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ROSS INSTITUTE UNIT OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RF_DEV_1.1_SUDHA
Type text here
Type text here
RF_DEV_1.1_SUDHA
outline for the model scheme
.
.
.
7
Description of the Projects.
Analysis
i. Economic viability •
Self
ii.
reliance
Organisational , financial and political assistance
iii.
received from outside.
e>4v'A.eh'^
iv.
Coordination
with the existing government infratessc.
X
Spillover
v.
into other activities .
Whether
vi.
it was sustained.
Conclusion: The technical tasks and organisational
tasks if this activity has to become, an agent of selfreliant sustained rural development, aiming at the weak
sections.
wrertors~~to be considered to create a-actual project
proposal.
Model 'Schemes for different situations.
—-------i. The •veycll perspective. J?" ,
. ,
--------- p-F=v
IfT^ th
C—
^7'
ri, Despectivn; Economic viability of the scheme i.e
profitability analysis of individual participants
and groujt.
iii. Financial .contribution Budget of the catalyst agency
-Hu.
J
iv. Time Budget; The phasing and when the catalytic
agency v/alks out.
v. Description of the key person who would be able
to execute such a project. Linkage with educational
institution in the process.
vi. The training dimension- how,
where, who?
. List <-.f voluntary and government and scientific
resource agencies with names of persers and description
of facilities with whom to coordinate at national,
state and district levels.
I
*
I
rrr.iez.ble
The Directorate of Rural Health Services and Training Programmes
(DR IX'?), St. John’s Medical Allege was requested by the
Federation of Indian Giambers of Commerce and Industry (BICCI)
to write a Model scheme for Dairying which could be circulated
to business houses interested in rural development.
Requesting
a medical institution to undertake a report on Dairying seemed
a most unconventional idee in todays world of highly specialised
academic comparhaeiftalization.
however, it was made clear- to
us that this request had stemmed from the fhet that (a) the
college had been involved in an experiment to transplant a
nsalth service function to a Daisy Cooperative since 1973 and
hence had some experience of Dairy dynamics; (b) it was felt
that such a report sliould be written by no:*-daiiy professionals
who could bake an overview of the perspectives gained by
different dairy schemes in India evan though they may be
conflicting at times.
As the request was itself unconventional the procedure of
developing the sclieme was also unconventional.
A group of
research workers in Bangalore, interested in rural development
(ref. acknowledgement) travelled around Bangalore and also
visited Anand, Uruli Rmchan and Kisiicre Bharati.
Having developed
a general format of analysis they met and discussed with
various workers in these projects and attempted to /ain an
insight into the perspectives gained by these workers.
These
perspectives helped to outline the dynamics of dairying as an
instrument of development and also helped identify factors to
be taken into account when this process is repeated in any
area.
Trie process of interacting with persons havirg grass-root
level Held eaqperienco rather than relying on published reports
RF_DEV_1.1_SUDHARF_DEV_1.1_SUDHARF_DEV_1.1_
and documents from projects has been found to be in our
experience a much more satisfactory method in understanding
development as an ouyoung dynamic process.
A report was
then written on the basis of the notes made at these
meetings.
The most important aspect of this report, is that we have
come to the conclusion that there cannot really be anything
like a ’model scheme*.
The idea that a model scheme
can be written up to be used by anyone in any part of
India is a myth.
There are model schemes.
There are only
projects that have succeeded in certain situations under certai.
constraints and therefore those factors of the local socio
economic political and cultural realities which were taken into
consideration for the decision making processes by the
project teams, to aciiieve the objectives they had set for
themselves have been identified.
The report is therefore
an attempt to higllight those questions which will have
to be asked in any area for formulation of a development
project by the development catalyst (team) which will there
by increase the possibilities of development taking place
through their efforts Development is too dynamic a process
to be put down in strictly quantitative teims.
Hence any
attempt at quantification in this report must also be taken
as a guideline and not as the final work.
If this report
is read with this perspective of I am sure, it will bo of
some assistance to those who are thinking of embarking on
a programme of dairying as an instument of change and
rural development.
’
Havi Narayan
1st March 1979
St* John's Medical
’
Acknowledgements
RF_DEV_1.1_SUDHA
- To Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry to
giving us an opportunity to write this report.
- To ii-„. Gen. B. Mahadevan, Director, Rural Health Services
and Training programmes, St. Jhon's Medical College for
all the encouragement and advise
- To Dr. Rangnekar and his colleagues of BAIF Uruli Kanchan,
Dr. D. S. Thakur and his colleagues of NDDB, Dr. Anil Sadgopal
of iCLsiiore Bharatixi, Mr. iJarayanswamy of Mallur Milk Co
operative Society and all the others from various projects
wno have discussed with us their perspectives and shared
their erqjorience.
- To Dr. Bharat Jlrunjhunwala, Hon. Adviser, Rural Development
i’ICCX Ibr being available all ths time for consultation
o
and discussion.
- Finally to my friends and colleagues Mr Shekar Borgeonkar
(Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ), Mr Rajadu (Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore), Mr Y. Chandra (Indian
Institute of Manageasnt for all the help and support in
collecting the information for this report.
IADLB Ci'1 CONTENTS
RF_DEV_1.1_SUDHA
•.
Intcro duction
2.
Discription of the Projects
Amul
BAIF
Kishoro Bhc.xn.ti
Mallur Milk Cooperative
3.
Conclusions
Technological Issues
Organizational Issues
4.
Model Schene s^£&scEibe:__&op. _Milk marketing-os’
supply to other act,-AI-Up -hreeding—
--contribution oxgel) Local factors tojbe considered
Initiation
The Beneficiary
The Budget
Phasing
The Key person
Training
5*
Resources
Agencies
Bibliography
Appendix:
Bye Laws of a Coop. Society.
r
IIJTHODUCXION
\
The concept of rural development has undergone a major
shift in emphasis in the last decade.
In the 1950’s it
was seen as a conglomeration of programmes for increased
agricultural production and rural employment through the
growth of agriculture, animal husbandry, dairying, forestry
and fisheries and infrastructural facilities such as
drinking water, roads, schools, hospitals and rural electri
fication.
By the mid 1960,3 it emerged as a strategy designed
to improve the economic and social, life of the rural poor
in particular and extending the benefits of development
i
to than.
Dairying has always been considered as an important
instrument in the development process in India but studies
of the benefits of milk cooperatives of the Gujerat pattern
X,
to small farmers marginal fanners and landless andthe
\
profiles of social change brought about by dairying has
placed it among the best instruments of change that are
available today.
The Direct economic benefits of dairying are well known
especially when cross-bred technology is used.
The Gujerat
experiment of Dairy cooperatives has increased these benefits
even further by stabilising the process and controlling of
the market.
It has been shown that landless and marginal
farmers earn as much as 65-70% and small farmers about 25-30% of t
their 'total income in areas where dairy cooperatives have
been introduced.
The lower half of the social organisation
seems to be benefl/ted by this
process and in the last
two decades it has been seen that many social groups classed
as economically backward have registered marked increase
not only in their income but also in their ability to invest
2
in capital resources.
It is this potential for the
economic development of the poor through dairying
especially when it is a cooperative activity qualified it
to be a very important instrument in rural development.
Cooperative dairying lias also found to have subtle but
important effects on the m social life of the rural
areas.
It lias been able by its very process of democratic
functioning ’to eliminate the ago-old barriers of caste,
untouchability and. communalism and acted as a great social
equalise.
By recognising the importance of women in their
role of manageresses of dairying in general it has increased
their status and their confidence in dealing with business and
social life.
It has acted as an outpost of rationality
within tho rural conaiunity giving the villagers respect
for organisation, technology and efficient functioning.
Interestingly enough it was found that in mapy villages
though the panchayats had become an institution for
expression of power and status drives of individual trie milk
cooperatives were kept free of the conflict based on ethnic
clearages and allowed to function smoothly as a means of
economic development of the whole community.
With increase awareness of correct feeding practices,
and regular health check ups and immunization of cattle
and the process of controlled Artificial insemination for br
eeding of better quality cattle it lias found to have
had an indirect effect on the villagers reactions to health
programmes of nutrition, family planning andmedical ears.
finally the villagers have been able through the cooperative
endeavour contribute to many other community development
activities from the earnings and profits of the dairy
3
cooperative.©ns of the Milk Cooperative societies of
Gujerat has over the years been able to construct an approach
road, lay a water pipeline, donate for flood relief construct
water troughs for cattle, plan a library youth cludb,
primary school, balwadi, provide benches for public use at the
village bus stand, contribute to a IB hospital apart from pro-
poganda and extension work done to increase membership and
awareness of the benefits of dairying.
There are many such
examples which highlight the total effect that dairying can
have on the community ability to begin to tackle and solve
their own problems
It is these features of dairying that make it stand out as
a process worthy of consideration in any planned attanpt at
social change and development.
Ebur case studies liave been
presented in this report followed by the identification of
technological and organisational tasks that are necessary in
use of dairy as a catalysing force in rural development.
A
process lias been described based on the experiences of these
projects and the guidelines for a model scheme thereby
highlighted.
1
i
J
ftA
\
^■TUL (GUJARAT)
A
The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers union.
Limited, popularly known as AMUL (Meaning ’ptecious'
in Gujarati') was organised at Anand in Gujarat in
1946 with the blessings of the Late Sardar Vallabbbhai
Patel.
The Anand Union started functioning with a
handful of members from two village milk producers
cooperative societies and began pasteurising milk
for the Bombay Milk Scheme in June 1958.
Starting from
i
a collection of 250 litres of milk per day the union
gradually developed village societies in practically
every village throughout the district and now collects
over 450,000 litres of milk from approx 240,000 farmers.
The total annual turnover is around 450/million
rupees.
The structure of the Anand Milk Cooperatives consists
of a two tier system of village Milk producers
cooperative Societies at village level and as Distric t
cooperative ses-i milk producers union at district level.
The primary village societies are the base-level units
shile the district level ’union is the apex body.
This two tiered organisation of milk producers owned
and organised solely by themselves is designated
as the Anand Pattern.
Primary Cooperative
The milk supply officer or supervisor of the union
contect
the milk producers of a village who are
interesting in forming a cooperative society.Under his
guidance each producer becomes a member of the society
by payintj a membership fees of Rs 5.00 and a
2
registration fees of Rs. 1.00 only.
A general body
meeting is then held of the members to select managin g
committee th representatives by a democratic* method.
The Committee then selects the employees to perform
the day to day work of the society.
These include
a secretary, a milk collector, fat tester, clerk
inseminator, accountant and a helper.
The union
supervises this society and helps it to run its
day to day activity till it comes economically viable
in about three to four months.
In svery village the surplus milk is collected twice
daily — morning and evening.
The fat and SNF content
of the milk is tested at both tunes and the farmers
is paid twide a day accordingly.
weekly payment is made.
In some centres a
The milk is the loaded
on a truck (private contractors engaged by the milk
unions) and sent to the dairy plant at the union
headquarters where it is pasteurised and sold as
liquid milk as per local' demand.
When the distance is
quite far to the union headquarters the milk is first
taken to a chilling plant and then transported to
headquarters.. The surplus milk is converted into an
increasing range of milk products.
The daily cash pay
ments is the hallmark of the Anand pattern and each and
every milk producer received an average of Rs 4-5/every day from the sale of milk.
To many of them
especially the marginal farmers, widous and others
this forms a very major contribution to their
budget.
3
After the society becomes viable it is recommended for
registerfetion by the union to the State Cooperative
department.
It then receives constant guidance, support
and supervision by the union.
There is also a continous
and concurrent audit of all the societies on a quarterly
basis.
The union at ’the District level is represented by \
all the registered societies and has a Board of Directors
{
consisting of nineteen members, of Of these, twelve are
.
\
democratically elected representatives from the village
>
societies and the remainirg seven consists of
-
a representative of ’the Financing institutions,
- a nominee of the district cooperative department
- an expert of the dairy business/organisation
- one representative of the mi,Ik marketing federation
-
\
and three from the individual members.
’a .
The Board of Directors elects a chairman and a Vice-chainaan
and frames the general policy of theunion with respect to milk
procurenent, supply, manufacture of milk products, pricing
and pattern of distribution of finds and developmental
activities to be undertaken by the surplus finds.
It employs
a General Manager who is answerable to the Board fbr the
Unions progress.
He runs the day to day business of the
I
union and is helped by competent managers, technicians and ,
supportive staff who are employed for ’the various functions
of the union.
i)
The Union has three important functions.
It develops the marketing facilities for all themilk
which its members want to sell,.
ii)
'
It sustains the growth of milk cooperatives and initiates
new ones and supportively supervises them.
<
iii) It organis es and provides a package of technical inputs
to themenbers to enhance milk production.
This package includes
£
the provision of compounded cattle feed, lucerne seeds,
4
hybrid napies rootslips, artificial insemination services
using sene of high pedigreed or proven siresyuE round toe
clock emergency visits of toe veterinary doctors fbr treatment
of sick animals and various other veterinary searvices such as
k immunization.
These services of feed supply and veterinary facilities are
provided through toe same system evolved for collection of
milk and it has been estimated that the total cost of these
programmes amount to about 3 paisa per kilogram of milk.
The services are provided on a no profit no loss basis to
toe fanners in every village.
Many of the unions own and operate their own stud farm and
artificial insemination centre with required number of
cross bred and pure bred exotic bulls, nobile veterinary clinics,
balanced cattle feed factories fodder development programmes
and extension services.
The liquid semen collected at toe Al centre of the Union is
sent to every milk society, daily in suecially designed contait
ners throtgh toe milk trucks which collect milk.
Frozen semen
available from other institutions in toe country are also
procured and distributed.
One of the employees of toe village
I
milk society is trained in toe techniques of Al and perfonnnts
ii
the insemination on toe animal s in heat.
The follow up of •
‘ v
i
inseminations is done by trailed stock men and veterinary :
officers coming regularly toithe village from union headquarters.
Various inventives are given foxmaintaining the efficiency of
toe Al system.
The inseminater is paid Rs.5 - Rs 10 per cores
bred calf born out of the animals insemirated by him.
The ] .
5 ■
cattle owner is given Rs 4- - Rs 10 per animal wiiich is
inseminated at the centre, calf starve subsidy of 25%
i
of total cost, free vaccination, health coverage and advancp
•4
I
'
5
from the union.
Prizes are also given to the societies
covering the maximum animals under the Al programme.
The milk cooperatives (primary village societies) in close
collaboration with the union uses substantial part of their
savings ’towards:
-
dividends to thaailk producers on their share;
- bonus to tlie milk producers in proportion with the quantity
of milk supplied by thag during the year;
-
cattle development programme in each village;
- organising of extension activities like compaigns, mobile
exhibitions film shows, trips of farmers andtheir wives to
their union headquarters andother institutions concerned with
dairy development;
- publication of a monthly news letter for the farmers;
-
Strengthening of the cooperative movement in the district
Reserve funds are also built up by each society to ensure the
financial stability of the union and of the milk societies
affiliated to it.
In addition, funds are also used fbr
organisation of milk cooperative cedres ad a host of rural
development activities including schools, lib/raries, adult
education programmes, youth dubs, water and sanitation
facilities approach roads, electricity and telephone facilities
in the villages and health centres.
finally the cooperatives also provide benefits to the
neighbouring urban population through the regular supply of
unadulterated good quality milk at reasonable prices throughout
the year.
One of the most important features of the Amul pattern is the
district level union which is a sort of cooperative of co
operatives.
It is this factor which helps milk-pro du cars to
be able to control the fluctuations of the market and have
6
a bargaining strength like a union.
This givea the
mi Ik producers a greater control of the market forces
and hence is a factor providing stability to their
functioning.
The Economics of Milk production of the Amul pattern dairy .
is shown in Table I.
Hera the estimated cost of production'
of Milk is the case of Cross bred Jersey cows under dairy
J
farming system is worked out.
These are based on certain \
assumptions and are calculated for a total stock of 10
i
milch animals, 2 heifers and a few young stock (14).
Table I
. I
I?:
■ ,r
■
w ■
<A’
X
. *
The Economics of the Cooperative maybe understood by
Table II which shows -the accounts of one cooperative which nr
may be considered representative.
V
7
TABILII
Milk Cooperative Societies - 1973-76 Bandixiix
f
\
Bandhni
Vasna
No. of members
1033
527
F
*'
Share capital
6025
2715
i
Reserve Fund.
74,989
90,647
Milk purchase in litre 6,15,170
3,89,975
Milk purchase in Ss
6,25,677
5,40,136
Net profit
36,092
59,880
Dividents
9%
Bonus
2.5% =Bs 15,472 5.2%= Rs 26,831
The pattern of gross profit distributions evolved in the
Amul pattern was;
i)
7*
Deductions made for intkerest, working expenses,
loan losses, depreciations, land assessment, cess and
rent, contribution to staff provident find, gratuity
for staff, staff bonus and income tax deductions;
ii) The Net profit thus remaining is distributed as follows:
a) 25% to reserve fund
b) 9 % of the value of paid up share capital as
devidend to members
c) To educational fund of state cooperative union as
required by State Cooperative Societies Act
ill)
The remaining money is then distributed
a) upto 80% towards bonus to members in proportion
to commodity sold through union.
K
8
b) 10% towards charity fund
c) 2% towards dividend equalisation fund
d) 5% towards cooperative propoganda find
e) 3% for research work in allied industry
The societies also used their funds for contributions
towards comunity development work which included veterinary
dispensary, public health centre, Library, educational
institutions Approach road repairing, flood relief and
adult education programme.
Tn.' fhaxv.tl, a Agro Industries Foundation, Uiuli.
Kanchar (M- laxashtrc).
The ilAlf is tile culmination of tne rural development
.niciated by Sri Manibhai Desai a disciplea of nt.
1946 at Bruli Kanchar.
, G- '■ -ui in
Starting as a native- cur a
u modem goshala it finally developed inro ?> foundation
of research and extension in the fields of agxiuilture,
horticulture, dairy and animal '-uxuandry.
It was formally
registered in 1967 as a non-profit, non-goverunto vo/iu-.u-.-.-ry
agency under the Bombay Public '.'rust Act.
The fbu.nda.tion has developed an integrated pacio ge of technological
facili bies wxdch are availed of by tho fbimers in surrounding
areas at a. nominal cost.
Tiie basic schemes are:
i)
Cross breeding of cattle.
ii) Agricultural and horticultural extension and seed
multiplication units.
These are supported further* by schemes for (i) irxigation and
water management (ii) animal health care a.icl vaccination pxt>gx>-
aame and. (iii) the creation of local financial infrastructure
for loans etc.
All these activities are supperbed by vocational training
prograMac as well as technology and research units which consists
of e Dull iiotiier faxm, Bull station, geneties section, semen
free wing laboratory ano semen bank, liquid nitxogen plant,
Nutrition laboratory, Disease investigation laboratory,
Agriculture and Dairy foxm, and research units for economic
milk production and animal health.
The foundation has a well
developed infrastructure of technical manpower to extend,
support. follow up and supervise ary of the services
availed of by the fanners of the areas.
This is the sheet
anchor of BATE model of rural development.
The BAIF has deceived aid for its many projects through
various sources:
i) It got land for most of its activities from the Soverrm ent
of Maharashtra and the Zella parisaad.
ii) It received aid from foreign donar agencies like Church
of Scotland; Chilmurk foundation; Milk Marketing Board
UK; Community aid Abroad, Australia; Daniaa Deiraark;
Oxfem UK; Corso New Zealand: Christian Aid; Commonwealth,
Bureau of Dairy Sciuide and Technology, UK; Canadian
Hunger Tbundation, Canada and Catholic Relief Society
(CHS).
This aid was inainl;, used for unp importing
critical technology inputs for their base-unit.
It
iii)
sought and. received loans laid from the government
under various schemes such as SEDA, HEAL, DPAP and TADS.
iv) It has also received loans from commercial banks to
cover cost of various construction projects.
Trie cattle development programme of BALE consists of inseminating the local, indegenous, non descriptions with semen of
proven exotic bulls so that the cross-bred progeny produce will
produce higher yields of milk.
Artificial Insaaindtion is made possible by the collection
of ssnen from Jersey and Holstein bulls maintained at the
centre, the semen from which are collected regularly and stored
in plastic straws in liquid nitrogen freezing units in
which potency is maintained for an unlimited period
of time.
These straws are sent to the various centres in
special containers and then used by a group of trained
rets who act as the catalysts in the Dairy extension
scheme of BAIF.
These rets are trained in Al but in
addition they provide a regular and comprehensive health
care coverage for the milch animals in the area of their
work.
This care includes immunizations against the important
diseases of cattle, care during illness, care during dystocia
(difficult calfing) as well as advise/educate ef fanners in
caring and feeding of the cross-bred milch cows.
The rets
are Bachelors in ret sciences who are usually given a
six-month orientation programme which consists of
approximately 2 months each in the research units of the
foundation, one of the organised farm units and replacer or
reliever duty in one of the centres already in operation.
This training is practical and ensures that the ret is given
the proper motivation and skill necessary for technology
transfer to the funner.
The training has therefore three
components - technical, extension work and motivation.
The BAIF cattle development programme works through the
creation of a field centre - usually covering 2000 milch cows
as a primary unit.
Usual 1 y this means about 25 vi 11 »ges.
The
villager’s are contacted by BAIF teams which wh. hold group
discussions, farmers melas and exibitions and also free
clinics for diagnox and treatment of ill animals.
Farmers
interested in improving their milch animals are then contacted
and Al and other facilities are provided at a nominal cost.
One of the village level organizations, a cooperative societjr
a business house, a voluntary agency or a government agency
acts as the sponsor of any centre.
It has to put up certain
basic capital costs and a service charge to the BAIF for its
regular technical inputs and supervision.
The inputs
from the local village organisation or cooperative consists
of a certain basic charge to the centre (Rs 1500 per month)
plus office and residential facility fbr doctor and his ass
istant, usually running costs for the vehicle and basic
cost of postage, stationery and telephone (approximately
Rs 2,500.00 per year).
A certain basic capital investment
for furniture, a vehicle for the doctor usually a motor
cycle and seme miscellaneous items are also got from the
centre (approx, hs.25,000.00).
The Foundation provides
the services of a trained ret and his assistant, frozen
sesaen and equipment for Al including- semen containers,
liquid nitrogen containers, basic laboratory equipment for the
centre and vaccines and drugs for animal health care
(.approx. Rs 15,000 - 16,000 ).
Hie economics of the village level centre in the BAIF
pattern may be summarised as follows (l975 figures)
Capital (furniture, Vehicle
d rn.SC<~d laiicous)
Hs 2p,000.00
Recurring Costs
Service charges to BAIF
fia 1500/month = Rs 18,000.00
Running charges for vehicle,
ezipenditure on postage, telephone
stationary & Residential facility
for doctor etc.
Rs
3,000.00
Rs 21,000.00
On the assumption of a 10 year life for capital itons
the animaixsaxl annuel cost works out to Rs.25.OOQ/vear.
Since the centres usually charge Rs 24.00 per Al
for a centre to be viable a minimum annual coverage
of 1050 ccws would be required.
This is usually
possible if the centre caters to about 2000 milch cows.
From the service charges which it gets from each centre
the BAIF provides a trained ret, a village level
assistant, frozen semen and equipment for artificial
insemination including 3 semen containers, a liquid
nitrogen container, basic laboratory equipment for the
centre and travelling and miscellaneous costs
which usually works out to Rs 15,000 to 18,000/year.
(These figures represent 1975 costs).
A regular prog
ramme of follow up ensures support to all the farmers
who are learning the dynamics of cross-bred cow
maintenance and attempts have also been made by BAIF
to produce sumpie instructional aids for the farmers
like the'calender for disease prevention in cattle'
and the 'fodder plan' - which are produced in the
local language and are attempts to inform and to some
estent demystify diary technology so that the farmers
may gain confidence in accepting it.
Snail notes/
handouts on care and feeding of cattle are also made
available for reference by the mambers of the centre.
Table I and II outlines the important differences
between indigenous and cross-bred cows and the economic
of their maintenance basdd on the experience of BAIF.
6
Table I
Non descript
cow
Cross bred
cow
Weigh at birth(kg)
15 - 18
30 - 35
Growth rate Gm/day
200 - 300
700 - 1000
Age at puberty
3-4 yrs
12-15 months
Age at first catring
4-5 yrs
21 fe 24 months
2000 - 3500
Lactation yields(litres) 200 - 400
Lactation days
270
340
Dry periods
150 days
90 days
Intercatring periods
30 - 36 months
12 — 14 mnths
Number of Lactations
in life time
5-6
10-12
Aggregate yield in
life time(1000 litres) 1-2
25-35
Table II
ECONOMICS OF MAINTENANCE (in Rupees)
(A) Cost of Maintenance/yr
(Lactating & dry period)
Non-descript
cow
Cross-bred
cow
Green Fodder
345
490
Dry dodder
315
313
Concentrates
221
597
Other Feeds
237
419
Total
1118
1819
(B) Average Milk Yield
in lactation (income)
2347
4362
(C) Net Profit
( B - A )
1229
2543
T
The economics of keeping local and cross bred
cows indicate that the net return (about Rs 2,500/-)
from a cross bred cow during an intercatring period
was about double the ret turn from a local cow.
Tha BAIF has in recent years coordinated its
activities with government schemes such as SFPA and MF
MFAL in the area of its operations.
It has provided
the back up services for these schemes and the
spearheading and extension teams.
It is expected to
get much more involved in the government schemes in
Integrated Rural Development, the 6th plan in which
it will set up various centres all over the country
covering approx 2000 cross breds each and will receive
a certain subsidy eeeh-eHd-will_Eeceiva-a-c©rtaln
to run these centres.
The BAIF has had a very comprehensive view of rural
development and generation of rural employment.
However beyond agricultural activities and animal
husbandry and the support services for these there
does not seem to have been much headway in tapping
the resources of the primary centres or cooperatives
for running other developmental activities such as
education, health, road building or welfare.
Just
recently however the farmers have requested the
BAIF to organise health programmes for the members
of the centre and a plan to have doctors attached
to BAIF as under consideration.
The BAIF field centre model has been replicated
where the local village level agency has been Sble
to put up the amount through cooperative activity
8
or get sponsorship through business houses,
government schemes or voluntary agencies.
However,
the dynamics of the technical supervision and inputs
is such that it would work more efficiently where
there are clusters of centres rather than isolated
centres.
The BATE deals mainly with individual cattle
owners and does not see development of co-operative
structures or other such organisations as a necessary
part of its catalysis of rural development.
The
concept of provision of marketing facility is also
not taken into account since it is expected that
the cattle owners will deveop these for themselves
or use existing available government infrastructures.
The BATE sees it role as a sort of permanent
infrastructure of technical expertise that is
required to support and supervise cattle breading
and development.
To the extent that the recurring
costs of a centre are not met by the charges for
AT by local farmers, the BATE models will need a
sponsoring developing agency to underwrite the
running costs.
This is one of the reasons
why the BAIF has come to a much closer working
relationship with government schemas and is beginning
to work more and more through the infrastructure
produced by these schema.
A very interesting contribution of BAIF has been the
research it is undertaking in an important related
activity of cattle breading i.e., the development
of fodder resources
a
1.
The first problem it has tackled is the
reutilisation of agricultural wastes.
Many wastes are easily available in sugarcase
growing areas of Maharashtra e.g, sugar cane
bagasse, sugarcane tops and sugarcane areas.
These
have been used by the local cattle owners as fodder.
BAIF has carried out experiments on alkali treatment
and steam treatment of these wagtes to increase
the dry matter digestibility.
These cannot be
done at domestic level by individual farmers but a
small plant can be developed at village level which
can then produce processed sugarcane waste as cattle
feed at approximate cost of Rs 135 per tone (steam
treatment) and
Rs 150 per ton (Alkali Treatment.)
However at present these cannot be used as
substitute for cattle feed (approx cost Rs 1100 pe r
ton) during the lactating period of the milch animal
but can be used to tide overthe dry or drought periods.
Work is also going on into the nutritive value of
role (Egyption Miller) and Barbada seed which are
used in that area as food by people during the
drought season other wastes being studies are
tamarind seed warai bran, kasid seed, and Babul seed.
2.
Study on Koo Babul
Leucaena Leucocephala
Koo Babul is a versatile shrub which can easily
withstand the vegours of heat and drought and
grows well on rocky soils, sleep slops and increased
water salininy.
It can be used as fodder or as a
perennial legune.
The tree can be used to obtain
he
timber for poles and posts and also as fuel
fodder has high nutritive value being very’; rich in1
protein, energy and minerals. (20-25% crude protein)
It is also used as a renewable source of gr^en masure
Koobabul trees can be used as wind breakers '-around
the farm lands and provision of shade
Some spacious produce gum or their trunks which'' g;
'*
iI
.
,
' 1
be used in various mdustrees - dyes, paper, pu3£>l
veruk yeast, alcohol.
It also has medicinal
properties <• for stomach diseases contraception J
/f\ \
ans as a abort facient.
The economics of Koobabulfx
have been worked out for various uses in BAlF ex
perimental farms
/
1)
For Fodder - Koobabul can bo
produced at a xost of Rs 3.96 per quintal
ii)
As green masure - Kocbabul can be used at Rs l,\10O.C
per hectare (25 tonnes)
As wood it can be produced at Rs 26.32 per tonne
of wood
iv)
For seed production it can be produced at
Rs 2.86 per Kilogram of seed
3.
Studies on Milk replacers
A misture of lucenne
juice, skin milk, soyabean and tallow has been
formulated to produce a milk replacer for feeding of
calres.
For 90 days feeding cost it was found that
whole milk fed to cattle costs Rs 1,142.76 and the
animal shows a weight gain of 515 gms perday, whereas
the milk replacer costs only Rs 462.25 and the average
weight gain was only slightly reduced to 493 grms per
day.
This product is being further researched since
its use could make some p impact on the economics of
dairying.
This type of research is very meaningful when dairying
is being promoted for marginal farmers and landless
labourers since marginal lands can be used for
fodder generation or reutilisation of available
wastes which would greatly reduce maintenance
costs.
KISBORE BHARATI (MADHYA PHADt&i)
A group of individuals with diverse professional background
intfud-ing field level experience in rural education and
development, gathered together in 1970 to evaluate the
strategies for rural development adopted until then and to
explore alternatives.
The members of this {forking Group
undertook several field strips to study the work done by
Gandhian and non-Gendhian agencies in rural areas.
As the
ideas became clear, efforts started for financial resources,
land and volunteers.
Hie Madiiya'-Px'adeul Government gave 150 acres of land to
IfiLshore Bharati to organize its activities in May 197Z in
Hoshongaoaii Distrxcc.ef-rlavhyia.—^iradefia'y—eHow,ed—•
me purpose
ox txio Association was to experiment in rural education and to
start, promote and assist educational institutions with a view
to cultivate free blinking, and an innovative and enterprising
spirit among the children of Indian villages.
l-hatever is done at KLshore Bharati is guided by the principle
that the relationships it builds up with the surrounding
population be totally free of any touch of charity, patronage
or dependence.
Its performance must encourage local initiative
and promote grass-roots organisation.
The clearest indication
of success will be the speed with which the villagers assume
responsibility fbr teir own development and thus, render the
services of institution superfluous in course of time.
The various activities undertaken by Kishore Bharati are as
follows.
The ring well system for irrigation was introduced.
This technology was found suitable fbr sandy soil of the area.
Under the agricultural extension programme high yeal di ng varieties
were introduced and experiments on composting and pasture
were carried out.
Science teaching programmes were undertaken
to introduce qualitative cnanges in the fornal education
system within the constraint of Government administration.
Under this programme the discovery approach to learning of
science was introduced in 1 6 schools.
A non-formal education
programme was carried out with a group of 8 boys.
classes for landless labour were conducted.
Literacy
Studies have been
conducted on health services available and special exibitions have
been held to make the villagers aware of the link between
poverty and malnutrition and health problems.
The cattle development programme is one of tho activities of
KLshore Bharati.
They had the benefit of the experience of
Friends Hural Centre, Basulia, which had been working in the
field of cattle improveaent for a some time.
The Friends Hural
Centre had attempted to introduce artificial insemination in
the area.
They had faced two major problems.
The storage
of frozen semen was made difficult because liquid nitrogen had
to be brought from Bombay every week.
administrative problems and costs.
because of spoilt senen.
This increased ’the
Many inseminations failed
The second problem was that a
qualified doctor who could properly service th© cows was not
available.
Artificial insemination is a fairly complicated
technology.
The cow must be in heat, servicing has to be done
at the proper place and the equipment has to be handled
hygeinically.
The cross-bred technology requires regular
medical follow-up and vaccinations, whthout which the cattle
tend to be veiy suseptible to diseases.
At KLshore Bharati
it was tiierefore decided that instead of the artificial
insemination, they would start by keeping cross-bred bull.
A cooss-bred bull and a cross bred cow were brought.
Thia
dairy evoked considerable interest among the people in the area
Groups of fanners used to come and watch the cow giving
’6 to 18 litres of milk every day.
Gradually, people began
to bring their cows to the Kishore Bharati for servicing.
lit the first year,
out.
76 successful impregnations were carried
The maintenance expenses of the bull worked out to
abour Rs 4,000.00 per annum.
It war found, however, that most of the cows serviced
belonged to the better-off sections of the village.
This
was partly because the snail cows belonging to the weaker
sections were scored of the big bull.
Gradually, more cf the
weaker’ sections began to bring their cows for servicing.
A group of landless and small farmers were excited by the idea
of purchasing cross-bred cattle.
They had discussions for months
with the manbors of Kishore Bharati to understand how feasible the
preposition was.
While these discussions were going on,
Kishore Bharati was also involved in designing the selection
procedures for the staff of the Regional Rural Bank of the
area.
The Chairman of the Bank was visiting Kisiiore Bharati
frequently,
farmers.
he was impressed by this highly motivated group of
The Chairman took personal interest and had these
people financed under the group guarantee scheme.
consists of 5 landless and 3 marginal farmers.
This group
Skis-g-seup
The marginal farmers were financed through their wives and sons
who were "landless".
The farmers went to Karnal and with the
assistance of the National Dairy Research Institute there,
they purchased cross-bred cows and brought them to Hoshangabad.
Initially, the fermers were very confident that sell ing of
the milk would not be difficult.
However, the cows began to
give 16 to 20 litres milk every day and they simply were rot
able to sell it.
Through ‘the contacts provided by KLshore
Bharati to a hotel at Itarsi, they were able to sell
about 30 to 40 litres milk per day at Rs 2.00 per litre.
Wni 1 r-: undoubtedly there is a bigger market at Itarsi and
Jabalpur, each about 100 tai away, they were not able to
develop a regular clientle of milk purchasers.
The approach
of KLshore Bharati was to generate leadership and confidence
among than hence ’they did not take direct responsibility of
helping sell themilk.
They mainly held discussions and
suggested ideas but left it to the farmers to execute than.
These illiterate farmers had a great deal of difficulty in re
covering money for the milk shat they had supplied.
Unable
to sell milk, they tried to convert milk into khoa.
But
they were able 'bo sell khoa for only Rs 5«00 per kg, well
below toe cost 1
They ran into heavy losses.
Confronted with this problem of selling milk, the farmers
started reducing the feed of the cows so that the milk
production was also reduced.
The situation as it charged
in the second year is given below:
Item
istjfear
2nd year
Straw
Rs 4.00
Rs 2.00
Green Fodder
Rs 5.00
Rs nil
Seed Concentrate
Rs 2.00
nil
Total expenses
Rs11.00
Rs 2.00
Average Income:
Milk
16 ltrs, wfls 1.50
=
Net Income
Rs 24.00
Rs 13.00
:====s===:=sa=s====—===3==:
4 ltrs ® Rs 1.70
=
Rs 6.80
Rs.4.80
It can bo seen that by starving the cows the fanners brought the
production of milk down to about 4 to 5 litres per day and
their incomes fell from Rs 13.00 to Rs 5.00 per day.
Thus,
the farmers today are barely able to meet theinterest
and insurance burden of Rs 750.00 per year against ths loan
of Rs 4,000.00.
Tho income of about Rs 2,000.00 from the
heifer would be an additional income for the farmers.
It was
impossible for the farmers to sell milk in the villages because
most of the vi Hagers who were in a position to purchase
milk had their own cattle.
The approach of Ki shore Bharati has succeeded considerably in
inculcating a sense of self-reliance among this group.
One
example was that they offered a sathyagragna at the railway
station because the Station Master was hassassing them in
issuing z. vendor’s pass.
Yet their problem of milk disposal
remains unsolved.
The farmers’ suggestion iss (1) The milk collection van from
the government dairy at Hosbangabad should be brought to
the area for collecting the milk; (2) The farmers should be
given furtner loans for purchasing a buffalloe.
This would
allow them to earn from the buffalloe to feed the cow in tire
dry periods; and (3) A moratorium on interest payments.
It appears viable for landless labourers and small farmers
to maintain cross-bred cows, provided a market is available for
the milk.
It is, however, dcubtlhl whether purchase of
high-bred cows would be the correct strategy because this
leads to a heavy debt burden.
It may be better to -improve the
local cows by cross-breeding- and this burden could be
avoided.
It appears that despite the group of fanners having talcen
considerable initiative in trying to sell milk, they have not
been able to become self-reliant in it.
The time is perhaps
too short to assess their ultimate self-reliance,
That,
Kishore Bharati is not willing to take the responsibility
of sailing milk could surely unleash their •s’e* creativity and
give them confidence should they be successful.
However,
it is also possible that continuous failures may "crush" their
enthusiasm.
It may be a better strategy that the catalysing
agency should take greater responsibility in marketing the milk
initially and make very concious attempts to devolve the
leadership to the villagers in due time.
This is an
experimentation that has to be carried out.
The demonstration, dairy at Kishore Bharati developed the motivation
among the farmers.
The financing was dona by the Regional Rural
Bank under a group guarantee scheme.
The Kishore Bharati
Contacts with a hotel in Itarsi was instrumental in selling
whatever' milk they are able to sell.
A government artificial
insemination centre has been opened at Bankhcdi some 6 ion
away.
This has now become very popular.
A veterinary doctor
is also available at Bankhedi.
Xue government structure provides sufficient facilities for
artificial insemination.
However, it is some times necessary
to pressurise the doctor ’to take his job seriously.
Raising
this conciousness among the vi 11 agers to pressurise the
doctor should be a significant roll of the catalysing
agencies.
Tire experiments at Kishore Bharati has proven that ifa Babul,
a hardy fodder crop introduced by the B.A.I.E’. can be
grown with virtually no water.
However, its results are
also not very good if not irrigated.
There al's other groups
of gi’asses which may be more suitable for an arsa.
It was
found that most small farmers own very little uncultivated
land which. could be used for such fodder.
Therefore, the
usefulness of these craps for smell fanners is yet to be
established.
Some of the other technological areas which require attention
are: technology for storing semen in coconut water or other
rurally available media; and low cost ciiilling techniques to
enable di stunt transportation of milk at low cost.
The training of local youth in veterinary practices
relating to cross breeding cows and executing, artificial
insemination is another component of a successful dairy
project.
CONCLUSIONS:
Technological Issues:
1. Feed.
Milk production is a feasible proposition only if sufficient
feed is available in the village without causing diversions
of productive Land which could be utilised for growing
foodgrains.
The availability of agricultursl wastes like
straw, malberry stalks etc. haveto be assessed.
Moreover,
research of useing agricultural wastes like begasse as
feed may bave to be undertaken because they may not be
readily useful as feed.
A large number of wp crops are now
available from our research institutions which could grow on
rocky, sandy and other types of unused lands and under saline
water irrigation. It is necessary to bring these various
the
crops intoZarea-s and assess if any of them could be successfully
on any marginal land and that catle availability.
It has been shown that grain fodder may not be absolutely
necessary for obtaining a high yield of mi,Ik provide sufficient
amount of straw and other feed consentrates are provided.
This
is to be kept in mind because green fodder has typically
to be grown on irrigated Land which could be otherwise used
for foodgrain cultivation.
It is very necessary to prevent a shift of cultiviable
land from foodgrains to fodder crops because the food made
available per acre of foodgrain is about 10 times compared
to the foodgrain made available for human consumption through
fodder and dairy combination.
2.
Cross- breeding-
It is an universal conclusion that it is better to up breed
tire native cows instead of importing cross-bred cows fran
other areas.
This is has various advantages.
(i)
The native cows have lavge much greater resistance
to the diseases prevelent in that area.
Hence their
projing also have a greater disease resistance.
(ii)
The cows bom in the village itself are more
accustomed to the cultural practices of maintaining cows
prevalent in the area.
It has been found that when cross
bred cows from another area have been brought into the
village, their habits of feeding wasliiig calving are quiet
different and the villagers find it difficult to adjust
to these cultural practices.
I
(iii) The cost of up-breeding the native cow is only about
Rs 25.00 per insemination.
If 100 per cent exortic sonen
is used, in two years, 75 % exortic cows can be produced at
a very niminal cost.
As shown by the experience at KLshore
Bharati, the interest burden comes to about Rs.750.00 per
cow and is an unnecessary burden on the farmers.
(iv)
Some times the cow is considered sacred in the villages
and there is an unwillingness to service them by artificial
insemination.
In such situations, demonstrations of the
high yealds of milk that could be obtained from cross-bred
technology reduces the resistance significantly and
it may be adviseable to bring a cross-bred Bull into the
area initially enable the villagers began to understand
the technological motivations of cross-breeding.
(v)
It has been established that the percentage of exortic
land in the cattle should be increased beyond 60 or 75 per cent
Beyond tins, theaHP-t'-eepen they are responsible to diseases
and their needs of medical care and vaccinations are very high.
3
(vi)
Within the exortic blood there are various types
like denish, gereey holstein.
It has been found
that some of them are suitable for an arda and
others are not.
Sufficient experimentation has to
be done to determine which type would be most
I
/
suitable for particular area.
I
The government veterinary services and artificial
insemination structure seems to be as egfi'iciente
effective in terms of technology.
The problems
\
of government beurocracy often make their functioning
inefficient.
Under such circumstances, a pressure
group approach which would force the esisting \struc-
ture to work smoothly may be more appropriate that
' \\
providing an alternative veterinary structure
wesk through the capitalising agencies.
/
1 \\
A
.
A
It may be that artificial insemination amount to be;
permanently required.
Once the exortic blood in
locally available cattle has been raised to 60 to 75
per cent thenseforth it may be acceptedly to deve
lop a bull from the local projeney.
The cost of
maintenance of a 60 to 75 per cent exortic bull
comes to Rs 3000.00 per annum, which is much lotver than
the infrestructure cost required for an artificial
insemination centre.
Therefore, one could think
in terms of an artificial insemination strategy for
the first few years only.
4
MARKETING;
The entire viability of a dairy scheme
depend upon
the ability to sell all the milk produced at a rate
of not lessthan Rs 1.50 per litre.
It has been found
that for an individual dairy it helps to have a
market within 50 kias and it becomes expensive to cater
to a market more than 100 kips away because the
transportation times increases more than 4; hours and
a chilling plant has to be installed.
Selling of the
milk requires development of a cliental which would
regularly purchase the milk directly and pay the
price paid by a soneumer.
The price differencial
between supplying milk to the consumer directly and
to a government dairy is around 30 paise per litre.
The experience of Malur Cooperative indicates that
such a cliental could be developed in a city but it
requires some
business acumen.
It is not practical to them in terms of selling milk
within the village because almost every home in the
village has a cow and produces sufficient milk for
its own consumption.
The milk has to be necessarily
sold in the urban areas.
It has been experience
of the Amul co-operative that because there are a large
number of widely spread out milk producers and a fewer
major milk consumers in any city in the bargaining
price, the price tend to be determins more by the
purchasers rather than the milk producers *
The solution
proposed is that various milk supplying cooperatives
in the area should be installed so that they could
5
set and obtain a price collectively for their milk
produced.
The experiments of Amul co-operative whereby the milk
produced in a couple of districts are
virtually meeting the needs of the whole country is
very significant.
It implies that as this stand
presently there may not be sufficient market for
selling milk pre-jeefee produced in various areas.
It is therefore, wiser to them of only as at milk pro
duction as could be sold in that area itself.
It
would be wise to ascertain whether any other major
milk production schemes are likely to be initiated
in the area before initiating this work.
Although it may not be possible to sell milk products
on a national market, hoiever, if milk prosessing and
preservation techniques are developed, which could be
used to convert and retain milk products, then,
it could be useful to convert the surplus milk
in a serplus seasdnq and sell those milk products i n
a lean season.
Most of the milk processing techniques
presently in vogue, are highly centralised and
capital intensive.
Research at decentralised labour
intensive milk processing techniques would be very
useful.
ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES.
The main crucial organisational consideration that
mostly dairy has to be come an activity utilised by
the already well off sections of the village.
better off sections have plentiful availability
The
6
of agricultural wastes like stnaw and malburry stalks
they have
marginal land at their disposal to be
able to grow fodder, they are more educated and
aware of modern teeehaiquee technology and are more
easily pursuaded to
adopt newer techniques,
they have a financial strength to both invest in
new technology and also to bear any risk that
maybe involved.
Therefore, it is in the
industrial process that the first financials af
any milk co-operative are the well off sections
in the village.
Technologically, it has been shown that greater
individual attention to cows can increast their milk
yield by up to 2 litres per day.
Therefore, should
the infrestructure be made available to the landless
and marginal farmers, they have an advantage over the
better off sections in that they can provid much
greater attention to the cattle.
It is therefore, essential that the catalysing
agency intervening conciously on behalf of the
poor.
This implies that the emphasis has to be
not on mear expansion of production but on
generating a self-reliant economic activity among
weekersections even if it takes longer time.
A co-operative society can provide the basic
structure for undertaking this work.
The kind of
facilities that it may have to provide could include
the following*
7
1.
Arranging for artificial insemination or a cros
bred bull and maintain it.
2.
Providing a cash or material encentlve per
insemination to the farmer to initially encourage
them to accept cross-bred technology.
This has
been found successful in Anand.
3.
Agricultural extention facility
to providing
cities and technology for growing fodder crops in
dry and marginal lands.
\
4.
Supplying feed eeat concenters regularly.
5.
Giving loans during dry periods of the cattle
to enable landless and marginal farmers to feed
them.
6.
1
Providing loans during periods when straw is x
plentifully available at cheap price to enable
landless and marginal farmers
to purchase and stock
it for their use throughout the year.
7.
Marketing and processing of the milk
It has to be a concibous effort on the part of the
capitalising agency to solicit the participation of
a large number of weaker sections.
While the facility
should also be expanded to the better off sections,
it has been seen that in any case they are more ani-
mable to expecting newer approaches.
8
The experience of Kishore Bharati is extremely signi
ficant in the adta demonstration of a cross-bred
dairy technology motivated a group of landless and
marginal farmers to adopt cross-breed technology.
This indicates that the weaker sections can be
benefited.
However, it has also been the ejq>erience
of Kishore Bharati that unless the weaker sections
were separated in organising marketing, they were
not able to cope up with the development of a
regular urban clients.
These, ifat maybe necessary
for the capitalising agency to provide this organis
ational assistance for some time until the leadership
from among the weaker section is generated
wh±dh
can handle these tasks.
The other roll of the capitalising agency is to
inter-weave the dairying activity with other rural
development activities.
Most important perhaps is
a
education programme.
healthy and nutrition
Some doubts have been expressed whether commerciali
sation of milk does not increase mal-nutrition among
the children of the village.
Under the treditiondlXy
system, the native cots are feed nominal agricultural
wastes and produce from small quantity of milk which
is consumed 'within the village.
When with the
introduction of cross-breed technology, milk becomes
the commercial commodity, there may be a tendency of
part of the weaker sections to sell the entire milk
and deprive their own children of thet vital nutrition
that they were obtaining from the native cots previously
Therefore, a programme for health and nutritional educ
ation should be simultaneously undertaken
9
It has been found that the introduction of cross
breed technology also makes the villagers more
open towards family planning.
The health programme was effectively appointed with
a milk co-operative on Malur and similar process is
on way •E&. at BAI? and Anand.
At Kishore Bharati,
various activities like agriculture extention,
science education etc are already being simultaneously
under-taken.
As a rural development agency, one has to aim at
integrated development of the village ’which may
that alongwith starting a dairy activity focused
at the weaker sections.
Such health education
and other economic activities could also be under-*
taken and a dairy co-operative makes it more
convenient to do so.
A dairy activity appears-feasible in a village under
if the following factors are suitably met:
MODEL SCHEME
The scheme presented here is only by the way of
suggestions and general guidelines to be suitably
modified for the local situation.
A Cooperative
milk society should be initiated in the village.
The focus of the society would be to obtain the
participation of the landless and marginal farmers
in particular.
It is essential to farm
an
indipendent cooperative society which alone can
make the villagers self-relient and generate a feeling
of self-confidence in them.
It is strongle advised
that mear introduction of cross-bred technology and
other such social structure is not adviseable.
The
near growth to collection is not rural development.
In the initial phases, the society can undertake
demonstration of dry forming for fodder crops and
introduction of cross-bred technology.
The reason
involved can be under written by the agency. In th e
of
initial period some insentives te? some Rs 25 per
artificial insemination may be introduced for ass
isting acdeptability.
While it is advised that
this demonstration may be carried out on the lands
and cows of small farmers themselves, however, under
certain conditions it may be necessary for the
catalysing agency to initially undertake these
demonstrations itself.
Once, the milk marketing structure is stipulised,
the cooperative society can expand its activities
in various ways like provision of feed consentrates
provision of loans, milk processing etc.
It is
assumed that the government structure would
provide the artificial insemination and veterinary
facilities.
If these are not available, it is
suggested that the agency pressurises the government
to make this facility available.
The basic
strategy proposed is to improve the breed of
native cows rather than import cross-bred cows
into the area.
Along with the expansion in the nature of activity
undertaken by the cooperative society the second
line of approach would be to multiply such societies
It istas has been
in our surrounding villages.
found that as the number of milk supplying co
operative societies increases, they find it difficult
to maintain prices in the urban markets.
Hence,
unionization of these cooperative societies would
have to be undertaken in due course.
Along with dairy activity, it is necessary to under
take health and educational activities in the
village.
Details of these activities have not been
given as a part of thasa: report.
In the initial
period these activities could assume the form of
welfare to gain acceptability.
Simaltaneously, the technical research wing is also
proposed.
In the initial periods, the research
would be of adoptive type.
The two major areas
would bo,utilising uncultiviable land for fodder
gnp crops and introduction of suitable crops for
the same and ascertaining the exact type of
3
exortic breed that would be suitable for the
local conditions.
These research could be
undertaken in colloboration with some scientific
institutions.
LOCAL FACTORS TO 13E CONSIDERED
1.
An area where there is some tradition of cattle
breeding and hopefully some marketable surplus
of milk is already existing, may be more suitable
because the agricultural practice relating to
maintenance of cows are already existent.
This
is important because the beginning of cross-breeding
has to be done from the native breed of cattle.
2.
Feed should be available either from agricultural
waste or from arg marginal lands not otherwise
utilisable for food crop cultivation.
3.
Sufficient water should be available for the
cattle.
4.
Veterinary services are available at nominat costs.
It seems that the government infrastructure may be
sufficient to provide this facility and the task of
the rural development agency is not to undertake this
expenditure itself.
This should be done more bjr
coordination with the government structure.
Where
government cannot proive this veterinary service,
then this has to be either financed by the co
operative itself or by the rural development
agency.
5.
A critical mass of atleast about 50 cows should
be possible to be introduced.
Mere introduction
of a few cross bred milk cattle to 20-25 villagers
may be unwise because the marketing training and
veterinary services may be difficult to proirtde.
2
From the cross breeding point of view, 50 cows is
still a small number, however, 50 cows would be thd
barest minimum to make a marketing activity
feasible at about 250 litres per day.
6.
A market should be available preferable within
50 miles of the area so that a chilling plant and
its expenses are not necessary.
Transport facili
ties should be available.
7.
Contact with some training institutions to trata
some village people into the practice of cross
breed cows shouls be available.
INITIATION OF Tin-: PROJECT
The point of initiation would depend upon the
local conditions.
a)
If cattle breeding is already existing in the
area and there is some marketable surplus, perhaps
the organisation of a milk marketing cooperative k
sould be the proper starting point.
This would
immediately give some benefits to the participants
and establish credibility.
b)
The second approach would be to start with
the demonstration of feed production on marginal
land and to start along with
it, a small cross-breed
diary of say 4 to 10 cattle, which serves as a
demonstration only.
This could have confidence to
the villagers in this technology.
This demonstra
tion could be done by fully financing some small
farmer of the village and subsidising their
capital and underwriting their risk.
Even this
group of small farmers who are part of the
demonstration should be formed into a cooperative
at this stage itself.
Any time taken and delays
caused in the process of cooperation should not be
considered.
Time wasted since this lays the
foundation for their self reliance,
^t should be
noted that such a demonstration may not be economi
cally viable and initially because of its small size
and may require some assistance.
If some of the
landless and marginal farmers do not even have
native cows to initiate the cross breeding process
but are willing to join such an endeavour they
should be assisted to obtain small loans to buy
native cows and initiate the process of cross-breedin
therefrom
2
If the agency has no background of developmental
activities in the village concerned it could initiate
its work by some small welfare activity like repairing
of school building health centre and wells.
given the agency a certain hx creditability
and helps it in obtaining acceptability.
This
The benefit accruing to the cross-bred cattle
owners in the project area will vary greatly
depending on local conditions particularly with
reference to availability of feed and market as
has been shown in the four case-studies.
However
the following may be taken as a reference point
for expected benefits to a landless former who
already owns a native cow
Expenditure:
1.
Feed - Straw
Green fodder
Concentrates
300
400
750
1,450
2.
3.
Interest (on 2,000 rupees
@ 1C$)
200
Depreciation on Rs.2,000
@ 15%
300
1,950
Income;
1.
2.
Milk Yield - 2000 litres
@ 1.65 per litre
3,300.00
Sale of calves
500.00
3,800.00
Nit income = 18.50
note.;
a)
It is assumed that no capital expenditure
is actually incurred and cross-bred cow lias been
developed from Al of native breed.
b)
Ths price of milk varies considerably from
1.20 per litre to Rs 2.10 per litre.
We have
taken a typical price of Rs 1.65 per litre.
c)
For a landless farmer
who can provide green
fodder from his labour by mulberry stalks,
sugar cane tops etc the Rs 400 provided for
green fodder would be an additional Income.
THE BUDGET;
The budget suggested below is for a project area
where the government infrastructure for provision
of artificial insemination and veterinary services
is easily available.
Where this is not so the rural development agency
may try to pressurise the government structure to
extend these facilities to their area or it may
incur the expenditure of providing a cross-bred bull
or Al and veterinary services.
Items 1,2 and 4
of the budget below will be required mainly for the
first year.
However, it is assumed that other
developmental activities will be undertaken in
subscequent years and hence the total Expsx expend
iture per year may remain the same.
^hejjud^et
1. Subsidy or under writing risk for
demonstration of fodder crops and
cross-breading or the lands & cows
already existing with the small farmers
10,000
2. Initial welfare activities and long
term health education programmes
10,000
3. Salaries
a) Project officer Rs 1,500/month
b) Two field assistants at Rs 250
per month
4. Training of staff
18,000
5. Literature, audio visual aids
5,000
Farmers visits and other
extension work
6. Adaptive Research
7. Travel and contingencies
10,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
70,000
PHASING
The first six months are suggested to be used for
a detailed survey of the area, ascertaining whether
dairy would be a feasible proposition and initiation
of their welfare activities for giving acceptability.
The next 18 months are suggested to be used for
demonstration of the cross-bred technology and
expansion work in agriculture and the initiation
of a milk marketing cooperative society.
The next 24 months are suggested to be used for
horizontal expansion of the cooperative society
in activities like organisation of food supply,
p ovisionsxixkE loan, ihilk processing ect.
The
unionisation of cooperative society should also be
under taken.
This covers 4 years of the scheme.
Next one year
may be planned for phasing out of the involvement
of the guidelining agencya and initiating new
projects in other villages.
KEY PERSON
For the purpose of any development work in a
area the experience all over the country has
shown the need to identify a good catalyst
who can initiate the project and work towards
self reliance by the local community Experience
has also shown that such a person should be about
25-35 years of age, preferably married (more accepable to villagers) ready to live in the village.
It is not necessary that he should be by profess
ional training a vet or Agricultural scientist
though this would be an added qualification.
He
should however have demonstrated professional
competence in fcks his own field and have a
managerial flow.
Since the project work is not merely the running
of a milk cooperative but will need further sxpHKX
expansion into other development activities and
generation of self-reliance and also an ability
to see rural development and processes of social
change in a totality, it requires high
profe
ssional competence and motivation and hence the
need to identify such catalysts.
A certain freedom
to interact actively with local realities and
plan, innovate and be creatively involved with
the development activity will be a precondition
for such a key person to initiate self reliant
development process and must be kept in mind while
employing such a person.
TRAINING
Technical competence and understanding of Dairy
Development methods can be acquired by allowing
the key person a certain period of 3-6 months to
visit ITDDB, BAIK, Kishore Bharati and other agencies
to understand key issues and undergo basic training
and observe existing projects.
This type of non-
formal training will be of greater help to pre
pare the individual for the project development.
Ad hoc arrangements are possible with all the above
agencies where such training can be obtained.
Wherever courses for village level workers are
sm also available as in BAIF, NDDB and IIDRI, the
village level assistants may also be sent for
training to provide primary facilities for the
beneficiaries of the project.
.
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<_O/Un
TOR STARTING
SCH^i-iS
SCAL.S DAIRY FARMS
SMALL
INTRODUCTION:-
Dairying
by
a part
as
since
farmers
capacity
animals,
of
facilities,
agricultural
economy.
Beginning with a
Many
due
dairy farms,
higherto
he-ar-d
had
come
have
changing pattern
to
of
enterprise.
some
information on
operation has
To
been felt.
basic
such
fulfil
a profitable
of
this
schemes
have
costs
the
need,
a
the
starting
cross-bred animals
dairying is
for
lack
in
economy.
agricultural
practices,
need
a
for
forward
alongwith. good, management
The
and
low priority
a
high milk yielding
of
low yielding
feedihg materials
dairying
farmers
such as
factors,
of
practised
has been
operations
to
Due
times.
non-availability
of marketing
small
agricultural
the
of
ancient
been
prepared.
there
In presenting,
should
be
is,
by
understood
certain
following
person who
any
is
are
points
wishing.co
These
assumed.
take" up
this
profession.
1)
Only
2)
Sound management
high milk yielding
breeding
and
are
culling
3)
That
'4)f
That measures
5)
That
6)
Suitable
7)
Money
for
capital
8)
a)
In
the
case
of
housing
for
calves,
there
there
ted
is
schemes
and
throughout
the
diseases.
from
of milk
so
produced.
acquired.
forthcoming.
is
smaller numbers
labour
farmer
charges
and
been presented
of
animals
jjasit is
his
family)
for
the
expec
has
not
the
year
trained
person
run
work
sound.
strength,
or' the
it
would
farmer may
.
to
give
any
detailed information
farm for which
one
should
purport
the
of
herd
manage
small
farm
prepared
to not
to
of
provide
the
to
running
to
economically
and bigger
capital
a
than
and more
benefit
labourers
agricultural
training needed
actual
the
on
by
have
to have
get
schemes
The
with
store,
landless
requiring large
desirable
himself
animals
disposal
recurring expenditure
schemes
in
the
for
supply.
the
protect
are
equipment
and
timely
feeding,
included;
farmers
be
to
regular market
and
be put
These
Farms
a
be maintained.
will
balanced
followed.
taken
be
cows
as,
such
source of water
adequate
will
land
to
been
b)
is
bred
cross
practices
refer
to
published/printed materials.
It
is mentioned
develop
and
herd
selection.
and
to
gains
be
a
capital
The
The
roximate
it
the
for purchase
give
animals,
and
for
to
better
bigger
sizes
develops
it
of
would
the
the
from
rate
for
of
place'to
is
as
and
a
small
culling
skill
by
and
this
this may be
found
heavy initial
reduced.
construction
sale
with
suitable
Though,
economical,
animals
costs
and
bo
start
by
experience
in herd management.
feeds
may vary
always
to
also
farmer
confidence
is
herd
slow process,
figures
ipment,
that
of milk,
place
and
of
buildings,
etc,
time
to
are
only
equ-r
appy
time.
2/-
: 2 :
SMALL SCALE
A.
UITH
BRED
CROSS
TuJCl
COSSg
s-
Expenditure
Capital
i.
FARMER
DAIRY
Livestocks
Adult
milch
Iii.
/
Buildings
Cow byres
iii.
Equipments
pails,
Milk
x
8*
x
2
animals
(O.B
10'
buckets,
Rs.3000/~
Sq)
Rs.1500
x
chairs
Rs. 60 00
per
sq.
Rs. 1200
Rs.
□t c»
100
Rs. 7300
B,
Expenditures
Recurring
Feeds
&
Green
Fodder
Fodders
1150
Rs.
Fodder
Rs.
500
Concent sat os
Rs.
2170
flilk
■
190
Rs.
730
Rs.
900
Rs.
60
Rs.
150
Dry
for
calves
a)
Capital
on
Interest
10%
Rs.7300
on
b)
Dep.
c)
Dep.
d)
Vety.Charges,
on
15%
5%
&
at
animals
Rs .6000
on
Buildings
on
Rs. 1200
on
Rs. 4010
expenditures
of
Mjsc.items
/
Water
Elec.Charges
etc.
Rs,
1840
Rs.
5850
Rs. 1.26
Rs.
7200
Rs-. 10
Rs •
40
Rs.
1000
fis.
10
Rs.
8250
Rs.
2300
Rs.
33.0%
—
T otals
C.
Incomes
i.
Salos
Milk
2
ii.
Return
ii.
Appreciation
iv.
Salo
x
mala
of
19
of
2x2 Tons
young
calf
•
Kgs.x300
manure.
from
3
stock
days
x
females
oldI
1
x
Rs.10
Totals
profit
Net
Percentage
a)
Rs.8550-Rs.5850
expenditure
income
over
fixed
investment
Requirementst
Green
fodder!
Adult
cows
Calves
2x25x370
-
18,500
Kgs.
1x15x300
-
4,500
Kgs
x
23,000
b)
of
-7300
Rs.
Feed
over
5
paise
per
Kg.
Rs.1150
Concentrates!
Adult
Dry
cows
cows!
Calves
at
in
milk
2x65x1
0.5
Kg
/
pBr
2
yield
180
10
Kgs
of
milk
-
2x4x300
-
2400
Kgs.
day -
x
365
days
-
183
Kgs.
Rs.
2174
Kgs
;
c)
Dry
•
Fodders
cows
Adult
,
3
Calf
cows
—
2x4x370
days
-
2960
kgs
-
1x1x270
days
-
270
kgs
k
15
489-00
OR
3260
d)
months
2^
upto
calf
5x75xRs.1/-
1x2-
2/
at
Requirements!-
Land
If
the
at
33
c)
Rs. 500
kgs/day
OR
Rs.187-50
--------------------------------
area
entire
fodder
For
under
is
23,000
of
production
guinea,
any
Rs.190
Rs.4010
TOTALS
GRAND
b)
kg
Milks
One
a)
/
p.
para,
P.A,
Kgs
1/2
hybnapier
acre
or
60.75 tons/acre/annum.
If maize
4
crops/yoar
65
cents
or
30
If
maize
50%
l/3
acre
maize
of
total
50% at
lucerne
and
acre
1/3
all the
Among
at
2/3 acre
tons/acre/annum,
40
or
guntas
above
total
yield
of
40
or
65
cents
tho
one
acre
2/3
lucerne
croopirr(programmes,
tons/acre/annum,
30
of
at
shown
guntas.
C
is
most
suitable.
SCHEME
A
A.
CRO_SS
FOR TEN
BRED
CPUS
DAIRY
FARMS
Expenditures—
Capital
Livestocks
i
Adult
milch
animals
Dry
cows
2
One
pair
of
8xRs.
2500
Rs.2000
x
bullocks
Rs.1500
-
j.
20000
Rs.
4000
Rs.' 1500
Rs.25500
Buildin os s
ii.
i.
-CoV byres
iii.
iv.
Vtt
Pump-house
Servants
i)
Well
ii)
Pump,
iv.
i.
ii.
&
Implements
20
dia
x
water,
pails,
Recurring
i)
ii)
Rs. 1500
30
Rs.8000
3000
4500
Rs.
Rs.
31000
Rs.
13000
Rs.
2000
Rs.
71500
--------------- --------------- Rg.
21235
Rs.
15Q0
—
Rs.5000
bullock
power/hand
TOTAL
cart
CAPITAL
Rs.
1500
)
Rs.
500
/
INVESTMENTS!
Expenditures—
Cost
of
Dry
fodder
i.
x
sq)
'■haffcutter
i.
iv.
Rs.
Rs.1500
equipments,
ii.
iii.
1500
Rs. 1600'3
X
20x15U.
0OQp
6000
Rs.
Rs.
10
2000
so)
accessories
GRAND
B.
x
10
EguipmentsS-
Agricultural
Milk
Rg-;
sq)
10x20(2
quarters
0’fice/Store/F?harmacy
iii«.Wells-
x
Sq)
(l.O
10x8(.8
Rs.1500
x
Sq)
40x10(4.0
ii.“ Calfshed/bullocks
feeds
Concentrates
Milk
Labour
for
Kgs
Kgs
x
14235' Kgsx
calves
charges
labourer
122100
22200
at
1125
x
Rs.120
x
15
75
5
ps/kg
ps/kg
ps/kg
Re.l/kg
p.m.
per
Rs.
6105
Rs.
3330
Rs.
10676
Rs.
1125
person/
4/-
Misc.expenses
ii.
iii.
on
Dep.
Charges,
Buildings
wat er,
635/-
Rs.
15^(25500)
at
animals
-------- do—
Vety
like,
etc.
electricity,
%
at
’ (16600)
on
Interest
-
57100
— (A)
£et_u.rns:
which
(e)
milk
of
Sale
Income
from
Sale
the
of
OR
200.0
x
24
2
tons
age
of
animals
6
male
x
Rs.
36150
Rs.
240
calves
700
x
birth
at
17165
per
animal
per
Rs.
in
Kgx1.25
female
of
year
one
stock
young
of
1500
10
of appreciation
Value
at
2
Rs.
number
average
~
840
Rs.11000
5710.)
manure
annum(2x12)
(C)
-
6x3135x10
3825
Rs.
1
at
(Rs.
Rs.
10
Rs.
4200
Rs.
40
Rs.74780
Met
income
on
expenditure
necessity
Rs.
annum
per
74780
Rs.
2830
Rs. 34150
Feed
requirementss—
i.
Green
Fodder?
No.
adults
of
10x20x370
(Cow)
Calves
ii.
iii.
8x14x300
fodder(probably
of
adult
No.
of
bullocks
2x7
Kgs
Y.S.below
1
year
Kgs
I
33600
Kgg
\
Hariyali
Kgs/dayx370
10x4
per
370x1x6 -
Hay)
Kg
Kgs
dayx370
22200
Kgsx15
ps
Average
animals
at
dry
x
10
day
Kgs/Animal
2x1kg/day
x
2x1kg/day
6
14S1D
K^gs
5180
Kgs
2220
KgS
22200
Kgg
Rs. 3330
per
milk
Youngstock
Kgs
122400
Concentrates?
Average
Bullocks
iv.
cows
14800
ragi/straw &
Dry
No.
No.-of
I
7400'jKgs
2x20x370
Bullocks
x
8x4x36'5
365
0.50
11740
Kqs
730
''-gs
1730
"
1095
"
10676
Kgs
365
kgs/day’x
365
Milk:
Milk for 6
day ® Re.1
Land
calves
per kg
requirement
2j; months @ 2.25 kgs/head/
upto
of milk
for
cropping sequencies
suggested
at
6x2.5xRe.1
fodder
could
be
Rs.
production(Any
made
use
of
of
the
1125
following
preferable th;:
one
(f)
«... 5/-
5
8
Total
a)
green
If the
area
is
60
tons
per acre
x
1)
60
If the
per
d)
If
the
area
is
under
maize,
4
Lucerne
p.a.
crops
and
40-1280 0 0
x
10
@
tons
3.20
other
half
50,0 0 0
acre
Lucerne
40
x
1.25
Guinea
60
x
1.25 acre
75,000
~ zTso
e)
If the
acres
f)
is
one
maize,
50%
40
128000
Kgs
-
50%
lucerne
3.20
If
1
lucerne
40 , 000
1
Jc?SrSn^rdsgruterne
60,000
acre
0.75 acre
2.75
125000-2.50
1,25000
under
x
3.20
-
3.20
Kgs
10
the
grass
guinea
grass
perennial
3.20
.20x10x4 ©
acres.
under
area
guinea
annum
Lucerne
per acre. -
tons
crop
per
Kgs
2.25
unoer
is
40
per
perennial
Kqs.
at
acre
under
one
entire
If the
yielding
c)
13500 0
-
122100
p.a.
under
entire
yielding at
2.25
requirement,
fodder
:
under
maize
under
(4 a cres/year)
30,000
1,30,000
SCHEME
A•
TWENTYFIVE
FOR
Capital
expenditure;
i.
took
_Li_y
Adult
mii»n
Dry
cows
One
pair
Cow
i.
CPUS
cows
18
x
2000
36,000
)
7
x
1500
10,500
)
1,500
I
bullocks
1500
ii.
Bullocks
iii.
Pumphouse
iv.
Servants
52
20(10.5 Sq.)
x
10x8
(8
sq)
quarters
15,750
1500.Sq.
20x20(4 Sq)l250
shed
calf
Sq.
5,000
2000/Sq.
10x10(4 Sq.)
Offic-j/s/Store/Pharmacy
v.
1,600
1500
Sq.
6,000
10x20 (2 Sq)
3,000
1500/Sq.
iii.
Rs. 48000
-
res
by
FARM;
DAIRY
;
Building;
ii.
BRED
CROSS
Rs.
31000
Well?
i.
uJell
ii.
Pump,
40
wide
Motor
electrical
Implements
iv.
i.
ii.
deep
10000.0
charges,
Equipment
5
pipe
or bore-well
HP
bullock .cart
buckets,
Chaff
Investments
x
2"
Rs.15,000
R.s.1500
and
Rs.1000
balance
cutter power/hand.
Capital
700
8
pails,
tubes,
5,000.0
line.
Agric. equipment,
Milk
weighing
iii.
&
30
accessories
Total
Rs.
500
Rs.
30 OP
-Rs.9735O-
6/-
6
?
Recurring
B*
:
?
expenditure
t
Gear
I.
of
?
foods
10360
Grasses
i.
ii.
Dry
iii.
6771
Fodder
Concentrates
iv.
23270
1500
Milk
Rs.
41901
Rs.
6000
Rs.
18000
Labour?
II.
labour
Farm
Misc.expenses
III.
120/-
at
-
576J5
?
i.
Int.
on
ii.
Dep.
on
animals?
iii.
Dep.
on
Bldngs?
Cap.
9%
on
97350
15/
on
31350
on
5%
Rs.8761-50
8000
a loci.charges
Vety.Expenses,
iv.
month
Rs.
7200-00
Rs.
1567-50
Rs.
471-00
Rs. 65901
flEZQHIMS/INCOME
milk?
of
Sale
I.
?
10x365x20xRe.l/lOKgs/Animal/20
Daily/head
Animals
Sale
II.
of
x
animals
adult
manure/30
x
III.
young
of
Appreciation
8
years
Sale
years
12
of
at
the
end
wk
age
Rs.10
meat
1
73000
Rs.
600
at
of
year
1
IV.
Rs.10
stock
Rs.800
Rs.
2 tens
animal
Rs.
6400
Rs.
120
Rs.80120
Net
income
Per
centage
i.
Requirements
No.
of
370
x
adult
x
20
10
x
370
8
Followers
stock
5
25
x
x
8
4
Kgs
7
x
370
'
Dry?
45,
8
x
1
2
?
dry
Bullocks
in
5
milk
animals
Young stock
Total
10
Kgs.
1?
at
Adults
Young
-
370
—
x
370
X
140
KgS
x
15
yld
10
KgS.
Rs.10360
hay)?
37,000
370
7
14,800
hariyali
Kgs
5180
2960
Rs.
Paise/Kg
6771
?
Milk
2
x
straw,
x
Adults?
Av.
5
-
(Ragi
Kgs
Concent rates
?
year
x
x
Kgs.
KgS.
1
2
Total?
1
below
20
Kgs.
requirement
7400
Bullocks?
Cows?
II.
-
Kgs.
Fodder
Dry
daily
2
requirements
daily
18,5000
daily.
Intake
ii.
25
-
2
X
Rs. 1 4.6/o
?
cows
25
No.
Bullocks
Rs.14,221/-
Rs.97,350/-
of
capital
?
Fodder
Green
Rs.65901-80,120
expenses?
fixed
on
return
Feed
I.
recurring
on
at
1
No.
17
18
x
4 x
7
at
1
Kg/Dry
8
at
concentrates?
Kg
x
0.5
31,
Kgs/day
365
-
cow/day
365
-
milk?
26250
730
Kgs
7x1x365
-
1460
Kg/Dry
x
365 -
Kgs
x
0.75 paise
025
2555
Kgs
Kgs
Kgs
per
Kg
Rs.23,
270
Land
calves
8
requirement
following
Entire
area
Annum!
3.5
suggested
is
under
—
acre
x
(hf)
under
guinc:
x
grass
at
40
40
under
Area
Maize
60
at
4.5
5.25 acres
40
Capital
i.
acre.
ton
t •'.ns/acre
-
90,1’90
I
-
35,000
r
-
25,000
Kqs]
acres
40,000
40
60,000
acres
4.5 acres
2,20,000
Exjanolti.jrc
4.5
1,29,000
o-CiuHE
A.
5.25 acres
ncre/tons/uhnum
40
x
actual
40
x
acre
1
x
acre
4-1.5
fetal!
-
acres
tons/ncre/h<
—
1,500
of
actual
tons
lucerne
2 Acrss
Guinea
use?
60
Kgs
Guinea
d)
Rs.
of th-’
one
made
at
21,00,000
luccrnn at
area
2.25
Lucerne
guinea
Kgs
under
entire
Of
Half
be
(a).
—
R.?.l/-
.
at
69
at
-
could
lucerne
under
Kg/H<?d/D,aily
1
production (Any
sequcncies
acre/x/4o/-21,09.000
c)
x
75
one
Entire area
b)
x
fodder
for
cropping
preferably the
a)
2.5
2.5
at
2.5
upto
x
8
of milk
o
for
pcr kg
tC,
Wilk
w
miks-
iC
in.
F0 !TY
FOR
CitOSS
BRED
COliE
DAIRY
FARR
-
Live-stocki
milch
a)
Adult
b)
Dry
c)
Bullocks
2
x
x
32
»nws
5
sous'
Rs. 2509
Rs.80,000
Rs.2000
Rs.16,000
x
2
-
pairs
Rs.l'.OO
Rs.
3,000
Rs.99,000
ii.
Buildings
a)
'.
Dow f'ydres
Oalfshods)
,
House
x
10
x
20x20
-
4 Sq.
40
10
4/l6
x
si,,
x
24,000
1500
1600
6,000
16,000
bullocks
sq) Rs.2,000
z 8
b)
Pump
c)
Servants
d)
Office/st oiGs/phar.-^cy.
quarters
12,000
1f)x2ux3x5qx 1500
20x15x2(6 Sq,x1500)
9,000
---------------------------------
iii.
Well
:
iv.
open
either
Implement's
&
or
borewell,
Equipments
15,000
Rs.115,000
i
a)
Agri
imple.,
bullocks
carts
b)
Milk
pails,
buckets,
feeding
c)
Chaff
Cutter
2,500
etc.
’
Power
1,000
1,500
Rs.
Capital
62,600
pump
accessories
water,
Rs.
Expenditure
on
fixed
items!
4, 500
Rs.1,81,100
....8/-
8
_R_ccu:
S
3
ndit uro
a)
Green
t>)
Dry
c)
Gcncentrates
feeds
20,500
feeder
11,700
41,100
d) ' Milk
3,750
Farm
Labour?
8
Labour!
x
Interest
b)
Dcp.
on
animalss
c)
Dep.
on
Buildings!
d)
Vety.
11,520
Rs.
77,0 50
Rs.
11.520
Rs»
35,800
15% on'99Gu0/-
5% on
Rs.62600
electrical
expenses,
12
9% .an '181100
Capitals.
on
a)
X
120
3,130
charges
1,520
Rs.1,24,370
Il\l COH
s
a)
milk
b)
Returns
c)
Appreciation
d)
Sale
sales
cf
20
-
32x1-0x35
from
of
male
20
116800
40-4-20/3 -
manures
youngstock
youngstock
at
at
Kgs
x
1.25
Rs.1,56,000
50x.2-190x
Rs.1,01,000
end of
Rs.
1,600
Rs.
200
year
Rs.800/-
3 da ys
Rs .10/-
Rs.1,63,200
Net
Rs.1,63,200 -
profits
Percentage
income
fixed
Fned
•erne nt s
»
1)
Preen
)
x
x
370
Bui locks 3
40
-
invest
of -
Kgs
x
370
x
requirements3
daily
25
4
20
Calves3
1,24,370
Rs.38,830
21.4%
•
Rs.1,81,100
s
cowss
Adult
50
b)
Fodder
Rs.
capital
X
x
300
20
25
KgS/coW
Kgs
1 5
Kgs
Fodders
2)
Dry
x
Kgs
4,08,600
4
paise/Kg
Rs.
3,70,000
Kg
29,600
.
9,000
"
4,08,600
"
20,403
fodders (Maize/Ooujer/Kadbi/Harihalli-hay) s
cows
a)
Adult
b)
Bullocks
-
c)
Calves
-20
3
x
40
4
x
x
Total
4
x
Kgs
370
59,200
Kgs
7
Kgs
x
370
10,360
.
300
x
15
Kgg
7r200
Green
Fodders
11,594
Oii
Rs.11,700.^77,960
"
"
77,960
Kgs
x
15
Ps/Kg)
-.9/—
3‘)
Cpn cent rat cs
Average
a)
b)
2
?
(1
?
5
dry
8
365
x
1
animals?
Bullocks
4
at
1
d)
Youngstock
20
at
54,750
x
20
2. 5
x
x
1
75
0.5 kgs/per
day
under
guinea
under
maize
Area
under
x
0.75
1
x
acre
2
months
2-j
Re.1/-
per
per
head, x
3,650
1!
54,750
11
365
Kgs
-
Kg
Kgs
4,08,600
grass
4
Rs.4,063-50
at
the
kg
of
OR
x
acres
2 acres
acres
H
1,460
rate
of
milk
Rs.
408
60
x
x
6
3,
750
tonnes
tonnes
240
40
80
2 acres)
2
lucerne
Bajra,
54,750
per
ps
upto
4
x
4
Sowar,
day
Re.
Area
tonnes
Kg
46,720
cow
per
day
kg/psr
365
day @
per
Area
(10
nfmilk/day
kg
-
x
Requirements?
Green
per
kg
calves
20
for
Kgs/head
8.1
365
concentrates?
Total
2.5
x
4
2,920
c)
Milk
x
32
10
yield
milk
milk)
Average
x
in
adults
?
x
acres
40
80
Coypoa-
10
x
-
crops
20
tons
420
11 Acres for crop growing
2 acres
Total
15
for
area
acres
of the
would
fodder
Common
buildings,
raods,
be
farm
13
etc.
and
acres
if
ixpansion
their
package
is
envisaged,
atleast
of
required.
crop
rotations
and
for Southern
practices
Regions?
(Yield
per
Sowing
a)
Maize/cowpea
Dry
D.C.P:
T.D.N.;
300
69.0
4.8
41.1
300
69.0
4.8
41.1
15,9,15.11)
■ 3.7
750
1632
11.7
109.2
Maize/cowpea
10.11
300
369.0
4.8
41.1
1650
370.2
26.1
232.5
1500
250
13.5
175.0
1.6
1600
320.0
24.0.
185.0
1.9
1000
200.0
32.5
125.0
Hyb
1.2
cowpea
cuts on
Napier/Guinea
cuts
15.8,
15.5,
1.7,
1/3
1.10,1.12,
15/3
cowpea)
Controcema
Parasgrass
cuts
pubescence(8
30-45
d)
Green
?
1.2
(6
c)
Quintals)
21.4
maize
(two
b)
hectare
days
integal)
Lucerne
10/12
30
at
days
at
cuts
Co-op?
1
1)
Maize
Cowpea,
2)
Maize
4)
Maize
cowpea
seed
rate
cowpea
Irfize
(3)
Maize
cowpea
15
15 kgs.
40
Kgs
'3) Maize
0ower(2
cowpea
cow pea t eosint ee
(l) Maize 40 Kg cowpea, 15 Kg (2) Maize 40
20
Kgs.
Kgs
cow
pea
15
Kg
Teorinto
10
KgS
Oowar
cuts),
Kgs
20
Kgs
(4)
S
10
S
Fertilizer/Nanure?
1.
Crop
2.
&
3.
Crop
40
(4)
60
60
dress
Crop
rotation
Seed
rate -
Kg
after
P203/ =
first
50
Kg
30
Kg
K2
20)
K
Kg
K20
60
Followed by
Kg
N2
cut.
or
Napier/Guinea
fertilizer/manure - Hyb.
P205/("40
P20 5/ 20
Kg
30
Hyb.Napier
II.
Hyb.
Kg
N2/30
Kg.
N2/
Kg
N2/40
Kg
top
as
FYN/60
tons
Crops
inter
Guinea
rootslips
-
FyN.6D
Kg
tons
planted
12,500,
cowpeas.
with
Cowpea
-
30
Kgs
each
sut
N2/
Napier.
Guinea
30
Kg
N
after
Cowpea
30
Kg
P2
65/—
Crop
rotation
Seed
Rate?
Centrooema
HI
Crop
IV
Seed
rate
-
cuttings)
Sq(Stem
Kgs
'81
Kg
K20/
30
K2
Seeds
-
V
50
Perennial
FYN
20
Kg
tons/40
Kg
10
0
after
N
Lucerne
25
Lucerne
—
Kgs
applied
every
CROPPING
5
Area
Lucern e
25
tons
year
PROGRflTOTE
FOR TliJENTYFIVE
Acres
()
per
rate
seed
0.10
fertilizers
tonnes
K205
K20
Kg
20
N2/6O
Kg
5
acre
Acres
K20
ass
IRRIGATED
Acres
5
(/ '
Naize/Cwo-
acre)
seed
pea
Nov . rat e
1 5/20
to
60
Kg.
rate
a
roots lips
16-20
fert is FYN 30
lit.
2)
10.0
Kg.
seed
40
N
40-50
ton.
tons
N.
K2 06-10
1
Planting
17
14
15
Natch
16
17
April
16
17
Nay
16
18
2
Plantings .
19
2
Plantings
August
17
20
Sept ember
17
19
October
17
14
November
17
14
December
17
13
20
10.0
40
1
40
3
plantings
———
40
4
plantings
—————
1
40
Plant
Pla.
40
2
40
plantings
20 5
P
Kg.
K208.10
17
17
N.16
(Split
Kg)
Kg
F ebruary
——
10/
FYN.10-20
tons.
F20 5
January
17
5
(sp-
Kg)
seed”
rate -
Kg.FYN.10-
20
5,000
to
Duly
Acres
5
Acres
Naize
(/acre
Dune
FARH
gr-
Feb.
year)
5
FODDER
plant/
Guinea
kgs
ACRE
FYN.30
once
Kg
K2 05
November.
in
sowing Sep.Oct.,
'
pubsscense.
grass/centrocem
3-10
Pubsscehse
50
K20
K2
para
Fertilizer/Nanure -
2 tons
1 5
Paragrass
Fertilizer/manure
cuts
every two
3
"
"
Pla.
"
"
75
plant 40
4
pla.
"
"
71
-------------- 71
plant40
"
77
-------------- 77
40
4
"
75
3
40
——
"
73
Plan.73
40
I 1 ——
72
----------- 74
40
Ton.
71
70
11/-
1"
''
:
Respected
milk
in
maximum
For
and they
shade
room
40
Along
the
5
wall
remaining
40
The
in
the
buffalos,
Cement
the
be maintained
12
75
Calves(Adults
room
asbestos
system
of
are
always
free
option
to
t
of
open
the
loose
on the
121
feet
saying,
feet
Sloping
x35
a
animals
have the
or
feet
to
animals
bullocks.
labour
system,
this
of
dry
Stocks
Adult
50
about
Unit).
;
HOUSING
2
No.
16
s
11
10’
housing
length
on
outside
of
the
away from
surrounded
the
feed
dovered
one
15'
5
sned
the
acts
wide
can
a herd
consist
be
wide
20
a
of the
be
paved
with
There
shall
be
put
on
/////////////////
one gate
brick
man
x
15'«
ger
with
40
boundaries.
one
roof sheets.
and
cows
shed
feed
as
with
area
under the
of
cf
In
recommended.
enclosed
shall
walls,
be
For
shall
manager.
ft
is
rest
man-gers,
shall
side,
house
within the
pad.
system
which
the
by
at
of
block
loose
an
open
for
the
pillars
The
Brick/B.S.5./
paved
are
animals.
holding
wooden
FOR FARM
I.5.:
CATTLE HOUSING
4466(
P
&
l)
-
FOR PLAN AREAS WITH MEDIUM
1967
and
IS:
(pt-II
)
-
R.1INFALL
1968.
PART-I
&
II,
NEW
DELHI"
Position: 1265 (4 views)