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RF_DEV_1_SUDHA
Centrally Sponsored Schemes
for
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Devraj Chauhan
ifCn
Ira
Foundation for Research in Community Health
3&4, Trimiti B Apts , 85 Anand Park, Aundh, Pune 411 007,
Tel : (020) 5887020, Fax : 5881308, Email , frchpune@giaspn01 .vsnl.net.in
Centrally Sponsored Schemes
for Rural Sector
Here is a fairly comprehensive list of programmes and
schemes broadly for rural development (exclusive of urban-
specific schemes) including some national programmes for health
and education, etc. with rural bias, initiated by the Centre through
its various Ministries. These Centrally sponsored schemes are
wholly or partially financed by the Union government but
implemented by the States. The Centre has, therefore, no control
over the staff, or over day-to-day supervision or coordination.
Such schemes have multiplied very fast over the past decade
or so. Today their number is about 200 which involved the
budgetary allocation of around Rs.24,000 crore for the year
2000-2001 which accounts for a little more than one per cent
of the G.D P. If all the funds are utilized, it comes to around
Rs.300 per head for rural population.
But the exhaustive list of such schemes
together with
budgeted funds with State sharing, if any, should be made easily
available and accessible under one umbrella, preferably,
the
Planning Commission which is supposed to be the think-tank
of the nation and where all the Central ministries apparently
converge These should be published in the Annual Plans and
should be available separately to all those who may be interested
and on web-site too.
The above list at best may serve as a check-list for identifying
the Centrally sponsored schemes for a State. With the addition
of State sponsored schemes for rural development and deletion
of irrelevant programms, an exhaustive State level check-list
can be drawn upon for preparing such district level lists for
1
dissemination among the district related villages. The concerned
State must publish
this detailed list along with funds provided
in their State Annual Plan every year and separately too for
the interested individuals and organisations. This will make the
local people aware of the programmes and schemes available
to them.
The government, Panchayats or NGOs should further provide
the following details in simple local language as understood by
the villagers concerned who are by and large illiterate and not
well informed.
•
Description of scheme/ programme
•
Objective/s
• Target group/beneficiaries
•
Eligibility criteria
•
Funding system including sharing provision, if any
•
Sources of funds I providers of funds
•
Implementing agency
•
Monitoring agency
•
Contact point at State level-DRDA/BDO, etc.
•
More information, if any
Availability and easy accessibility of such adequate information
will go a long way in enhancing transparency, establishing
accountability, curbing corruption and bringing about better
implementation of programmes and schemes. Right to
Information, however, is a must for better compliance in
implementation of these schemes.
In spite of various shortcomings and lacunae in their
constitution and functioning, if devised properly, the PRIs can
play an effective role in enhancing local participation and
empowerment.
2
Accountability is the first principle of democratic governance.
The freedom of access to reliable information is the pre-requisite
to operationalising accountability. If the local people are involved
in planning, implementation and management of programmes
and if the government functionaries are made
accountable
to the bodies such as the Panchayats or Village Committees,
the delivery systems of
development programmes are likely
to improve. Decentralisation of the development process will
help customising to the felt needs of the local people. With
people's participation, the democratic decentralisation in planning
and implementation will, to a large extent, help overcome the
problems posed by the vertical operation of multiplicity of
development programmes and inefficiency in resource use. The
effective alternative lies in strengthening the PRIs through
empowering them with adequate authority, resources and
responsibility.
The Approach Paper to the Tenth Five Year Plan:2002-2007
(September 2001) has noted that the Controller and Auditor-
General of India (CAG) have studied the implementation of a
few Centrally sponsored schemes and obsc ved the following
shortcomings:
• The programmes continued to be executed in uncontrolled
and open-ended manner without quantitative and qualitative
evaluation of delivery.
•
The Centre releases the funds to the States mechanically
without reference to the effective utilisation or balance from
the previous grant.
• The Central ministries were unable to ensure correctness of data
and facts as reported by the States, hence, rampant overstatement
3
of figures of physical and financial performance by the States.
The Centre was more concerned with expenditure rather
than the attainment of the objectives.Large parts of funds
were released in the last month of the financial year.
•
The States were generally indifferent to the execution of
the programmes. Misuse of funds meant for vulnerable sectors
and sections of the society was rampant. Union ministries
had no clue to such misuse. Thus, in many cases, the figures
of expenditure booked in accounts assumed precedence over
the bonafide and propriety of the expenditure.
•
Nobody could be held responsible for shortfall in performance,
poor delivery of output, wanton abuse of authority to missuse
the funds provided for the programme.
Thus, the CAG has indicted both the Central as well as
the State governments for shabby implementation of the Centrally
sponsored schemes.
In the circumstances, the people at the grass-root level have
to rise to the occasion for their rights and responsibilities through
proper participation in planning, implementation, monitoring and
sharing the benefits. And the requisite funds for these schemes
should be passed on to the PRIs concerned .directly together
with implementation authority. The five Fs are sine quo non
for success: Functions, Funds and Functionaries-honest and
dedicated functionaries as well as facts and figures (information).
Pune
D. C.
January 2002
4
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
1
Ministry of Rural Development
(Department of Rural Development)
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
1.1
Rural Water Supply Programme
1.2
Rural Sanitation
150.00
1.3
1.4
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (Earlier JRY)
1650.00
Employment Assurance Scheme
1600.00
1.5
Indira Awas Yojana
1527 00
1.6
1.7
Strengthening of State Training Centre
Strengthening of Extension Training Centre
1.8
National Social Assistance Programme
Annapurna
1.9
1 10 Drought Prone Area Programme
1.11 Desert Development Programme
1.12 Computerisation of Land Records
1.13 Strengthening of Revenue Administration and
Updating of Land Records
1 14 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
(Earlier IRDP etc.)
1.15 District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs)
Administration
2010.00
8.75
3.00
835.00
300.00
210.00
160.00
45.00
31 00
500 00
220.00
9249.75
2
Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture
2.1
Assistance to Cooperatives of Weaker Sections
Assistance to Women Cooperatives
2.2
2.3
Special Scheme for Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and Scheduled Tribes (STs)
2.4
Reclaimation of Alakli (Usar) Soils
2.5
National Watershed Development Project for
Rainfed Areas
2.6
Assistance to Cooperative Credit Institutions in
under Developed States and Special Areas
(Non Over Due Cover)
2.7
Agricultural Credit Stabilization Fund
2.8
Sustainable Development of Sugarcane
Based Cropping System
5
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
Integrated Cereals Development
Programme in Rice Based Cropping System
Areas (ICDP-Rice)
2.10 Integrated Cereals Development Programme
in Wheat Based Cropping System Areas
(ICDP-Wheat)
2.11 Integrated Cereals Development Programme
in CoarseCereal Based Cropping System
Areas (ICDP-Coarse Cereals)
2.12 Special Jute Development Programme
2.9
e
850.00
2.13 Balanced and Integrated use of Fertilizers
2.14 Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization among
Small Farmers
2.15 Integrated Programme for Development of Spices
2.16 Integrated Development of Cashewnut and Cocoa
2.17 Use of Plastics in Agriculture
2.18 Soil Conservation in Catchment of River Valley
Projects (Integrated Watershed Development in
Flood Prone rivers merged with this scheme)
2.19 Integrated Development of Tropical, arid and
temperate zone fruits
2.20 Production and supply of vegetable seeds
2.21 Development of Commercial floriculture
2.22 Development of Medicinal and aromatic plants
2.23 Development of roots and tuber crops
2.24 Development of Mushroom
2.25 Bee Keeping
2.26 Scheme for foundation and certified seed
production of vegetable crops
2.27 State land use boards
2 28 Oilseeds Production Programme
88.00
2 29 National Pulses Development Programme
2.30 Oil Palm Development Programme
2.31 Accelerated Maize Development Programme
31 28
10.00
2 32 Improvement of Crop Statistics (ICS)
2.33 Timely Reporting of Estimates of Area &
Production of Principal Crops
2.85
6
5.50
4.25
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
2.34 Establishment of an Agency for Reporting of
Agricultural Statistics (EARAS)
2.35 Crop Estimation Survey on Fruits, Vegetables
and Minor Crops
2.36 Livestocks Census
9.50
4.00
5.00
2 37 Share Capital Participation in Cooperative
Sugar Factories
2 38 Share Capital Participation in Cooperative
Spinning Mills (Growers)
2.39 Assistance to Cooperative Marketing,
Processing, Storage in under developed
States and UTs
20.00
2.40 Technology Mission for Cotton Development
(Intensive Cotton Development Programme
has been merged under this scheme)
41 00
2.41 Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation
Areas
25.00
8.00
15.00
1119.38
3
Ministry of Water Resources
3.1
3.2
Command Area Development Programme
Rationalization of Minor Irrigation Statistics
186.70
7.00
3.3
Flood Proofing Programme in North Bihar
1.00
34
Critical Anti Erosion Works in Ganga Basins
Coastal States
20.00
214.70
4
Department of Animal Husbandary and
Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture
4.1
Assistance to Status for Feed Fodder Development
3.00
4.2
Development and Preservation of Pack Animals
0.30
4.3
Progeny Testing Programme and Extension of
Frozen Technology
46.00
4.4
National Bull Production Programme
4.5
Professional Efficiency Development
6.00
4.6
National Ram/Buck Production Programme
1.25
4.7
Assistance to States for Integrated Piggery
Development
2.00
7
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
48
Freshwater Aquaculture
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
14.00
4.9 Fish Harbour Facilities at Minor Ports
4.10 Development of Coastal Marine Fishrles
4.11 Welfare of Fisherman
4.12 Improvement of Slaughter Houses
4.13 Establishment of Carcass Utilization
Centres/Flaying Units
4.14 National Project on Rinderpest Eradication
■
14.00
11 00
2200
0)
6.00
13 00
4.15 Systematic Control of Animal Diseases
4.16 Foot and Mouth Disease
4.17 Animal Diseases Surveillance
4.18 Integrated Sample Surveys for Estimation of
Major Livestock Products
4 19 Integrated Coastal Acquaculture
5.50
4.50
2.00
4 20 Integrated Brackish Water Development
0 00
4.21 National Project on Cattle Breeding
46 00
4.40
2.00
422 Assistance to States for Poultry/Duck Farms
2.70
4.23 Integrated Dairy Development Project
19.50
0.04
4 24 Inland Fish Marketing
225.19
5
Ministry of Environment and Forest
5.1
5.2
Seed Development Agencies
Promotion of Construction of Common Effluent
Treatment Plants (CETP) for Clusters of Small
Scale Industrial Units
1.50
o
1.50
20.00
5.3
5.4
Industrial Pollution Control Projects
Biosphere Reserves
5.5
Conservation and Management of Mangroves
Conservation and Management of Wetlands
5.00
5.00
Fuel wood/Fodder Projects
Plantation of Non Timber/Minor Forest
Produce including Medicinal Plants
22.00
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
National River Conservation Programme
(earlier Ganga Action Plan Phase - II)
8
5.75
16.50
180.95
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
5.10 National Lakes Conservation Plan
10.00
5.11 Association of Scheduled Tribes and Rural
Poor in Regeneration of Degraded Forests
5.35
512 Introduction of Modern Forest Fire Control Methods
17.20
5.13 Beneficiary Oriented Scheme for Tribal
Development
6.00
5.14 Integrated Afforestation and Eco-development
Project
68 00
5.15 Eco-development around Sanctury and
National Parks including Tigers Reserves
64.75
5.16 Development of National Parks and Sanctunes
21.70
5.17 Project Tiger
1900
518 Project Elephant
9.00
5.19 Control of Poaching and Illegal Trade in Wildlife
35.00
5.20 Taj Protection Mission
514.20
6
Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion, Ministry of Industry
6.1
Growth Centres Schemes
40.00
6.2
Transport Subsidy Scheme
90.00
6.3
Capital Investment Subsidy Schemes (North
East Region)
5.00
6.4
Interest Subsidy Scheme (North East Region)
2.00
7
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
7.1
Economic and Interstate Importance (E&l)
a) Inter State Roads/Bridges
137.00
60.00
b) Roads/Bridges of Economic Importance
60.00
8
Ministry of Power
8.1
Rural Electrification Programme
9
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
9.1
National Programme on Improved Chulha
9
18.00
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
Name of the Scheme)
6.00
9.2
Institutional/Community Biogas Plant Programme
9.3
Integrated Rural Energy Programme
8.00
94
National Project on Biogas Development
60.00
95
Solar Photovoltaic Lantern/Domestic Lighting
Programme
42 00
9.6
Small Hydro Power Programme
39.00
10
10.1
Department of Elementary Education and
Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource
Development
Operation Blackboard
520.00
10.2
Teacher Education
220.00
10.3
Non Formal Education (State Sector) and
Assistance to Voluntary Agencies for
Non-formal Education
400 00
10.4
Nutritional Support to Primary Education
(Mid-day-Meal)
930.00
105
(a) Shiksha Karmi
30.00
(b) Lokjumbish
59.00
173.00
(c) Mahila Samakhya
11.00
(d) District Primary Education Programme
1100.00
106
Joint GOI -UN Programme for Primary Education
10.00
10.7
Sarvasiksha Abhiyan
500.00
10.8
Residential Primary Schools in Rural Areas
0.00
10.9
(i) Implication of the Proposals to make
Elementary Education to Fundamental Right
0.00
(ii) National Elementary Education Mission
0.00
(iii) Special Assistance to States/Uts
0.00
10.10
Domestic Funding for DPEP
0.00
10.11
National Programme for Women's Education
10.00
10.12
Literacy Campaign and Operation Restoration
(earlier special programme for eradication of
illiteracy
27.00
10.13
(a) Support to NGOs in field of Adult
10
’
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
I Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
Education (earlier voluntary agencies)
15.00
(b) Janshikshan Sansathan (earlier Shramic
Vidhyapeeth)
25.00
(c)
108.50
Continuing Education for Neo Literates
(d) Cultural Exchange Programme
0.04
3965.54
11
Department of Higher and Secondary
Education, Ministry of Human Resource
Development
2.60
11 1
Environment Orientation to School Children
11 2
Promotion of Yoga
0.30
11.3
Strengthening of culture and values in education
4.30
11.4
Improvement of Science Education in Schools
18.00
11 5
Assistance to NGOs for Strengthening of
Hostel Facilities for Girls
4.30
11 6
Education Technology
13.70
11.7
Computer Education in Schools (Class)
84.50
11 8
Vocationalization of Education
42 70
11.9
Integrated Education for Disabled Children
21 40
11.10 National Loan Scholarship Scheme
1111
National Programme for Free Education for Girls
0.01
0.01
11.12 Educational Development of NE Region
1.15
11.13
National Scholarship Scheme
2.00
11.14
Scholarships for Talented Children from Rural Areas
11 15 Appointment of Hindi Teachers
1.00
10.00
tub- Appointment of Urdu Teachers
TW
11.17 Modern Indian Languages
005
Development of Sanskrit
10.50
11.18
11.19 Area Intensive Programme for Educationally
Backward Minorities
11.20 Modernization of Madarasas
20.00
10.50
248.02
11
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
A.
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
12
Department of Youth Affairs and Sports,
Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports
12.1
Establishment and Development of Mountaineering
Institutes
0.50
122
National Service Scheme
23 85
123
Games and Sports in Colleges and Universities
4 50
28.85
13
Department of Health, Ministry of Health
& Family Welfare
13.1
National Malaria Eradication Programme
13.2
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
75.00
133
National TB Control Programme
136.00
13.4
National Programme of Prevention of Blindness
140.00
13.5
National AIDS Control Programme
210.00
13.6
Assistance for Augmentation of Drug Testing
Facilities in the States (Strengthening of
State Drug Analytical Laboratories)
Drug Inspectorate Staff in Various States/Uts
(Strengthening of State Drug Control
Organizations)
225.00
18.50
Financial Assistance to the States for
Strengthening Food Testing Laboratories
Assistance for Upgradation of Post
Graduates
13.7
National Gumeaworm Eradication Programme
0.10
804.60
14
Department of Family Welfare, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare
14.1
National Family Welfare Programme
15
Department of Women and Child
Development, Ministry of Human
Resource Development
15.1
Integrated Child Development Schemes (ICDS)
4210.00
4210.00
12
1198.00
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
«
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
15.2
World Bank Assisted ICDS Projects
220.00
15.3
Rural Women's Development and
Employment Project
15 00
154
National Resource Centre for Women
15.5
Indira Mahila Yojana
19.50
15.6
Balika Samridhi Yojana
25.00
16
Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment
16.1
Scheduled Caste Development Corporation
23.00
16.2
Boys Hostels for SCs
20 00
16.3
Girls Hostels for SCs
20.00
164
Hostels for OBC Boys and Girls Students
15.00
16.5
Book Banks for SC Students
16.6
Post Matric Scholarship for SC/ST Students
159.77
16.7
Coaching and Allied Scheme
10.00
16.8
Pre Matric Scholarship for Children for those
engaged in Unclean Occupations
12.00
16.9
National Scheme of Liberation and
Rehabilitation of Scavengers
75.00
16.10
Implementation of Protection of Civil Rights
Act, 1965 and SC/ST (Prevention of
Atrocities Act) 1989
30.00
16.11
Employment of Handicapped
1.60
16.12
Scheme of Prevention and Control of
Juvenile Social Maladjustment
12.50
16.13
Post Matric Scholarship for OBCs
42.50
16.14
Pre Matric Scholarship for OBCs
0 00
16.15
Residential Schools for OBC Boys and
Girls Students
0.01
16.16
Upgradation Merit
42.50
1477.50
o
2.50
466.38
13
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
17
Department of Food & Public Distribution,
Ministry of Consumer Affirs, Food &
Public Distribution
17 1
Purchase of Mobile Vans/Trucks
0.30
17.2
Construction of Godowns
11 50
18
Ministry of Tribal Development
18.1
Upgradation of Merit of ST Students
0.40
18.2
Research and Training for STs
7 80
183
GIA to Scheduled Tribes Development and
Finance Corporation
2 60
18.4
Coaching and Allied Scheme for ST
1 40
18.5
Book Bank Scheme for ST
0.90
186
Boys Hostels for STs
10.80
18.7
Girls Hostels for STs
13.00
18.8
Ashram School for STs
11.80
14.00
50.90
19
Ministry of Labour
19.1
World Bank Aided Schemes
19.2
Rehabilitation of Bonded Labour
603 00
19.3
Equipment Modernization & Maintenance
15.00
19.4
Introduction of new trades in Industrial
Training Institutes
10.00
195
Basic Training Centres and Rl Centres
3.00
19.6
Advanced Vocational Training Centres
5.00
197
Setting up on new Women ITIs/Wings
10.00
500
0 75
19.8
New Trades in Women ITIs/Wings
19.9
Management Information System
700
19.10
Hi-tech Training in ITIs
20.00
20
Ministry of Commerce
20.1
Export Promotion Industrial Park
678.75
14
22.00
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
20.2
Critical Infrastructure Balance Scheme
21
Ministry of Textiles
26.75
48.75
..A
211
Schemes for Handloom Export
5.00
21 2
Welfare Schemes Workshed Cum Housing
9.00
21 3
Group Insurance
21.4
Thrift Fund
21 5
Health Package Scheme
21.6
New Insurance Scheme
21.7
Handloom Development Centre/Quality
Dyeing Units
21.8
Project Package Scheme - all States and NE
5.00
66.00
3.00
88.00
22
Ministry of Tourism
22.1
Development of Tourist Centres/Areas
22 2
Refurbishment of Monuments/Heritage Sites
22.3
Budget Accommodation
22 4
Wayside Amenities
50.85
22 5
SEL Shows (Flood Lighting)
22 6
Adventure Tourism
5.00
227
Production of Literature
3.00
22.8
Domestic Campaigns including Fairs and
Festivals
3.00
22.9
Research, Computerization and Monitoring
10.00
22 10
Marketing Research including 20 Years
Perspective Plan
15.00
86.85
23
Ministry of Shipping
23 1
Inland Water Transportation Schemes
Implemented by the States
3.00
3.00
15
Major Programmes and Schemes Initiated by the Centre Broadly
for Rural Development through its Various Ministries : 2001-02
A.
24
24.1
Budget
Provision
(Rs. Crore)
2001-02
Rural Sector in general
(Name of the Scheme)
Department of Justice, Ministry of Law,
Justice and Company Affirs
Development of Infrastructural Facilities for
the Judiciary
75 00
75.00
25
25.1
Department of Revenue, Ministry of
Finance
Setting up of Special Courts for Trial of
Offences under the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1955 (NDPS)
1.00
1.00
23938.16
Total for A
B.
URBAN SECTOR
1
Ministry of Urban Development and
Poverty Alleviation
1 1
Urban Low Cost Sanitation Scheme for
Liberation of Scavengers
40.00
1 2
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme
for Towns with Population less than 20000
95.00
1.3
Integrated Development of Small and Medium
Towns
70.00
1.4
Mega City Scheme
95.50
1.5
Contribution to National Capital Region
Planning Board
50.00
1.6
Contribution to Urban Transport Consortium Fund
Swarana Jayanti Shahri Rojgar Yojana
(Earlier NRY + UBSP + PMIUPEP
1 7
0.00
168.00
518.50
Total for B
518.50
Grand Total (A + B)
24,456.66
16
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«■
EVERYONE KNOWS ABOUT ANAND'S MARVELLOUS SUCCESS STORY — BUT FEW ARE AWARE
OF THE WOMAN WHO HAS CONTRIBUTED A FEW MEANINGFUL CHAPTERS TO IT
Dr. Amrita Patel —
promoting the
White Revolution
"\A/1-m
do you
V Fl O think
will
interested in this stoHP" asks the Managing
Director of the National
Dairy
Development
Board (N.D.D.B..). pau
sing to put forth this
question in the middle of
what was to have been
a personal interview, but
could not be as she's
exasperatingly reluctant
to talk about herself.
Dr.
Amrita
Patel.
second-in-command at
the N.D.D.B... is an extre
mely low profile person.
Therefore,
she's
not
seen, is not heard of
often and does not
moke good copy — at
least that's what she
thinks.
And
that's
The Vice President of India, K. R. Narayanan, presents Amrita with the Norman Borlaug award
■ FEMINA JANUARY 8. 1995 B
163
modesty unlimited for
someone who's well
known in every corner of
the world — every cor
ner that has anything to
do with dairying, that is
Besides, we know our
readers
care
about
people who have dedi
cated a lifetime to a
worthy cause.
That cause here is dai
rying. the White Revolu
tion' and farmers' coo
peratives — a strong but
silent movement that
has turned into a torrent.
bringing dreams of pros
perity to our people, our
farmers.
"There is a little mad
ness in everyone here at
Anand." says this softspoken.
grey
haired
woman.-dressed simply
in a cotton sari. You
have to be a little mad
to give up dreams of
living in the fast lane and
come, instead. Io sleepy
Anand, in Gujarat, for
serving the farmers — to
help the people who
form the backbone of
our
society, achieve
some form of financial
independence.
If was a love for ani
mals that brought Amri
ta to this world. Born on
November 13. 1943. she
was the youngest of five
sisters and was brought
up by her father, the
late H. M. Patel, ex
finance minister ond ex
cabinet secretary, as
one of the boys. Educa
ted in Delhi, she came
to Vidyanagor, in Guja
rat, when her father
became the chairman
of the Charolar Vidyamandal. a trust which
runs a rural educational
institution — the S. P Uni
versity. They had three
dogs at home and the
vet was a frequent visi
tor. His work appealed
to Amrita and she was
soon tagging along with
him when he wenl on his
rounds in the villages.
This time she saw him
grappling with cows
and buffaloes, saw the
enormous faith the villa
gers placed in him, saw
their sincerity and simpli
city and came away
impressed. Her path in
life was chalked out. In
1965. she got a degree
in veterinary science
and animal husbandry
from Bombay University
and. soon after that.
one day. she walked
into Dr. V. Kurlen's (lhen
G. M.. Amul) office and
asked him for a job with
Amul!
Dr.
Kurten,
India's
famous
'dudhwalloh'.
was still in lhe process of
building up lhe dream
that was to usher in the
White Revolution. Stern
ly. he told her that he
had no job for a girl os
vets had to be in some
remote corner of some
remote village at all sorts
of odd hours. The lady.
however, was adamant
She said she wasn't sca
red of that; she said she
Gearing up to face the competition from multinationals
didn't want a salary and
would work only to gain
experience. Fortunately.
an officer deputed by
the Food and Agricultu
re Organisation. (FAO).
who happened to be
Scottish and a woman,
needed a co-worker Io
assisl her. Amrita volun
teered and got the posi
tion — on a temporary
basis. By and by. most of
the male nutrition offi
cers who worked in
Anand left and Amrita
finally got one's post.
She was the animal nutri
tion officer with the Kaira
District
Co-operative
Milk Producers' Union
Limited. Indio's largest
Dr. Amrita Patel with the European Community delegation at
N. D. D. B„ Anand
milk
producers'
co
operative,of their cattle
feed factory at Kanjari
(the largest feed mill in
the country). Her work
there wos exceptional.
Dr Kurien. talking about
Amrita, soys, "the FAO
director, on o visit, asked
me about this brilliant girl
and offered her a scho
larship to Scotland for
advanced training in ani
mal nutrition at the
Rowett Research Insti
tute. Aberdeen. U.K.
under a FAO fellow
ship."
Amrita, on returning
from Scotland, in 1967.
rejoined Amul os a pro
ject executive (Manage
ment and Manpower
Development Division).
From then on. her hard
work and dedication
storied attracting atten
tion She was transferred
to Delhi as secretary
general (XIX Internatio
nal Dairy Congress). The
congress was held in
December 1974, and
was one of the largest
international conferen
ces held in India ■ if
made India a recogni
sed name in lhe field of
international
dairying
Much of lhe credit lor its
success went to Amrita.
Delegates were more
than impressed wilh her
organisational skills and
said it was the best dairy
conference ever held.
I Inr portormanco was
also lauded try Ilia prcsi
dent of the International
Dairy Federation.
■ JI MINA JANI I ANY l\ IWS
Amrita has
chosen to
stay on in
Anand when
she could
have been
heading some
top business
house and
been like
those
suit-boot
types,
earning
Qs. 50 to 60
lakhs a
month." But
that
airconditioned,
high flying
life does not
interest
Amrita. To
call it
patriotic zeal
would be
heavy, but
isn't that
exactly what
it is?
ie ‘spirit’ of Anand is acknowledged the world over:
Mhe Prince of Netherlands
In 1975, she returned
ting:
personnel
and
Amrira feels to Anand as N.D D B . administration;
plan
and com ning. monitoring and
the entry of administrator
mercial director, and evaluation; plant mana
multinationals was subsequently trans gement and enginee
ferred
to Delhi in 1976 as ring; purchase, research
will totally
director. N.D.D.B... Delhi, and development —
marginalise There, she was success biotechnology; resear
the small ful in implementing dairy ch and development —
development projects in plant technology and
farmers, the northern region In the vegetable oil and
who playa March. 1980, she was oilseeds project She is
appointed
executive also the mission director
big role in the director
of N.D D.B... Del of the technology mis
cooperatives. hi. and in February. 1983. sion on dairy develop
made the additio ment. Phew! And. after
he government was
nal secretary. N.DD.B.. that, she still finds time to
has a social and the regional head get involved in wildlife
obligation to of the Indian Dairy Cor conservation, hospitals
poration at Delhi She and schools...
its people was also behind the set Schools? "Yes. most of
and it has to ting up of Indio's largest our staffers, when they
and Mouth Disease joined
the
N.D.D.B..
fulfil this. It Foot
Vaccine plant at Hyde were
happy."
They
rabad.
built
in
collabora
have
to
be;
the
board's
took the
tion with the Wellcome offices and residential
farmers here Foundation U K.. and areas are surrounded by
45 years to assisted financially by trees and wonderfully
Overseas Develop manicured lawns, it's like
build up a the
ment
Administration. an oasis in the middle ot
U.K.
The late Prime the desert. (“At least we
product, and
Minister Rajiv Gandhi can offer you fresh on
now any big appointed her. on June here," quips Amrita)
company, •19. 1989. the additional “But, later on. most of
Ministry of them sought transfers
say Glaxo, secretory.
Agriculture
because, in the absen
can setup an
She has been Mana ce of good schools, their
industry next ging Director. N.D.D.B... children's studies were
Anand, from September getting affected. That
to our milk 1990 onwards, and. with problem was sorted out
units and her usual zeal and enthu when we set up the
siasm. handles the orga Anandaloyo Education
walk off with nisation's
accounts. Society (of which she is
half of the commodity manage the vice-chairperson)
and marketing and now the school is
market ment
operations: cooperative doing very well"
management,
fruit and
Put across simply, all
without
projects: the her awesome responsible
barring an vegetable
legal cell; manpower lites just mean she's an
eyelid " development. marke “employee of the far
9
mers. Ihe N.D.D.B. was
sal up Io work wilh Ihe
milk producers — the far
boot types, earning Rs.
IiO Io 6IJ lakhs a inonlli
But that oirconditioned.
mers ■ who organise
Ihomselvos
into
co
high flying life does not
inlurost Arnrila. Io call if
operatives, which they
manage. We are just
assisting them to mana
ge these and helping
them wilh research and
development work. We
are introducing new and
cheaper kinds of cattle
feed and helping them
moke a success of their
ventures."
The
Institute
of
Rural Management at
Anand, where Amrita is
on the board of direc
tors. sends out professio
nals to help strengthen
the rural organisations
and
manage
their
affairs. It saddens Amrita
to see many of the
N.D.D B. people leaving
Anand
for
greener
pastures — for the hustle
and bustle of big cities.
charmed by the lure of
lucre. “There is so much
satisfaction to be hod in
doing something worth
while for our people.
People who need help. I
don't think money can
compensate for that "
And that is precisely
the reason why she has
stayed on... Why she has
refused an offer made
by none other than ex
World Bank president
Robert McNamara to
work for that organisa
tion Amrita, of course.
did not suoply us with
the details. Dr. Kurien
did. “You can quote me
on that." he says, “but
there are some people
in the Ministry of Finance
who would give their
eyeteeth for that kind of
a job — and you may
be sure that the kind of
job being offered to
Amrita was not what
these
people would
have landed up wilh.
But did Ms. Patel go9
'No.' she said, 'what
for?'." He laughs, conti
nuing. "Precisely, what
for? To be a victim of
their patronising attitu
des? To add colour to
Ihe institution? That s Ihe
kind of person she is
They don't make them
like that anymore. She
has chosen to stay on in
Anand, when she could
hove
been
heading
some top business house
and been like those suit
patriotic zeal would be
heavy, but isn't that
exactly what it is9
What is behind thn
Anand
co-operative's
success? Why does eve
ryone wont to spread
the 'spirit' of Anand —
so much so that everyo
ne who is anyone, from
the
Queen
of
Netherlands to the Prin
cess ol Spain to the Prin
ce of Wales, make it a
point to visit the tiny
town and the villages sur
rounding it — you ask
Amrita. And what is her
contribution to it9 She's
mum on the contribu
tion bit. but elaborates
on the success story.
"The best thing about
Anand is that there's no
governmental interferen
ce. There's no interferen
ce. as a matter of fact.
unlike in the other states.
where bureaucracy and
interference have affec
ted the farmers' set-ups.
We are not promoting
the government, and
through an act passec
in Parliament, have got
complete
autonomy
Since the farmers gel
direct returns for the milk
yield, without any mid
dlemen. they give their
best to the co-ops. And
it is wonderful to see
their enthusiasm, their
earnest desire Io learn
They preside over board
meetings, they decide
on the day-to-day run
ning of the co-ops.
The Kaira District Coo
perative Milk Producers'
Union, from where you
get Amul butler, chee
se.
milk powder, is
owned by the farmers —
who run it with the help
of professionals in the
business. They are the
ones who benefit from
your buying Amul pro
ducts. "not some richie
rich shareholders in Swit
zerland." stresses Dr.
Kurien.
"Women are
also the main beneticia
ties of this system," says
Amrita. Almost every
household in a village
has milch animals which
are tended by women
This is like a business on
the side, in some of the
villages, there are collec■ FEMINA JANUARY 8. IW5 ■
167
rion centres where these
women, ond men ot
course, bring in milk from
their homes to sell They
ore paid for it immedia'ely. ond. at the centre
’self, low-cost but highly
nriched cottiefeed is
old for a low price (this
.s developed by the
N.D.D.B..) which they
con buy.”
And that is why Amrita
feels so strongly obout
iberalisation. She feels
he entry of mulrinatioals will totally marginah■ the small formers.
mo play a big role in
he cooperatives. "The
government has a social
obligation to its people
□nd it has to fulfil this, it
ook the farmers here 45
■ears to build up a proJuct. and now any big
ompany. say Glaxo.
on set up on industry
a|Uo our milk units ond
■^^off with half of the
narket without batting
□n eyelid. A co-op sets
□rices for the milk and
milk
products
—
obviously, it is very
mportant to hold the pri
es. the formers, too.
rve to eat. You cannot
surplus milk flood the
>arket and let there be
j fall in prices. The poor
ormer will starve.. Privae dairies will quote low
□rices to capture the
narket and our farmers
ire definitely going to
e the losers.”
However, efforts ore
n to meet the competion head-on. Now the
i.D.D.B. is not concerred with just doirying —
that had been the
rose, then the organisacafe should
have
c^red up and died.”
ays Amrita — it is now
waived with vegetable
nd oilseeds projects, is
searching the deve.pment of nutritious
nd low-cost cattlered. studying the maret for stimulating milk
reduction, etc.
"We are going to
■engthen co-ops and
ge the government to
□nge the laws, so that
r farmers stand to
□in everything from
reralisation. not lose by
We have to get more
rofessionals into the
jsiness." Sadly, most of
jr bright, young MBAs
o not interested In
rural development. For
them, money is what
matters and cushy jobs
with multinationals or big
companies are what
they look for
The biggest task the
N.D.D.B faces right now
is to follow up the offer
by the Rajasthan chief
minister to set up co
operatives
on
the
Anand pattern in his sta
te. "Rajasthan has enor
mous potential, think of
what
this
would
mean?” asks Amrita. For
the farming community
there, surviving on bare
ly any rainfall, milk would
be like 'manna' from
heaven. The potential of
the Rajasthani ‘rafhr
cow is enormous It con
survive on a lew blades
of 'seven' grass and a
few drops of water, bui
gives a high milk yield
"What surprised us.”
says Amrita, "was lhe
chief minister s commit
ment to the cause He
agreed Io let lhe project
move on without the
least governmental inter
ference
ond
was
unfazed by the fact that
the results would come
petering in after 10 to 15
years — when he may
not be in power. II is that
kind of freedom we
need.” And. in 10 to 15
years. Amrita may as
well be handling the
whole show at N.D.D.B.
Does Dr. Kurien see
her as a likely successor
to him0 "Yes. I do.” says
he. He wants his succes
sor to be someone who
has grown with the orga
nisation. Has he recom
mended her name to
those who matter? Dr.
Kurien is not forthcoming
with the details. He looks
up. reflectively. "I'm just
wondering. If I were to
tell you this. I might jeo
pardise her chances.."
He does't say anything
more.
So. if all goes well. Dr.
Amrita Patel seems all
set to take up the reins
of N.D.D B.
from Dr
Kurien. And. like him. she
is working out long-term
plans for the coopera
tives. Being also the
chairperson of the Natio-'
nal Tree Growers' Coo
perative
Federation.
(NTGCF) and a trustee
of the Worldwide Fund
For Nature. India, she is
fully aware of lhe need
for environment conser
vation. Along with the
White Revolution, there
is bound to be pressure
on land as grazing of
milch animals leads to
land erosion - Amrita is
also promoting tree plan
tation
on
the
co
operative pattern and is
trying to get women to
play a major role in the
movement. Farmers are
also being told to keep
the milch animals in
sheds and provide them
with fodder ond water
to prevent grazing. Set
ting up of tree growing
societies is also being
encouraged, so that the
land can bear the bur
den of the increasing
demand for milk
As for Amrita, she "says
she's very happy to be
doing what she's doing
because she's seen the
inslilution grow. She says
the fact that she has
been accepted by her
colleagues is immensely
satisfying. Meeting some
of the N D D B officials.
one is struck by the tre
mendous goodwill she
has generated. The men
respect her and the
work she does, and fake
pride in serving the orga
nisation
As for Dr Kurien. he
has great admiration for
his second-in-command
but soys, that some
times she is impossible.
"Do you know, she was
the offical hostess to the
finance minister? She
didn't think thal it was
important enough to be
mentioned in advance.
She asked me if she
could leave from office
a little early that day. I
didn't, of course, ask her
the reason She said. "I
wouldn't have gone.
you know, but the entire
cabinet is coming home
to dinner... so I have to
leave a little early ’. "
AWARDS RECEIVED
Fellowship of the Indian
Dairy Association for her
contribution
to dairy
development
in
the
country.
'Krishi Mitra' from the
World Agricultural Fair
Memorial Farmers Welfa
re Trust Society in reco
gnition of the services to
the farmers ond the far
ming community
'Dr. Norman
Borlaug
Award
Irom
the
Coromandel
Fertilizers
Limited for the contribu
tion made in lhe field of
dairy development and
animal
husbandry
through dairy coopera
tives and for the leader
ship
and
dynamism
shown in creating sustai
nable peoples' institu
tions to meet their fuel
ond fodder needs.
Conferred the degree
of Doctor of Science
(Honouris Causa) by the
Chandra Shekhar Azad
University of Agriculture
and Technology. Kan
pur
As for
Amrita, she
says she's
very happy
?o be doing
what she's
doing
because
she's seen
fhe institution
grow. She
says the fact
that she has
been
accepted by her
colleagues is
immensely
satisfying.
Meeting
some or fhe
N.D.D.B.
officials, one
is srruck by fhe
tremendous
goodwill she
has generared.
The inert
respect her
and rhe work
she does,
and take
pride in
serving fhe
organisation
Encouraging women to take part in tree plantation drives
■ FEMINA JANUARY 3.I995 ■
169
:
V 1 j i
:
!l.
state authorities but should al -» be
’Of 7 E are a nation with inspired ideas ing capital of all these societies amounts a (tiqry project needs to be .ininKluccu .
. .. rotal institutions, it is forecast implemented for their benefit.
*-;
mxtifi
7 7 and good intentions which are to ewer Rs 15.000 crores. In addition. and there are 100 numbers out of whom • ; v:mt in 2000 A.D, even a village coIn other words, these programmes ‘priority’ item before the vmabt
c
*
| operative society would develb? into a may provide an economic base, but lions in the country imparting m.mag-.
professed on public platforms but never there are 142 rural banks with 6,416 10 people could rip: be given a viab
implemented. Rural development and branches (as on ‘June 30, 1983) and unit, the remaining 90 people should. I b'.r;:e organisation employing ?t) to 500 unless it is supported by a psychological ment education including other -agon
personnel. The level of understanding base, meaningful utility of the program cics and training centres which m
uplift of the weaker sections is one such 21,195 rural branches of commercial subsidise the 10 and ninkc them viable^
This should not be taken as a viability <h •. and consciousness of the people in me remains a matter of doubt. This today training village-level workers
area which amply demonstrates the banks (as on March 31, 1933).
country’s unfulfilled ambition of speedy
There are more than four lakh prim the dairy society alone. The viability is >. terms of responsiveness to development possibly explains why, in spite of most block
development
officers,
co
development. A large number of in-. ary schools, more than 1.75,000 high linked with that of the institutions mid ; programmes would also have changed of • the programmes which are being operative workers and similar func
stitutiw-. to facilitate the process of .'•chords and middle schools and more agencies providing consultancy ndvkc; I in such a manner that manageis work implemented are good in content, tionarics working in tribal area1.
rural development and npliftment of the than 25,01X1 colleges in rural urea.';,-as Such nn integrated' viable onprat-pn
ing in the rural areas would not be able strategy and coverage, their effect
economic conditions of rural poor have well ns 2.25 lakh panchayats and a large would be feasible only if ml umbrella o>
to afford being less conscious arid know- among the beneficiaries based on What
Whatever else these institution!!
been created; a variety of schemes for number of technical education and so services arc provided by an agency ■ ledgeablc than the general mass of ever information is available through
might have done, they do not seem tc
I agriculturists.
cial welfare institutions, voluntary asso operating at the district level.
evaluation studies does not’seem to
have done enough or anything at all t(
The organisation for proriding the t
implementing innumerable agencies ciations, cnltuial groups and so on.
i\ significant part of a rural manager’s convey the impression that the prog
introduce relevant inputs to develop
formed without inducting the right peo
Clearly, the largest number of institu umbrella of services needs to be sup i job involves, (a) -bringing about an rammes have made an impact on the
rural,
managers. It should not be diffi
ple to manage them. We. are yet to' tions functioning as business agencies in ported by the state as well as by the | aix-round change in his area o:’ opera- various aspects indicated earlier in
cult to suggest a skeleton syllabu
realise that all These schemes meant for the rural, areas for meeting the econo developed sector o '-the economy. The.. ' t’on. u --b-'H-ge which leads tn increasing.
terms of implications.
which, if suitably modified, may serv;
the weaker sections have failed because. mic needs of the. people arc co private sector which is earning substan productivity. .These changes must,
local management needs. There i
we have failed to develop a cadre of operatives, and they could, therefore, tial profits needs io be compelled to
however, be earned out in such a
nonetheless, need for some basic re
rural managers who are sensitive to the effectively contribute to the social and contribute towards maintenance of the . manner as to improve the physical and
These absence of concerted efforts in
process of rural development .uid prob technological growth mid development umbrella services which would consti : m.Ucditl asjK’ds of social life such as building right type of institutions for search to make such a syllabus mon
tute provision of credit, technical advice ' tiv.tes. pictriciu'es in income disuibu- (ncilitiHin't speedy development ami pnitganuuic and relevant.
lems of rural masses, particularly the of the agricultural sector.
weaker sections. We have no: been able
In spite of these efforts and facilities, and other services. Only such an inte . |n. norms of family si.ro and Imsl of .identifying the tight type of manage
rural poverty h;
s
*
been continuously grated approach could establish on inte • .alucs, etc, a task ouitc difficult to ment personnel has led to a state of
Yet another area which deserve
ojgimismicnal strudme for
who should r
:iDg- increasing. An average fanner in India grated
confusion not only in the field of rural attention is the search for alternative
pins in the f.
still remains poor. There has been a hastening Hie pace of rural develop
, development as such but also in the institutional forms relevant to the rural
continuous increase in the agricultural ment.
field of rural employment and general setting..This-matter should be looked a
The magnitude of the requirements
There is need for an integrated man ■ tended to enhance the standard of living unrest among the rural population not only by academicians but also b;
of rural development can be estimated
power developmc.it approach which I in terms-of food, .clothing,'sheher, which might lead to serious consequ policy makers both in the states and a
by the following data:
Where did the policy-makers fail? should take into accvui-i The develop? I health ar.d nutrition, education, family ences in coming decades. Dissatisfac the
Centre.
Adequate
structural
India has- 5.75,936 villages (KS] ccn- What i$ wrong with our strategics of ment of skills, knowledge and attitudes
communication and so on. rlowcv- tion keeps surfacing as the (arm com alternations in the various rural institu
of the people which c
lions
could
make
more
effective
th
nplementing such .p-ogram- munity uprisings in different pans of the
•vriHioii and 1
change io\vanl» Kpc
hry to find out the country which o.nce almost led develop- grassrooi-level admi nht rat it
menl:u instiimimv. Io a siamKtilt
i'riWnnltpfVi, V.
million
Jut of the total rural house
institutions and establish
ht o il no
10 per cent are sub-marginal faimers
would depend on an relationship among th
id agricultural labourers. About 20 integrated approach in institution build- achieve?
* pro-', mums distribute nny
a vent :-r-,: rmii'i’ii’.-.d faimeis and the ii'ig tU ihi: v'ji..T..i!,or>id |v'.
and an
•I'n.tUtv.i'.'
j'Jv
. s./:-q; d •»; ;m- «-•< d« d ■
ii,
i'( |t\ , 1|i ii- >m 0’1.45-1 \ ami •-• Hhr ».n<ut?Uii>v > hl
\'.l mV'T-’. A'i'C.l I Ot .d
hq'i’Wi?, tin? di.hk •: md siero levvt
Tluro mo hmimimabh
An.-rd i' >• -. -J • ii-.b-i-'. will b.-.vc to Im.
.m<\n
-iwh '•
mmibci
people bird should .rad can l< r un- (’■
v.'hw.nv
cl tor impk-mentation with the. vil:e as a unit. 'ihe areas which need to
. .ms'i.l. ted k., thiare:
Loivvilb
Uvifp.’sbw?
bucio-ccojiuniic structure.
Another impoitaut itietor is emphasi:
mlcrjafid mmutm and lack ol mmutgu
ntarevuti posse*'- rial cadros io man the institutions which
I xiows, caulc wealth, income, .•cv.c-.dibri had led to non ronfotmity to any norms welf.H.
tuoyv-umw-. c, y>’’ iuuuhci m.
t;ibhshim> c\'!r
T:) ki‘v]
cU-Ai’-iCtn&T•’v-v^ mulch'.
In-.fiuiU p] Vllbii-. .\JbJihr
lion and distribution needs of agricultu
ral processing and the small and cottage
industries.
development
wrong selection and placement of pC()
pie in rural instiuiions. these program
rues in most of th- places have gone on
institutions dealing with the fcemin
ncfn of management education - the lion of training and mangement kuo\
progt .mimt*
field workers whether from the agri
fit of tnigot people cultural department, thv forest depart- 'logue, initiate relevant r
It should .V.’.-l .a d
onlinuous spam-ng without a corn-
>;i productivity.
1’1 !■> p< »hv let
tmn out .< s'l, -. i baud
v. .41
(Id,
/l ’Vijurv
*UV’. '>.11 t,\v.’ p . d
eouVuVmuiA
Reprinted from Fertiliser News, June 1978 Issue.
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
AN EXPERIMENT IN UTTAR PRADESH
D. S. MAKHAfl
Abstract
IEL adopted two villages—Chakarpur and Banguri—in the. State of Uttar Pradesh during early 1975
for their all-round development. 7 his paper describes the experiences gained in two totally differ
ent situations. It explains how such a programme can be extended to larger areas for rapid growth
in agricultural production and productivity and for improving the quality of life in our villages be
sides establishing the vital infrastructure which would provide the basis for development of rural
industries and thereby check the migration of population to towns/cities and ensure a balanced
growth, reducing the avoidable tensions between the urban and rural locales.
Introduction
Over the last decade, fertiliser
consumption in India rose from 1.17
million tonnes in 1967-68 to 3.42 mil
lion tonnes in 1976-77. This has
been possible through concerted ef
forts of the Government and that of
the fertiliser industry by which dis
tribution points have been increased,
farmers have been educated in mo
dern farming techniques and number
of sendees have been made avail
able to them.
Yet, many studies have revealed
that the majority of our farmers,
especially the small and marginal
ones, either do not apply fertilisers
at all or they do not use the right
doses and the correct proportion of
different nutrients. These farmers
have not been able to adopt the
modem agricultural technology and
derive any economic advantage
by producing surpluses. Considering
that 80 per cent of India’s popula
tion lives in its 575,933 villages
averaging about 830 persons per
village and nearly 70 per cent is
only at or below the subsistance
level, it is a matter of great social
importance to work for uplifting this
lot. It is also being increasingly
realised that further growth in agri
cultural production would largely
depend on enlarging area under irri
gation, expanding area of high yield
ing varieties, accelerating reclama
tion work on problem soils and ex
tending the improved crop and water
management technology to the wea
ker sections of the farmers and to
the rainfed areas.
We in the Indian Explosives Limi
ted (.IEL) feel that, in order to boost
Indian Exolosives Ltd., Fertilizer Division
Nev/ Delhi
the agricultural economy of our vil
lages, an integrated approach to
rural development is necessary which
should not only aim at increasing
the farm production and producti
vity but also influence the living
conditions of tire villagers through an
all round development. The iFAO■FAI annual seminar held in Decem
ber 1974 at New Delhi also made
similar observations while discuss
ing the integrated nutrient supply
system.
Through a detailed survey in
Uttar Pradesh in early 1975, we
adopted two villages for integrated
development. These are situated in
the heart of our market area. One
is Chakarpur, near our fertiliser fac
tory iPanki, Kanpur, where the fields
were largely irrigated and farmers
relatively well-off and the other is
Banguri near Agra where there was
no irrigation available and incomes
were very low.
villagers by arranging bank loans and
involving them in identifying local
needs, planning and implementation
of the programme so that the future
development becomes self-sustaining
when IEL withdraws. It was rea
lised right at the beginning that
planning shall have to be continuous
and flexible so as to meet these ob
jectives. To begin with a sum of
Rs. 5 lakhs was provided for this
programme.
Our Area Sales Office at Lucknow
was entrusted with the charge of
village Chakarpur and Meerut Office
with village Banguri. Highly quali
fied staff in the field of agricultural
sciences and rural sociology helped
in the development of programmes
that suited the needs and re
quirements of tlie two villages. Two
representatives (SRs), postgraduate
in agriculture with the drive and
commitment, were chosen from these
sales force and were deputed for
executing day-to-day plans and ren
dering advice and assistance to the
villagers. The Commercial Office at
New Delhi had the overall responsi
bility of planning, guiding and eva
luating
the .progress periodically.
The top management was kept con
tinuously advised of the progress of
this scheme.
Methodology
Integrated
rural
development
should cover the entire population
in the adopted villages and planning
must be initiated at the grassroot
level in order to meet the local
socio-economic needs and priorities.
While developing this concept, it was
felt that local resources in the vil
In order to have a reference data
lages—both men and materials— for measuring both qualitative and
should be employed fully.
quantitative socio-economic progress
during the course of this programme
For any successful experiment the and to know the villagers more inti
objectives must be well defin mately, a bench mark survey was
ed.
Our objective was to in conducted at the beginning which
crease the per capita income by was to be repeated every year. A soil
2-3 times within two to three years fertility survey was also carried out
and simultaneously improve local for the entire villages. The SRs were
health and hygiene, communications, especially told of the need to know
children schooling, community life the villagers well and develop in
and cultivate self-reliance amongst them scientific outlook and healthy
(7) Establish common forums to
attitudes towards economic growth, Village Banguri
sanitation, education, community
promote understanding and par
The
geographical
area
of
this
vil
ticipation of villagers in the de
living and our national programmes.
lage
Banguri
in
Block
Shamshabad
velopment and welfare program
All programmes were to be intro
of
Agra
district
is
298
hectares
and
mes and to develop local ma
duced through the existing Gram
nagerial capabilities to main
Panchayats in a manner that every the population of 1542 is distribut
tain and run the infrastructure
programme got totally identified with ed over 170 families. The area was
established under the program
the local people through cautious predominantly mono-cropped with
me and continue such activities
and tactful introduction of new ideas very low farm incomes. The subsi
when IEL withdraws.
which obtained their full commit diary income was limited to the
sale
of
milk
and
‘
khoa
’
in
the
ment to ensure a smooth and suc
(8)
Activate the local bodies such
city
markets.
The
villagers
were
cessful implementation and intro
as Gram Sabhas for implement
under
heavy
debt
to
the
local
duced healthier attitudes towards
ing national programmes like
Banguri did not
community’s interests instead of the moneylenders.
distribution of surplus land to
have electricity and the nearest point
individual’s own.
the landless, etc.
for the supply of diesel, etc., was
The day-to-day operations were 7 km away and so were the co ■(9) Improve children schooling fa
to be carried out by the two SRs operative and private sale points
cilities.
with the active cooperation of the for fertiliser and other agricultural
Village Pradhan and others concern inputs.
(10) Improve the village environ
ed. To achieve this, Farmers’ Clubs
ments for a healthy and hygienic
Planning of Programmes
were promoted through the local
living through provision of safe
Gram Panchayats and the residents
drinking water, health and me
Following needs and priorities
were encouraged to become mem were identified for development of
dical care, improved sanitation
bers of these clubs which were to the two adopted villages:
and
children/community re
act as common forums for exchange
creation parks.
of technical information, experiences, (1) Develop agricultural economy
by convincing the farmers (11) Assist local artisans to improve
matters of community interest and
their incomes.
through demonstrating the use
provide collective management for
fulness of water management
the operation of various agricultural
Achievements and Discussion
technology, high yielding seeds,
and other socio-economic program
chemical fertilisers, plant pro
mes. Besides such physical and
An evaluation of this programme
tection and adoption of im is attempted below under two
psychological involvement in each
proved cropping patterns.
and every programme, monetary
broad groups—Economic and Social.
contributions, howsoever small, were (2) Help the entire farming popu
sought from the villagers at the same
lation with subsidised inputs to Economic progress
time when we put in our own re
assist them in adopting the re
In Chakarpur initially 78 families
sources; this was necessary to avoid
commended package of practi were landless, 84 had holdings upto
any input or monetary assistance to
ces
with
greater
incentives
for
2.5 ha covering a total area of 67
smack of charity. The local and
the small and marginal farmers. ha cultivable land and tire remain
district authorities were kept fully
informed and assistance from any (3) Promote self-reliance by inviting ing 18 . families had holding larger
quarter welcomed in executing the
nationalised banks for advanc than 2.5 ha covering around 100 ha.
plans.
ing crop loans especially to the After adoption the local Gram Sasmall and marginal farmers so bha was persuaded to distribute the
Materials
as to enable them qualify for surplus available land amongst the
the subsidised inputs made landless labourers and the weaker
Village Chakarpur
available under our programme. sections. Forty-seven pattas were
This village is located in Block
issued at the rate of 0.3 to 0.4 hectare
Kalyanpur of Kanpur district about (4) Establish infrastructure neces per family. The allotted land was
sary
for
developing
the
local
15 km from Kanpur on Kanpur-Jhansi
entirely alkali waste land. The num
economy such as tubewells for ber of landless agricultural families
Road. The geographical area is 263
irrigation, electricity, easy avail consequently reduced to- 31. In vil
hectares and the population 1097
ability of agricultural inputs, lage Banguri there were 61 landless
distributed over 180 families. Irri
easy availability of multipur families and 54 were distributed
gation and power were available and
pose bank loans, upgrading of pattas by the Gram Sabha. Eighty
the agriculture was fairly developed.
local livestock, etc.
The villagers had subsidiary income
families had holdings of size upto
from employment in industries. The (5) Promote recycling of organic 2.5 ha covering an area of 96 ha
living; conditions were rather poor.
wastes by putting up demons and another 29 had 139 ha cultiv
There was no approach road con
tration bio-gas plants in order able land. The adoption of scientific
necting the village to the highway.
to conserve manorial resources technology by the entire farming
Streets were kutcha and the drain
and exploit this renewable community resulted in increasing
age poor. Attendance at the local
source of energy for fuel needs farm productivity with a simultane
primary school was very low. Tire
ous increase in the consumption of
of the villagers.
villagers were mostly dependent on
chemical fertilisers. The NPK was
communications by improved considerably as is evident
the local moneylenders for their (6) Improve
construction of link roads.
social and consumption credit needs.
from Table 1.
Fertiliser use in Bauguri is also
expected to increase manifold with
assured irrigation now available.
With adequate emphasis placed on
the introduction of high yielding
seeds, balanced fertiliser use, more
remunerative mops, multiple crop
ping, use of pesticides, easy and
timely availability of crop loans and
subsidised input helped raise farm
yields nearly three times. A unique
effort in increasing the agricultural
production and farm productivity
was the reclamation of the entire 20
ha of alkali land distributed to the
erstwhile landless farmers in Chakar
pur. Initially, Pyrites, Phosphates &
Chemicals Ltd. extended 20 per
cent discount on these purchases
and we met the balance of 80 per
cent. Later, we subsidised the en
tire cost of iron pyrites. We in
stalled a tubewell at a central loca
tion ■ n these fields so that water
was readily available for expediting
the reclamation work instead of de
pending on the monsoon. The allot
tees used the diesel engine installed
at this tubewell to run a mechanical
wheat thresher which saved their
wheat crop from the vagaries of
strom and rain that was widespread
in May 1977. Some of the landless
allottees have by now harvested
three crops and realised an annual
net return of more than Rs. 3,000
per hectare. Considering the aver
age cost of reclamation at Rs. 2,700
per hecatre it is now economically
viable and useful to reclaim alkali
waste lands. However, farmers need
initial capital in the form of loan or
subsidy for purchase of cash inputs
which if extended can help reclama
tion of large tracts of problem soil
and establish marginal cultivators
and landless labour in farming con
fidently.
A similarly noteworthy feature
was the establishment of seven tube
wells to provide assured irrigation
for more than 95 per cent of the
cultivable land in Banguri. While
the benefits of assured irrigation in
village Banguri will be reflected in
the crop harvest of 1978-79 our
strategy has already yielded very
encouraging results in Chakarpur. It
is evident "from Table 2.
In Banguri by converting more
than 70 per cent of the wheat area
into high vielding varieties in the
first rabi season, the production went
up by nearh' 60 per cent. This
helped the village produce enough
In Banguri tubewells operate with electricity and farmers use power
threshers.
surplus to exceed its wheat levy
target of 300 q in 1976 in contrast
to a shortfall of 60 q during the
previous year.
sistance was sought from the local
lead banks to meet the credit needs
of the villagers. Bank of Baroda,
Kanpur agreed to participate in our
programme for Chakarpur and has
As an essential part of the infra advanced various types of loans over
structure for economic progress, as the last two years (Table 3).
Table 1—Fertiliser use — Chakarpur
0 stage
2 stage
Per cent increase
54.3
N
53.18 kg/ha
82.07 kg/ha
Pao„
13.23 kg/ha
25.75 kg/ha
94.6
K„O
2.31 kg/ha
26.51 kg/ha
1047.6
NPK ratio
23.02:5.7:1.0
3.09:0.97:1.0
Table 2—Crop yields in Chakarpur
0 stage (1974-75)
Crop
Area in
hectares
2 stage (1976-77)
Total
Average produce
yield q/ha
in q.
Area in
hectare
Total
Average
yield q/ha produce
in q.
Wheat (local)
16.0
8.0
128
--
—
—
Wheat (HYV)
136.0
19.8
2584
138.1
46.6
6438
Paddy (local)
24.0
15.2
365
43.0
8.0
60.0
21.0
168
12.5
38.2
48.2
1643
Paddy (HYV)
6.3
378
58.3
22.9
1337
Muskmelon
—
—
—
15.4
—
—
8.3
41.4
128
Peas
Maize (local)
3.4
603
141
excellent breeding ground for Hies
and mosquitoes and other vectors.
The problem aggravated with heaps
Total loan
No. of
of dung cakes and crop wastes scat
beneficiaries advanced (Rs.)
tered in and around the villages.
There are now metalled link roads,
50,000
2
brick paved streets and an adequate
56,180
53
drainage system. Cooperation of
39,500
22
the municipal authorities at Kanpur
12,740
12
was
sought to spray houses with
2,500
1
DDT for keeping a check on mos
quitoes and flies. In Chakarpur, 23
90
160,920
families have installed sanitary toi
and establishment of recreation lets in their houses. In Banguri we
parks besides promotion of piscicul have provided four toilets in the
ture. Banguri also offers a similar school so that the idea spreads and
feature. The civil works already is adopted by the villagers in their
completed under this programme has houses.
consumed more than 7,500 man-days
At the time of adoption Banguri
in Chakarpur and nearly 16,000 had six open wells to meet the vil
man-days in Banguri.
lagers’ need for water. Because near
ly 80 per cent of the diseases are
Social development
water-borne, we installed 15 hand
As a corollery to the economic pumps for drinking water at strate
progress, there is a general aware gic points throughout the village. It
ness amongst the villagers to improve is now rare, indeed, to find anyone
their social life/living standards. drinking from the open wells. It has
When we adopted Chakarpur and saved drudgery for the womanfolk
Banguri, the state of hygiene had who hauled water in pitchers over
much to be desired. During every long distances in the past. Open
monsoon, these villages were cut off wells have been reconditioned and
from the main highways. The kutcha bath rooms provided at each well
village streets turned into open wide site for the women. Well water is
drains; the domestic waste water treated at weekly intervals. Provision
had no proper outlet and stagnated has been made at the wells for
in front of the houses providing feeding water to the animals. Simi-
Table 3—Multipurpose bank loans—Chakarpur
Type of loan
Tractor purchases
Crop loans
Buffalo purchases
Carpenters/cobblers/small borrowers
Bio-gas plant
Canara Bank, Agra, adopted vil
lage Banguri for intensive financing
and have advanced nearly Rs. 2
lakns (Table 4).
Credit assistance from the nationa
lised commercial banks has complete
ly changed the borrowing pattern in
these adopted villages. Earlier the
villagers went to the local money
lenders who charged high rates of
interest and encouraged social and
consumption needs to perpetuate
the dependence of the villagers. Hie
production credit available for crops
was insignificant. The banks are
encouraging only productive loans
for both agricultural and non-agricultural families. Tire villagers are
now by and large free from the old
debts and feel free to avail of the
credit facilities available from the
banks. Recovery position of the
bank loans is practically cent per
cent.
An evaluation of the economic
progress in terms of incomes reveals,
as is evident from Table 5, that per
capita income nearly doubled in
Chakarpur. Further the additional
earnings were mostly invested by
the villagers in creating capital
assets like improvements over land,
etc.
The top priority accorded to deve
lop local agriculture in order to
strengthen the village economy has
also been instrumental in providing
more gainful employment to the far
mers who were earlier much under
employed. This has brought a sea
change in villagers attitude and the
earlier aimlessness has given way to
greater sense of purpose. While agri
cultural labour is now employed to
a far greater extent, some direct
employment has also been generated
through opening of retail points for
agricultural inputs, multipurpose
bank loans fo artisans for expanding
their business and to landless for
purchase of buffaloes and piggery
Table 4—Multi-purpose bank loam—Banguri
No. of
Total loan
beneficiaries advanced (Rs.)
Type of loan
Crop loans
Buffalo purchase
Bullocks purchase
Carpenters
Piggery
Cash/credit limit
Cash/credit limit
161
38
26
2
1
Diesel sale point
Fertiliser sale point
230
95,660
57,000
38,000
2,000
500
10,000
20,000
223,160
Table 5—Assets & income analysis—Chakarpur
No. of members per family
Total assets (Rs.)
Gross income (Rs.)
Net income (Rs.)
Per capita income (Rs.)
Bench Mark
1974-75
Two years after
adoption—1976-77
6
6,448,701
1,122,087
82-1,957
749
6
7,520,376
2,025,346
1,596,158
1,482
A 'kutcha' street in Banguri (left) changed into brick paved one with drains on either side after
adoption by IEL.
larly in Chakarpur a beginning has
been made by providing one hand
pump in the community-cum-children park and another at the Montes
sori school. A scheme is in hand to
provide safe drinking water for meet
ing the requirements of entire popu
lation.
The villagers were far from medi
cal facilities and largely dependent
on local unqualified practitioners. In
Banguri, the 4 bed Ayurvedic Dis
pensary was practically non-functional. We engaged the voluntary
services of a Kanpur doctor for ar
ranging child and maternity care
classes in Chakarpur. Entire popula
tion was vaccinated against com
municable diseases. The local mid
wife was also trained by a lady
doctor. In Banguri, a comprehensive
health and medical cover has been
provided through the expert assisance sought from the TB Demon
stration and Training Centre, Agra.
The entire population has been
medically examined and history
cards are now maintained for each
individual, family by family, at the
village health centre. All the in
habitants have been inoculated
against communicable diseases and
the infants now given the essential
immunisation. Five volunteers have
been trained as Village Health As
sistants (barefoot doctors) and two
midwives also trained and provided
with medical kits. A doctor visits
every Saturday; the lady doctor once
a month; the Village Health Assis
tants take care of day to day needs
for common ailments and assist the
doctor and team of social workers
from the TB Demonstration Centre
when they visit the village.
Both tne villages had primary
school but the poor environments
and paucity of facilities kept the
children away. The children had to
bring their own empty gunnies to
sit in the class rooms which were
ding)' and without any furniture
even for the teachers to sit. In
Banguri, we have tried to change
the existing conditions by renovat
ing the existing buildings, providing
furniture and teaching aids and im
proving sanitation. In Chakarpur
the villagers took the initiative of
starting a Montessori school by col
lecting donations from amongst
themselves to meet the running ex
penses. We agreed to construct the
building. Thirty-five children are at
tending it at present.
An open well {left) reconditioned with provisions for drinking water for cattle and bathroom for
womenfolk.
A mobile X-ray unit and a team of doctors on
a routine visit to Banguri.
In village Banguri house sites
have been given recently to sixteen
Harijan families. In consultation
with the Government, a sum of Rs.
1,000 each has been given by us to
the sixteen Harijan families for con
struction of their own houses, each
of which would cost Rs. 4,000. The
State Government is providing an
other 1,000 and Canara Bank has
sanctioned a loan of Rs. 2,000 to
each of these families for covering
the balance.
Both Banguri and Chakarpur now
provides healthy living conditions;
there are metalled link roads, brick
paved streets, proper drainage, safe
drinking water, easy access to medi
cal assistance and better schooling
facilities. The inhabitants are heal
thier in the new environments.
Financial Analysis
In the last two years, we have
spent approximately Rs. 16 lakhs on
both the villages in order to create
a permanent, viable infrastructure on
which people could build for the
future. As would be observed from
the detailes given in Annexure I and
II, there has been a positive trans
fer of resources into these adopted
villages. It is difficult to make any
direct financial analysis for the in
vestments made. But nothing can
be more rewarding than the fact
that gross output in the villages has
increased by nearly three times. In
Chakarpur the per capita income
has gone up from Rs. 749 to 1482
with an overall investment of ap
proximately Rs. 500 per head over
the last two years. Similar results are
expected in case of Banguri also.
A farmer buying fertilisers from Krishak Samaj
Club agricultural input retail centre at Chakarpur.
In both the villages, Farmers’
Clubs have been established to pro
vide common forum for the villagers
to exchange technical information,
experiences and develop community
life besides providing to the mem
bers various farm aids like pump sets,
sprayers, etc., on custom-hire basis.
1 hcse clubs have been registered
with Registrar of Societies, Luck
now. The clubs are being prepared
to take over the responsibility for
managing and operating the infra
structure established in the two vil
lages under our programmes so that
the progress is not only sustained but
continued when IEL withrdaws. In
Banguri in the ‘Happy Farmers’
Club’ is already managing and ope
rating all the tubewells and meeting
the expenses by collecting water
charges. Similarly, in Chakarpur
where' we are now withdrawing we
have appointed the ‘Krishak Sa
maj Clubs’ and
an authorised
dealer of fertilisers in order to make
it a financially viable body to man
age and continue the development
and welfare activities. An estimated
annual turnover of nearly 500 tonnes
will .generate enough re- :rces to
meet such expenses am, pay 25 per
cent return on the capital invested
by the members. In order to Bir
ther augment the club’s income we
are trying to get diem a cement
agencv. It is highly gratifying to
note that the programme is now
self-generating and we have no
doubt that villagers themselves will
continue the developmental and
welfare activities henceforward. Banguri shall also reach this take off
stage by the time we withdraw from
that village.
Conclusions
It is obvious from the foregoing
that though the task was gigantic
and very systematic efforts were
needed, the results obtained by IEL
within a short period of two years
have been highly gratifying. It is
clear that if the rural development
is basically build around agricultural
development and special incentives
are given
to the small
and
marginal farmers to adopt the
new technology,
it is possible
to increase the
farm produc
tion and productivity rapidly. Total
involvement of the village commu
nity- is essential in the planning and
relevant decision making process in
order to ensure success of the pro
gramme. Attention should also be
given to the non-farming families in
order to cover the entire population.
A cadre of selfless innovative and
committed workers is a pre-requisite
and the starting point is to identify
the local needs and fix prio
rities. The social life should be en
riched when the building up of
infrastructure is well underway and
villagers have developed adequate
confidence and trust in tire workers
as well as the programme to streng
then their economy. Tire findings of
the experiment conducted by IEL
suggest that with a well integrated
approach to rural development it is
possible to improve rapidly the
socio-economic conditions in our
villages. These programmes can be
self-generating if a suitable appara
tus is provided with adequate re
sources to make it financially and
socially viable.
Once the agricultural economy
reaches a take off stage and adesuate infrastructural facilities (in
cluding credit) are established in
(he adopted villages, other institu
tions having the requisite expertise
can then take up programmes for
the promotion of cottage and small
scale industries, dairying etc., to fur
ther generate the employment ave
nues and improve the incomes es
pecially of the rural poor.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge
the assistance received in particular
from M/S S. S. S. Upadhyaya, L. K.
Bajpai, G. S. Mishra and S. Kumar
of Eastern Area Office, Lucknow;
and M/S S. Chattopadhyaya, Mahkar
Singh and Ranvir Singh of Branch
Office, Meerut, who have been
closely involved in the implementa
tion of our village adoption pro
gramme.
vii)
Seeded fish fingerlings in the
Annexure II
pond for promoting piscicul Infrastructures built In village
ture.
Bangurl
viii)
A scientific cattle
house 5 cattle.
ix)
23 sanitary toilets
x)
24 soak pits
xi)
One hand pump for providing
safe drinking water at the re
creation park and another at
the Montessori school
shed
to
i)
ii)
Metalled link road—230 metres
Brick paved village streets—680
metres; with drain on either
side.
iii) Seven tubewells complete with
pump houses—five with dis
charge between 4-10,000 gph,
one 35,000 gph and another
40,000 gph.
iv) Renovation of open drinking
water wells—5 nos.
Established
Krishak
Samaj
Club which was provided with
following items for custom
v) Ladies bath room at well sites
hiring to its members:
—5 nos.
i) Two power sprayers-cumvi)
Installed
handpumps
for
dusters
drinking water—15 nos.
ii) One
mechanical wheat
vii) Renovation of primary school
thresher
and junior high school build
iii) One
mechanical
maize
ings.
shelter
One TV set also provided viii) Main power supply line to
References
bring electricity to the village—
to enable farmers view
2.5 kms. Distribution lines to
Doordarshan
agricultural
(i) Chaudhuri S. — “Contribution
different tubewell sites was
prorammes.
of Fertiliser Industry in Sti
extra.
mulating Fertiliser Consump xiii) About 500 trees were planted
tion—A Critique”, Fert. Flews,
ix) A community-cum-children re
along the newly constructed
22 (12), p. 68-71 (Dec. 77).
creation park is being estab
link road
lished.
(ii) Bhalla Sheila, — “Agricultural xiv) .A raingauge in cooperation
x) One 200 eft biogas plant as
Growth—Role of Institutional
from the Meteorological De
demonstration.
and Infrastructural Factors”—
partment, Poona
Economic & Political Weekly,
xi) A murrah buffalo bull of high
xv) A 500 eft community bio gas
p. 1898-1905, Nov. 5-12, 1977.
pedigree for upgrading the
plant established, as demon
local bufferice.
stration for 4/5 families who
xii) An agricultural input retail
share the operation and utilisa
Annexure I
centre
tion of gas from this plant;
Infrastructures built in village
after watching the successful
xiii) A diesel/crude oil sale centre
Chakarpur
operation over a period o f
several months, two more resi xiv) Established Happy Farmers’
Club and provided it with fol
i) Metalled link road—788 metres
dents of this village have put
lowing items for custom-hiring
up bio gas plants at their own
to its members:
ii) Brick paved approach roadexpense.
180 metres (through the assis
i) One portable diesel engine
xvi) Some progress also made for
tance obtained from local
pump set
improving the local livestock.
Block Development Office)
ii)
Two power sprayers-cumA visit of a group of farmers
dusters
iii) Brick paved village streets—
from Chakarpur was conduct
650 metres
ed to NDRI Kamal and one
iii) Two mechanical
wheat
farmer purchased a Holsteinthreshers
iv) Pucca drains—1000 metres
Frensian-cum-Sahiwal crossbred
One radio set also provid
cow.
ed to enable farmers listen
v) 2 shallow tubewells with pacca
to agricultural programmes
pump houses and installed xvii) Building for the Montessori
from AIR
school.
with 10 hp Kirloskar diesel
engine pump sets.
xv) Pucca irrigation channels of
Jobs in hand
approx. 3.7 kms length are
vi) Renovated an abandoned pond
under construction.
i) Permanent premises for the
and established children-cumKrishak
Samaj
Club.
xvi)
Subsidised housing for Harijan
community
recreation park
families.
ii) Drinking water scheme
around this pond.
xii)
■^Ev - < .
MILK WORKER
VOICE OF NATIONAL DAIRY EMPLOYEES FEDERATION REG. NO. 34/PYR
VOL 2
JANUARY —FEBRUARY 1984
FOR MEMBERS ONLY
PRICE Rs. 2-50
GLORIOUS VICTORY OF NDEF
AGAINST NODE
Our general secretary, Shri S. A. Rahim, Who
has been punished for organisig dairy employees
at last won the ccse against the mighty, powerful
financially strong national Dairy Developent Board.
Their Lordships Shri. C. S. Dharmadhikari & Shri.
H. H. Kantharia of HonbTe High Court of Bombay
in Their judgement pronounced on 9-12-83 in w. P.
No. 3285 of 1982 Stated that the Termination of
S. A. Rahim is not only malafide but also it is an
uglY example of nacked victmisation of a person
connected with trade union Activities & Ordered
immediate reinstatement with full back wages &
Costs of the case.
Editorial
Do Justice, Dr. Kurien ! 1
It is important to not that crude managements like
that of NDDB, due to personal vendetta and antiwo
rking class feeling, even without proper reasons takes
arms in their hand to subvert the constitutional rights
& labour legislations, because of authority entrusted
on them by Govt, or public to use the public funds
which has been misused to suppress hard working
people. In this case Brig. Salick, Director (Adm.) along
with other officers was continuosly engaged enjoying,
TA, DA, and flight charges, which is also helping
them to get larger income. These persons need not
spent a single paise from their pocket.
Even now after this strong Judgement and facts
exposed, wecan’t be sure that they will stop harrass-
Dr. R. S. Kulkarni L.L. M., Ph. D. Who
fought the CASE, on behalf of S. A. Rahim
and National Dairy Employees Federation.
He was assisted by his daughter Mrs.
Neelima Kanitkar. We express Our grati
tude for the Selfless efforts continuosly
taken to represent our cause.
( Cont. On Page 2 )
ruent. High court, understanding the difficulties of
workers refused Leave to go to supreme Court but their
cruel mind may not step them from trying other provions to appeal in supreme court, even though the High
court decesion was based on supreme court direction.
They are in a better position to exploit the financial
poverty of employees to stand with them. Who can
control these people who misuse public funds. Since
the inception of the Board, they cruelly terminated,
tortured, and suppressed many employees. Who is
there to expose their cruelty ?
As per NDDB's own report, the milk sales in
Kolhapur should be eround 70,000 ltrs, whereas jn this
town with more than 5 lakh population where NDDB
experts were working since last 5 years are selling less
than 6000 ltrs and in villages only the name plate is
changed to Anand pattern. Our General secretary imm
ediately after his Coming from Tamilnadu, has challe
nged to improve this for the benefit of farmers, but the
dishonest Team Leader Mr. V. G Patil and Mr. Ganekar, who were enjoying salary and other benefits from
the funds earmarked for farmers programme, in collu
sion with other vested interests, have suppressed him
Perhaps the illiterate farmerse cant understand the
facts. The Board of Directors, or Mr. G. N. Malusare,
who has written so ranch ugly and fabricated letters
due to his incapablity may try to protect, the corru
ption of V. G. Patil and others. Whether Dr. V.
Kurien, [Chairman of the Board who claims to ba
honest, has got the guts to enquire into the facts ?
History is facts and it can’t be twisted for long
time, so far we have learned that there is no place
for self respecting, honest and hard working people in
NDDB except “ Yesmen ” Who only take fatty salaries
and twist facts for the “ yesistn ” in NDDB. We knew
why the corrupt officers are trying their best to suppress
our movement, because if we become strong, it is the
end of corruption and dictatorship. We request to Dr.
KURIEN, if you are having an iota of respect for
justice, enquire into the functioning of those corrupt
Officers and the reasons for their failures. If you are
going to crush us and truth, with your money, power
and influence, we take open challenge to expose truth.
we hope truth and justice will prevail.
LETTERS
NDEF will Grow From Strength to
Strength
Dear Comrade, Rahim
I am in receipt of your information letter to
press dated 15th Dec. 83 and Circular dated
13-12-83 and My joy was boundless on the su
ccess of your case. It is victory to the selfless
cause you have undertaken by yourself without
anybody’s asking or without consistant support
from many whom you bad expected to stand by
you in the hour of crisis. I am including myself
also in that lot. But your comrades-in-arm at
Kolhapur have done their best to keep your
ideals alive and growing, I hope.
H aving passed through an exemplery saga
of sacrifice and struggle. It is nodoubt NDEF will
grow from strength to strength from now onwards
We cannot also underestimate the anti Union
venom of NDDB under Kurien for which we
must keep an ever alert vigil to defend the present
gain. You have to be still more cautious. But
your involvement in NDEF can never be stopped
by any forces on the earth hereafter.
Yours fraternally
B. B Ramani Coimbatore
Central Bank of India Employees Union
2
Hearty congratulations for the victory of our Fe
deration against NDDB. I request you to start
publication of “ Milk Worker ” at the earliest.
K. J. Thomas, Coimbatore
Congratulations for Mr. S. A. Rahim’s reinstate
ment Order by Hon’ble Bombay High Court with
full back wages.
N. N. Patel, Ahemedabad
Hearty Congratulations for winning the tough
case against the crude and ugly department.
S, D. Gowli, Nasik
Our employees felt much happy and I too join in
the happiness, which our Federation brought by
fighting with NDDB in our General Secretary’s
case.
B L. Rajendra prasad, Tenale
I found your magazine worth and interesting to
go through the matters which will give brief idea
about our dairy Industry.
A. Devakumar, Ootty.
Note : Due to limitation of space we have decided to
drop the inclusion of pending letters. We shall
try to publish as much letters as possible from
next issue onwards. We solicit your co-operation
Milk Worker
NEW YEAR MESSAGE
movement in the Dlairy field, where feudalistic structu
res are revived under new and pet names.
Dear Dairymen,
We live in a nation with a variety of persons with
varied interests, it may be national or antinational, it
may be for the good of the public or it may be for selfishmess. AU these persons are utilizing certain existent
factors for their motives.
Our Country’s existing factors are mainly poverty,
ignorance, illiteracy etc. leading to fragmented groups
ruled by emotions aud sentiments.
If one starts analysing these factors it may not be
difficult to understood that certain people are exploi
ting these factors for their antinational and selfish
interests and make capitol out of it. The very Concept
of capitalistic society is to utilize everything to create
capital which can be enjoyed by a few where as certain
people works to reform these factors for national inter.
ests and for the common interests. These ' persons
interests reduces selfishness to the Common interests of
all, who doesnot beleive in capitalistic concentration,
when people work for this end, definitely at a later
stage the interest of selsishness will be affected. The
selflish knows this and for their enjoyment and to
protect their interest certainly try to spoil any social
movement, aimed at attaining common benefits by
hook or crook. They uses agencies, they purchases paid
servants who may be in the helm of affairs in the society
or may be ordinary people to use against the social
movement.
In modern times an important social movement
aimed at attaining social benefits is the working class
movement. History tells us how badly working class
movements were attacked and suppressed by the fore
runners of capitalistic and selfish society. But the efforts
to kill this movement has given only more enthusiasm
for the advancement of working class movement.
NDEF started on April 12th 81 at Erode ( Tamil
Nadu ) with an aim to unite all the dairy workers
throughout the country, to give a new life to the Indias
Dairy Industry and to remove the barriers and blocks
created 'for fragmentation for the benefit of dairy
Industries working force along with the benefits of the
toiling farmers and cousumers majority among them
also is the toiling masses of the nation.
Definitely it attracted the anger from such interests
who feared that their selfish motives will be affected &
hence they with all their power, money and influence
have started and doing everything at all levels to
supress and kill the movement.
At this juneture I knew that the working class has
got a history and this class has got the energy to with
stand such shocks. This new year I would like to make
you remember that we have done much work to link
the dairy employees through out the country and much
remains to be done. I request ycu all without wasting
time realise the duty of dairy workers and start think
a nd work to come together under Milkflag forgetting
all mistakes & bads, throwing away political affiliations
(limiting to personal politics) and emerge as the links
of the dairy employees of National milk Grid. Let each
one of us start feeling that all dairy employees irrespe
ctive of the organisations they work are one. Do your
self, practice yourself and link yourself with your
brethren dairy workers. Your Milk flag is giving you
ample opportunity for that, please use it.
With best wishes for a happq and
prosperous new qear.
S. A. Rahim
General Secretary
As everyone of you know, National dairy employees
federation has started an important working class
TO THOSE WHO FELT BAD
Dear sirs,
Our last publication carried articles, which were
the expressions of Suppressed and harassed masses.
None of us or the workers are going to be benefited
by criticising or malaigning an individeal, and we have
Milk Worker
no intention to malaign Dr. V. Kurien, in fact we bave
praises also for him. But it is very difficult for us to
digest the phenonenon that since the Power is vested
on him or anybody else he can do anything.
We really feel Proud of our nation, and as the
citizens of this Country we feel, we too have the right
3
to work for this Country’s development and we can't
be silent spcctactors when the nations interests are aff
ected. Also we cannot agree with him that, We are the
3rd class citizens of the country. The Government is
the elected representative forum of the people for admnistration and for social Justice. If the Govt, appointed
any citizens, who may be the highest intellectual for the
dairy development programe due to his specialisition
or efficiency, does not mean that, the power vested on
him is to safe guard vested interests and to do whatever
he likes. It may not be difficult for him if he personally
looks back to what were happened, he can easily unde
rstand so hany innocent souls were injured, brutually
harrassed and mnany bad things have happened Perhaps
•it may be possible that he fully trusted his reporters and
he disliked to study the facts after reports, but it is a
fact that many were the victims of the autonomous
character and misuse of powar.
farmers and we knew pretty well that, being after an
indvidual or attacking anybody we are not going fo ach
ieve this, we are more interested in Co-operation for
solving issues and it is good if realising the facts the
big bosses of dairy Industry comes forward to undo the
barms already done.
Of course man is prone to err. Bnt those who
comes forward to correct the mistakes attracts apprec
iation. If one is not ready to Corrcet and put the things
properly, then the working class of the Industry can
not keep quite. Stages will Come to expose, to vehem
ently criticise Gone days were gone but trying to cons
truct the new days are real efficiency. Hence we request
Dr. V Kurien and all those prejudiced to throw
away the path of confrontation and come forward for
Co-operation, if they really aims for nations beneifit.
Because wasting the energy for quarrels is of no uses.
neither for them nor for us, nor for the Country.
As a trade union we are interested only for the
upliftment of the working class including the toiling
E. B.
SUCCESS OF TRUTH
Dairy Employees Established Their Right To
Indulge In Their Trade Union Activities
Dharmaraj Ghatge
It is a happy news for the Dairy workers of our
country that their Lordships Shri C. S. Dharmadhikari
and Shri H- H. Kantharia J. J. of Hon'ble High court
of Bombay ordered immediate re-instatement with full
back wages of Shri S. A. Rahim, who initiated the
working class movement to bring together the scatered
dairy employees of the country, for a better fearless
tomorrow. The decesion of the Bombay High Court is
not only a boost for the dairy employes, but al o for
the working class as a whole, since Shri S. A. Rahim
General Secretary of National Dairy Employees Feder
ation was mercilously harassed by National Dairy
Development Board in collusion with vested interests
and anti working class managements lor the legitimate
trade union activities being carried out as per the
constitution of India.
This important decesion is going to help the emp
loyees of N. D. D. B as well as ocher dairymen to file
writpetition in various cases.
The brief history of National Dairy Employees
Federation is the history of the harassement meted to
Shri S. A- Rahim. It is a fact everybody knows that
‘‘India is implementing sinae 1970 the Biggest dairy
development project” of the world namely "Operation
Flood" aud a scheme was drawn up to create a strong
National Milk Grid by linking all the big and small
NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD
IS HELD AS -STATE'
Their Lordships Shri C. S. Dharmadhikari and
Shri H. H. Kantharia rejected the plea that National
Dairy Development Board is an autonomous private
society and held that “In the modern welfare state the
activities such as those carried out by the board in
question really partake the fuoctions of Govt.of India
and in fact as can be seen from the for going paragr
aphs of judgement it is under the control of Govt, of
India and would therefore come within the purview of
'•State"
towns and villages of the country for the purpose of
procurement, processiing and marketing of milk. Even
though National Milk Grid is a need for our country,
the lack of foresightedness, false prejudices of selfish
ness and the influence of the capitalist Forcess or
both foreign and Indian agencies on the top decesion
making persons of the country, has resulted in more
harm than good, to the farmers, consumers and work
ers of our nation. Perhaps these decesion makers have
forgotten their duties to concentrate on milk production
enhancement, rational distribution of resources and
bringing out an effective grid suitable and befeficial for
the poor farmers, consumers, workers and for the une
mployed youths of the country instead they have given
Milk Worker
more weightage for bye law amendments, creation
of leadership ladder for political ends and attracted
much big and small narrow politicians. Even for the
single dairy industry scheme, under the co-operative
lobby, the workers are being got fragmented and most
of their rights, which the country’s labour legislations
and constitution would have given has :been cunningly
denied. A phenomenon has been developed to keep the
contry’s dairy professionals and workers, in as much
fragmented organisations such as N. D. D. B., I.D. C.,
Federation, Corporations as possible, resulting in
quarrels and differential status The top echoions very
cunningly exploited, the poverty ignoranecc of out
populations and all ugly policies have been thrusted
upon in the field of dairy industry. Shri Rahim from
his 10 years experiences in the dairy field recognised
the developing tragedy and the ugly administrative
systems and thought“if the workers of the dairy industry
irrespective of the orgsnisations they work, consider that
they all are the’ One Industriy’s “ procurement, proces
sing marketing, workers”and if they comes together they
can not only create or help for the coming up of a pro
per national milk grid but also they can remove alj
curruption & middlemen which will help the workers of
dairy industry to attain a good status in there life and
also put and end to the harassment meted to them.
Apart from the workers benefit this will also help the
country’s raoulthless poor farmers and consumers whos
ignorence was always exploited by selfish politicians
and beurocrats who are in the helm of affairs
In the Field of Dairy Industry, certain Big Bossess
were blaming beurocracy and politicians, forgetting the
fact that they are the worst beurocrats ever seen in the
indian field.
However when preprations were started for uniting
the dairy workers “ the real enemy come out and prog
ramme of to cull the organisational movement at the
nip itself. While Mr. Rahim was working with the Spea-i
rhead Team at Erode National Dairy Development
Board authorites started harassing him. He has been
punished for guiding some] societies to give reasonable
wages and other facilities io their employees. On know
ing that National Dairy employees Federation was
going to be formed, N. D D. B. has issued a transfer
order transfering him from Erode to Sikkim and asking
him to report within 3 days which was humanly impo
ssible They planned this plot to keep him in a place
where he don’t know the language and to give troubles
to him and his family. However the Hon’ble Madras
high court stayed the order. But N. D. D. B. has given
false affidavit in the court stating that his job was not
available in South, but realising the bad motives of the
Board, the Hon ‘ ble justice Padmanabhan ordered for
transfering him to kerala, but N. D. D. B. went to full
Milk Worker
bench and finally before Hon’ble justice Satyadev
a compramise was accepted for the transfer of him
to Kolhapur. Sience April 12th 1931 along with
all these troubles he slowy organised the dairy employees
and various agitations for the workers also has been
carried out.
He reached Kolhapur on April 12th 1982 and there
too organisations of the workers under N. D. E. F. has
been carried out. He has been asked by N. D. D. B.nci
to carry out the legitimate trade union activities and
warned of severe consequences. N. D. D. B. With the
help of Management, in Kolhapur cooked up false
information and finally on 18th OCT. 1982 he has
been terminated with immediate effect. On hearing the
news all the workers in kolhapur dairy went otr
lightning strike and then on reaching compramise that
he will be taken back, the srike was withdrawn. Howe
ver the Board has not withdrawn the termination order.
Then the employees federation approached the Bombay
high court where the Hon ' ble justice S. K. Desai sta
yed the order and given notice for admission.
The case came before Hon’ble justice Chandurkar
and Gadgi) J. J. for admission but they summerly reje
cted, even though the case was of gross victimisation.
Against this he moved in the supreme court as SLP and
where the supreme court conssting of Hon’ble Justices
A. P. Sen, Venketaramaiha and Mishra allowed the
case and ordered the Bombay high court to hear it
on merits.
Now on Sept. 12th the case came berore justice C.
S. Dharmadhikari and justice H. H. Kantharia for final
hearing but N. D. D. B. filed a contempt of court peti
tion against Rahim and the Federation and the same
also was taken along with the main petition. After full
hearing of the case the judgement was reserved and
finally the strong verdict of their lordships Shri H. HKantharia and C. S. Dharmadhikari came on 9-12-83;
In their judgement they highlightened the in human
way the Board harassed Mr. Rahim.
Their Lordships have quoted in the judgement
extensively the action of Board and in page 15 16 &
17 & 18.
6. “Now the next question that arises for our
consideration is whether the termnation of the services
of petitioner No. 1 was malafide and was as a result of
victimisation and thus illegal. In this connection, it is
pertinent to note that petitioner No. 1 was a confirmed
employee in the post of an “Extension Assistant”. He
became the General Secretary of the National Dairy
Employees Federation, registered trade union, with its
head quartersl atErode in Tamil Nadu State and it was
5
thereaf'cr the officers of the Board started harassing
him. As a measure of harassment and with a view to
■victimise him for his trade union activites he was tran
sferred to Silkkim from Erode. He was constrained to
challenge the said transfer in the Madras High Court
and the transfer was stayed. Afterwards the matter was
compromised and he was transferred to Kolhapur
which was recorded by the Madras High Court In its
judgment while disposing of the writ petition. After the
petitioner No. 1 took over at Kolhapur, allegations
were made against him regarding his trade union acti
vities. It appears that the petitioner No. 1 and his
Union had submitted certain demands and were carr
ying on agitations in support of the same on account
of which he was sing’cd out and was harassed. Ke had,
in fact, complained to the Head of the Team under
whom he was working at Kolhapur that he was not
given work properly and that allegations were made
against him that he was not working. He bad replied
to such allegations by offering to raise the sale of milk
from (TOO litres to 25000 litres per day if marketing
woik was given to him. The record further shows that
the Team Leader of the Board had issued a warning
to him, that he should not indulge in his trade union
activities and within a week thereafter he received the
order dated 18- lOrl 982 from the Secratary of the Board
to the effect that his seivices were no longer required
aid the same were terminated with immediate effect.
It is pertinent to note here that before termination of
his services, petitioner No. 1 was neither given a show
cause notice nor was charge-sheeted although allegat
ions were made against him and stigmas were attached
to his integrity and character and memos were issued
to him complaining against his trade-union activities.
Thus he was not given an opportunity to explain or
defend ! imself before visiting him with a verdict of
guilu All this had happened because of his trade union
activities which were not liked by the officers of the
Boaid who showed vindictive attitude against him.
■The arbitrary act on the part of the Board was thus not
oily roalafde but was also an ugly example 'of naked
victimisation of a person connected with trade union
activities ” In terminating the services of petitioner No. 1
the Board violated the principles of natural justice with
iapunity ard did not not give him an opp ortsnity to
d«L»u
The defence of the Board that they lost
confidence !n petitioner No. 1 and, therefore, termination
■ of bis services was a “ terninaticn simplieicer ” does not
btht water. We would presently point out that this is
not a case where it could be said that there were
reasonable grounds for the Board to have lost confid
ence in petitioner No, 1 so as to simply terminate his
services. At any rate, on facts if it can be inierpreted
that it is reasonably doubtful whether there was suffic
ient ma erial before the Board to lose confidence in
petitioner No. 1 and that petitioner No. 1 was vic
6
timised because of bis trade union activities, the benefit
of such reasonable doubt should go to him.
Hon’ble Judges after quoting examples further
states.
The facts of our case are so simple that there is
absolutely no diffculty in coming to an irresistable
conclusion that on. account of the trade union activities
of petitioner No 1 the Board not only acted malafide
but also victimised him by terminating his services.
7. Mr. Rane emphatically urged that this is a
case of “termination simpiciter” because of loss of
confidence in petioner No. 1 He submitted that
peti tioner No. 1 was sent to Kolhapur to work
on a project of augmenting the milk production
where what he did was the other way round by misguid
ing the employees of the clients of the Board viz.
Kolapur Zilla Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sang Ltd.
Kolhapur ( hereinafter referred to as “the Sangh’’ ) in
various ways. Thus in the submission of Mr. Rane,
petitioner No. I caused circulars to be issued and
instigated the workers of the Sangh. He also addressed
a press-conference announcing indefinite strike in supp
ort of the demands made by the workers of the Sangh.
He also took a “Prabhat Feri’’ and Led Morcha of the
workers of the Sangh at Kolhapur at the time of the
meeting of the Board of Directors and as a result of
such trade union activities of petitioner No. 1 a good
deal of misunderstanding was created between the
Board and the sangh, the principal client of the
Board was very much embarrassing for the Board. Mr.
Rane urged that the letters written by the Sangh to the
Board highlighting the trade union activities indulged
in by petitioner No. 1 do show that the Sangh had
a lot to say against petitioner No. 1 But we give
no credence to the allegations of the Sangh against
petitioner No. 1 because admittedly petitioner No. 1
was organizing the workers of the Sangh and, there
fore, the Sangh had an axe to grind against him. If the
Board acted upon such allegations made by the Sangh
against petitioner No. 1 without holding an inquiry
into such allegations, it is a further proof that they did
not act bonafide. The whole approach of the Board is
indicative of the fact that the Board was prejudiced
against petitioner No 1 because of the compaign of the
Sangh against him and we do not see any reason why
the Board should have lost confidence in petitioner No.
1 on account of his trade union activities. At least
there were no reasonable grounds for the Board to do
So. Mr. Rane submitted that petitioner No. 1 had been
speaking a lot against his employers wh'ch gave rise to
the Board to have lost confidence in him. As rightly
submitted by Dr. Kulkarni, such an activity on the
part of a trade union leader cannot be said to be that
Milk Worker
unreasonable so as (o lose confidence in him. If such a
thing is allowed it is very easy for any employer, if he
wants to get rid of his employee, to put such a label on
him with a view to terminate his services without hold
ing inquiry against him and call it “termination simpliciter. ” This cannot be and should not be permitted
in labour jurisprudence. The material which prompted
the action of the employer should be well scrutinised to
find out whether the alleged misconduct on the part of
the employee was the real foundation for an order of
termination of his services. On the factsand circums
tances of a particular case there may be reasons for an
employer to lose confidence in his employee but the
facts and circumstances obtaining in our case are cer
tainly not of the kind that there was any reason for the
Board to have lost confidence in petitioner No 1.
8. In this view of the matter, we arc more than
satisfied that the Board malafide terminated the serv
ices of petitioner No. 1 as and by way of victimisation
on account of his trade union activities and that too in
flagrant violation of the principles of natoral justice.
Such an act on the part of an emploper is illegal being
arbitrary [and has got to be set aside in the writ jurisd
iction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Con
dition of India We, therefore, set aside the termin
ation order dated October 18, 1982 passed by the Board
against petitioner No. 1 They are ordered to reinstate
him forthwith.lt is well settled law now that an order of
full back wages should follow the order of reinstate
ment unless there are circumstances not permitting such
an order, as for example, the employee was in employ
ment carrying same emoluments or was otherwise gain
*
fully occupied during the period of his forced unem
ployment. There is no evidence on record of our case
that' petitioner No. 1 was gainfully employed during
the period of his forced unemployment. Again, since
ours is the case of GROSS VICTIMI SATION We are
more inclined to award full back wages to petitioner
No. 1 Hence we order the Board to pay full back
wages to petitioner No. I right from the day of termi
nation of his services till the day he is reinstated. The
writ petition is thus allowed. Rule is accordingly made
absolute with costs.
This judgement clearly speaks the way in which
N. D. D. B. authorities tried to suppress the working
class movement. It is also pertinent to note that during
the last 14 months N. D. D. B, with anti working class
clients in various states tried to suppress the movement.
In states like Tamilnadu and Maharashtra even Govt.
machineries were used and completly false propagandas
were made to cheat the poor workers unity. It is imp
ortant to note that the N. D. D. B. tops are doing all
nasty works to suppress the unity of dairy workers.
Any way even though troubles have given Mr. Rahim along with his devoted friends are working hard
to unite the workers of the country’s dairy industry for
their benefits.
Now this judgement of Hon’ble justice C. S.
Dharmadhikari and H. H. Kantharia is a boost to bis
work and it is blessing for the suppre.sed workers of
dairy industry in the country. It is fact that all can not
be cheated by all all the time. Somebody can be cheated
by somebody for some time and now it is a proved fact.
No doubt victory of the Federation and the justice given
to Mr. Rahim is the success of truth, and a gift by the
learned jurists for the working class.
With Best Compliments From
Dear Readers,
GOLDEN electing WORKS
Block No. 7 B, Tararani Market Kawala
Naka, Kolhapur.
Specialist in STARTER, DYNAMO, WIRING
and BATTERY CHARGING
Use : "Golden Battery"
Best in Quality, Low in Price
Milk Worker
We Could not continue the Publication of
milk worker after the first issue, since NDDB has
filed a contempt of court case against the General
Secretary and Federation with an aim to affect
Rahims Case.
However the Honble bench of Their Lordships
Shri C. S. Dharmadhikari and shri H. H. Kanth
aria has now dismissed this case filed by NDDB
along with deciding the case of Genral secretary.
Hence we inform you that from this issue onwards
we shall try to publish continuously the issues.
we regret for the in -convenience caused to our
members.
7
News in Brief
"
Govt, of India decided on December 2nd 1983 to
go into the details of NDDB, IDC, working.
Dr. V. Kurien, Chairman, NDDB while talking to
newsmen regretted that “ It is a poor reward at the
fag end of his career ”
It is reported by Dr. V. Kurien that Soviet prime
Minister Alexei Kosygin during his visit to Anand
stated that 11 Dr. Kurien, it took you 30 long years
to do it. Now you are doing in vegetable oil
another 30 years. You are doing it in cotton
another 30 years, with fish, jute, fruit and vegeta
ble
may you be given a long life.
Such Significant Social and Economic transfor
mations in your rural and agricultural sectors
should not be brought about in this liesurely
fashion
they should be brought about sudd
enly, quickly, tn all directions, all at once.
Dr. Kurien expressed pain for giving LOAN to far
mers and stated changing buffalo from one hand
to another is not going to increase production.
Dr. A. T. Dudhani stated if in this heartless and
headless manner in which top professionals are
treated in this country, it is no wonder that we
are today in a blackhole. A good example of this
is the dead ends in which kurien and his hired
bands, with the help of beurocrats of the Govern
ment, have landeded this country in.
Claude Alvares article "THE WHITE LIE” publi
shed on 30th October 1983 in Illustrated weekly
of India says that “Operati Flood is a show piece
programme” Ivan Fera and Bharat Dogra follows
it up on January 1st 1984 edition.
rejected by Dr. Kurien Chairaman. It is learned
that signatures are obtained by coercive methods
in blank papers written with addresses, and it is a
planned conspiracy to challenge, the Government
of India’s right to enquire, in to the affairs of
NDDB & IDC
It is reported by Mr. P. N. Singh from NDDB,
Juilunder that he has been tortured under police
custody to save a private security Contractor in
relation to a theft case, by a conspiracy planned
by some senior officials of NDDB working in
Delhi region controlled by Miss. Amrita Patil.
Trade Union Brief
Com. C. K. Madhavan, requested the Govt, of
Tamilnadu to respect the Court order and take
back about 1500 workers of Madhavaram Dairy,
retrenched by Govt, of Tamilnadu. He also said
that many workers died due to starvation, due to
the anti working class policy of Government.
The employees of Pradeshik Dairy Co-operative
of Uttar Predesh have submitted charter of dema
nds and have planned to go on agitation.
The Govt. Milk Scheme employees in Maharastra
have started agitations against transferring, Govt.
Dairies to Co-operatives.
' The Milk workers of Coimbatore, Erode, Salem
and Nagercoil have submitted demands and are
agitating.
(Contn.)
With Best Compliments From-
Kushwant sing in his write up in Hindustan Times
recommended for giving "Bharat Ratna” to Dr.
Kurien.
N. N. Patel, General Secretary NDDB employees
union stated that "The signatures of senior exec
utives of NDDB were obtained on blank papers
with the motivation of writing down such protest
to the Government aganst the parliamentary probe
as desired by Dr. Kurien,
7oo employees of NDDB submitted resignation in
protest against Govt, probe and the same was
Mahalaxmi Sahakri Oil & Milk
Transport San. Ltd. Kolhapur
Regd. No. KPRlKamr/GNL/828183
Estd 1983
Milk Worker
Kaushik (Muradabad) S. P. S. Rana (Gaziabad ),
& Anusingh (Moradad) 6) Treasurer Premsingh Varma
7) Office Secretary Arvind Kumar Sharma (Meerat) 8)
Executive Members Show Singh, D. C. Sharma,
Rajendea Singh Choudhari. D. P. Singh, G. S. Yadav,
Balveersingh S. P. R., S. P. Tripathi, K. S. P. Sharma,
Herbirsingh Talan (Kanpur) Jameel Ahamad, S. D.
Pathak, S. Husain, Harbirsingh Talpat.
Question of Trust ?
□
□
Mr. A. M. Swaminathan. I. A. S, Milk Commissi
ioner, Tamilnadu during concilation talks with
General Secretary requested 15 days time. When
General Secretary expressed difficulty he said
“Can’t you trust me, please believe me, I shall keep
the promise " Com. S. P. Venktachalam asked to
consider, when we complained that the Special
officer is involving in politics, Commissioner
replied and promised that “I will control my offi
cers from entering in politics.”
( The whole episode will be published in detail
later. )
Regional Co-Ordination Committee
1) President Shri. K. P. Pandey 2) Organising President
M. K D. Namboodiry 3) Organising Secretary R. S.
Raivat, P. J. Kuriakose 4) Publicity Secertary Sant
Ram Sharma, P. N. Sing, V. K. Sharma, P. D. Gupta
Kashmir Singh, Harising, Chattar Singh, Delbir Singh
Arvind Kumar Sharma, Ramphalsingh Chavhan, G.
D. Goel, Shiva Baktasingh, Herbirsingh Talan, Show
Singh, O. P. Chavan, R. Yadav, D. V. S. Rehilla.
NDEF has requested the Govt, of Maharashtra to
merge all the Govt. Dairies, Corporation and
Co-operatives and form Miaharastra state Dairy
Development Corporation, and treat all employees
as the Corporation employees.
LATE NEWS
Mr. Claud Alvares, in Illustrated weekly dated
8th January, Challenges Dr. Kurien to take him court
if he feels that Claud is de faming him. Also he exposes
the false affidavit given by NDDB against S. A. Rahim,
Elections & Nominations
NDEF Delhi Milk Scheme
1) Legal AdviserlShri. M. K. D. Namboodiry (Advocate
Supreme Court) 2) President Shri. R. S. Rawat, B. A.
LL.B. 3) Vice President Randhir Singh 4) Vice Presi
dent Shri. Banwarilal 5) General Secretary : Shri. K. P.
Pandey 6) Joint Secretary Shri. Radhey Shyam 7) Joint
Secretary Shri P. D. Joseph 8) Office: Secretary Shri
P. D Gupta 9) Treasurer Shri. Sant Ram Sharma, 10)
Publicity Secretary Shri. Mahender Mehta, Shri. Ram
Chander 14) Executive Members Shri. Ram Kumar,
Shri. K. S. Cheema, Shri. Chhabil Das, Shri. Mahender
Lal, Shri. Ram Saroop, Shri. Brahma Nand.
With Best Compliments
BHART DAIRY
NDEF Uttar Predesh State Council
2557 B, Mangalwar Path
KOLHAPUR 416 002.
1) President Shri. Sohatlal Gupta (Meerat), 2) Vice
President Tejpal Singh, Meerat Vice President R. P. S.
Chavhan (Faziabad) 4) General Secretary Shiva Bhakta
Singh ( Dalpastipur) 5) Joint Secretaries K. M. L.
MILK WORKER
Bi-Monthly
Vol.-II
January-February 84
Wholesale Dealers in Milk and
Milk Products.
Printed & Published by f The Research and Analysis wing National Dairy
Employees Federation.
400 G E, Near Krishna Ice Factory, Shahupuri, Kolhapur-416001.
For Members Only.
Milk Worker
9
»
10
Milk Worker
FARMERS T80 RALLY ROUND NDEF FOR THE PROSPERITY
OP DAIRY INDUSTRY
“ We know that Dairy Workers being organised under “Milk Flag” by NDEF only can work
for the cause of the rural milk producers. Farmers also includes the working class. The propa
ganda by NDDB and their agencies that Milk producers and workers are different is to chcat
the farmers. Also we know that vested interests in the name of farmers, are trying to give
colour politics for NDEF to suppress this strong working class movement in the Dairy
Industry, but Milk Flag of NDEF, as pure as milk have no special affiliation to any politics
except the interest of Dairy Industry workers and farmers.
With best compliments from
SlhH taiiman Cc-Operative Milk Producers Society
Ltd, CCerBi, Tai. Karveer, Dist. Kolhapur.
Govind Doulu Patbare
Shankarao Baburao Gaikwad
Hari Jyoti Vharamble
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Secretary
from your industries.
BANK OF MAHARASHTRA
EMPLOYEES UNION,
KOLHAPUR UNIT
(Affiliated to AIBEA )
My Remembrances
Dear Rahim,
Please accept our hearty congratulations for your
glorius victory against your Management, the National
Dairy Development Board.
We remember the day of your illegal vindictive
termination from your services. It is needless to say
that the management like iN.D.D.B. has received a
blow from the Court of Law.
The workers from the Milk industry will defenitely
take the lesson from your termination and they will be
United under the banner of NDEF through out the
country, and fight against the anti, labour policy of the
managements.
Your organisation will work for the poor people
from the villages and also will root out the corruption
Milk Worker
Perhaps you might be also remembering that the
management of Kolhapur Zilla Dudh Sangh, playing
fiddle to the wrong policies of NDDB, tried to disturb
my services unnecessarly for helping you in the infant
stage of your organisation, through some executives
from our Bank. I also remember the days when you
are thrown out and the tricks played by NDDB and the
Kolhapar sangh management to put you and your
family in to starvation in a far away place from your
home town, when the workers planned to help you.
This has forced you to sent your family back home.
Also I am recollecting the challenges you have made
both publiciy and officially to help the farmers and
consumers of Kolhapur, when the Operation Flood
Programme was not implemented for the benefit of the
public of Kolhapur District by both NDDB persons and
the managing Director. G. N. Malusare
Once again I am congratulating your leadership,
and hoping every success in your future trade union
movements.
L. S. Vaidya
Divisional Secretary,
Bank of Maharashtra Employees
Union, Kolhapur.
11
Com. Govindrao Pansare, Senior Trade
Union Leader Kolhapur Says . ........
The final Judgement of their Lordships Shri Dharmadhikari & Shri Kantharia Shows, the brainlessness of
the so called brained people like Dr. Kurien, who try
to suppress trade union movement. The working class
which includes the milk producing farmers of rural
areas may be confused for sometime by the claims of
persons like Kurien and his representatives in various
places, that they are representing the cause of farmers.
But this can’t continue for a long time, when the truth
start comes out their pseudo nature wi>l be exposed, &
the workers and farmers will learn how they cheated
them, enjoying their funds to live in five-star hotels,
travel in Air Conditioned cars and live princely life.
Hence Rahim’s services for the Trade Union movement
will not go waste which he should continue with full
spirit to help the Dairyman.
With Best Compliments From
Congratulation to Mr. S. A. Rahim
for winning the Legal battle.
Also we thank Mr. A. G. Pawar
Advocate, High Court, Bombay for
appearing on behalf of us.
GARJAAA mUORAAALAVA
1305 4 Shivaji Peth.
KOLHAPUR 416 002.
Phone 26765
With Best Compliments From
Pl<t> 55ETWTT. eTcFT
kic-:ip.q5 3Ji?TS, Si^l'B-'tC’S'it,cii<b‘
THHF*ScaiQ
TFaitRlTq fB<1Piq
Ocr>|U|
S. N. CHEMICALS
NEW BOMBAY TALLORS
SHIVA JI ROAD, KOLHAPUR.
Milk Worker
Suppliers of Dairy Equipments, Acids
Laboratory & Industrial Chemicals
E, Ward, Near Apsara Talkies, Shahupuri,
KOLHAPUR
It
MILK FLOOD
Alas I ! Our Poor Nation
We are daily hearing for and against operation
Flood, the implementation lacunae, the fear of empl
oyees, the worries of farmers, the difficulties of consu
mers. It is very unfortunate that eventhough we have
two national level bodies, and national programme, we
could not evolve a systamatic and acceptable formulae
for Dairy Development.
Group Captain Jasjitsing who not only denied to
sell our Country’s most secret defence information for
the handsome money offered to him but also exposed
the CIA espionage activities by bringing to book
highest ranking retired defence officers ( paid servants
of CIA ) Our congratulations to the great patriot.
The activities of Larkin brothers who were
occupying many top posititions in the defence could
not be identified even after retirement till Capt. Jasjit—
singh came for the country's rescue, which helped the
union defence ministry to unearth the secret operations
of CIA If this is the case in the defence establishment
can we dream about the CIA links being established
and being ooerating in our country to infiltrate among
the massess because of their avenge towards socialism.
There can be no doubt that the funds which finds
origine from the European Countrys or America will
also be keeping links for espionage as well as for
political work. In indian Sub-Continents, even various
govts are puppets of CIA, denying the Chance of
Social Changes
But in India, siuce our Govt, led by Sbrimatbi
Indira Gandhi was so capable to resist this they could
not. But Continuous operations are going on through
various reputed persons and organistations in the
country, but to look in to the facts or making enquiry
is also difficult because the press as well as reputed
persons are in their hands mostly. We can find few Jou
rnalist’s who are sinceere to the nation. At timet
of difficulties of those who work for the interests
of CIA linked people, many journalists knowingly or
unknowingly comes with articles of praise and
they even go to the extent of recomending to the Govt.
to provide awards. Even when enquiries are mooted
tricks are played and finally commissions also could
not serve the purpose. The loss is for the poor of the
Country. Alass our poor Nation. 1 I
A country like india with so much regional imba
lances, coming up of a strong National Milk Grid is
much useful. This in addition to solve the imbalances,
also can help to solve the country's most of the difficult
problems, such as unemployment, under nourishment
poverty etc. But if we clearly look in to the facts there
is no difficulty to find out that the auihors of the
scheme who talks much about the scheme are not at
all interested in any of these laudable objectives except
'• Business and Profits '' Ordinarly business
men uses good words to attract customers for more
business likewise the authors of •• Milk flood ” also
is using nice propaganda words. Now through out India
it is a common factor that even though the ‘operation
flood ’ aim was told to be removing middle men only
increased more middle men, more middle expenditure
and more business men
Is it the type of milk flood we want ? or we wanted
a programme suited to the needs of the country which
can help to solve many of the alarming problems, of
the nation. From the approach of the authorities till
today, we found that they are not only least bothered
about the national problems but also wanted to crush
the labour movement being spearheaded by us in the
dairy field. They were trying to subvert the labour
legislations and constitutional rights. Aproper approach
taking in to account national factors is necessary for
the “ MILK FLOOD ”
—Menon
Maybe Powerman.......
May ba Dairyman . .........
Co-operation leads the Working Class to Prosperity
With Best Compliments From
Veej Mandal Sevakanchi Sahakari Pat
Sanstha ( Maryadit ) Kolhapur
Registerd No. KPR/BNK/112 Dt. 30-5-64
Head Office : 852 'B' Subhash Road, Kolhapur.
Telephone No. 25528
Branches : Gadhinglaj (Telephone No. 190)
Murgud (Telephone No. 57) Jaysingpur
The biggest Co-operative of the Ele. workers of Maharshtra
43
■ :
A. H. Raut
R. R. Shinde
Y. D. Powar
Secretary
Vice-Chairman
Chairman
Milk Worker
I
GUILTY CONSCIOUS
It is a pity that certain officers of NDDB, who situation. These officers really fears about an indepen
were responsible for the poor show of operation flood dant enquiry, that is why they persuaded the employees
programme and invited the biggest criticisms in recent to sign the '■ so ealled Resignation letters ” Even those
days, out of their guilty conscious, tarnished the image staff who knows that they are signing for resignation,
of NDDB and IDC employees, by getting the “so were surely guaranteed that they will not loose their
called resignation " letters from about 700 staff inclu job, since the show is being done to save, the chairman
ding Executives, Extension staff, clerical staff at d other and secretary and hence chairman’s guarantee was there
workers of NDDB, with an aim to get cheap popular.ty. “ that the resignation letters will not be accepted.
It would have been respectful, if Dr. Kurien and Mr.
If the case was otherwise, he would have given the
R. P. Aneja tendered their resignations, instead of
enacting this nasty drama, involving the staff, who resignation letters to the Govt, for its decesion. He
didnt done this, which clearly gives the inference that
were not responsible for the draw-backs.
« Had he not done this resignation drama he would not
have
been able to attract the press this much ” If Dr;
If Dr Kurien, himself looks back, it may not be
difficult for him to understand that the power concen Kurien and hrs other top brass is « as holy as cow '
tration in his hand made him a dictator, which has Why should they worry about the probe, or whether
been used by certain outside and inside vested interests Dr. Kurien wants to dismiss him without a proper
and it finally is bringing «this unexpected poor reward enquiry, as he used to do for his staff since 1973. But
towards his fag end of his career. Shakespear’s Mack- how he can expect from responsible Ministers to the
status of Rao Birendra singh and Yogendra Mackwana
betb story is being repeated.
to act like him so irresponsibly. If the Minister’s
NDDB is having ‘gems’ but they don’t have the ol Govt, of India is not following certain proceedures
upperhand, they are suppressed by certain incapable to find out the facts, every thing will end in chaos.
Hence their action was cent percent correct in a demo
officers, who by influence got positions.
cratic country for which protesting is highly improper.
Even projectwise enquiries are made, virtually
some of the so called experts will have to go out of
NDDB. These officers who were involved in much
Corruption and their in effectiveness, by suppressing
hardworkers is primarly responsible for the present
Anyway this childish behaviour of those guilty
minded persons who initiated this resignation fraud
really brought an awkward position for the NDDB
staff.
a D
POWERMEN'S UNITY BEHIND
THE DAIRYMEN
Hearty Congratulations to Com. S. A. Rahim,General Secretary MDEF for
Winning the Big Legal battle against the nacked victimisation of you by
the most ugly anti working class & anti-poor Management in the world
*
“ With Fraternal Greetings "
MAHARASHTRA STATE ELECTRICITY
BOARD WORKERS FEDERATION
14
Milk Worker
FEDER/JI ON OF INDIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY : NEW DELHI
MODEL SCHEME FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT - INTERIM REPORT
(DAIRY DEVELOPMENT)
This model scheme is based on our experiences of
Introduction:
dairies in and around Bangalore viz.
The Bangalore dairy, ND R I,
The Mallur village milk co-operative, the Vishwaneedam dairy, the
Hessargatta Indo-Danish farm and some individual single cow holders.
It also keeps in view of the reports from Uruli-Kanchan (BAIF) , Anand
milk co-operatives federation and the critical analysis of the Kishore
Bharati group on dairy development strategies.
Model Scheme
Description:
The scheme envisages a slowly started well Conceived
co-operative farm of dairy development.
The initiator of the develop
ment scheme is to be provided by the sponsoring organisation, and he
will be responsible for acquiring dairy expertise, transfer of technology
and financial management.
It is felt that the crucial component for a
successful venture in dairy is the transfer of technology to the weaker
sections.
Special attention is therefore to be given to this aspect,
throughout the execution of the programme (Experience of Mallur and
Magadi village).
The key operational principle is to create motivation
through demonstration and not by persuasion.
Hence it is desired that
the initiator keep a small farm of about 5 Milch animals and demonstrate
the profitability of the venture in first phase of scheme.
2
Time Budget:
1.
1.
The scheme will consist of the following phases:
Preparatory phase.
2.
Initiation of a small farm.
3.
Starting of the co-operative on a small scale.
4.
Expansion of the co-operative both vertically
and horizontally.
5.
Stabilisation and preparation for retreat.
6.
Evaluation and retreat.
Preparatory Phase:
In this phase the sponsoring organisation
will identify a suitab]e person to take charge of the whole operation.
He will during this period acqui re a sufficiently in depth knowledge
of dairy and its associated problems by working in an established
co-operative dairy farm for at least a period of 6 months.
Incidentally?during this period he will visit the area in which the
scheme is to be initiated and selects a village.
It is felt that the
vi 1 ~1 age should not have any special features in order to ensure
natural multiplication.
One essential constraint
is the availability
of a very moderate amount of water resources which most villages in
India have (wells may have to be dug).
Another constraint is that it
should be connected to a milk consuming town or city by a motorable
road.
Experience has shown that a village no farther than 150 kms
from a city or town .can be selected.
After the selection of the village
he shall study the village with respect to economic conditions,
political situation, land distribution pattern, social and cultural
traditions in order to suitably orient the future implementation of
the scheme
3
2.
Initiation of a small farm:
liter the preparatory phase the initiator
shall, start living in the village and purchase a small land holding.
He shall then start a dairy farm on a personal basis having about 5 milch
animals.
With the expertise; he has profitably run.
Certain measures,
to use local resources to meet feed and other requirements arc to be taken
such as growing of some of the feed components including concentrates.
He shall also discreetly advertise his success.
He shall then spot the enthusiastic members of the weaker sections and
give them employment in his farm (during which he shall see that transfer
of technology takes place).
He final1 also indicate his capability of
assisting them to help themselves,
3.
Starting of the co-operative on a small scale:
This phase starts
when about 10 to 15 members of the weaker sections have acquired
sufficient technical competence and motivation to start their own dairy
ventures.
The initiator shall assist these people'to form a co
operative and get them loans to purchase milch animals and maintain
them for a certain necessary period of time.
He shall be responsible
for the smooth functioning of the co-operative with respect to feed
supply and milk marketing.
4.
Expansion of the co-operative both vertically and horizontally:
After tho small co-operative has started functioning smoothly,the
next step would be to expand the co-operative to the entire village.
This step should not be taken (by not releasing loans) until the
teething problems of the co-operative society have been overcome.
4
The loans should be given to those who have acquired technical
competence to run a dairy.
The flow of money can be ensured towards
the weaker sections by transfering technology to them (for instance
by employing only weaker sections to work in the initiators farm).
and
All political support,/Legal aid should be provided
through the
initiator by the sponsoring organisation.
Expertise in management of
co-operatives should be developed among the weaker sections in this
period simultaneously.
This will in the long run ensure the
stabilisation process of the society.
The initiator should be on the look out at this point of time to
initiate new economic activities which have now become viable in the
light of increased economic status and technological competence.
For
instance, sericulture is a suitable occupation which not only produces
silk (a profitable commodity) but also meets partial feed requirements.
Mushroom cultivation as a side activity could also be considered.
5.
Stabilisation and preparation of retreat:
By the end of the
.
previous phase,it expected that a self sustained co-operative without
The initiator should now remove himself
external inputs are evolved.
from any key positions he has in the co-operative and pass on the
leadership democratically.
But he stays in the village in his capacity
of an experienced and well meaning adviser.
His conscious effort is
now the education of the villagers which will form the back bone of
a mature co-operative society.
He should attempt, in whatever way he
can think of to promote healthy growth of capability of the individuals
5
to assert their own opinion rather than being blindly led by leaders.
The initiator should convince the people that their increased economic
and technical development has given them this choice.
6.
Evaluation and retreat:
When the initiator no longer feels that
his presence is necessary for the smooth functioning of the co-operative
he will make preparations to leave the place gradually.
Evaluation of
his work should be based on (a) Growth of total economy of the village
(b) Pattern distribution of wealth before and after the scheme
implementation (c) Its multiplication over neighbouring areas.
Dr. Ravi Narayan
HLT.
frdA Q/'t'bio
CAJ
DE-V fL
.UCC e
I g? H ~pf
(/-W'lr'o'O
THE xiARGER DIMENSIONS OF
PAIR? 7d1TVE'Eo±^^ZiTt~In India
Er. V. Karlen.
CHAIRMAN
NATIONAL. DAIRY DEVaaODMaNT board
Lecture delivered during
the Sixth Lal Sahadur Shastri
Memorial Lecture series at
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
NEW D Eli HI (January-1971)
THE FRAME WORK :
First one must look at dairy development within the
frame work of ^he country's total situation. Of course,
it is truethat we dairymen often have to speak as if
dairying were in some way unique-but, for our purposes
here today, one must note the many characteristics that
dairying has in common with other agricultural industries.
It is important to recognise that dairying is an
industry : even the most traditional aoproaches to the
supply of liquid milk for our small towns, requires
some organisation for transport, processing and marketing
plus some investment in equipment. It follows that,
since there is investment, some capital is involved and
therefore-whether it be in the private, public or
cooperative sector- some application of the concept of
"return on capital" must also oe involved. Moreover, •
even these simple" instustrial" characteristics of dairying
oblige one to bear in mind two more : the importance in
dairying of demand supply relationship and the fact
that, whether planned or unplanned, all industries must
in some sense compete for investment funds.
Then also, like other industries, dairying candevelop
satisfactorily only if its development is consistent
with that of the country as a whole. I am thinking
particularly of rural urban relationship many so-called
developed countri s are proud of the fact than only,
say 5% of their people work on the land in a few years
time
We shall have an C'X) million population- does
this lean that we shall -.im at having an urbanised
population of 760 million, leaving 5% (40 million) on
the land ? Surely not even if such a monstrous
urbanisation were contempleted, we could not find the
capital for it.
Thus, atleast for many years the
majority of our population well live in innumerable
rural or semi-rural communities, where agricultural land
is the major ’Capital’ from which most people derive
their liveli hood.
This widespread continuing dependence on the land has
two practical implications for dairying ( along with
other agricultural industries) > one is that many
people will continue to produce milk supply for their
own families and at most, for their near neighbours-and
the other is that the effective demand for a modernsing
dairy industry's products will be limited to the demands
of families who cannot better be supplied by their own
or a nearby milch animals (plus, of course, any demand
for exports).
?/-.page.
Lastly, in considering the frame work within which our
dairying must develop, one cannot ignore the fact that
there is at present little that is idyllic about our
dependance on the land. Most of the people who sight
the loudest that they want to "get back to the land" are
the very oeople who are least likely ever to be obliged
to do so.
Unfortunately for those who cannot escape it,
/livelihood.the land is too scarce, and often too unproductive-for
This is
it yet to provide most of our rural people with.an adequate/
the oasis resentrural proverty. Dairying-and in my opinion, all
of our
other agricultural industries- cannot ignore it.
Thus, the larger framework within in which one must view
our,dairy development has three main components :
:
1
Dairying is an industry-but its development
must also serve our rural and semi-rural
population;
ii :
Planned or unplanned-public, private or cooperative
in its development, dairying must compete for
investment funds- and.
iii:
Our dairying must develop in such a way as to
contribute to the solution of the problem of
rural proverty.
I believe that, if one accepts this framework, there are
five larger dimensions of dairy development which must be
o bserved.
1.
The Institutional Dimension :
As in other areas of our national heritage, the main
problem of our dairy development has not been that of
knowing that to do; rather it has been that of knowing
how to do it-or how to get it done. In practice, in our
country as in others, only one institutional structure
has proven effective in getting dairy development done
that is a unified organisation of milk producers, which
is responsible for procuring, processing and marketing
its members' milk owned and controlled oy milk producers
and therefore responsive to producers' needs.
Such an organisation enables even the poorest producers
to hire their own professional technical personnel and
managers. It gives the producers command over the
technologies which they require in order to market their
milk to consumers who n<ed it (as liquid milk and milk
products). It also enables producers to invest in the
facilities and services which they need in order to improve
their milk production.
.... 4/-.page .
: 4 :
How does this work ? The structure is a familiar one :
each village in the miikshed forms its own primary
cooperative society. All such societies . n the milkshed
from a cooperative Union and this Union owns, manages and
operates the dairy aprocessing plant, the procurement
organisation and the marketing system for its members.
.But note that each primary society is managed by a paid
(and, in this sense, a professional) Secretary. Each
primary society has its own trained men to carry out on
the spot artificial insemination of members' animals, to
provide first-aid veterinary care for those animals etc.
Because they are paid by the
society, however modestly,
these men have to do their work conscientiously they
cannot claim the immunity of a remote, entBranched
bureaucracy.
Similarly, the cooperative union has it own managers and
technical personnel, paid
by the members out of the
margins earned on their milk. If they fail to earn the
appropriate margins, the members will soon instruct their
Board of Directors to get them removed.
When, however the managers and technologists do perform,
the producers find that they get a good price for their
milk (plus a bonus at the end of the year) and they soon
become keen to increase their milk production. And they
soon become keen to increase tneir milk production. And
kizex it is here, u believe, that the institution comes
into its own. The Union can own and operate its own
cattle-feed plant-the members’ primary societies are ideal
retail outlets for such a pro'duct : members come twice a
day to sell their milk, they are paid twice a day for
their milk so they readily purrchase their concentrate
requirements, if necessary on a daily basis.
Just as the Union has the managerial and technical
resources to operate its own cattle feed plant, so also
can it organise intensive systems to provide Artificial
Insemination services, veterinary; '
'-services etc.
for all members. At Anand, for example, the Union has
over 40 professional veterinary doctors, it carries out
some 2,00,000' artificial insemination services yearly.
It markets lucerne seed yearly to its members, to help
them grow some ten thousand of hectares of green fodder
annually. All this is one District only at no cost to
Government.
Thus, as the organisation grows and gets a good return
on its members milk, the members rapidly develop their. .5/-.page.
: 5 :
their interest not only in improving their milk production
but also in improving the market for their milk. So they use
their organisation to obtain the services of people who are
professional marketers and the organisation becomes increasingly
co nsumer-oriented .
£.
The Techno-Economic Dimension
I have described oriefly the two main effects of a functional
institutional structure for dairy development. These are that
it builds and effectuates the milk producers' interest in
improving milk production, while also making it in the producers
interest to provide consumers with the mix of liquid milks
and products that comes closest to satisfying consumers
preferences visa-vis quality and price.
Here one is speaking of an industry evolving technologies
which observe economic criteria-in-fact, "Techno-economics.".
The Techno-economics of our modern dairying must achieve three
objectives ■
a.
They must evolve consistently through the
production procurement, processing and
marketing phases of the industry.
b.
They must benefit producers and consumers
who do not come within the ambit of the
industry, as such directly.
c.
They must have built in self improving
■factors.
This need for built-in self improving factors can be
demonstrated by examining the present builtin "self-destrrf. -ctive factors" of our traditional dairying's techno-econonics.
Our milk production, for example, is characterised by milch
animals which are inefficient convertors and milk producers
who are too poor to acquire improved animals. It is not
worthwhile to feed inefficient animals well- so they continue to
produce little milk and thus the milk producer remains too
poor to acquire a better animal (and, in fact, the inefficient
animals tend to multiply and deteriorate, generation by gen
earation) : this is the built-in self destructive factor on
the production side of our dairying.
There are similar, self-destructive factors built into our
dairying's traditional approaches to milk procurement,
processing and marketing. -----
. . .6 /-. page.
: 6 :
------ This is precisely because our traditional milk trade has
had for a long time to balance a stagnant milk production
against a surging demand (’a the major cities, milk and milk
products account for 9.13 L/° of most consumers' expenditures).
In the face of a~ widening gap between production and demand
the traditional t rader extends and cheapens liquid milk by
additing sugar, water rice, flour etc. (which we proudly call
"dilution")-and, to be prepared for the lean season he frequ
ently tries to accumulate stocks of ghee mawa etc. during
the flush season (which we proudly call "hoarding"). The
traditional trader earns hand-gome margins for these dilution
and hoarding fuctions-but, really, he is doing only what the
system requires of him even though it makes our dairying self
dest ructive- and this is why the technoeconomics of our
modern dairying must reverse such self destructive factors.
To achieve this reversal, the key is the consistancy of
change (throughout the production, procurement, processing
and marketing phase of our dairying)-and, of course, the
major criterion through out these phases is " productivity"
in the use of resources, in the use of capital. Hence the.
use of producers oriented institutions, to enable poor milk
producers to acquire milch animals which are better converters
and which make their family's labour more productive.
Similarly, in the processing and marketing phases (which
have to be considered together), we have to evolve"Sys terns"
for bringing milk and milk products more efficiently to
urban consumers. For example, our present practice of building
palatial Wester-style urban dairies in cities.where demand
is less than 100,000 litres is to costly; it makes the modern
dairy industry less competitive than ever with the traditional
system. Hence our current efforts (which I believe are on
the brink of success) to evolve a system known as the bulk-vending system" which would be .enable several such cities
to be served more conomically by a single larger daiiy, we
have vet to evolve such techno-economically improved systems.
for milk products such ghee and I shall discuss this need
briefly later.
Meanwhile, however, let me illustrate the third achievement
which I mentioned as being required of thenew techno-economics
of dairying : namely, that they should benefit producers and
consumers not directly within the ambit of our modernising
dairying industry. Take the cross-breeding programmes which
are being instituted in the selected milksheds, for example.
In effect, these programmes will encourage the rearing of
more improved heifers than the producers will wish to retain.
..?/-.page.
: 7 :
They will keep the best (which will enable them to take in
advantage of the better feeding and mangement available in
the milksheds) and they will sell off the rest, which will
thus be moved into the non milkshed areas, where they will
be considerably better than the existing milch herds, to the
benefit of the milk producers in those are-as and the consumers
they serve.
Thus, in fact, the programmes for c ross-breeding and upgarding milch animals in the milksheds will result in the multi-plication and distribution of improved animals in ever-widening circles of increasingly improved productivity. This
must be the "trigger" which sets off a bui.1 t -in change toward
increasing productivity throughout or developing dairy
industry.
3. The Industrial Dimension
:
However, several isolated projects undertaken so far to
produce crossbred animals in our milksheds have made little
impact, partly because they are isolated efforts. Most__of
dai_ry_ modernisation cannot oc .achieved,, in small "Tockets"
They industrial infra^strac cure requ ired~~can be"sustained
economically only if the scale invol v e d is rat her, .large..
This infrastructure is of-two dTstri ctFlcind's • that which
of a general industrial nature-and that which pertains to
the food industry in particular.
The general industrial infra-structure required involved
factories to produce veterinary immunological and biological
products, factory-scale production of frozen semen and
factories to produce the equipment that is needed for
efficient milk processing and marketing. Nor is this just a
matter of copying similar factories of Europe and America,
whose availabilities of capital, stai-nless steel, human
skills etc. are quite different from ours. We have not only
to build new kinds of eateries, but these must embody systems,
processess and approaches to marketing which are designed
expressely to enable us to serve our producers and consumers.
The second part of the industrial infra-structure required
is the building of wheat we usually think of as "dairies"
However, our experience shows that, while some storage and
processing facilities are needed, it is certainly not
approapriate simply to copy the dairies of other regions where
dairying products are propagandised as something almost
magical, rather than a the simple and wholesome foods which
they should be.
..8/-.page.
: 3 :
1 i future, we must build ''food factors", rather than things
which, because wc call th. m "dairies", m.st be reserved for
the lactic secretion of the cow, even at the cost of verypoor utilisation-and these "dairies" which are also " food
factories" must be used simply to produce as much wholesome
good, value food products as possible.
This relates to the new-techno economics which I outlined
earlier. For example, most ghee is ’> luted in -©arying
degrees with Vanaspati, to enable to traditional sector to
provide consumers with a range of mixed ghees at an
appropriate range of prices. If our modernsing dairy
industry were to provide consumers with similar "vegetable
ghees", properly labelled, consumers would know what they
are paying for, these modern ghees would be both safe and
pure-and the majority of consumers would be far better served.
(and the nation's investments in processing facilities would
be far better utilised). Thus, we must structure the technoI -economics of our modernsing dairy industry so that it
increasingly offers products which taste the way that good
foods should at the best possible prices, regardless of
whether we make them with 10% milk solids and ^0% vegetable
solids or vice versa. Properly marketed, these products
i would rapidly find consumer acceptance, because at better
I prices rhan the products which most of our consumers are
now compelled to but from the traditional sector.
There are many such examples of how the desired techno-econotaics of our modern dairy industry indicate the
industrial dimensions thao the industry must assume. However,
I hoj)6, I have said enough simply to establish ...that there
are two industrial aspects which have to he looked after
(namely, the production of processing equipment, technical
inputs etc.- and the establishment of processing facilities
which will increasingly integrate dairying with our
modernising food industry as a whole) and that this
industrial iufras+rudture must completment the institutional
and techno-economic development of our modern dairy
sub-sector.
4.
The Dimension of Technical Modernisation in Rural Areas :
I mentioned in my introduction to this Lecture that I do
not believe that wc can or should aim ( in our life-time,
atleast) at a society wherein only, say 5% of our people
will be directly dependent on the land. Not only have we
insufficient capital to create the number of industrial
jobs that this would require-but I suggest that we also
have not the social capital. No society has.
...9/-.page.
: 9 :
We hive only to look nt the racial tensions of many European
and American cities, at the appalling neglect of the aged
througho- .
the West. etc. Considering the inability of so-called "dev; loped" societies to cope with mass urbanisation,
it is not surprising that our own cities .are becoming hell-holes and one can not wish the majority of our people to be
obliged to live in such places.
Instead, one has to face upto the fact that our rual/urban
priorities must change. While trying to make like for those
who do have to live in our cities, socially and physically
secure- we must also try much harder to see to it that the
majority of our people can live in a rural society which will
offer an increasingly satisfying and productive experience.
A food industry such as dairying has to deal with this task
on two levels :
First : There is the fact that, we need good food in order
to make the most of our lives. Those of us who influence
the modernsation of any part of our food production,proce-ssing and marketing, must see to it that our people get
the food they need. This sounds elementary, but it is
disturbing to note how often people talk as if a man can
eat something that is called a "Rural Labour Project"., or
even an "Intensive cattle development programme". Those of
us who are responsible for the agriculture-food sector
really have to discipline ourselves to eschew such evasions.
Once this need for good food is accepted, then it is our
duty also to consider that man does not live on food
alone: we have also to create what I have referred to as
the"Social capital" which will enable our majority to lead
/and increasingly productive and satisfying life in rural
> comrainities. There is nothing unreal or intengible about
this dimension. It calls for nothing less than the technical
modernisation of rural society.
Taking the example of dairying, consider the fact that
one third of our Districts are potential areas for
efficient milk production. This means that a modernising
dairy industry, based
on organisation owned and controlled
by milk producers, implies nothing less than the buildup
of institutions which can reach into the heart of even
' the smallest villages in one third of the country.
Consider what this means in a village where the majority of
its people own a milch animal, when they find rtrhat there
is now an organisation which enables them to employ a
literate man to manage their business, that this org-anisa-tion really does pay them the fair and declared priee for
...10/-.page.
: 10 :
their milk and even that uhe same organisation can enable
them to employs technical people who will really work for
them to help them improve their milk production : veterinary
doctors, green fodder specialists etc. At the same time,
they find that, if they wish to market more milk this way,
they can also get their processing plant expanded, they
can hire people who will work to evolve and market products
which give them a better return on their milk.
What does it do
to
their lives? They find that they are
all” economic equals” that they can each take their turn
regardless of caste when they line up to sell their milk
and that milks of the same quality fetch the same price,
that milk has an "objective value". They find that the
remote and perhaps "citified" sciences can help them to
use such very partical technologies as artificial insemina-tion to improve their milk production. Thus, technical
modernisation enters into their lives via the new
institutional structures which I mentioned earlier.
The industrial dimension which I have mentioned are also
essential to this technical modernisation. The producers'
processing plants
become focal points for modern rural
industries with which the producers identify, such as
cattle feed plants, small scale industries making milk
testing equipment, containers for semen for artificial
insemination etc. Thus, on the one hand, agricultural.
production.becomes more liable through the modest and
practical application of modern technology and at the same
time more" industrial" jobs are created, both directly in
the producers own organisations and also in the burgeoning
industrial infra-structure.
Moreover, once a given group of milk producers has an
institution capable of making, say milk powder-then it
is only natural for the producers to ask why they cannot
process and market, say their paddy in the same way.
They find that the by -products of a modern rice mill
can be used efficiently by their cattle feed plant. Perhaps
'also they find that their milk powder and their cereals
*
can be combined into whole some milk beverages, the
marketing of which gives them a better return on both
'their milk and. their cereals ( and which', I may add,certainly gives consumers of such beverages better value
than they now get from such products).
.... 1l/-.page.
:11:
Thus,
rel atively simple x jo gramme for im roving milk
production, intergrated with the provision of the necessary
processing and marketing facilities, can become a spring
board for the technical modernisation of the vast rural areas
involved. Milk producers find that modern technologies can
help them and that they can obtain the services of technical
and managerial people to enable them to apply these modern
technologies to an increasing range of their agricultural
produce. Moreover the industrial infrastructure which supports
this modern isation provides an increasingly wide range of
jobs within the region. Thus dairy development can set in
motion the " technical modernisation" of our rural areas,
making life for our rual majority more productive and more
satisfying without the excessive urbanisation which has
engulfed the West and which we must avoid.
5.
The Social Dimension
:
I have tried to show how technical modernisation can be the
"means" for improving the lives of our rural majority but it
is of course, certainly not the "end". Such modernisation is
the oretically neutral in its social content. It is up to
us to see that, its impacts on our people's lives are socially
desirable. We have already found that the institutional
structure, if properly built, can provide its rural participants
(in our case, milk producers)with * organisations wherein the
socially dis-Advant aged people ^et a fire deal. Each partici-pant finds that he can Hie up to sell i '.Ik, without any
particular caste or community taking precedenee-and that this
institution can be the means of achieving other kinds of
change in all walks of life.
*an experience which shows them how they can set up-----The milk producers’ society, .for example.^ can accumulate funds
for the village of build a road which/,«®a^i§c.tsi-t to the route
followed by the milk truck. It can 'hel
j.the building of
a primary school, a domestic water 'su'ply or even
clinic or
library.
These can be said to
be social extensions of the techno
economics of a modernising agricultural industry. Such
extensions are, however, much wider in their implication :
for example, if a po or producer observes that you get a
better calf if you give better food to a pregnant cow even
though she is dry, then that producer soon extends this
experience to the idea that, if a human mother gets better
food, she produce a healthier baby.
..12/-.page.
: 12 :
/' If a ■ terin iry doctor car. use modern med oines to cure
milch animals, than it is even more logical to seek ways
whereby doctors for humans can use modern medicines to
keep our infants healthy. If artificial insemination demonst-rates that the reproductive process can be controlled so
as to produce healthy calves when desired, it becomes more
\ logical that human conception could be controlled when
I desired.
\ In other words, " technical modernisation" does not proceed
\ in isolation. In fact, it cannot proceed if it is confined
\to t echnical factors. It can proceed only as what we can
\call a process of " social modernitation" also proceeds,
where by rural people find that they can increasingly command
modern science and technology to achieve their social
objectives.
I
6. Conclusion
:
I will conclude with a short summary.
I have tried to show briefly what I oelieve to be the larger
dimensions of our dairy development. I started by pointing
out that, to achieve this kind of change an appropriate
institutional structure has to be built up, which is owned
and controlled by the producers concerned and is sensitive
to their needs. This institutional structure can identify
and effectuate the techno- -conomic change" which must'be made,
in orc._rto move from a low-productivity ,igh margin
traditional dairy structure to a modernising one which
enable milk producers, processing and marketing to become
increasingly compelitive & efficient. This of increasing
the dairy sub-sector's productivity leads to a rational
I build up of the industrial infrastructure, including not
/ only processing and marketing facilities for milk and milk
I products, but also the industrial units required to produce
the equipment and technical Inputs of a modernising dairy
i
industry.
;
I
\
\
I want on to outline how this process of modernisation
really implies the beginning of the technical modernisation
of our vast milkshed areas-and that this modernisation is
larger than one might think in two ways; namely that
although it may start through dairy development by handling
milk and milk products, it can and should increasingly embrace/
This process of modernisation cannot merely demonstrate to
producers the application of such techniques as artificial
insemination, improved animal feeding etc.
L the major crops of the producers
concerned.
. ...1?/-.page.
: 13 :
On the contrary, it inevitably shows the producers that
they can use modern sci< ice and technology to achieve
the larger objectives of their lives.
Thus, I concluded that the ultimate end of such develop-raentnl prograimes is not the more or less mj^chnical
modernisation of the production of a give fo-od, such
as milk, but it is rather the beginning of the process
where by our rural majority can get command over their
future and build themselves a richer and more satisfying
community.
These are the dimensions of dairy development,! believe,
which our first Prime Minister saw when he came to open
the first dairy at Anand. He was accompanied by his
daughter, our present Prime Minister- and I believe that
she remembers it too, because she also has been insisting
that we should multiply the Anand Pattern, in order to
involve the people of all our milksheds of their own
development.
And, as I said when I started this lecture, this is what
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri saw, when he stayed at the
village of Ajarpura. These are the dimensions of the
job which the country is trying to achieve and I am happy
to be able to take this fitting opportunity to record
here Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri's role in helping us to
initiate this programme of development within our rural
society.
A'o&ah/ sns7bpt7~56o7
date:
16-1-1978.
!>&/1
<(
..
( /«MAAyC>')
COOPERATIVE DAIRYING AKD THE PROFILES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
IM INDIA *
BY
A. H.SOMJEE AND GETTA SOMJEE
(Simon Fraser liversity)
The cooperative dairy movement in India has induced changes, social as
well as economic, which have gone for oeyond the expectations of men who
pioneered it.
Among the various districts of India, the people of Kaira
district, for example, where the cooperative dairying has been in exist
ence for more than a quarter of a century, have experienced far-reaching
changes as a result of their exposure to the norms of cooperative econ
omic enterprise, organization, and technology provided by the well-known
milk cooperative, namely the Amul Dairy.
In this paper we shall identify
some of these changes under two broad categories, specific and general.
So far as the specific changes are concerned, we shall support our pre
sentation by means of case-studies of three rural communities.
The
three rural communities, which were exposed to the milk coops, were
specifically surveyed by us for the purposes of this paper.
The model
that we have used in order to interpret our data, by means of a qualitat
ive analysis, can be referred to as a constraint catalyst model.
Cooperative dairying in the district, even after its acceptance,] as the
most effective means of organising and marketing of milk and milk produ
cts, had to work within the framework of certain constraints imposed by
the rural economy and the social organization in general.
Such constra
ints did not question the feasibility of the ^operative enterprise as
such.
On the contrary, after an initial resistance, the people of the
district took it for granted as the most effective approach to the milk
producing the marketing.
Nevertheless, the constraints on cooperative
dairying were imposed by the very nature of the milk economy.
Being a
* We are grateful to the ABDA for their travel grant, transportation
facilities and hospitality for doing field-work for this paper. We
are also grateful to the general manager and the staff of Amul Dairy
for their help in collecting data.
1.Here we shall not go into the question of the resistance of co-op.
dairying shown either by the bureaucrats, interested politicians,
and/ or the vested interests but only examine some of the constraints
arising from the nature of the economy and the traditional society.
: 2 s
sub—economy, the production and sale of milk was subject to certain limi
tations imposed by the total economy.
Added to these were the constraints
imposed by the hierarchical nature of the traditional Indian Social orga
nization.
Despite such constraints, as we shall presently see, the coop
erative dairying in the district acted as a powerful catalytic agent
stimulating and inducing far-reaching changes in the social, economic
and political fields.
J'or the different social groups within.the society the milk economy, as a
sub-system within total agricultural economy, became either an auxiliary,
intermediate or subsistence economy.
Let us explain each of these in some
detail.
In his socio-economic survey of a village called Valasan in Kaira District
Professor BK Amin reported that in 1958-59, "the net income from the sale
2
of milk was nearly one-half of the total agricultural income . In the
1970s, however, it would be extremely unlikely that a village in the
district would earn half of its total income from the sale of milk. In
fact the three case-studies undertaken reveal the following proportion
of income from the sale of milk snsodar(55 p.c.):0de (10 p.c.),
godhara (25 p.c.).
Khad-
The relatively higher rate of investment in agricul
ture, increasing preference for cash crops such as tobacco and cotton,
and above all the new and improved methods of cultivation have made the
persistence of Valasan phenomenon extremely unlikely.
In most villages
of the district, therefore, the income from the sale of milk constituted
for the bulk of the farmers an auxiliary income.
Even as an auxiliary economy the production of milk underwent a change
with the gradual increase in the economic resources of the average farmer.
The farmers who in the past had heavily depended on the sale of milk
showed a marked preference for diversifying their investment between
additional buffaloes and land,
bo far as the upper castes within the
Hindu social organization are concerned their preference for land was
unmistakable.
Such social groups also possessed resources to be able to
get greater yield from land.
Lower down the social scale, economic
considerations often got mixed with status considerations resulting again
2, See_,iq. th^q-conps^ien RK Amin, Valasan (Vidyanagar, Sardar
Vallabhbhai Vidyapeeth, 1964). P.26.
s 5 :
in preference for land.
Within the different socio economic groups one
could even identify the optimum milk producing capacity.
Sucha phenome
non, which was a product of a mixture of economic as well as status con
siderations, necessarily constrained milk economy to an auxiliary position.
While the bulk of farmers supplemented their agricultural income by means
of the sale of milk, and even welcomed the year round income which it
brought, the more prosperous ones took more and mere to agriculture.
The desire for social mobility on the part of the milk producing group
compelled them to treat milk economy also as an intermediate economy.
The
two of the major milk-producing castes in the district were the Kshatriyas
and the venkars (ex-untouchables).
While the possession of buffaloes
gave steady income, it, however, did not add much to one's social standing
or the sense of security.
Consequently, the Kshatriyas in search of higher
social recognition, after a quantum of investment in buffaloes, gradually
shifted their investment to land.
The case of the Venkars was, however, different.
they were an upwardly mobile caste.
In an economic sense
They worked very hard and ploughed
their savings back into the building up of their capital resources.
In
the traditional rural settings ci India they displayed the Weberian
"protestant ethic" at its best.
In the bulk of the villages in the dist
rict, the Venkars were the mainstay of the milk producing peasantry.
For the average Venkar his economic standing was way ahead of his social
position, as an ex-untouchable, within the social heirarchy.
Obsessed
with the need for social mobility the Venkars put an enormous emphasis on
education and urban employment for their children.
Within the urban mass
the Venkars could function, to a great extent, without the disadvantages
of their sodal origin.
Consequently, the Venkar families continually
sent their young men to the urban centres for employment.
In the absence
of their young man the old Venkar families often switched their invest
ment from buffaloes to land,
'■‘■'he possession of additional land enhance
the Venkar prestige not only amongst their own kinsmen but also in the
village as a whole.
Furthermore.. the ownership of land gave them the
hope that their children, after a spell of work in the cities, would
eventually return to the village and look after the land.
S 4 8
For the average venkar, therefore, the income from milk become an instru
ment of economic development and social mobility which, after a point,
within his own scheme of things, became secondary.
In that sense the
Venkars also treated the milk economy as an intermediate economy in their
own social and economic mobility.
Finally, the segment of rural community which tends to treat the milk
economy as a means of partial or total subsistence.
In the bulk of
villages in the district they constitute nearly 15 to 20 percent of the
total population.
Such a segment consists of the seasonally employed
labourers, widows without relatives or resources, etc.
in some cases, small pieces cf land.
'ihcy also possess,
Whenever, the village coops, came
out with a programme of making loans for the purchase cf buffaloes
available, this group made the maximum use of it.
There were a few
defaulters in the repayment of the loans but they were mostly from the
> I higher income groups.
Since this group depended for its subsistence on the income received frera
the sale of milk it could increase its resources only through the mechanism
of loans.
So far as the milk coops were concerned each case of its inabi
lity to recover the amount of loan potentially
threatened it with the
lowering of its audit rating by the head quarters at Anand. Consequently
the village milk coop often tried to play safe by not activating the lean
mechanism itself.
The milk coop thus could not always reach, with the
best of intentions, the segement of village social which needed its help
the most.
Despite such constraints, largely imposed by the nature of the milk
economy, on the one hand, and the social character of the milk producers,
on the other, the cooperative dairying in rural India was able to trigger
off changes in different areas cf society, economy, and polity.
The three
case-studies undertaken by us revealed the emergence of s
i.
rational economic perceptions and priorities;
ffles;
and iii. the managerial shift.
in seme details,
ii. the ethnic reshu
We shall examine each of these
and then go on to analysing,
iv. certain general
aspects cf social change which were common to the bulk of rural commun
ities in the district as a result cf their exposure to cooperative
dairying.
i
i.
5
5
Rational jbconomic Perceiitions and. Priorities s ..SOD.Jt
In one of his perceptive papers Professor Raymond Firth, the wellknown
anthropologist, had argued, that in smaller units of operation farmers
are often able to make rational economic decisions.
In his words;
"............... In the microeconomic sphere peasants are well aware
of the possibilities of rational economic actions and make
x
strong endeavours to better their economic position."
This observations was borne out by our case-study of a village called
.esudar, especially with reference to the working of its milk coop. Situated
approximately twenty miles from the dairy headquarters at nnand, the
village had a population of 5»000 and was located in a relatively less
prosperous sub-district of Kaira.
The establishment of popular institutions in rural India stimulated among
the people the desire tv participate across the social and economic divisions.
Initially social
groups which could muster large numerical support from
among their own ranxs started entering public institutions and controlling
them.
Their participation drives were motivated by the considerations of
power and status.
Io this, however, there was one exception, namely, the
milk cooperative society.
The public participation within it reflected
a concern fur Certain rational economic priorities.
That is to say that
the high tide of popular participation had voluntarily refrained itself
from dislodging those people from office who had proven their ability to
run an economic institution like the milk coop, most efficiently and in
a business like fashion.
Right from the early year of the establishment of the milk cooperative
the villagers made a decision not to drag their conflicts based on ethnic
cleavages into the cooperative body.
Such a resolve remained unabregated.
The milk coop as an organization, the people of Ascdar maintained, was
a means of their livelihood and economic development and therefore,
ought to be managod by those who were likely to run it with utmost
efficiency.
By contrast the same people did not feel the need to conform
J. See in this connection "Social Structure and Peasant Economy;
The Influence of 'Social Structure on Peasant Economy" by Raymond
Firth in Subsistence agriculture and Economic Development, edited
by Clifton R.Whartn (Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co.,1969),P.J5-
: 6 :
to such a self-imposed discripline when the panchayat (local council)
was in question.
The panchayat thus became an area for the expression of
one's power and status drives where as the milk cooperative -remained
an organization for getting the best returns, in tangible economic terms,
for one's milk output.
The village had acquired its milk coop during a drive for increased
After completing the first decade
membership launched by the jjaul Dairy.
of its most successful existence, the top leadership of the Dairy pene
trated deeper into the district to increase its membership.
Asodar was
one cf the village on which it had concentrated its efforts.
The village came to have its milk coop in 1956 amidst its own hopes and
fears.
Earlier it had tried its hand at various kinds of coops but each
time the intense ethnic conflicts between the two agriculturist castes
in the area, namely, the patid. rs and the Kshatriyas— over land, social
status, and political power----- had wrecked the possibility of a cooperat
ive venture.
Such conflicts were also reflected in all other public
bodies including the panchayat.
Of the two contending groups, the Patidars and the Kshatryiyas, the
latter, being economically more backward, had a greater need for the milk
cooperative.
At the time when the milk coop came into existence, a young
Kshatriya leadership’which happened to be in power in the panchayat, was
able to work cut an operative relationship with an equally young Patidar
leadership across the ethnic divide.
Together they prepared the ground
work for a milk coop, in the village.
When the milk coop finally came to existence, the large number of
Kshatriya shareholders could have elected officebearers for it from
■ among their own ranks but they did hot.
Instead they elected merchant
caste men, generally known for their business acumen, or Brahmins or even
Patidars.
During each milk coop election for electing office-bearers,
j over a period of nearly two decades, the average Kshatriya showed a pre
ference for someone who would enhance his economic interests rather than
a more kinsman.
JUnctionally speaking, the two public bodies, the panchayat and the milk
coop, catered to two different needs of the village.
Unlike the bureau-
crativcally. well-oilded machine of the milk co-op, where very little
: 7 s
was left to human chance the panchayat had remained a scene of sponteneity
and confusion.
The only discipline the members of the panchayat could
exercise was the self-discipline and that was hard to come by.
as
opposed
to the could staristics and the ledger-bond world of the milk coop, the
members of the panchayat were often engaged in guesswork while trying to
solve their problems.
Despite this the panchayat complemented the rigidly structured situation
of the milk coop.
The members of the panchayat seemed aware of the wide
range of freedoms which the institution had conferred upon them together
with a relatively higher formal status and substantive village wide powers
vis-a-vis the milk coop.
While the milk coop imposed a rigid discipline
in the name of economic interests of its shareholders, the panchayat
became an arena for the search of human dignity and equality often mistaken
for squabbles.
What was extraordinary in all this, however, was the distinction which the
same group of villagers had learnt to make whenever thc-y switched from one
institution to another.
Temporally speaking, the milk coop had come after
the panchayat nevertheless, it had succeeded in driving home the subst
antive difference between the two public
institutions.
while the villagers needed the milk coop for their livelihood, they also
needed the panchayat as an instrument of ethnic reshuffle.
The middle and
the lower ethnic groups in the village had often used the panchayat for
their own social mobility.
The Kshatriyas, despite their search for a higher status than what was
accorded to rh^m by the social hierarchy of the village, had learnt not
to use
the representative mechanism of the milk coop for their social
objectives.
As a group they used
the panchayat for their status drives
but refrained from using the milk coop for a similar purpose.
Over the years the milk coop had succeeded inculcating the need to make
a rational distinction between the two different public bodies.
What
is more it had also succeeded in inculcating a healthy respect for a
public insituation as such.
After the establishment of the milk coop
in the village the earlier tendency of indiscriminately running down
the public institution had tapered off.
There was now praise for the
work which the milk' coop had done without attempts at harsh comparative
: 8 :
judments as to the performance of other public bodies.
Over the years the average shareholder in the village had perceived the
need to run the milk coop by means of a different set of rules then these
he had adopted in other institutions.
Such a separation, within a common
democratic process of the community, was indeed a grate step forward.
It, as a matter of fact, reflected the growing maturity of judgement on
the part of the villagers based on a rational estimate of priorities for
the working of different public institutions.
In all this the milk coop
itself, as a public body, had played no small part in making a rational
discrimination of priorities possible.
ii.
The ethnic Reshuffles ; ODE
Within the hierarchically ordered social organization of India any ethnic
struggle for human dignity and social equality is bound to involve, sooner
or later, all major public institutions of the community including the
milk coop.
Such a social involvement of the milk coop, if it takes place
at a certain level of economic development, then the chances are that it
will serve a twin purpose
of continued economic advancement and of ethnic
reshuffle, the latter especially through the respresentative mechanism
of the milk coop.
In this section, we shall identify the dual purpose
served by the milk coop,
of an economically prosperious rural community
called Ode.
Ode is one of the most prosperous communities in the district and because
of its population of fifteen thousand, it is now classed as a small
town.
Its income from the sale of milk constitutes a small proportion of
its total agricultural income especially from cash crops such as tobacco
and cotton.
while the villages surrounding Ode had their own milk coop, the rich
farmers within the community had successfully resisted the idea of
having one in Ode itself.
Whenever the small landowners and the season
ally employed labourers approached the leaders with a request for a milk
coop, they were invariably told that such an organization would not be
in the interest of the poor.
The rich farmers brought milk from the
milk producers, made ghee (purified butter) for themselves, and gave
away the chhas (butter milk) free of charge to the poor.
The rich
therefore claimed that to many a poor villagers the chhas was a great
: 9 :
source of nourishment.
The chhas argument was essentially phoney.
At the root of it there was
the unwillingness on the part of the rich farmers to have a milk supply of
their own.
What they wanted, on the other hand, was a regular as well as
inexpensive supply of milk from those who maintained buffaloes.
Consequ
ently, the milk producers of Ode had to wait for a number of years till
the ethnic cleavages among the rich farmers themselves led to the establish
ment of a milk coop.
The inauguration of the milk coop in Ode came at the climax of a prolonged
ethnic struggle for power and status between the two segments of an agri
culturist caste, namely, the Patels.
The Patels of Ode were divided into
the Patidars (the local residents), and the Kunbis (the migrant labourers
who came to work on the farms of the Patidars a long time ago).
For a
number of years the patidars considered the Kunbis as their social inferiers.
On their part the Kunbis resented the status of inferiority.
In 1951 when
the electoral roll for the first general election in India was under pre
paration, the Kunbis petitioned for the dropping of the name "KUNBI" in
front of their home.
Like the Patidars they too wanted to be known as
Patels.
By early 1960s, the bulk of the Kunbis, who worked as tenants on the farms
of the Patidars, came to acquire very fertile tracts of Patidar land under
the Land Tenancy Act.
Nearly half of the Patidar land came into the
possession of the Kunbis.
While the Patidars could not check the growth
of Kunbi's economic power they still hoped to keep the Kunbis out of the
public institutions of Ode.
It was against such a background that the
Kunbis decided to listen to the clamour of the milk producers for a milk
coop.
Earlier the Patidars had consistently opposed the idea of a milk coop for
Ode.
The kunbis, on the other hand, having made up their minds in favour
of a milk coop, proceeded first of all to deposit the required amount with
the dairy headquarters in Anand and then began enlisting shareholders.
Most of the shareholders were either Kunbis or from the poorer segments
of the community.
Aven the- subsequent expansion of shareholders was
confined to these two segments only.
The bulk of the milk producers were
grateful to the kunbis for their efforts.
So far as the Kunbis were
concerned, for the first time they came to enjoy formal status in a
S 10 5
public institution.
Although the Patidars deeply resented the Kunbi entry
into the public life of 0des their own political skill failed to match with
that of the kunbis.
The Kunbis of Ode did a remarkable job of managing the milk coop.
Not only
did the milk coop brin_, economic prosperity to ihe milk producers, the
very cooperative endeavour was extended co the establishment of a cooperative
bank and a cooperative consumer store in Ode.
So far, as a .public institution, the milk coop had facilitated an
reshuffle between the Kunbis and the Patidars.
ethnic
In that respect the milk
coop had become an instrument of social justice at the hands of a socially
oppressed group.
Nevertheless, its real test as an instrument of social
■justice would come when ethnic groups socially lower than the Kunbis begin
to seek its instrumentality for their social mobility and participation.
iii.
The Managerial Shift; Khadgodhara.
For centuries women have looked after milch cows and buffaloes but their
role as the principal manager of the milk economy has reraly been recognised,
let alone their managerial input into the economy as such.
In the words
of Professor Raymond Firth;
"Most anthropologists and economists have probably consistently
under rated the role of women as manageress in the economic
process." 4
In a rural community called Khadgodhara the situation was different. So-
very far-reaching was the extent of social change in it, as a result of
the impact of cooperative dairying, that it was not difficult for its '
women folk to acquire the formal recognition for 'themselves as the prin
cipal managers of its milk economy.
Right from the chair person and the
members of the executive committee of the milk coop down to the average
shareholder, the women of the village looked after its entire milk
economy.
The village as we shall see, was neither typical nor indicative
of a new trend,
What it represented, on the other hand, was a situation
wherein the social change and its implications were assimilated by the
community enough to allow its women folk to man the organization of the
milk coop.
.
Asn.dV
-a
-
Situated nearly fifty miles from Anand, in a relatively backward sub
district of Kaira, the village Khadgodhara gave the impression of being
in the middle of nowhere.
was in poor shape.
The main road leading to it, relatively speaking,
Unlike most other villages in the district, Khadgodhara
did not even have electricity.
Furthermore, because of its past notoreity
as an outlaw village, it was even considered to be a penal colony for
the district administrators.
From such a position, Khadogdhara, a village
of thirteen hundred population had indeed come a long way.
The establishment
of a milk coop there, less than a decade ago, had transformed the economic
and social life of the community.
The circumstances which brought into existence a milk ccop, entirely managed
by women, were most unusual.
Before Khagodhara came to have its own milk
coop another village, at a distance c. f a mile, had one.
While the womenfolk
of Khadgodhara took the milk to the neighbouring village, twice a day, they
did net particularly relish the idea ..i walking such a long distance.
Moreover, as nonsharehclders rhe milk producers of Khadgodhara did not get
their share of the annual bonus.
Instead the■additional amount of bonus
was distributed among the share holders of the village where the milk
coop was located.
7
Cons e quentl-y-, in 1964-_thcjzillage.rs -approached the
officials_sfL_the.-Amul-llairy-j-zita^a plea for c.ur.ilk coop,_but were unable
u
Meanwhile the village witnessed the emergence of a dynamic women leader.
A Brahmin widow was first of all elected to the panchayat as a member and
later on, in 1967, as its chairperson.
For a backward village such as
Khadgodhara this was indeed an important event.
During the following year
she happened to attend a seminar where some top officials of Amul Dairy
spoke on the need of improve economic conditions of the rural masses by
means of cooperative dairying.
That gave the lady her much awaited opport
unity .
After the seminar she approached the same officials at the Amul
Dairy.
Their response to her plea for a milk ccop was that since
Khadgodhara was so cluse to another village with a milk coop what might
justify an additional coup is a ncval idea on which it could be based.
Looking at the enthusiastic lady their suggestion was that if the women
of Khadgodhara undertook to lock after the milk coop then the allocation
of a coop there might bo justified.
; 12 :
The lady was simply thrilled, at the prospect of enlisting women to look
after the coop.
The women of the village were equally enthusiastic and. in
the shortest possible time they got a milk coop going.
What started, as a
gimmick, of women locking after a public institution, caught on.
The
women who ultimately manned the organization became deeply involved in
what they were doing.
In a sense they found an institutional expression
and formal recognition for an activity that they were engaged in all along.
/Such an extra ordinary managerial shift in a sector of rural economy would
i not have been possible but for the availability of leader-ship and the
I assimilation of the norms of social equality by the community.
I
The ethnic composition of the buffalo owning group also made such a response
all the more easier.
Of all the social groups in the village the Venkars
(ex-untouchable) and the Muslims possessed relatively larger number of
buffaloes.
The milk coop in the neighbouring village despite directive
from Amul, had not encouraged Venkai women, because of their low social
origin, to bring their milk.
And so far as the Muslim women were concerned,
their husbands, with their traditional protective attitude to women, were
the least keen on their womenfolk going cut to another village twice a day.
Consequently, when the campaign for enrolling women as share holders in
Khadgodhara was afoot, the Vc-nkar and Muslim women were the first to enlist.
The Brahmin lady in fact succeeded in enrolling one women per household,
a feat which literally astounded the organizers at .Amul.
To-day all the
shareholders along with their organizers are women.
The entry of women into the formal positions - as shareholders, members of
the executive, and chairman - has had far-reaching consequences on their
outlook.
They now face the males in their business as well as social
dealings more confidently than before.
As could be expected, they are
less inhibited while dealing with men frem cutside than inside the village.
The women organizers of the milk coop are to doubt aware of the fact that
they have intruded into a domain traditionally reserved for men.
In the
past women looked after the cattle, milkshed them, and took the milk for
sale wherever necessary.
But it was always the men who occupied formal
positions in organizations connected with the purchase and sale of milk.
how that the women were in, at least in one such organization, they had
to give a good account of themselves.
They were therefore, forced to
: 15 :
display a level of efficiency and organization which they thought will
meet with the approval of the scrutinizing mon of the village, the dist
rict, and the umul Dairy.
The standard of their performance was thus
expected to he higher than what was required elsewhere.
The village Khadgodhara was mercifully free from the intense ethnic con
flicts normally to be found in this district between the two agriculturist
castes, namely the Patidars and the Kshatriyas.
Consequently, the
organizers of the milk coop could draw support from all the social groups
of the village.
V/ith the establishment of the milk coop there came into
existence a cross-ethnic managerial group of women which at once represent
ed the whole village.
Unlike the Panchayat, the organizers of the milk
coop represented a cohesive group.
The women and more particularly those who were involved in the day to day
;
running of the milk coop, well across the ethnic divide, gave a secondary
position to their personal ambition or status.
Having holdly entered man's
traditional domain of formal organization and status, it was far too
important for them to succeed in what they had undertaken to do collect
ively.
Consequently, their obsession with success shielded them from
potential divisiveness.
between the men and women of the village, because of the milk coop, no
conflict situation had arisen.
The fact that the women had constituted
its organizing personnel had helped the village to have its own coop.
men did not grudge it.
The
Nevertheless, the real test of their attitude to
_women would have__g_ome__in a mixed situation where_men and__women worked
side by side,
in organization entirely run by the women fell short of
arousing the jealousy and suspicion of men as to what the women were
upto.
So far as the women were concerned their organizational activity,
despite its formal aspects, was the natural extension of a managerial
activity they were already engaged in at a non-institutional level.
Some General aspects of Social Change.
This then brings us to the identification of certaingeneral
aspects of
social change which were noticeable in the bulk of rural communities in
the district as a result of their exposure to cooperative dairying some
of them are as follows'.
: 14 s
1.The milk coop as a conjoint economic activity across the ethni divide.
Within the traditional rural economy no specific economic activity can be
considered to be jointly under taken by the community across its social
harripts.
That is true even of the traditional Indian Jajmani system
whereby the varimis castes take on their basic occupational functions of
mutual exchange of goods and services.
v<hile the Jajmani system doubt
lessly complemented the mutual need for goods and services, its benefits
to the different social groups were grossly dispropertionate.
As a system,
it was heavily weighted in favour of castes which produced agricultural
products with an unfair deal for those who had nothing but their services to
offer.
Moreover, within it as a rule the lower the social stratum
offering, its services, the greater was the element of injustice done to
it.
Cooperative dairying, on the other hand, cut across such an arrangement of
disproportionate benefits by ironing out the economic disadvantages imposed
by the social hierachy, particularly on the lower and the ex-untouchable
castes.
Regardless of their social background the milk coop treated all
its shareholders as equals.
It thus proved to be a great social equalizer
and also a maker of a new community of the milk producers.
The greatest beneficiary of the new economic community were the ex-untouchablos who constituted roughly about ten percent of the population.
Since
milk is an edible substance, in the traditional socially the ex-untouchables
could not even
dream of selling it for common consumption.
Once the
social barrier to their milk producing activity was removed by the milk
coop, the ex-untouchables became the largest producers of milk in the
district,
apart from the great increase in their income, through the sale
of milk, the opening up of an opportunity
to contribute to any thing that
was ediable for the community as a whole was psychologically most reass
uring to them.
The milk coop, in other words, helped them to circumvent
the disadvantages imposed by the hierarchical social organization.
Once
the response of the entire community to the milk coopwas secured, the
expansion of its organization became the responsibility of all the share
holders alike.
The milk coop thus forged fresh bonds in the community by
giving it a new economic identity and purpose.
s 15 •
2.The Potential for the economic development of the poor through the milk
coop.
In a sense the milk coop seemed, to favour those milk producers who could
minimise their own consumption and exchange their product for cash. ..ns a
rule the poor kept very little milk for their personal consumption and took
the rest to the coop.
of saving milk.
The rich, on the other hand, did not think in terms
Their domestic milk consumption was heavily weighted in
favour of the use of ghee (purified butter).
Consequently, they had pro
portionately much less milk to sell to the milk coop.
often aroused rhe jealousy of the rich.
Such a_situation
On their part, therefore, they
often floated the rumour that the children of the poor, due to the dep-
rivation of milk, had very weak eyesights and were forced to put on glasses
at an early age.
The segments of society which benefitted the most as a result of the milk
\ \ coop were mostly from the lower half of the social organization.
Jimong
them the propensity to produce and sell more milk, buy buffaloes or land
with the help of one's savings, was aoout the highest. Some of the social
groups which, barely two decades ago, were classed as- economically back
ward, had registered marked increased not only in their income but also in
their ability to invest in capital resources.
The income from sale of milk, psychologically speaking, came to be looked
upon in a number of cases, as an extra income, and therefore not meant
from subsistence as such.
It was often considered to be meant for some
thing which would give or enhance one's economic security.
So strong was
the desire to save, despite the lack oi capacity in all cases, that in
I i
I certain villages the milk coops were requested to make weekly instead of
-daily payments for milk.
Moreover, the income from milk was considered to have been earned by the
women, who in most cases looked after the buffaloes and took the milk to
the coop.
Men, therefore, often conceded the claim of the women that it
was their income and in the spending of which they should have the
maximum say.
Despite pressures of subsistence
spending women often saved pin money
which gradually accumulated into
a sizable
sum for the higher items
such as the purchase of additional buffalo land, repairs of dwelling,
s 16 ;
ornaments expenses for wedding, etc.
Over the years there have been significant increases in the number of
buffaloes owned by the social groups that were not considered to be
economically well off.
Not only that such groups also used their income
from milk in order to increase their land holdings.
?cr instance the Venkars
of the village Asodar made use of their income from milk to increase their
land holdings as well as the number of buffaloes.
Venkars had 100 acres of land.
have 250 acres of land.
In 1918, JO families of
Whereas in 1974, 60 families of Venkars
Nearly 25 acres of the additional land was acquired
in the last ten years by increasing their milk output among other sources
of income.
Again, the kshatriyas of Asodar made use of their extra income from milk
to pay off their loans for requiring land under the Land Tenancy Act. While
the older generation of Kshatriyas put a great
emphasis on land acquisition,
the younger Kshatriyas used their savings from milk income to buy land as
well as buffaloes.
3.The Milk Coop as an Outpost of Rationalities within the Rural Community.
The milk coop was a symbol of what all could be achieved by means of
organization, technology and social concern.
The various facets activity -
insistences on the quality of milk, the way it was collected, tested and
transported, regular cash payments, specially prepared cattle feed, unI
failing visits by the vets, artificial insemination, etc., - had made the
farmers marvel, right down the line, at the organization, technology, and
the trained low-keyed personnel who regularly visited them.
Through its
diverse and yet interconnected activity, the milk coop had exposed the
farmers to a highly technologized problem - resolution culture.
Consequently, in their search for solutions, in other compartments of
life, the farmers had often used the expression, "something like the
Dairy" or "similar to what the dairy does".
For the farmers therefore
the milk coop had become the symbol of the modern technological culture
which could
be put to use in solving other problems.
The farmers often expressed their amazement at the details of milk
procurement, processing, and marketing worked cut by the dairy organiz
ation at Anand.
They often contrasted its efficiency with the frustrat-
ingly cumbersome bureaucratic machinery of the government.
5 17 5
To be exposed to various aspects of dairying meant an insight into a
series of intricate disciplines that were implicit in its working. Such
an exposure had oriented the average farmer, particularly in related
areas, to view his own problems much move rationally.
The exposure of the farmers to the concept of an organization based on
the principle of cooperation also had a salutory effect.
Apart from the
fact that every one in the organization was assured of his own fair
share, some farmers even underlined the concept of organization for deal
ing with extra-ordinary situations such as famines or epidemics.
In
■their view the villages which were exposed to the working of milk coops
were likely to organize themselves more efficiently in order to face
extra ordinary situations.
4.Gradual Assimilation of the Importance of Time;
Work in the traditional society, by and large, is guided by the cycles of
seasons and agricultural crops.
When the work is there in the fields
what matters is its disposal.
The notion of appartioning specific time
to specific work was not required by most forms of economic activity
which the farmers undertook.
Even in the case cf employment of agricultural
labour, wages were mostly paid either on the basis of day's work or the
disposal of the specific work.
So far as the concept of hourly time is concerned, it was imposed in
recent years by the state transport buses and in certain cases by the bidi
(.cigarette) factories.
But in the agricultural activity proper, the
notion of hourly time had not made any inroads.
With
the coming of milk
coop, however, and the need to deposit milk twice a day at specific times,
made the average milk producers aware of the importance of hourly time.
Through the milk coop the concept of hourly time became a matter of
universal concern for the entire village.
Tor the farmers who lived on distant farms, an interpretation of time,
without a watch particularly during winter months, often became very
deceptive.
Consequently, a number .oX milk coops.used powerful motor
drivensirens to Inform such farmers of the milk delivery times. A
number of milk coops also had their own buildings with clock towers.
These were most helpful to the villagers.
s 18 ; •
The slow in road, of the hourly time into the life of an average villager
is bound, to have far-reaching repercusions of his economic activity.
It
, remains to be seen whether the wages of agricultural labour come to be
determines, in practice, on the bt
is of hourly time or not.
Such a poss
ibility in the near future cannot be ruled, out.
5.The Changing health Pe..ceptxo..-i.
The perception of health care of the milk producers, wherever the milk
coop was located, rapidly changed.
Having been exposed, to the entire range.
------------—
of activity connected with cattle health, .the farmers have increasingly
demanded more...extension. health^se.rv.icea...£ox_..th.ems.ely.e.Sj_ Their changing
perception of healthcare had often made them extremely critical of what
.I
was available, in terms of health service, in district clinics.
In one
village the farmers stated that their animals were better off than them-
selves.
Such changes in health perceptions of the villagers, as a result of their
exposure to the range of health care activity undertaken by the milk coop,
particularly in the field of artificial insemination of the buffaloes,
had its own effect on their aitltud;
io family planning.
While it is
difficult to establish a causal relationship between the widespread pra
ctice of the artificial insemination end the attirude to family planning,
what became evident, nevertheless, was the changing view of the farmer
i/ that the . _ze and the health of h.
family was a. matter of manipulation
rather than something on which one had no control.
The three rural communities
oy ;.s, icr tne purposes of case
studies, revealed an extraordinary interest in family planning.
Over„_and
above, the milk coop, the district and state employees, together with the <
scheme of awarding prizes such as watches, transistors, and bicycles for °
taking individuals to the clinics had given a momentum to the family
planning activity..- In the rural communities the people of all the social
‘segments expressed the view that family planning was most desirable for
one's standard of living as well-being.
Since it was considered to be
most desirable the male leaders upto the age group of mid-forties uniformally claimed that they had got themselves operated.
While their claims
were no doubt exaggarated what was nevertheless evident was the emerging
social norm, to which such leaders felt the need to conform, if not in
deed, in words at least.
Given the time such a norm was bound to
: 19 :
translate itself into practice.
The various regional clinics reported an uneven family planning activity
in the three communities,
between November and February, the winter
months more people visited the clinics than during the rest of the year.
In certain year (.197'0» intense campaign resulted in a five-fold increase
in the incidence of family planning and then it tapered off.
between
1966 and 1971» sterilizations were mostly confined to women but in 1971
males visited clinics in big numbers and out numbered women.
Socially speaking, the ethnic groups which stood in an emulative relation
ship with each other also followed each other to the clinics.
For instance,
the agriculturist caste of Patidars was followed by the Kshatriyas to the
clinics.
The same was true of the members of the extended families, one always led
the others to the clinics.
The groups at the top and bottom of the social
hierachy, namely the Brahmins and the Venkars, despite relatively high
education, did not show much interest in going to the clinic.
wherever
Finally
the religious minorities such as the Muslims and Christians were
not densely located in a community, the^ tended to conform to the general
pattern of visit to the clinic.
These than are some of the profiles of social change in rural India as
brought about, directly or indirectly, independently or in conduction with
other forces, by cooperative dairying.
The social change, as is evident
was preceeded by a structural change.
The establishment of the institution
of milk coop in various rural communities acted as a catalytic agent,
despite a number of constraints,
bringing about a number of changes in
the social and economic life of the district.
The foregoing pages merely indicate the beginning of work in the area of
social change that has been undertaken by us.
We hope to follow this up
by means of a more intensive and regorous analysis of the various facets
of social change that is taking place in a traditional society in
transition.
fo&ah snp s vnu: JOO s 27.7 • 78
sev j . y
._ —-—
Hj
( Atvaajo )
IjENTIF/INS TS3 CRITICAL CCldfCi'ENTS IN A
SUCCESSFUL CC-OTjGATITEs
-
Bys Dr. A.A, Chothani
Director (FO&AE)
IBD3, Anand.
A bright spot on Co-operatives in India is the successful experience of
the ilaira District Co-operative i-Iilk Producers' Union Ltd. (j’ASJL/. This
Cooperative, centres on the formation and operation of hundreds of
village milk producers' cooperatives (a typical member owns two buffaloes
and tills less than one hectacre,. These village level cooperatives are
welded together into a cooperative Union (AilUL; which owns and operates
its own facilities for milk and feed processing, collection and distri
bution and provides its members a full range of technical services. The
Union is responsible for setting milk prices and never refuses to buy
milk in any quantity from its members. Besides being assured of a round
the year market for their milk, members are provided with a package of
services which include routine veterinary health, breeding coverage,
concentrate feed, fodder seeds and training.
The village cooperatives are practising democracy by living it. There
is no favour shown to any individual or community nor a sense of caste,
creed or status prevails. These cooperatives besides collecting milk,
paying twice a day to the members supplies on the basis of quantity
and quality and having an intensive system to infuse technical inputs
in collaboration with the union also serve as the retail outlets for the
sale of balanced cattle feed and fodder seeds. Using a part of their
annual net returns, these societies contribute substantially towards
the community development work in the villages. This includes the
building of schools, libraries, health centres, youth activities, roads,
water supplies, cattle development and cooperative extension.
The Union, which now is a cohesive apex of some 2,43,000 farmers from
837 villages of Kaira, has a Board of Directors elected on a complete
democratic pattern from these villages. This farmers' elected Board
governs the Union whereas the market oriented management of hired
professionals operate it. Since beginning the Union realized that
viability of a milk producer will depend on the difference between his
cost of milk production and what he realizes out of it. Consequently,
the market was ^created at his door where he pours his milk7~gets paid
twice a. day^nnd is, free from his wornes. The on-ward transportation of
milk is the responsibility of the Union. Side by side AMUL has always
tried to upgrade its services with a package of inputs.
Following the spectacular success of AHUL, other unions in different
districts of Gujarat were organized on similar lines, and have amalgamated
themselves into a State level federation. Not only this, the experience
has encouraged the Government of India and other states to foster the
establishment of similar programmes in other parts of the country.
contd....2/-
: 2 s
Therefore in dentifying the critical components of a successful
cooperative, we nay take -Ai.'JL as a standard and analyse it. The various
components which can 'be listed, therefore may bes
1.
2.
J.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.
The system itself.
The Bye-laws.
The organisation of village cooperatives.
Pricing, Payment & Procurement.
Responsibilities of the Chairman, Members of the Managing
Committee and staff of the village cooperatives.
Responsibilities of the Union.
The leadership.
Timely solution of the problems arising in the process.
We will new enumerate the various parts
*
It must have been clear from the foregoing lines that the whole system
is a two-tier one. The base level unit being the village cooperatives
and the apex unit being the district union.. This has enabled the
farmers to derive the direct benefit from their own organisation and
at the same time put before their federated body, their demands,
suggestions and grievances, if any.
The unique postal system operated
by the milk .transport turcka has-bought^the farmers'members in. contacjF■with their federated .body twice a day. This two-way twice-&-day jBystgmuhas helped to bring_the. scientific ideas jorganised/adopted by the union
.to the ^individual members at the quickest possible ..time. On the other
hand any suggestion/requirement/complaint from the farmer's side can be
brought to the notice of the Union within almost no time.
Had there been any third agency in between these two there was possibility
of getting lost somewhere or the Union getting the distorted/delayed
information. If we analyse it in the light of economics, the entire
overheads on any intermediary organization have been wiped off leave
alone any Operational losses- end thereby the Union has been able to pay
better prices to its member-producers. If we analyse it in the light
of the healthiness of the set-up, any possible chances of creeping by
politics, vested interests, etc. are minimised.
2.
THE 3~fB-L£fS; ■
We will discuss the broad outlines of the Bye-laws of both the primary
societies and the Union. Of course, to discuss the complete 3ye-laws, may
not be possible within this short span of time, we will take up the
salient features of these Bye-laws. However, it will be worthwhile to
indicate that as both of these units (Society & Union/ are' an out and
out democratic set-up and hence it has bee n framed in such a manner that
every member has a say in it and that the policies are framed not on the
vindication of a single individual but on the common agreement of all the
participating members.
.......... V-
A:
Bye-lews of Erimery Societies?
We can deal this under the following sub-heads?-
i.
Object?
The objectives of a society are mainly?
a.
To provide facilities for more profitable marketing
of the commodity (milk in this case) through the Union.
b.
To take necessary steps to increase (milk) production
per unit (animal) and to give necessary guidance and
assistance to its members to achieve this.
c.
To undertake necessary (dairy) extension activities
and sale of nutritional inputs (cattle feed & fodder
production in this case;.
It nay be apparent by looking into the objectives that the society not
only strives to provide ready market for the commodity (nilk) produced
in the village but also helps in maintaining the inflow of it by
providing necessary technical and extension inputs to enhance the
production. It is worth while to note that these aspects are a part of
the obligation on the society and that any member has got his right
to demand for these/or question any deviations from these objectives.
ii.
Funds.
Various sources have been indicated for raising funds for the
society but two clauses are of significances'
a.
Amount on fixed or current deposits may be received at such
I a rate of interest and for such a period as nay be decided
by the managing committee, but the rate of the interest
’
this fixed and current deposits should be one percent
less than the rate on such deposits offered by the banks.
b. The total loans and deposits should not exceed ten times
1 the total amount of share capital, accumulated reserve fund
i and'building fund minus the accumulated losses. This means
that the liability of the society has been limited.
iii.
liembership.
Although there ore some pre-requisites which must be observed
while enrolling the members in a society, there is no restric
tion of any race, caste, creed, social status etc. The
important points that are worth mentioning are?
a.
,
Any man who wants to be ?. member of the society should have a cow/
buffaloe (raw material production unit, with bin.
b.
Ee has to supply milk (commodity) for atleast 100 days or 530 litres
to make his right of vote effective and make himself eligible to
contest the election for the Managing Committee of the society.
,
c.
The liability of a member does not exceed any unpaid ai~cunt_ on
shares subscribed by hit;. This means that by payring only the
share money he can be rest assured of the benefits rendered by
the Society and at the sane time his liability towards the
financial position of the society is always limited.
jfNo
d.
member shall have claim or any interest on the shares of the
society exceeding l/5th of the paid up share capital or Bs. 1,000/: whichever is less. This means that the share is always open to the
majority of the people and participation from all sectors is
ensured, and,
e.
k member is entitled to receive back his share/e after completion
of two years of bis possession of the shere/s but before making the
claim the person shall have to give a three months prior notice to
the society. However, the total amount of such refundable share
capital shall not exceed l/10th of the total paid up share capital
as shown at the close of the previous cooperative year (31th June).
iv.
General Meeting?
The General Meeting of the society has the supreme powers subject
to the state cooperative Act, rules & bye-laws. The general meeting
will be held every year within a period of three months after the
end of the cooperative year. Among its numerous functions, the
important ones can be enumerated as belowsa.
To receive the Managing Committee report on the working of the
society for the preceedirg year together with the statements
of trading account, profit & loss account and Balance sheet for
the year and to sanction the appropriation and distribution of
profit.
b.
To appoint the internal auditor and to sanction the budget for
the next year.
c.
To fix the limits of funds to be raised as permissible under the
Bye-laws.
d.
To make necessary amendments, additions, alterations etc. in the
Bye-laws and sub-laws of the society.
5/-
i
e.
5 :
In a general meeting, 2/5th of the total members or 20
whichever is less will fora a quorum. If, an the day of
the general meeting there is no quorum, the meeting shall
be held on another day and tine notified accordingly. If
on the day to which the neeting is adjourned, no quorun
is obtained after waiting for JG minutes, the business
shall be disposed off without e. quorum. At all the general
meetings, the president shall be elected by the members
present. Ho resolution passed in the annual general meeting
can be put for a change or cancellation within six months
from the date of resolution but if 2/j)rd of the members of
the Managing Committee are of the opinion that a particular
resolution is required to be changed or altered in the
interest of the society, and if the bistrict Registrar.
,agrees to such change, the Managing Committee may call a
special general meeting within six months for carrying out
such work.
A special general meeting of the -embers may be convened at
any time by a majority of the managing committee, or on
receipt of a requisition from l/5th or 53 members, or from
the directions of the federal body. The Chairman of the
society is duty bound to call such meetings within a month
of the receipt of such requisition
*
3ach members has one vote irrespective of the number of
shares held by him.
In case of any tie or any matter, the president has a casting
vote, over and above his general vote.
v.
Managing Committee.
The elected managing committee of the society consists of nine
persons of which l/jrd retire -every year in rotation. In any
meeting presence of more than Half of the members of committee
forms a quorun. The eligibility of a member to become or to
continue as a managing committee member has . been elaborated in the
Bye-laws. Some of the salient points are
*
a.
jl£._gjiguld not have direct or indirect interest in the property
purchased or_aald 'by tpe^societyor any other dealings with the
society.
"
~
~
~
- —
b.
He_shpuld—not_be_a .paid. employee of. this^or .anv other society
and should not be related to any of the paid employee of the
society.
------ —— - ------—--------
c- Jtg_-3k°uld not have performed duty as . ci_paid_.employ.ee for. the.
last trireg cooperative years...
d•
ne °r apy ag-iber of his joint .family should not-have any
^justness of the kind carried by the society no. has any portnership interest in such concerns.
....6/-
t
6
5
Any member who absents. .himself .for three conoecu^ian—tiges in_the meeting^
will cease to be the member of the managing committee. The committee nay
meet as many times as is deene3 fit, but atleasjt o~nee in_lA_nont5~Z The
Chairman of the committee ,i.o supposed ..to preside over the meeting but
in his absence the nenbers elect the Chatman' for the day, among tfiSHselves.
The decision taken by the Managing Committee is always by a vote of
majority. IIo member shall remain present aid vote on any natter in which
he has personal interest but if any decision is to be taken against him,
shall be given full opportunity to explain.
Cue of the duties of the Managing Committee enumerates that besides making
arrangements for raising funds and framing administrative rules for the
society, it has to take steps to increase milk (commodity/ production and
conduct necessary animal husbandry activities as per the directions of
the Union. This means that the society is a dynamic one and strives for
better production, hence better-returns, to its members.
/
For the day to day working of the society, the Managing Committee appoints
the necessary staff. The staff thus appointed are all paid employees and
have to furnish a surety (tangible/. The surety papers are kept in the
district cooperative bank to avoid any chance of tempering or loss.
The Secretary is duty bound to ensure payment to the members of the
y society twice a day, i.e. after every twelve hours from theetime of his
supply of milk.
Thus we can see that the whole set-up is a democratic one and the
participant farmers are the sole masters of their organization.
In the case of any serious mismanagement on the part of the managing
committee/society, thg-Jlegis trar can susoend the managing committee
and appoint an administrator.
vi.
Distribution of Profit
*
The gross profit for the year is declared in the annual general
meeting and the following deductions are riade1. a.
Interest.
xb.
Working expenses of the society.
'C.
Losses.
-d .
Depreciations.
,e.
3ed debts sanctioned by the Managing Coraiittee and unproved
by the District Registrar.
*
/ f.
Contribution, if any.
The balance is taken as net profit and is distributed as underJ-
a.
•' a.
25/ reserve fund.
b.
Dividend @ 9/ of the share holders on the value of their
paid-up share capital.
c.
2-jjo cooperative Education Fund.
.....7/-
5 7 •.
The remaining balance is distributed as follows
*
.— a.
65/o as bonus to the members in accordance with the price of
milk supplied by then to the society.
b.
10/ cattle development fund.
c.
1C/ charity fund.
'a.
10/? staff bonus.
'e.
5/<? cooperative propaganda fund.
vii.Miscellaneous
*
a.
To maintain uniformity, accounts and records are maintained
in the forms prescribed by the Registrar, Cooperative societies.
b.
The Chairman, or one or more members of the managing committee
and-—the-Secretary, as may be authorised by the managing comittee
have the powers jointly to execute documents, grant receipts,
sign shore certificates, make transactions with Bank and sign
cash book of the society.
c.
Any member of the society may inspect any of the registers or
records during office hours so far as it relates to his own
bus iness.
d.
Bach member is given a pass book and all his transactions with
the society are recorded in it.
e.
The election for the managing committee is by secret ballot
system.
B: Bye laws of the Union:
Among the objectives of the Bye-laws of the Union, the .folloxring may be
listed as important ones:a.
Purchase, pool, process, manufacture & distribute commodities
from the /timber of the affiliated societies.
b.
Purchase, process, manufacture, distribute and sell cattle feed.
c. Give veterinary and artificial insemination services and provide
medicines etc.
. --f=”d. Bender technical, financial, administrative and other necessary
helps to other similar schemes.
This makes clear that the Union has three main broad objectivess-
a.
To develop the marketing facilities for its members.
b.
To plough back the inputs to its members to maintain a profitable
relation between his investments and recovery and at the same time
maintain a continuous flow of the raw materials.
c.
To create conditions and renderhelp to_let_gro.w similar
organizations and~~there by proving a faith in co-existence.
...3/-
: 8 s
ii.
The funds for the union can be raised by almost similar sources as
that enumerated for the societies except that it can obtain gr^pta.
aids and subsidies from the Government and International .Agencies
and foreign collaborations.
The membership of the union is open to all the registered societies
engaged in Similar work (i.ilk Producers' Cooperative Society; and
no society once affiliated can be disaffiliated with out the
sanction of the Registrar, unless...it is dissolved.
The face value of each share is Us. 100/- and the liability of
7 -'5^ a member does not exceed the amount, if any unpaid on shares
'
subscribed.
iii.
The supreme authority vests with the General Meeting, which is
convened every year. The Chairman of the societies affiliated as
oa 31st March of the previous year shall be invited and may cast
their votes. A special General meeting can be called by the
majority of the Union or by the Registrar cooperatives or a federal
body to which the Union is affiliated. In meetings, a member can
bring forward any proposal by a majority of 2/3rd of those present
for any matter not specified in the agenda, provided he does not
propose the expulsion of another member or amendment in the 3ye-laws
Only the General Body has the powers to remove the Genera.l Manager .
The Board of Directors consists of 15 members as indicated belowsa.
12 elected represenatives of affiliated societies.
b.
One nominee of the Registrar of Cooperative Societies.
c.
One to be co-opted by the Board of Directors from experts in
the business.
The Board of Directors elect a Chairman and a Vice Chairman. No
member can be present or vote or any matter in which he has personal
interest.
This Board in the Interest of tie smooth execution of
the working of the Union, cay appoint two sub-committees. .Although
the Boar& appoints the .Genenal_Mc.nager,,.fixes_his reiauneratdon etc,.
The General.Manager is delegated with, the powers to appoint other
staff fix their remuneration and terminate than.
~
It i$ worth while to note.that although—the. Bogrdof Directors
appoints the -General Managers, he ear be removed by fee General
Bbuy only, aad tSupjEiving hioa free administrative limits to act
his best.. Also the other professionals ore being appointed by the
General Mar®ger, the^admiaistrutive decorum is always maintained'V"
-Bawev-er,—i-t-doas^not mean that the Managing Committee is not
aware of the day tp_day. developments, .rather.for ary policy
"decision, tKe"powers are with—iiz. always .
iv.
Distribution of frofit-
The gross profit made is declared in the Annual General Meeting
and the following deductions are tiedesa> Interest;
b, '.forking expenses;
c/ Losses
d> Depreciations;
e) Land assessment, cess and rent;
f/ Contribution to staff urovident fund.
s 9 8
g.
Gratuity for staff.
h.
Staff boras not exceeding three months salary and
i.
Income tax and its provision.
She net profit thus remaining is distributed as followsS-
a.
25/6 to reserve fund.
b.
To educational fund to the state cooperative union as required
under the State Cooperative Societies' Act.
c.
9/
the value of the paid up share capital as dividend to
members.
The remaining money is then distributed as under:a.
Upto 80/ towards bonus to the members in proportion to commodity
sold through union.
b.
10/ towards charity funds.
towards dividend equalization fund.
c.
2/
d.
5 Z’ towards cooperative propaganda fund.
e.
5/ for research work in allied industry.
Any change in the distribution of profits is to be made with the prior
approval of the Registrar of Cooperative Societies.
J. C2GAIUSIKG 0? VTLIAGB CCCSS^THVSSs
lie definitely do not want to enumerate the various proceedures
involved in the process nor we want to list the various extension
methods used to organize a village society. Mahatma Gandhi once
said " That Co-operative societies should be the link bindirg
parties together like a silver wire that holds the pearls together.
They can function like a water tight compartment of the ocean liner
and be the shock absorber in the economic organization. The secret
of a successful cooperative effort is that members must be honest
and know the great merits of cooperation and it must have a definite
progressive goal".
This means that while organising the village cooperatives, we have
to see that it has participation from all sections in the village
and that they all strive, together to progress towards a better
social and economical goal. Experience says that no s o o ne r _oneis
economically better off, he rjayproVe"gjsbcially better-off man.
This means that the organization of the cooperatives should primarily
aim at the economic viability of the set-up and the participant. The
base level unit should have always a profit showing balance sheet.
To ensure this we may enlist few essentialsJ-
...10/-
: 10
a.
The society should be in a position to proi ure enough raw material
(here-milk) to ear: i a gross income of 7 to 3/? of its volume of
business.
b.
The society should ensure that there is no spoilage/wastage while
collecting as well as despatching the milk to the union.
c.
The society should not spend more than,2.5 to 5/ of its inc_ocie__
- ..
.
~
"on the staff, etc.
Sone of the important points for consideration in organizing “
efficient running of a society may be put as«-
a.
Before starting the society proper spade work .ausit—fag—done in
tSe villages to create confidence in the farmers/producers .
b.
When a society is organised in a particular village, the
members of the Managing Committee should be elected in such a
meaner, that each locality/community of the village is represented.
This would avoid any party politics and the whole marketable
surplus milk of the village can be brought to the society.
c.
?arcers_of the village should hav-C—full—reliance on the staff,
_The selection of these persons should be decided_by__±he_Manggi^
Committee and not"by"those who orgahise_the_societies.
Training of.the staff of the society should be undertaken
beforestarting a new society^,... hence, no haste should" be" done
in-organizing and starting.
'----- ~~ '
--- ——---------e. filter the start of the society regular supervision should be
~ done"every_Jith ahd~5~£h day for atleast~"fourjaopths." ’
d.
f.
4.
Managing Committee members should meet every month, where
profit & loss account, breakage of equipments, sourage of milk
miscellaneous expenditure are produced by the Secretary and
• .proper resolution is passed and recorded, dorar.yloss, the
j! person responsible should be punished accordingly.
xBICIBG, gAfl-aiT & yEOClEdaijgiT?
Ls already indicated the Union of the cooperative societies
always looks that the price a producer gets from the sale of his
commodity should be greater than what he invests on its production.
Apparently, this means that the price paid to the producer suppliers
should always be remunerative and if this is not done, the commodity
nay find a better avenue for disposal.
Hence, the union formulates to pay on quality. As the commodity
in this case is mostly buffalo milk, the fat is taken as the basis
\ for payment. Better the milk, higher the fat, higher the price.
As time advanced, the need for formulating some different methods
for the purchase of cow milk was envolved, and the two axis
- pricing payment on fat as well as on solids-not-fat in milk was
introduced.
s 11 :
The aim is not to discuss the proceedure adopted and other aspects in
this, but to bring cut that the changing times have not stopped the
union in adopting the best possible pricing structure to ensure
remunerative payment to its members. Sound the year the producer is
paid a provisional price which is subject to increase at the end of the
year, not any decrease. The provisional price structure always gives a
margin on the price paid to the producer during the year and the actual
price worked cut at the end of the year.
A port from the price fixation, the frequency and the mode of payment
tell a lot on the smooth running/suecess of a cooperative. The payment
to the farmer members must be directly linked with his daily needs.
Although in a village farmers hove limited wants, the need of ready
cash to meet these is of paramount importance. Therefore, the payment
has been scheduled for every twelve hours. A farmer brings his milk
to the society in the morning and gets paid in the evening and for
evening gets paid the next morning. This has enabled him not to stretch
his hands before anyone for meeting his day to day needs. One can find
invariably, a nan getting paid for his milk and buying the cattle feed
iron a part of the sane money. This twice-a-day payment is ensured by
the village level society.
The society in turn gets paid every ten days. All transaction from/to
the society and the Union is through the cooperative hank. This bulk
payment has ensured the society to buy the other inputs for its members
(e.g. cattle feed/ on a credit basis from the Union. It pays back to the
union from its bill for the sale of commodity (nilk>.
Each member has been provided with a 'i'ass .Book' where in entries are
made, each time he delivers, milk, for his quantity, butter fat content
and the value thereof. Every month at the end, the total milk delivered
oy tne individual member and the value thereof, is recorded for the
calculation of the bonus he will earn at the end of the year.
The procurement of raw material is also a planned operation. It is
designed to ensure quick reception of the raw material at the processing
dock. Milk being such a highly perishable cbmmodity the effectivaness
of the Ai-iUL will be revealed from the fact that the annual sourage of
milk is 3/ only. This becomes more significant when'we analyze it in the
light'of the vast difference in the ambient temperature of summer & winter
and the area covered for procurement (it covers almost 2,500 sq. miles).
Needless to emphasize that any lapse on the procurement arrangements,
especially in milk, is going to result in huge spoilage and thereby
reflecting bed on the balance sheet. The organization which has to give
the economic uplift to its members, cannot afford to go negative.
In AMUL today, each society has a pre-determined time to have its milk
lifted by the Union & each route has a pre-fixed time to reach at the
dock, ^-nyone causing a lapse has to pay for the spoilage.
members
obligation is only to deliver milk at time declared by the society.
.....12/-
12 5
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CHAIRMAN MEMBERS OF THE MANAGING COfffiUTTEE
AMD STAFF OF A VILLAGE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY:
...........................
5.
Besides those indicated in the Bye-laws there are certain points to he
considered By these persons for ensuring smooth day to day working.
Enumerated Below are some of the points in respect of a milk cooperative
society. with slight amendments, these can Be incorporated for any
cooperative
t
zi)
The building for milk Collection Centre rented or owned by the
society in the village should be at a place where the milk truck
can easily passthrough and every producer can have easy access.
ii)
The milk collection centre should be kept clean.
iii)
Mork should be distributed—among “the employees and ensured by
thejjanaging Committee—that__it is_ properly followed.
,-z£v)
Chairman or one_of the-Managjng_Commit-tee-.giember,_s_must be present
at the time of collection to solve the problems that may come
-- --- —----- - - -_ —------ z-' '
*■ -- ----
'v)
Arrangements should be made to deliver the milk at the time
laid-down by the plant/Union.
zvi)
The appliances used for milk collection and testing should be
cleaned properly.
zvii)
Before starting the milk collection, the empty milk cans
should be cleaned.
*viii)
Testing Machine should be cleaned after each operation. It
should be numbered inside.
The name of the society should be clearly written on the milk cans.
£x)
x)
If the society is sending cow’s, Milk it must be clearly
indicated on the cans and should be entered in the truck-sheet.
xi)
After the milk collection isovcr, the total quantity of milk received
from the individual suppliers should immediately be worked out
and checked.
xii)
A routine should be formed to take the signature of the milk
collector and tester in the milk pruchase register.
xiii)
The pooled sample, for finding out the general test cf society's
milk, should be collected from all the cans on'equal proportion
after mixing-thoroughly.
xiv)
Tcster_ofmthe-so_cic-tv should not be allowed to see the number-’of milk bottles of indivisual milk su”ulier'at-tHc~time of milk
—colTecti'onYZ^
/xv)
There should be a separate test register and the tester should
sign it every day after completion of testing.
: 15 :
xvi.
After completion of testing, the tests should be entered
in the Purchase register from the test register. The amount to
be paid to the individual producers, should be entered, after
verification from the payment table.
/ xvii)
After tloe testingis over, the Secretary should do random
testing every day.
xviii)
Arrangements. of retesting of milk., of the.producers should
be done after-the testing is complete.
———
xix)
Arrangements should be made to train all the_employees
Th milk testingwork "
}
-xx)
Dairy Register should be written regularly from the daily weight
and fat slip.
<xxi)
Routine should be made to vzrite all the registers
regularly.
/Tocii)
(.f'T
" *
'V
On each account register, page numbers should be given & each
page should be stamped. The Chairman should sign on the
last page.
xxiii) File should be maintained subjectwise.
'xxiv) Vouchers and correspondence file should be maintained properly.
■yxv) Routine should be made to vzrite separate letters for each subject.
' xxvi) All the employees should know the use of truck sheet.
--xxvii) When can or acid jar is no received, it should be notedin the truck-sheet and a separate letter should be written
to the plant/union immediately.
xxviii) Request for retesting of milk and information for non-receipt
of any material from the plant should be written in the remarks
column of the truck-sheet.
.
xxix )
Only Secretary should sizn the truck-sheet. If secretary is absent
the next man should be assignedwith the job. rf—————------------- -
xxx)
The Secretary, Milk Collector, ^ester etc. should fully understand
the information given in the fat and weight slips received from
the plant/union.
■
------------- '
£>
' xxxi)
Outgoing letters should be signed by the Chairman or Secretary
of the society only.
xxxii)
AH employees of the society should know how to work out costlier
or cheaper purchase. It should be recordecj/every day in the purchase o
register.
xxxiii)
Staf£.should_..knei-Z-J^fw^ut_W, besides knowing general
'test of the poo1 ed milk.
Zxxxiv)
If there is problem g£-^?-,-the lactometer should be
used atjthe—time—ef-milk—ool-leotion.
~
—
«.---------------
xxxvi)
Staff "should know the _reasons_jor^pu?agg_and low_^E_. Jf__
■'there is a_ -problem of sourage of milk, arrangement s should be_
~5iade~to~ac.ceD.t_the milk only_a£-tcr_SQglling the indiy.idual.milk^
xxxvi)
The employees should know how to calculate the lyiloXat—
and the _ratei
xxxvii)
New~stock of .acid, and alcoho.1—shoulcLbe. testecL.£or._traces
of_&uy...fat to avoid loss to the .society.-
xxxviii)
Whenever new_stock of butyrometers. and pipettes.„is_rey__eivcd
_ii-should..be choeked.for...their- variations,.
/
X
7 xxxiv)
/*
Testingequipments such aspipettes, butyrometers etc. should
preferably be procured pruchased from the plant or from the
Union.
xxxx)
Secretary should always check the milk bills received
from the plant. Discrepancy, if any should be intimated to
plant/union.
/
■/xxxxi)
A package of policy for the money to be brought from the
Bank should be obtained.
/ xxxxii)
Money for more than_s_ixtijne.S—the-payment"-shou~ld’~noVbe—kepir
rih hand'by the~Secreta.ry.
-—■----- -
/'
z xxxxiii)
xxxxiv )
'■''xxxxv)
6.
------------ -------
Arrangement should be made for giving Cpopexat±ve_Training_tothe Secretary of the Society.
The behaviour of the society employees should be courteous^and they should bg fair in their dealings.
Chairman or Managing Committee members should seek guidance
fromthe staff engaged in the work of procurement.
BESPGNSINILITIES OF UNION
From the very begining, the Union, realised that it is the small and
marginal farmers who are increasingly dependent on milk production to
] maximise their meagre resources. The privilege of milk collection and
I marketing must, side by side, carry the obligation of helping these
producers to increase their milk yield. The viability of a milk
< producer depends on the difference between his cost of milk production
[and what he can get from his milk.
I
I
: 15:
VThile the prices realised from milk & milk products are governed
by the National Market, the Producer's income can directly be
enhanced by helping increase his milk yield through the optimal technical
input mix which will substantially reduce his cost of milk production.
vrith these aims in mind -the Union has the following responsibilities to
shoulder ;-
A.Collection and Marketing of Milk;
'
Of course, the Union collects milk from feeding sources (societies)
and sells it in the consumer market, but its marketing is incomplete
unless the producer gets back the better value of his produce.
Therefore, it is binding on the Union to take care of all necessary
steps so that the producers are given a remunerative cash price of milk
round the year.
1J. Handling and Processing;
Economy of the two tier cooperative system is the biggest factor to be
always kept in view. To handle and process the milk economically is the
greatest responsibility of the Union and unless this economy is
maintained, it may not be able to give better prices & the input
mix to its members.
0. Supply of optimal Technical Inputs;
In the course of building a sound of milk procurement system, the
Union coiresto processthe input giving machinery as a complementary
system, which isthe cheapest and most effective way of providing
technical inputs and services to the producers. The package of technical
taputs—includes Artificial breeding, Animal Health Cover, Balanced.
Cattle Feed, Green Fodder Development and Extension services.
Artificial breeding of milch animals is the most important single
service-cum-technical input and is directly related with the annual rate
of calving and milk production. The attainment of success in
artificial breeding programme depends largely on how sound and
vigilantly, the optimum results could be shown to the producers.
To provide the best sperm to produce better calves, the selection of
the best sire is a single factor to be kept in mind. The Union ensures
how best the semen collection, itsprocessing, packing, distribution
and insemination can be done and the results obtained.
The production efficiency brought about by better breeding can best be
maintained by giving a better health coverage to the animals. The Union
therefore pro-vides,Veterjjqary—medd^ines_and treatment to_hbe animal's
theproducers door,
r The increase in milk production is likely to go down if the animals are
left to graze or are fed unscientifically. To replace the uneconomic
"traditional feeds, the Union has manufacturedand marketed a balanced
cattle feed which is palatable, nutritious and economical. Green fodder
development cannot be separated from the input-mix programme. A nutritious
protein rich and succulent green fodder is not only the cheapest source
of feed nutrients, but also substantially enhances the milk yield,
16 5
\reducing the cost of milk production and increasing thereby the net
returns from milk. The union arranges to demonstrate the economic
impact of feeding green fodders like Lucerne, Bersecm etc. to
convince the Producers for its adoption at the optimum level.
To carry out such responsibilities, the best extension activities
become a part and parcel of this system. .The village societies—can
serve as best centres for initiating new services, ideas and extension
•~^ro^augties^ZL‘fhe important-media uso'd are mass~~campaigns like?"the
milk—yield compctitions-,_A.I. Campaigns, Incentives, Newsletters^.
I r and—pthgr^publications ,_jnoblle_cxhib_itions^2TiEr shows, Visits and
interviews.
“
,
'
i
|
D.
Ploughing back the Returns:
To complete the cycle, the returns of the economical milk marketing
are ploughed back in the form of bonus or other kinds to the producers
for giving them a feeling of belonging to the Union.
7.
LEADERSHIP:
Napplean. .once said that he would prefer to have an army of ratswith—a„leader
*es a lion rather than an army of lions with a rat as a leader.
Definitely he meant some one v.ho can have the individuality and make
his presence felt among others as well as under:
A.z He should have faith in the movement:
Unless a man has faith a firm faith in what he is going, to lead for,
he will always have a half-hearted participation to the organization.
The role of this equality is most important at the initial stages when
the whole affair is in a fluid state.
A jrian..haying no faith, will most probably like to compromise his
Cef.for.ts. foiyjome other- activity, ’than'this.
B.
j
1
j
He should have the dynamism to impress.his ideas on others in the
interest of the organization:-
’'By this, we mean that he should have clear understanding of what is
j to be done about the organization and that he should have the dynamism
to communicate the ideas to others in the interest of the organization.
Over and above, he should be able to impress upon others not to have
undesirable interference in the day to day working of the orga.nization. The
cooperatives may be known and heard t-> mPny persons, but the leader
should be in a position to infuse the real essence of cooperatives in others
especially those who are going to have cti've participation.
: 17?
C.
He should preferably be a man free from foul politics and in
case he is in politics, he should not bring it in to the
organization’-
if
It is a decided fact that once foul politics is brought in to any
organization, the seed of destroying it has been sown. The
leader therefore refrains from such activity. Even though he may
be an active politician, "ho should maintain a clear demarcation
between politics and cooperatives. A cooperative is supposed to be
a democratic set up in the right sense of the term and the
participants (mostly farmers) are very suceptible to the term' politics.
Hence, the leader should have the quality to get the cooperative
run in the true sense rather than create a sense of insecurity by ;
infusing foul politics.
' ■
!
•
i
i
D.
He should resist himself from interfering in the day. to day
administration of the organization:
■ ’’
The leader of the cooperative (especially the apex body-Union)
should have the quality to take right type of work from the
professionals and technocrates employed for this purpose rather
than meddle the whole affair by intervening into the management
unnecessarily. In doing so, it is necessary that he should have
an open mind and heart to allow the right man to operate freely
so long as it is in the interests of the organization. This never
means that he should be unaware of the development going on in
his organization.
E.
He should have no personal interest in the business;
To have interest in the organization and to have personal
interest in the business of the organization s?re definitely
two different things. By personal interest, we mean the vested
interest. Corruntdon,. it is^said, always percolates, from top to^
bottom it never ascends from bottom.to.,top,L Co-operatives especially
in "India are a weapon of the multitude to use against their low
social and economic standards and not a weapon of the mighty. The
loader—should be clear in his mind to use it as a weapon for those
whom he represents and not as a sword"for them.
F./-' He should have Dedication:
y
A cooperative formation has no short-cut because it is a change
against the resistance of the people till they understand.
have
not been able to develop any magic wand by which we can hasten the
process. Therefore, the leader of a cooperative organization
should have dedication towards it.
18 :
G.
He should. t>c able to bring results up to the hopes
of his followers:
No one accepts a man as a leader unlesshe proves himself
by bringing out the results in a way anticipated by the
majority of the people, A cooperative organisation is a cohesive
structure of masses varying in their ways of life but aiming at a
common point their social and economical upliftment. A leader
should therefore prove that he has been able to lead them to achieve
these. Apparently enough^only words are not going to convince the
masses tn apcep'Lanyonc as a_leader unlesshe has been able to
"
_de liver the goods.
8.
PROBIBIS ArlD THEIR TDFLY SOLUTION:
An organization which hasthe participation of persons from
different starata is liable to develop problems. An efficient
cooperative organization should, therefore, act in all readiness
to solve these problems lest they may not become complicated.
The problems may arise at various levels. In a village primary
society, problems may come from the participants almost every time
they transact with it. In a milk cooperative society, it is twice a
day and may be regarding testing results^ payments etc.- It is.
essential that these problems are looked into by the Managing
Committee of the society at the spur of the moment and solutions
sought.
The primary milk Producers' cooperative society transacts its
business through, the village level workers where knowledge
of the subject is comparatively low in the initial stages. It
.is at ■this,.juncture^-where_a_,con±iauous_guidance_, persuasion and
checking is required. To achieve this, the union employs a
team of supervisors.
It is evident that most of the farmers supplying milk in' the
society belong to low income group and look forward to get the
payments regularly. If the society is unable to cope up with this
aspect, it may create a misunderstanding among the farmers and
they may loose confidence in their own organization. They society
should in association with the union, therefore, onsure.,a,._
regular payment.
The basis of payment for the milk supplied by the farmers is
quality. The Managing committee^ should therefore ensurethat
person (s) engaged in this work neither favour nor deprive any
•~~one he should~be~im^rtial..
: 19 :
The society may _face_ other problems like-competition in milk tra de,/Low,i£tj», low SNF /, spoilage.of milk, loss due to costlier purchase of milk
^at the society. If not checkedAn time, these problems may effect the
'
business of the society and it may incure loss. Whenever, such problems
arise, the reasons for these should be detected immediately. Solutions
should be worked out, keeping in mind the conditions prevailing in a
particular area. Apart from these, the Managing Committee may fliect-' hold
regular meetings to review the work of the society and problems faced.
j Managing committee and supervisors should ensure that they meet
I regularly.
The society mayalso comeacross. problems arising at the Union level
such as shortage in weighment of/milk. transporation of milk transportation
on head load, irregularities in payments, supply of chemicals, equipments,
balanced feed etc.
An efficient Cooperative Organization takes the problems, whether at
society or at Union level, as its own and tries to find out solutions/
jointly at the appropriate time.
Our experience tells that where these components were missing
organization has met two ends:
1.
/2.
the whole
If at all it has existed it has almost remained dormant.
Otherwise, it has vanished in due course of time.
Any organization, the moment it loses its dynamism, fails to deliver
the results and ultimately vanishes.
We have come across cooperative organizations which advocate and
practice a three tier system. Here the base level unit is a village
cooperative but it is affiliated to an intermediary, Taluka level union,
which in turn is federated to the district level union. This system has
been followed for a long time but has failed to bring the desired result.
The farmers, who are the real participants could never know whom to look .
forward for help in need. The federation in this case was never represented
by the farmers directly, but from the members of the Board of Directors of
the Taluka level union. Any discussion and decision on the policy laid
down or to be adopted always remained between these two units and the real
participant was always in dark. Further more, no scientific programme
could be launched as the 'UNION1 and the FEDERATION could never decide
whose responsibility it was.
Similarly Bye-laws at various places have no provisio for an employed
staff for the society. It was always a case in these sort of cooperatives
that they had an elected cashier and an elected Secretory. Both these
persons were supposed to work on an honorary basis. Naturally, only two
types of people could come forward for these jobs : Either those who had
their vested interests and wanted to use it as an instrument to achieve it
or those who had nothing to do with it and came forward only because they
I selected the simnlest men in chc village who can furtherbe- used as tools by
the others to fulfill their interests.
Usually, we have come across with societies, where bringing of money.
.from the bank was the responsibility of the cashier and. the expenditure
v/as'dohe by the Secretary. This alxyays resultedin■ misappropriation.
of accounts and, in turn quarrel between these .two. persons, the system
advocated and adopted by a model cooperative dairy has a provision of
getting staff as an employee of the society against a tangible surety
and that this staff is sur^osed to handle cash and maintain the bodes of
accounts and records.
iThese cooperatives also failed to bring any result where the apex
’’body had no representation on the farmers. There are some apex body
■of the village cooperatives where the District Magistrate/Collector has
been made the Chairman and the political leaders as the Board of Directors.
'Evidently no one ever know what real]y the problem was and at the same
\time all the suggestions floated by the Chairman, was acceptable to all.
.It was therefore in short, working in autocracy than in democracy.
\
Though there are cooperative dairy societies which give payments to the
members after a gap of a week, ten days or fifteen days, the accumulation
of accounts in an organization which is handled by the villagers always
resulted in some faults mischiefs with the accounts and ultimately the
society failed because of dissatisfaction among its participating members.
Last but not least almost all dairy cooperatives aimed to buy the milk from
their membe s but only those succeeded which tried to increase the milk
production in their areas of operation by floating a package of inputs.
This is one single factor where the cooperatives could boast of differentiat
-ing themselves from the various organizations engaged in dairying.
\--' >^0
----- :---- .
,Q
^/SWW&'S
—-■'
Ii<Y
*
iA
nixutij
INubSTx.Y _
xix0-l^ UU-Cjxx
LINA BETWEEN
*N<Jx-..jBu'
x mo uh.r.S
Domestication of buffaloes, in India, for milk production
(which, is believed to have come much later than cows) was
taken up some 4000 years ago. So milk and milch animals
became a... important part of the Indian way of life even
befo. e our written history began. However, dairying in India
is entiv«-ly : iff erent from most of the countries. In countries
where dairying is more modernised, the industry is often
largely shaped by the end of its highly efficient milk
producers to compete for consumers ’ food expenditure while
also pursuing parity with industrial earnings whereas in
India './here the modernised dairy industry handles some 5%
of the milk produced. , the dairy sector as a whole is dominated
by the fact that almost all household's are avid milk consumers.
The sector's structure is shaped mainly by the spectre of a
demand for milk which uses with income-, as the country
modernises itself, and which confronts a milk supply based
cn production through millions of inefficient and totally
unmcdernisec milch animals. But despite its unmodernised
procuction base, dairying in Inc'ia is a big purvasive business.
The milk consuming population is over 500 millions. The bovine
population is 228 millions. The average Indian milk producer
probably supplies not more than two other households with milk.
An estimated. 70‘o of India's human population depends on land.
This population has naturally tended to concentrate where
conditions are more favourable to man. >/ith this human popu
lation comes also the bovine population. Every small farmer
who can do so keeps a pair cf bullocks - and every rural house
hold keeps one or two milch animal.
This m-_aas that because the human population hastened to
concentrate an area where the environment is most favourable
to man, the bovine population is also most concentrated in
these areas. The milk production in India can be summarised
as follows:- Millions of farmers crowded into small holdings:
little land for pastures or forage production: reliance on
highly seasonal rains, often causing severe dry season,
shortage of food stuff: milch animal largely self-selected
by their ability tc produce some milk: the ever increasing
number on the land etc.
India’s milk production c ntinues to increase. (Of course
more slowly than the human population). This increase must
be mainly attributed tc certain characteristics of demand
for milk and milk products. Always a significant part of
the Indian diet, urban consumption of milk and milk products
is believed to have increased dramatically in our towns and
cities during the century.
2
.
This consumption makes the. spatial distribution of India's
urbanip.. pulation particularly important. Ve have already
noted iuut rural population has tended to concetnrate in
areas where agro-climatic conditions are most favourable to
man and these rural concentrations are of course accompanied by the growth of marketing centres J say one such centre with
a population with 50 - 100,000 in a cistribt having a rural
population of 1.5 - 2.5 millions. In addition to these,
marketing centres, over the centuries, the main ports of India,
certain cities located of old for their defensibility implies
of course Delhi, the country's centre of governance —have
all grown faster than the population at large, with the result
that by 1971 India had 9 cities with over one million populat
ion containing 25% of the country's 109.0 million urbanised
population and of these some 20 million (18%) were believed to
be living in the four cities of Bombay/Calcutta/Delhi and
Madras .
The increasing pace of industrialisation and emphasis on export
of manufactures has, particularly since India’s independence in
1947, encouraged the growth of urban centres — and of the incomes
earned by their inhabitants. The calculus involved is (to say
at least) professionally tendentious — however, it can be :
estimated that per capita monthly expenditures on milk and
milk products by those living in Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and
Madras rose from Rs.4.SO in 1961 to Rs. 10.80 in 1971 • The effect
of these increases cn urban demand for milk has been signi
ficant, for a 1% rise in urban incomes is estimated as causing
a 1.5% rise in demand for milk products. Thus, even after
taking the price rise into account, total effective urban demand
for milk and milk products in our four, major cities rose by
an estimated 93% in 1961-71, whereas milk production rose by
an estimated 21%.
Long ago a craft cum mercantile dairy sector arose which
procured milk and milch animals from the rural producers, the
animals to be sent tc cities for in-city milk production.
The flux of transaction, movement of milk and milk products
and milch animals mainly centred around the four big cities Calcutta, Bombay, Delni and Madras. Borrowed capital, hired
stables' and family labour were the inputs for the trade to
begin with. The milch animals brought from the principal
breeding areas became tne production units of the industry.
The rich dividends from high milk prices, use of best milch
animals in the country, effective dairy herd management and
cheap family labour provided the impetus for the growth of the
trade within the city. The enterprenuers promptly responded
to the financial incentives by expanding with increasing
numbers of new animals, adoitional stables and hired labour.
3
- 3 -
The cycle continued with every passing year and eventually the
owners -z city kept cattle gz ined "Imost a total monopoly in
the citj market. This movement of milk on four legs which
started Iong ago an: looked so insignificant became a signal
source of perpetual genetic drain to such magnitude that it
puzzled all the dairy planners.
The organised sector which initiated the procurement, tran
sportation, processing anc distribution of milk came as the
first competitor to the trade. Simultaneously because of over
crowded stables, undean and unhealthy surroundings the load
on the sewage anc other public utility system, and the
vehicular trafic the local Governments promulgated an o:
ordinance to shift the milch herd from the main city to
the suburbs. In some cases,, it went to Government organised
cattle colonies- e.g. Aarey, Earin gha 11 a, etc.
This continued shifting of cattle, besides creating the health
hazards to the cities and maintaining a perpetual drain of
the genetic potential (as seldom the animals once shifted to
cities, c erne back and bore their progeny) also went on delinking
the real producer from the consumers. 7e have instances where
any white fluid was sold in the name of milk in these cities,
leave aside the adulteration of milk, l/e alsc have come to know
how artificial scalation of prices were made in case of milk
and milk products. This detachment of a producer from the
consumer was having a two pronged attack. The producer never
know what is the real price .f milk produced by him and the
consumer never know what actually he is paying for or what
actually he should pay for.
A number of methods uere tried to over-come the situation.
Government laws were enforced. But rarely did any of these
produced the desired result. The customer and the producers
were getting every day apart and apart. The dairy wizards of
those days were a helpless spectators.
However, the problem seemed to have a solution when the
Operation Flood - a grant scheme to kill the giant evil - was
formulated. This scheme aimed at the problem in what looks to
bo the most appropriate aspect. It aimed at establishing a
link between the producers and the consumers by providing a
remunerative market at the place of production — say in
form of a village cooperative society — collecting this
pooled milk through an agency owned and operated by them
and then meeting the demand of the consumers at a reasonable
price.
It is expected that this process will help in establishing
the desired relation between the producers and the consumers
hs a matter of fact, it has already started giving the
results which indicate that the calculo.tions will come true.
Of course, there is a long way to go § and we must continue
to try conclusions. But then, in a dynamic society, no
industry which is involved in social and economical change
ever reaches an ultimate finality. Thus our conclusion can
be very modest; Dairying in India will grow taking together
all the time both the producers and the consumers and that
too maintaining the most harmcneous link between them.
f o&ah
sns
csk
300
181077
BENEFITS OF MILK COOPFRAT "VES T'^ SMALT FARirPS,MARGINAL
.xF'ARMF.RS AND THE LANDLESS IN GUJARAT.
D.S. Thakur
National Dairy Development Board, Anand
Dairying has a vast potential for raising the income of the small fanners,
marginal farmers and landless labourers in rural areas through the establishment
of milk cooperatives which are owned, operated and controlled'ly the milk
producers themselves.
Such milk cooperatives have been first conceived and
initiated as early as in the year 1946-4? in Gujarat State on the now well known
Anand
Pattern of milk cooperatives having milk producers' cooperative societies
in different villages and a district cooperative milk producers' union which owns
a dairy, at the district level.
These milk cooperatives are now widely spread in
twelve of the nineteen districts of Gujarat and it is further planned to establish
a dairy on the Anand Pattern in every district to cover all the villages under the
fold of milk cooperatives in this State.
The present article is based on a recent study
*
of the milk cooperatives of
Gujarat conducted at the instance of the Indian Council of Social Science
Research.
It shows the different services and facilities provided by the milk
cooperatives to the farmers and examines the actual benefits accruing to the milk
producers especially to the small and marginal farmers and the landless families
from the milk cooperatives.
Development of the Milk Cooperatives
The first milk cooperative organised in Gujarat is said to be the Choryasi
Taluka Cooperative Milk Marketing Society which was registered on December 21,
1QJ9 in Surat District.
It collected the surplus milk of the farmers in
Choryasi Taluka and sold the same in raw form in Surat City.
The real entry of
Cooperatives in the milk industry of Gujarat however was made ’with the organization
of the examplary Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd.
known as Amul Dairy at Anand in 1946.
Popularly
Since then district after district has been
following this pattern by organising more and more milk cooperatives.
* S.M.Patel, D.S.Thakur, M.K. Pandey: Impact of the Milk Cooperatives in
Gujarat, Institute of Cooperative Management Ahmedabad, 1975.
2
The milk unions have made a remarkable progress right from the beginn
ing and especially durirg the last few years.
The working capital of
the milk unions durirg the last seven years has increased by more than
seven times.
The share capital and reserve and other funds have in
creased by more than three times.
Also, there has been a considerable
progress so far as the organisation of milk societies in the villages,
total membership, procurement of milk, sale of milk and milk products
and total savings of the milk unions and societies are concerned.
The
number of milk societies as well as membership have almost doubled.
The value of milk purchased by the milk unions has registered an in
crease of more than three times.
The value of milk and milk products
sold and the net savings of the milk unions show an increase of more
than four times.
Provision of Technical Inputs and -Services
The Anand Pattern of milk cooperatives practised throughout Gujarat
consists of the two-tier structure of the village milk producers'
cooperative societies at the village level and a district milk produ
cers cooperative union at the district level.
The milk societies in
the villages collect surplus milk from the milk producers twice a day
and also make payments for the same every 12 hours or as decided by
the producers.
The milk collected at each society is transported to
the dairy by the private contractors engaged by the milk union.
At
the dairy, it is pasteurised and then sold as liquid milk as much as
possible.
The renaining quantity of milk is converted into milk
products.
Besides milk collection and twice-a-day payment to the milk producers
on the basis of quantity and quality (fat and solids not fat) of milk,
the milk cooperatives also have an intensive system to provide all the
essential technical inputs and services needed by the milk producers
in the villages through the same machinery which is engaged for milk.
procurement.
When a new milk society is started in any village, the
milk union provides financial assistance mostly in the form cf milk
testing equipment and other necessities.
To start with, a union
5
supervisor helps the new milk society for a few days to organise its
day to day business.
Thereafter, the union guides, supervises, recti
fies and controls the activities of each milk.society constantly so
tha't they run efficiently and retrain strong and viable.
Besides, there
is a continuous and concurrent audit of all the cooperatives on quarterly
basis to ensure a clean milk business.
The milk union through each of the milk societies provides a number of
technical inputs to the villagers for milk production enhancement. The
most important of these are: artificial insemination services through
use of semen from high pedigreed or proven sires, veterinary first aid
treatment, weekly veterinary visits and round the clock emergency
visits as a part of animal health cover service; routine extension work;
supply of quality seeds and root slips for production of green fodder
and supply of balanced cattle feed.
All these services are provided on
no profit no loss basis to the farmers in every village covered by the
milk cooperatives.
Using a part of their annual savings, the milk cooperatives - unions as
well as societies in collaboration - have built up an extensive system
to provide various rural development services.
They assist in cattle
development, cooperative propaganda and education; establishment of
schools, libraries, health centres, youth clubs, construction of roads
and provision of water supplies and electric-connections in the
villages.
The producers are paid dividend on their share.
A part of
the net savings is also used to pay a bonus to the producers in re la
*
tion to the contribution thqy make towards the business of the society,
bonus to the staff of the cooperatives and to build reserve funds to
ensure the financial stability of the cooperatives.
The reserve funds
can be used partly for building up assets such as milk collection
centres, telephone facilities, store room etc.; to help the cooperatives
to function efficiently.
The general pattern of use of the annual net
savings of milk cooperatives for various welfare purposes is shown
below:
4
Per cent distribution at
Particulars
Union Level
Society Level
Reserve fund
25
25
Dividend on shares
9
9 (of the paid up
share capital)
Education fund to the State
Cooperative Union
As required under the State
Cooperative Societies Act.
The balance, after above deductions
is distributed for the following
purposes as under
Bonus to the members
80
65
Charity fund
*
10
10
Dividend equalisation fund
2
Cooperative propaganda fund
Research work in dairy industry
5
y
Ca'ttle development fund
10
Bonus to the staff
10
* Charity fund, can be used' to give financial assistance for youth
welfare, poor children, village roads, schools, hospitals, water
tanks, street lights and various relief funds.
It can be seen from above as to how the milk cooperatives are stimula
ting trany phases of the economic, educational and social development
of villages which have been brought under the fold of these coopera
tives, . It is found that those benefited most from the services of
milk-cooperatives in the villages are the weaker sections who, if left
to.their own, would, not have been able to take advantage of such faci
lities at all.. Moreover, milk production is mainly an activity
especially, suited to the snail .and'.marginal farmers and the 1 and! pm
labourers because keeping milch animals is -very labour intensive and
therefore of less interest, to those farmers who have sizeable land
holdings.
5
Direct Economic Benefits
In order to analyse the impact of.milk cooperatives on the economic
and social conditions of villagers, the status of milk producers in .
the villages covered by the milk cooperatives (experiment) have been
compared wiih the status of milk producers in the control villages
selected for the study within the same districts.
It is found that
most of the milk producers in both type of villages keep generally one
or. two milch animals - preferably buffaloes...
The buffaloes account
for 86 and 69 per cent of total milk production in experiment and con
trol villages respectively.
The remaining quantity of milk is contri
buted by cows in general and even by goats, sheep and camels particu
larly in dry areas of the State.
The goat, sheep and camel milk is
used for domestic consumption.
However, the proportion of wet animals
possessed by different categories of milk producers including weaker
sections as well as the milk production per anitnal are quite high and
statistically significant in experiment as compared to control villages.
Such differences are understandably due to the facilities provided by
the milk cooperatives in the vill-ges covered by them.
It is found
that the milk producers inrthe villages having milk cooperatives are
producing on an average one litre of milk more per animal per day than
their counterparts in the control villages.
Again, marketed surplus and consumption of milk which are primarily
functions of total production of milk per family differ significantly
in the experiment and control villages.
It is observed that more
than 70 per cent of milk production is being sold in the experiment as
compared to only about 55 per cent of total milk production in control
villages.
The marketed surplus of milk as a proportion of total milk
production is highest in case of small and marginal farmers and land
less milk producers who sell as much as more than 72 to 80 per cent of
their milk production to raise as much income from milk production as
possible.
The percentage of marketed surplus as a proportion of total
milk production goes on decreasing considerably with the increase in
the size of land holdings.
The per capital consumption of milk and
6
milk products comes to 254 gm and 224 gm per day for the experiment
aid control villages respectively which are above the minimum require
ment of 210 gm of milk per day per person.
This shows the common
belief that the creation of carketirg facilities for milk derive the
milk producers away from the normal consumption of milk is not true.
The milk cooperatives have helped to raise milk production significantly
thereby raising both marketed surplus and consumption of milk per family.
The milk cooperatives buy as much quantity of milk from the milk produ
cers as they want to sell depending upon their marketable surplus
cash requirements.
and
This has enabled the villagers to earn sufficient
income from dairying year after year.
The overall income from dairy
ing in the experiment villages is almost double as compared to the
same in the control villages.
The day to' day dairy income obtained from
sale of milk to the cooperatives is constantly used for the purchase of
technical inputs for milch animals, purchase of milch animals and partly
for procuring essential agricultural inputs like improved seeds, ferti
lizers and pesticides etc. which further help the farm families to boost
up their income. •
Amongst the different categories of milk producers in experiment as well
as control villages, the importance of dairying as a source of income
is strictly in the order of landless followed by marginal, small, medium
and large farmers respectively so far as the proportion of their income
comirg from dairying is concerned.
Landless and marginal farmers earn
as much as 65 to 70 per cent and small farmers about 25 to 50 per cent
of their total income from dairying.
The proportion of total income
from dairying in case of large and medium farmers ranges between 8 to
20 per cent only.
Thus, the organization of milk cooperatives is most
important from the point of view of ameliorating the economic condi
tions of. the weaker sections in the villages.
It is also found that
on the whole, total as well as crop and dairy incomes are higher in
the villages covered by the milk cooperatives as compared to control
villages.
The small and marginal farmers and landless people in the
experiment villages where milk production has become an important
source of income g,re comparatively less dependent on off farm income
than their counterparts in the control villages.
7
Indirect Benefits
Apart from providing opportunities for gainful employment and raising
income of the milk producers in rural areas directly as discussed
above, every milk union employe a few hundred people as soon as it
starts functioning.
The employment in the union goes on increasing
year after year alorg with the increase in its business.
Besides,
eveiy milk society employs J to 10 persons in each village depending
upon the volume of business handled.
What is more important is that
the largest group of employees of the milk cooperatives consists of
the unskilled labour especially recruited from the rural areas.
The democratic way of functioning of the milk cooperatives has an
immense impact on the life of villagers.
Every milk cooperative union
as well as society, has an elected managing committee to look into the
day to day functioning of the cooperative.
Every milk producer who
becomes the member of the milk society can cast his/4ier vote for ele
ction of members for the managing committee for the society.
Similarly
the board of directors at the union level is elected by the representa
tives from the milk societies.
In this way the villagers constantly
learn the fundamentals of democracy by living it.
The milk unions regularly publish news letters on dairying and coopera
tion for the benefit of their members and also hold film shows and
practical demonstrations on the proper use of technical inputs and
scientific methods of milk production enhancement by the cattle owners.
The procedural elements of the milk cooperatives like reaching of the
motor trucks two times a day at the given time in every village, forma
tion of the same que of all the milk producers to deliver their milk
at the society strictly on the basis of first come first stand basis,
testing of milk sample of each milk produce?.' and making to them pay
ments two times every day to ensure a fair deal to each milk producer,
completing the relevant records at the society every day etc. also have
a far reaching impact on the social life of villagers.
The only common
: 3 :
felt need, aroused, on their part to organize themselves to market their
milk at remunerative price has also served, as an instrument in elimina
ting
he age oil barriers of cast, untouchability, communalism, feuds
and factions in the villages.
The milk cooperatives have also gone a long way in raising the status
of women in the villages.
The cooperatives are found to play a signi
ficant role in involving women in the running of milk societies in
their respective villages.
As the feeding and management of milch
anj.nn.ls is mostly in the hands of women and as they deliver the milk
to the milk society, the income from milk is generally regarded to be
the income earned by the women of the house.
The analysis of data
shows that income from two buffaloes can enable a landless widow to
look after herself end her family.
The milk cooperatives organise the
rural womens' trips to their milk unions and dairy plants, educate them
about the health, well being and maintenance of milch animals, emphasize
the need for and explain the technique a rd programme of artificial in
semination, give them suitable rewards on the progress of milk raised
by their cows and buffaloes and even encourage them to get nominated
to the managing committees of the milk cooperatives.
All this makes '■
women face men and people coming from outside with more self confidence.
The milk cooperatives are also found to create certain other intangi
ble impacts on the villagers such as the sense of discipline, recepti
veness to innervations, better knowledge of human nutrition through
the knowledge of cattle feed in general and special feeds required at
the time of pregnancy and lactation etc. and better idea of family
planning through the knowledge of reproduction process gained by them
from the. activities of artificial insemination in dairy animals.
Concluding Bemarks
On the whole, it is observed that the Anand Pattern milk cooperatives
of Gujarat have not only helped to raise milk production and the economic
conditions of especially the rural poor significantly by providing
them
effective facilities, employment and daily cash income but this pattern
of milk cooperatives also has in it tho seeds of an entire social
revolution.
Besides serving as effective instrument for milk production
enhancement; these cooperatives are helping to break down the barriers
of cast, class and sex and to stimulate interest in all worthy social
services including literacy drives and family planning.
fo&ah:dst:mr:500:11±77.
iteprinted, from the Indian Dairyman? Vol- XXX, No- 4? April 1978
MILCH ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT AND THE RURAL POOR
*
D .3.
**
Thakur
Introduction
Improvement of milch animals forms a crucial component of the strategy
for upliftment of rural poor such as small and marginal farmers, land
less agricultural labourers, petty shopkeepers, village artisans and
the like who constitute over 70 per cent of ihe rural population- In
areas where organised facilities fr>r marketing of milk at remunerative
prices have Peen created, it is found that income from two improved
cows or buffaloes earned by a landless family, for example, a po^r
widow —is sufficient to support the family. Government of India has
been constantly giving greater emphasis alongwith other programmes to
dairy development with a view' to ameliorating the economic and social
conditions of the rural poor throughout the country.
However, it is generally found and. argued-these days_tha_t the benefits
_pf~'tfie transfer pf improved technology including that of cattle breeding__arg_usually, siphoned off by.the. alr.ead^econ.Q^caIly_and_^<-cially
'powerful—rural elites without- touching-the—rural Poor\ This shows
the need for modifying our rural development policies to directly benefit
the poor people. The aim of this article is to describe the way the
national policy of crossbreeding nondescript cows and upgrading of
buffaloes owned by the cattle owner farmers is being implemented under
the Operation Flood rrogramme by setting up the Anand Pattern milk
producers 1 cooperatives in the specified milksheds in the country in
order to pass on the benefits of cattle breeding programme directly to
the weaker sections of population in the rural areas.
Unique features
The main feature of Anand Pattern of dairy development is the provi
sion of : (i) an assured lucrative market for surplus milk, and (11)
a complete package of technical inputs needed by the milk producers
in the villages. These are in fact considered to be the two basic
pre-requisites for the success of any dairy development programme and
especially so for the success of the cattle breeding programme with
* Views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and not
necessarily of the organisation he is connected with.
** National Dairy Development Board, Anand J88001, Gujarat.
1 See for instance, the extracts from a letter, "Does Cattle Breeding
Help tire Rural Poor", Science Today, VO1.12, No.2, p 9, August 1977.
respect to the rural poor- It is only under this pattern that the
cattle owners particularly the poor ccattle owners are enabled to own
crossbred cows produced out of their local stock, can get remunerative
price for their surplus milk and also have an access to effective
supply of technical inputs required to sustain profitably the crossbred
animals produced on their farms.
Therefore, the Government of India has been constantly giving greater
emphasis for dairy development through the replication of milk producers
cooperatives based cn the Anand Pattern of Gujarat. The Anand Pattern
milk producers' cooperatives being replicated now in the specified milk
sheds in the country consist of a two-tier structure of the village milk
producers' cooperative societies at the villages level and a district
cooperative milk producers' union at the district level. These coopera
tives are owned, operated and controlled by the milk producers themselves
and the society and union staff has to work as servants of the farmers.
The surplus milk from every milk producer who becomes a member of the
cooperative is purchased both in the morning as well as in the evening
at remunerative prices and transported to the dairy plant through_the_
trucks of_ the private contractors_hired by (theZmitk) union for this purpose .
-Besides milk 'procurement, processing and marketing; the milk cooperatives
also provide all the technical inputs and services needed by the milk
producers for milk production enhancement at their door steps in each
village. The same system as evolved for milk collection from each village
is also used for delivery of tho technical inputs to each of the milk
producers.- ■
The union owns and operates a Btud farm and artificial insemination
centre with the required number of buffalo as well as purebred exotic
xar.d crossbred bulls, mobile veterinary clinics, round the clock emergency
service, balanced cattle feed factory, fodder development programmes and
an extension service for the benefit of the milk producers. The milk
societies in different villages provide inputs like facilities for
artificial insemination of cows and buffaloes, veterinary first aid and
marketing of balanced cattle feed and fodder seeds etc. in addition
to milk procurement, testing and making payments to every milk producer
twice a day.
fe* z
The liquid semen collected at the artificial insemination centre of the
union is sent to every village milk society every day (in the specially
designed containers) through the milk trucks going to fetch milk to the
■Union's dairy plant. Even the frozen semen now available from various
institutions in the country and imported and. distributed by the Indian
Dairy Corporation in the liquid nitrogen containers is procured and
distributed by the unions to the frozen semen sub-centres established
in the villages to carry out artificial insemination work with frozen
semen. One of the employees of the village milk society who is trained
in the technique of artificial insemination including liquid as well as
frozen semen handling, performs the inseminations to the animals in
heat. The foilow-up of inseminations is done by the trained stockmen
and veterinary officers coming regularly to every village from the union
Special Incentives
It is an agreed fact that one -sh(iuld._.not..g.a_into_darryii]g_but_sho.uld .grrffi
into it./ Under the Anand Pattern the arrangements are made to produce
'the crossbreds out c. the milch animals possessed by the milk producers
in general and the rural poor in particular rather than purchasing the
crossbreds from outside. In this way the cattle owner has not to spend
anything to own the crossbreds and also gains the required knowledge and
skill for maintaining the crossbreds profitably by living and growing
with them on the farm. The required advice is freely available from the
milk union. In order to ensure that the inseminators will inseminate
every cow and buffalo in heat through the semen sent from the union, the
inseminators, farmers and even the milk societies are given certain in
centives. _The inseminator—like^any.other employees gets salary-for his
work. Besides, in addition to this salary, he_ is given a further incen^•tive~qf Ks~5~to Rs 10 (as decided by different unions’) per crossbred calf
~b~gjT~out pf the animals inseminated by him so that he tries to cover the
maximum numbex_«£--an-imals__ln the village and'even outside irrespecjtive
of caste, class and status of the cattle owners. In case of buffaloes,
TieTTs generally given half of’the amount ihat given in case of cows.
Half of the total amount to be given to the inseminator is paid on con
firmation of pregnancy and the other half is paid after the delivery.
/Similarly, the cattle owner comirg forward to get his cows and buffaloes
inseminated through the inseminator of the milk society is also, given
Rs 5 to Rs 1 0 per animal covered, calf starter subsidy
25 per cent of
total cost, free vaccination, health coverage and advice from the union.
The union also gives three prizes of Rs 250, Rs 150 and Rs 100 to the first
three societies covering maximum number of cows and buffaloes under the
artificial insemination programme -
The above mentioned incentives given to the inseminators, cattle owners
and milk societies in each village under the Anand Pattern of dairy
development are going a long way in helping the rural poor. It can be
seen now in the different milksheds in Gujarat and elsewhere where the
Anand Pattern has been successfully implemented ihat the small and
marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers, landless widows and
such other poor people are increasingly owning the crossbreds produced
out of the local milch animal stock already owned by them.
In addition to the various incentives described above, the milk producers
are also given the entire service including the semen from bulls with
the highest yielding characteristics available for artificial insemina
tion, free of cost on behalf of the milk union. The farmer members are
also provided with the services of the mobile veterinary clinics equipped
with necessary medicines, instruments and appliances and the qualified
veterinarians visiting every village once a week at an appointed time
to treat sick animals. The union also provides emergency service of
veterinarians visiting the farmers' door with the mobile clinic round
4
the clock to treat the serious cases. The "balanced, cattle feed and
improved varieties .of fodder seeds are provided to the milk producers
in each village on no profit no loss basis . The development of common
grazing lands (Gauchars) in the xullages is als o undertaken as a part
of the fodder development programme. Besides, various campaigns, trips
of farmers and farmers
*
wives, mobile exhibit.ons and film shows and
monthly newsletter in local language are also arranged to impart all
useful information to the milk producers from month to month.
The Angnd Pattern has proved to be the most effective system for provid
ing the necessary technical input services especially to the poor milk
producers -who if left to themselves will never be able to avail of such
services. This system has also proved to be the cheapest way of provid
ing ihe complete package of technical inputs to milk producers in every
village at their door steps. The entire cost of these programmes when
included in the milk price structure comes only to about 5 paise per kg
of milk production. •
Fodder product!on
,
fl
„7
The white revolution An—the country is possible cnly_through_rearing__
crossbred and upgraded cows and buffaloes as they are 4 to 5 times
-superior milk^proiucers“over the ncn-de scriptFtnilch animals kept undex.
't-he-village 'coriiitinnsp. At the same time however, farmers need not and
“inTTact-they~do not convert valued land under cereal production to the
cultivation of fodder as is sometime argued by some to meet the require
ments of crossbred animals. After all, milk production in our country
is only a sideline activity and also an activity mainly suited to small
and marginal farmers and the landless labourers because keeping milch
animals is very labour intensive and therefore of less interest to those
farmers who have sizeable land holdings.
JnJhg-jrill^es,. fodder .is generally, being grown in such areas, which
remained previously uncultivated (marginal lands) or on lands not suitable.
for the profitable cultivation of other crops. Some of the farmers grow
fodder as catch crops during the fallow period between the two cereal
crops and also on the boundaries and bunds of their fields and land
holdings. It is a common observation that majority of cattle owners in
our countryside who maintain only one or two milch animals as a part of
mixed farming mainly raise these animals on agricultural byproducts;
freely available grasses, tree leaves, weeds and other foieage collected
from the fields; river and canal beds, roadsides and elsewhere; Some
quantity of cattle feed and chance grazing. The.farmers do not devote
v
good land nd. other..inputs to fodder cultivation at the cost of Sther '
’
crops thax tan bo grown more successfullyand profitably.
Hence, there is no problem of converting cereal lands to fodder production
in practice so far as the implementation of the national policy of cattle
breedirg under the Anaid Pattern is concerned. On the other hand, milk
production which is mostly in the hands of weaker sections in the country-
X-
5
:
#>
glu
side (as nearly 70 Per cent of milk producers in rural ,areas_belcng
&.
tothis category) can best be described as production of costly proteins A
in the form of milk for human c< .sumption out of the wastes and agri
cultural byproducts which are mostly unfit for human consumption. The
rural poor, in particular under the An aid Pattern of dairy development
are considerably benefited. They are helped to produce the costly
proteins in the form of milk ..by owning the high yielding milch animals
mostly fed on the otherwise waste material, sell it at remunerative
prices to increase their purchasing power'and in turn use the money so
earned to procure for their families so much needed less costly proteins
and sufficient calories in -the form of cheaper cereals and pulses.
Some wider implications
Hie country has raised its food, grain output from 47 million tonnes in
1950-5'1 to about 120 million tcnnes-last year~and has now a buffer
stock of about 2_0. million , tonnes of grains. This is the second-biggest
reserve of food' grains in any country, next perhaps only to the one in
America. Amidst reports of large quantity of food grains being wasted
due to inadequate scientific storage facilities, realization is grow
ing that a large number of our pe ople, are...too--Poor._.ta._be__able_to—buy
the_jfood grains even from the_fair price-shops.. A few recent studies
have estimated that'the people living in abject poverty constitute 40
to 50-Per cent of the total population., Obviously-, the Government
today would_not have had so much grain in stock if the'masses had-the
'requisite purchasing—Power.
------ —--------- —- "
It is, therefore, imperative that the steps to increase the purchasing
Power of the rural Poor are urgently taken up. In order to do so,
those programmes which concentrate on creating more jobs and are readily
acceptable to these people need to be given immediate attention. It is
in this context that dairying particularly on the Anand Pattern has
assumed a groat significance. Apart from providing opportunity for
gainful employment and increasing tec incomes of the entire unemployed
or under employed rural population directly, each milk union employs
a few hundred people to start with and the employment opportunities in
the union goes on increasing every year with the increase in its business.
Besides, each of the milk societies in the villages employs 5 to 10
people depending upon the volume of business. The largest number of
employees of the. milk cooperatives consist of unskilled people recruited
from rural areas who are given the required training by the milk union
for the specific jobs to be done by them. Even the higher cadre
employees including managers are mostly sons of the farmers in case they
are competent enough and especially trained for the jobs.
The Dairy industry supplies milk and milk products to the urban markets
and to that extent depends upon the urban areas to siphon off the money
for the urban areas to pay for milk produced in the rural areas and
thereby to raise the purchasing power of the rural poor who are engaged
6
in milk production. No doubt,.some marketing and advertising efforts
are involved in doing so from the point .nf-vie.w ofcreatirg_c.onsumer—
''awareness and information however it is interesting to note thatthe
' "total- investment-or? these comes only to a fraction of one per cent pf~
'"ttie~^Ecrtal annual turnover as compared to many_ times over this in that
"oftothgr"industries.
At the~same time, the urban population is also
'benefited from the organised dairying as the dairies provide clean milk
at much lower prices than they jay to the traditional milk vendors who
generally sell adulterated milk in the urban areas.
The argument often beirg raised now that milk has no special advantage
over a combination of cereals and pulses is also a mere ideolcgical
obsession rather than a reality. It must be realised that milk and
milk products are the only source of animal protein for J5 to 40 per cent _
of the 6J0 million people living in this country. It has-been—found
that even the non-vegetarians need milk and milk products to supplement
and enrich their diet. Thus an assured supply of milk is not only an
urgent necessity to enable millions of people to have a balanced diet
and develop a healthy body but is also necessary to raise the income and
purchasing power of the rural poor. We are reminded of a remarkable
passage of Darling in this context who while writing about the importance
of cattle and milk in India says, without them food and drink lose half
their savour, for in a vegetarian country what can be worse than to have
no milk,- butter or ghee^.
I
■A1
.' -jV
AzyP
A
Alongwith the crossbred cows, improvement of buffaloes and goats - the
poor man's cow, can be taken up to increase milk production in rural
areas. However, the genetic barriers and other factors like soil erosion
and crop damage etc. associated, with goat rearing are likely to place
more emphasis on the development of the cows and buffaloes for milk pro
duction except of course in certain specific areas where the local condi
tions may warrant something different. It has been observed that produ
ction and sale of milk as encouraged under the Anand Pattern of milk
producers’ cooperatives, is sustaining a numb-r of Poor families who
have no other means of livelihood from utter starvation. Already a few
million rural milk producers' families are benefiting from their member
ship of such cooP'ratives in different milksheds in our country.- Also,
it is found that in general with the setting up of these cooperatives,
landloss and marginal farmers are eamirg as much as 60 to 70 per cent
and small farmers about JO to 40 per cent of their total income from the
sale of milk and livestock including crossbreds produced out of their
cattle. The importance of dairying as a source of total income decreases
with the increase in size of land holding. Thus, the development of
animal husbandry and dairyirg on the Anand Pattern has a great future from
the point of view of ameliorating the economic and social conditions of
the rural poor.
2
M.L. Darling : The Rmjab Peasants in Prosperity and Debt, p J1 .
7
Concluding remarks
The Anand Pattern of Milk Producers ' Cooperatives as described in this
article has been quite successful for the development of milch animals
and organised dairying in the specific tnilksheds where it has been imple
mented so far. The national cattle breeding policy under this pattern
of dairy development can be used as an effective tool for overall rural
development by putting into the hands of the milk producers the instru
ments for increasing milk as well as crop production to raise overall
farm income and profits of the farmers throughout the country. It is
hoped that State Governments and voluntary agencies engaged in cattle
breeding programmes in the country will take note of this and provide the
impetus for replication of Anand Pattern of -Dairy Development for the
benefit of the rural poor in the different milksheds throughout the
country under Operation Flood-II programme which will be shortly off the
ground.
fo&ah:dst:mr:^00:9v?8
=-
O&
* Alex Laidlaw
1'73 SS31! IT
Yes, I've seen it - the highly successful mir.i-mar?.etirg co-operative
known as /JUL, located at Anand in the State of Gujarat, in India. It is
not the largest co-operative organisation in all India, but it is one of
the most modern and efficient, no matter which way you view it, and it
would bear comparison with any farmers' co-operative anywhere in the World.
Gn previous visits to India, I missed seeing "Anand" as the cooperative is
popularly known, and I om thankful for the events that brought me tc visit
it this time. It stands as a rich fulfillment of dreams which cooperators
often have. Iromotirg cooperatives in developing countries can often be a
discouraging task, but -^nand is proof that the effort can be very rewarding
too o
This cooperative is called wither AZUL, which is the brand-name of its
dairy products, or Arend, the place where the head—darters and processing
plant are located. Slither '/icy, it referes to the Zaira District Cooperative
Milk Producers' Union Ltd., Zaira being a district in Gujarat with over
1OCC villages covering about 251s square miles, roughly the size of G'.A.I.
For many thousands of people from all over the world, Anand has become a sort
of Mecca to which cooperators .journey to have their faith in. the cooperative
idea strengthened and confirmed.
The Beginning.
The story of this cooperative begins in 1945, the year before India became
an independent notion. Zven as today, the city of Bombay, 268 miles away,
then depended on the Zaira District for a substantial part of its milk
supply. But farmers were dissatisfied-with prices, marketing conditions
and the attitude of government. They took n decisive steps they went on
strike and withheld milk from the market, /-t the end of two weeks,
government and the distributors were ready to come to terms. The producers
then set up their own cooperative marketing system. They have never looked
back, and in almost thirty years of spectacular growth have gone from one
success to another.
The first year of operation (1948/, the cooperative handled only 250 litres
of milk a day from just two villages. Now it handled over 300,000 litres a
day collected from over 800 villages. Since 19'55 all processing is done
under one roof in a modern central plant which operates non-stop twentyfour
hours. In addition to fluid milk, the plant produces butter, powdered milk,
baby food, cheese an- other dairy products which enjoy the highest consumer
favour under the AMUL label.
* Formerly, Secretary-General of the Cooperative Union of Canada
At present, Consultant in Cooperatives and Community 3ducation.
contd. .2/-
£v j L^
-2xrobably the best proof of the outstanding record of this cooperative is
the fact that the National Dairy Development Board, which had its head
quarters placed close by so as to be near the model, has launched a big
campaign called "Operation Flood" with the objective of creating
"eighteen Anands" in other parts of India.
Uni cu e Features.
A Canadian visiting Anand will immediately spot certain features different
from what we are accustomed to, especially its organizational structure.
In Canada, we seen to have no confidence in the federated type of organi
sation for marketing, especially of milk. All Canadian milk-marketing
co-operatives rre centralized organisations with branch operations where
necessary.
In contrast, Anand is a federation of 346 primary societies, each indepen
dent but of course rel-yirg heavily on the central facilities of the
□other organisation. The total membership of the local societies is about
24 .J, u ju.
Milk is collected twice daily at the primary society on- believe it or not,
paid for in cash twice a day to put sorely-needed money into the hands of
the villagers immediately. Grading is lore at the local level and co
operative members have learned that adulteration does not ; pay.
The primary society maintains a service centre for members, distributes
cattle feed and other supplies, acts. as the distribution point for the
various services of the Federation and is the main educational and community
development ageijcy at the village level. The dairy co-operative in Kcira
is described as "the focus and initiator of modernization and village improve
ment". In some villages the co-operative has token responsibility for
building schools and constructing water systems.
The impact of these village societies on the whole district must be
enormous, for they distribute each day about one million rupee to milk
producers, big, medium and small. Ard here again is a great difference
from the Canadian situations the small producers are important to the co
operative, just as the co-operative is the economic mainstay of the small
producers. Indeed, onerthird of the total prcducti.c.n_cf AtXJnijBOnaflL-fcfiQ.
-members who are—actually IcndJLess, for example, the. .poor widow who keeps a
buffalo or two alongside her house as her only.source of income and security.
The factors of success ,
Many visitors to Anand ask the question! How .io you account for the remarka
ble performance of this particular co-operative? I asked this question in
New Delhi before my visit to Gujarat and was told by one who hod watched
the development of the co-operative from the beginning that there were five
basic factors for its success! 1/ Outstanding, even inspired, leadersr.ip_
that bred deep loyalty criong f ar me r s~and~~st'af f alike. 2/ professional manage.
.ment, which- was- able to -^aniyyanh^rtEout political or bureaucratic
inter
ference 3; Modern technology was always~respectcd~T~4/ "The...organ'ization~concgjytrated on better marketing methods^ always to the advantage of producers
but for tEe~15enefit of cpj^mej-s osmtSUA’ 5) A lcrge.-nropprr.tion qf the .
eornirgs^j, pro fits) wertr
—back into services to the producers. Coopc-rativesall over-the World, Canada included, would do well to keep these
five cardinal points in mind.
To these five I would add one extra from my observation of Anands the
officers and personnel from top to bottom seem dedicated to one overriding
..3/-
3
ideals the improvement of living conditions in the village. Several tines
during interviews I heard the words that seem to be the powerful motivating
force behand this co-operative
*
"We are servants ofthc farmers". The
rural scene in developing countries around the World would be very diffe
rent if this were the rule that guided all wiio come to the village in the
name of helping the people.
Services for Members.
The services which the federation supplies to the 846 primary societies at
the village level arc a vital part of the whole system, services which
no one village society, or even several, could provide on their own. Three
are particularly valuable
*
central supply of cattle feed, artificial insemi
nation of buffaloes and a veterinary service available 24 hours a day.
The first two are familiar enough to Canadian readers, but the third is not,
for I am not aware of any farmers' co-operative in Canada with a veterinary
service like the one at Anand. I watched it swinging into action early one
morning. Twenty-one white panel trucks, each with a driver and veterinary
doctor carrying a kit of drugs, remedies and equipment were sotting out on
their daily rounds of primary societies, where sick or injured buffaloes are
treated . In this way each village is visited weekly without individual
charge.
The federation has 45 veterinary doctors and staff, with service round
the clock for emergencies, for which a charge is paid by a member.
These services (balanced feed rations, improved breeding and veterinary
services/ have paid rich returns
*
the production of milk per buffalo in
Keira district is about twice the average national yield in India. ■ find
through the cooperative the cost of an individual basis becomes negligible.
As the director of the veterinary service explained
*
it costs only a few
paise per litre of milk.
The Lessons of Anand.
I left Anand by car for the air port at Baroda with many thoughts
running through my mind. Sone of them were what I would call "the
lessons of Anand", that cooperatives in India, in some parts at least,
can employ technology at the highest level; that cooperatives in the
T’ird World can be made to serve people at the lowest economic level, in
this case even the landless; that good cooperatives can excel in compe
tition with private-profit business
*
that cooperatives are most success
ful when operated without internal government control; that a central
marketing co-operative in a developing country needs the base provided
by primary societies, which in turn have a distinctive role at the
village level; that members in a farmers' co-operative, even poor
members, appreciate the value of extra services instead of the last
marketing cent; finally, that a good co-operative like Anand cannot be
built in a short while - here it has taken over twenty-five years.
4/-
I nte mat io rr 1 .Li cl.
The Znand(or imul) story has another lesson of great value to all who
are engaged in international development work; funds and technical
assistance given to sound co-operative projects yield the highest
possible returns, in terns of both economic and social development.
Z.t various times in the past, this cooperative has received aid from
OXE£M, FZG, UNICEF and the Government of New Zealand, to mention some
of the principal donors. Denmark has also been an important contribu
ted in support o f the work of the Dairy Development Board and F/.C
presently has a tear. working on Operation Flood. .Lnd by the way,
Canada has under consideration a scheme to provide heifers to farmers
for the production of cow's milk to supplement the buffalo milk, which
has a very high fat content. A recent visiter from Europe was hoard
to remarks In our experience this is the best use of aid funds we
know of.
Someone told me that the brand name diiUL also means "priceless" in the
Gujarati language. Ericeless it is, indeed.
Headers who doubt that the cooperative idea will ever work well in
a developing country, should go to -‘-nanf and see for themselves.
There the machine is not just off the ground; it has already entered
the jet age.
o
FG&fjd/Hks ;gop/ 50G
25.9.'73.
MILK PROCUREMENT THROUGH PRODUCERS COOPERATIVE ^ND
THEREBY REFLECTING AN^.ND SYSTEM
Dairying through cooperative has long been known in the country.
However,du^,to some reason or the other, desired result could not
oe acmeyed for long. The main problem has not been that of know
-ingjithehftw do ; rather it had been that of knowing how to do
it- how to get it done.
Dairying in India has always been linked with agriculture rather
than becoming an independent profession. Land and animal have
gone together. Therefore, even cooperative dairying was tried in
number of ways e.g. advancement of loan for purchase occattle,
milk supply societies etc. the results could not be achieved.
What exactly was needed was an organization which chould safogurd
the interest of small farmers in adopting dairying as a subsidiary
occupation by providing a remunerative market for the rurally
produced milk all along the year and guarantee of package of
inputs which could safe guard against the health hazards of their
animals and provide them necessary facilities for adopting better
animal husbandry practices. Such a bold and right step was taken
in late 1946 when the farmers of Kaira District joined together
to forma cooperative structure which could provide them all
these essentials at their door steps through integrated organi-zaticn owned and operated by them. This institution which has
now become a pioneer in cooperative dairying is known as Kaira
District Cooperative ^ilk Producers’ Union Ltd.(AMUL) .This
cooperative centres on the formation and operation of hundreds
of village milk producers' cooperatives ( a typiqal member owns
one or two buffaloes and deals less than 1 ha.) These village
level cooperatives are fused together into a cooperative union
which owns and operates its own facilities for milk and feed
processing, collection and distribution and provide its members
the full range of technical services.
It also sets milk prices
and never refuses to buy milk in any quantity produced by its
members. Besides, assuring around the year marked for their milk
members are provided with a package of services which include
routine veterinary health,breeding coverage, concentrate feed,
fodder seeds, training etc. The village cooperative-practicing
democracy by living in it,besides, collecting milk, paying twice
a day to the members supplies on the basis of quantity and quality
and having an intestive system to infuse technical inputs
in
collaboration with the Union also serves as the retail output
for the sale of balanced cattle feed, and fodder seeds. Using
part of their annual net returns these societies contribute
substantially towards community development work in the village.
The Kaira union is now a chhesive apex of some 2,40,000
farmers from some 840 villages in Kaira. It has a Board of
Directors elected on a completely democratic pattern from
these villages. This farmers' elected Board governs the
(pto)..
2
Union whereas the market oriented management of hired profe-ssionals operated. The Union, since beginning realised that
viability of milk producers will depend on the difference
between his cost of milk production and what he realise out
of it.
Consequently the market was created at his door step
where he pours his milk, gets paid twice a day and is free
from his worries.
The onward transportation of milk is the
responsibility of the Union. Side by side Amul has always
tried to upgrade its services with package of inputs.
The Anand Pattern which has now become an accepted pattern
for dairy development in the country as it is genesis from
this Kaira Union. This system is a two-tier system where the
primary village cooperative societies
*
formation is a basic
unit and the district level union as an apex one. The micro
inputs like first aid veterinary services, sale of cattle
feed, sale of fodder seeds etc. are marketed through the
primaries and macro inputs e. g. veterinary health care, AT
programme, manufacture of cattle feed and the extension
services is taken care of by the apex body- district Union.
Sometimes in mid 60
s
*
the dairy wizards of the country were
thinking seriously of developing dairying all over the
country on a pattern similar to Amul.
It was during this
process that Operation Flood was conceived and it was decided
to create a number of Anands in the various parts of the
country. 58 districts of 10 states in the country came forward-ed to participate this programme.
It was conceived to
create 18 Anands in these 10 States out of the funds generated
from the Operation Flood programme.
The process is going
on since 1970 and a number
f Anands are new in the offing
Looking into the success of the Operation Flood other
International agencies which were keen in financing various
dairy projects in the country, also agreed to go in for
this system.
Even these projects have now taken off and
the progress achieved are encouraging.
000
fo&ah/mks/bpt/500/15vi78
I .11
rieprinted, from the Indian Dairyman, Vol. XXX, No. 4, April 1978
MILCH ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT AND THE RURAL POOR
*
D.S.
**
Thakur
Introduction
Improvement of milch animals forms a crucial component of the strategy
for upliftment of rural poor such as small and marginal farmers, land
less agricultural labourers, petty shopkeepers, village artisans and
the like who constitute over 70 per cent of the rural population. In
areas -where organised facilities for marketing of milk at remunerative
prices have been .created, it is found that income from two improved
cows or buffaloes earned by a landless family, for example, a poor
widow —is sufficient to support the family. Government of India has
been constantly giving greater emphasis alongwith other programmes to
dairy development with a view to ameliorating the economic and social
conditions of the rural poor throughout the country.
However, it is generally found and argued these days that the benefits
of the transfer of improved technology including that of cattle breed
ing are usually siphoned off by the already economically and socially
powerful rural elites without touching the rural Poor^. This shows
the need for modifying our rural development policies to directly benefit
the poor people. The aim of this article is to describe the way the
national policy of crossbreeding nondescript cows and upgrading of
buffaloes owned by the cattle owner farmers is being implemented under
the Operation Flood Programme by setting up tho Anand Pattern milk
producers’ cooperatives in the specified milksheds in the country in
order to pass on the benefits of cattle breeding programme directly to
the weaker sections of population in the rural areas.
Unique features
The main feature of Anand Pattern of dairy development is the provi
sion of : (i) an assured lucrative market for surplus milk, and (ii)
a complete package of technical inputs needed by the milk producers
in the villages. These are in fact considered to be the two basic
pre-requisites for the success of any dairy development programme and
especially so for the success of the cattle breeding programme with
* Views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and not
necessarily of the organisation he is connected with.
** National Dairy Development Board, Anand 588001, Gujarat.
1 See for instance, the extracts from a letter, "Does Cattle Breeding
Help the Rural Poor", Science Today, Vol.12, No.2, p 9, August 1977 .
2
respect to the rural poor. It is only under this pattern that the
cattle owners particularly the poor cattle owners are enabled tn own
crossbred cows produced out of t^eir local stock, can get remunerative
price for their surplus milk and also have an access to effective
supply of technical .iputs required to sustain profitably the crossbred
animals produced on their farms.
Iherefore, the Government of India has been constantly giving greater
emphasis for dairy development through the replication of milk producers
cooperatives based on the Anand Pattern of Gujarat. The Anand Pattern
milk producers' cooperatives being replicated now in the specified milk
sheds in the country consist of a two-tier structure of the village milk
producers' cooperative societies at the villages level and a district
cooperative milk producers' union at the district level. These coopera
tives are owned, operated and controlled by the milk producers themselves
and the society and union staff has to work as servants of the farmers.
■i
The surplus milk from every milk producer who becomes a member of the
cooperative is purchased both in the morning as well as in the evening
at remunerative prices and transported to the dairy plant through the
trucks of the private contractors hired by the milk union for this purpose.
Besides milk procurement, processing and marketing; the milk cooperatives
also provide all the technical inputs and services needed by the milk
producers for milk production enhancement at their door steps in each
village. The same system as evolved for milk collection from each village
is also used for delivery of the technical inputs to each of the milk
producers.
The union owns and operates a otud farm and artificial insemination
centre wiih the required number of buffalo as well as purebred exotic
and crossbred bulls, mobile veterinary clinics, round the clock emergency
service, balanced cattle feed factory, fodder development programmes and
an extension service for the benefit of die milk producers. The milk
societies in different villages provide inputs like facilities for
artificial insemination of cows and buffaloes, veterinary first aid and
marketing of balanced cattle feed and fodder seeds etc. in addition
to milk procurement, testing and making payments to every milk producer
twice a day.
The liquid semen collected at the artificial insemination centre of the
union is sent to every village milk Society every day (in the specially
designed containers) through the milk trucks going to fetch milk to the
Union's dairy plant. Even the frozen semen now available from various
institutions in the country and imported and distributed by the Indian
Dairy Corporation in the liquid nitrogen containers is procured and
distributed by the unions to the frozen semen sub-centres established
in the villages to carry out artificial insemination work with frozen
semen. One of the employees of the villgge milk society who is trained
in the technique of artificial insemination including liquid as well as
frozen semen handling, performs the inseminations to the animals in
heat. The follow-up of inseminations is done by the trained stockmen
and veterinary officers coming'regularly to every village from the union.
5
Special Incentives
It is an agreed, fact that one should not go into dairying but should grow
into it. Under the Anand Pattern the arrangements are made to produce
the crossbreds out of the milch animals possessed by the milk producers
in general and the rural poor in particular rather than purchasing the
crossbreds from outside. In this way the cattle owner has not to spend
anything to own the crossbreds and also gains the required knowledge and
skill for maintaining the crossbreds profitably by livirg and growing
with them on the farm. The required advice is freely available from the
milk union. In order to ensure that the inseminators will inseminate
every cow and buffalo in heat through the semen sent from the union, the
inseminators, farmers and even the milk societies are given certain in
centives. The inseminator like any other employees gets salary for his
work. Besides, in addition to this salary, he is given a further incen
tive of Rs 6 to Rs 1 0 (as decided by different unions) per crossbred calf
born out of the animals inseminated by him so that he tries to cover the
maximum number of animals in the village and even outside irrespective
of caste, class and status of the cattle owners. In case of buffaloes,
he is generally given half of the amount that given in case of cows.
Half of the total amount to be given to the inseminator is paid on con
firmation of pregnancy and the other half is paid after the delivery.
Similarly, the cattle owner comirg forward to get his cows and buffaloes
inseminated through the inseminator of the milk society is also given
Rs 5 to Rs 1 0 per animal covered, calf starter subsidy <3 25 per cent of
total cost, free vaccination, health coverage and advice from the union.
The union also gives three prizes of Rs 250, Rs 150 and Rs 100 to the first
three societies covering maximum number of cows and buffaloes under the
artificial insemination pregramme.
The above mentioned incentives given to the inseminators, cattle owners
and milk societies in each village under the Anand Pattern of dairy
development are going- a long way in helping the rural poor. It can be
seen now in the different milksheds in Gujarat and elsewhere where the
Anand Pattern has been successfully implemented ihat the small and
marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers, landless widows and
such other poor people are increasingly owning the crossbreds produced
out of the local milch animal stock already owned by them.
In addition to the various incentives described above, the milk producers
are also given the entire service including the semen from bulls with
the highest yielding characteristics available for artificial insemina
tion, free of cost on behalf of the milk union. The farmer members are
also provided with the services of the mobile veterinaiy clinics equipped
with necessary medicines, instruments and appliances and the qualified
veterinarians visiting every village once a week at an appointed time
to treat sick animals. The union also provides emergency service of
veterinarians visiting the farmers' door with the mobile clinic round
4
the clock to treat the serious cases. Ihe balanced, cattle feed. and.
improved, varieties of fodder seeds are provided to ihe milk producers
in each village cn no profit no loss basis . The development of common
grazing lands (Gauchars) in the villages is also undertaken as a part
of the fodder development programme. Besides, various campaigns, trips
of farmers and farmers' wives, mobile exhibitions and film shows and
monthly newsletter in local language are also arranged to impart all
useful information to the milk producers from month to month.
The Angnd Pattern has proved to be the most effective system for provid
ing the necessary technical input services especially to the poor milk
producers who if left to themselves will never be able to avail of such
services. This system has also proved to be the cheapest way of provid
ing ihe complete package of technical inputs to milk producers in every
village at their door steps. The entire cost of these programmes when
included in the milk price structure comes only to about 5 paise per kg
of milk production.
Fodder production
The white revolution in the country is possible only through rearing
crossbred and upgraded cows and buffaloes as they are 4 to 5 times
superior milk producers over the non-descript milch animals kept under
the village conditions. At the same time however, farmers need not and
in fact they do not convert valued land under cereal production to the
cultivation of fodder as is sometime argued by some to meet the require
ments of crossbred animals. After all, milk production in our country
is only a sideline activity and also an activity mainly suited to small
and marginal farmers and the landless labourers because keeping milch
animals is very labour intensive and therefore of less interest to those
farmers who have sizeable land holdings.
In the villages, fodder is generally being grown in such areas which
remained previously uncultivated (marginal lands) or on lands not suitable
for the profitable cultivation of other crops. Some of the farmers grow
fodder as catch crops during the fallow period between the two cereal
crops and also cn the boundaries and bunds of their fields and land
holdings. It is a common observation that majority of cattle owners in
our countryside who maintain only one or two milch animals as a part of
mixed farming mainly raise these animals on agricultural byproducts;
freely available grasses, tree leaves, weeds and other foieage collected
from ihe fields; river and canal beds, roadsides and elsewhere; some
quantity of cattle feed and chance grazing. The farmers do not devote
good land and other inputs to fodder cultivation at the cost of bther
crops that can be grown more successfully and profitably.
Hence, there is no problem of converting cereal lands to fodder production
in practice so far as ihe implementation of the national policy of cattle
breeding under the An aid Pattern is concerned. On the other hand, milk
production which is mostly in the hands of weaker sections in the country-
5
side (as nearly 70 per cent of milk producers in rural areas belong
to this category) can Pest be described as production of costly proteins
in the form of milk for human consumption out of the wastes and agri
cultural byproducts which are mostly unfit for human consumption. The
rural poor, in particular under the An end Pattern of dairy development
are considerably benefited. They are helped to produce the Costly
proteins in the form of milk by owning ihe high yielding milch animals
mostly fed on the otherwise waste material, sell it at remunerative
prices to increase their purchasing power and in turn use the money so
earned to procure for their families so much needed less costly proteins
and sufficient calories in ihe form of cheaper cereals and pulses.
Spine v'id-cr implications
The country has raised its food grain output from 47 million tonnes in
195O-51 to about 120 million tonnes last year and has now a buffer
stock of about 20 million tonnes of grains. This is the second biggest
reserve of food grains in any country, next perhaps only to the one in
America. Amidst reports of large quantity of food grains being wasted
due to inadequate scientific storage facilities, realization is grow
ing ihat a large number of our people are too Poor to be able to buy
the food grains even from the fair price shops. A few recent studies
have estimated that the people living in abject poverty constitute 40
to 50 per cent of the total population. Obviously, the Government
today would not have had so much grain in stock if the masses had the
requisite purchasing power.
It is, therefore, imparative that the steps to increase the purchasing
power of the rural poor are urgently taken up. In order to do so,
those programmes which concentrate on creating more jobs and are readily
acceptable to these people need to be given immediate attention. It is
in this context that dairying particularly on the Anand Pattern has
assumed a groat significance. Apart from providing opportunity for
gainful employment and increasing the incomes of the entire unemployed
or under employed rural population directly, each milk union employs
a few hundred people to start with and the employment opportunities in
the union goes on increasing every year with the increase in its business.
Besides, each of the milk societies in the villages employs 5 to 10
people depending upon the volume of business. The largest number of
employees of the milk cooperatives consist of unskilled people recruited
from rural areas who are given the required training by the milk union
for tire specific jobs to be done by them. Even the higher cadre
employees including managers are mostly sons of the farmers in case ihey
are competent enough and especially trained for the jobs.
The Dairy industry supplies milk and milk products to the urban markets
and to that extent depends upon the urban areas to siphon off the money
for the urban areas to pay for milk produced in the rural areas and
thereby to raise ihe purchasing power of the rural poor who are engaged
6
in milk production. No doubt, soma marketing and advertising efforts
are involved in doing so from the uoint of view of creating consumer
awareness and information however it is interesting to note that the
total investment on these comes only to a fraction of one per cent of
the total annual tun. rer as compared to many times over this in that
of other industries.
At the
die urban population is also
benefited from the organised dairying as the dairies provide clean milk
at much lower prices than they pay to the traditional milk vendors who
generally sell adulterated milk in the urban areas.
The argument often being raised now that milk has no special advantage
over a Combination of cereals and pulses is also a mere ideological
obsession rather than a reality. It must be realised that milk and
milk products are the only source of animal protein for 55 to 40 per cent
of the 650 million people living in this country. It has been found
that even the non-vegetarians need milk and milk products to supplement
and enrich their diet. Thus an assured supply of milk is not only an
urgent necessity to enable millions of people to have a balanced diet
and develop a healthy body but is also necessary to raise the income and
purchasing power of the rural poor. We are reminded of a remarkable
Passage of Darling in this context who while writing about the importance
of cattle and milk in India says, without them food and drink lose half
their savour, for in a vegetarian country what can be worse than to have
no milk, butter or ghee2.
Alongwith the crossbred cows, improvement of buffaloes and goats - the
poor man's cow, can be taken up to increase milk production in rural
areas. However, the genetic barriers and other factors like soil erosion
and crop damage etc. associated with goat rearing are likely to place
more emphasis on the development of the cows and buffaloes for milk pro
duction except of course in certa?
specific areas where the local condi
tions may warrant something different. It has been observed that produ
ction and sale of milk as encouraged under the Anand Pattern of milk
producers' cooperatives, is sustaining a numb~r of Poor families who
have no other moans of livelihood from utter starvation. Already a few
million rural milk producers' families are benefiting from their member
ship of such cooprratives in different milksheds in our country. Also,
It is found that in general with ihe setting up'of these cooperatives ,
landless and marginal farmers are earning as much as 60 to 70 per cent
and small farmers about 50 to 40 p.-r cent of their total income from the
sale of milk and livestock including crossbreds produced out of their
cattle. The importance of dairying as a source of total income decreases
with the increase in size of land holding. Brus, the development of
animal husbandry and dairying on the Anand Pattern has a great future from
the point of view of ameliorating the economic and social conditions of
the rural poor.
2
M.L. Darling : The Punjab Peasants in Prosperity and Debt, p
.
7
Concluding remarks
The Anand Pattern of Milk Producers' Cooperatives as described in this
article has been quite successful for the development of milch animals
and organised dairying in the specific milksheds where it has been imple
mented so far. The national cattle breeding policy under this pattern
of dairy development can be used as an effective tool for overall rural
development by putting into the hands of the milk producers the instru
ments for increasing milk as well as crop production to raise overall
farm income and profits of the farmers throughout the country. It is
hoped that State Governments and voluntary agencies engaged in cattle
breeding programmes in the country will take note of this and provide the
impetus for replication of Anand Pattern of Dairy Development for the
benefit of the rural Poor in the different milksheds throughout the
country under Operation Flood-II programme which will be shortly off the
ground.
fo&ah:dst:mr:$00:9v78
11
—"
Dairy Development
and Improvement of
Milch Animals
D.S. Thakur
National Dairy Development Board.
This Page
Under Operation flood, Pura-brod Exotic Bulls
b«ing mdln>
talnsd at sev
®!
**
Al Centra
*
for the production of liquid aemari
for cross-breading of local cattle. At some of these -s^ntsos
frozen semen la produced for distribution to diffuront agencies
^jpgeged in breeding programmes throughout
country
Page Facing :
C>'O3S>br«d« are now becoming u common feature in villages
whore croas-breoding fecilftfes huvo been provided
DgV LIT
he general characteristics of Indian Dairying in the
T past were low productivity of milch animals, high
cost of milk production and low profit margins for
milk producers. Efforts have been made after indepen
dence to modernise milk production, processing and
marketing. A major programme for dairy development
and improvement of milch animals has been the Inten
sive Cattle Development Scheme. A large number of
small Key Village Schemes were started in every State.
lor systematic breeding, feeding and management.
City Milk Schemes and Rural Dairy Plants were also
organised to provide an assured and lucrative market
for milk producers.
Schemes for modernising milk production, processing
and marketing were implemented mainly by Departments
of Slate Governments, except for certain cases as in
Gujarat where District Cooperative Milk Producers’
Unions implemented them. The best known of these
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF MILCH ANIMALS
cases is the project given to the Kaira District Coopera
tive Milk Producers' Union at Anand, popularly known
as "Amul".
In many cases, the resources available were absorbed
mainly by infructious expenditure and only a small
amount was left for milch animal imorovernent and dairy
development. Milk producers did not have access to
an effective market for milk and to an effective supply
of technical inputs for enhancing milk production.
However, considerable success was achieved by the
Anand Union. The Union provided the technical in
puts needed by milk producers on a viable basis and
organised milk procurement, processing and marketing
for the benefit of producers and consumers right from
the beginning. These achievements led to the wide
spread conviction that the Anand Pattern of milk coope
ratives should be adopted elsewhere, to modernise
dairying and to use it as an instrument of change in
rural areas.
ANAND PATTERN OF MILK COOPERATIVES
The foundation of the Anand Pattern of milk coopera
tives was laid with the organisation of -the Anand
Union in Gujarat in 1946. The Union started functioning
with a handful of members from two village milk produ
cers' cooperative societies pasteurising 250 litres of milk
a day for the Bombay Milk Scheme in June 1948.
Today, the Union collects on an average 450.000
litres of milk daily from over 240.000 households
(members) through milk societies organised in practi
cally every village in the district. The total annual
turnover of the Union is now around Rs. 450 million
and the vaiue added to rhe economy of the district is
estimated to be over Rs. 120 million per annum.
The Anand Pattern consists of a two-tior structure of
cooperatives with milk societies at the village level and'a
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE
mifk union at the district (eve!. The whole organisation
of the miik cooperatives—union as well as milk socie
ties—is owned, operated and controlled by milk pro
ducers themselves.
Any milk producer can become a member of the society
by paying a membership fee of Rs. 5 and the registration
fee of Re. 1. Once milk producers decide to have a
milk society in their villlage, a general meeting of the
members is held to select their representatives democrati
cally. m the presence of a supervisor and an officer of the
Union, to from a managing Committee which looks after
the Society. The managing committee employs a secre
tary. a milk collector, a fat tester, a clerk, an inseminator,
an accountant and a helper. Every Society is constantly
guided and supervised by the Union so that it remains
efficient, strong and viable. Continuous and concurrent
audit of all the societies on a quarterly basis ensures
clean practices.
The Union is the apex organisation of all the registered
societies. It is represented by a Board of Directors elected
mostly from the representatives of Societies. The Board
frames the general policies of the Union and employs
a General Manager. The General Manager employs com
petent managers, technicians and Supporting Staff The
Union is responsibte for ceating effective processing and
marketing facilities for all the milk which its members
want to serf, and for providing technical inputs including
extension service for milch animal improvement and milk
production enhancement throughout the district.
Milk is collected at the milk society in every village twice
a day. Each sample is tested and analysed, and the
milk producers are paid every 12 hours on the basis of the
fat and the soiids-not-fat content of the milk supplied
by them. A table of payment is sent by the Union to
ail the Societies and producers receive the price for
their milk strictly on the basis of tho quality and
quantity of milk, irrespective of their distances from
The Union. T he Union makes arrangement to trans
port the milk from every Society to the Union’sdiary plant where it is pasteurised and then sold as liquid
milk or converted into milk products. Besides milk
collection and twice-a-day payment to milk producers,
mifk cooperatives based on the Anand Pattern provide
the technical inputs and services needed by' the pro
ducers—often at their doorstep. The delivery system is
the same as the one evolved for milk procurement.
Technical inputs include compounded cattle-feed, fodder
crop seeds and rootslips, artificial insemination (Al)
services and veterinary services. Veterinary doctors are
available round the clock for the emergency treatment
of sick animals. Milk cooperatives also organise cam
paigns. educative tours for farmers and their wives,
mobile exhibitions, film shows, fodder demonstrations
etc. and publish a monthly newsletter. Milk producers
are thus educated on what is latest in the field of dairying
38
and what they should do from month to month for herd
management and for higher milk production.
The Anand Pattern has proved to be the cheapest and
the most effective system for providing technical inputs
and extension services. The total cost of these pro
grammes. when included in the milk price structure.
comes to only around 3 paise per kg of milk. However,
the provision of such services has significant impact on
milch animal improvement and milk production in the
area which results in a tremendous rise in rnilk collection
over time as will be noted from Table 1.
Apart from milch.animal improvement programmes and
the provision of incentives for diary development, the
Union as well as the Societies use substantial part of
their savings for rural development. They help in creat
ing modern facilities for cattle development, the construc
tion of village roads and milk collection centres, the
development of village schools, libraries, clinics, youth
centres, adult education programmes etc. and the pro
vision of waler supply, electricity connections, telephone
facilities and even television sets. Milk producers are
paid dividends on their shares and bonus in relation to
the contribution they make towards the business of the
cooperatives. The facilities and the day-to-day money
which milk producers get from their milk cooperatives
are constantly used for the purchase of technical inputs
for milch animals, purchase of improved milch animals.
improved seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and improved
implements, and even for the education of their children
which further helps them to boost their total income.
investments and purchasing power.
The organization of Anand Pattern milk cooperatives
is most important from the point of view of the weaker
sections in villages such as the landless, marginal far
mers and small farmers, in Kaira district, the landless
and marginal farmers earn about 60 to 70 oer cent, and
small farmers 30 to 40 per cent, of their total income
from dairying. When villagers work together in milk
societies, age-old barriers of caste, class, sex. untouch
ability. superstitions and factions tend to break down.
They also tend to show increasing interest in wrothy
social causes like literacy drives and family planning.
REPLICATION OF ANAND PATTERN
By the sixties, milk producers and the Gujarat Govern
*
ment wore convinced that the Anand Pattern of milk
cooperatives was the most effective structure for dairy
development and improvement of milch animals. The
Government of Gujarat and Amul started to help milk
producers in different districts of the State to adopt
the Anand Pattern. A few other States also wanted to
start rhe ir own "Anands”.
In October, 1964. the then Prime Minister of India Shri
Lal Bahadur Shastri inaugurated the new compounded
cattle-feed plant of Anand Union. He was impressed
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF MILCH ANIMALS
TABLE 1
YEARWISE PROGRESS IN PROVISION OF TECHNICAL INPUTS FOR MILK PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT
AND MILK COLLECTION BY ANAND UNION IN DISTRICT KAIRA, GUJARAT
(1955-56 THROUGH 1974-75)
Year
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
Cattle
feed
sales
(Metric
Tonnes)
Cultivation of
lucerne fodder
Performance of artificial
insemination programme (Al)
Qty of
seed
distributed
(kg)
No. of
Al subcentres
3945
6119
17226
10987
28587
86600
29895 167122
41145
72998
57558 173696
3972' 174531
41974 175563
51313 246232
50730 281253
59868 195475
Area
under
the
crop
(Acres)
992
2500
8000
12000
10000
17500
17500
20000
25000
28500
19550
No. of
Al performed
3854
7
14
5533
6434
14
14
6287
14
7700
9077
26
44
1 2839
19232
75
26148
102
31582
138
41841
281
312
87445
332 194306
362 137808
475 151985
523 157547
550 156823
581 157316
571 150419
668 192626
by the Union's work—especially its achievements in the
socio-economic field. He recommended to different
State Governments that such 'Anands’ should be built
throughout the country. As a result, the National Dairy
Development Board (NDDB) was set up in 1965 to
provide services to the dairy industry and .to help milk
producers through their State Governments to organise
milk production and marketing on the Anand Pattern.
Initially NDDB found it difficult to persuade the State
Governments to help milk producers to organise their
own milk cooperatives on the Anand Pattern and such
cooperatives continued to be confined to Gujarat. This
led the NDDB to formulate Operation Flood, designed to
produce a flood of milk by organising milk cooperatives
pn the Anand Pattern in the hinterland milksheds of
Bombay. Delhi. Calcutta and Madras and to enable the
four major cities’ modern dairies to capture a command
Infertility
cases
treated
Performance of verterinary services
No. of Milk ColCases
Cases
treated
treated special lection
by first by veteri- visits
(Million
nary
aid
(emergen - kg).
workers doctors cy calls)
in
of mobile
villages vety. dispensaries
130
293
104
97
173
211
10829
101
392
24047
683 .37480
243 '42195
44000
85
62682
2534
2424
77105
92915
3868
3618 135244
10024 141227
5426 125000
7140 120321
8195 1 34238
17168 930145
7816
6500
7111
7160
16874
18811
24669
33520
29886
31777
46385
45829
60543
62842
70078
74256
89931
79886
96659
20
65
153
174
421
907
1794
3192
4344
6102
7798
9403
13238
17293
22862
26907
30587
28804
29175
11.12
14.00
21 .20
27.60
23.00
24.40
35.38
50.39
62.30
60.64
65.90
71 .61
80.60
113.16
123.88
118.22
1 33 22
147.81
111.95
130 09
ing share of their urban milk markets. Operation Flood
involved an investment in India's dairying of some Rs.
1000 million which was allmost readily available in kind
from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nation's World Food Programme through the Govern
ment of India. Consequently, the Government of India
set up the Indian Dairy Corporation with NDDB as its
souice of technical advice and services to implement
Operation Flood which had an initial duration of five
years (1970-75) and was later extended by two years
(till 1977).
There has been another important event in the seventies
for diary development and milch animal improvement in
India; World Bank financing of Dairy Development
Projects in Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
at the instance of the Government of India. In these
projects, which are also to be developed on the Anand
39
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE
Pattern, NDDB has been given the task of providing
suitable technical advice and services.
Operation Flood and World bank-assisted dairy projects
have thus enabled the NDDB to carry out the replication
of Anand Pattern milk producers' cooperatives in specific
milksheds in different States. Altogether. NDDB has
been assigned the replication of the Anand Pattern in
12 States at 28 different places as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
REPLICATION OF ANND PATTERN MILK PRO
DUCERS' COOPERATIVES IN DIFFERENT STATES
IN INDIA
State
1.
West Bengal
2.
3.
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
4.
Punjab
6.
6.
Haryana
Rajasthan
7.
Gujarat
8.
9.
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
10.
Karnataka
11.
12.
Andhra Pradesh
Tamilnadu
Places
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
2 7.
28.
Murshidabad
Matigara
Patna
Meerut
Varanasi
Bhaiinda
Ludhiana
Rohtak
Alwar
Bikaner
Jaipur
Ajmer
Bharatpur
Sawai-Madhopui
Tonk
Kaira
Mehsana
Banaskantha
Sabarkaniha
Jalgaon
Bhopal
Indore
Bangalore
Mysore
Hassan
Tumkur
Sangamjagarlamudi
Madurai/Erode
RESULTS
Anand Pattern milk cooperatives are perfectly safe
guarded from the beginning. Due to the individual
testing of mifk supplied by each producer, and payments
to mifk producers two times a day. all the records at the
Society have to be completed every day. This leaves
no scope for misappropriation of money by the Society
staff. To ensure a fair deaf to each mifk producer, the
system worked out is such that the tester does not know
which mifk sample is whose. .Milk producers are en
40
couraged to adopt fair practices and proper breeding,
feeding and management practice for their mifch
animals. These factors have been responsible for the
success of 'Anands' wherever the work has been taken
up. The progress of the replication of the Anand Pattern
during 1 970-71 to 1 976-77 in general is shown in Table
3.
TABLE 3
PROGRESS OF REPLICATION OF ANAND PATTERN
MILK COOPERATIVES
Particulars
1970-71 1975-76 1976-77
Number of milksheds
covered
4
Number of village mifk
societies organised
1238
Number of milk producers
covered (membership)
*
245480
Milk procurement
flakhs litres)
1763
Number of farmers in
cluding farmers' wives from
different States who visited
Anand (Gujarat) while
creating their own Anands'
Major processing capacities
created in different milk
sheds (thousand litres)
28
28
4359
5825
502158
565248
3050
4058
12556
14172
4375
4575
'Of these. 55 to 60 per cent are small and marginal far
mers and landless labourers.
It will be noted from Table 3 that the progress of work
over time has been quite encouraging. There has been
a manifold increase in the coverage of milksheds, villages
and milk producers. Milk procurement has increased
considerably. There has been corresponding benefits
to the villagers. Technical inputs to al! the milk pro
ducers covered under the programme, to help them
improve their milch animals and enhance milk production
have been ensured. The progress of the technical in
puts programme is given in Table 4.
TABLE 4
PROGRESS OF TECHNICAL INPUT PROGRAMME
WITHIN THE MILKSHEDS COVERED UNDER REPLI
CATION OF 'ANANDS' AS AT THE END OF 1975-76
AND 1976-77
Particulars
Cattle-feed Plants (existing or
under construction)
Number of Stud Bulls
1975-76 1976-77
16
180
26
268
Village Al Centres
Al Workers Trained
Inseminations Carried Out;Cows
Buffaloes
Mobile Veterinary Units
Emergency Veterinary Units
Villages having AH Cover
Number of Animals Treated
Number of Demonstration Dairy
Farms
Area covered under Fodder
Production (Acres).
1140
1283
30443
225770
145
40
2613
195280
1533
2498
98244
466643
267
73
4884
973240
120
150
13593
14720
It can be seen from Table 4 that almost all the essential
technical inputs needed by milk producers are being
given to them in the villages. Demonstration Dairy
Farms have pure-bred, exotic or cross-bred milch ani
mals. Optimum cropping patterns and fodder production
are demonstrated on such farms.
The replication of the Anand Pattern has already bene
fited milk producers' dairies in the foot major cities in
whose hinterland the work has been initiated. The im
pact of the replication of the Anand Pattern on the
throughputs of diary plants in the four major cities can
be seen in Table 5. The table shows that the through
put of the dairy plants in these cities has been doubled
over the period from 1970-71 to 1976-77.
TABLE 5
IMPACT ON THE THROUGHPUT OF DAIRY PLANTS
IN THE FOUR MAJOR CITIES BEING SUPPLIED
WITH MILK FROM THE MILKSHEDS WHERE WORK
ON THE CREATION OF 'ANANDS' HAS BEEi
INITIATED
Total throughput of Liquid Milk by.ithe Dairy'
Plants
r
(thousand litres : daily average)
’
Year
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
Bombay Calcutta
382
491
545
420
270
276
170
292
Delhi
Madras
Total
80
140
274
182
47
57
84
99
779
964
1073
993
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF MILCH
ANIMALS
110
148
187
1153
1430
1594
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
533
716
731
187
198
203
323
368
473
According to the United Nations Inter-Agency Mission
Report on Operation Flood (June 1976). the replication
of the Anand Pattern in the different milksheds has al
ready resulted in considerable improvement of milch
animals and also in the indigenous milk procurement of
city dairies in Bombay, Delhi. Calcutta and Madras. The
Mission also observed that the system was capable of
having a significant impact on the economic and social
well-being of the rural poor and low-income groups in
the cities. Economically, increased milk production,
cash income and employment can not only raise the
economic viability of rural families but also improve the
lot of low-income groups in the cities as Anand Pattern
milk cooperatives are providing clean milk at prices much'
lower than I he prices they pay to traditional milk vendors
•who generally sell adulterated milk. Socially, the ac
tivities of milk cooperatives are breaking down the barriers
of class and caste by stimulating interest in improved
social services. Institutionally, the success of Anand
Pattern milk cooperatives which are owned, operated
and controlled by the villagers themselves is giving them
confidence in their own abilities and increasing the
participation of both mon and women in village affairs
and rural development.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The Anand Pattern of milk cooperatives seems to be the
ideal way for the rapid development of dairying and
animal husbandry. Already, more than one million rural
milk producers'families are benefiting from their member
ship of such cooperatives in different milksheds in our
country. Operation Flood, the largest diary development
project ever launched anywhere in the world, has proved
that the Anand Pattern can be successfully replicated to
enable farmers to contribute substantially towards the
development of milch animals, the dairy industry and
the overall farming business in the country. It is hoped
that the State Government will take note of this and pro
vide the impetus for replicating the Anand Pattern in the
remaining milksheds of urban demand centres, in any
extension of Operation Flood in the future.
41
dm 1.13
BUjju MOTHDR FaRMS aND FARM RECORDING SISTHM
Milk production enhancement is a complex process involving
technologies and inputs which are highly specific and diverse.
Improved feeding, management and disease control can augument
the px iuction of milk in he.existing po ilation of cows and
buffaloes but would take long time to produce results because
of low genetic potentials of these animals. The solution
therefore is to improve the genetic make up of the existing
cows for increased milk production in short period by introdu
cing production genes from exotic breeds of dairy cattle
e.
i.
crossbreeding. This necessitates the import of a large
number of exotic bulls from ’abroad for crossbreedingthe.
indigenous low yielding cows. However, this would mean
investing a large sum in the form of foreign exchange.
In view of this, the Indian Dairy Corporation imported
pregnant heifers, -.mainly of Jersey and Holstein Fr iesian
breeds, and established nucleus herds in different ecologies
of Operation Flood area of the 10 participating States (namely:
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal,
Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat).
These nucleus herds are known as Bull Mother Farms. The
objectives of these bull mother farms are :
Specifically to produce superior bulls required for
crossbreeding.
-
To demonstrate advanced techniques involved in keeping
high yielding cows.
-
To demonstrate production of Improved and high yielding
varieties of green fodders.
The Indian Dairy Corporation started its irst bull mother
farm in the beginning of 1971 at Gujarat Agricultural
University, Anar1 Campus, Anand with the import of 96 pregnant
Jersey Heifers and 4 Jersey bulls. Subsequently in March,1973
thirteen more farms were established. Thus 14 bull mother
farms were established in the above 10 Operation Flood States.
The location of these farms alongwith the initial allotment
is given in the Appendix.
In order to fulfill the objectives of these farms, the IDC
through National Dairy Development Board, Anand developed
a recording system called Farm Recording System to be
implemented in these 14 bull mother farms. The objectives
of setting up this system are three-fold.
1.
To provide a simple, accurate recording system which
takes minimum time to complete.
2.
To -draw attention to the key factors affecting the
performance of the unit and thus helping control and
further planning.
..2/-.page.
: 2 :
5.
To have large data relating to such units spread through
out India which will be helpful in decision making and
future planning of breeding programs and policies.
This recording system has oeen printed in the form of a manualthe "Form Recording Manual" which is aevided in three parts :
(i) Annual Accounts; (ii) Recording of Physical Factors and
(iii)Fodder Records. Each part consists of basis records to
be maintained at the farm and the summary records to be sent
to the Computer Centre of N±)DB of compilation and processing.
At the NDDB computer centre master files are created for each
of the bull mother farms and the data of all the herd in these
farms is kept on magnetic tapes and used whenever required.
With the help of the summary records which are sent by the Bull
Mother Farms the information contained in the master files are
updated from time to time. Useful informations on key result
areas are generated from these and fed back to the Farm Managers.
Some, of the key result areas identified at present are :
(1)
(2)
Monthly performance of the herd.
Annual performance of the herd in each bull mother farm
and its comparison with others.
(5)
(4)
(5)
(6)
The annual cow summary.
Annual mating calender.
Cow economics and
Annual crop plan based on nutritional requirements and
supply.
In order to review the system, seminars/workshops are arranged
by the NDJB/lDC from time to time. The Project Managers and
the Agronomists of the above bull mother farms participate in
these a-J discuss the syste . and results 0 .ained, suggest
suitable modifications based on their experience and locate new
key result areas j be covered. Thus ;he system provides aids
and feed backs, to these farms for making efficient and timely
decisions and help the managers in day to day management
situation.
..3/-.page.
APPENDIX
Different IDG's Bull Mother Farms, Their
Locations, Initial Allotment and Existing
rength_of Jersey Animals^__________
:
T o c d bion
, -U
States
Ini tial Allotment
Mai es
Females
Total
Punjab
Exotic Cattle Farm,
*
Bhattian
4
30
34
Haryana
Model Exotic Animal
Farm, Bhiwani
3
25
28
U.P.
Jersey Cattle Breeding
Unit, Rae Bareli.
2
20
22
IDG Project, Jjiteracy
House, Lucknow
2
8
10
Exotic Nucleus Farm,Bassi 3
25
28
3
30
33
IDG Project, Indian
Detonators Ltd.,Hyderabad 7
16
23
Jersey Farm,APDDC,
Nakarikallu
2
15
17
Tamil Nadu Nucleus Jersey Farm,TNDDC
Ooty UPASI Cattle Develop
-ment Scheme, Coonoor
**
7
16
23
55
55
4
96
100
Rajendra Agri.University,
Pusa +
3
30
33
381
423
Rajasthan
West Bengal
AndhraPradesh
Gujaret
'/FP-618, Hannghatta
Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala
Project, Bidaj.
IDC Project, GAU, Anand
Campus, Anand.
Bihar
Maharash-tra
BAIF Urulikanchan Poona
(Only funds provided).
Total
*
**
+
42
Consists of Jersey and Holstein Friesian breeds.
Consists of only Holstein Friesian breed.
No information about the existing herd strength.
fo&ah/nrt/bpt/1000/
dated : 7-3-1978
D&r}
NATIONAL
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
ANAND - 388 001.
BOARD
Economicsof Milk Production
D.S. Thakur
About 75 per cent of the cattle owners in India belong to the category
of small and marginal farmers and the landless. As sale of milk is one
of their major sources of income, it is of utmost importance that the
economics of milk production in our country should be analysed in the
proper perspective. A remunerative price for milk will improve their
economic status. It is, therefore, generally agreed that the cost of
milk production should be one of the main factors to determine the price
-of milk — especially the price to be given to the milk producers. It
is desirable that the economics of milk production should be worked out
separately for cows and buffaloes from the point of view of finding the
economic benefits accruing from these different breeds, the choice of
these animals, fixation of price for cow's and buffalo's milk, reducing
cost of milk production, making dairying more remunerative and such
other economic considerations.
This write-up is aimed at giving an idea regarding the broad frame work,
and the methods of working out the economics of milk production. It
should be noted that the economics of milk production varies from place
to place, breed to breed and farm to farm. The items of expenditure
include variable costs such as cost of fodder, feed, water supply,
labour, rent, interest, overhead charges, depreciation, medicines, etc.
The various items that make up income are milk, milk products, sale of
animals and the dung. The costs and returns are calculated for one
lactation cycle covering one lactation and one dry period.
However, the cost of milk production particularly under the mixed
farming system as prevalent in India and other developing countries is
rather difficult to assess. Many calculations and components customarily
included in the cost of milk production are often rather meaningless and
not of much relevance for policy decisions as we' know that generally in
the villages milch animals are mainly kept for the purpose of producing
draught animals and manure and milk under such a. situation is a side P
product. An indigenous cow or buffalo under village conditions is
normally maintained on chance grazing, natural herbage obtained free of
cost from near the roads, river and canal beds, grass and weeds removed
from the fields and some fodder grown without ma-jor inputs on the
boundaries and bunds of the fields or in the marginal lands.
It becomes necessary to work out separately the felt cost (or out of
pocket expenses) and the imputed, costs. The cost of milk production
and returns and also the net returns from milk production worked out
on a per dairy animal and per litre basis for cows and buffaloes for
a tribal area in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra are shown in
Table 1 ard Table 2, to give an idea of the different components as
well as the overall economics of milk production under field conditions.
-2-
It is also noted that the improved milch animals - purebred exotic
cows, crossbred cots, improved indigenous cows and upgraded buffaloes
are highly efficient milk producing animals. They can produce 4 or 5
times more milk as compared to non-descript local cows. Due to their
higher efficiency farmers can get higher milk production, income and
profits at comparatively lower costs of production per litre of milk.
The cost of production per litre of milk in the case of cross bred and
local cows and buffaloes is shown in Table 3 to show the comparative
efficiency of different types of milch animals.
TABLE 1 :
ITEMISE BREAK UP OF THE TOTAL COST OF MILK PRODUCTION
Buffalo
Per
Per
centage
litre
Rs.
Rs.
Per
animal
Rs.
Cow
Per
litre
Rs.
244-66
0.640
62.38
453-00
0.540
63.77
Miscellaneous cost
2.66
0.007
0.68
4.16
0.005
0.59
Interest on felt
cost
11 .01
0.029
2.80
20.11
0.025
Total
258.33
0.676
65-86
477.27
0.570
67-19
Family labour cost
69.75
0.180
17.76
109.30
0.130
15.39
Depreciation on the
value of byre
14-31
0.037
3-64
22.55
0.027
3.17
Interest on the
value of byre
3.20
0.008
0.81
3.60
0.004
0.51
Herd replacement
cost
.. 34.69
0.091
8.83
63-11
0.075
8.88.
Interest on the
value of the animal
11.27
0.029
.2.-87
33.73
0.040
' 4.75
Depreciation and
interest on the
value of utensils
1.13
0.003
0.30
,00.84
0>001
0.11
Total
134-35
0.348
34.21
233.13
0.277
32.81
Total cost
392.68
1.024
100.00-
710.40
0.847
100.00
Particulars
Per
Per
centage animal
■ Rs.
Rs.
Felt Cost
Feeding cost
.
2.83
Imputed Cost’
Source;
TK T Acharya et al ; Economics of Milk Production in Trival
Area of Ahmednagar District (Maharashtra State), Agricultural
Situation in India, May 1973-
..3..
-5TABLE 2: COSTS, RETURNS AND LABOUR EMPLOYMENT PER F/JEU^ IN COW AND
BUFFALO MILK PRODUCTION
Particulars
Cow
Buffalo
Felt cost (Rs.)
258.33
477.27
Imputed cost (Rs.)
134-35
233.13
Total cost (Rs.)
392.68 '
710.40
Total production of milk (litres)
418.32
839.98
Value of manure produced (Rs.)
17.41
435-73
29.04
888’. 22
Net cost of milk production (Rs,)
375 • 27
681.36
Net'income over felt cost (Rs.)
177-40
410.95
Net income over total cost (Rs.)
43-05
177.82
Family labour for milk production (Man-days)
32.47
>5.59
Gross Income (Rs.)
'
Source: TK T Acharya et al ", Op. cit.
TABLE 3: AVERAGE COST OF PRODUCTION PER LITRE OF COW'S AND BUFFALO'S MILK
Year
Cow's Milk
Local
Crossbred
Rs.
Rs.
Buffalo's
milk
Rs.
1.971-72
0.82
1.33
1.04
1972-73
0.95
1.56
1..06
1973-74
1.01
1.52
1.10
Source:
SS Gill et al : A Feasibility Study of Intensified Cropping
with Fodder and Milk Production as an Important
Component of the Total Farm Enterprise's in
I A D P District Ludhiana (PunjabT, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana, July 1970 March 1974.
Table 3 shows that in view of the high cost of cattle feed and other
allied items, the cost of milk production has been increasing over the
years. However, the data given in the table gives a clear idea of the
efficiency of the different milch animals.
Apart from the breed of milch animals, management of different milch
animals play a very important role in the overall milk production and
the economic returns obtained from dairying. This is clearly shownin
the United Nations Inter-Agency Mission report on 'Operation Flood',
June 1976. The findings of the Mission in this regard are summarised
in Table 4..4..
-4TABLE 4:
MILK PRODUCTION AND INCOME FROM DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF MILCH
ANIMALS UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Particulars
Indigenous cow
Buffalo
Management
Purebred
exotic cow
Gross
income
Rs.
Gross
expendi- Net
ture
income
Rs.
Rs.
n
XJ
Conventional
_
,2
Improved
200
175
.0
175
475
713
300
413
Conventional
450
900
.•
900
Improved
700
1500
350
1150
25 00
4600
2800
1800
Improved
1800
2700
1200
1500
Intensive
3000
4500
25 00
2000
Intensive
3500
6125
3500
2625
Intensive
Crossbred cow
Milk
product
ion
litres
3
1.
The animal is maintained only on chance grazing, herbage and other
material not usable as human food.
2.
The animal is also fed cattle feed and green fodder from one-tenth
acre of land.
J.
In this case, cost of overall management including animal health
care is incurred in addition to feeding of optimum quantity of
cattle feed and green fodder.
It will be noted from Table 4 that there can be three forms of management
viz conventional, improved and intensive according to the potential of
the milch animals. At the low level of production, milk may be produced
free, of felt cost as is generally done in the villages in the case of
local »ows in traditional setting. However, when more milk is required
particularly for sale, it is advisable to keep improved milch animals
which respond very favourably to good management practices giving higher
production at lower cost thereby giving higher net income to producers.
In an organised dairy farm where relatively heavy investments are made
in the specialised dairy farming system, a more elaborate and complete
system is to be followed for working out the cost and economics of milk
production. The actual method of working out the cost of milk production
under such a system is given in Appendix 1.
..5..
oev
p—TFITS OF MILK COOPLRAT "TBS T' SMALL FARMERS,MARGINAL
FARMERS AND THF- LANDLESS IN GUJARAT.
D. S. Thakur
National Dairy Development Board., Anand.
Dairying has a vast potential for raising the income of the small farmers,
marginal farmers and. landless 'nbourers in rural areas through the establishment
of milk cooperatives which are owned, operated and controlledty the milk
producers themselves.
Such milk cooperatives have been first conceived and
initiated as early as in the year 1946-47 in Gujarat State on the now well known
Anand
Pattern of milk cooperatives having milk producers' cooperative societies
in different villages and a district cooperative milk producers' union which owns
a dairy, at the district level.
These milk cooperatives are now widely spread in
twelve of the nineteen districts of Gujarat and it is further planned to establish
a dairy on the Anand Pattern in every district to cover all the villages under the
fold of milk cooperatives in this State.
The present article is based on a recent study
*
of the milk cooperatives of
Gujarat conducted at the instance of the Indian Council of Social Science
Research.
It shows the different services and facilities provided by the milk
cooperatives to the farmers and examines the actual benefits accruing to the milk
producers especially to the small and marginal farmers and the landless families
from the milk cooperatives.
Development of the Milk Cooperatives
The first milk cooperative organised in Gujarat is said to be the Choryasi
Taluka Cooperative Milk Marketing Society which was registered on December 21,
1939 in Surat District.
It collected the surplus milk of the farmers in
Choryasi Taluka and sold the same in raw form in Surat City.
The real entry of
Cooperatives in the milk industry of Gujarat however was made with the organization
of the examplary Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd.
known as Amul Dairy at Anand in 1946.
Popularly
Since then district after district has been
following this pattern by organising more and more milk cooperatives.
* S.M.Patel, D.S.Thakur, M.K. Pandey: Impact of the Milk Cooperatives in
Gujarat, Institute of Cooperative Management Ahmcdabad, 1975-
2
The milk unions have made a remarkable progress right from the beginn
ing and. especially during the last few years.
The working capital of
the milk unions during the last seven years has increased by more than
seven times.
The share capital and reserve and other funds have in
creased by more than three times.
Also, there has been a considerable
progress so far as the organisation of milk societies in the villages,
total membership, procurement of milk, sale of milk and milk products
and total savings of the milk unions and societies are concerned.
The
number of milk societies as well as membership have almost doubled.
The value of milk purchased by the milk unions has registered an in
crease of more than three times.
The value of milk and milk products
sold and the net savings of the milk unions show an increase of more
than four times.
Provision of Technical Inputs and Services
The Anand Pattern of milk cooperatives practised throughout Gujarat
consists of the two-tier structure of the village milk producers'
cooperative societies at the village level and a district milk produ
cers cooperative union at the district level.
The milk societies in
the villages collect surplus milk from the milk producers twice a day
and also make payments for the same every 12 hours or as decided by
the prod.cers.
The milk collected at each society is transported to
the dairy by the private contractors engaged by the milk union.
At
the dairy, it is pasteurised and then sold as liquid milk as much as
possible.
The retaining quantity of milk is converted into milk
products.
Besides milk collection and twice-a-day payment to the milk producers
on the basis of quantity and quality (fat and solids not fat) of milk,
the milk cooperatives also have an intensive system to provide all the
essential technical inputs and services needed by the milk producers
in the villages through the same machinery which is engaged for milk •
procurement.
When a new milk society is started in any village, the
milk union provides financial assistance mostly in the form cf milk
testing equipment ani other necessities.
To start with, a union
5
supervisor"helps the new milk society for .a few days to organise its
day to day business.
Thereafter, the union guides, supervises, recti
fies and controls the activities of each milk society constantly so
that they run efficiently and regain strong and viable.
Besides, there
is a continuous and concurrent audit of all the-cooperatives on quarterly
basis to ensure a clean milk business.
The milk union through each of the milk societies provides a number of
technical inputs to the villagers for milk production enhancement. The
most important of these ares artificial insemination services through
use of semen from high pedigreed or proven sires, veterinary first aid
treatment, weekly veterinary visits and round the clock emergency
visits as a part of animal health cover service; routine extension work;
supply of quality seeds and root slips for production of green fodder
and supply of balanced cattle feed.
All these services are provided on
no profit no loss basis to the farcers in every village covered by the
milk cooperatives.
Using a part of their annual savings, the milk cooperatives - unions as
well as societies in collaboration - have built up an extensive system
to provide various rural development services.
They assist in cattle
development, cooperative propaganda and education; establishment of
schools, libraries, health centres,, youth clubs, construction of roads
and provision of water supplies and electric^connections in the
.villages.
The producers are paid dividend on their shape.
A part of
•the net savirgs is also used to pay a bonus to the producers in re la
*
tion to the contribution thqy make towards the business of the society,
bonus to the staff of the cooperatives and to build reserve funds to
ensure the financial stability of the cooperatives.
The reserve funds
can be used partly for building up assets such as milk collection
centres, telephone facilities, store room etc.; to help the cooperatives
,to function efficiently.
The general pattern of use of the annual net
savings of milk cooperatives for various welfare purposes is shown
below:
5
Direct Economic Benefits
In order to analyse the impact of milk cooperatives on the economic
and social conditions of villagers, the status of milk producers in
the villages covered by the milk cooperatives (experiment) have been
compared with the status of milk producers in the control villages
selected for the study within the sane districts.
It is found that
most of the milk producers in both type of villages keep generally one
or two milch animals - preferably buffaloes.
The buffaloes account
for 86 and 69 per cent of total milk production in experiment and con
trol villages respectively.
The retraining quantity of milk is contri
buted by cows in general and even by goats, sheep and camels particu
larly in dry areas of the State.
The goat, sheep and camel milk is
used for domestic consumption.
However, the proportion of wet animals
possessed by different categories of milk producers including weaker
sections as well as the milk production per animal are quite high and
statistically significant in experiment as compared to control villages.
Such differences are understandably due to the facilities provided by
the milk cooperatives in the villages covered by them.
It is found
that the milk producers in the villages having milk cooperatives are
producing on an average one litre of milk more per animal per day than
their counterparts in ‘he control villages.
Again, marketed surplus and consumption of milk which are primarily
functions of total production of milk per family differ significantly
in the experiment and control villages.
It is observed that more
than 70 per cent of milk production is being sold in the experiment as
compared to only about 55 per cent of total milk production in control
villages.
The marketed surplus of milk as a proportion of total milk
production is highest in case of small and marginal farmers and land
less milk producers who sell as much as more than 72 to 80 per cent of
their milk production to raise as much Income from milk production as
possible.
The percentage of marketed surplus as a proportion of total
milk production goes on decreasing considerably with the increase in
the size of land holdings.
The per capital consumption of milk and
6
milk products comes to 254 gm and 224 gm per day- for the experiment
aid control villages respectively which are above the mininum require
ment of 210 gm of milk per day per person.
This shows the common
belief that the creation of marketirg. facilities for milk derive the
milk producers away from the normal consumption of milk is not true.
The milk cooperatives have helped to raise milk production significantly
thereby raising both marketed surplus and consumption of milk per family.
The milk cooperatives buy as much quantity of milk from the milk produ
cers as they want to sell depending upon their uarketable surplus
cash requirements.
and
This has enabled the villagers to earn sufficient
income from dairying year after year.
The overall income from dairy
ing in the experiment villages is almost double as compared to the
same in the control villages.
The day to day dairy income obtained from
sale of milk to the cooperatives is constantly used for the purchase of
technical inputs for milch animals, purchase of milch animals and partly
for procuring^essential agricultural inputs like improved seeds, ferti
lizers and pesticides etc. which further help the farm families to boost
up their income.
Amongst the different categories of milk producers in experiment as well
as control villages, the importance of dairying as a source of income
is strictly in the order of landless followed by marginal, small, medium
and large farmers respectively so far as the proportion of their income
coming from daiiying is concerned.
Landless and marginal' farmers earn
as much as 65 to 70 per cent and small farmers about 25 to 50 per cent
of their total income from dairying.
The proportion of total income
from daiiying in case of large and medium farmers rarges between 8 to
20 per cent only.
Thus, the organization of milk cooperatives is most
important from the point of view of ameliorating the economic condi
tions of. the weaker sections in the villages.
It is also found that
on the whole, total as well as crop and daily incomes are higher in
the villages covered.by the milk cooperatives as compared to control
villages.
The small and marginal farmers and landless people in the
experiment villages where milk production has bebome an important
source of income g.re comparatively less dependent on off farm income
than their counterparts in the control villages.
7
Indirect Benefits
Apart from providing opportunities for gainful employment and raising
income of the milk producers in rural areas directly as discussed
above, every milk union employe a few hundred people as soon as it
starts functioning.
The employment in the union goes on increasing
year after year along with the increase in its business.
Besides,
every milk society employs 5 to 10 persons in each village depending
upon the volume of business handled.
’'That is more important is that
the largest group of employees of the milk cooperatives consists of
the unskilled labour especially recruited from the rural areas.
The democratic way of functioning of the milk cooperatives has an
immense impact on the life of villagers.
Every milk cooperative union
as well as society, has an elected managing committee to look into the
day to day functioning of the cooperative.
Every milk producer who
becomes the member of the milk society can cast his/ker vote for ele
ction of members for the managing committee for the society.
Similarly
the board of directors at the union level is elected by the representa
tives from the milk societies.
In this way the villagers constantly
learn the fundamentals of democracy by living it.
The milk unions regularly publish news letters on dairying and coopera
tion for the benefit of their members and also hold film shows and
practical demonstrations on the proper use of technical inputs and
scientific methods of milk production enhancement by the cattle owners.
The procedural elements of the milk cooperatives like reaching of the
motor trucks two times a day at the given time in every village, forma
tion of the same que of all the milk producers to deliver their milk
at the society strictly on the basis of first come first stand basis,
testing of milk sample of each milk producer ard making to them pay
ments two times every day to ensure a fair deal to each milk producer,
completing the relevant records at the society every day etc. also have
a far reaching impact on the social life of villagers.
The only common
: 3 :
felt need, aroused, on their part to organize themselves to market their
milk at remunerative price has also served, as an instrument in elimina
ting ’he age old. barriers of cast, untouchability, communal ism; feuds
and factions in the villages.
The milk cooperatives have also gone a long way in raising the status
of women in the villages.
The cooperatives are found to play a signi
ficant role in involving women in the running of milk societies in
their respective villages.
As the feeding and management of milch
antoals is mostly in the hands of women and as they deliver the milk
to -the milk society, the income from milk is generally regarded to be
the income earned by the women of the house.
The analysis of data
shows that income from two buffaloes can enable a landless widow to
look after herself and her family.
The milk cooperatives organise the
rural womens' trips to their milk unions and dairy plants, educate them
about the health, well being and maintenance of milch animals, emphasize
the need for and explain the technique a rd programme of artificial in
semination, give them suitable rewards on the progress of milk raised
by their cows and buffaloes and even encourage them to get nominated
to the managing committees of the milk cooperatives.
All.this makes
women face men and people coming from outside with more self confidence.
The milk cooperatives are also found to create certain other intangi
ble impacts on the villagers such as the sense of discipline, recepti
veness to innovations, better knowledge of human nutrition through
the knowledge of cattle feed in general and special feeds required at
the time of pregnancy and lactation etc. and better idea of family
planning through the knowledge of reproduction process gained by them
from the activities of artificial insemination in dairy animals.
Concluding Remarks
On the whole, it is observed that the Anand Pattern milk cooperatives
of Gujarat have not only helped to raise milk production and the economic
conditions of especially the rural poor significantly by providing
them
effective facilities, employment and daily cash income but this pattern
of milk cooperatives also has in it the seeds of an entire social
revolution.
Besides serving as effective instrument for milk production
enhancement; these cooperatives are helping to break down the barriers
of cast, class and sex and to stimulate interest in all worthy social
services including literacy drives and family planning.
fo&ah:dst:mr:500;11ii77-
Dev
National Dairy
Development
Board
Anand
CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS’
ORGANIZATION ON ANAND PATTERN
NATIONAL DAIRY DEVT. BOARD
ANAND-GUJARAT-INDIA
SocjQCO
SOCIETY
.£ SOCIETY
SOCIETY
□
J.
□ Jn
Jn
DISTRICT COOPERATIVE MILK
PRODUCERS' UNION ITO.
nsociETVi
MILK PRODUCERS'
ORGANIZATION
*
ANAND
PATTERN
SOCIETY"!
PRIMARY VILLAGE MILK
*
PRODUCERS
COOPERA
TIVE SOCIETY.
VILLAGE MILK
PRODUCERS
ANANO
DISTRICT CO-OPERATIVE MILK
PRODUCERS' UNIONS & FEDERATION
Igv I9tr«
GUJARAT
DISTRICT COOPERATIVE
MILK PRODUCERS' UNIONS
—* 1 .............. .. .......■■■«■.......... 1 ~ — -—— ■ .... ..... ——-
Southern regional
A
Bs5
Broad gauge
Meter i
Feeder/Balancing plants
Major city liquid milk plants
grid
northern
regional grid
Broad gauge
..........Meter
▲
■
Feeder/Balancing plants
Major city liquid milk plants
western
regional qrJ
AMUL AT A GIANCE-AS nN 31-3-1978
Sr.
No.
1 .
844
829
831
831
245000
25QOOO
255000
275OOO
130952349
129041218
127017040
141197710
Average rate for
Kg.fat (infte)
27.01
24.36
24.19
26.46
Milk collection
centres (owned "by
societies)
372
412
445
460
Artificial Insemi
nation Centres
668
665
678
711
■Artificial Insemi
nations .
192626
207674
222000
248263
123257
130403
115579
133496
21
23
23
Cases treated by
mobile dispensaries
95659
118258
121310
159129
Veterinary First
Aid cases
130145
163145
135223
1 64618
Special Veterinary
visits
29175
34231
39946
45709
Milk yield competition
participants
1001
1262
829
737
No.of calves under
subsidised Calf
rearing scheme
178
157
140
130
Milk Producers'
Coop-Soci iies.
Members
3.
Milk Collected from
Societies(in kgs)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 0.
11.
1 2.
13.
1 4.
1977-78
1975-76
2.
4•
1976-77
1974-75
Particulars
Pregnancy Diagnosis
v 4- cases.
Mobile Veterinary
Dispensaries
-
21-
1 5-
Sale of Amuldan
(in M.T)
59868
46269
63950
70851
1 6.
'AMUL visit by:
a) No. of societies
b) No. of women
25
3849
43
7840
35
5955
31
, 5700
(pto) ..2/ page.
2
Sr.
No.
Particulars
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
17.
Turnover (Rs.in
crores)
44.64
42.73
44.20
56.53
18.
Net profit (F~. in
lakhs)
24.97
24.85
14.69
16.45
Paid up share
capital
44 ,18,000
52,92,700
68,59,000
68,67,400
20.
Reserve Fund
2,16,37,945
2,20,92,119
2,27,17,842
2,30,85,192
21 .
Other funds
5,07,04,744
3,40,96,225
3,89,30,939
4,17,47,860
22.
Staff Salary
1 9 20 9 2'( 9104
1,36,57,061
1,39,86,665
1,58,77,614
25.
Assets
8,10,94,273
9,15,70,303
9,82,81 ,521
10,38,71,583
19-
foffah/ngt/pns/500
VASNA (B) MILK PRODUCERS' COOPERATIVE SOCIETY LTD.
V A S N A
: Vasna, Post: Vasna, Tal.Bprsad
District Kaira.
1.
Name of the Village
2.
Date of establishment of : 1-5-1956
the society
3.
Date of Registration
the society
of
: 29-11-1956
4.
No.of households
: 600
5.
Human Population.
: 3200
6.
Total cultivable Land
: 1300 Acres.
7.
Main Crops
: Paddy, Bajri, Wheat, Tobacco,
Cotton Pulses and Sugar- cane.
3.
Total milch animals
: Buffalo : 550, Cows-27
Crossbred cows • 32.
9.
Chairman of the Society
: Mr. Ashwinbhai A. Patel.
10. Secretary of the Society : Mr. Ishwarbhai M. Patel.
11. Panchayat
: Vasna Panchayat.
12. Name of the Sarpanch
: Mr. Dahyabhai Mahijibhai Patel
13. Number of members
14. Present milk collection
: 559
: About .1300 litres per day.
CONTRIBUTION BY THE SOCIETY TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Construction of approach -oad
Rs. 22,000/Por water pipeline in a village & reoairing of its. 26,100/road.
Subsidy given towards Lucern Seed special visit
fee.Manzer construction & cattle development
Rs. 27,723/Donation for flood relief fund and to other
institutions.
Por the celebration of co-operative week.
Rs.
Rs.
7,542/6,414/-
For lady farmers induction programme.
Rs.
Construction of water trough for cattle
Rs.
For cooperative propaganda work.
its.
For Library
Rs.
For yough club
.
Rs.
For primary school
Rs.
For social welfare centre (Children school)
Rs.
Benches for nubile tise at Bus-stand.
Rs.
For T.B. Hospital, Anand.
Es.
For Co-operative training to staff members and
Managing Committee and members of Women's club.Rs.
5,242/2,673/4,256/3,036/368/1,175/—
2,850/600/1,200/-
Total (Rs)
770/-
: 1,11,949/-
. .2/-.page
PROGRESS MIRROR
Milk
purchase
in^Ltrs.
Milk
Net
purchase pro fit
.....1____ ______ 1^.
84082
77337
83015
90647
99365
108319
480016
430404
450243
389975
459544
374080
504185
448602
491979
540135
784853
554063
9.
Cattle
feed
sale
10.
Sale of
lucerne
seed (kgs).
11 .
4.5
5.7
4.2
5.2
5.1
9.6
3096
22 50
2265
3145
3629
3611
325
333
■ 532
530
500
300
Year
No .of
members
1 .
2.
Share
caoital
V
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
480
491
502
527
540
559
2 485
2540
2595
2715
2310
2900
Year
Bonus
paid
Rs.
8.
Bonus
o7°z
22102
25164
19745
26B31
38618
52401
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
Reserve
fund
4:
30576
26670
46042
59880
62305
62928
Audit
class
12.
A
A
A
A
A
A
PROGRESS REPORT OF ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION AND FIRST aID WORK
Year
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
Artificial
Insemination
performed.
Case
Examined
for
pregnancy
Number of
cases found
pregnant
1089
1017
760
761
740
1126
459
467
379
355
317
538
300
323
259
212
191
327
Result
of A.I.
services
F. A. Cas%
treated
in a
village
65%
69%
68%
60%
60/°
66.7%
427
429
339
358
370
403
. . 3/-..page
SOME GENERajj INFORMATION ABOiJT THE VIuLaGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Agriculture
:
Trac tor
Electric motors
Oil Engine
Branch Canal
•
•
•
Cooperative Society: Milk cooperative
Service society
•
:
Ho.of buffaloes
No.of cows
No.of crossbred cows
No.of bullock
I
Primary schools
Li brary
•
Animals
:
education
Institution
15
19
7
5
1
1
•
•
•
•
550
27
22
144
•
21
1
•
2
5.
Health Institution:
6.
Religious
-tions.
7.
Banks
: Bank of India branch
8.
Social Club
: Youth Ciut>
Ladies Club
1
2
9.
Entertainment/
Communication
: T.V. Sets
Motor cars
Trucks
Motor cycle
4
7
2
3
Jj 8
Hospitals
Institu-: Temples
10. Business Industry
: Tobacco processing
store room
6
•
1
2
2
and
5
1
2
Fertilizers -^eot.
1
Pulses mill
1
•
Cotton gining and proce• 1
-ssing factory
oooooooo
FO&AH/Ngt/Bpt/2OO
6th April 1977
Bandhni Mik Producers Cooperative Society Ltd.,
Bandhni.
About Mik Society
1•
Name of the Society
2.
Lute of establishment
of the society
8.3.1952.
Date of .Registration
of the society.
30.6.1952
4.
Society'' Registration No.
P.D. 2264
5 ■>
Chairman of the society
Mr.Indubhai Chunibhai Patel.
6.
Secretary of the society
Mr. Atmaram Desaibhai Vaghela
3.
Bandhni Mik Producers ' Co .op.
Society Ltd., Bandhni.
Contribution towards the community development work
by the society.___________
1.
Veterinary dispensary
30,000.00
2.
Public, health centre
10,000.00
3.
Education Institutions
and Library
4,654.50
4.
Approach Road Repairing
4,986.70
5.
Panchayat Dispensary
7,551.93
6.
Flood relief
751.00
57,944.13
-s 2
General Details about Village Bandhni.
Population
:
5,825
Male
:
5,078
Female
:
2,745
Land (in acre)
;
1,855
Land holders(Khatedars)
s
975
Main crops
;
Paddy, Lajra (Millet),Wheat
Tobacco,Cotton,and Sugar-cane,
Animals
s
1961
;
:
:
1416
415 ’ '
150
Pump engines in the village
:
19
Wells
:
20
Water works
s
1
Duller
:
6
Cooperative societies
:
3
Tractors
: 14
Buffaloes
Bullocks
Cows
.'Secondary school VIII to
Xlth standard.
s
1
:
:
•
200
110
50
:
s
:
:
1
622
584
258
;
:
1
53
Ladies Club
s
1
Dispensary
s
1
Sports club
:
1
Youth association Maternity
•
1
Name of the Panchayat
:
Bandhani
;
Mr.
Pupils
Boys
Girls
L
primary school 1st.to Vllth
s tandard.
Pupils
Boys
k
Girls
K.G.School
Children
■>
Name of the Surpanch
Vithalbhai Somabhai Patel.
PROGRESS i-ERROR.
Year .
No.of
Share
members Capital
&’)
Reserve
fund
(Es.)
Milk
purchase
in Its.
Milk
purchase
(Rs.)
Net
profit
(Rs.)
Dividand
%
Bonus
Audit
class
Bonus
(Rs.)
.
1969-70
947
5,650
58,326
5,32,277
5,92,639.
:
20,799
9
4.5
11,824.
1970-71
981
5,765
65,058
5,14,537
56,789-
>
30,543
9
4
13,521.
1971-72
999
5,855
65,130
5,21,249
5,84,665
24,805
9
6
12,691,
c
1972-73
’ 1016
5,940
69,628
6,18,833
7,19,904
32,80S
9
2
13,919.
B
1973-74
1033
6,025
74,989
6,15,170
6,25,677
36,092
9
2.5
15,472.
B
NGT/NW/5 C/20.11.74
A
.
G
1
OFV I I.
International Programme On Dairy Project Design And Organisation
India 1975
FIELD WORK STUDY ON TECHNICAL INPUTS OF
SABAKICANTHA DISTRICT MILK PRODUCERS' UNION LTD. HIMATNAGAR
GUJARAT STATE
STUDY GROUP :
Dr.Sheikh Fl Dein
Sudan
Dr.A.S.Mejooli
-
Tanzania
Dr.Kapil Raj Suri
-
India
Dr.H.K. Patel
India
-
Sahar dairy
-
NDDB
Dr.D.S.Thakur
India
Mr. E. Darman
Indonesia
Dr.Amiatlal H.Amalean-
Sri Lanka.
1. Introduction
The study was conducted during the period from 26th March to
4th April, 1975 with the objective to find out the role and
effectiveness the technical inputs have had and are going to
have on improving milk production to meet the demand for milk
and milk products requirements for nutritional purposes and to .
give the livestock owners a remunerative return on their milh
animals; and also to create employment for a few members of the
village community through- the handling and processing of the
milk.
Sabarkantha District is situated on the North Eastern side of
Gujarat State, has an area of 7590 Kms. and forms J.8 % of.Gujarat
State.
Average rainfall ranges from 20" to 25" per annum with
some irregularities.
It is said to have extreme cold winters and
extreme hot summers.
The District is mainly agricultural with 70^ of its population
engaged in this activity.
I.
Land utilization is given in Exhibit
The buffalo population is 296859 and that of cattle is 424481.
Exhibit I:
Number of villages
Total area
Kms.
1400
7590
Arable
Land $
68
Irrigated
Land %
11
Well
Irri. %
95
2. Farmers Organization
The
farmers in the district developed a side industry of milk and
ghee production at the homestead and to make this more profitable
enterprise, the Sabarkantha District Cooperative Kilk 'producers'
Union Limited was established in 1964.
The Union started collecting milk from 19 primary cooperative milk
societies on 20-10-1965 and supplied it to the Municipal Dairy in
Ahmedabad.
This dairy took only a limited amount of milk and could
not accept more during the flush season and this meant a rotational
stoppage of milk societies during the flush season.
Lack
financial
..2
2
resources limited expansion of the "Onion's activities for the
first five years.
In 1970 under
OPERATION FLOOD PROGRAMME of the Indian Dairy Cor
poration an amount of 160 lakh rupees was sanctioned, through Gujarat
State Government to establish a dairy Project with a milk plant
in Sabarkantha District with a handling capacity of 1.5 lakh milk
litres per day.
The Union acquired 40 acres of land near Doria
village
5 kilomers from Himatnagar and the" foundation stone for
the
DAIRY PROJECT was laid down on 11-6-1971 Dy Dr .V.Kurien,
SADaE
Chairman,. Indian Dairy Corporation, Baroda.
Reception and pasteurisation of milk
started on 12-5-1973; "the
condensing and spraying plants were commissioned in 1974»
•Average.daily throughput of milk in December '74 and January ’75
was 100000 litres/day from 500 primary milk societies having 50000
affiliated farmer members.
Share capital, milk sales and amounts realized are shown in Exhisit
II a, and the number of societies as on March 1974 (1974/75) in
Exhisit II b.
"
..3
Exhibit II a
Year
1964/65
1s»4s
1?«/67
1’67/«8
1%e/69 '
W/70
197O/?1
l97l/72
1972/„,
1975/74
1974/75
510
75
Item
No.of societies
18
19
21
28
59
59
84
145
225
290
Share capital
(Rupees)
6250
6300
44000
44700
45800
152800
260300
515700
1552500
1552500
Milk Purchases
in litres
1102476
1585472
2902246
.5551055
5862577
5500244
10740540
*
14612901 9952562
Value of purchase
price (Rupees)
768142
1549571
5152658 .
5701154
4223540
6275760
12287622
15182565 12088569
Profit(Rupees
86
14801
14265
15480
20252
18224
956
9541
10158
4608
Reserve Fund
29
29
5785
7729
20039
246O8
27850
27847
27875
Dividents %
-
9
9
9
14975
i
9;
9
-x-_
-
-
.•■nancial year ends in March therefore figures for 1974/75 are yet to be made
There has been additional milk from other districts.
; •
•
—
4
Up to 1969/70 a 9 riu dividend, was given to the farmers through
their societies after which it was decided that the Union keep
the money as share capital and share certificate be given to
appropriate societies which in turn gives shares to the producer
according to the amount of milk sold,
Exhibit II b:
Total
Taluka
Registered societies
Prantij
67
27
94
Himatnagar
50
18
48
I'lalpur
11
7
18
Bayad
44
22
66
Idar
54
51
65
■ 6
5
9
Modasa
2
7
9
Billcda
-
1
1
Total
194
116
510
Kedabrarcal
Proposed societies
2.2. Societies and Union set up
A village needs to have a minimum .“somber of eleven members and
produce at least 150 to 200 litres of milk per day before it is
registered.
It has to deposit 100 rupees to the Union to become
a member and one rupee entrance fee.
Ehch society elects a managing Committee which latter elects its
honorary Chairman who represents the society at the Union level.
It employes a secretary, a mi1H- collector and a milk tester etc.
Representatives of the societies at the Union level; there are
130 members to date - elect 12 members to the Board of Directors
for the Union and these 12 members body elects the Union Charman.
In addition to the 12 elected members there are another 4 Directors,
one from the 'District Cooperative Bank, another technician from
the other Milk Union, the Government District Cooperative Office and
the Milk Marketing Federation.
The latter four members do not
vote on matters involving certain disputes etc.
5
The Union has access to the National Dairy Development Board
for guidance and help on technical matters.
The Management of the Union consists of a fenaral Manager with
The General Manager is answerable to the
5 Assistant Managers.
Board of Directors which meets once monthly.
The General body
of the Union members meets once per year but may have more then
one meeting as circumstances necessitate.
The whole set up is shewn in Exhibit III.
Exhibit III
' ~
i.
i------------ *, Board of Directors J
• 12 members and 4
J
J
[ Directors
i
j.
i
{
| Union:
f
1 members { Chairman of
{ socities
t
}
t
[ Village societies [
;
< 13
/
_
General Manager
t
t
»
1
.
WNAGlMiNT
■
!
j
r
i
i
_
t
____ ______ i
j
. {
{
{
{
’
.
sisTanx
■
Manager, .
.-■{
Accounts,
{
Accountents, {
Clerks etc.
J
as
jr
»”•- - —
; Assistant Manager
J Animal Husbandry
[ 1 V.O. For Vet,.
[ work,A.I,,feeds.
{.and fodder.
J 1 Publicity Officer, . •
{ 1 Milk supply Officer,
{ Sr.Supervisor, Super{ visors etc. to organise
{ cooperatives,milk trans{ port and Extension work
.
J
’
{
[
J
‘
{
[
}
1
1
t
t
t
I
f
i
1
’
• ,
{
,
{
{
J
?
’[
{
{
[
{
;
„
{
[ Assistant
{
{ Manager
j
{ Engineering
!
{ 1 Dairy Engineer, ,
{ Supervisors,
’
[ Fitters,
{
] Compressor
{
J attendants,
’
[ Boiler 'attendants J
A ■
^ssis LsiiL
quality control Officer,
Chemists,
Testers etc.
' Dairy
{ Superintendent,
{ Sr.Technical
} Officer,Technic
} al Officers,
• ' Dock Supervisor
r
..6
3• Sabar Dairy Factory
The staff strength at SAEAR DAIRY is 3&0.
24 hours in 3
The factory works for
shifts of 8 hours each with 1 hour recess between
each shift.
It carries out pasteurisation of milk, milk powder production,
butter and ghee production.
litres per day, 12 terms
Plant capacity is 1.5 lakh milk
milk powder per day, 10 torms butter
per iay and makes up to 2 tons ghee per day according to the re
quirements of ghee by the societies.
A few farmers contacted in three villa, ges Sonasan, Modhuka and
Ghadkan visited gave their views that the societies have benefited
them through rise in milk prices from 1.25 'to 1.80 rupees per litre,
availability of good concentrate feed for cattle and buffaloes, loans
for purchasing buffaloes.
About 700 buffaloes have been purchased
through loans on behalf of the milk societies.
A small 5?Ssrmers^ Development Agency (SFDA) working in Sabarmantha
District is also giving subsidy of-257J of the cost or a sum of 500/Rupees whichever is less to small farmers for buffalo purchases and
35 7“ or Rupees 670/- whichever is less for buffalo purchases to marginal
farmers.
Buffalo purchases loans are usually paid back within 3 to 32
years out of the money realised from the sale of milk to the milk
societies by the. owner.
There are a total of 28 milk collection routes at present.
Routes,
tractors and trucks involved are shown in'50thibit IV.
Exhibit TV.
Payments:Rs./1.6 km.
Year
Trucks'
Tractors
Villages
Covered
1971-72
9
1
145-210
1972-73
15
1
152-260
1973-74
11”
8
180-295
1974-75
14
:
:
14
310
Truck
Rough
Metaled
1.15
1.40
Tractor
Rcu^h
Metaled
0.90
1.25'
1i00
1.15
1.56'
1.25
* During 1971-73 milk was sent to Ahmadabad from the villages directly.
7
7
Fkch truck or tractor reprsents one route.
The shortest distance
covered is 1 km. and the farthest is 120 kins.
Generally the tractors
deliver the milk from the villages, to trucks at road junctions.
In some places carrels, bullock carts, bycycles, horses, donkeys and
human beings are used to take milk from the villages to the trucks
on major roads for conveyance to the milk plant.
Internal cartage payment is made to societies from the Union for a
maximum ic. dius of 10 kilometres and an average of 4 to 5 kilometres
from SADAR DAIRY plant.
4.
Technical Inputs
Animal management in the district can be put into two main categories.
Those animals kept at the stall and feed brought to them - a form of
zero grazing and those which are let loose to wander about and brought
to the home in the evenings and let out in the mornings.
The Government and the Unio;' a?e
nvolved .in introducing better methods
of animal husbandry to the farmers.
There however appear to be dupli
cation of work on certain aspects ’Of aninal husbandry particularly in
disease treatments and control and Artificial Insemination.
The study concentrated more on buffaloes and cattle because of the
fact that these two
animals supply milk for sale to the milk:'union.
However the role played by the other animals like the
goat, sheep,
camels, donkeys as well as poultry should not be overlooked.
These
animals give milk and do work and also consume grasses which would
otherwise befed to the buffaloes and cattle and also some of them
are used for transporting feed for the buffaloes and cattle.
4.1 Feeding
The feeding of the animals is either through zero grazing in some villages,
partly zero grazing and field grazing in other and in certain cases animals
are let loose to
wander where they wish and return in thewening.
Those animals givingan appreciable amount of milk are usually kept stalfed.
8
8
and the dry animals generally are let loose to wander about.
Feeding' is mostly through farm by-products like millet straw,
wheat husk and leaves, groundnut straw, I’isarne, sorghums, paddy
straw, green weeds, and hybrid napier NB-21.
The Union staff have undertaken a programme of introducing concentrate
feed Amul dan and Sagar dan to the farmers through the milk cooperative
societies.
Lucerne seeds have also been sold to the farmers through
the societies aiming at producing forage far the animals.
Concentrate is given to the milh animals ana bullocks on heavy
work.
The form of concentrate has been Amul dan, Sagar dan,
cotton seed cake, and maize the latter two products are availed
by the farmers themselves without requirements for their members
and submit to the Union which arranges for concentrate procurement
from the cattle feed plants at Amul and Dudhsagar.
The Union pays
for the concentrate in advance and recover the money from the soci- .
eties milk sales and the latter through deductions from the farmers .
milk sales.
Amounts of cattle feeds and fodder seeds
purchased through the
Union are indicated in Exhibit V.
Exhibit V a
Cattle Feed
Year
Amount in tons
Purchases Rupees
Sales in Rupees
1972/73
563.85
4,42,980.00
4,73,03^.50
1973/74
1,139.25
9,76,490.00
io,a^y?fa.oo
1974/75
1,102,.^-
9,92,214.38
10,21,735.00
Total
2,805.60
24,11,684.58
25,16,146.50
.
9
9
Exhibit V b
Eodder fa1 eduction
Item
B
Year
Amount supplied
in Tons
Puchase price
in Hunees
1972/75
2-b (2500 kg.)
17778.00
20945.00
1975/74
11 (11000 kg.)
1247400.00
127189.45
1974/75
8 (8000 kg.)
94518.25
901043.25
21^(21500 kg.)
1359496.25
1049177.68
Total
Sale price
in Rupees
*
Hybrid Napier■
(N.B.-21)
1975/74
80 bags
640
1974/75
557 bags
-
5096
417
640
3096
Total
* Hybrid Napi er N.B.-21 was purchased by SAEAR DAIRY for propogation at
their grounds for demonstration and resales to farmers at a cost of 8
Rupees per ‘s:ag estimated to hold some 2000 slips of the hybrid napier.
The farmers have been purchasing cotton seed cake at a price ranging
from 85 Rupees to 55 Rupees according to seasons.
variable from one dealer to another.
The prices are however
Maize has been reported to cost
1.75 Rupees per kg. again these prices are variable from place to place.
lhe feeding appears to have mostly been left to farmers discretion.
However, those interviewed gave following figui®3 Per milch animals:
Lucerne
10 to 15 Kg.
Cotton seed cake &r Amul/Sgar Dan 2-g- to 5 Kg.
Earm by products and dry fedder 12 to 20 Kg.
A cattle feed plant of Rs. 6000000 is under construction and is due for
commissioning in 1976.
Its capacity is going to be 100 tons cattle feed
production per day.
..10
10
4.2
Pasture Development
Apart from intrducing lucerne and hybrid napier N.B.21, there does
not appear
any other programme for pasture development or preser
vation possibly due to use of laid mostly for food crops.
4-5 Breeding
Buffalo and cattle breeding is largely done by the farmers themselves
however there is a programme started by the State Government in 19&3
*
to introduce natural breeding and artificical insemination through
selected animals within the local breeds of buffalo and cattle.
The
programme was brought under the Key village scheme.
Limited information was available on targets, projections and achieve
ments of the programme.
The programme was later changed into the
Intensive Cattle Development Project and a Bull Semen Collection Centre
established at Himatnagar.
This Centre .is understood to be in.a process
of being handed ever to the SABaR DAIRY PROJECT.
The Himatnagar Bull Centre handles only fresh semen and serves 35 villages.
The Centre has 5 adult and 3 young buffalo bulls and 2 Kankrej bulls.
Semen Collection is done 3 times in a week and is despatched to destina
tions through buses.
Inseminations carried out are given in Exhibits vi a and vi b.
..11
11
Hxhibit VI a
Buffalo Inseminations
Year
MM
Semen dose
issued
Doses
utilized
No. of
Inseminations
Follow up('F.D)
- ve
+ve
1965/64
180
59
59
27
12
1964/65
1280
454
454
117
257
1965/66
1550
585
585
115
268
1966/67
1560
565
565
120
245
460
1967/68
1510
620
620
260
1968/69
1523
669
669
278
591
1969/70
1490
625
625
521
502
1970/71
1550
695
695
545
548
1971/72
1560
1021
1021
455
901
5166
1058
2108
8015
5074
52?2
ICDP
1975/74
Total
12180
4846
Exhibit VI b
Cattle Ins er linations
Doses
Utilised
No. of
Inseminations
Follow up (P.D)
-ve
+ve
Year
Semen doses
issued
1965/64
70
6
6
4
2
1964/65
660
92
92
50
42
I965/66
770
141
141
70
71
1966/67
780
191
191
97
94
1967/68
765
207
207
107
100
1968/69
765
275
275
177
98
1969/70
745
179
179
94
85
1970/71
765
201
201
101
100
512
. 162
150
745
495
248
2547
1557
993
1971/72
780
. 510
ICT?
1975/74
Total
61 CO
1604
..1'2
12
As some of the animals are let loose to graze in the fields the
possibility of the positive p.ds being from stray bulls can j.ot
be ruled out.
However, the starvation of the buffalo bull calves
castration to produce work bullocks obviously reduces
and the practiced
the number of entire bulls in both the buffalo and cattle populations.
jr the stockman who have
inseminations are carried out by the V.Gs
other duties like treatments and extension work to do.
It would appear
Therefore that concentration on Artificial Insemination work as a full
time job leaves much to be desired.
The Sabar Dairy Union has also a veterinary service dealing with Arti
ficial Insemination and has one mobile unit for veterinary services in
cluding artificial Insemination.
•
Artificial Insemination service started in September 1974 and to date
has 7 months of operation.
stages.
The work therefore is still at the planning
Semen is obtained from Ahinedabad Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala Fro-
ject(SAGP) which charges 4 Rupees per utilized dose of the semen.
Some
210 doses of semen of Jersey Breed are supplied to SABAR DAIRY weekly
The semen is received daily through the
starting from February 1975
*
state transport bus at Himatnagar by an employee of the Dairy who has
been employed for that job, after considerable losses had been experi
enced.
The semen is delivered to the dairy and then redistributed to
the.village societies through the trucks delivering milk to the plant
from the societies.
The trucks leave in the evening and deliver the
senen in the mornings. Ice for preserving the semen is obtained through
the contractor who hands it over to the Dairy's milk sales van at
Himatnagar every evening.
The mobile unit'
serves 60 villages which are visted inaiweek with
scheduled timings and dates for each village.
V
■
-
•
Two villages-have been given Jersey cows as a part of the Demonstration
Dairy Farm Project and the farmers appear to be k. en on having more of
these new animals.
• 15
15
Exhibit VII a
Cattle and Buffalo population in Sabarkantha District
<5
Male
Buffaloes
Total
5yrs.
yrc.
5271
296859
172529
Female
Male + Female 121059
Male
217710
ft
Female
115977
A
Cattle
424481
Male + Female 92794
There are about 1.7 lakh breedable female buffaloes and 1.1 lakh
breedable female cattle.
Exhibit VII b
Inseminations carried out by Sebar Dairy Personal
Cattle
Buffalo
Semen
issued
daily
Insemin
ations
Follow up(F.D.)I
- ve
+ve
Semen
issued
daily
Insemin- Follow up
ation
+ve -ve
1. Ghadakan
5
151
18
52
1
9
-
5
2. Bodha Moyar
2
52
1
8
1
1
-
-
5. Drupaji
2
46
6
11
2
16
5
5
4. Hathr ol
2
41
2
10
2
• 8
1
-
5. Bavsar
2
27
2
19
2
11
1
1
6. Nikoda
5
75
15
25
2
26
4
6
7. Pallachar
2
25
-
-
2
9
1
4
8. Dalpur
2
25
4
-
1
8
-
2
9. Medhasan
1
18
1
1
2
67
8
11
1
2
2
20
-
1
4
4
15________
18
215
51
Village
10 . Modhuka
11. Gulab
• Muwadi
2
75
2
5
1
5
12. Kalipura
2
9
2
2
15- Rudramala
2
7
2
9
14. Hid
2
4
2
1
15. Gundia
2
10
16. Jitpur
2
20
17. Sabar Dairy -5_____ ___ 65_____
Total
56
649
50
106
2
2
1
51
14
;ilt
Ii'. c..
i 7? ■
iflci'.’l Insejr'naticn ovartec in
September 1974 but semen supply was irregular until December 1974•
Villages 11 io 1’6 had artificial Insemination started from. January
1975 and on estimating the doses supplied for the period up to March
21st
1975j
there were about 37^5 buffalo..?,nd 2994 Jersey semen doses
respectively utilized to inseminate 649 buffaloes and 213 Kankrej
cows giving 5-7 doses for buffalo "nd 14 doses for Kankrej cows.
up is made three months after insemination an".
Follow
therefore some ani
mals inseminated have to be examined in three months timer
Exhibit VII c
Monthly Inseminations
e
Buffaloes
Kankrej Cows
September 1974
148
22
October 1974
115
28.
November 1974
73
15
December 1974
116
57
1975
95
33
February 1975
80
31
March 1975
59
32
Total
686
218
Month
January
The total number of buffaloes examined for pregnancy were 157 of
which 54 were pregnant giving an overall conception of 34»4?i?
there were 52 cows examined,19 found pregnant giving an overall
conception of 36.5%-
P.ecords for the number of first inseminations and second inseminations
etc. were not available.
It is also worthy to note that the number
of inseminations made does not necessarily represent the number of
actual animal.s inseminated.
Artificial Insemination cases are reported and taken to the inseminator
at the societies premises and the inseminator carries out the
insemination.,
It is again worth noting that a Government Inseminator'
I
.15
15
and. Union Inseminator may be serving the same villages for Arti
ficial insemination, therefore, two such villages, thus leading
to work duplication.
Furthermore, the inseminators are doing other
work like society secretarial duties, milk collection etc. and this
may reduc^important and effective role in carrying out an
efficient Artificial Insemination service.
The
time to visit the
village people to propagate the service and even help in heat detection
within the same village becomes limited and therefore cannot be held
answerable to failing to attend to some Artificial Insemination calls
particularly bearing in mind the fact that insemination has to be dene
at the right time otherwise results are bound to be very poor and pro
gress very limited.
A.uthorities handling the work however justify the
use of inseminators far other work
-as the inseminations are done close
to the society office and therefore the inseminator need not move
away to follow the animals.
There is need to have a projected programme to have both buffalo and
cattle populations in the villages and those to be put under Artificial
Insemination estimating the number to come under Artificial Insemination
on a yearly basis and therefore to estimate the requisite number of
semen doses to be used and avoid unnecessary wrsSagS.-u
4.4 Veterinary Services
Services in form of treatment and some aspects of disease control
are done by both the Government and the Union veterinarians to the
villages.
The District Animal Husbandry Department has 11 veterinary Dispensaries,
5 Branch veterinary dispensaries and 24 First Aid Veterinary Centres.
For 1974/75 it is reported that there have been 70497 animal treatments;
9 disease outbreaks and 150000 vaccinations, against contagious diseases.
The veterinarians and stockmen do treatments of the sick animals generally
having the animals taken to the first aid centre, otherwise farmers
make payments to treatments rendered at their homestead's.
..16
16
Sabar Dairy Project has one mobile veterinary unit carrying treat
ments, advisory work on feeding and breeding.
The Unit was intro
duced Qn October 25th 1974 and a second mobile unit is shortly
expected.
Under Action Item Bo.7 of the Operation Flood, the Union
has received 6.5 lakh Rupees (70- loan and 50,7 subsidy) to run mobile
veterinary units in the district.
Farmers bring their animals' for treatment at the village society
place where handling facilities are availed.
Treatments are made
free and Artificial Insemination is also free.
Farmers needing
their animals attended at the homestead have to pay some 5 rupees
per treatment.
This is done for encouraging them to bring their
animals to a common treatment place to save the time of the veterinary
staff which would have to go to each individual farmer.
Cases treated on monthly basis are shown in Exhibit VIII.
Exhibit VIII
Month
Cases treated
October 1974
60
November 1974
672
December 1974
925
January 1975
650
February 1975
578
March 1975
556
Total
5441
4.5 Disease Control
It is reported that there is a programme for vaccinations against
■Rinderpest in the district.
There does not apperar to be a programmed
control of other diseases like Haemorrhagic septicaemia, Anthrax or
Blackquarter.
ured.
Vaccinations are usually made after outbreaks have occ-
Foot and Mouth is reported to occur but some farmer do not feel
..17
17
that it is worth having regular vaccinations against the disease.
Of the three villages visited, Ghadkan prefered mass vaccination
as the menbers of the village felf that the buffaloes dropped the
milk: yield after infection.
the dsease.
Therefore, they felt a need to prevent
In another village - Sonasan, the farmers felt that
working oxen or bullocks should be vaccinated against FMD and not
the buffaloes.
Tick borne diseases like Thileriasis, Piroplasmosis etc. are very
rare and therefore do^cause much concern to the veterinarians
or the farmers.
Surra is reported to exist and the farmers have to pay for the
medicaments.
On the whole, after the control of Rinderpest there are no major
disease control programmes.
Sporadic outbreaks are brought under
control through vaccinations.
5. Concluding Comments
As the Sabar Dairy Project has started just three years back most of
the technical inputs are in the early stages and therefore the techni
cal information available at present is consequently limited.
dairy seems to have made a good start.
The
However, there is more to be
done in planning and implementation of the technical inputs in fut
ure in accordance with the observations made in this study.
Aknowledge merits
The group wishes to express very much gratitude to the NDDB and
the Sabar Dairy Staff for their efforts and arrangements made to
make this field study possible and that they accept our sincere
apologies for any incovenience caused in the daily operational works
during the study tour.
dstxvmg. 8.4.
75
*
s1OO
THE BHARATIYA AGRO-INDUSTRIES FOUNDATION
SIGNIFICANCE OF FINANCIAL WAN AGEi'lE:!T
After the vast devastation during the second world
war, it was necessary to rehabilitate the economies of
war torn countries expeditiously. Certain basic needs
like food, shelter and clothing had to be restored to
earlier levels and there was a pent up demand to be
satisfied as an aftermath of years of restrictions and
denial during the war. This called for an herculean
effort against the backdrop of menacing inflationery
pressures so as to meet large scale needs of the people
at lowest possible costs. The plans to achieve this
implied use of new techniques, new raw materials, new
products and economy of scales to operate competitively
in a market which was internationalised as never before.
It was imperative to mobilise financial resources on a
massive scale and on long term basis for swift execution
of reconstruction and development plans. This is how
agency specialised in finance namely International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development (Llorld Bank) came
into being. Soon after the second world war most of the
colonies in Asia and Africa became free nations. A dire
need of large scale resources for basic development was
felt by those nations and that is why development
agencies like Asian Development Bank and African
Development Bank were established. With the same
objective in view, in India, development agencies such
as Industrial Finance Corporation, Industrial Credit
and Investment Corporation, Industrial Development
Bank of India, Agricultural Refinance and Development
Corporation and Financial Corporations at the states
level have been established.
—2
large part of financial resources required by
our development banks is usually provided out of
variety of Public funds and from borrowings from
international development agencies such as world bank,
A
IDA etc. It is therefore appropriate to measure benefits
of operations of the recipients of institutional
assistance in terms of social benefits eg. foreign
exchange savings, linkage effects, multiplier effect,
employment generation etc. These measurement studies
are somewhat in elementary staye; however they serve
to create consiousness of the social dimensions of the
investment decisions. Therefore, the development banks
for their new role felt the need to make an independent
and comprehensive assessment of Projects which sought
their long term assistance.
The traditional banker’s approach to the concept
of providing finance would be to assess the credit
worthiness, personal stake and reputation of the
promoter supplemented by adequate coverage of assets
for loans advanced. The development banks on the other
hand have to deal with ne-u entrepreneurs, new
technology or a new product without a clear idea.
Therefore they arc- required to make a systematic
assessment of the projects so as to identify parameters
of the success of the Project. Such a systematic scrutiny
of the Project would include-
1.
The basic concept of the project
2.
Market for the product
3.
Production factors
4.
5.
Aspects of project implcmentation-PERT/CPM
Economic Viability aspects-i.e.project cost
estimates, cost of production and
profitability estimates.
—3
6.
Financing plans i.e. Capital structure, Cash
7„
flow etc.
Management.
The success of tne project depends upon a sound concept,
timely implementation, efficient management of the
operations and identification of critical aspects of the
project to ensure that they are squarely under control
throughout the period of operations.
Because of present day increasing utilisation of
institutional finance and the socio-economic objective,
the financial institutions are primarily interested in
periodical study of earning power, liquidity and
anility to pay debts witnin the agreed period and also
retention of employment. Hence it is essential to have
full fledged financial anc management in formation systems
for providing necessary information when called for by
the financial institutions for their study. Usually an
exorcise of floancial analysis is done to know1.
Whether borrowings and liabilities are
excessively high
2.
3.
Whether there is adequate margin for loans
Whether there is a shortfall in income
4.
Whether operational costs are relevant to
turnover
5.
Whether an organisation is able to meet its
current obligations from its immediate
liquid assets.
These are techniques of analysis of different
financial statement/rati os and interpretation thereof.
In this paper I shall briefly discuss two financicial
statements namely Balance-Sheet and Profit & loss
Account.
—4
A Balance-Sheet is a statement of assets and
liabilities, including own funds made out as on a
particular date indicated. A study of two balance sheets
made out on any two dates and the ratios of corelated
items will indicate the relative changes in the position
of assets and liabilities and helps to measure economic
progress between the two dates.
>
The soundness of financial structure is indicated
where there is a surplus in Capital fund (own funds and
long term borrowings taken together) after investing in
fixed and semifixed assets and providing margin for
working capital borrowing. The larger the surplus the
greater is the degree of soundness.
A surplus Capital
fund is essential to absorb the shocks of sporadic
receipts and payments and to meet the needs of emergent
situation and unforeseen developments. This is identified
through an analysis of current ratio i.e. relationship
between current assets and current liabilities.
A system of continous check on the movements of
the above components through analysis of predetermined
set is evolved. Any gap in circulation will bring the
strain on liquidity.
—5
A profit and loss account indicates the operating
efficiency as a whole and of individual departments.
The introduction of budgetary control and thereafter
comparison and analysis of budgetary figures/ratios
with the actuals at snort
intervals, provides the
management with timely information for taking remedial
measures at the earliest when adverse trends arc detects’
Cost control and cost reduction are effective tolx
for improving profitability and performance. However
cost consciousness is the very basis of any cost control
or cost reduction measures. It is not the same as
consciousness to cost only. Ordinarily, cost
consciousness is supposed to mean the question of
affordability. It should be understood from a broader
spectrum. Cost decisions should not be a matter of
affordibility, but be considered as an investment
proposition, with the multiple objective of growth,
profits or surplus. It is a functional relationship
between the cost proposed and the benefits expected to
be generated. An all round cost consiousness is required
to ensure productivity and bettor utilisation of scarce
resources-physical, financial and human. It is as
important when the going is good as during critical
periods.
While cost and financial data will continue to
occupy a predominant role for "scorekeeping" and
management control at the operating and management
levels, new system will be- required to be developed
to tailor these reports to the critical variables and
key success factors respectively at these levels. In
the operation of developmental project undertaken by
--6
BAIF management reports have to incorporate
operational and onviron-mental data relating to internal
and external environments. Our reporting systems have
to be much more qualitative in nature and would be
aimed at gaining understanding and insights about cho
likely Future internal and external environments. The
ability to iuentify the mission and the objectives of
the organisation over ... rel; tivcly long period by
systematic end formal analysis of likely future,
interna; ano extci lai i n iroomu-nts _• competition and
as.'essmant J" organisational str...ngth .'.’.nd weaknesses
~.;d par; performance wouxd bu important requirements
for continuing growth ;.nd viability. This is the
theme of this paper.
UW I.
THE BHARATIYA AGRO-INDUSTRIES FOUNDATION
MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS
General Outline and Philosr.jpliy
1.1
With the rapidly expanding activities, a systematic
approach to planning and control is vital for the
Foundation to ensure that resources obtained arc used
effectively and efficiently in the accomplishment of the
Foundations objectives.
1.2
This process of Planning and Control can broadly be
divided into the following three phases:
i)
Strategic Planning: For deciding long term objectives
and goals of the Foundation.
This is decided by the
highest policy making body, taking into consideration
various social, political, technological and economic
forces at work and the objectives for which the
Foundation is established.
ii)
Action Planning: For formulating and specifying the
levels of achievement for each year of the. Strategic
Planning period.
The Management of the Foundation ,
after reviewing internal strengths and weakness css
availability of resources and the need and urgency
of various programmes on hand, lays down the tar ;ots
to be achieved each year in order that the objectives
expressed in Strategic Plan arc attained.
iii)
Operational Planning: For developing performance targets
for the coming year broken down into targets for
months or quarters.
These targets provide the
benchmark for Management Control.
Thus the Management Control Process in the Foundation,
is carried out within the framework established by
Strategic Planning and Management Control, in turn, sets
the guidelines for Operational Control.
2
2 -
1.3
The Management Control System designed for the Foundation
is n total system embracing all aspects of tho
Foundation’s multi-disciplinary operations.
This is to
ensure that all parts of tho operations are in balance
with one.another.
1.4
Although the financial structure is the central focus '
of the Management Control System, non-monotary. measures
such as time, total inseminations, number of persons/
cattle, efficiency index, conception rate, area covered
yield, growth rate etc. also -fora important part of the
system.
1.5
Officers in charge of Extension Centres, Cattle Farms,
Bull Stud, Nitrogen Flant, Agriculture, Research Centres
Training, Agro-services, Semen Bank and those in charge
of services such as Administration, Materials Management
Engineering Services and Finance are the focal points
in management control.
They are the persons whose
judgements are incorporated in approved plans and whose
performance is measured.
Communication of objectives,
policies, guidelines, decisions and results to these
key personnel is an important part of the system.
2.
Strategic Planning
2.1
Strategic planning, spoiling out long-term objectives
of the Foundation, would bo reflected through
"Five-year Forecast".
This document, would be prepared
annually, and would encompass physical, financial and
organic optional framework within which operations of tho
Foundation would be carried out during the year ensuing
five years.
3
3
2.2
The format and. contents of the Five Tear '• .ire cast would.
closely follow those of the Operating Budget.
In addition
the Five Year Forecast would, include Projected Balance
Sheet, Sources and Application of Funds statement,
Projections for Working Capital, Estimated Manpower
Requirements and New Opportunities for each of the main
activities of the Foundation in coming five years.
2.3
A beginning towards fo_\.iul planning in this regard is yet
to be made.
3.
Bud~ctary Control
3.1
Budgeting is a cornerstone of the Management Control
process.
Within the framework of Strategic Planning,
annual Operating Budgets are prepared which consist of
a set of projected financial statements for the coming
year with appropriate supporting schedules.
These budgets
are constructed by Responsibility Centres.
3.2
The Foundation follows the system of Eerie' ..-.nee
Budgeting.
3.3
The main objectives oi Operating Budgets a?. 3:
i)
Planning anil co-ordinating the multi-c; is cipl:'.r a?y
activities of the
foundation,
ii)
Evaluating :-Ac-qv .c;- of tile Expense Budgets and
iii)
Assigning t. r." '
a "Centro" .
the
operating officer in c'w~ge of
. o •■•ponsibility for
performance of u c- Fcu.i iation.
Th?.;
_s
\.
f
1 i .-.-ci, forms
the basis of Performance Budgetin';.
'..-io finance Division issues in January each year,
instructions and timetable fc? the preparation, submission
nd approval of the Operating budgets for the coming year.
... .4
(Budgets tiro for the financial year i.c.April to March).
Generally, a uniform format is used for preparation of
Operating Budgets by all the Responsibility Contres. Budget
are prepared by expense classification and by activity.
The Operating Budgets, duly scrutinised and consolidated
by the Finance Division, are then considered and approved
by the Management at least two weeks before com, cncemont of
the financial year.
Once approved by the Management, the
Operation Budgets become plans of action.
5.5
At tho end of each month, the results of actual operations
are collected for each Responsibility centre in tho same
format as tho 1’orformance Budget.
These results ar© comparj
with tho budgeted results and the reasons for variances
analysed.
This Analysis is important, not merely in .
evaluating officers who arc responsible for results, but in
alerting management to desirability of revising the budgets
*
or
taking corrective action when the results are not meeting
tho oxpoctou goal i.
■tho Performance Budget Reports are forwarded to the Officers
concerned within two weeks after tho end of month, :
accompanied by a brief note on any problem area that needs
urgent attention.
5.6
Tho finance Division staff spares enough time for discussion1
with Operating Officers 021 Performance Budgets.
It is also
their responsibility for increasing the effectiveness of
follow-up action on variances by the respective Division.?.!
Hoads.
4.
' Working Capital Management
4.1
Five Year Forecasts and annual Operating Budgets indicate
working capital requirements for the budget period.
Besides
estimated income and expense, the projected levels of each
requirements, stock levels, outstanding debtors' and
5
creditors’ balanccsand temporary investments, the Operating
Budgets also indicate planned capital expenditure.
All this
information is tabulated in a Funds Flow Statement.
This is
a simple statement showing generation and disbursement of
cash during the budget period; as a part of the control system
however, it is vit >1 for working capital management in general
and cash management in particular.
4.2
Like Operating Budgets, Funds Flow statement is prepared each
month showing the estimated and the actual cash receipts and
"
disbursements.
While preparing this statement, opprotunity is
taken to make
cash projections for a further pccriod of one
month a year honcc, so that at any time, twelve months’
projections are available.
This statement together with a commentary from the Finance
Division, is circulated to the Management.
5.
Standard Costing
5.1
A system of standard costing would be introduced for some of
the activities of the Foundation like Vaccine Manufacturing
and Semen Collection, which lend themselves to the
implemen-tation of a costing system.
Standards would be sot
for each of the major items of raw materials and services,
direct labour ./overheads.
and
For manufacturing operations,
service departments’ costs would bo apportioned and allocated
to operating departments and the total operating departments'
costs would be identified with the standard output.
This
would enable cost determination and price fixation.
5.2
For cost control purposes however, the technique of marginal
costing would bo employed.
(This technique would also bo
helpful for differential pricing.)
Direct costs would be
controlled through standard costing and fixed overheads
through budgetary control. This dual approach would, not only
be effective for control purposes’ but wov.j.d provide adequate
flexibility to the management in proparing/revising their
operational plans.
... .6
5»3
Vr.rionocs, the difference between the
'.ctur.l and the
standard costs, duly analysed to reflect the causers
of would be reported for each of the ope:'c.tiox ■■■
each of the products periodically.
5.4
Standards generally would bo fixed one., a yc
when Operating Budgets are being prepare'..
'.t the
They would
revised during the course of a year if any oumpc-lling
circumstance justifies such a r.vision.
6.
Cq-pital Expenditure Evaluation
6.1
The Five Year forecast would indicate the levels of capital
Expenditure planned for future years.
Broad details of
the Capital Expenditure planned would bo incorporated in
the Forecast statements whereas the Operating Budgets would
show greater details of such expenditure.
6.2
The inclusion of Capital Expenditure plans in the
docs not necessarily mean that they have
the Management.
Budget
been approved by
Each item of Capital Expenditure, however.
well justified, must be approved and authorised by the
Management before a commitment is made to this bch ?.lf or
any amount is siocnt.
Each Officer desiring approval of Capital Expenditure
submits the relevant details in a prscribed form well in
advance.
Those details
are scrutinised carefully and
where the expenditure is either for production or commercial
operations, the propos 1 is evaluated in terms of
"Fay-Back Period" or "Rato of Return" using Discounted
Cash Flow Techniq,ue.
For other proposals, evaluation is
based on considerations such as legal obligation, social
bone 'its, employee welfare and non-monotnry benefits.
For non-commercial expenditure, costjbenefit ratios arc
determined.
. . .7
7
o«5
Once the propose! is approved by the Management, the
■decision is convoyed to all the departments concerned,
It is then the originating department1s(or concerned
officer’s) responsibility to ensure that the capital
expenditure programme io closely followed as planned.
The Finance Division periodically submits a Progress Report
on major capital cr.pc. J.ituec programmes.
For big projects,
it is proposed to develop and use PBR2 charts.
7•
?in-.ocial le counting
7•*
Hile independent financial records are maintained for each
. ' the operations of the Foundation, those are centralised
Ln Finance Division nt Doom office.
The centralisation
facilitates independent financial control, uniform
accounting procedures, employment of qualified staff and
operating an appropriate Management Information System.
7.2
Financial accounts are maintained on sound accounting
principles not only to meet the requirements under lav; but
also to provide all the information that the management
may need.
Built-in checks arc provided so that
clerical
errors are minimized and frauds easily detected.
8.
Intorn.nl Auditing
8.1
The primary objective of the Internal Auditing faction, as
a part of the Management Control System, is independent
appraisal of accounting, financial and other operations
and measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of other
control techniques.
The overall objective is to assist
all members of management in the effective discharge of
their responsibilities, by furnishing them with objective
analyses, appraisals, recommendations and pertinent
comments concerning the activities reviewed.
8.2
To achieve these objectives, the proposed areas to bo
reviewed and analysed by the Internal Auditor ere
(i) Organisation structure (ii) Procedures (iii) Accounting
and other records (iv) Reports and (v) Standards of
pcrfomwice.
8.5
Broadly, the audit procedure to be followed would bo;
i)
familiarisation with operations,
ii)
review of procedures,
iii)
verification,
iv)
evaluation and
v)
reporting.
The scope of audit programme would be deter, ./.nod
. clo -o
liaison with Statutory Auditors so that they arc
complementary to those followed for the statutory audit.
**********
CO I - 10
Agri - 2.
The Bharatiya Agro-Inclustries. Foundation.
Biological Seminar Mo. 2
JupPa J.?76.
Review of Research on Unconventional Fodder
Fodder (Ku-bahul) Leucaena Le uco c eph al a.____
S,S, Deshmukh,
Research Officer.
introduction;
There has been growing interest in the tropical and sub-tropical
regions in the use of legume leucaena as a forage plant since
last few decanes. This is because of some out-standing features
of this plant as its ability to with-stand oceassional droughts,
repeated defoliation, high product! in of forage and exceptiona
lly high crude protein content. It provides green feed during
dry season when other plants wither and dry. The first reference
to Leucaena in the Agricultural literature was in 1900, when
it was planted for providing shade and maintaining soil
fertility in coffee plantations. Danniel S. Belong an Agricul
turist pioneered Leucaena in Philipines. He processed it into
dry leaf meal for livestock.
Botanical description?
Common names The Philliplnos know it as Ipil, in Hawai and
Taiwan It is called Kao Haole, in India it is known as Koo-babu_.
Botanical_nake’
Leucaena Louccc-ophala ? was applied to this plant in 1961,
replacing the name Leucaena glauca which had been known
since 1842.
Habit ? Leucaena is a perennial shrub or a small tree.
Leavess Bipinnate, 15 to 25 cms. long.
LeMlMj? 10-15 pairs, ?inear, oblong, acute, inequilattara!,
7 to 15 mm. long and 3 to 4 mm- wide.
Stipuless Triangular, gjabrus.
Flowers; white, .'.CO ISO flow.rs clustered in a globular head,
2.5 to 3 cm. in diameter, solitary, axillary long and pedlcelled.
2/..
2
Seed Pods-; Thin flat, acuminate, 10 to 15 cm. Inng, 1.4 to 2 cm.
wide. Usually 15 to 50 per cluster, 15 to 25 seeds per pod.
Seed? Elliptic, compressed, shiny brown, 3 tn 4 mm. wide,
6 to 8 mm. long and about 1 to 2 mm. thick.
Ryot _system_ ?
Very strongly developed tap root with laterals growing at a sharp
angle to the tap r^ot. Rnnt penetrates rapidlv about i to 1.5
meters in one year and breaks up the impervious soil. Deep root
system, enables this plant to absorb the nutrients from lower
layer of the soil and transfer tn the top soil through defoliated
leaves .and branches. Plant possesses good nitrogen fixing
capacity and helps for snil improvement.
Origin & History?
Leucaena is native of Mexico and the central America. According
t~ Dijkman 1950, Leucaena leucocephala originated in Mexico.
Fr~m there it has spread and become naturalized in other part
ar"und Mexico. It has however, n~t been utilized to any extent
as a fodder plant in this reginn. People of some of the Islands
nf Pacific used Leucaena leaves and seeds as food, where as in
Indonesia it was used for provision nf shade and soil fertility
maintenance.
It occures sporadically in Queensland, Brisbane in Australia,
where it was introduced from New Guinea, Fiji and other parts
nf Pacific.
Queensland Pasture Liason Committee released two cultivars of
Leucaena in 1962- CV Peru (CPI 18614) and CV. El Salvador
(CPI 18623). These are introduced by C.S.I.R.O. Plant Introduc
tion Section. Peru is outstanding in vegetative vigour and forage
yield. El Salvador has lower yielding ability than Peru.
Climate & Soil?
Leucaena is tolerant to wide range of climatic and soil
conditions. This crop grows in areas having rain fall ranging
from 20 to 100 inches or more per annum in areas receiving less
eratic, scanty and uneven rainfall, this crop needs definite
water supply initially in the firsr year for its proper
establishment.
Leucaena is not very specific in its soil requirements, it can
flourish on soils with alkaline pH and can grow on rockv soils
with little top soil.
...3/..
- 3
Review. of. Research s
Research has been carrier! in Australia, Indonesia, Phillipines,
India and few other tropical countries.
Takashi and Ripperton, obtained highly significant response to
N on a soil of pH 4.5 to 6.5, deficient in Ca, P and K. Ca and P
applied together increased yield bv 27.4$.
Anslow, in Mauritius conducted a fertilizer trial on gravelly
clay loam, in which N.P.K. were applied at sowing and following
cutting. Significant yield responses were obtained. Unfertilized
Leucaena produced 34580 Kgs. green per hectare while fertili
zation increased yield by 6422 Kgs. per hectare.
Kintch and Report on in Hawai, in a trial with leucaena on
a black sticky clay loam applied 2242 Kgs. lime per hectare,
prior to sowing and at sowing 3$ N, 21$ Pg 0 5 anc1 14$ K,
with 0.42$ B. They considered that addition of u was essential
as a starter untill plant root became well established.
Takashi and Riperton, 1949, reported a mcreannual yield of
8 to 9 tonnes dry matter per acre containing 2442 to 3145 lbs.
protein in Hawai with 50 to 60 inches rainfall.
u. Fixat ipn ?
Brazil 1958, showed that I, Leucocephala is highly strain
specific. It failed to nodulate when inoculated with anv other
legume.
Norris 1965 isolated Rhizobium strains fr^m leucaena and found
that they are fast growing acid producing type. He suggested
lime application to soils for leucaena grown in Australia.
Germination;
Akamine pointed out that untreated seed germinated to the
extent of 10 to 15 percent where as mechanical scarification
resulted over 90$ germination while 70$ germination was obtained
with hot water treatment.
Feeding value;
Leucaena has been used qo.ite extensively as a feed for both
dairy and beef cattle in Hawai. There are no reports from Hawain
trials ■'n any ill effect of leucaena on cattle.
.. .4/..
- 4 In a recent trial in Australia, symptoms of mimosine toxicity
were observed in a cattle which had grazed leucaena for 7 to 8
months. It has been pointed out that one of the amino-acid
minosine inhibits cell division, and causes depressed growth
hair loss and reproductive failures in simple stomached
animals. However, it is reported that there is little or no
effect on ruminants.
Hegartv et al reported that detoxification of minosine takes
place by rumen micro organisms.
Henke, work and Burt, 1940, in Hawai reported live weight
gains of upto 1.15 lbs. per daw in steers grazing on pure
stand or leucaena.
Clodualdo B. Perez, University jf Philipines, College of
Agriculture says that 6 il1-. of fresh leucaena leaves per day
can supply the protein needs of cattle. They have suggested
that leucaena be supplemented with 2 Kgs, of rice bran,
3.5 Kg.s of dry roughage and 9-1? Kgs. of fresh grass per
head per day.
Chemical analysis;
Kinch and Riperton, found that the whole leucaena forage had
an average crude fibre content of 29.8$ whereas leafy fraction
had an average crude fibre content of only 14.3$.
The analysis of luecaena ( dry matter percentage ) is given in
the following table ?
Fibre
Ash
N Tree ext.
ract.
25.55
2.16
11.35
9.89
31.05
Forage meal
14.28
2.09
33.54
5.78
44.31
Roughage
18.84
2.27
37.74
6.54
34.51
Green
17.85
2.17
32.76
5.96
41.26
Dry leaf
28.79
5.19
12.76
10.89
41.17
Fodder type
Nx 6.25
Hay
Source s
Fat
Herbage abstract, Jurie 1971. Vol. 41.
Amino acid of considerable importance in Luecaena is mimosine
B (I-(3 hydroxy - 4 - Pyridone) - amincprnpinic acid was
isolated in leucaena seed.
1•
Leucaena.
lucocephala (Ku-babul) ;
In view of the immense potential of this unconventional fodder
crop, the B.A.I.Foundation undertook to conduct studies to
determine the ?
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Suitability for cultivation
expected yield
optimum package of practices
nutritional evaluation.
Initial trials are conducted at Uruli-Kanchan Campus.
Soil and climate at the BAIF (Central Research Farm) ?
Land available represents a typical dry farming tract in its
soil and climatic conditions. Soil consists of murum which is
a partially disintegrated rock with little or no top soil.
Soils are calcarious, saline and alkaline, rainfall is very
low, scanty, eratic and uneven and very limited water available
for irrigation.
Germination studies revealed the following s
It is observed that delayed germination is due to very thick,
tough and waxy layered seed coat which prevents water from
entering the seed.
Hpt water treatment?
In order to remove germination delay hot water treatment was
given to seed. Seed was immersed in hot water at 60° C, 80° C
and 100° c. for 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes and 5 minutes.
It is observed that at 100° C. for 4 and 5 minutes, the seed
germination was 70 to 80% but the seed deteriorated rapidlv,
and also lost the viability. Seed immersed for 2 minutes at
60° C was too short for imbibition, whereas hot water treatment
at 80°C. for 2 to 3 minutes gave 90 to 98% germination with full
viability. Untreated seed gave 25 to 40% germination. Only 25
to 30% germination is recorded in three years old seed. There
is a gradual loss of viability due to storage.
Field experiment?
An experiment is conducted to study the effect of cutting at
15, 25, 40 and 75 cms. heights with 40, 60, 80 and 100 days
interval on the green forage quality and quantity of leucaena.
6/. .
- 6 -
Material and Method;
Seedlings were raised in plastic hags of size 9" x 7", seed
treated with hot water were sown in a bag.
Per acre 20 cartloads of F.Y.M. was added to the soil. One
ploughing and harrowing was given. 16 Kgs. P. per acre was
applied before transplanting. After 50 days from sowing the
seedlings were transplanted in the plot at 50 x 50 cms.
distance between plant s. and-rows. Transplanting was done in
the month of December 1974, and the plants kept undisturbed for
6 months. Observations are recorded for 9 months from August
1975, to April 1976, for four main treatments (heights 15, 25,
40 and 75 cms) and four sub-treatments ( 40, 60, 80 and 100
days interval).
Main plot size -
40x3.0 meters
sub-plots size -
10 x 3.0 meters
Results
Yield of Green fodder in Kgs. Crude protein and dry matter
in percentage.
Days
Ht.in
cms.
60 days
40 days
Green D.M. C.P. Green D.M. C.P. Green
80 days
D.M.
C.P. Green
100 days
D.M. C.P.
15
135,5 29.95 25.92 93.00'26.73 24.66 97.00 30.52 22.62 64.00 31.-51 20.90
25
40
164,0 26.03 26.96 125.0 26.77 24.95 114.0 29.92 23.02 75.00 31.12 21.15
182.0 25.75 26.30 138.0 28.90 25.41 113.0 29.50 23.11 102.0 30.72 22.02
75
218.0 27.49 27.69 144.0 26.35 26.88 118.0 28.17 23.72 96.00 29.81 23.11
The data is statistically analysed and both the treatments are
observed highly significant.
. ..7/..
Green fodder yield is higher when cuts are taken at 40 and
75 cms. heights with 40 and 60 days interval, whereas yield
decreases at 15 and 25 cms. heights with the same days interval.
It is observed that dry natter and non-edible part of the fodder
increases and protein decreases at 80 and 100 days interval for
all the heights. Observations will be record'd for one year
before analysing the data.
Conclusions
From the work, on L. Leucocephala reviewed in this paper it
can be concluded that this plant can make a substantial
contribution to the protein requirements of cattle. It is
essential that further work should be done regarding_the
packages of practices and methods of establishment, it is also
necessary to study the effect of this legume oh production in
cattle especially in relation to reproduction and milk produc
tion.
Breeding work is in progress at Queensland to develop promising
types with high density of branching and high foliage yield
with less mimosine contents.
These unconventional forage plants with high forage yield and
high nutritional values are suitable under rainfed agriculture
with limited water resources. It is possible to run the dairy
industries under these areas with low cost of milk production.
This will replace costly protein concentrates. The investment
is less, family labours are well utilized and thus leucaena
based cattle feeding operation can be a profitalize guide line
for the poor farmers in India.
Future studiess
For complete information on cultivation of these two crops and
their nutritional evaluation the following programme is proposed
to be undertaken.
1.
Cultivation trials will .be carried out at the following
places to get the data on the suitability of these crops
under different agro-climatic conditions? Hagar, TJasik,
Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Surat.
2.
Based on the data available from initial cultivation trials,
feeding trials will :'Q conducted on crop harvested at
optimal height and intervals. Five acres each of Hedge
Lucerne and Kubabul will be maintained to keep a constant
supply for nutritional studios.
.. .8/.
8
Facilities needed;
Three acres of Ku-babul and two acres of Hedge lucerne crop has
already been sown and irrigation to these, plots at regular
intervals should be assured to maintain yields.
Field experiment?
Name of the crops
Desmenthus Virgatus (Hedge Lucerne)
Cultivation trials have been started to study the effect of
cutting at 10, 20, 30 and 40 Cms. height with 40, 60, 80 and
100 days interval on the green forage quality and quantity of
hedge lucerne.
Soil and climate; Initial trials, have been taken up at the Hruli
Campus and Soil and climatic conditions are the same as described
for Ku-babul (Leucaena Luecocephala).
Material and method?
20 cart“loads of F.Y.M. per acre was applied t" the soil. One
ploughing and one harrowing was given. 16 Kgs. P. per acre was
applied at the time of sowing.
Seed was treated with hot water at 80° C. for 2 minutes, and
sown by hand at 33 cms. distance between lines, satisfactory
emergence was observed within 10 days, usual cares i.e. weeding,
irrigation were followed.
Sowing was done in December, 1974, Plants attained a height of
4.5 ft. within 6 months.
Observations are recorded for 9 months iron August 1975 to
April, 1976 for four main treatments (heights 10, 20, 30 and
40 cms. ) and four sub-treatments ( days interval 40, 60, 80
and 100 days). Plants were cut back to the respective heights
at respective days interval.
Main plot size -
40 x 3 s. meters
Sub-plot
10 x 3 s. meters.
size -
..9/..
9
Result .
Yield of green fodder in Kgs. Crude protein and drv natter
in percentage.
Height
40 days
60 flays
in cms^Gfeen^D^if.J? .P ._Green__D .M. CrP.
Green
80 days
100 days
D.M. C.P. Green D.M. C.P.
10
77.00 23.41 25.31 67.00 27.68 20.80 57.00 29.53 20.80 72.00 29.70 20.97
20
96.50 23.61 25.54 86.00 27.66 21.15 76.00'29.85 21.99 73.00 28.33 21.12
30
78.00 23.37 25.58 63.00 27.37 21.72 64.00 29.09 22.90 46.00 28.10 21.84
40
87.00 23.28 25.85 97.00 26.95 21.89 71.00 28.66 23.15 56.00 27.62 21.90
Data is statistically analysed and both the treatments are
ibserved significant.
It has been observed that green fodder yield is high when cut
is taken at 20 cms. height at 40 and 60 davs interval. Increase
in cutting interval increases the non-edihle and non-palatable
part of the fodder (further work is in progress).
Future studiess
For complete information on cultivation of these two crops and
their nutritional evaluation the following programme is proposed
to be undertaken.
1.
Cultivation trials will he carried ~ut at the following
places to get data on the suitability of these crops under
different agro-climatic conditions -Hagar, Hasik, Jalgaon,
Aurangabad, Surat.
Based on the data available from initial cultivation trials
feeding trials will be conducted on crops harvested nt
optimal height and interval. Five acres each of Hedge
lucerne and Ku-habul will he maintained to keep a constant
supply for nutritional studies.
2.
..10/..
- 10 Facilities needed;
Six acres of Ku-babul and three acres of Hedge Lucerne crops
has already been sown, irrigation to these plots at regular
intervals should be assured to maintain yields.
References selected;
1.
G.D. Hill ;
2.
S.G. Gray, Tropical Pasture Specico, Review Tropical
Grasslands. Vol. 2, May, 1963.
3.
Directors, I.G.F.R.I., Annual Report, 1971. Indian Grasslands
and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi.
4.
Univ, of Philipines; >Torld Farming, Octobar, 1972.
5.
James L. Brewbaker; Hawaiian giant' Kao Haole.
College of Tropical Agriculture,
Miso. Pub. 125.
bhd/26777.
Leucaena lucocephala for pasture in the tropics.
Herbage Abstract. June 1971, 41.
J>CV 1.21
Nut - 2.
The Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation
Uruli-Kanchan, District Poona.
Biological Seminar No,2
June- 1976
Evaluation of by-products and unconventional
feeds for their utilisation in making out
economic and balanced cattle feeds.
Dr, D.V. Rangnekar
1.
M.V.Sc. Ph.D.
The need for work on by-products
and unconventional feeds
*
With the accent on livestock development, particularly the
dairy animals in view of realisation that they can become
a good source of income and employment tn the farmers,
administrators and scientists have become cognisant of
the need to supplement ex.' sting sources of feeds and fodders.
While deficiency in supply of conventional feed and fodder
resources in India is known since many years, it is only
recently that some serious attention is paid to it. In 1974,
th? Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India appointed
a committee comprising of members from Government as well
as non-Governmental organisations to assess the availability
as well as requirement of feeds and fodder and suggest
measures to bridge the gap. The facts brought out by the
committee and recommendations are made are worth.considering
since they not only have a direct bearing on the field of
work, but some of their recommendations are very much in
line with our approach. In their report, projected
population of improved livestock and poultry and their
requirement of concentrate and dry fodder for 1973-74
and 1978-79 are given, which are reproduced in Table-1
for information. Estimates on availability of livestock
feeds and fodders have also been indicated which are
reproduced in Table-2. 'These data indicate that if we are
to depend on conventional feeds and fodders, there would
be a considerable gap between the requirement and availabi
lity by 1978-79.
- 2 1.2
Ths major recommendations made by the committee for improving
the situation are? (i) curtailment of export of some of the
raw material like oil cakes, rice bran etc. which form bulk
of ingradients used for making concentrate, (ii) they have
emphasized the need for intensifying fodder development work,
propagating fodder production, improvement of grass lands and
pastures so as to augment the fodder resources. The need to
improve managerial practices, introduce high producing varieties
and the varieties that would be most suited to the specific
agro-climatic conditions, has been emphasized, (iii) considera
ble emphasize has been given on exploring use of agricultural
by-products, industrial waste and unconventional feeds so
as to supplement existing feed/fodder resources. A number of
pages have been devoted on the information available on various
by-products from nutritional angle as well as some figures have
been given about the quantities available and it is indicated
that these could bridge the existing gap.
1.3. Besides the aspect of deficiencv, periodical droughts in certain
areas of the country, aggravated the situation regarding
livestock feeding. Droughts which are defined as conditions
resulting from prolonged absence of rains, have been found to
occur regularlv all over the country. Meteriological studies
indicated that in large areas of the country, drought conditions
prevail once in 4 to 5 wears while in dry areas of Gujarat,
A.P. and Rajasthan? drought is more frequent i.e. once in two
years or so. Certain areas have been defined as drought-prone
areas in the country and a number of development schemes or
programmes have been initiated to develop these areas and
restore proper ecological balance.
1.4. Animal husbandry programme has been recommended as one of the
major programme of development and development of grass lands
and fodder resources are naturally one of the pre-requisites.
Even in the above referred report, lot of emphasize laid on
development of grass land for drought prone areas. Besides
improving management practices of grass lands, introduction of
drought resistent legumes and fodder trees has been recommended.
1.5. Another major recommendation has been of making available
cheap feeds prepared out of agro-industrial by-products.
It has been indicated that feed made out of sugar cane ^agasse
and molasses could be used on large scale as scarcity feed
and that these materials should be made available.
3/..
3
2.
Evaluation of a feed products
Realising the need to establish use of by-products and
non-conventional feeds with a view to economise feeding of
dairy cattle, studies are being carried out in the nutrition
laboratory on some of the by-products available in large
quantities in the Western Maharashtra. An attempt would be
made here to describe the approach that is generally taken
towards establishment of by-products as cattle feed, and also
to understand nature of most of the by-products with which
we have to deal.
2.2. The basic steps in the establishment of the use of a particular
feed or by-products can be summarised as follows;
2.2.1. Availability & cost of the product:
Selection of by-products for its studies has to be generally
based on quantities in which it is available presently or
likely to be available in near future, and its cost. It is
needless to state that carrying out studies on a product which
is available in verv limited quantities or is very costly
compared to conventional feeds, would not he advisable.
It should, however, he home in mind that the price of the
product per-se can be misleading since, firstly it might
change with the availability and demand, situation 5 secondly
it has to be considered according to replacement value of the
product.
2.2.2. Evaluation through laboratory
and animal feeding studies?
F"r nutritive evaluation, the steps generally followed are
(i) proximate analysis, (ii) invitro digestibility studies
(iii) animal feeding experiment.In most of the cases, these
are aimed at finding the protein and energy value of the
material. However, with some special products like mineral
source, the criterian of evaluation will be different.
These steps for evaluation will be delt in detail by other
colleagues.
2.2.3.Improvement of nutritive value:
It is also an equally important step in the establishment of
use of certain products as cattle feed. Studies on certain
by-products have shown that certain factors, like alkaloids
are likely to limit the use of the product in feeding of
livestock and poultry resulting in either retardation of growth
or production of some toxic effects. Attempts are being made
to find out possibilities of removal of these factors through
certain treatment.
.. .4/..
- 4 Economics of such treatment has also to be considered. With
certain products, particularly coarse roughages which are
fibre rich, chemical treatment has been found to be useful
in improving their nutritive value. The improvement however,
varies with the nature of fibre and chemical process and cost
of treatment has to be considered before finally recommending
the processing.
2.2.4. Studies on processing and storage?
Final and important aspect is to study how the product can be
commercially exploited which would mean studying its suitabi
lity from processing angle, particularly when it forms a part
of concentrate mixture or complete feed. This would also
determine the level upto which the product can be incorporated
in the compounded feed and which may not necessarily commen
surate with its nutrient replacement value. In some cases, the
product may have to be processed before its utilization.
Observation on storage of material have also to be considered
sine? storage of the product forms an important aspect of
commercial use of the feed material.
The steps of evaluation described above are for products
whose safety for animals is established.
3.
Studies carried out on sugar cane
bagasse and molasses?
3.1. Work done on sugar cane bagasse and molasses which was the
major study carried out during last few years by the nutrition
laboratory would be reviewed in this note.
3.2. Interest on the use of sugar cane bagasse and molasses was
generated as a result of drought in 1972-73, when even coarse
roughages had become scarce. This was one of the by-products
available cheap and in large quantities in Western Maharashtra
and other sugar producing areas of the country and could be
considered as a good substitute for cereal straws.
3.3. Availability;
About l/3rd of the sugar cane crushed comes out as sugar cane
bagasse. While much of the bagasse is used as fuel in the
factory itself, about 5$ of the bagasse remains surplus and
is destroyed.
5/. .
5
3.4. Chemical composition and
invitro digestibility studies?
The results of chemical analysis of sugar cane bagasse both
for proximate principles and cellular and cell wall consti
tuents are shown in table-3. Comparative figures for common
cereal straws are also given in the same table which would show
that the bagasse is only slightly inferior to straws.
The in-vitro digestibility for dry matter of bagasse was found
to be 29$ which is only slightlv inferior to straws.
3.5. Animal feeding experiments?
3.5.1. Initial studies were aimed at evolving an economic and
balanced feed based on sugar cane bagasse-molasses to be used
under scarcity conditions. There were doubts expressed about
acceptability of the feed, ability of the animals to digest it,
particularly the molasses. Seven different combinations with
sugar cane bagasse and molasses as the major component were
tried on Gir 'and non-descript cattle for evolving a suitable
maintenance ration and two combinations were tried on growing
Holstein crosses. Observations on body weight changes and
blood compositions were taken on animals receiving these
rations.
Dry matter digestibility for the feed was estimated for four
groups by total fecal collection method and it ranged from
50-56$ which is'comparable to average rations.
Most of the groups were maintained under observations for
5-6 months and a total of 249 animals were involved. Details
of the combinations tried are shown in Table-4. It was seen
that the bagasse based feed has to be introduced slowlv or
else the intakes are very low initially and animals loose body
weights. However, once the animals intake becomes normal, they
maintain body weights. No digestive upsets or health problems
were observed.
The combination finally recommended f-'-r large scale use
during 1972-73 drought in Maharashtra - Gujarat and in 1974
in Gujarat, was Sugar cane bagasse - 5 to 6 Kgs, Molasses 2 Kg, Urea - 75 gm., concentrate - 50 gm., Mineral mixture
30 gm., salt 10 grn o
The cost of maintaining an animal with this feed was Rs. 1.00
per day.
Results of some of these studies have been reported in the
Tropical Products Institute Seminar held at London in 1974
(Patil et al, 1974).
. . .6/..
Feeding of the recommended rations have been successfully
used for a large number of cattle both in Maharashtra and
Gujarat State.
3.5.2.
Growth Studies :
3.5.2.1. Encouraged by the results of studies on maintenance of
cattle feeding, trials were undertaken to find out if an
economic ration could be evolved using these products.
In these studies, Gir x Holstein crosses were used and ;
results with bagasse based rations were compared with
animals kept on straw and. concentrates.
3.5.2.2. In the first trial the ration used comprised of 50$ bagasse,
32$ concentrate, 15$ molasses, 1$ urea with salt and mineral
mixture. The results of the study are summarised’ in Table-5.
It can be seen that while there was a saving of 35 p. per
animal per day in the cost of feeding with experimental
ration, the control group gained significantly more weight
than the bagasse group.
Dr? matter digestibility was estimated f
r
*
the feed in
experiment-1 and it was found to be 55.8$ and 53.5$ for
the control and Bagasse groups respectively.
The results of this study have been reported in the seminar
conducted by the Tropical Products Institute at London in
1974 (Rangnekar et_ al, 1974).
3.5.2.3. In the second experiment a ration with higher amount of
concentrate was offered. The ration comprised of 20.5$
bagasse, 20.5$ C.S. hulls, 41$ concentrate mixture,
16$ molasses, 1$ urea and 1$ salt-miner"! mixture. The results
of the study are summarised in Table-6. In this experiment
no difference was observed in the gain in weight between
bagasse and control groups. The total cost of feeding per day
as well as cost per Kg. of weight gain was lower for the
bagasse group compared to control group. The animals on
bagasse gained at the rate of 520 gm. nor day on an average
during the experimental period.
3.5.3.
Studies on Processing & Storage?
3.5.3.1 In view of the peculian nature of the two major products
involved in the feed, proper method of feed mixing had to be
developed. Ordinary feed mixers were n^t found to be useful
since bagasse is a very light material, molasses is viscous
and quantity of urea to be added is very small. For large
scale hand mixing preparation of a pre-mix with molasses
diluted with water in the rati'" of l?0.25 parts was found
to be necessary.
- 7
Trials conducted with a feed compounding unit gave good
results since they have a special molassing units. However,
there also the feeding of bagasse in hoppers has to h9 done
slowly and it is necessary to feed some heavv material like
oil cakes or concentrate mixture.
3.5.3.2 Baling of the complete feed has also been successfully done
with the sugar cane bagasse later. For proper baling quantity
of molasses has to be increased to a minimum level of
18-20%. As a trial, the hales were transported to Kutch,
during the drought by train and many ->f them were reported
to have broken down during further transport by truck.
3.5.3.3 Feed prepared in the feed mill using dry bagasse and
undiluted molasses could ho stored over 4 months. Hand mixed
feed where diluted molasses is used cannot he stored more
than 3^-4 days. In cases where fresh bagasse (which is moist)
is used, it should he used within two days.
3.5.4
Studies carried out on sugar cane bagasse and
molasses in India and other countries:
While considerable work has been done on use of sugar cane
bagasse in western countries, most of rhe studies were on
beef cattle on rations containing low proportion,of ^agasse.
Beers (1961), Saleem (1961) and Kirk et al (1962) have
reported satisfactory' growth rate in beef cattle fed bagasse
based rations. Randel and his co-workers from Puerto Rico
(1966, 1969, 1970) have carried out studies with beef as well
as dairy cattle with rations based ^n sugar cane bagasse and
molasses. Thev have reported that satisfactory growth rate
and milk production upto 17-20 Kg. can he sustained on
rations containing 20-30% bagasse.
Some studies were carried out on use of bago-m.olasses
mixture for maintenance at I.V.R.I. and Anand Agriculture
Institute. The results observed were not very encouraging..
Murty and Sharma (1970) have fed bago--molasses mixture to
Haryana calves and reported a growth rate of 0.18 Kg.
4.
Further work to he carried out on sugar
cane bagasse and molasses?
The details of the technical programme for further work on
these products is indicated in the separate note on by-produc
ts project. The studies will generally cover the following
aspect s ?
4.1.
Preparation of complete feed for lactating animals.
4.2.
Studies on alkali treatment for improving nutritive value of
bagasse to be assessed by in-vitro digestibility studies,
growth and lactations.
Baling trials with complete feed.
^•3.
4.4.
Use of molasses for cattle feeding in the form of liquid feed
supplement and bricks.
-o-
bhd/25777.
I • in
Animal Reproduction - 1.
" artificial BREEDING "
GOOD MANNERS IN A .1 . IMPORTANT TO SUCCESS
By R.G- Saacke»
The ability of the "Young Milkmaid" to milk a cow effici
ently has never been refuted, in fact, the favourable
response of a cow to her gental, patient manner has been
verified physiologically.
Most dairymen are not; well aware of the fact that milk
let-down is the cow's response to gentlestimulation of the
udder, as well as other pleasing aspects of preparation
for milking. Also familiar to the dairyman is the cow's
response to fright and roughness. Under thus-
conditions,
milk let-down is inhibited.
Conditions favourable to milking result in the release of
the oxytocin hormone by the cow's pituitary gland. In turn,
oxytocin is carried through the bloodstream and, u ~jon
reaching the mammary gland, results in milklet-down by
causing contraction of muscle like cells which force the
milk from upper protions of the gland to the larger ducts
in the base of the gland.
Fright or fear in the cow results in the release of the
adrenalin hormone from the adrenal gland. In a number of
ways this hormons counteracts the beneficial effects of
oxytocin and prevents milk lot-down and, therefore, good
milk-out.
HOARD'S DAIRYMAN, OCT. 10, 1974
-2What does all this have to do with Artificial Breeding ?
Both natural mating as well as artificial insemination
cause oxytocin release in the cow. in fact, it is not
uncommon to see a cow let down milk while being -bred. Many
technicians and I*
.Ifieldmen recognize this as part of
good technique because it is a sign that the cow is respon
ding naturally.
Many years ago, Illinois researches Van Demark and Hays
provided strong evidence that the release of oxytocin at
the time of brooding was important to sperm transport in
the cow.
Contrary to the earlier belief that sperm swim from the
site of semen deposition to the site of fertilization, these
scientists and others demonstrated that sperm are moved to
the oviduct (site of fertilization) by muscle contraction
of the cow's reproductive organs.
Furthermore, they found that oxytocin was responsible for
these muscle contractions and that adranalin (the fear
hormone) counteracted the oxytocin effect as it did in the
case of milk let-down.
This tells us that movement of sperm in the cow during
and after insemination is quite dependent upon how the cow
is treated at the time of breeding . in this regard, the
Illinois researchers found that gentle manipulation of the
cervix and passage of the inseminating tube into the cervix
(as accomplished in notmal artificial insemination) caused
notable muscular contractions of the uterus.
. ..3..
-3-
They also showed that uterine contractions resulting from
breeding were eliminated by producing fright in cows by
fake injection with a hypodermic needle or by restraining
them under adverse conditions, undoubtedly, these disturba
nces caused sufficient release of the animals adrenalin
to overcome the favourable response to oxycin and thereby
potentially interfered with sperm transport.
At this point, there is insufficient data to evaluate just
how important gentleness and good manners arc to conception
when breeding artificially. However, the same kind of
gentle treatment we recognize as important to milk let-down
should pay off when breeding artificially.
Certainly, artificial insemination is not a job for someone
who does not like cows or who possesses a short fuse- when
things go wrong. It seems reasonable that fertility from
artificial or natural service could be impaired by the
adverse effects of fright on sperm transoort in the cow.
It is quite possible, too, that we do not offer the cow
enough stimulation during artificial service. Z.s the arti
ficial inseminator becomes more and more proficient in
passing the tube through the cervix, he naturally breeds
each cow more quickly. Some technicians inseminate an
animal so quickly that if you blink you will miss the
action.
While some may take pride in how fast they go through a
string of cows, we must ask ourselves if there was suffi
cient stimulation to obtain an oxytocin release and good
sperm transport.
...4.,
-4 —
Data recently presented by Montana Research suggest that
additional stimulation after A.I. service is beneficial.
They studied the effect of a 10 seconds clitoral massage
after artificial insemination conception rate in beef
cattle.
Their findings showed that cows receiving massage had a
significant 6.3 per cent higher conception than those not
massaged, interestingly, virgin heifers did not respond
to massage while nonvirgin heifers showed a slight, insi
gnificant increase in conception when massaged.
Zilthough the basis for improvement in conception due to
clitoral massage is not clear, Montana researcher Dr. Ron
Randel fools that the benefit is due to oxytocin induced
muscle contractions and better sperm transport.
Jilthough all answers are not in on this subject, success
in breeding artificially may partially hinge on the same
principles we use in obtaining good milk lot-doun.
The ZiUthor is a professor of Dairy Science, Virginia,
Polytechnic Institute and state university.
a.
1- 23
Salient features of training in semen freezing
laboratory.,. A...I. and Preg.na.ncy Diagnosis.
I.
Collection of semen:
1.
Getting acquainted with the different practices followed
while collecting the semen.
1 .1
Bull aprons - Hygienic purposes.
2.
Preparation of bulls for getting good quality 8. quantity
of semen:
i)
ii)
iii)
Teasing and false mounts
Restraing &. preparation for 5 minutes
Any other methods
3.
Final temperature of vagina -
4,
Insulation bags - protection of semen tube from external
temperature, sunlight, breakage etc.
5.
Rubber mating - help in easy jump.
47“ - 49°
II. Processing of semen:
1.
Evaluation:
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.
Dilution:
a) Initial dilution 50:50 and keep for cooling
at room temperature.
3.
Dilutcr:
Tris (hydroxy-methyl) amino
Volume of ejaculate
Mass activity
Initial motility
Sperm concentration
methane
Frue lose
Citric acid
Glycerol -
This makes triladyl.
Above imported diluent is to be mixed with
double glass distilled water and egg yolk in
proportion of 250 gms : 750 ml : 250 ml.
4.
Printing:
Name of organisation -
BAIF
Bull No.
Baton No.
5,
Filling and sealing
''This is automatic;
-
(Day of freezing)
By filling &. sealing machine,
4000 straws/hour.
Contd
.2
: 2 :
6.
Arranging on freezing ramps
Straws are arranged horizontally with
all steel ball on one side and glass
ball on other; after getting air
bubble in the centre of straws.
7.
Equilibration period
4 to 6 hours in refrigerator at 5° C.
8.
Freezing
4 cm. above liquid nitrogen level in
vapour of liquid nitrogen in LR-320
container for 10 minutes.
Equipment provided at Sub-Centre.
1.
2.
Vivostats(Cryostats)
i)
Lab - 50 -
ii)
XR
- 16 - Liquid nitrogen container for storage of deep^^
frozen semen under liquid nitrogen level.
iiil
AL
- 3
iv)
Forceps
v)
Other equ ipment -
A 50 litres container for storage of liquid
nitrogen
- small 3 litre container useful for storage of
semen in liquid nitrogen and used for transport
ation of semen from main centre to farmers door.
- for taking cut straws
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Insemination gun
Sheath
Scissors
Thermos Flask
Napkins
Bucket etc.
v
•
J
Maintenance I. care of containers:
Remember you have the costliest equipment at your centre i.e. liquid
nitrogen containers.
This is an imported item at present and not
manufactured in India . Maximum care has to be taken to prevent any
damage to these containers.
Do not jolt or drop the container
Do not drag or tilt the container
Always lift the container with handles provided, when you want
to move the container from one place to other.
d) Do not keep the container open for long time.
As soon as straws
are taken out close the container with plug cap.
□) The plug cap or canister should not be forced in.
a)
b)
c)
3.
Handling of Frozen semen:
You will be provided with frozen semen in mini-tub(German strews,' or
in medium straws(French straws) at your centre. Mini-tub will contain
semen of bull, frozen at Uruli-Kanchan and while imported semen is in
French straws.
Contd.
: 3 :
a) Setermine the cow in heat: - before you take out the straws, assure
i)
Turgidity of uterine horn, and presence of
grafian follicle on ovary by rectal
palpation.
ii)
Thick, roapy transparent mucus discharge
iii)
Standing heat.
b) Thawing of semen:
Take out the straw from vivoou'et with
help of long forceps
ii)
Put it in warm water at 3b°C for 15 s.ccnd
iii)
Wipe it out with clean towel.
iv)
Bring the air bubble at one end, p _e f cr.:.:l
glass bell end.
v)
Cut open through the air bubble at richangle to avoid leakcge ir. sheath.
vi)
With the cut end up insert straws in the
sheath.
vii)
Mount the sheath on the gun.
c) Insemination:
Introduce the gun in vagina after due
precaution by catching the cervix with
other hand through rectum.
ii)
Pass the gun through cervix' and deposit
the semen in the bocy op uterus )/2 cm.
ahead of internal cervix.
d) Pregnancy Diagnosis
If the cow is not conceived, she will
repeat after 21 days(normal oestrus cycles
range 18 to 24 days). Heat may also be
missed because of poor obscruacicn or
less expression of heat symptoms by cow
(silent heat) or anccstrusino expression
of heat at all).
It is, therefore, essential to examine the
cow rectolly for pregnane" or any other
abnormality.
Cow should be diagnosed for pregnancy
after 60 days of ins urination, if she has
not been reported for heat/insemination
at your centre.
Do not diagnose the cows
below 60 days because:
Contd
..4
: 4 :
i)
There is likelihood of mistake being
committed,
ii)
There is chance of early foetal
mortality, because of incomplete
formation of sternum at that stage and
collapse of heart may happen by rough
handling at the time of rectal palpati.
1 .
Catch the cervix, determine whether it is closed,
2.
Roll the uterus by hooking the inter-cornual ligament and feel:’
3.
i)
Asymmetry of horns
ii)
Fluctuation in one of the hem
iii)
Double feeling
iv)
Enlargement of corresponding ovary by
the presence of corpus luteum.
After three months, but before 4/2 months, one should feel:
i) Foetal bump
ii) Fremitus
iii)
4.
Cotyledons
>
Between 41/2 months to 61/2 months:
i) Uterus cannot bo felt as.it descends in
abdomen, only cervix could be felt at
the brim of pelvis.
ii) During this period, other symptems ere
visible like : increase in barrel size;
flank movements on cold water/splash;
udder size enlargement.
5.
Last two months, one can feel parts of the foetus on rectal
palpation and movements of foetus.
Technical Development of Straws for
Distribution of Liquid and Frozen Semen
1T.0. Resbech, 1976
Indian Dairyman 28» 289
During the early years of Al in Denmark the technical equipme
t
*
was a modification of the Russian equipment. In 1940, Eduard ■:< ’
designed a completely new apparatus for storage of gelatinize’ ■"
in paraffin covered cellophane straws. This insemination metin’,
which later known as the straw method, soon became very pnpul
with the Danish Cattle Breeding Associations on account o: it;
simplicity. In the late forties many organisations began to rs;
the straws for storage of liquid semen at + 5’ C.
■'
When it became possible to store semen in liquified gases, esoeci-11
nitrogen, the American Breeders Service (AES' as a result of -.n- "...ti
gations by Elliot and his colleagues (1953) completely went o~ r
to the storage of semen in liquid nitrogen and in 1959 this
f .isation delivered deep-frozen semen to 1.2 million cows in th? 1
and sone South American countries. The semen was frozen in f’amosealed 1 ml. glass ampoules. However, at an early stage it became
obvious th-t it was cheaper :.r.d quicker to use straws rather than
glass ampoules for the storage of frozen bovine semen. In 1953,
Parez and his coworkers and in 1956, Friis Jab ■bsen deep-froze semen
in cellophane straws and stored it using solid CO? as a refrigerant
Later on Adler stored the semen in open cellphone tubes on liquid
nitrogen and found the viability of the sera on to '-e the s re as with
sealed glass ampoules. In i960 Adler and Res ■•ecl r<scr-:t- nd modifica
tions of liquid nitrogen refrieer-;ti'ns
t ,s storage ~f larsr?
mounts of s~men frozen in cellophane straws. Fewer er, c.~llopb.a-ue
straps proved to be unsuitable material for :?■?■: zing sen n and in
the early fifties, Cassou ir.n roved the technique further by using
polyvinvl chloride straws, s- led o
* either and with polwinvl
alcohol powder. This method proved t"- e of —cat importance.
In the following years, Cassou developed -o d-fil’d and complete
method for the use of medium andminipolwin
*
1 chloride straws.
This equipment has been used world-wide for many years.
Vfhat now is the reason for using frozen semen inst?-d of liquid
semen? To answer this question one should consider the recent
progress made concerning the evaluation of the genetic value of
"■reed inr: bulls. Primarily Al in cattle was adopted as a ’"reeding
method in order to transmit genetic merits into any herd, big or
small through tie use of semen from outstanding bull material.
The ■■'.ills came from private breeders and for iany wears the private
breeders tried to monopolize, the sale of bulls for Al. In the last
ten vears this procedure has been changed much since the geneticists
have designed new breeding programmes which ar? built up on better
methods f'-r evaluation of the breeding value of a bull. In order
to perform these new breeding systems the use of deep-frozen semen
has become 100$ necessary.
2
It is not only necessary to produce enough s-.w.-n for routine
insemination, but also to produce surplus snnn-j, which could ’■<?
discarded after a storage period.
The basic principles for the selection cf bulls in new ^r?-^ino
programme are as follows s
Since all milk recording of dairv cows now is c mtrulized and
carried out by the computer technique, th? central cow register
can be used for finding the highest yielding cow per year. These
cows are used as the coming hull mothers which means that they are
inseminated with semen from the verv best hulls of the year. Bull
calves resulting from these inseminations are used for collection
of semen when they are one year old and 600-800 cows per hull are
inseminated with semen from each of these bulls. After this period,
the hulls are no longer used for routine inseminations, hut kept
for semen collection untill 20,000 to 30,000 doses of semen have
been stored from each bull. This number of doses has been reached
when these young bulls are 2-3 years old and then they can either
he slaughtered or kept as waiting hulls until we have got the results
of their progeny. That maw take between 4 and 5 wears. When the
progeny results are available, frozen semen from only 25# of the
very best bulls is used for artificial insemination. The remaining
75# of the frozen semen doses is discarded.
It takes time to pass over to a breeding programme like this and
particularly the old breeders have reacted against this method.
In Denmark so far, only the Jersey breed has gone c'-mpletelv oxer
to this method. There is no doubt however that this breeding
programme will be introduced for all the breeds in the next few wears
The breeding system cannot work unless frozen semen is used ICC# and
therefore it has become imperative to find a method for the use of
frozen semen that is effective i.e. which gives high fertility
results and at the same time is also safe, simple and economic.
It is important that the individual doses of semen are marked
distinctly with the name of the breed and the bull and date f r
collection so that it is impossible to make mistakes when the
cows are inseminated. Tffe have already had difficulties in finding
a method which all Al centres would agree t'' use. Some 'XI centres
started using the pellet method, others tie fresh straws. Sine?
these two groups of centres could not agree — using one stenb'irdized
method we had to investigate which of th-: two -cthnds was the most
economic and accurate. Taking everything int ’ c ■csideration
came
to the conclusion that the only different in ?'sts ’-■■etueen pellets
and straws, was the price of the straws. On f
of r hand tl-.ere
were sc many advantages in using the straws i stead of vell~’’ =
that although ths pellets were cheaper "c f'-. -d it botte"
recommend straws. Besides, pellets have got
••'isedvantnot
3
being hygienic since these have to be stored in liquid nitrogen
in direct contact with the fluid which might give risk for
combination of the pellets. Another reason for not recommending
pellets was the difficulty in marketing pellets. For this reason
we were looking for another method and after having seen Dr. Simmet's
automatic filling machine in Munich last year we decided to make
a pilot investigation of this method. The Al centre in Alborg was
selected for a split sample trial where we compared Dr. Simmet's
method with that of the French straws. Three thousand cows were
inseminated with semen, frozen according to each method. The results
are stated in the Table.
From this table it appears that there is no difference concerning
the fertility rates in the use of the two methods, but there were
a number of advantages by using Dr. Simmet's method. The 6.5
centimeter long straws are made of cheap material. The straws can be
made in any country and do not need to be imported. The straws are
closed by means of glass balls in an automatic machine which can
fill 6,000 straws per hour. This method does not need a special
cooling room or cabinet for filling the straws.
For the dilution of raw semen a Tris-diluter, which contains glycerol
and egg yolk, is used. The first dilution is made just after
collection on water bath at 35° C. The semen is cooled slowly down
to room temperature and the final dilution is made after determinati
on of the dilution rate. Each semen dose will then contain about
20,000,000 sperms.
Tables Breeding efficiency/60-90 days non-return
percentage.(for November-December,1972)
Bull
Bos
Blits
Atlas
Sjoestrup
Horn
Bast
Pan
Jet
Boerge
Prim
Gas sou Straws
1. ins.
Landshut Method
1. ins.
N.R.,%
414
458
274
491
344
362
377
310
379
183
63.5
64.8
60.9
61.7
69.8
6.5.5
63.7
67.7
62.0
61.7
415
412
258
406
245
296
364
236
350
200
67.2
66.3
64.7
60.6
7-0.2
G7.2
66.2
66.5
66.6
63.0
3592
64.2
3182
65.8
_ ZJ. /
- 4 -
Conclusion ?
The use of frozen semen is only necessary if modern breeding
programmes, including long term storage of semen, is introduced
in a dairy cattle area. The deep freeze method which should he
used is a matter of choice. From a hygienic point of view and due
to the difficulties in making a proper marking of the individual
in semen doses, straws have been found to be better than pellets.
The straw- method is slightly more expensive due to the cost of
straws. The most simple, cheap and effective straw method which
has been developed recently seems to be the so-called Landshut
method, conforming to which straws and insemination catheters can
be made in any country adopting this method.
bhd/22777.
1. 2 S'
Rep - 4.
"FROZEN. SEMEN .BANK"
4.1
INTRODUCTION?
Artificial Insemination is no-w accepted method for
mass genetic improvement of animals population.
Advances of semen technology in recent years has helped
in development of artificial insemination programme
covering a wide range of livestock.
Early progeny testing of bulls is possible beyond doubt
only through artificial insemination, but when a large
population is considered for this programme, the major
limitation is the use of liquid semen with short storage
life. The technologv of deep freezing of semen poineered
by polge smith and parkes in 1949 has come to the rescue
and has helped in overcoming these limitations and
therefore, dramatic improvement has been achieved by
Western Countries in breeding superior cattle for milk
production.
Deep freezing technology has not only helped in
improvement of milk production, but also has economised
the animal husbandry through reduction in the cost of
maintenance of bulls. In Western Countries it is usually
a practice to collect good number of doses of semen sav
20,000 from young bulls and dispose off the bull or
collect less number of doses and keep waiting with farmers
till the progeny test is available, so maintenance cost
on bulls can be drastically reduced.
Usage of deep frozen semen permits availability of more
number of bulls at a time for progeny testing in
different climatic zones to test genotvpe x environment
interaction. Deep frozen semen makes it possible to have
semen of bulls at all the time available with the
inseminator and random utilization can be possible
while this is the greatest limitation in liquid semen.
International exchange of semen is possible only with
deep frozen semen and superior germ plasm can be
introduced in developing countries for improvement of
milk production.
Farmers can have the choice of selection of bulls for
using on their cows through usage of deep frozen semen
only.
2
The semen ejaculate of hull can be utilizer! more
rationally and economically without wastage of
spermatozoa through deep freezing technology.
Life span of spermatozoa is enhanced for number of years
by deep freezing without loss in their fertilizing
capacity, since the metabolism of spermatozoa is stand
still and no agains effect is expected, provided
handling and maintenance of deep frozen semen is
meticulously done.
Advances in semen packaging technology are being done
from time to time. Today glass ampules have been replaced
by PVC 0.5 ml. or 0.25 ml. French straws or 0.3 ml.
minitubes. The length as well as diameter of PVC tubes
has under gone, modification from time to time,
Cassou (1968) introduced ministraws by reducing the
diameter from 3.00 mm. to 1.5 mm. ’tfhile keeping the
same length and brought automotion in packaging device
by ultrasonic sealing, while simmet (1972) introduced
automation in filling and sealing of semen straws by
reducing the length of medium French straws (0.5 ml.)
from 135 mm. to 65 mm. and sealing by steel and glass
balls, instead of polyvinyle alcohol powder. Both the
straw packaging technologies has increased the producti
vity of bull per ejaculate and increased the storage
capacity per container. Slow freezing using alcohol Co2
ice ^ath has been totally replaced by instant vapour
freezing over liquid nitrogen.
4.2
SCREE^I^G OF BULLS :
After selecting the bulls on genetic basis but before
they are introduced on regular freezing programme they
are being examined both for physical soundness as well
as soundness of the reproductive tract.
Bulls having cryptorchid, fibrosed, hypoplastic
testicles as well as those having aplasia of epididymis
or any other part of reproductive tract are strainght
way taken out of the list.
3/..
- 3 -
Physical deformaties like fractures or spondylosis
or soft hooves causing trouble in mounting are also
taken out.
Bulls are then examined for soundness of reproductive
tract by rectal palpation, those having seminal vesi
culitis, access or tumour on any internal part of
reproductive tract are also culled.
The bulls having high pedigree record as -well as having
no physical or congenital malformations are selected and
introduced for training programme., They are brought to
mount on teaser bull and are trained to give collection
in artificial vagina. From our experience we found that
the young bulls introduced for training take at-least
2 to 3 weeks before thev can give an ejaculate in a,7.
At this stage also some bulls are culled on account of
lack of libido or defects of penis (like tumor or
preutial adhesoons etc.). The semen from voung bulls is
then tested for volume, colour, Nass activity. Initial
morilitv and Sperm concentration.
Bulls donating semen of abnormal colour like red or
brown ate discarded. The normal colour should be creamy,
milky white or light yellow (lemon). Bed or brownish
colour indicates rupture of some capillaries on the glans
penis or in seminal vesicles or ampullae, (haemospermia)»
Bulls donating semen with initial motility below ^0 '■
percent and sperm concentration below 500 millions per ml
consistantlv for 4 to 5 weeks are rejected. The screening
of semen samples is also done for morpholocal abnormali
ties of spermatozoa.. Bulls donating semen with having
gross morphological abnormalities as judged from phase
contrast microscopy are further screened by taking semen
smears prepared with Nigros sin-eo sir. stain. If bulls have
more than 15$ total morphological abnormalities with
more than 4$ head abnormalities are rejected. If bulls
shew specific sterilizing defects like "Cork Screw" or
"dag defect" in their spermatozoa, are also rejected
from collection programme.
Those hulls which are free from all above defects and
satisfy basic requirements of initial motility and
sperm concentration are subjected to’test freezing and'
the frozen semen is examined after 24 hrs. If the freeza
bility of semen is not satisfactory consistantlv for
4 to 5 freezings the hull is rejected from the programme.
From our experience at this station via found that 25
percent bulls are rejected on the basis of congenital
defects, morphological sperm abnormalities inconsistant
semen picture, abnormal colour of semen low free/ability
of semen and lack of libido.
4.3
Quality Control Measures;
Quality control’ measures have to be enforced for
production of semen. On one hand they are concerned
with the protection of animal health, against communi
cable diseases, while on the other hand they aim to
promote the genetic improvement of broods. There is
a danger that semen raa'r serve as a vehicle for the
spread of animal diseases, which can prove to be an
economic catastrophe for a nations livestock industry
and disrupt breeding and selection programmes irrepably.
It is, therefore, necessary to provide for strict
veterinary control at all stages of collection, treatment,
storage, transport and use of semen.
The semen shall have to certified by the veterinary
authorities and the sires from which the semen has been
collected shall be free from Brucellosis, vibriosis
and Trichomoniasis. The bulls should he negative for
two successive serological examination in case of
Brucellosis and vibriosis and microscopic examination
of preputial washings for trichomoniads. Also sires
shall have been held in areas free from foot and mouth
disease and lumpy skin disease. Sires should also be
free from leptospirosis and listeriosis which cause
sporadic abortions in female. The bull should he negative
for tuberculosis and Johnes disease. Sires from which the
semen has been deep frozen shall be free from virus
causing Epivag and Pleuro-pneumonia like organisms
Pseudomonas aurogenosa corynihacteriv.m and salmonella.
- 5 -
Also, the certificate must indicate that the sires are
in good health and their growth is normal and under
proper veterinary care. They shall he free from such
heriditarv and congenital defects like «1)
Testicular hypoplasia.
2)
Inherited sperm defects.
3)
Congenital absence of epididymis, ductus.
deferens or seminal vesicles.
4)
Lethal fectors or recessive genes.
In order to have less bacterial count in semen strict
hygienic precautions have to be taken like bull aprons,
cleaning and grooming of bulls meticulous sterilization
of A. V. and glass ware. Each ejaculate and each bull
should have seperate A.V.
4.4
Facilities to be developeds
Research facilities have to be developed to undertake
detailed morphological studies on spermatozoa in order
to have the stricter quality control of semen picture.
The defects like acrosomal defects, which are not seen
under microscope while evaluating semen. The sperms mav
have normal motilitv etc. but the hulls may he sterile.
Some biochemical assays on hyaluronidase and GOT
estimations have to he developed to assess the fertili
zing capacity of semen that we are producing here.
4.5
Precision Equipments
The precision equipment required for processing and
freezing semen available with semen freezing laboratory
are as follows s-
1.
EEL Portable colorimeter with filters and test
tubes.
2.
pH meter.
3.
Single Pan Balance.
4.
Phase contrast microscopes with viewing screen.
5.
Straw printing machine.
6.
Straw filling and sealing machine.
. . .6/. .
- 6 In addition to these equipment the laboratory is also
equiped with refrigerators, slide warming table, water
baths, hot air ovens, A.V. sterilizers, water boilers,
Glass distillation apparatus, Autoclove and liquid
nitrogen containers, Freezers and liquid nitrogen plant.
4.6
Potential, pf the. Laboratory & Storage Facilities:
The laboratory is air conditioned with a cabin maintai
ning an ambient temperature of 22° to 24° C. It has all
equipment required for processing semen by land shut
technology.
The potential at present is 2400 doses per dav at the
rate of 125 doses per ejaculate per bull. Semen of 19
to 20 bulls are required to be processed every day for
freezing. This includes 20 percent rejections of
substandard ejaculates on account of low motility and
low concentration of spermatozoa. p.->r this we are
collecting 22 to 23 bulls every day. The yearly
production is expected to be 4,80,000 doses. If 10 perce
nt post freezing rejections are considered we can store
4,30,000 doses per year. (Refer Tablas I and II).
With the expected equipment to be received for processing
and freezing semen we can safely go upto 4,800 doses
per day, processing 36 to 40 bulls for freezing and
collecting 48 bulls per day. The local component of
equipment modification of building, additional collec
tion yard with additional manpower is proposed.
With 4,800 doses per day and 9,60,000 doses per year.
The present capacity is for 5 years. The storage
capacity is for 45,00,000 of doses 7 containers of 6
lack dos^s each and 4 containers of total o,50,000
doses capacity.
4.7
Plans to intensity hull usage :
Reports on semen freezing under Indian Conditions
are available from Indo-Swiss Project Matupatti (1974),
Munar, Kerala which is the only report on freezing
of exotic semen under Indian tropical conditions so far.
According to their reports 60wto 65 collections can be had
from one bull in a year with 18 to 20 percent rejections.
Their report further mentions 6,500 to 7,500 doses per bull
per vear as the production of frozen semen at the 130 doses
per ejaculate. Our experience at this centre is 126’ doses
per bull per ejaculate with 30 millions of spermatozoa per
dose, 6,250 doses per bull per year would be produced.(Table II).
At Indo-Swiss Project, Brown Swiss breed is used while we are
using Holstein Friesian and Jersey breeds. Our figures are in
most agreement with Indo-Swiss project figures. While Indo-Swiss
Project uses 40 millions per dose accept 35 percent recovery
rate for preservation while we keep 30 millions per dose and
preserve semen only above 50®? recover'?- rate. Our standards are
very high as compared to Indo-Swiss- Project. If we accept lower
standards like Indo-Swiss Project (35$) or M.M.B. we maw
in position to produce 7,500 doses per bull per vear in present
conditions while if we keep 25 millions and still accept
35$ recovery rate like M.M.B. we may ’^e asle to produce
8,750 doses per bull per year.
We are now collecting twice a week adult bulls above 2-1 years
with good body condition and good-sperm, concentration.
So maintaining our standards of freezing with 30 millions
spermatozoa per dose we are able to produce, from adult bulls
having good body condition and average sperm concentration of
1000 millions per ml. and average ejaculate volume of 4.80 ml.
about 8,500 doses per year"per bull.
Resbech (1975) recommends collecting young bulls of 15 months
age only once a week or once in 10 to 14 days. Onlv based
on experience with individual bull it is possible to when
2 to 3 weekly collections can be introduced. Volume and
density of the collected semen indicate when frequency of
collections can be increased. The data on Chippenham bulls
rearing unit of M.M.B. clearly indicates that the Holstein
should grow at the rate of 2.40 lbs. per day and put' on
875 lbs. at 52 weeks of age similarly Jersey should grow at
the rate of 1.77 lbs. per day and should have 644 lbs. at 52
week of age then it is possible to collect the bull at 13 months
and produce desired doses of semen. Similar are the reports
from Denmark. Production of semen depends more on body weight
than on age of hull (Rashech, 1975).
There are conflicting reports on the amount of spermatozoa per
dose. This may he because of different types of diluents in use
at different reporting centres. For example New Zealand Dairy
Board reported that Caprogen could be successfully used with
2 to 3 millions motile sperms per dose.
. . .8/. .
8
Branton et_ a_l (1953) reported 4.2$ drop in fertility when the
notile spermatozoa number is reduced from 10 to 5 millions,
Milk Marketing Board England on the contrary has reported no
loss in fertility on reducing sperm number to 5 millions.
The technique of frozen semen has undergone drastic changes
in recent vears and with advanced technique, Foote (1969) has
reported that.12 millions total sperm would be sufficient for
optimum fertility. The factors which may affect the optimum
number of sperms per dose are (1) Fertilizing capacity of bull.
(2)
Semen quality.
(3)
(4)
Processing procedure.
Extenders used.
(5)
Packaging system.
(6)
Volume per dose.
(7)
Season.
(8)
(9)
Storage temperature.
Local conditions.
Before we intensify the production of doses per bull by reducing
the number of spermatozoa we will have to test the number of
spermatozoa required for optimum, fertility at our agro-ecological
conditions as well as handling of frozen semen.
REFEREE CES
1.
Branton, C.,
Kellagraen, H.C., and Patrick, T.E. (1953)
importance of number of spermatozoa in
relation to semen quality and fertility of
bulls. J. Dairy Sci. 36, B01.
2.
Foote, R.H.
(1969) Organic buffers for preserving bull
semen J. Dairy Sci. 52; 921.
3.
Mathew, A.
(1974) Principles and Practice of deep
freezing ^ull semen published by Indo-Swiss
Project. Matupatti, Munnar, Kerala Printed by
St. Joseph's Press,
Trivendram, 14, Kerala.
4.
M.M.B. Scotland, Report 1974-75.
5.
Rasbech, N.O. (1975) Manual on deep freezing for
Indo-Danish Training Course.
9/..
9
TABLE I.
EJACULATE VOLUME A^D SPERM CONCENTRATION OF EXOTIC BULLS
AT THE B.A.I. FOUNDATION, URULI-KANCHAN.
~---------- -- -
1
JERSEY
!
'
;
!
1
i
J-
Winter
Surra er
Ejacut Coneentra; tion
late
i mill./ml.
volume
-i——------
' Ejacut late
' volume
HOLSTEIN
1
;
Concentra;
tion
mill./ml.
4.50
1,360
4.80
1,140
( 296
( 276 )
( 132
124 )
4.78
( 270
1,000
( 260 )
4.90
710
( 197
187 )
4.80
( 800
1,000
5.20
( 768 )
( 535
860
511 )
1,120
4.97
903
____ L. _
Average
4.69
10/. .
J
I
>
1
;
- 10
TABLE - II.
Performance of Jersey and Holstein Bulls during the year 1975-76 from 1st Julv 75 to 30th June 1976.
1
f
I
!
1
!
1
N-'. of freezing days
No. of bulls Collected
No. of ejaculates collected
1
■I
>
5
1
!
No. of sub-standard ejaculates;
% Sub-standard ejaculates
No. of ejaculates frozen
1
. No. of Doses Frozen
0
- - - - —!
- -------------------f
Total i
Jersey
Holstein
- -____
1
r Total
t Overall t
Rainy ' Vinter 11 Summer fI for the 1 Rainv [Winter. f Summer ' for the' Jersey
'
1
I
1 ’’■ear
!
1
[
1 ye ar
t
+
*
1
»
1
1
1
r
1
f
!
i Holstein '
f
1!
1
ft
’
f
1
I•
1
1
!
1
T
1
'. ',
1
16 ,
42 '
30 ,
20 '
92
21 ;
26
63
'
155
'
'
" 1
268 1
263 '
1343
186
812 <
194
488 '
868 ,
2211 '
280 >
806 ’
268 ,
1350 '
198 ’
202 >
490
894 ;
2244
68 '
44 :
148 >
260 ;
35 ! . 67
97 '
. 199 '
459 '
15.71 ' 25.37 > 18.36
20.45 I
19.81 [ 17.67 ' 33.16 ' 19.89 ! 23.54 J
155
, 26,087
No. of doses per ejaculates
'[
168
No. of ejaculates discarded (Post-Freezing )
1
>
15
% of ejaculates discarddid (Post-Freezing )
No. of doses discarded
( After Freezing )
% of doses discarded
( after freezing )
l_‘
— - —
bhd/23777.
>
139
593
',15,484 '72,679
111 '
i
14 ;
1
; 10.07 '
1
1
'
'
887
'
114 '
! ,
134
J
145 '
'73,269
f
1
123
'
71
I
111 1 .376
' 1,14,210 116,549 ,11,540 ,'45,180
123 1
«:
77
104
'
!
!
1.20
36
601
1
18 17
1
1
1
,
9.67
8.09 .
8.68 1 15.78 I 15.31
9.57
' 12.81
1
1
1
1
1
1
’
!
1
' 2,800 ,' 1,245 '5,777 1
8,922
1 2,725 ' 1,158 ; 4,746
' 8,629
,
!
f
1
!
J 16.46 ' 10.03 ' 10.50 ' 11.77
10.73 ' 8.04 1 7.95 !
8.59
1
J
1
'
1
1
1
- - _ * -------- .----1-------- --------- ---1
j_________ 1.
■•1-------- —— I ----( No. of Doses preserved within July 75 - June 1976 - 1,69,028 ).
;
1488
1 1,87,479
1
,
126
'
148
t
'
!
1
'
,
'
1
'
•
;
9.94
[
18,4 51
;
8.84
!
’
1
1
!)&/ 1 -1^
CD - 2c
CATTLE BRCCDF'D
Agencies sponsoring them and actions^ on the part of the
officer incharg.e. expected in each. Tie ’’AIF launched the
programme of cattle development in the year,1970. The cattle
breeding centres that ’/ere opened in that rear and those opened
later on differ materially in their approach and financing. It
is therefore important that all officers of the cattle develop
ment division understand the implications in the case of each
kind of cattle breeding centre that is in operation.
1•
CENTRES SPONSORED BY SUGAR.FACTORIES ?-
In the promotional phase of cattle development programme
of the Foundation, several Corporative Sugar Factories had
agreed to sponsor and finance the cattle breeding centres.
For this purpose the factory was expected to pay a service charge
of Rs. 1500/- per centre per month to the BAIF. In addition the
factory was expected to provide suitable residential
accommodation to the officer, free of rent. The factory was also
supposed to provide transport for use of the officer for
performance of his duties. In addition a suitable place to
locate the cattle breeding centre keeping ^container equipment
and records etc. was also to be provided by the Sugar Factories.
According to this pattern of working cost of semen was not
initially taken into account as the semen was received free of
charge from the Donor countries. After nearly 5 years between
1970-75 during which period severe inflationary pressures
resulted in increase in costs all round, it became necessarz
to raise the fixed service charge from Rs. 1500/- per month t^
Rs. 2000/- per month. It also became necessary to make a chares
for semen at Rs. 10/- per dose used. Other conditions remained
unchanged. According to above pattern the following centres
are functioning.
1.
Pravaranagar, Kopargaon, Akluj, Bhavaninagar, Malegaon,
Phaltan, Ashvi, Rethre Bk., Bidri, Ba1 da, Telapur,
Borgaon, Gandevi, Surat, Mehsana, /ansari, Bard
>li,
*
Ugar-Khurd.
In the areas of these ceirrcr a'-ont 2000 Hr" - -■'a'-le cows are
available on which the cattle '-ceding cent c is supposed to
work. Office bearers, and combers of the Board of Directors of
the Sugar Factories ha
* ’e shr-.T. o ■r.sicera^le interest in having
centres and it is hut natural that the" would expect the officers
of the BAIF to ’• •> ro'p^nstve t~ t?.o’v reeds end to achieve the
expected result-..
. . .2/..
2
It is therefore necessary for the BAIF officers-incharge of these
centres to understand that the reasonable expectations of
management of the Sugar factories and there office hearers are
paid due attention to and suitable action is taken in the
implementation of their directives and desires. Thev have to
understand that although they are employed by the Foundation the
office beaters, Managing Director and Chairman and others, which
includes the important cultivators in the Centre's area, to be
their de facto supervisors and they have to fulfill the
expectations made by them. So far no irresponsible expectations
have hsen made by and on behalf of the sponsoring sugar factories,
but in case such a situation arises it is desirable that the
matter is tactfully handled and immediately reported to the
Jt. Programme Co-ordinator or Programme Co-ordinator as the case
may be and efforts should be made to avoid any rupture in
relationship between the Foundation and the sugar factory. It
should be borne in mind that the officers of the BAIF are
entirely under the administrative control of the BAIF but it is
equally important to understand that good relations between two
participant organisations must he maintained at all times.
Between different sugar factories the system of working
also is seen to differ so far as dealings between the sugar
factories concerned and the beneficiaries of the programme in the
area. These differences have very little bearing upon the
functioning of the cattle breeding centre and they should he
understood to he peculiar to that centre where the person is
posted.
2.
CATTLE BREEDING CENTBPS LOCATED AT ORGANIZED ^ARMS ?-
The Foundation conceded the request of some organized
farms and Goshalas to extend the cattle breeding programme in
their respective herds. Such centres are presently located at
Ahmednagar Panjarapole Sanstha, Ahmednagar, T'asik Panchavati
Panjarapole, Nasik, Adarsh Dughdalava Bombay. Kandivli Goshala,
Kandivli Bombay, Naik Dairy Farm, Pusad.
No charge of the nature of service charge and or any
other charge as in the case of the Corporative Sugar Factory
is levied on these institutions. These institutions have very
substantial investment the" have made on their own on buildings,
cattle sheds and livestock. They conduct their farms entirely
on their own resources and are in no way a burden or a drag on
the Foundation. All these institutions and facilities and
livestock are available for the implementation of the Foundation’s
programme, training of the staff and farmers, field trials and
research projects.
- 3 It is for this reason that no charge is mad? to these
institutions for the service rendered in terms of cattle breeding
service. For these institutions the Managing Trustee, other
trustees and the Manager and other staff of these institutions
have to he taken care of properly. As in the case of office
hearers of the sugar factories so in the case of these
institutions, officers of the BAIF stationed at these centres
have to be responsive to them. These institutions have been vc'^r
co-operative and helpful in the promotion of the Foundation's
programme.
3.
CENTRES SPONSORED BY SADGURU SEVA SANGH TRTTST
Sheth Shri Arvindbhai Mafatlal is a trustee on the ?oar<
Directors of the Foundation. He is also very deep I”- involve'’1
personally with the Foundation's activities and has identific’
himself with the Foundation in the implementation of the pr^-g?’.mme
leading to removal/amelioration of poverty in the villages. ”ith
this end in view several Mafatlal concerns ar- financing cattle
breeding centres established and sponsored
the Sadgvru Seva
Sangh Trust. These are located at Suthri, Dolatpar, Kothara,
Nakhatrana, Bansda, Sara, Jhal'd. These centresare linked with
individual companies of the Mafatlal group, who pav the Foundation
the service charge of Rs. 2500/- per centre pe?’ month ulus
Rs. 10/- per dose of semen used as actuals, provide transport at
their cost -s also provide suitable housing f^r the officers
incharge of these centres.
Although the Mafatlal companies haw? come forward to
finance these centres in the initial stages it is of utmost
importance that full value of the amount spent is achieved
through the service expected through the centres, responsiveness
t o office bearers of the Sadguru Sev.u Sangh Trust and the
Mafatlal companies is therefore of paramount importance. It will
be easily realised that in case the officers of the BAIF are not
able to discharge their duties at th? optimum and show the
actual results, the financial support is liable to he withdrawn:
it is therefore up to the BAIF officers incharge of these
centres to bear this in mind and act efficiently and prudently.
CATTLE BREEDING CENTRES-SPONSORED BY TRE CORPORATIONS ?In the expanded programme of the cattle development
various Corporations are collaborating with the BAIF in the
implementation of cattle breeding programme in their respective
are as.
...4/..
- 4 The Corporations with which agreements in this connection
have been executed bv the BAIF are as under ?-
1. D.D.C.M., Aurangabad.
3. W.M.D.C., Pune.
2.
D.C.V.L., ^agpur.
4. D.C.K.L., Bombay.
5. P.C.K.E.G.V.N. Ltd, Karwi, Bists Banda, (n.R.'
The charges in connection with the implementation of the Cc.t~l
breeding programme are payable in the first instanc; bv th?
Corporation to the Foundation. These charges are ultimately
the basis of number of pregnant cows achieved as-a conserve
of the A.I. activity of BAIF. charge of Rs. 150/- Is paya'"Ylc.
The procedure for the working between the Corporations
and the Foundation is as under ?Corporation makes a survey o" the nuri^er of brcedable
cows in centres proposed to be opened. About 2000 breedable c^ws
are required within a radius ->f ic miles. The cow owners have
to be informed that charge of Rs. 150/- would '■? payable by
them to the Corporation in case of such farmers who. s c^ws are
certified to be pregnant. It is pre-supposed that the civs
which are registered with the BflF cattle breeding centre will
'-z br-’d only through the Ba.IF centre and excuses of the cow
loving been bred naturally or through th-- other A.I. facility
is n' t tenable. The farmers are also offer'd '•he facilit- of a
benk 1-an for meeting the expenditure ~n reading cross-bred
female c-'lves from birth tv milk pr wine ’ i nr this l^-an is
available to eligible farmers, not in lump sum but against
specific services (such as A.I. snrvie ;5 vaccinations etc.) or
supplies (such as cattle fend fori-v-vr to.?. Repayment of loen
al'no with interest thereon is snpp"<-.f to be mad? through the
s?l? of milk when produced and marketed through the Corporation.
Disposal of the local cows registered for ’"’reeding or the cross
bred female calf also to be registered for breeding are vrt
supposed to be disposed -f by tho owner except after approval
by the Corporation concerned. The experience hitherto has been
■’"b: t when cross-bred cows cows are reared end looked after
pr^perlv they produce over 2500 litre of milk per lactation
and bring a net profit of Rs. 1000/- per cross-bred cow per
-•-ear. From this point of view this is the first attempt in this
country net only tv offer result based system of service but
else to make it a bankable proposition.
The intention is is that the typical farmer family consisting
of 4 to 5 members should m-.intcin t?.re~ cross-bred cows two of
which will be in milk by ••-ntr.tr> "id that the familv gets
a net income of Rs. 3000/- from milk production. For such
income a proper investment is vary important. Thus a farmer can
derive the benefit from this approach to Rural Development and
to create his own source even if he does not have any ready
money for participating in the programs.?. All that is needed is
their sincere will to observe the financial discipline and
to repay the loan out of the income when the income is accrued.
In doing so the farmer has to execute a tripartite agreement
”ith the Corporation concerned and the tank offering the loan
by which the Corporation is authorised to incur
expenditure
z'-n behalf of the farmer in the cattle development programme and
obtain recoupment of the amount from the bank concerned. The
amount involved is debited to th? loan account of the farmers.
Eventually recovery from the sale of milk is authorised to be
made by the Corporation and credited to the bank in liquidation
of the farmer’s loan. The procedure of flow of finance as far
as the Foundations charge of Rs. 1-50/- per pregnant cow is
concerned is as below
The first instalment of Rs. 10/- is pavable as registration
free per cow at the time of starting the cattle breeding centre.
The second instalment of Rs. 40/- is payable when a particular
cow is given the first insemination. Mo additional Instalment
is payable in the case of the cow which receives her second
or subsequent insemination the 3rd instalment of Rs. 100/is payable on the inseminated cow having been declared to he
pregnant.
The charges of Rs. 150/- par pregnant is likel-ir tn he
considered exorbitant, at first sight. The breakdown of Rs> 150/is broadly as under ?-
Cost of semen
Rs.
50/-
Interest and
depreciation
Rs.
40/-
Operating expenses
Rs.
60/-
o
This charge is bound to he considered exorbitant especially
when compared with the fre: A.I, service offered bv the State
Department of the Animal Husbandry. It needs to be remembered
that the BAIF service is a mobile service in which 5 to 6 trios
from centre to the village would be involved. The semen us^d is
either of progeny proven bulls or such bulls as by virtue of
their outstanding history are earmarked for the Foundation's
progeny testing programme. The Services also are offered through
a well trained vet-graduate who
addition to giving the service
to the farmers cows is capable of rendering additional assistance
and guidance to the farmers in a more effective manner.
It will be necessary to remember that all the charges
considered, the cost of running and cattle breeding centra
of the BAIF would work out to about Rs. 4000/- per month. In the
centres, particularly sponsored by the Corporations, it is
important that atleast one conception of cow per day is achieved
without which the centre will entail a loss to the Foundation.
In order to achieve optimal wo.king in each of these
centres programme promoti-n assumes very great signifies. c?-.
The BAIF officers must convince fam rs rf '’he reasons’"? ~ ns ss
of the charge and be able t". defend th-? same while explaining
it to the farmers concerned and -'triers. Th: fertility percentage
in all centres in aggregate is r.’se?..v?d to
bo'.-eer 55 nrd
•58?? . "here is room for further
7'-vc.r'?nt in
is rs the
experience both of BAIF of ?f leers c ell as ~ ' the farmers
improves over a period o" tiro, It in gr-'tif 'ing t- note that
the percentage of the conception och;.eved tr rough other agencies
' s far less than this figure. T-. ths nyt >nt the cow will repeat
t "■ service, the owner wil? '■ r.^ni-y^ to f-;?G the cow during
the interval she remains - i-orcg1'•••?•: . Ti e cow will have to ’-a
token from wherever she is t
’-.I. Centr. for insemination?
■tils involves loss of work bv th;- own??? if be desires to get
her inseminated. So called free service is available to all onlv
no;'ion?jly end if all charges are consider-e'1 it would work •out
tu .■■',? amount far in excess of Rs. 150/-. The selection of bulls
whose sorer offered to tin free service is far below the
quality of the bulls used in the Foundation's programme.
7/. .
7
All these aspects should ’-'2 properly nnde^stn^d ’-.v t- e BIT?
officers so that they will he .?sl . to ocvsua-'e ’'he f••,•?nr?
of the Foundation project. Even if it is t • cost, it will
given them an assurance of a substantial income of Rs. 1OOC>
per cow per year.
It could also be explained in
va’r, A cr^cs-bret
cow born to a progeny proven bull w.- L •_ h?v? far more dep nd:
bility of performance. One cow will produce in her life timc
10000 litres of milk or even more. If milk oric? is 'r.lv Rs.
per litre. The owner has -nly to pnd ?rstand that the cow ha
produced 9850 litres of .ilk instead of 10000 litres. Tie n
of milk is near Rs. 2/- ■
i;_t”e. In that case the cos' of
BA IF charge will he quit- -o.th only 7^ litres ^f mil'".
I
bhd/21777.
FEEDING
OF DAIRY
GATTIE
Feeding of Dairy cows is a major management function along with the
approved breeding practices and production of quality milk.
of
*
exploitation
For full
the production potential of dairy animals, optimal
feeding and management conditions are necessary and it is a proven fact
that variation in these are responsible to a large extent for variation
observed in productivity of animals.
Proper feeding of dairy animals
involves much more than just providing feed and most dairy man can
improve their incomes by improving their feeding practices.
The feed
should not only meet the nutritional needs in terms of total digestible
nutrients and digestible protein; the feed sources should be selected on
a least cost basis, if the dairy man is to earn a reasonable profit.
Tn'the foregoing pages, an attempt is made to describe ^jeommended
feeding-.methods for dairy calves, growing heifers and milch cows so as
to get optimum performance from these animals.
Alternative sources of
feed have\been indicated keeping in mind the requirements of different ■
classes so’.that one can choose according to availability of the material
based and the cost.
The feeding recommendations have been worked put
keeping in mind cross-breds as the reference animal and taking into
consideration the nutrient requirements indicated by the N.R.C., 1972.
Some of the presumptions considered while describing the feeding schedule
are - average gtoirth for the calves about 600 gms., body weight at
conception for heifers about 300 Kg,, adult body weight for cows about
400 Kg.
The fodders have been classified according to their nutritive
value and combinations indicated in the pages describing feeding of
mil ch. cattle.
It>is' presumed that the fodder being given to the animals
would be' cut at the optimal stage giving a. material with a certain
mini m in nutritive value i.e. Lucerne, Herseen nt early flowering stage,
Maize with grains ih milk stage etc. .
Contd.....2
Part - I: Care and feeding of the young calves for herd replacement
There are no short-cuts to improving the ability of the dairy herd and
raising proper herd replacement. However, the most economical way is to
start with calf of good breeding end grow the calves and heifers at a rate
considered optimal to a breed and to an optimal size. Cne is tcmpeted to
think that there should be a best way to raise heifers or replacement,
with so much advancement in the science of nutrition and management, but
fortunately there is no best way, but many successful ways or options from
which to choose. Some of the major aspects to be considered in care and
feeding of young calves are:
1.
Have the calf bom in a clean area.
2.
Disinfect the naval and surrounding area imredicte"1 y after birth.
3.
Allow the calf to nurse colostrum from dam as soon 's possible after
4.
birth (witbin first hour the best),
Colostrum is rich in antibodies which protect the calf from infectious
diseases early in life; the calf must receive about 2-3 litres of it
5.
6.
7.
per day, during the first three days of life.
From 4th day 3® onwards the calf should be offered, whole milk at the
rate of 10% of its body weight till, it is five week old.
A good quality 20% of CP e lf starter md lucerne hey nv/t be
offered to the calf in smell Quantities from 3 weeks onwards.
from 5th week onwards the calf may be totally shifted to the calf
starter
green roughage regime. The calf starter should contain
about 18-22% CP,
TDN end not more than 8% fibre. The schedule.
of feeding till 6 months of ar'e is outlined in Table - 1. However,
from economic point of view, the calf starter may be replaced from
4th month onwards by a 15% CP concentrate mixture.
8.
Should skim milk be available, it can be fed to the calf from 2nd
week onwards at the rate of 10$ body weight till 4th week and
subsequently at 12$ body weight till the 3 month of age; thereafter
.. it nay be shifted to the calf starter green hay regime a., indicated
. in Table - 1.
9.
Place the calf in individual stall(4’ x?1) for the first 6-months
of age.
10. Dry calf pens and well ventilated calf barns protect the calffrod
scours and pneumonia, the two diseases that affect the calf while it
is young.
TA B L E - 1;
Schedule of feeding for calves(0-6 months):
Colostrum
(lit.)
1st week
10% body wt.
( 3 days)
2nd week
3rd week
Calf
starter
1,2,3(Kg.)
Whole milk
.. '(lit.)
Greens or
green hay
(kg.)
—
2.5 to 3.5
(4 to 7 days)
3.0 to 3.5
-
-
3.5 to 4.0
0.05
4^4 week
-
0.05
5th week
-
3.5 to 4-0
-"
0.1
0.2
0.200
0.5
6th week
•i
-
0.300
7th week
*•
-
3rd woefch
-
* • ‘
0.300
■ 0.500
0.5
1.0
-
0.500
3rd month.
-
1.CL .
2.0
—
0.750
3.0
5th month
—
—
1.0 •
/(-•0
6th month
- ■
-
1.5
7.0
4th-mon±h_
1. Contains Vi t. A, 8,000 IU per Kg. feed
Contains.-Vit; .D, .2,000. IU. per kg..’feed..
~3’. Cnntfr5 ns-c0
•’
Feeding of the heifers : 6 tc 9 months
Feeding calves from 6 months onwards is relatively a simpler job as they
become ruminents in both qualitative and quantitative sense-.
5he feeding
regimes for this category of livestock is indicated, in Table - 3. Outlined
in Table - 2 is the grouping of feeding of ai.pproxima.tely similar nutritive
value; such as classification^Table-?) was attempted from the view point
of convenience in ration formulation
TABLE - 2;
Groups of feeds of approximately
similar nutritive body,
------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ -------- --------- ---------‘
Group
Names
OOP
TDN
A
Anjan grass
1
1/+
Paragrass
Dhub
Rhodes
.
'
Napier
Sugar cane whole-
B
M?-ine(giecn.), .o'orghmu green..
I
C
Lucerne .
3
Borseui
Cowpea
....
17
1A
Feeding schedule fop heifer, of 6 - 9 months of ago;
(100 -150 Kg. body weight approximately}
A
Kg.
B
Kg.
3
3
-
7
-
-
6
c
Kg.
-
D
Kg.
1
E
Kg.
-
1
10
-
1.5
1
1
2.5
1.25
5
Feeding schedule for heif or (9 - 1 2 months)
(150 - 200 Kg. body weigh c approximately)
- '•
12
5
6
-
-
6
-
2
1
-
1
-
3
-
17
6
2.5
2.5
1.75
3.0
2.5
2.5
3.5
1.0
2
2.0
6
_______
Feeding schedule for heifar (12 months to conception):
(200 - 300 Kg. body weigh 0
_
I 15
3
3
••
17
-
-
-
3
3
—
15
—
J
2
6
6
-
5
5
4
2.5
Feeding schedule for hepfer during the
last 3rd of gestation:
I 20
-
5
4
-
5
5
4
3.5
5
2
5
3.5
10
-
■IQ
-
▼
-
15
-
10
10
Contd.
6
f
1
1
1
!
J
1
8
**•
5
1
-
-
1
-
12
-
5
5
3
-
-
3
-
1
1
1
1
1
I
•
1
35
1
•
fa tJ
c
Kg.
1
!
1
B
Kg.
35
TABLE ~
1
8
{______ iJ
A
Kg.
•
Ifeintenance ration for a matured cow:
4:
1
TABLE -
5:
A) Requirements and feeding pattern
of lactating cows:
Body weight
-
Requirements -
4'0 Kg.
Yield o- milk:
?)!P - 0.5 Kg.
TON - 5. 0 Kg.
.
5
A
Kg.
3
• Kg.
c
Kg.
•
E
Kg.
Nil
Nil.
Nil
18
7
ifil
10
6
7
2
4
2
2
8
2
D
$
Nil
25
Nil
I'Jil
Nil
20
tai
nil
50
20
Nil
Nil
Nil
10
:
I
Mil
-'«J—i.
2
3
2.5
4.5
Ml
Conti.......... 7
Kg.
Co st/day
Rs.‘"
: 7 :
B) Requirements and feed pattern
of laeta-ting cows;__________
Body weight
~
ZOO kg.
Requirements
-
DCP 0.6° Kg, TDN
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ro
W
Z\D
-i
CQ
Vx
I
I
i
I
i
1
i
I
•
|
I
i
.
o;
c-
•
pLQ
I
I
I
I
1
|
I
I
i
I
I
i
i
1
i -
1
1
1
1
-
0^
10
vO
Nil
1
10
Nil
Nil
"t
Nil
20
>H
25
25
20
1
—
1
’
Nil
ft
Nil
Nil
_____ _____________ __ .J
1
i
!
Nil
Nil
1
2
45
Nil
s
Kg.
I
Nil
D
Kg.
I
c
Kg.
I
B
Kg.
o
c?
_____
1
8 kg.
6. 50 kg.
!
A
Kg.
yield of milk
Requirements
-
DOT 0.80
TDN
B
Kg.
c
Kg.
D
Kg.
Nil
20
6
Nil
40
5
Nil
2.5
4.0
7.0
6.0
-
20
10
10
Nil
Nil
5
Nil
5
Nil
4
6
6
' 10
Nil
Nil
4
2
I
I
I
cost/ds.y
Rs. “
I
1
Nil
Nil
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
7.00
I
•
I
.
Nil
Nil
10 kg.
1
1
Yield of milk
1
ZOO Kg.
1
-
1
Body weight
? w
0) Requirements and feeding pattern
of lactating cows;______________
3^5
5.0
3.5
5.0
Contd............ 8
: 8 :
Requirements and feeding pattern
of lactating cows: .
.
Body weight
-
ADO Fg.
Milk yell'd
-
12 Kg.’’
Requirements
-
DCF - 1 Kg.
TDIJ
-
7 Kg.
®
D
Kg.
E
Ife.
4.
J
3
2
2
B
Kg.
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil ,
25
25
30
Nil
Nil :
25
10
Nil
15
Nil
Nil i
Nil
Nil
5
Nil
15
10
4
Nil
5
5
5
5
4
1
cost/d.ay
Rs.
6.5
4
7
9
.
•
4.5
7
Requirements and feeding pattern
of lactating cows:_______
AflO Kg.
Milk yie?d
-
15 Kg=
Requirements
-
D5P - 1.085 Kg.
TDN
-
9
Kg.
B
Kg.
c
Kg.
D
Kg. '
Nil
Nil
Nil
■ Nil
10
5
15
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
25
Nil
5
6
Cb
-
Nil
130.
Nil
15
10
Nil
4
2
2
o'
Body weight
15
2
1
Nil
Nil
Nil
10
5. , 5 .
NilNil
<1
E
Kg.
Ui
F
•
5
C4
E)
C
Kg.
A
Kgk ;
4
\O
D)
C0St/<t:
Rs,
: 9 :
Feeding of Milch Cows:
1.
A cow, in general, eats a dry matter of about 2 - 4$ of its body
weight.
2.
As a rule of thumb, about 2/3rds of the dry matter may be given in
the fem of roughages while the remaining third is offered in the
form of concentrates.
There is no substitute for good quality
greens in the nutrition of dairy cattle.
3.
Trio lactating cows nay be given concentrate nixture(12 DCF, .70 TDN)
at the rate of 1 Kg. for 2 Kg. milk yield, over and above the
maintenance requirement.
4.
A number of combinations of feeds were prescribcd(Table - 3) for
cows at different levels of mi 3k production, however, these- must be
trdated only as guide-lines and the feeder should use. seme discretion
also in selecting feeds and quantitating than for his cows.
A ]■!’’ STRATEGY FOR FEEDING THE
*
■
CROSS-BRED COW
*
by
’
•..
DR. B.A. CHAUGULE
Socio-economic justice for all, is a pledge of our
nation. Socio-economic justice through the cross-bred cow is the
pledge of the Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation. Securing
socio-economic justice for .small and poor farmers, the landless
labour and the unemployed, is our goal
*
Cross-bred cow is our
instrument towards that goal. The genetic architecture of the
cross-bred cow, gives her a potential to produce more milk. The
health cover in the package of our Programme, enables her to
maintain sound health for an un-interrupted performance in milk
production. And the feeds fed to her, help her not only and
primarily to live, but also live better for a performance
-
commensurate with her genetic architecture.
To ensure economic justice through the efficient cross
bred cow, it is essential that we help the cow to produce milk
abundantly and cheaply. Feeds are the raw-materials from which
milk is produced to the biological machine of the cow. The
better the quality and quantity of feeds, the more the milk.
The cheaper the feeds, the cheaper would be the milk produced;
the better would then be the economic returns to the owner of
the cow and finally, the greater the socio-economic justice
that would accrue to him.
The feeds and fodder situation in this country is
alarmingly unhappy. The cattle peculation is crushingly double,
for the mere 5$ or loss of the cultivated area under fodders,
with the result that the entire cattle population appears as if
moving towards its death half starved. The possibility of
f '
i
increasing the area under traditional fodders is too bleak to
the needs. The <
ply
*
alternative in sight is, therefore, to
bithcr cut down'the’ number ©f cattle to half, which even in
2
the remote future appears most improbable; or to increase the
fodder supply to double, on the lands cultivated as well as
uncultivated, by means, traditional or non-traditional. It is
this lauter, uhat has given the Foundation, an opportunity
as well as a challenge.
Small farmers with small and marginal holdings are
unable to raise enough feeds and fodders for their cattle,with
their traditional crops and traditional agriculture. High
yielding varieties of crops, improved methods of their culture
and economic crop-patterns can for some time help him grow,
"two oars of corn where one grew before", and divert some of
Ills limited areas to fodder crops. The Foundation has already,
in the areas of Lift Irrigation Schemes under its control,
introduced now crops and cultural practices, and evolved crop
patterns that have been helping small farmers to grow for
their cross-bred ccws, "two blades of grass or fodder, where
one grew before". But the task is gigantic and the limits of
the potentials are drawing close.
Through a timely realization of this situation, the
Foundation has therefore adhered to a strategy for fodder
production, in which the competitive confrontation of cattle
and human population for land will be reduced or avoided,
giving place to a complimentary symbiotic association. This is
possible only through a deliberate search for and development
of fodder plant that could grow on lands unsuitable for
traditional crops, to fertilize the lands and feed the cattle.
The most outstanding achievement cf the Foundation in the
development of production of such fodders, therefore, is the
introduction of several nutritious, new and non-traditional
leguminous fodders like kubabul, hedge lucerne and scsbanias
(including Agaq-tha), and evolution cf methods of their
cultivation, suitable to lands uncullivable m the tra.eiticnal
sense, and unsuitable for t rr.cn ti nal crops. Basic applied
3
research on this is done at Uruli Kanchan, and its encouraging
results and experiences are applied far and wide in many parts
of the country. Successful introduction and cultivation of these
fodders over 100 acres in salty, neglected drought stricken
areas in Gujarat, including substantial areas under demonstra
tion in the Banni area of Kutch on the Indo-Pakistan border;
and plantation of over 1j0 acres of barren forest area near
Manikpur in U.P. , have held out high promise for the development
of fodders in vast neglected areas in different parts of the
country. Government of Maharashtra have already handed over about
500 acres of lands near Aurangabad for such development, where
work of fodder production is already in progress. A number of
similar offers have come and work in those areas will
commence soon.
Fodders from such areas can be supplied not only to the
small and marginal farmers, but also to the landless labour and
the unemployed participants in the cross-bred cow programme. The
now fodders being perennial, hardy and less demanding of
sophistication than traditional ones, can be grown with case on
bunds and back yard wastes, on marginal lands as well as mountain
slopes. An aero to a hectare of such lands under these now
fodders could easily support a cross-bred cow with little if
any of other feeds for her.
Lands which arc considered wastes through the traditional
eyes, and lands that are condemned to wastes through unwise
soil crop husbandry, could now be economically exploited under
non-traditional fodders in the cause of cross-brod cow and in
the service of the economically poor. Cultivated lands are limit
ed but waste lands arc relatively abundant. Such lands, if not
developed, could become a contagious liability through their
continued neglect. The same, however, could become an economic
asset with an ecological wisdom. Existence or increase in waste
lands have denied employment opportune, tie- to million.'’ ro f?r.
Their exploitation for fodder production with labour intensive
technologies developed by the Foundation, will open up employ
ment potentials beyond measure. A feature that makes one proud
of the Foundation is that it believes in man as the shaper of
his own environment and of his own destiny. It is reluctantly
willing to accept anything as difficult or- impossible, and that
un-congenial situations like salty, alkaline and waste lands
created primarily by the folly of man, can be set right through
technology and wisdom of man. Precisely because of this faith
in the perfectibility of man and his staff, Padmashri Desai,
the Director of the Foundation sees "wealth in every waste".
To restore waste lands to wealth, according to Iris vision has
therefore been a splendid opportunity as well as challenge to
all of us.
To develop an ability and vision to take up that
challenge, and to develop skills to be able to raise fodders
successfully and economically in all situations, requires
technical competence of high order. The Rural Institute for
Economic Milk Production (RITEMP) at the Foundation site is
instituted precisely for this job of building up competence in
the inservice personnel and linkmen engaged in activities of
cross-bred
com
programmes, and in economic milk production. The
course in Dairy Farming comprises lectures and practicals in
latest soil-crop-animal-man ecological system that will help the
trainees to appreciate the importance of acquiring and applying
this knowledge for economic milk production from the cross-bred
cow. The environs of the Institute are admirably suited to
incialca't®
in the trainees, the spirit of service in the
Foundation and a truely scientific sense for the use of science
in economic milk production. Their exposure to regional, zonal
and area activities of the Foundation, gives them enough
5
confidence to feci that they hcve grown bigger than the
task they ironic' face ii tr
*
iielch:
Six months of training
in the Institute, thus, makes the trainees not only more
knowledgeable in economic fodder and milk production from
the cross-bred cows, but also anc. more importantly, builds
them better for service in the- socio-economic cause of
the Foundation, and also wiser in the choice of values
for themselves.
9th September 1976.
t) tv 1.1<«)
THE BHARATIYA AGRO-INDUSTRIES FOUNDATION
DIGESTION IN RUMlklANTS
Dr. DiV. Rangnekar,
Programme Coordinator,
Central Research Station
The ability of Ruminants to digest fibrous food, utilise
non-protein nitrogen and convert it into highly nutritive material like
milk and meat represents the most unique provision, the noture has made
for the benefit of human beings.
This has become possible because the
digestion in ruminants is essentially microbial and because they have
four stomachs of which first one the rumen is very large and functions
as a 'Fermentation Vat'.
The relationship between the microbes in
rumen and the ruminant animal is one of the most intriguing example of
symbiosis known to man.
It is not only pertinent but essential to have
the knowledge of digestive processes in ruminants for persons, engaged
in feeding and management of cattle, so as to be able to develop most
appropriate and economical feeding programmes.
An attempt will be made
in this note to give a tbrse account of 'Digestion in Ruminants'
bringing out the salient features.
1 . Structure
Deyeloj>m_e_nt_q_f th.e Ruminant stomach:
The stomach of an adult Ruminant is divided into four
compartments namely Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and Abomasum.
Thus it
differs from that of the pig or fowl who are single stomached. These
compartments are derived mostly from the stomach.
In adult animals, rumen and reticulum together hold feed
equal to about 1/7th of the total body weight of the animal, and
comprise 85% of the total capacity of the stomachi.
However, in the
new born, abomasum is ab large as rumen and as the calf starts consuming
forage, the rumen and reticulum development is hastened by providing
forage at an early age.
The Rumen - Reticulum form a functionally integrated sac
filled with digests and micro-organisms since the opening between the
two is large.
The reticulum lies against the diaphragm and resembles an
anterior pounch of the rumen.
The inner wall of Reticulum has thin
ridges arranged in a reticular (net like) fashion from which the name
of the organ is derived.
The rumen is divided into five compartments
by muscular folds and its inner surface is covered by papillary
protrubcrances of various shapes and sizes.
Cont d
2
: 2 :
It is
The Omasum lies to the right of rumen and reticulum.
also called the many-plies because of the numerous parallel sheets of
Omasum is comparable to a loosely closed book
tissue within it.
in shape and with binding extending to the top and bottom.
ovoid
Its function
is screening of large particles and absorption of water, acidcs etc.
The abomasum lies on the right side of the rumen connecting
abomasum with the small intestine.
into spiralled ridges.
The internal surface is much folded
In function, it is similar to stomach of the
non-ruminents secretion of enzymes, acids etc.
The digestive juices in the intestines and formation and
elimination of feces occurs in ruminants about as in non-ruminancs.
It is only in the first 3 compartments that ruminant diverges from
others.
The saliva in ruminants unlike non-ruminants has no enzymes
but contains bi-carbs, which helps to maintain pH of the rumen contents.
2.
Ingestion and passage of feed through rumen:
The eating habits and the design of the mouth in ruminants
are such as to allow rapid grazing and gathering great deal of food
in e short time.
Eating habits vary with climate; usually it is more
frequent during the day but in warm climates diminishes during the day.
Rapidity of ingestion varies with the nature of feed; concentrates,
ground and pelleted feed is eaten more rapidly than coarse hays.
After entering the rumen the ingest?, gets throughly mixed
in the rumen as a result of rcticulo-ruminal movements.
Another
distinctive feature in ruminants is process of rechewing tho food or
rumination which is intimately connecteu with the use of herbage as
food.
After grazing or eating when the ruminants arc at rest they
regurgitate the food and rcchew it at leisure, causing reduction of
particle size of the coarser particles of ingesta.
The rechcwing
during rumination is more thorough than the initial mastication during
feeding and there is thorough mixing with saliva.
After rcmastication
the material is re-swallowed back and gets mixed up with the rumen
contents and almost immediately another bolus is regurgitated.
while there are no means of shunting the rechewed bolus
directly into the Omasum, the finer state of particles in it favours
passage from Rumen.
The separation of course and finer particles between the
reticulum and rumen takes place as a result of relative positions of
their compartments and mixing contractions.
As a result of contraction
Contd
3
of the ventral sac liquid swells
up and mass of solid digests spills
over into the anterior sac and reticulum.
The mass contains fine <:s
well as coarse particles and rapid contraction of reticulum expels
coarse particles into rumen as they flow on top.
Screening action at
the omasal opening also separates coarse and fine particles.
The turn
over time for food in rumen is estimated to be about 2 days in cattle
3.
Rumen Microbes:
The rumen microbial population consists mostly of a mixture
1 n
n
of Bacteria and Protozoa.
of rumen contents.
The bacteria number about 10
to 10
per ml.
The bacteria in rumen arc of anaerobic and both
cocci and rod shapes are found.
A large No.of species and strains of
bacteria have been recognised and isolated from Rumen, these are generally
grouped and classified according to the food constituents they attack
and the substances they produce.
The Mo.of bacteria and the type which
predominates in rumen at any one time depends on the nature of the diet.
The No.of protozoa is smaller - 10^/ml. and arc usually ciliatcs. Some
of them ingest food particles and can digest complex carbohydrates
while others cannot and utilise bacteria and simpler carbohydrates.
The bacteria start getting established from Sth week and by
12th week they arc predominantly as that of nature animals<
However,
more time will be required in animal on high milk ration, for establish
ment of adult type of microbes.
The Rumen microbes not only digest complex carbohydrates
like celluloses and utilise non protein nitrogen substances but they
also synthesise B Vitamin. In • the foregoing pages digestion and
synthesis of proteins, digestion of carbohydrates and vitamin synthesis
will be discussed.
4.
Digestion and Synthesis of Proteins:
The nitrogenous compounds in feeds that arc present arc of
Proteinous and non-proteinous nature.
The rurr.cn contents have been
shown to have the capacity to break down protein and non-proteinous
compounds essentially due to proteolytic enzymes secreted by the
bacteria and protozoa.
No such enzyme is present in saliva or is
secreted by rumen and reticulum.
Rumen bacteria break down proteins
largely to amino acids - which are utilised by micro-organisms. The
amino acids - which are not assimilated by the microbes are further
broken down to ammonia.
The non protein nitrogenous compounds like
urea and nitrates are rapidly converted into ammonia.
The ammonia thus
Contd
4
4
liberated is utilised in appreciable quantities by bacteria and
converted to bacterial protein.
For better utilisation of ammonia or
the non-protcin nitrogen material the feed should hove sufficient
source of readily available energy source and minerals which promote
rapid multiplication of bacteria.
The surplus ammonia, which is not utilised by bacterial is
absorbed there in the rumen wall and enters liver.
In the liver it is
converted to urea and is secreted through urine and saliva.
secreted in saliva again enters rumen.
The urea
In cases where largo quantities
of non-protein nitrogen compounds are oaten at ona time and the quantity
of ammonia produced exceeds the capacity of liver to convert into urea
and toxicity may result.
It is generally recommended that the quantity of urea to be
fed to cattle should be to the extent of 1% of the total ration.
The
ration should contain ready available source of energy like grains,
starch or molasses, and adequate supply of minerals.
Additional
quantities of sulphar in such rations is recommended.
Many workers have
shown that milch cattle can be kept on ration containing urea as the sole
source of protein without any harmful effect on production and health.
Cattle have been shown to tolerate considerable amount of urea.
Dicreasing the rate of intake of urea by spraying it over roughages or
by processing it(cootihg) so that its break down is slowed has boon
shown to improve urea utilisation.
The knowledge that rumen micro-organisms can utilise non
protein nitrogenous compounds has resulted in increasing substitution
of oil-cakes and other protein rich feed byurca.
Urea feeding is also reported to increase fibre digesti-bility
thus improve utilisation of coarse feud.
5.
Digestion of Carbohydrate:. :
The most interesting and useful feature of ruminant digestion
is the utilisation of cellulose by mico-organisms in the rumen by
fermentation.
Another unique feature in ruminants is that much of the
carbohydrates are assimilated as volatile fatty acids - (the end product
of fermentation in rumen, and not as simple sugars), unlike simple
stomached animals.
The cellulose, which forms the bulk of coarse fodder is not
amenable to action by any digestive enzymes and it is entirely duo to
Contd..... 5
5
the celluloses secreted by the rumen bacteria that the cattle arc able
to digest it.
The celluloses are first broken down to simpler carbohydrates
called cellobiose which is then again broken to simple sugars and
subsequently to volatile fatty acids.
The ultimate products of fermentation of carbohydrates in ruron
are volatile fatty acids consisting mainly acetic, propionic and butyric.
The total VFAs in rumen content are 2 to 5 gm. per 10C g. of dry matter.
They are reported to supply as much as 40 p.c. of the energy requirement
of the animal.
'hich the acetic, propionic and butyric
The ratio in
acids usually occur is 65:20:10, however, this ratio
with the nature pf the ration.
varies considerably
Increase in the fibre content of the
ration increases Acetic acid production, whereas increase in groin in the
ration or increasing concentrates, or grinding and pelleting of fodder
decreases acetic acid production and increases propionic acid content.
Change in the VF A ratio has a direct effect on the milk quality since
acetic acid is an important precursor of milk fat.
Hence increase in the
fibre content of the ration increases fat percentage of milk and vice-
versa.
Whereas increase in fibre night decrease energy content of the
ration and decrease animal's production while increasing grain content
would have opposite effect, hence it is necessary a
maintained in rations.
proper
ratio is
The S.M.F. content of milk has also been shown
to be effected by change in the nature of diet.
Increase in the grain
□r concentrate content of the diet increases propionic acid production
and would result in increase in S.N.F.
6•
VitaminSynthesis:
Rumen micro-organisms have been shown to synthesise vitamins, all the
known B complex vitamins and the Vitamin K.
The ruminant is not dependant on the exogenous source of these vitamins.
For proper synthesis of vitamin B-j 2 adequate content of cobalt in the
ration is essential. Deficiency of cobalt in the feed results in
symptoms similar to that due to deficiency of vitamin
cannot be rectified by oral administration of vitamin
aleviated by feeding cobalt.
2 .
This condition
-'■s
Major disorders of rumen which drastically
alter ruminal bacteria affect synthesis of vitamins.
m
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SC!:^,-y- FOR STARTING SMALL SCALfi DAIRY FARMS
INTRO 01-CZION:-
Dairying as a part of the agricultural operations has Deen practised
by farmers since ancient times. Due to factors, such’as 16w yielding
capacity cf animals, non-availability of feedihg materials and lack
of marketing facilities, higherto dairying had a low priority in the
agricultural economy. Many farmers have come forward for a starting
small dairy farms, due to changing pattern of agricultural economy.
Beginning with a he-ar-d of high milk yielding cross-bred animals
alongwith good management practices, dairying is a profitable
enterprise. The need for some basic information on costs of this
operation has been felt. To fulfil such a need, the schemes have been
prepared.
In presenting, there is, following certain points are assumed. These
should be understood by any person who is wishing ro cake up this
profession.
>
1) Only high milk yielding cross bred cows will be maintained.
2) Sound management practices such as, balanced feeding, timely
breeding and culling are followed.
c..
j) That there is adequate source of water supply.
4) That measures will be taken Lo pro Leet the animals from diseases.
5) That there is a regul?.r market for the disposal of milk so produced.
6) Suitable land and equipment are acquired.
7) Money for capital and recurring expenditure is forthcoming.
8) a) In the case of schemes with smaller numbers of animals
housing for calves, store, labour charges flasit is expec
ted to be put in by the farmer and his family) has not
been included;
b) These schemes have been presented for the benefit of small
farmers and landless agricultural labourers to provide work
throughout the year and more than economically sound.
Farms requiring large capital and bigger herd strength, it would
be desirable to have a trained person to manage or the farmer may
himself get training needed to run the farm .
The schemes prepared to not purport to give any detailed information
on the actual running of the farm for which one should refer to
published/printed materials.
It is mentioned that it is always better.to start with a small
herd and develop the herd to bigger sizes by suitable culling and
selection. The farmer also develops experience and skill by this
and gains confidence in herd management. Though, this may be found
to be a slow process, it would be economical,, as heavy initial
capital for purchase of the animals is reduced.
The figures give for the costs for construction of buildings, equripment, animals, feeds and rate of sale of milk, etc, are only app
roximate and may vary from place to place and time to time.
2/-
SMALL SCALE DAIRY FARMER WITH TuiCl CROSS BRED COHSs
2 T'-M
A. Capital Expenditures
i« Livestocks
Adult milch animals 2 x Rs.3000/—
ii. Building!
Cow byres 8' x 10' (0.8 Sq) x Rs.1500 per sq.
iii. Equipments
Milk pails, buckets, chairs etc.
Rs.6000
i f CIT'D
Rs.1200
Rs. 100
Rs.7300
B, Recurring Expenditure!
i.
- 4k £
ii.
/,<m
Feeds & Fodders
Green Fodder
Dry Fodder
Concent Bates
Milk for calves
Rs.
1150
4&A
-■
Rs- 500
X’ ^190
x
Aj PC? / /£
Misc.items of expenditure!
a)
Interest on Capital
10% on Rs.7300
b) Dep. on animals at
15% on Rs.6000
p
c) Dep. on Buildings
P £ GJ 5% on Rs.12p0
Tj
t?) Vety.Charges, Water
’
& Elec-.Charges etc.
c. Income! tZ&vj'X. S'T-a X /
•b-'l' 4" 5
-^l-" id
® /U’ •
?,
C ./X' l4i\
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Milk Sales 2 x 19 Kgs.x300 - Rs.1.26
Return from manure. 2x2 Tons x Rs.10
Appreciation of young stock females
Sale of male calf 3 days old 1 x Rs.10
Total!
Not profit over expenditure Rs.B550-Rs.5850
Percentage income over fixed investment of
Rs. 7300
Rs. 7200
Rs.
A0
Rs. 1000
I
f
Rs. 8250
Rs. 2300
Rs. 33.0%
Feed Requirements!
a)
Green fodder!
Adult cows
Calves
2x25x370
1x15x300
18,500 Kgs.
4,500 Kgs
23,000 x 5 paise per Kg.
b)
Concentrates!
Adult cows in milk 2 yield 10 Kgs of milk
- 2x4x300
Dry cows! 2x65x1 / 180 Kgs.
Calves at 0.5 Kg par day - X 365 days - 183 Kgs,
Rs. 2174
/I
//
Z,1TO
3 3
c)
Dry Fodders
Adult cous
Calf cows
- 2x4x370 days
- 1x1x270 days
- 2960 kgs
- 270 kgs
3260 k 15 p. / kg
489-00 OR
Rs.500
d)
Milks
One calf upto 2i months at 2-j kgs/day .
1x2- 5x75xRs.1/- Rs.187-50 OR
-------- -----------
.
Rs.190
GRAND TOTAL;
Rs.4010
Land Requirements?- For fodder production of 23,000 Kgs P.A.
a)
If the entire area is under any guinea, para, hybnapier 1/2 acre or
33 at 60.75 tons/acre/annum.
b; *If maize 4 crops/year at total of 40 tons/acre/annum, 2/3 acre or
65 cents or 30 gunt.as
c) If maize 50% and lucerne 50% at total yield of 40 tons/acre/annum,
1/3 acre maize 1/3 acre lucerne 2/3 acre or 65 cents of 30 guntas.
Among all the above croopin-jprogrammes, the one shown at C is 'most
suitable.
A SCHEME FOR TLIM..C_ROSS BRED CPUS DAIRY FARM;
A• Capital Expend_it_ure ?i Ljvc-stocks
^dult milch animals 8xRs. 2500
i Dry cows 2 x Rs.2000
One pair of bullocks - Rs.1500
ii.
20000
Rs. 4000
Rs. 1500
-----------------------
i. Cow byres 40x10(4.0 Sq) x Rs.1500
Rs. 6000
ii. Calfshed/bullocks (l.O Sq) x 10 x'10
Rs. 1500
iii. Pump-house 10x8 (.8 sq) Rs. 2000
- Rs .16000
iv. Servants quarters 10x20(2 so) X Rs.1500
Rs. 3000
vT 0’fice/Store/Rharmacy 2Clx15(.. sq) x Rs.1500 Rs. 4500
.Wells
iii.
— i) Well 20 dia x 30 Deep Rs.8000
ii) Pump, water, accessories Rs.50 0 0
iv• Implements & Equipments?i.
ii.
Rs. 25500
.Buildinoss
Agricultural equipments, bullock cart
Milk pails,
'■haffeutter power/hand
’
S*
^000
' Rs.- 13000
p
Rs. 1500 )
Rs. 500 /
GRAND TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS;
2000
Rs. 71500
Rccurrin
i)
i. Cost of feeds 122100 Kgs x 5 ps/kg
ii. Dry fodder 22200 Kgs x 15 ps/kg
iii. Concentrates 14235 Kgsx 75 ps/kg
iv. Milk for calves 1125 x Rc.l/kg
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
6105
3330
10676
1125
Rs. 21235
ii)
i. Labour charges at Rs.120 p.m. per person/
labourer
Rs.
.... 4/-
1500
o 4 °
ii.
Miso.expenses like. vcty Charges, water,
electricity. stc.
Rs. 635/iii. Ocp. on ?>nimals at 15/o(2c500)
-----co— Buildings at /
Rs. 3325
'(16600)
Rs. 340
Interest on 57100 - at 1
Rs.11000
(.Rs. 5710)
' ’ Rs. 1500
-------------------
Rs. 17165
Returns: -(•') Sale of milk - average number of animals in
which Bx3s5xin - 2 OR 200.0 Kgx1.25
Rs. 36150
(p) Income from manure 2 tons per animal per
annum(2x12) 24 x 10
Rs.
(C) Value of appreciation cf female calves
at the age of one year 5 x 700
Rs. 4200
Sale of young stock male at birth 4 x 10
Rs.
240
40
Rs'. 7 4781
Not income on necessity expenditure
Rs.34150
per annum Rs. 74780
. Rs. 2830
feed requirements:-
i.
Green Fodder:
I»q. of adults
10x20x370
(Cow)
Bullocks 2x20x370
Calvos 8x14x300
ii.
7400qKgg \
14800 Kgs I
33600 Kgs I
Dry fodder (probably r:.gi/st raw & Hariyali Hay)
No. of adult cows 10x4 Kgs/dayx370 Kg
No. :if bullocks 2x7 Kgs per da yx370 Kgs .
N-c. of Y.S.below 1 year 370x1x6 - 22200 Kgsx15 ps
122400 Kgs
14350 Kgs
5180 Kgs
2220 Kgs
22200 Kgs
iii.
Concentrates':
Average milk per day 10 Kgs/Animal 8x4x365
Average animals dry 2x1kg/day x 365
Bullocks 2x1kg/day x 365
Youngstock 6 at x 0.50 kgs/day x 365
Rs.3330
11740 Kgs
730 .-.gs
1730 1 "
.1095 "
10676 Kgs
iv.
Milk:
Milk for 6 calves upto 2/ months ©2.25 kgs/head/
day @ Re.1 per kg of milk 6x2.5xRe.1
Rs. 1125
Land requirement for fodder production(Any of thn following
cropping sequencies could be made use of preferable tp one
suggested at (f)
°...5/—
s 5 :
122100 Kgs
Total qrsen Fodder requirement, p.a.
If the entire area is under perennial guinea grass
yielding nt 60 tons per acre per annum
2.25 x 60 - 115300 Kqs.
2.25
l) If the entire one is unusr Lucerne perennial
yielding at 40 tons per acre - 3.20 x 40-"123000 Kgs
3.20
If the area is under maize, 4 crops p.a. @ 10 tons
per acre per crop acres. 3.20x10x4 @ 10
3.20
a)
c)
d)
If the area under Lucerne half and the other half
under guinea grass
50,000
Lucerne
40 x 1.25 acre
Guinea
60xV5_acre
75,000
2'5'°
1,250 00
e)
If the one is under maize, 50 p lucerne 50/<=
acres - 3.20 x 40 - 128000 Kgs
f)
If 1 acre under lucerne
. Tagore under lucerne
1 aero unoer guinea
0.75 acre under maize
2.75 (4 acres/year
125000-2.50
3.20
40,000
60,000
30,000
30,000
1,
SCHEME FOR TUIEIJTYFIUE CROSS BRED CPUS DAIRY FARM;
A•
Capital Expenditures
i.
_Liy
tnck
5
Adult mi_
.n
*
cows
Dry cows
One pair bullocks
18 X 2000
7 X ’ 1 500
1500
36,000 )
10,500 )
500
1,
t
Rs. 48000
ii.
Buildings -
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Cow by res 52 :< 2n(l0.5 Sq.) 1500 Sq. 15,750
Bullocks calf shed 20x20<4 Sq)l250 Sq. 5,090
Pumphouse 10x8 (8 sq) 2000/Sq.
1,600
Servants quarters 10x10(4 Sq.) 1500 Sq. 6,000
Offic-j/s/Store/Pharmacy 10x20(2Sq)
1500/Sq.
3,000 Rs. 31000
iii.
Jell;
i.
ii.
iv.
’dell 40 wide 30 deep 10000.0 or bore-well
Pump, Motor accessories 5 HP 5,000.0
electrical charges, pipe lino. 700 x 2"
Rs.15,000
Implement.? & Equipment S
i. Agric.equipment, bullock cart
ii. Milk pails, tubes, buckets, and
weighing balance
iii. Chaff cutter power/hand; Total
Capital Investments
Rs.1500
Rs.1000
Rs. 500
Rs. 300P
Rs.97350
.... 6/-
5 6 ?
8. Recurring ~ xoc n--.;
ure. ?
I« &SS__i-JL.fii.i-'lS. ”
i. Grasses
ii. Ory fodder
iii. Concentrates
iv.
10360
6771
23270
Labours
farm labour at 120/— month
II.
Rs. 41901
1500
- 5760
s.
GuOO
Iliac.expenses ?
III.
i. Int. on Cap. 9% on 97350
ii. Dep. on animals? 15% on 8000
iii. Oep. on Bldngs? 5% on 31350
iv. Vety,Expenses; --iocl.charges
Rs.8761-50
Rs. 7200—00
Rs. 1567-50
Rs. 471-00 Rs. 18000
Rs.65901
fi£LUllNS7JNCCf'i£. :
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Sale of milk?
Daily/’-,cad 10x365x20xRe.1/ 10Kgs/Animal/20
Animals
Rs. 73000
Sale- of manure/30 adult animals x 2 tens
x Rs. 10
Rs.
600
Appreciation of young stock 8 years at
Rs.800 at the end of
1 year
Rs. 6400
Sale of 12 years meat 1 wk age Rs.10 animal Rs. 120
Rs. 80120
Net income on recurring expenses? Rs.65901-80,120
Rs.14,221/Par centage return on fixed capital of Rs.97,350/- Rs.14.6%
I. Read Requirements ?
i. Green fodder ?
No. of adult cows 25 daily requirements 20 Kgs.
370 x 20 x 25
- 18,5000 Kgs.
Bullocks No, 2 daily requirement 10 Kgs.
370 x 10 x 2
- 7400 Kgs.
followers 8 below 1 year at 1?
Adult? Young
stock daily.
Intake 5 KgS. - 5 x 8 x 370
- 14,800 Kgs. Rs. 10360
ii. Dry.fodder (Ragi straw, hariyali hay)?
Cows? 25 x 4 Kgs x 370
- 37,000 Kgs
Bullocks? 2 x 7 Kgs x 370 x 5180
7 x 8 x 1 x 370
2960
Total? Dry? 45, 140 Kgs x 15 Paise/Kg
II.
Rs. 6771
Concent rates ?
Adults? in milk 17 yld 10 Kgs/day milk?
1 ? 2 ? 5 Milk 18 x 4 x 365 - 26250 Kgs
Av. dry animals 7 at 1 Kg cow/day 7x1x365 - 2555 Kgs
Bullocks 2 at 1 Kg/Dry x 365 - 730 Kgs
Young stock No. 8 at 0.5 Kg/Dry x 365 - 1460 Kgs
Total concentrates? 31, 025 Kgs x 0.73 pt-iso per Kg
Rs.23, 270
1
? 7 S
Milkt-
III.
Milk for 8 calves upto 2.5 at 2.5 Kg/Hcad/Daily at Ro.l/per kg of milk 8x2.5x 75x1 -
Rs. 1,500
Land requirement for fodder production(Any one of the
following cropping sequencies could be made use of
preferably the one suggested at (a).
a)
Entire area is under guinea grass at 60 tons/acre/4 acres
Annum! 3.5 acre - x 60 - 21,00,000 Kgs - actual
b)
Entire area under lucerne at 40 acre/tons/annum
acre/x/40/-21 ,00,000 Kgs actual
c) Of entire area under lucerne at 40 ton acre.
Half (hf) under guinea at 60 tons/acre
Lucerne 2.25 x 40 :tons
- 90,000 Kgs]
Guinea
- 35,000 Kgs]f
- 25,000 ■Kgs^
d) Area under lucerne 1 acre X 40
40,000
Guinea 2 Acres - x 40
1,20,000
Maize 4-1.5 acre X 40
60,000
Total? 4.5 acres
2,20,000
SCHEf'lE FOR FORTY CROSS SHED CPUS DAIRY
5.25 acres
5.25 acres
4.5 acres
4.5 acres
FARM
A. Capital Expenditure ?
i.
Live-stock?
a) Adult milch news 32 x Rs.2500
b) Dry cows? B x Rs.2000
c) Bullocks 2 pairs - 2 x Rs.1500
Rs.80,000
Rs.16,000
Rs. 3,000
/
Rs.99,000
ii. Buildings ?
a) Cow Hydres 40 x 10 x 4/16 sq. x 1500
calfsheds) 20x20 - 4 Sq. x 1500
bullocks
b) Pump House 10 x 8 (o.S sq) Rs.2,000
c) Servants quarters 10x20x8xSqx1500
d) Office/stores/pharmacy
20x15x2(6 Sq.x1500)
24,000
6,000
16,000
12,000
9,000
Rs. 62,600
iii. Well s either open or borewell, pump
water, accessories
15,000
Rs. 115,000
iv. Implements & Ecujpments I
a) Agri imple., bullocks carts
b) Milk pails, buckets, feeding etc.
c) Chaff Cutter Power
2,500
1,000
1,500
———————--------
Capital Expenditure on fixed items?
Rs.
4,500
Rs.1,81,100
8/-
• g :
■ Rccurrinp Expenditure •
a) Green feeds
b) Dry fodder
c) Soncent rates
d) Milk
-
Labour? Farm Labour! 8 x 120 x 12
20,500
11,700
41,100
3,750
11,520
Rs. 77,050
Rs. 11,520
Misc, items expenditure s
a) Interest on Capitals 9% on 181100
b) Dep. on animals! 15% on 99000/c) Dep. on Buildings! 5% on Rs.62600
d) Vety. expenses, electrical charges
16,300
14,850
3,130
1,520
Rs. 35,800
Rs. 1,24, 370
INCOHE :
a) Milk sales ! 32x1-0x35
- 116800 Kgs x 1.25
b) Returns from manure! 40-4—20/3 — 50x2-100x
c)' Appreciation of 20 youngstock at end of Rs.800/d) Sale of 20 male youngstock at year 3 days Rs.10/-
Rs.1,56,000
Rs. 1,01,000.
Rs.
1,600
Rs.
200
Rs.1,63,200
Net profit: Rs.1,63,200 - Rs. 1,24,370 - Rs.38,830
Percentage income fixed capital invest of 21.4%
.
Rs.1,81,100
Feed requirements s
1) Green Fodder s'
a) Adult cows! 40 daily requirements! 25 Kgs/cow
50 x 370 x 25 Kgs
b) Bullocks! 4 x 370 x 20 Kgs
c) Calves! 20 x 300 X 15 KgS
3,70,000 Kg
29,600 .
9,000 "
4,08,600
Total Green Fodder!
4,08,600 Kgs x 4 paise/Kg
Rs.
"
20,403
2) Dry fodder!(Maize/Oower/Kadbi/Harihalli-hay)s
a) Adult .cows 40 x 4 Ktgs X 370
b) Bullocks -4x7 Kgs x 370
c) Calves s 20 x 300 x 15 Kgs
Total Green Fodders
59,200 Kgs
10,360 . "
7,200 "
77,960
Rs. 11,694 OR Rs. 11,700,(77,960 Kgs x 15 Ps/Kg)
...9/-
'
.1
rI
; 9 :
3() Concentrat cs *
a) Average adults in milk yield 10 kg o Fmilk/day
5
2
*
(1
milk) 32 x 4 x 365 '
b) Average dry animals
*
8,1 kg/per day per cow
8 x 1 x 36 5
c) Bullocks 4 at 1 kg per day x 365
d) Youngstock 20 at 0.5 kgs/per day per head x 365
ictal concentrates
*
' 46,720 Kg
2,920 "
1,460 "
3,650 "
54,750 Kgs
54,750
54,750 x 0.75 ps per Kg - Rs.4,063-50
4) Milk For 20 calves upto 2-Jf months at the rate oF
2.5 Kgs/head per day ® Re.l/- per kg of milk
20 x 2.5 x 75 1 Re.
Rs. 3, 750
Green Requirements
*
4,08,600 Kgs OR 408 x 6 tonnes
Area under guinea grass 4 acres x 60 tonnes
240
Area under maize 4 acres 2 acres x 40
80
(10 tonnes x 4 x 2 acres)
Area under lucerne 2 acres x 40
80
Qowar, Bnjra, Cowpea1 acre x 2 crops - x 10 tons
20
.
420
1! Acres for crop growing
2 acres For raods, buildings, etc.
Total area of the farm 13 acres and if expansion is envisaged, atleast of
15 acres would be required.
Common fodder crop rotations and their package practices for Southern
*
Regions
-(Yield per hectare Quintals)
a) Maize/cowpea
maize cowpea
(two cuts on
15,9,15.11)
Maize/cowpea
b) Hyb Napier/Guinea
(6 cuts 15.5, 1.7,
15.8, 1.10,1.12,
1.2 cowpea)
c) Parasgrass Controcema
pubescence(8 cuts
30-45 days integal)
d)
Lucerne 10/12 cuts at
30 days at Co-op
*
1
T.D.N.:
Sowing s
Green
Dry
D-C.P:
1.2
21.4
300
300
69.0
69.0
4.8 '
4,. 8
41.1
•41.1
3.7
10.11
750
300
1650
1632
369.0
370.2
11.7
4.8
26.1
109.2
41.1
232.5
1/3
1500
250
13.5
175.0
1.6
1600-
320.0
24.0
185.0
1.9
1000
200.0
32.5
125.0
15/3
l) Maize Cowpea, 2) Maize cowpea ' 3) Maize cow pea teosintee 0ower(2 cuts),
4) Maize cowpea seed rate (l) Maize 40 Kg cowpea, 15 Kg (2) Maize 40 KgS
cowpea 15 kgs. (3) Maize 20 Kgg cow pea 15 Kg Teorinto 10 KgS Jowar 20 Kgg (4)
'f.-iize 40 Kgs cowpea 15 Kgs.
8 10 S
Fertilizer/Manure?
1. Crop 40 tons FYM/60 Kg. N2/30 Kq P20 5/("40 Kq K 20)
2. & (4) Crops 60 Kg N2/ 30 Kg P205/20 Kg K20
3, Crop 60 Kg N2/40 Kg P203/ = 30 Kg K2 followed by 60 Kg N2
as top dress after first cut.
Crop rotation II. Hyb.Napier or Guinea inter planted with cowpeas.
Seed rate - Hyb. Napier/Guinea rootslips -- 12,500, Cowpea - 30 gs
fertilizer/manure - Hyb. 50 tons FyN.60 Kg N2/
Napier.
Guinea 30 Kg N after every two cuts
Cowpea 30 Kg P2 65/— 15 K2 K20
Crop rotation HI para grass/centrocem pubsscense.
Seed Rates Paragrass 8-10- Sq(Stem cuttings)
Centrocema Pubsscense - '8’ Kgs
Fert ili zer/manure 50 tons/40 Kg K20/ 30 K2 0 10 Kg N after each sut
Crop IV Lucerne
Seed rate 25 Kgs - Lucerne Seeds - V 59 Perennial
Fertilizer/Manure - 25 tons FYM 20 Kg N2/6O Kg K2 05 Kg K20
2 tons applied every year in November.
CROPPING PROGRAMME FOR TUENTYFIVE ACRE IRRIGATED FODDER FARM
Area
5 Acres
Lucerne () per acre
sowing Sep.Oct.,
seed rate 8.10 kgs
fertilizers FYM.30
tonnes K205 60. Kg.
K20 20 Kg once a
year)
Danuary
F ebruary
March
April
May
Dune
Duly
August
Sept ember
Oct ober
November
December
17
17
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
5 Acres
5 Acres
5 Acres
Guinea gr- Maize (/
ass plant/ acre) seed
Feb. to Nov,.rate 15/20
(/acre seed Kg.FYM.1Q—
rate 5,000 20 tons N.
16-20 (sproots lips
fert is FYM30 lit. 2) F20 5
to 40 ton.
10.0 Kg.
N 40-50 Kg) K2 0 6—10 Kg
14
15
17
17
18
19
20 plantings
20
19
14
14
13
5 Acres
Maize/Cwopea seed
rate - 10/
.5 FYM.10-20
tons. N.16
(Split P 20 5
10.0 Kg.
K208.10 Kg)
40
40
1 Pla. 71 Ton.
1 Planting
-----72 "
-----1 Plant
40
73 "
■ —..1.
40
2 Plan.73 "
2 Plantings 40
------ 74 "
2 Plantings 40
,
75 "
— III
40
3 Pla. 77 "
3 plantings 40
-------- 77 "
——
3 plant40
75 "
■II ■ ■ 1
40
4 pla. 71
"
n
4 plantings 4n
4 plant40
70 11
.... 11/-
s
11 s
Respected No, of animals to be maintained 75 Adult Stocks about 50
in milk 16 dry bullocks. 12 Calves(Adults Unit).
HOUSING ;
For maximum labour saying, a system of loose house is recommended. In
this system, the animals are always free within the enclosed area
and they have the option to feed at the man-gers, rest under the
shade or room in the open block of pad. For a herd of 20 cows and
2 buffalos, the loose housing system shall consist cf a shed 40 x 15'.
Along the 40 feet length on one side, shall be wide feed man ger with
5 feet wall on the outside which acts as one of the boundaries. The
remaining 12' <• 10’ of the 15' wido shall be paved with 8rick/8,S.S./
Cement Sloping away from the mancger. There shall be an open paved are
40 x35 feet surrounded by 5 ft walls, with one gate for the animals.
The room of the dovered soed can be put on brick pillars holding wooden
asbestos roof sheets.
;////////////////
/plan/
40'
0
Feeding through
Space for animal
Brick Paving
35'
------- 9.7
uildings and cattle sheds, please refer to the "RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FARM CATTLE HOUSING FOR PLAN AREAS WITH MEDIUM RAINFALL
I.S.: 4466( P & l) - 1967
and IS:
(Pt-II ) - 1968.
PART-I & II, NEW DELHI"
Position: 1266 (4 views)