools. However the anatomical
character makes bamboo vulnerable to
splitting. Thus bamboo can neither be
nailed nor joined like wood.

Tradit/onally bamboo has been used with
due respect to this weakness. Ingenuity
has produced interesting responses like
ladder without nails ropes & glue from
the Dandakaranya tribals. There are many
regional variants on this theme.

There are some non traditional methods which widen structural
application of bamboo items.

Bamboo/Timber pins :
Bamboo can be drilled by machines
normally used on Wood and steel.
Bamboo/timber pins dipped in glue
are malatted through the two bamboo ■
holes. 'The thinner end of the pins ‘
is secured with shoe rivets.

M.S./WOODEN Jointers:

Some places may demand jointers
like the ones illustrated here.
The wood does not have to be
expensive (teak, rosewood etc).
Many local species hard and
durable ( and in small lengths)
are good enough for making
j ointers.

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Fibre Bandage :
Resin (Unsaturated polyster)
matrix in glass fibre, bandaged
around the bamboos provide
another possibility for versa­
tile application.
There are some biomass options
for both the resin and the
fibre which are being examined
under research project.

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Reference :

Kaley, Vinoo; 1989 H Is there no alternative to Bamboo desserts
Kaley, Vinoo; 1992 " Build your House to the Rythm of life"
Janssen, J.A♦Jules, nA series of articles on the use of Bamboo
in building construction". University of
Technology (Eidhoven), Netherlands.
Dunkelberg,Klaus,
Bamboo as a Building material, IL
Publications

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