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RF_COM_H_65_SUDHA
THE NATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH FORUM IN ECUADOR
Dr. Cesar Hermida
November 2002.
Background:
During rhe V Global Forum for Health Research (Geneva 2001) the group of Latin
American and Caribbean participants had a meeting in order to start a collective process to
share the national experiences and set up national health research policies and system in
those countries that do not have these yet.
In October 2002, COHRED supported a formal meeting of such a group during the
CITESA (Health Sciences and Technology) Seminar in Habana.
The group signed a
Declaration about the collective objectives.
Between the V and the VI Global Forum, a national inter-institutional process was
developed in Ecuador, which concluded with a successful national meeting organised in
Quito in October 2002, with the participation of around 50 delegates from several
provinces, signing the constitution of the National Forum for Health Research.
Objectives:
General:
To initiate a process which will establish a national health research policy and
corresponding system, as a mechanism of coordination, participation and mutual support
among institutions and individuals working on health research in Ecuador.
Specific:
To organise a national meeting of heads of institutions and researchers individually
considered, in order to set up the national coordination structure, eventually supported by
law, as the scientific community on health.
To produce a national policy and a corresponding system on health research, including
the definition of research priorities for the common needs.
Methodology:
The national meeting was organised by the National Foundation on Science and
Technology (FUNDACYT), the National Council for Health (CONASA), the National Council
of Universities (CONESUP) and the National Association of Faculties of Medicine and Health
Sciences (AFEME), in order to listen the PAHO experience on financing health research
projects, such as the BIREME's Scielo network and other projects, and the Cuba's national
experience on health research policy.
With this couple of participants a Technical
1
ts-l
Cooperation Among Countries (TCAC) Project was proposed in order to support the
Ecuadorian national health research process.
During the meeting the network of PUISAL (the University Program on Health Research of
the Latin American Union of Universities) was presented.
During the meeting the three main Ecuadorian experiences were presented: one from the
National Foundation on Science and Technology (FUNDACYT) in the field of health, other
from the Institute of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health, and other from the
Master's Degree Program on Health Research developed by the University of Cuenca.
During the workshop of the meeting four main headlines were established: one "political"
for management of the process, other "technical" for setting up the health research priorities,
another for financing the process and the last one for development of human resources.
The group decided by consensus:
To define the health research as a new way of "learning to think" in a national identity
context.
To understand health research as an instrument for action that leads to social
development.
.- To focus the goals more in the context of health than in the one of disease.
To develop a model of complementary efforts instead of one of competitivity.
To search beyond the biomedical limits in order to understand the political implications.
.- To facilitate negotiations in order to build a public private partnership.
The group decided to follow recommendations of Global Forums and CORHED
documents and constitute the Ecuadorian NATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH FORUM, which
will be responsible of defining the details of the four main headlines of the process for the
next meeting to take place in the northern city of Ibarra early in 2003.
A "Declaration" with this contents was signed by all participants at the end of the meeting
in October 31, 2002.
2
THE SITUATION OF HEALTH AND HEALTH RESEARCH
IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Dr. Ernesto Medina
Rector
National University of Nicaragua-Leon
Introduction
At the beginning of the XXI century social equity is still a pending challenge in the Central
American region. The end of the military conflicts that afflicted the region during the
1980s. the democratization of the political regimes and the modernization of the economies
have had little impact on the historical social inequities of the region. These inequities or
equity gaps are multiple: between urban and rural areas; between rich and poor; between
indigenous and non-indigenous population; between men and women. The region is still is
still the stage of a social inequity that affects the human development of the majority.
Millions of Central Americans do not have at all or have only a very limited access to
opportunities for having a job. for having access to education or for covering their health
needs.
There are, however, some signs of hope. For the first time in the Central American history
the need of more social equity has been recognized by the governments as a fundamental
objective of the regional integration. Today, no social or political group justifies social
inequity in the name of social or political stability or in the name of national security.
Furthermore, social reforms have been put in place in every country in the region, which
with different degrees of ambition have brought forward the need for a real social change.
Poverty in Central America
Different kind of studies carried out during the 1990s show that three out of five Central
Americans live under the poverty line. Even more worrisome is the fact that two out of five
are considered to live in extreme poverty. The rural areas are the most affected by this
phenomenon. 71% of the people liven in rural areas are considered to be poor, compared
with 56% of the residents of urban areas. Again, the picture is more dramatic when extreme
poverty is considered, since more than 50% of the people living in rural areas live under
this condition, compared with 25% of the population in urban areas. Guatemala. Honduras,
Nicaragua and El Salvador are the countries where the poverty problem is specially grave.
Inequity in the access to drinking water and basic sanitation services is one of the major
problems in the region. Moe than 10 million people, do not have access to drinking water.
The situation is specially difficult in the rural areas, where more than 50% (72% in
Nicaragua) have no access to drinking water.
In general, the indigenous people of Central America experiment a higher degree of
exclusion.
The Health Gap.
It is estimated that less than 70% of the population in Central America have access to some
kind of health service, including very basic ones. Accessibility is different from country to
country, as well as between the rural and urban areas. In the case of countries. Guatemala.
Honduras and El Salvador, followed by Nicaraguan show the lowest levels of access. Costa
Rica, on the other side, show almost a 100% access.
Two indicators generally used to determine the accessibility to health services are the
coverage of birth by qualified personnel and the pre-natal attention. In 1995, these
indicators showed results for the regional average of 64% and 70% respectively, which are
considered very low. Again, there are differences between countries. As well as between
rural and urban areas.
The Central American countries are in a phase of epidemiological transition, in which
transmissible diseases are combined with non transmissible diseases in all age groups.
The main cause of mortality among children are affections originated in the perinatal
period. However, in Honduras and Nicaragua intestinal infections are the first cause of
mortality among children. Infant malnutrition continues to be an important public health
problem.
The annual incidence rate of AIDS in the region is increasing. It went from 32.1 per million
in 1991 to 80.5 in 1996. In all countries the male population is the more affected and the
main mechanism of transmission is heterosexual intercourse (62.5%).
The Health Services
The region has little more than 35,000 doctors, which gives an average of 10.4 for every
10,000 inhabitants. They are not equally distributed among countries and regions. In the
case of other health professionals, like nurses and dentists, the proponion in relation to the
population is lower than the one for doctors.
In Central America, there are more than 45,000 hospital beds, for a relationship of 1.5 beds
for every 1,000 inhabitants. 87% of the beds belong to public institutions, the majority to
the Ministries of Health (63% of the total) and 24% of these to the social security systems.
At the regional level, the private sectors owns 11% of the hospital beds.
Problems in the Health Sector
The following problems, which are common to all countries in the region, have been
identified:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scarce economic resources.
Deficient planning and organization
Low social participation
Low management capacity
Epidemiologic transition
Lack of adequate information systems.
Other problems that have been mentioned are the lack of leadership and coordination
among the institutions of the sector, the inadequate legal framework and the social inequity
in the access to health services. In the administrative area some of the problems mentioned
are: centralization, low efficiency. Inadequate policies for cost recovery. Deficient
management models and finally, low coverage of the system.
With this identification of problems, all health systems in the region are processes of
reform and modernization. The purpose of these processes, in the majority of cases is the
search for more efficiency, efficacy and equity with more financial sustainability.
Regional Efforts in the Health Sector
There are several institutions and organization with functions oriented to specific areas of
activities in the Health Sector. The Central American Institute of Nutrition (INCAP) and
the Central American Commission for Education and Prevention on Natural Disasters are
two examples. The governments and ministries of Health of Central America have
cr4eated two organizations with a broader character: The Central .American Council for
Social Integration (CISCA) and the Health Sector Meeting of Central America (RESSCA).
Their purpose is the coordination of efforts for the analysis of health problems and the joint
mobilization of resources for the development of the health systems.
In the framework of the Alliance for Sustainable Development in Central America, the
heath sector presented an Immediate Health Action Program for Central America
(PAISCA), which was approved by the Central American Presidents in the XVII
Presidential Summit, in December 1995 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. PAISCA is oriented
to the concentration of efforts in areas considered a priority for all countries on the isthmus.
The Ministries of Health have agreed to coordinate dates for actions against dengue fever
and diseases preventable through vaccination. They have also established responsibilities
for each country for the monitoring of specific problems: Belize in food and nutritional
security; Costa Rica and Panama in environmental sanitation and Information and
Communications System; Guatemala in immunizations; El Salvador in Diarrhea and
Cholera; Nicaragua in Dengue Fever and Malaria; Honduras in HIV/AIDS. The priority
areas for the mobilization of resources are :a) immunizations; b) cholera and acute diarrheic
diseases; c) prevention and control of micronutrients deficiencies; d) water and
environmental sanitation; e) prevention and control of diseases transmitted by vectors: f)
control and prevention of sexual transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS; and g)
Communication and information systems in Health.
Health Research
Until now. health research has not been an issue in the coordination efforts at the regional
level. The majority of the Health Ministries in the region do not have a budget or specific
institutions to carry out research. PAHO supplies most of the funding for the research needs
of the Ministries.
At present, most of the research activity in the Central American region is carried out at the
State Universities. This activity is relatively new and most countries are still in the process
of developing their research capacity. Considering the present economic situation, this is
only possible with international support.
In the case of Nicaragua, support from the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with
Developing Countries (SAREC), has been essential for creating the foundations for an
important research capacity in health issues.
Cooperation from universities and research institutions in North America and Europe has
been also important in supporting groups in different Central American universities to
strengthen their own research capacity.
More recently, PAHO has been supporting the cooperation between El Salvador and Cuba.
In July, a proposal was presented to the Central American Council of Higher Education
(CSUCA) by the National University of Nicaragua aiming to create a regional program on
health research. The idea is to develop a. program of Essential Health Research at the
regional level with the leadership of the state universities and the participation of the
Ministries of Health, NGOs and grassroots organizations. The proposal is currently being
discussed among the 16 sate universities. The results of the COHED meeting in Arusha,
Tanzania, will be an important input for these discussions.
ADVANCES IN HEALTH RESEARCH SYSTEMS
IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN 2001-2002
Delia Sanchez
The past year has seen a particularly difficult socio-economic situation in most of
Latin America.
The Region's GDP has fallen 3% with regards to the previous year1, and the
.Argentinean economic crisis had a deep effect in the neighboring countries’
economies, particularly the smaller ones. The prevailing economic model broke down
in some of the Southern Cone countries, unemployment rose to some of the highest
levels in history, (9% urban unemployment in the whole Region, but higher than 15%
in Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela and Uruguay) and the banking system collapsed
in .Argentina and was deeply affected in Uruguay and Paraguay.
Health care systems based on Social Security models have suffered the impact of this
situation, and some interesting experiences, like the Colombian health reform have
been hampered , achieving to this date only a 50% coverage , when 100% was
expected by the year 2002, to mention just an example.
Health research systems , heavily dependant on governmental funds, have also been
affected, particularly in Argentina, but to a lesser degree in other countries too.
How long the crisis will last and what effect it shall have on scientific production in
the coming years is hard to tell.
Despite this somber situation, and probably partly due to it, the ENHR concept, long
overlooked in the Latin American region (not so in the Caribbean) has gained new
acceptance. Chile and Brazil have created funds aimed at fostering strategic health
research, Cuba has realigned much of its research system in order to better respond to
national priorities, and health research priority setting exercises have been carried out
or are planned in Ecuador and Uruguay.
Country to country cooperation mechanisms for the strengthening of health research
systems has been supported by PAHO , alongside its continuing support of health
research and new lines of work in the democratization of knowledge. Chile, Brazil
and Mexico have been chosen to participate in the pilot testing of WHO’s health
research systems assessment instrument, now in development. These are interesting
examples of regional and global integration.
As for COHRED, an important advance has been the translation of some basic
publications into Spanish, and the participation of Latin American countries (Cuba,
Brazil) in the working group on health research systems.
An interesting research
project has been completed in the Risaralda region of Colombia.
COHRED sponsored and supported a workshop on health research systems that was
held in Cuba in October, where the need for a Latin American and Caribbean Health
Research Forum was identified . Proceedings from that meeting follow.
1 Situation and perspectives. Economic Study for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2001-2001.
ECLAC, 2002
C.O m \-\
Report of the Workshop on Latin American and Caribbean Cooperation in
Health Research, Havana. Cuba, October 16-17 2002.
As a result of the Latin American consultative process in preparation of the Bangkok
2000 Conference, a need was identified to create an ongoing mechanism for the
exchange of information and experiences regarding health research in the Latin
American & Caribbean (LAC) region. Participants at a meeting held in Buenos Aires
made a clear statement that priority research in our region should be focused on social
and gender equity and a transparent and ethical approach to the research process. The
region’s weaknesses in terms of research production and international presence were
considered major obstacles for the autonomous development of national health
research systems.
One of the recommendations of the Bangkok 2000 Conference was that (sub)
regional platforms could be the most suitable mechanisms for furthering international
cooperation in health research, thereby emphasizing the principle of subsidiarity.
During Global Forum V in 2001 a parallel LA session was held in which it was
agreed to foster regional collaboration and to identify horizontal cooperation
mechanisms. A greater participation of the Council on Health Research for
Development (COHRED) and other international Agencies was called for to support
the development of Health Research systems in our region.
In view of the above and in preparation for the upcoming Global Forum VI to be held
in Arusha, Tanzania in November 2002, a workshop on Latin American and
Caribbean Cooperation in Health Research was convened in Cuba from October 1617 2002 as part of the CITESA-Havana 2002 meeting.
This workshop was initiated and sponsored by COHRED, and most of the preparatory
work was carried out by the Cuban Organizers.
During this 2 day workshop:
o
Reports were made on developments/activities regarding Health Research
Systems during the last year in Brazil, the Caribbean (CHRC), Chile,
Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.
o Possibilities for LA & Caribbean Cooperation in Health Research were
discussed.
o The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Research Coordination
Unit Director made a presentation summarizing the history of PAHO
cooperation in the field of health research. The present focus on the
democratization of knowledge and the mechanisms that PAHO proposes
and is currently implementing in some countries in order to achieve that
aim were discussed.
2
6 S'.Cj
o
Examples were presented of technical cooperation among countries.
supported by PAHO (e.g. Cuba-El Salvador and Cuba-Ecuador).
COHRED expressed its willingness to join with others to continue to
support of Essential National Health Research (ENHR) and the
establishment of national health research systems in the LAC-region.
o
National and sub-regional needs and opportunities regarding health
research were identified:
Needs:
•
-*
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capacity development in health research; translation of research
findings to policy development and action; knowledge management
and health research management;
Training in setting national and sub-regional priorities in health
research;
Technical assistance in developing national health research systems;
Understanding funding mechanisms and making better use of them;
Developing the demand side for health research:
Training in health research ethics;
A systematic assessment of health research capacities;
Enhanced access to scientific information and current developments;
Opportunities:
•
•
•
•
Existence of regional2 and sub-regionalJ networks (University
associations, research networks, the Caribbean Health Research
Council, professional associations, etc.);
PAHO’s long term involvement in support of Health Research
development and utilization;
The existence of interesting experiences of country-country
cooperation (TCC’s = technical cooperation among countries);
Common Health problems;
In view of the above, the participants at the Havana workshop considered that it is
necessary to have a regional forum for health research for the LAC region in order to
provide a stronger representative voice for the region at the international level, to
enhance the countries’ capacity to develop efficient national health research systems,
to facilitate exchange of information and to conduct collaborative research when
needed. Common research priorities could be targeted and existing networks should
be involved. Despite this focus on a regional platform, collaboration at sub regional
level was not precluded. On the contrary, similar developments, a common history
and relative facility of communication justify working at this level.
The possible organizational structure of such a forum (in terms of loose vs. formal)
was discussed. Several participants expressed the view that there should not be a new
Regional refers to South America, Central America and the Caribbean
Sub-regional refers to groups of countries within the region, e.g. the Caribbean, Central
America, etc
3
formal, rigid and bureaucratic structure based on old paradigms, but rather the forum
should be a space for ongoing communication and collaboration amongst the many
different stakeholders in health research within the region. This would ensure more
flexibility and avoid the commitment of large amounts of funds for the upkeep of a
structure. In any case, careful planning and preparatory work by a wider range of
regional and sub-regional stakeholders will be required for the creation of such a
forum.
Havana. Cuba, October 17 2002.
Annex 1: List of participants.
Dr. Adolfo Alvarez Blanco, Cuba
Dr. Jose Carvalho de Noronha, Brazil
Dr. Rafael Cedillos, El Salvador
Dr. Esteban de Freitas, Venezuela
Dr. Alfredo Espinosa, Cuba
Dr. Izzy Gerstenbluth, Curacao / COHRED
Dr. Cesar Hermida, Ecuador
Dr. Peter Makara, COHRED
Dr. Eric Martinez, Cuba
Dr. Ernesto Medina, Nicaragua/ COHRED
Dr. Cesar Melia, Dominican Republic
Dr. Alberto Pellegrini, PAHO
Dr. David Picou, Trinidad & Tobago
Dr. Roger Radix, Dominica
Dr. Delia Sanchez, Uruguay / COHRED
Dr. Donald Simeon,Trinidad & Tobago / CHRC
4
adolfo@infomed.sld.cu
noronha@uerj.br
racedi@navegante.com.sv
efreitas@fonacit.gov.ve
adolfo@infomed.sld.cu
izzyger@attglobal.net
afeme@pi.pro.ec
cohred@cohred.ch
adolfo@infomed.sld.cu
emedina@unanleon.edu.ni
cesarm2@codetel.net.do
pellegri@paho.org
chrc.tt@trinidad.net
cmo@cwdom.dm
dibarsan@adinet.com.uy
dtsimeon@tstt.net. tt
Com
H G S- S
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND
ADVOCACY IMPROVE
MALNUTRITION MANAGEMENT AND
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN
RURAL SOUTH AFRICA
Health status and health system performance in
South Africa
Child health, nutrition & poverty in South Africa
An illustrative case study on child nutrition in
rural South Africa
The role of research and advocacy
Conclusion
DAVID SANDERS
School of Public Health,
University of the Western Cape
Prr*cntcd at: Global Forum for Health Rexanh
November 2IHI2
HEALTH PERFORMANCE: SOUTH AFRICA
IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
GNP per capita
(US S)
U5MR
(per 1000 live
binhs)
National
Immunisation
Coverage
(children 12-23
months)
South Afnea
3 210
60 (59)
63%
Zimbabwe
720
59
c. 70%
Sri Lanka
800
17
>80%
China
860
■17
>90%
South Africa: Variation in Young Child
Mortality and Immunisation status by
Maternal Education
Maternal
Educational Level
U5MR
Fully Immunised
Higher Education
29.3
72.5%
No Education
83.8
54%
Source: DHS 1998
Source: UNICEF SOWC 2000 and DUS 1993
Top Causes of Infant Death by Poor A Rich
Magisterial Districts in South Africa (1996)
Child Nutrition in South Africa
Infants <1 year
Poorest quintile (Magisterial districts)
Diarrhoea
23%
Low birth weight
13%
13%
Lower respiratory infections
Other respiratory conditions
10%
7.6%
PEM
Richest quintile (Magisterial districts)
Low birth weight
14%
8.4%
Ill-defined pennatai
Diarrhoea
8 4%
Other pennatai
8 1%
7.1%
Other respiratory conditions
Personal Communication D Bradshaw
1
Figure 5.22 The percentage of children aged 1-3 years with
nutrient intakes less than two-thirds of the RDA:
South Africa 1999
POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA
Figure 3.10 Percentage of households as a function of
monthly Income: South Africa 1999
3000
SOOO
Monthly kioom*
Natiurul FoodCcruurr-ption Sunt) , 2000
Programme-related Education
and Training in Nutrition
UWC SOPH & Health Systems Trust partnered
with Mount Frere district - one of the poorest
districts in the country
Aim: “To help develop appropriate systems,
structures and policies for the implementation of
an integrated nutrition programme”
Based upon the programme implementation cycle
Implementation Cycle
Policy
Advocacy
Evaluation
Teambuilding
Implementation
and Management
Capacity Development
Analysis
PRIMARY
PREVENTION - Address
underlying socioeconomic
and environmental causes
SECONDARY
PREVENTION - Regular
Growth Monitoring with
Nutrition Promotion &
Supplementation
TERTIARY CARE WHO IO-Stcps Protocol
for the Management of
Severe Malnutrition
STUDY SETTING:
MT. FRERE HEALTH
DISTRICT
• Eastern Cape Province,
South Africa
Former apartheid-era
homeland
Estimated Population:
280,000
Situational
Assessment
Planning
INTEGRATED NUTRITION
PROGRAMME
Infant Mortality Rate:
99/1000
Under 5 Mortality Rate:
108/1000
2
STUDY SETTING:
PAEDIATRIC WARDS
❖
Nurses have die main
responsibility for
malnourished children
CASE FATALITY IN RURAL
HOSPITALS (Former Region E)
PRE-INTERVENTION CFRs
Sipetu 25%
Mary Terese 46%
Per Ward:
Holy Cross 45%
St Margaret’s 24%
❖
St. Elizabeth’s 36%
Taylor Bequest 21%
Mt. Ayliff 34%
Greenville 15%
St. Patrick’s 30%
Rietvlei 10%
Comparison of recommended and actual practices in
Mary' Theresa and Sipetu hospitals and perceived barriers
to quality of care of malnourished children
IMPLEMENTATION
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
t
>»J > Sau’t
4
j.
n m ih n
it li u d
NlHMfra
tea* 11 (.V! il
"'I**
Changaa
Parvaivad bamrri Io
quality cm
:
utwn rnlica
w
R < .ofn.'nervkj
puma
>i
WHO 10-STEPS PROTOCOL
Bambisana 28%
1
10-15 general paediatric
beds and 5-6 malnutrition
beds
H
2 nurses on night duty
❖
H l di! | | rsi
2-3 nurses and 1-2 nursing
assistants on day duty, and
10-STEPS EVALUATION
RESULTS
Major improvements in the care of severely
malnourished children:
- Separate HEATED wards
- 3 hourly feedings with appropriate special
formulas and modified hospital meals
- Increased administration of vitamins,
micronutrients and broad spectrum antibiotics
- Improved management of diarrhea &
dehydration with decreased use of IV hydration
10-STEPS EVALUATION
RESULTS
Problems still existed:
- Intermittent supply problems for vitamins and
micro-nutrients
- Power cuts - no heat
- Poor discharge follow-up
- Staff shortage, of both doctors and nurses, and
resultant low morale
- Health education & empowerment of mothers
3
CFRs: COMPARISON TO
BASELINE
Baseline
SIPETU
MARY TERESE
25.4%
46.2%
25.2%
22.7%
(3/97-2-98)
Study
(4/00-4/01)
STEP 10 OF THE IMCI MALNUTRITION
PROTOCOL
Giving Nutrition Education to caregivers by health
staff
Planning Follow- up of the child at regular intervals
post discharge
Quotes from a current
Community Service Doctor
‘There wasn't enough emphasis on patient management
in a lower level institution, our training was mostly
theoretical...most patients are filtered out at this lower
level therefore the students don't see them...
..it's not so much WHAT as WHERE the training takes
place...
..the environment here is very different from both RCII
and Pretoria Academic...somc of the antibiotics we
were taught to use aren’t available so we have to look
for alternatives...
..the Sister is teaching me a lot, I'm learning more than I
ever learnt in my whole training!”
OBJECTIVES
To determine Household Food Securily(HHFS),
caregiver knowledge & factors associated with
malnutrition
To look at the rate of recovery & health status at
1 month & 6 month post discharge
DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
POST DISCHARGE HOME VISITS(HV)
• At I month (n) = 30
Average No. of people
8
Average No. of children < 6
2.5
Female Headed HH
40%
Residing in mud houses
82%
Subsistence Crop Production
83 %
Livestock keeping
90%
Average family income
R550
• At 6 month (n) = 24
4
STAPLE FOOD INVENTORY LIST
CAREGIVER KNOWLEDGE OF NUTRITION
• Samp I Maize
• Beans
• 76% of caregivers had <9 years education
• Maize Meal
• 78% of caregivers were literate
• Flour
• Rice
•
Sugar
No. of food items
in HH Cupboard
%of
HU
0
7
1 -4
40
5-8
30
9-11
23
• Soup
• 76% remembered key messages about food
fortification
• Tea/Coffee
• 71% of caregivers unable to implement
acquired knowledge of feeding practices
• Oil
• Peanut Butter
• Milk
• Eggs
Advocacy Component
HOUSEHOLD SOURCE OF INCOME
• PENSION GRANT
• MIGRANT LABOURERS
• NO INCOME FAMILIES
• DOMESTIC WORKERS
• CHILD SUPPORT GRANT
■ ANTI POVERTY PROGRAMME
40 %
25%
20 %
15 %
0%
0%
Presentation of data to Government Commission on
Social Welfare
Newspaper articles on malnutrition and child welfare
TV documentary - ‘Special Assignment’ - elicited
unexpected response from both public and
government
Minister of Social Development visited Mt Frere and
ordered mobile team in to process CSGs
Questions in Parliament re child welfare
Recent ‘Sunday Times’ articles on child malnutrition
in Eastern Cape
Massive Child Support Grant Campaign in E. Cape,
October 2002
Sunday, September 22 2002
Starving to death on
arable land
Poverty is killing children in the
Eastern Cape. But breaking out of
its grip is no easy task, write Thabo
Mkliize and Heather Robertson
A nutnliMaiuJyby «h« Uaiwniiy of
C»p«
d'OMtJlhat Swnkclo i« <*>< ofth< mvr« lununatt ■
5
October 14 2002 at 11:19AM
DaifyNews
Emergency aid pours into Eastern Cape
By Xolanl Mbanjwa
government
has been on
the rood
engaging
communities
on a wide
range of
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
CONTINUUM
Establish competency gaps/training needs
through participatory research
Plan training
Training-with practice based component
Supervision
Support / Mentoring
Materials development
Develop advocacy skills as well as clinical
and management skills
SUMMARY
Major improvements in QOC possible in very
under-resourced areas
Staff are willing to address QOC issues
Must work at many levels and sectors: ward,
hospital, district and Provincial
Need to take an integrated approach which
involves advocacy
Doctors quite often key
Research evidence important for advocacy
6
"Land Reform for Sustainabie Development"
National Civil Society
Conference on Land Reform
and the Land Question
KCCT Mbagathi, Nairobi
May 21—23, 2002
The Social and Economic
Rationale for Land Reform in
Kenya: Some Human Rights
Concerns
by Mutuma Ruteere
Organised by
•
Kenya Land Alliance <A.
-4 - CK Pate’. Building. 6tr : cor
/“* Kenyaza Avenue. NA /L PL
The Social and Economic Rationale for Land Reform in Kenya:
Some Human Rights Considerations
By Mutuma Ruteere
Head of Research, Kenya Human Rights Commission
“The irony of this poor and overwhelming rural country's ... land policy is
that it has resulted in the very problems it intended to redress: the vast
inequality in the distribution of land and income, and persistent poverty in
rural areas. ” M. Riad El-Ghonemy
Introduction
This paper is an evaluation of the link between poverty and inequality in
land access and ownership in Kenya. It situates the economic and social
considerations for land reform within a human rights paradigm and proposes
a view of poverty suffered by the largely landless or near-landless Kenyans
as a violation of all human rights. From this perspective, the paper seeks to
link poverty incidence in Kenya to the land question.
Consequently, the policy recommendations in this paper touch on the wider
questions of citizenship and individual rights that may not, ordinarily be part
of an orthodox discussion on land reforms. Although it makes specific land
reform policy, this paper emphasizes that any meaningful and viable land
reform policy must be an integral part of a comprehensive framework aimed
at eliminating the conditions of absolute poverty that distort capabilities and
undermine the choices that the many poor Kenyans make.
The paper proposes a view of land reforms as a political process and
concludes that only a redistribution approach to land policy can address the
specific realities of the country.
The Reality of Poverty in Kenya
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2001
Human Development Report, Kenya is the seventeenth poorest country in
the world.1 It is also the third most unequal country in the world after South
Africa and Brazil. In addition, Kenya is a poor performer in other indicators
of well being such as education and health Kenya has consistently performed1
1 Human Development Report 2001, UNDP at http://www.undp.org/hdr2001 /back.pdf
2
very poorly. And the situation is getting worse. Kenya is one of the eight
countries singled out by the UNDP report for registering a Human
Development Index lower than their 1990 level.
The reality of poverty is brought closer home by the 1999-2015 National
Poverty Eradication Plan. According to the plan, an estimated 12.6 million
Kenyans currently live in absolute poverty with 90% of these in rural areas.
2
About two thirds of the Kenyan population live in the rural areas and
therefore constitute the bulk of the poor. The 1994 Welfare Monitoring
Survey found out that the poorest of the Kenyans are found, in descending
order, among the subsistence farmers, food crop farmers and pastoralists.
See table below.
Socio-economic groups
Incidence of poverty
Cash crop farmers
36
Food crop farmers
46
Subsistence farmers
47
Pastoralists
42
2 GOK, National Poverty Eradication Plan 1999-2015, 1999 p. xi
3
Public sector employees
16
Private sector employee
1.5
Informal sector
41
Source: GOK. Welfare Monitoring Survey, 1992
Colonialism imposed on Kenyans a land ownership system that advantaged
the white settlers over the Africans. With the best of the arable land taken
over for white cash crop farming, most Kenyans found themselves as
squatters on these farms or joined the growing numbers of landless urban
labourers.
Independence was expected to bring with it land reforms that would address
the inequalities in land ownership and access as well as settle the landless.
Such schemes as the Million Acre Settlement Scheme were financed to
ensure land transfers within a willing seller-willing buyer framework. Over
one million acres, previously owned by 2,000 Europeans were transferred
through this scheme to 47,000 African small holders who had been advanced
credit through the Agricultural Finance Corporation and the Agricultural
Development Corporation.
4
This process of land transfers however, benefited only about 5% of the
population. The rest were left to eke out whatever existence they could by
accessing land through the customary tenure system or as squatters on
government or trust land.
The independence government, conceiving poverty in purely growth terms,
failed to undertake land reforms that would enhance the choices available to
a majority of people. Ensuring the economic stability of the newly
independent state became a favourite mantra for the new power elites. Any
land reforms that would disturb the production of foreign exchange earning
cash crop by the multinational corporations, foreigners and politically
connected individuals were avoided. The assumption was that the continued
wealth of the land owning elite would eventually reach the impoverished
masses. As Firoze Manji has observed:
... [T]he discourse was not about development in the sense of
developing the productive forces. It was about creating an
infrastructure that advanced the capacity of the new ruling class
5
to accumulate and smoothing away those inefficiencies that
hampered the capacity of international capital to continue its
exploitation. It was expected that, through trickle-down effects,
poverty would gradually be eliminated. This was the agenda of
‘modernisation’, the paradigm of development, which was to
hold sway until the end of the 1970s.
Central to this paradigm was to see ‘poverty’, rather than rights
and
freedom, as the main problem facing ‘developing
countries’. The victims of years of injustices, whose livelihoods
had been destroyed by years of colonial rule, were now defined
as ‘the problem’.... In Kenya, for example, peasants had been
uprooted from their land and forced to eke out a living in
marginal land with low yield-potential and which required
immense
labour
to
produce.
The
new
paradigm
[of
‘development’] required that ways be found to enable them to
find sustainable (and participatory) approaches for surviving on
such land. The need for carrying out land reform that would
6
overcome the injustices created by colonialism was gradually
forgotten/
Unfortunately, this is the same philosophy that runs through the current
National Poverty Eradication Plan. The plan states that “Every possibility of
encouraging the transfer of land from the large to the small farming sector
will, ... be taken” but concedes that “the new buyers will not be low income
groups; but the extra demand for unskilled labour from small farms will help
reduce poverty” (p.67).
The plan does not recognise the multidimensional nature of poverty, nor
recognise the unique value of land, not as just yet another factor of
production but as a socio-cultural and economic resource that determines to
a very large extent the nature and quality of life of a majority of people.
About two thirds of the Kenyan population is dependent on the land for their
livelihoods. These are people without other skills or the adequate
3, Firoze Manji, 1998, "The Depoliticisation of Poverty” in D. Eadc, cd., Development and Rights:
Development in Practice Readers Series, Oxford, Oxfam GB p. 16
7
educational preparation to afford them real choices within the nascent
industrial and service sectors. Thus their very basic existence is hinged on
access to viable land holdings. As Aloys Ayako and Musambayi Katumanga
have argued:
The most crucial factor creating poverty in rural areas is
inaccessibility to land. Nowhere else is inequality in land
ownership is as pronounced as it is in Kenya- which, in this
respect compares to apartheid South Africa. ...[the large farm
sector] is under the control of just a few and provides
employment to only 500,000 compared to 2,236,000 employed
by the [small scale sector]. This concentration of land in a few
hands has limited not only agricultural production but also
avenues of employment. At the same time, agricultural policies
that favour large-scale producers and urban populations have
led the government to neglect infrastructure and information
and marketing systems that would have promoted agricultural
production in the rural areas.4
4 Aloys Ayako and Musambayi Katumanga, Review ofPoverty in Kenya, Institute of Policy Analysis &
Research, 1997 p. 13.
8
To be poor in Kenya thus means being condemned to low agricultural
potential lands. With only a rudimentary infrastructure to support their
mainly pastoralist economies, the regions of the Northern, North Eastern and
Eastern Kenya have registered the highest levels of poverty incidence.5 In
these regions a large percentage of Kenyans enjoy command over food
resources as a matter of chance. It is the daily experience of a majority of
Kenyans in the Coast Province as well as poor urban areas whose
relationship to the land they occupy is as squatters. These are people who
lack the basic security that is at the core of the minimum threshold below
which life is no longer consistent with human dignity. To be poor is to lack
this security that access to land affords.6
Poverty as a human rights concern
In its 1995 World Health Report, the World Health Organisation, (WHO)
lists
5 National Poverty Eradication Plan 1999- 2015, p. 16
6 See, World Bank, Voices of the Poor at: http://www.worldbank.org/povcrty/voices/
9
poverty as the most ruthless killer of all ailments known to medical science.7
Poverty
is the reason babies are not vaccinated, the cause of low life expectancy,
starvation,
handicap, the reason why mothers die at childbirth, the reason why clean
water is not
provided to the many who are poor, why curative drugs are unavailable and
the reason
sanitation services do not exist for many.
Within the UN, the focus on poverty as a legitimate concern in human rights
discourse was given impetus by the end of the Cold War and the subsequent
collapse of the ideological polarisation between those for economic and
social rights and those for the civil and political rights. Most significantly is
the four major reports published by the Special Rapportuer of the UN Sub
Commission Mr. Leandro Despouy between 1989 and 1992.
7 Quoted in Leandro Despouy, 1996, “Final Report on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, Submitted by
the Special Rapporteur, Mr Leandro Despouy”, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and
Protection of Minorities, at:
www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridocajisf/TestFrame/85 Idl96adb438b50008025669e00353
10
Although the report by Mr. Leandro Despouy was the first study by the
United Nations on the question of extreme poverty and human rights, the
ideal to eradicate poverty was part of the founding vision of the organisation.
Going back to the League of Nations, the founding of the International
Labour Organisation and the 1919 Treaty of Versailles stated that “Universal
and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice” In
1941, President Franklin Roosevelt, a key architect of the United Nations,
delivered his “Four Freedoms” address to the US Congress in which he
stated:
...we look forward to a world founded upon four essential
human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression
- everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every
person to worship God in his own way - everywhere in the
world. The third is freedom from want - which, translated into
world terms, means economic understandings, which will
secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its
inhabitants -everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom
from fear - which, translated into world terms, means a
worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a
11
thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit
an act of physical aggression against any neighbor - anywhere
in the world.8
In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights noting in its preamble, “the advent of a world
in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and
freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of
the common people.” The twin 1966 covenants, the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic
Social and Cultural Rights, drawing their inspiration from the UDHR both
proclaimed in their preambles that “the ideal of free human beings enjoying
civil and political freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if
conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political
rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights.”
In his report Mr Leandro Despouy, Special Rapporteur of the UN Sub
Commission, had pointed out that “extreme poverty involves the denial, not
of a single right or a given category of rights, but of human rights as a
8 Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Annual Message to Congress,” January 6, 1941, Congressional Record, 77'h
Cong. la sess., LXXXVIJ, pt. 1,45-47, at: http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Gov/US-History/WWII/fdr-4-
12
whole. (...) . Extreme poverty is thus a particularly clear illustration of the
indivisibility and interdependence of human rights.”9
In 1998, the UN the United Nations Commission on Human Rights,
established a mandate of the Independent Expert on Extreme Poverty and
Human Rights and appointed Ms Anne-Marie Lizin to follow-up on the
recommendations and studies already done by the UN on the question of
extreme poverty and human rights.
An expert seminar convened by the Independent Expert in 2000 defined
extreme poverty “from the viewpoint of human rights, as a denial of human
rights and human dignity, and deprivation of basic capabilities.”10
The nature of extreme poverty, which is often the experience of the landless
or those confined to unproductive tiny pieces of land calls for a serious
investment in social justice. Land redistribution policies are not at odds with
a liberal state that protects human rights as well as private property.
frcedoms.txt
’ Despouy Report, supra note 7.
10 Report of the Expert Seminar on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, 7-10 February 2001,
E/CN.4/2001/54/Add.l at:
Imp ’Aunt unhchr.elil lundocda/I lundoca.nsl 'l e<tFnm>tf-lb(r(>d65532fc>>,>2:idel25oaletK|5ba<il<l"< >nendo
timeni
13
Going back to John Locke, the earliest proponent of a modern liberal human
rights respecting state, there exists justification for property ownership that
does not offend social justice. In his Second Treatise, Locke states that
“Labour being the unquestionable Property of the labourer, no Man but he
can have a right to what that is once joyned to, at least where there is
enough and as good left in common for others. ” (27. 10-13; emphasis mine).
Locke’s argument is that as a common resource and the basis for livelihood,
land must then be accessible to all. Those who own it must leave ‘enough
and as good’ for others. In a liberal democratic state such as Kenya aspires
to be, land ownership and access are of critical concern as they determine
the well being of individuals and therefore the nature and extent of their
capability to function as citizens.
Which way Land Reform in Kenya?
If access and land ownership are linked to the experience of poverty and
rights, land reform must be viewed as a political process rather than a purely
legal exercise. Land reform is not aimed at achieving an across the board
14
ownership of land for the sake of itself. Rather, it is a process that requires a
close analysis of the condition of the beneficiaries, the historical context of
their deprivations and the formulation of clear objectives.
In the Kenyan context, one cannot address the matter of land reforms
without taking into account the colonial context of the incorporation of
Kenyans into the market system either as wage labourers, squatters or as
pastoralists and peasants confined to marginal lands. This was a highly
political matter. The post-independence efforts at land reform too are an
important historical context.
Against these contexts, we must pose the question of what vision of the
individual is proposed by our choice of economic and political system in
general, and land policy in particular. What vision of the rights of the
individual and citizen do our systems propose? Are these views consistent
with the universally shared values of development as freedom?
These questions are important because the analysis we bring into the
conditions of the individuals within Kenya will inform the approaches to
land reforms.
15
Beginning from the consensus that poverty is the deprivation of human
capabilities we need to establish its links to political choices and conditions.
Historically, poverty,
rights
denial and
inaccessibility to
land are
inextricably bound. The role of the state in these deprivations is central.
Even in countries like Ethiopia, China, and Thailand where the contours of
land ownership were not shaped by colonialism, the populace was
incorporated into political and economic systems as unfree subjects through
military occupations or annexations."
If poverty is the state of unfreedom, we must look into an approach to land
reforms that restores this freedom. We have seen that the land resettlement
policies immediately after independence failed to respond to the real crises
of landlessness and access to a majority of the Kenyans. In the 1960s, the
Kenya government embarked on a process of demarcation of communally
held land and transfer of title to individual owners. This process was driven
by market rules and took place where there were willing sellers, in case of
land purchased through co-operative efforts and through administrative
bureaucracy in the case of communal land under customary tenure. In the
11 S. Barraclough, 1999, “Land Reform in Developing Countries: The Role of the State and Other Actors”,
UNRISD Monograph 2 at http://www.ifad.org/popularcoalition/pdf7mon2.pdf
16
1980s, the co-operative lands as well as the group ranches were carved up to
provide individual title to the shareholders.
The process provided political entrepreneurs as well as other financially
well-heeled state operatives and business people with the opportunity to
acquire more land at the expense of the disadvantaged groups of squatters,
smallholder farmers and the landless. As it has been observed of Kenya’s
land reform policy:
“ The irony of this poor and overwhelming rural country’s post19805 land policy is that it has resulted in the very problems it
intended to redress: the vast inequality in the distribution of
land and income, and persistent poverty in rural areas.”
12
This policy not only failed to adequately address the plight of the poor but
also left many worse off than before. In particular, the privatisation of
customary land tenure altered the user rights women previously had under
customary land tenure, depriving them of command to food resources.Ij
12
M. Riad E-Ghonemy, 1999, “The Political Economy of Market-Based Land Reform” UNRISD
Monograph 4, at: http://www.ifad.org/popularcoalition/rc_mon_5.htm
13 In Sub-Saharan Africa, women have traditionally commanded access to food, giving them a higher
chance of well being than under the individual land title ownership.
17
The failure of these land reform efforts to change the conditions of Kenyans
living in poverty call to question the efficacy of market driven land reform
initiatives. The reality where the administrators double up as the local
landlords, or politicians as the main employer suggests that the market
system is ill suited for redressing the historical wrongs of landlessness and
inequalities.
Comparative experiences from other countries reveal that market-driven
approaches have resulted in continuing and persistent income and human
development inequalities. All the three countries cited by the UNDP for the
highest levels of income or consumption inequalities in the world, Kenya,
Brazil and South Africa have gone through market-driven land reforms.14
Other indicators reinforce this point as the table below shows.
Selected Agrarian Indicators of Five Countries Implementing Land
Market Reform
Kenya
Brazil
Colombia
Philippine
South
14 UNDP, Human Development Report 2001, supra note 1
18
Africa
78
19
24
42
13
rural 55
73
45
64
60.6*
3.4
2.1
3.6
6.5
3.3
62.1
67.5
55.8
47.8
63.3
Agricultural
population
%
s
as
total
of
population
(1995)
%
of
in
people
poverty
The
distribution
income
of
share
of lowest 20%
The
distribution
income
of
share
of highest 20%
Note: * Black Africans
Source: M. Riad El-Ghonemy
19
Market driven land reforms have largely failed out of failure to embrace
reforms as a political process. Where the political nature of land reform has
been embraced, it has been driven by the ideology of developmentalism that
saw the ruin of many African states since the 1960s and the desire to
maintain the political and economic status quo while appearing to do
something. This form of land reform has been palliative treatment where
radical surgery was necessary. Little wonder then that the conditions of
poverty and right deprivation have only gotten worse.
Economic arguments for land reform
Opposition to land reform has often made the pitch that fragmentation of
large holdings will lead to food insecurity through reduced yields. However,
there now exists a near-consensus that small-scale farmers are more efficient
in agricultural production than large-scale farmers. In Kenya, it is a
historical fact that large-scale colonial agriculture was a failure in spite of its
utilization of cheap, coerced African labour. African small-scale agriculture
within the reserves as well as squatter farming within settler farms quickly
grew to the extent that the colonial government imposed restrictions on what
Africans could produce and where they could market in an effort to protect
the settlers from ruin. As Bruce Berman points out, “as early as 1917, the
20
District Commissioner of Naivasha reported that ‘agriculture has made little
progress except at the hands of native squatters’ ”15
Small-scale farmers utilize their resources better than large-scale owners as
they have a more hands-on management of their holdings. Often they
depend on family labour, tend their crops more carefully and utilize their
inputs more optimally. Consequently, their productivity relative to their
inputs and size is much higher than that of the large-scale owners.
Thus, there is no truth in the popular notion that food security of a country
can only be secured if the large- scale units are retained intact.
Thus it is in the interest of the economy of the country to transfer land to the
more efficient land user, in this case the small-scale holder. This will result
in better food production and better utilization of land resources.
15 Bruce Berman, Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination 1990, James Cuney,
London, p. 149.
21
Recommendations on the way forward in land reform in Kenya
Currently, in Kenya, there are some 3.5 million families with an average plot
size of 1.6 hectares and some 800 to 1000 large farms with a modal size of
between 500-1000 hectares, generally in the well-endowed areas.16 Thus
land reform in Kenya is necessary and unavoidable. What may be of
contention is the appropriate approach.
In our view, the approach will
largely be determined by the objectives that we would want to achieve
through the process. If we keep in mind the need to hoist a majority of
Kenyans above the threshold of indignifying poverty and squalor, then it is
important that we adopt an approach that ensures effective transfer of land to
those in extreme poverty.
In view of this, the only viable approach to land reforms in Kenya is one of
redistribution. This perspective must involve a comprehensive analysis of
the conditions of those in absolute poverty, without land or access. Land
redistribution is a political process and must therefore involve deliberate,
focused and sustained government investment in education and health. In
16 The World Bank, Kenya Poverty Assessment, 1995 p.47
22
other words, it should be part of a wider policy of enhancing the capabilities
of those in extreme poverty to allow them to function socially.17
Income levels of a majority of Kenyans without the necessary skills to
participate in the private manufacturing and service can be raised by creating
demand for unskilled labour. The small-scale sector provides more jobs than
the capital-intensive large scale-farming sector. Redistributing land to small-
scale holders is therefore one of the ways to improve income levels.
Land redistribution need not evoke the images of anarchy that are often
painted in popular discourses on reforms. In those countries where
redistributive approaches have taken place, it has led to higher food
production and freed the poor from the clutches of grain merchants and also
”l use this term in reference to Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach in assessing development The same
approach has been further developed by Martha Nussbaum in relation to rights:
... 1 would argue that the best way of thinking about rights is to sec them as combined capabilities. The
right to political participation, the right to religious free exercise, the right of free speech- these and others
are all best thought of as capacities to function. In other words, to secure rights to citizens in these areas is
to put them in a position of combined capability to function in that area. ... By defining rights in terms of
combined capabilities, we make it clear that a people in country C don’t really have the right to political
participation just because such language exists on paper: they really have this right only if there are
effective measures to make people truly capable of political exercise. Women in many nations have a
nominal right of political participation without having this right in the sense of capability: for example, they
may be threatened with violence should they leave the home. In short, thinking in terms of capability gives
us a benchmark as we think about what it is to secure a right someone. Martha Nussbaum, Women and
Human Development, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), p.98. See also Amartya Sen,
Development as Freedom, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999)
23
spurred sharp declines in rural poverty. This was the experience of Egypt
and South Korea among other countries.18
Redistribution must proceed on a legal footing through a conducive
legislative
framework.
Parliament
should
enact
laws
for
agrarian
reorganization through redistribution. Such laws should propose acquisition
of lands that are idle and the reduction of land holdings by individual
holders.
Land redistribution in Kenya must look into the possibility of putting land
ownership ceilings. Currently, 83% of landholders own less than two
hectares with the rest of the holders occupying about 500 to 1000 hectares
per person.
A viable redistribution process must also target not just the poor land. In the
market approach, the big landlords have only been willing to sell off poor
sections of their holdings. This has left the poor purchasers worse off, in tiny
and barren holdings and without the resources to develop them.
18 In South Korea, poverty incidence in rural areas dropped from 60 per cent to 9.8 per cent after reform. In
Egypt, it fell from an estimated level of 56.1 per cent of total agricultural holdings in 1951 to 23.8 percent
in 1965 when redistribution was completed. Clearly land redistribution was of strategic importance in the
early stages of economic development and social transformation in both countries. (EI-Ghonemy, 1995 p.9)
24
On tenure, it is inappropriate to suggest the modern individual tenure to the
exclusion of the customary, group tenure. The rights of women and other
vulnerable minorities have been better served under the customary tenure
system.19 The subdivision of group ranches in the 1980s and the 1990s has
contributed to widespread dispossession and destruction of livelihoods of
many individuals. It is possible even as the country moves towards
individuation of land ownership to provide for a communal system of land
ownership, access and use. This will be the realistic accommodation of the
pastoralist economy of the many areas of the country.
A reform policy guided by human rights norms must therefore ensure that
those who are allotted the land are not left without the means. Rather there
must be a process that enables them to make optimal use of the land, provide
for their health and educational needs and ensure their access to inputs to
develop the land.
19 Adam Leach. “Land Reform and Socio-Economic Change in Kenya” pp. 192-225 in Smokin C. Wanjala
(ed) Essays on Land Law: The Reform Debate in Kenya, 2000, University of Nairobi p. 195
25
A redistribution policy that does not take these into account will have failed
the moral test of raising those in extreme poverty above the threshold of
human dignity.
That is why the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Land Law
Systems in Kenya (the Njonjo Commission), whatever its recommendations
is bound to be yet another exercise in frustrated optimism. To task such a
critical question of land reforms to a Commission of Inquiry is either a naive
assumption that the laws can resolve what is political, economic and moral,
or a cruel trip of deception. After all, laws are but a reflection of the
underlying philosophy of the state we have established. What ought to be in
question is not merely the law but the moral vision of people, the extremely
poor whose only claim to a piece of land will be the miserable graves that a
system of exclusion to all rights condemns them to.
Conclusions
It is always difficult to reduce an area as complex and wide as land reform to
a few pages of text. This paper in no way purports to be an exhaustive
26
examination of the land reform issue in Kenya. What the paper has
attempted to provide is a different perspective of examining land reforms.
The paper has used a rights perspective to explore the rebuking reality of
inequality and poverty in Kenya and argued that the poverty, especially rural
poverty, is linked to inequality in land access and ownership.
The
perspective
of rights
has
the
advantage of illuminating the
interconnectedness of land ownership, poverty and the political process. The
disadvantage is that in its embrace of the larger picture of the forest, it is
very easy to forget the specific trees of the policy recommendations. The last
section of this paper has attempted to provide in fairly broad strokes a
proposal on the policy reforms that are necessary to achieve a land reform
that hoists a majority of Kenyans above the minimum threshold of what it
means to be human.
27
Bibliography
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http://vvww.ifad.org/popularcoalition/pdf/mon2.pdf
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Domination 1990, James Currey, London, p. 149.
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28
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Cambridge University Press, 2000),
10. Roosevelt, Franklin D. “Annual Message to Congress,” January 6,
1941, Congressional Record, 77th Cong. Is1 sess., LXXXVII, pt. I, 45-
47, at: http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Gov US-Histon WWllfdr-4freedoms.txt
11. UNDP, Human Development Report 2001 Human Development
Report 2001
12. World
-Bank,
Voices
of
the
Poor
at:
http:7uww.worldbank.org/poverty/voices-'
29
o
M G S-
SPEECH DELIVERED BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR. ALI MOHAMED SHEIN, VICE PRESIDENT OF
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL
CONFERENCE OF THE GLOBAL FORUM FOR HEALTH RESEARCH AT AICC ARUSHA, ON
12th NOVEMBER, 2002
Honourable Anna Abdallah,
Minister for Health of Tanzania,
Honourable Ministers for Health of the Member States,
Dr. Richard Feachem,
Chairman of the Global Forum for Health Research,
Honourable Daniel ole Njoolay,
Arusha Regional Commissioner,
Mr. Louis Currat,
Executive Secretary of the Global Forum
for Health Research,
Distinguished Guests,
Dear Delegates,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
First of all I wish to thank God for giving all of us good health and strength which have
enabled us to be here today. I feel greatly honoured to be asked to officiate the opening of
the Sixth Annual Conference of the Global Forum for Health Research here in Arusha.
I
would like to thank the organisers for giving Tanzania the Honour to host this important
meeting.
My thanks also go to all those who have in one way or another, made it possible for this
conference to take place. Let me take this opportunity to welcome distinguished delegates to
Tanzania and Arusha in particular.
Distinguished Delegates,
This conference demonstrates the global stature of issues at hand, not only by its
overwhelming attendance by participants from all over the world, but also for the fact that
the topics which form the basis for its discussion are of a global nature. The conference is
also a historical event for us, in Africa, since it is the first time that the Global Forum for
Health Research is holding its annual conference in this continent which is known to be
weighed down by a myriad of health problems more than any other continent.
2
Hopefully, the Conference will go beyond this historical moment and become an important
milestone in the endeavours to correct the prevailing imbalance in the allocation, and use, of
global health resources.
Out of the annual global health research budget estimated at US$ 70 billion, less than 10%
goes to countries which shoulder 90% of the global disease burden. In essence, this
imbalance weighs heavily in disfavour of the poor developing nations including Tanzania.
This
situation is a cause for serious concern because of its debilitating effects on the
developing countries in their efforts to achieve economic development.
Mr. Chairman,
I wish to appreciate the fact that the Global Forum for Health Research represents a noble
attempt in these endeavours. Not only that it has recognised the problem, but also most
important it has marshalled the courage and determination to challenge, and indeed change,
the system which has created and perpetuated this adverse situation.
I believe you all know that this imbalance is not confined only to the health sphere. Other
sectors are also in a similar situation when it comes to the global share of resources because
of the unfair and skewed system upon which economies in the world have been built and
made to operate.
It is in this view
that the approach adopted by the Global Forum for
Health Research is exemplary and provides lessons for other sectors to learn from and create,
therefore, a broader awareness of global inequities and affirmative action to redress them.
Our vision of uplifting the standard of life of all human beings can be realised only when we
join and work together to eradicate preventable diseases and causes of ill health among the
people.
Distinguished Delegates,
Developing countries are the ones which bear much of the burden of preventable diseases.
Their economies are continuously retarded by poor health of
populations and they consequently do not have
problems.
the majority of their
sufficient resources to eliminate these
But historically and under the present global economic system, these same poor
populations have contributed, through labour and cheap raw materials, to the wealth of the
economies of many developed countries. I believe it is fair to say that the rich countries have
an obligation to assist the developing countries to get out of the vidous cycle of ill health,
low productivity and poverty.
As far as I know, it is in the long term interest of the rich
countries to do so for their continued prosperity and stability.
3
Although they have the heaviest burden and suffer from the most terrible diseases such as
malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, African countries should not bank so much on assistance
and become dependent on it. Instead they should regard it as complementary to their own
efforts. But these efforts will be able to produce maximal benefits in the fastest possible way
only if we take the most active part in the process. We need to remind ourselves that it is
our own duty and responsibility to demand our fair share of the global resources as well as
to lead the fight against diseases which are weighing us down.
We need to develop our
capacities and alternative ways for solving our own problems in agreeable ways and manner.
Distinguished Delegates,
While the rich nations have the obligation to extend necessary assistance and to allow the
flow of resources to reach poor nations, we have also, on our part, the obligation to organise
ourselves to meet the challenges posed by the diseases, to build the necessary capacities and
infrastructure for sustainable development, and to use assistance in the most efficient and
effective manner for good results.
Another matter which needs to be paid due attention in the whole exerdse of reorganising
ourselves is giving the issue of gender equity its continued and deserved priority.
the ill health afflicting our people is
Much of
the result of the existing gender imbalance in
the
sharing of the gains of our labour and access to health services in our local communities.
Distinguished Delegates,
There is relationship between ill-health and poverty and development. Poor health reduces
education achievements and life expectancy; affects investments and their returns; increases
health inequities and poverty.
Poverty, on the other hand, leads to malnutrition, diseases,
low productivity and income, poor housing, low level of education, unplanned families, in
access to safe
drinking water and health services.
Most of our countries are caught up in this vicious cycle and are unable to break away
without the mobilisation of efforts of all the sectors involved in the fight against diseases and
other causes of ill health.
It is, therefore, pertinent to emphasize that partnership between
the public private and civil society sectors is crucial in this regard in order to bring about rapid
and meaningful health achievements.
Mr. Chairman,
I wish to commend the pioneering work of the Global Forum for Health Research as pivotal in
this process, in particular, in priority setting, resource flow monitoring, research capacity
building and the role as catalyst of networks.
Countries and regional groupings need to
4
create the necessary capacities to absorb and make use of these tools and the generated
knowledge.
Partners and stakeholders in
the health sector should strengthen their collaboration and
efforts and seize this opportunity to work closely with the Global Forum for Health Research,
the World Health Organisation, the Council on Health Research for Development and other
funding bodies.
This will make it possible to
build better networks to allow greater
leadership from the countries which carry the heaviest global disease burden and ensure that
the resources reach the needy.
Distinguished Delegates,
Looking at the global resources it is possible to meet the noble targets of the United Nations
Millennium Declaration. The Working Group Five of the Commission on Macroeconomics and
Health has pointedly asserted in its recent report that "for the most part we know what to do.
What is needed is to find ways of doing it; ways of managing it; and ways of financing it".
As a continent over burdened by the scourge of diseases, Africa needs to set realistic
priorities in health research in order to achieve the required progress.
Research must focus
on the deadliest diseases namely malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other main killer and
health debilitating diseases for affordable, sustainable and effective health outcomes.
Tanzania has taken appropriate steps in this direction and the National Health Research
Forum which was created in 1999 is already bearing fruits in the form of shaping the national
health research agenda, in issuing the national guidelines for
health research and other
measures.
The objective of health research is to find better ways of controlling and eliminating diseases
and other causes of ill health among the people. It is imperative that research results should
reach end users and I wish to stress the need to ensure that research findings are
appropriately disseminated to the people to equip them with the needed knowledge in the
fight against diseases.
Mr. Chairman and Distinguished Delegates,
Research efforts will have better impact if nations and regional groupings can create better
functional networks and other mechanisms for concerted action in this area. The creation of
these mechanisms will go a long way in ensuring that the voice of individual countries and
regional entities is heard loud and clear at the global level and be allowed to take part in
shaping the global health research agenda.
5
It is in this light that the inauguration of the African Health Research Forum during this
Conference is a welcome development. Indeed, as the continent with the largest population
without access to quality health services and shouldering the heaviest burden of diseases,
Africa urgently needed to have a unified and independent health research forum.
Without
such a forum, Africa would have found it extremely difficult to influence effectively the global
health research agenda; to define, and defend, African health research priorities; and to fight
for equitable share of the global resources.
We have often been reminded that unity is strength and the key to success.
Given the
magnitude of the disease problem facing them and the need for multidisciplinary approaches
to solve it, African countries need to give the Forum the support it needs to meet these
challenges. What is expected from the Forum is better coordination of health research efforts
and ensuring of synergy in the actions of different actors.
The government of the United Republic of Tanzania will provide all the necessary support to
ensure greater participation of Tanzanian researchers and scientists in regional and global
health research issues. We believe that they have the potential to play on important role in
health research in Africa and at the global level.
It is encouraging to note that similar efforts are being made In other regions.
The
establishment, in particular, of the Asian and Pacific Health Research Forum and the on going
process for the creation of the Latin American Health Research Forum are indeed, crucial
developments in the interest of health research in general.
Distinguished Delegates,
It is ordinarily rare for government ministers responsible for health matters to meet and
discuss pertinent issues with researchers, donors, community members and others. I wish to
applaud the organisers of this conference for making this possible. But it is my hope that this
meeting will facilitate a fruitful exchange of views and generate ideas which will contribute to
better research utilization and strengthen the central role of research in health development
in our respective countries.
Non-communicable diseases including mental, behavioural and neurological disorders are also
increasingly becoming unbearable burden in the developing countries much like infectious
diseases. They should be also the focus of our efforts to provide better health care.
We are
appreciative of the important role played by the Global Forum for Health Research in
promoting research in these key areas.
I am happy
to say that Tanzania has recorded
6
modest achievements in the field of mental health which has been made an integral part of
our primary health care in spite of the prevailing economic constraints and social challenges.
Mr. Chairman,
I am aware that distinguished delegates have serious business to conduct and conclude at
this Conference. But as it has often been said "all work without leisure makes a researcher a
dull person'7.
I believe your visit
to the Land
of
Kilimanjaro, Wildness of Serengeti,
Ngorongoro Crater and Spice Islands of Zanzibar, has also provided you with the opportunity
to experience the wonders
of nature, the friendliness of
the people
and the culinary
varieties of our country. I hope the distinguished delegates will find this to be conducive an
environment for the conference.
Let me, however, not take much of your time but I wish to conclude my speech by wishing
you fruitful deliberations.
Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is my pleasure now to declare this sixth Annual Conference of the Global Forum for Health
Research officially open.
I thank you all for listening to me.
Com H 6s>-3
-----------------Wi
Poor health: a key factor in the
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Forum
for Health Research
Correcting the 10/90 Gap
in health research :
A tool against world poverty
vicious circle of poverty (1)
Macro-link : Poor health has a negative
impact on growth and development as a
result of:
• lower life expectancy
• lower educational achievements
• lower production and employment
• a reduction in social and political stability
Presentation by Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Global Forum for Health Research
Forum 6, Newcomers’ Session
11 November 2002
x
F~.r“ ‘tr*
------------------ fyy
Poor health: a key factor in the '
vicious circle of poverty (2)
Micro-link: poor health directly reinforces the
“vicious circle of poverty” which includes:
•
•
•
*
•
*
•
•
*
■
malnutrition and diseases
unemployment
low income, poor housing
of
low level
education
low productivity
lack of access to health care and drinking water
larger number of children
unwanted pregnancies
substance abuse
poor environment and discrimination
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The problem
'«
• USD 73 billion investments in health research
(1998), of which less than 10% for 90% of the
world’s health problems.
• Because of the vicious circle between poor
health and poverty, correction of this gap
could make a major contribution to the fight
against poverty.
Attention to this problem started in 1990 onlyl
• Commission on Health Research for Development (civil
society initiative)
Role of health research?
One of the roles of health research is to
ensure that the measures proposed to
break out of the vicious circle of ill health
and poverty are based, as far as possible,
on evidence, so that the resources
available to finance these measures are
used in the most efficient and effective
way possible.
--------------------Disease burden for major diseasesWi
U
(as % of total years lost to diseases, etc.)
1998
2020
6.0
3.1
Pneumonia (ALRI)
2.5
5.8
Perinatal conditions
5.3
2.7
Diarrhoeal diseases
2.6
5.1
HIV/AIDS
4.2
5.7
Unipolar major depression
3.8
5.9
Heart disease
4.4
3.0
Cerebrovascular disease
2.8
1.1
Malaria
2.8
5.1
Road traffic accidents
3.1
2.0
Tuberculosis
------------------------------------ -—
Disease burden due to
n
selected risk factors (as % of total DALYs)
Malnutrition
Water/sanitation
Unsafe sex
Alcohol
Indoor air pollution
Tobacco
Occupational hazards
Hypertension
Physical inactivity
Illicit drugs
Outdoor air pollution
We need partnerships
between all three sectors.
-------- - ------ Hn
Central objective of the
Global Forum for Health Research
WHY PARTNERSHIPS ???
Help correct the 10/90 gap by creating a
movement (public + private + CSOs) for
analysis and debate on:
• Magnitude of the problems
• Efficiency argument
health research priorities
allocation of resources
public-private partnerships
access of all people to the outcomes of
health research
• Interdisciplinarity argument
• Synergy argument
• Global public goods argument
-----------------------------------------------------
• Started in January 98
■ Legal status: Foundation
• Objective: help correct the 10/90 gap
• Partnership organization (no
membership)
How to solve the 10/90 gap?
We already have:
• Public sector (based on public interest).
• Private sector (based on market incentives).
• Civil society organizations (private sector,
public interest).
The problem is that none of the above can, alone,
solve the ‘’public bads” (such as bad health).
15.8
6.7
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.4
Global Forum for Health Research
Characteristics
-------------------------------------------------------------
*
---------------- - -----------------
Constituencies of the Global Forum
•
•
*
•
•
•
*
•
•
Government policy-makers
UN & multilateral aid agencies
Bilateral aid agencies
Foundations
International & national NGOs
Women's organizations
Research institutions
Private enterprises (pharmas)
Media
-----------------------Hi
Nature and role of the Global Forum o
------------------------------------Trn
Global Forum for Health Research
'!?
Strategies 2003-2005
(in the overall health research collaborative system)
1. Organize an Annual Forum meeting focusing
on the correction of the 10/90 gap
independent and evidence-based platform to
analyze and debate the best ways to help
correct the 10/90 gap
2. Analyze the 10/90 gap and health research
priorities
network of networks, individuals and
institutions linking efforts in reducing the 10/90
gap
3. Disseminate information on the 10/90 gap
catalyst of these efforts and partnerships
(but not itself a funding agency, except for
seed money)
Strategy 1
Organize Annual Meeting
focusing on the 10/90 gap
4. Measure results
Strategy 2:
Analyze the 10/90 gap and
health research priorities
■
Level 1: measuring the 10/90 gap and priority-setting
methodologies
•
Level 2: cross-cutting issues (gender, poverty, research
capacity, policies)
•
Level 3: major risk factors (malnutrition, unsafe water,
unsafe sex, alcohol, tobacco, pollution.etc)
•
Level 4: major diseases and conditions
Objective
To review past achievements and define
future actions in helping to correct the
10/90 gap
Forum S : October 2001 (700 participants)
Forum 6 • November 2002, ?\rusha, Tanzania
Forum 7 : November 2003, Geneva
Measuring the 10/90 gap
(work in progress)
Total public and private sources:
* 1992: USD 56 billion
• 1998: USD 73 billion
Breakdown:
• 50% public sector
• 42% private sector
• 8% private non-profit sector
O
Example of partnership:
Medicines for Malaria Venture (CSO)
Start: November 1999 as a Foundation
Secretariat reporting to the Foundation Council
Governance: Foundation Council, composed of nine
members from public and private Institutions
Objective and Plan of action: first research projects have
been selected and are being financed (USD 8mllllon/year
at present)
Networking: one of the five strategies of the Roll-Back
Malaria programme led by WHO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example of partnership:
Public/Private Partnerships for Health (IPPPH)
*
•
•
*
*
•
Start: June 2000
Secretariat: Global Forum (Roy Widdus)
Governance and partners: International Advisory Board
(composed of 11 members from the public and private
sectors)
Objective and Plan of action 2001-2002: analyse existing
PPPs and make information available; promote the
development of effective new partnerships
Networking: with all interested institutions and networks
Budget: USD 1 million/year (World Bank, Rockefeller
Foundation, Gates Foundation, Global Forum)
Strategy 3 :
Disseminate information
on the 10/90 gap
(The 10/90 Report on Health Research)
Strategy 4:
Measure results
Example of partnership:
Cardiovascular Health in Developing Countries
(including Tobacco)
Start: November 1998
Secretariat S. Reddy, CCDC, Delhi
Governance and partners: Partnership Council (12
members, Including IOM/USA, WHO, World Heart
Federation, policy-makers, Global Forum, research
Institutions, CSOs)
Plan of action 2001-2002: priorities are access to
knowledge, surveillance system, etiological research,
health promotion, hypertension, tobacco, capacity dev
Networking: with all interested Institutions
Budget USD 0.2 million (core Secretariat)
Conclusions on health research,
development and poverty
1. Correcting the 10/90 gap in health research : a
major contribution to growth, development, the
fight against poverty and security. HEALTH and
HEALTH RESEARCH PAYI Health as an
ECONOMIC sector In development
2. Correcting the 10/90 gap is possible : It requires
the individual and concerted efforts
(partnerships) of the public sector, the private
sector and the Civil Society Organizations.
C o a'i |-( t, -S’.
Tanzania’s Burden of Disease
from an Equity Perspective
National Sentinel Surveillance System and
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project Teams
Presentation Outline
• National Sentinel System
► Context of Information Need
► Vision & Mission
• Methods of Demographic & Mortality
Surveillance and Poverty
Measurement
• Findings for 1995 - 2001
• Conclusions
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Context of Information Need
• Health Sector Reform
► Ministry of Health
• Local Government Reform
► President’s Office;
• Poverty Reduction Strategy
► Vice President's Office
• Tanzania AIDS Commission
(TACAIDS)
> Prime Minister’s Office
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
A National Sentinel Option
• Continuous
► analysis of trends
• Not a national survey
► but still representative
• Not ‘routine administrative’ data
► but integrated into it
• Sub-national differences
► equity & social welfare data (e.g.
intervention coverage)
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
NSS Vision and Mission
• To generate & disseminate
information from sentinel
demographic surveillance sites for
the equitable development of the
Tanzanian people.
• To produce representative burden of
disease and poverty estimates for
policy, planning, monitoring and
evaluation at district, regional and
national levels.
AMMP; Tanzania Ministry of Hi-ai.tii ❖ UK DFID ❖University or Njwcastlc upon Tyne
Methods of Surveillance
• Demographic Surveillance System
(DSS)
► complete enumeration of vital events &
migration in a defined population
• Mortality Surveillance System (MSS)
► active reporting of deaths in community
• 'verbal autopsy’ interviews
• DSS + MSS=National Sentinel
System
AMMP; Tanzania Minis hiy of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖UNiVPitSITV PF Newcastle upon Tyne
Context of Information Need
’ Health Sector Reform
► Ministry of Health
° Local Government Reform
► President’s Office
° Poverty Reduction Strategy
> Vice President’s Office
° Tanzania AIDS Commission
(TACA! DS)
> Prime Minister's Office
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry oi; Health ❖ UK OLID ❖ University op Newcastle upon Tyne
A National Sentinel Option
• Continuous
► analysis of trends
• Not a national survey
> but still representative
• Not ‘routine administrative’ data
► but integrated into it
• Sub-national differences
► equity & social welfare data (e.g. .
intervention coverage)
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry op Health ❖ UK DFID ❖ University op Newcastle upon Tyne
Poverty Measurement Methods
• Poverty Proxy tool validated against
National Household Budget Survey
• Income Poverty Only
► Tool allows estimate in TSh of monthly
consumption expenditure per adult
equivalent
• Preferable to asset indices because
allows comparability
► across sites, to national data, and to
basic needs poverty line
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
Location of NSS DSS Sites
Access to Safe Water in NSS
Poor/Least -^oor Differences in Access to Safe Water
AMMP: ianzania Ministry< r Health ❖ ’JKDFID❖UniversityorNi-wcastle uponTyne
Access to Sanitation & Bed Nets
Poor/Least Poor Differences In Access to Flush/Ventllatod Toilet
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry op Health ❖ UK DFID ❖University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Survival
Poor/Least Poor Differences hi Life Expectancy (1996 - 2001)
Oar os Salaam
Hal
Moroyoro
area and poverty quintile
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK DFID ❖University or Newcastle upon Tyne
YLL rates per 1,000
Poor/Least Poor Differences In All-Cause Mortality by Age Group
<5 poorest 20%
<> <5 least poor 20%
5+ poorest 20%
S-i-least poor 20% 1
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry op Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
YLL rates per 1,000
Poor/Least Poor Differences In All-Cause Mortality by Age Group
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UK. DFID ❖ Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
Intervention Addressable Shares
Poor/Least Poor Differences: Inte "vention Addressable Mortality Burden
intervention
I a PoFiost 20% B Least Poor 2O*7«j
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry or Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Univershyof Newcastle upon Tyne
Intervention Addressable Shares
Poor/Least Poor Differences: Intervention Addressable Mortality Burden
Intervention
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry op Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Univershyof Newcastle upon Tyne
Health Service Use
Poor/Least Poor Differences in Heath Service Use Before Death (1996-2001)
type of facility, area, and poverty quintile
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry op Health ❖ UK DFID ’{♦Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
Place of Death
Poor/Least Poor Differences in Place of Death (1996-2001)
place of death, srea, and poverty quintile
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry or Health ❖ UK DFID ❖University or Newcastle upon Tyne
Conclusions: Conditions
• Poverty Conditions in NSS areas
broadly representative of regional
conditions (HBS)
► Hal is an exception for income measures
► Look into weighting factors for data
• Stark differences in income poverty &
access to services
• Do these relate to different outcomes?
II
AMMP: Tanzania Mjnistryof Health. ❖ UK DFID ❖University of Newcastle upon ’Fyne
Conclusions: Outcomes
» Survival indicators
> consistent poor/least poor gaps for men, but
not women
• 9 years among men in Par es Salaam
" Mortality Rates
f Consistent gaps in mortality rates
• especially for younger children & across areas for all
ages
i- Time trends are stable or downward in both
poorest & least poor
» encouraging in the face of AIDS & malaria drug
resistance
• Different policy & service planning implications?
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry c Health ❖ UK DFID ❖Universityof Newcastleupon Tyne
Conclusions: Services & Policy
e Poor people use formal services less,
and die at home more often than the
least poor
• An equity perspective on burden of
disease in 'Tanzania's sentinel sites
suggest a pro-pcor policy focussed
on increasing access & coverage of
current interventions.
' Intervention & Care-Needs data do not suggest
substantially different priorities for poor vs.
least poor
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry of Health ❖ UKD1-1D ❖ Universityof Newcastle upon Tyne
Acknowl edgements
(alphabetical order)
e Analysis and Writing
► Yusuf Hemed, PnilipSetel, David Whiting.
° NSS & AMMF Teams
► Said Aboud, KGMM Alberti, Richard Amaro, Don de Savigny,
Yusuf Hemed, Gregory Kabadi, Berlina Job, Judith Kahama,
Joel Kalula, Ayoub Kibao, John Kissima, Henry Kitange,
Regina Kutaga, Mary Lewanga, Frederic Macha, Haroun
Machibya, Mkamba Masl.ombo, Honorati Masanja, Godwill
Massawe, Gabriel Masuki, Louisa Masayanyika, AH Mhina,
Veronica Mkusa, Ades Moshy, Hamisi Mponezya, Robert
Mswia, Deo Mtasiwa, Ferdinand Mugusi, Samuel Ngatunga,
Mkay Nguluma, °eter Nkulila, Seif Rashid, JJ Rubona, Asha
Sankole, Daudi Simba, PnilipSetel, Nigel Unwin, and David
Whiting.
AMMP: Tanzania Ministry01 Health ❖ UKDFJD *♦* University of Newcastle upon Tyne
<Lorv\ h GS.|O
Implementation of the Bangkok
Action Plan : A Report from the
Interim Working Party
Secretariat
Bangkok Action Plan
Endorsed by all participants
Proposed establishment of a Working Party
to continue the post Bangkok agenda
To be hosted by WHO
Terms of reference/remit spelled out
(mandate)
Mandate of Working Party
Address concrete global partnership and
complementarity issues & work out a
proposal for a governance structure of the
global health research system
2 Regular convening of an international
conference on health research for
development
3 Creation of a post-conference
communication and feedback mechanism
1
Report of Activities
• "Interim" Working Party met in October,
2001 (Forum 5, Geneva)
Present at October 10, 2001
Meeting
M.Jacobs. T Pang (Co-Chairs)
A.de Francisco (GFHR), L.Currat (GFHR),
B.Carlsson (SIDA/Sarec), C.Sinhi-Amorn (THL),
D.Meyrowitsch (DANIDA), F.Binka (Ghana),
L.Freij (Swe), M.Ruiz (Mex), M Tanner (STI),
M.A.Lansang (INCLEN), M.Mugambi (Kenya),
X-AIGasseer (WHO), P.Svensson (SIDA/Sarec),
P Makara (COHRED), S,MacFarlane (RF), U.Lele
(WB), S.Chunharas (THL)
Report of Activities
Interim Working Part}’ met in October,
2001 (Forum 5, Geneva)
Secretariat of the IWP formed based in
WHO, Geneva (WHO, COHRED, GFHR)part time assistant hired
Regular meetings, email consultations and
activities carried out on various issues
related to the mandate
* Governance Structure
2 Internationa! conference
3 Communication & feedback
2 Initial planning and conceptualisation tor
World Summit on Health Research for
Development, Mexico, 2004
3 A. Progress Review post-Bangkok
B. Booklet on international initiatives and
organizations in health research
(Dr M. Jegathesan)
A problem with Mandate 1....
The issue of "governance” is a highly
complex one with many contentious issues
at national, regional and global levels
Benefits of such a structure highly
debatable, its existence may not be
desirable nor appropriate
Thus, Mandate 1 relating to global
governance structure is unrealistic and
impossible to achieve
Recommendation 1
Amend mandate 1 of the Working Party for
it to :
“act as catalyst and conduit of
communication between interested
organizations, with a view to assessing
progress and working out collaboration
principles and frameworks for
cooperation”
Recommendation 2
The work of the IWP be continued by a
virtual platform of organisations to promote
dialogue and inputs on key issues related to
the mandate of the Working Party
How? For example
Continued inputs to planning for Mexico 04
Continuous updating of information
booklet-posting on web site (BKK2000 site)
Commissioning situation analysis-mapping
and landscaping to provide clues to future
directions, where are we going9
Regular reporting at future forums and
Mexico 04.
4
(Sor^i H
”A BIENNIUM SINCE BANGKOK
PROGRESS VISITED”
Prepared by:
Secretariat
The Interim Working Party
International Conference
Bangkok 2000
Geneva, October 2002
“A BIENNIUM SINCE BANGKOK
PROGRESS VISITED”
INTRODUCTION:
It is now two years since the International Conference in Health Research for Development was
held in Bangkok in October 2000 (hereafter referred to as Bangkok 2000). It is timely therefore:
•
•
To list and review the progress that has been achieved in taking forward the Action Plan
emanating from that landmark conference.
To enable the forthcoming gathering of interested parties (including members of the
International Working Party) at Forum 6 in Arusha in mid November, 2002 to reflect on the
achievements since Bangkok and help engender the momentum to accelerate the preparatory
work that will be needed to meet the future challenges including the opportunities of:
The planned World Health Research Summit in 2004 in Mexico
The Decision of the WHO to dedicate its World Health Report 2004 to Health
Research.
The annual meetings of the Global Forum for Health Research
The Regional Health Research Fora
The Country Research Agendas
This report aims to inform this audience, to stimulate discussion and to draw concrete suggestions for
emphasis and attention in the two years left to these important developments affecting the future of
health research.
METHODOLOGY
The International Conference for Health Research for Development held in Bangkok in October
2000 has indeed left a mark on the health research scene at the global, regional and country levels.
That conference had spelt out an Action Plan (For details see ANNEX 1), which tabulated activities
that should be pursued in the areas of:
« Knowledge production, use and management
• Capacity development
• Governance
• Financing
An attempt is being made to list as many of the achievements to date in these different areas that were a
consequence of the Bangkok Conference. (See Table 1). Inputs for this exercise were obtained from
the following sources:
• WHO, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) and the Global Global Forum
for Health Research which constitute the secretariat of the Interim Working Party (ANNEX
2)
• Respondents to a questionnaire sent out to some 350 participants of the Bangkok Conference
of which over 20 replies were received to date.
• Other personal communications and publications, formal and informal
1
”A BIENNIUM SINCE BANGKOK
PROGRESS VISITED"
Prepared by:
Secretariat
The Interim Working Party
International Conference
Bangkok 2000
Geneva, October 2002
OBSERVATIONS
There were some activities that:
o Were clearly the direct consequence of the Conference or the Action Plan and respondents, in
a number of instances, have in fact cited them as the initiator for the action.
• Could be deemed to have been given a stimulus, or been influenced in some way or other by
the Conference. These included the already ongoing activities of many players that have
received a boost from the conference.
« Perhaps were co-incidental and would perhaps have happened anyway with or without the
conference
A point to keep in mind in analyzing the effects of the conference is that the conference itself should be
viewed not as a singular event but part of a continuum of activities, culminating in Bangkok but
starting with the preparatory phase of the conference. This phase necessitated the convening and
gathering of much inputs from countries and regions and had a catalytic effect in generating hitherto
unavailable or inactive networks as well as providing a jump start to those that are already there. It
moved seamlessly into the conference. The conference itself generated the ‘Action Plan’, which
provides the post conference agenda. It now seems timely and appropriate to see the progress that has
been made along that same continuum. The preconference regional consultations in particular had the
effect of facilitating the creation of a critical mass of experienced southern researchers and
managers who are now well placed to take the post conference agenda forward with some measure of
seif reliance. The bringing together of such varied players from such diverse backgrounds and sources
provided an opportunity to network, understand each others’ comparative advantages, niche areas
and to be able to find avenues for future and extended collaboration and cooperation. All of this
facilitated the relative ease with which the formalization of the Regional Fora has taken place. This
was particularly evident in the case of Asia -Pacific, where the additional spin-offs of hosting the
conference were evident in the increased opportunity for participation not only from the host country
itself but its neighbours as well. The legacy of this is already being felt.
This consultative process and the Conference itself had a multiplier effect on human resource
development in the health research community. It had increased the sensitivity to and the
responsiveness of researchers in many developing countries to opportunities for advancing the field.
On their return they became prime movers in their countries (e.g. Kazakhstan and Burkina Faso). There
are interesting examples (personal communication) of where this enthusiasm has been reflected in key
political leaders in the countries (like in Mali and Kyrgystan)
At the global level, the formation of the Interim Working Party amongst the key players themselves
provided the opportunity for continued synergy amongst them which was extendable to many areas
outside the ambit of the follow up to the Bangkok Action Plan.
Activities at the country level were gauged from a limited survey for a limited time. Hence what is
available for listing here should be viewed as a sample only. However it does reflect the level and type
of activities that have started in some countries and no doubt a more formal and thorough survey could
have elicited a much longer and balanced inventory of country activities.
2
PROGRESS HIGHLIGHTS
Some landmark events that took place after Bangkok that can be highlighted here:
»
<>
»
o
•
•
»
•
•
The formation and/or strengthening of regional fora for health research such as the Asia Pacific
Health Research Forum (already formed), the African Health Research Forum (to be launched
at Forum 6) and the Latin American Network (in the gestational stage) together with a number of
smaller regional and sub regional initiatives such as the proposal for the network for countries in
EMRO, and the Central Asian Forum (under process)
The actions taken by a number of Regional Offices of the WHO in consonance with the
recommendations of the Conference. Amongst these the most remarkable one is the EMRO
decision to earmark 2% of its program budgets to research activities. Others include SEARO
efforts in recommending to its member states the need as well as the modus operandi (through a
specific document outlining a strategy for health research system development) for a national
health research system for their member states.
The actions taken by a number of countries in instituting/strengthening national health policies/
research systems, sometimes with proposal for appropriate legislative instruments. Examples of
these can be drawn from events in countries like Lao PDR, Cuba, South Africa, Brazil, and
India. Tanzania, Thailand, and Bangladesh. There was also the instance of a significant public
private partnership set up in Singapore. (There would certainly have been more entries in this
category' had the survey been more extensive and been given more time)
COHERED national health research system activities, which included some of the countries
mentioned above as well as —Indonesia, Ghana, Malawi, Cameroon, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan.
The publication by the Global Forum for Health Research of The 10/90 Report on Health
Research 2001-2002 and the ‘Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research”
The introduction by the Globa] Forum for Health Research of the “Combined approach
matrix” for priority setting and its application by TDR
The pooling of resources to come up with the “ Collaborative Training Programme” by
INCLEN, COHRED, the Alliance for Health Policy and the Global Forum for Health
Research
The launch of the WHO coordinated Health Research Systems Analysis (HRSA initiative) with
the pilot cluster of 16 countries
The selection of health research as the theme for WHO’s prestigious flagship document, the
World Health Report 2004
3
OTHER GLOBAL EVENTS
We should also highlight another group of global events, which although unrelated to the conference
may have a significant impact in the coming years to health and health research needs. These include:
0
»
°
The Millenium Development Goals adopted at the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in
September 2000;
The work and report of the WHO engendered Commission on Macroeconomics of Health
(which inter alia endorses the concept of a Global Health Research Fund, ANNEX 3); and the
spin-offs of
The World Summit for Sustainable Development, Johannesburg 2002.
Whilst the reference to research specifically is found in the Commission’s report, there are certainly
significant windows of opportunity for health research in enabling the realization of the objectives of
the other two events. The momentum likely to be generated by these events in the coming months and
years and the 'niche' for health research that they will provide should not be squandered. The health
research community will be amiss if they do not position themselves to play a meaningful role.
CONCLUSION
What is presented here is certainly not exhaustive and should be considered only as examples only
drawn from a limited sample, but it does provide an indication of the different kinds of follow up
action that have taken place since Bangkok 2000. The significance of the information that was received
does, however, show the effectiveness of the survey instrument and hence it’s potential for a wider
application. If necessary, therefore, a more detailed inquiry can be made.
Whilst it is perhaps a useful exercise to try to see what specific effect the conference had, it is equally
relevant to consider the conference as a fait a 'cotnpli and history and what is important is the progress
that has been made in the general landscape of the health research arena since that conference,
irrespective of the specific and ascribable influence of the conference.
What is important is the future and the experience and lessons from the past should be conscripted to
seize the opportunities of the present. At the same time it may be useful to reflect on what might have
been missed or would otherwise have happened if the conference had not been held. However, perhaps
what is more important is that these activities and achievements are taken a few pegs higher as a
prelude and preparation for maximizing the opportunities the future may offer such as annual Forum
meetings and the World Health Research Summit in Mexico in 2004.
The inputs of contributors to the content of this report is gratefully acknowledged. These
included organizations and Institutions as well as a number of individual participants of the
Bangkok Conference who responded to a questionnaire.
4
A detailed listing of activities and achievement is given in the following
TABLE 1
A. GLOBAL LEVEL
5
1.
Knowledge Production
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
Activities initiated before Bangkok
2000
Promote the role of universities in health research.
-The INCLEN trust supports the work of Clinical
Epidemiology units based in universities in
countries to promote research and training for
better healthcare in developing countries
-This has been strengthened and there are now 65 units in 27
countries so supported.
Foster public-private partnerships to invest in health
research and product delivery.
-The Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
for Health (1PPPH) was already launched by the
Global Forum for Health Research in July 2000
-The IPPPH has conducted a census of PPP
Facilitate and support a global research initiative that
encompasses the entire spectrum of sexual violence.
Advocate for research on child health during the
World Summit on Children. Prepare by reviewing
and synthesizing research on child health in the past
10 years, identify gaps and develop child health
research priorities.
-A Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative
(CHNRI) was launched by Global Forum for
Health Research in February 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-A new PPP is being planned between academe, public sector (e.g.,
WHO, IARC, US NIH) and industry (Merck, GSK) to accelerate
transfer of HPV vaccine to developing countries for prevention of
cervical cancer; to be supported by the Gates Foundation
-A Sexual Violence Research Initiative, supported by the Global
Forum for Health Research,
has been under preparation by a number of partner institutions for
the past two years
-Under this initiative, regional groups have been funded to
determine human resources, capacity and priorities at the regional
level. In addition, a call has already been circulated inviting offers
to host the secretariat in a developing country for the next two years
-The WHO and the Global Forum for Health Research tabled a
publication "Child Health Research: A foundation for improving
child health at the World Summit on Children held on May 8-10,
2002. Also at the UN General Assembly Special Session on July
2001 in New York. This paper identified research priorities and
gaps.
-Mapping of health and nutrition research priorities and
identification of players was initiated in Asia, Latin America and
Africa by three separate groups.
-The INCLEN Trust has affirmed child health research as a priority,
providing support for the strengthening of the INCLEN Child
Health Research Group,
6
2. Capacity Development
Bangkok Action Plan
Recommendations
Funding agencies should give priority to
capacity development in support of
national and regional activities.
Activities initiated before Bangkok 2000
-This has been the policy of some organizations
Capacity development should form an
integral part of funding for research
projects.
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-At the global level, this should be studied in the context of the reflections
around the Global Fund for Health Research as proposed by the
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. A review of this question
will also be included in the World Health Report 2004.
-CIDA Canada has financed two projects in order to increase capacity
development at the national and sub-regional level in Latin America.
-African initiatives (AMVTN/AMANET) have been able to attract
increased funding from Netherlands (DGIS) and from the European
Commission for capacity building in malaria research.
Guidelines and practical tools are needed
in support of management and leadership
of research.
-Ad Hoc Committee report recommended this action
-COFIRED has identified this as an important need
-A Collaborative Training Program” has been embarked on jointly by the
Alliance for HPSR, COHRED, the Global Forum for Health Research,
and INCLEN, essentially to develop and disseminate learning modules for
translating research to policy to action.
-The value and concept of such tools as necessary' for capacity building
initiatives and activities will be included in the World Health Report 2004.
-INCLEN introduced its LAMP project.. This is
implemented through INCLEN’s regional networks
and Clinical Epidemiology Units
Access to databases and literature is key in
capacity development, particularly access
by researchers/institutions to outside
information. An international taskforce is
needed to explore ways to facilitate such
access.
-INCLEN Trust continues to conduct its Leadership and Management
Program to strengthen skills and competencies of health research leaders,
both current and emerging, in member countries in the South.
-This is being taken up by RPC/WHO Geneva as an input for the World
Health Report 2004.
-HINARI/WHO was started in 2001 and currently provides some 2000
electronic journals to poor countries, on a differential pricing system.
-The INCLEN Trust, through support from the Rockefeller Foundation,
has embarked on a “Knowledge Plus” project, concerned with access to
data/information on health care in developing countries and ability to
process the information for efficiency, local applicability and improved
equity.
- There is a distinct impression amongst colleagues in the developing
countries that there is a substantial increase in access to electronic journals.
(Card Ijsselmuiden, South Africa)
7
3. Governance
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
A governance structure - one that should ensure a wide
representation of actors from all levels, also including the
private sector - is needed to promote a spirit of
complementarity and partnership between various actors
and stakeholders in health research for development.
A proposed step to achieve this is the formation of a
Working Party with representation from WHO,
international initiatives, such as COHRED and the Global
Forum for Health Research, regional networks, national
and international research institutions, the private sector
and donors. It should be hosted by WHO but is
independent of existing organizations and institutions.
The mandate of the Working Party would be to address
concrete global partnership and complementarily issues
and to work out a proposal for a governance structure of
the global health research system. Stewardship functions,
initiated by the working party, could include ethical issues
such as developing norms for ethical review committees in
developing countries, the protection of intellectual
property rights of researchers in developing countries and
the development of a code of conduct for N-S health
research co-operation.
The secretariat function for the Working Party would be
organized by the sponsors of the IC2000. Its initial task
would be to convene the first Working Party meeting be
held within the next few months.
The proposed governance structure should be discussed at
the next Global Health Research Conference, which would
agree on a more permanent governance structure.
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-An Interim Working Party has been formed at Forum 5 in
2001. It is composed of the representatives of the WHO,
Global Forum for Health Research and COHRED, and
the World Bank with the secretariat lodged at the WHO.
This Group, called the IWP has begun its interactions and will
table a progress report at the Forum 6 in Arusha in
November 2002. Its mandate should also be further
discussed at Forum 6. The IWP will also provisionally plan
to convene a meeting of the full Working Party by Forum 7 in
2003
The International Working Party, based on the
recommendations of Bangkok2000 will come up with its plan
for the governance structure for global health research
system in time for presentation at the World Health
Research Summit in Mexico in 2004
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
-The International Working Party to present these
proposals at the World Health Research Summit in Mexico
in 2004.
8
4. Financing
Bangkok Action Plan
Recommendations
Urge international agencies to dedicate a
percentage of their health sector
allocations to support health research
institutions in the South.
Create endowments at international and
institutional levels through strategic fund
raising and stimulating private public
partnerships.
Develop tools for the monitoring of
resources flows into health research, use
and impact of allocations at the global
level to advocate a change.
Activities initiated before Bangkok 2000
-This was identified already in the Commission
Report
-WHO-PAHO has increased funding for research for countries in their
region and have also mobilized international funding from different sources.
-It is noticed in South Africa that there is increase in south based funding
through agencies such as NIH Fogarty and B&M Gates Foundation
-Global Fund for Health Research, as proposed by the Commission on
macroeconomics for Health
-Adhoc committee attempted first measurement of
resource flows (RF)
-Globa! Forum for Health Research initiated a
network to collect information
-COHRED undertook three country' studies and
designed modules
GENERAL—selection of health research
as the theme for World Health Report 2004
The Global 2000 burden of disease project:
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
Started in 2000
-Different organizations have been developing their
own tools for priority setting, such as the Commission
report (1990), Adhoc Committee report (1996),
Advisory Committee on Health Research (1997),
ENHR projects (COHRED), Global Forum For
Health Research and Bangkok 2000
-The Global Forum for Health Research has brought out the publication “
Monitoring Financial Flows for Health research” in October 2001.
Further updates on progress as well as pilot testing will be made available in
Forum 7 ( 2003) and also in the World Health Report 2004.
COHRED, in collaboration with the Global Forum for Health Research and
WHO has started working on detailed studies in 6 developing countries
-The selection of Health Research as the theme for WHO’s prestigious
flagship document, the World Health Report for 2004 is indeed a major
breakthrough for international advocacy for health research as an
indispensable tool for equity and development in health. The convening of
the Bangkok Conference, the ensuing Declaration and the Action Plan must
certainly number amongst the various circumstances that have led to this
momentous decision.
-Further progress in the last two years in the development and
application of the tools for determining GBD
The introduction of the Globa! Forum for Health Research combined
approach matrix for priority setting -brings together the different
methodologies introduced by different partners. Bangkok 2000
started the process of sharing experiences and attempts to synthesize
the experiences of different initiatives
-this matrix has been applied by TDR in determining its workplans
and concluded that this analysis will be done annually with scientific
working group meetings called every 5-6 years to carry out a
thorough review.
-this matrix has also been applied to the problem of indoor air
pollution (IAP)
9
B REGIONAL LEVEL
10
1. Knowledge production
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
Identify gaps in knowledge; establish regional
clearinghouses for projects, funding, best practices
and networks for data exchange.
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-Many initiatives have been working on this
e.g.PAHO and UNICEF have been working
together to establish networks for data
exchange.
-This is one of the aims of the INCLEN Trust’s “Knowledge Plus”
Project, but with a focus on priority health care interventions identified by
the regions.
-This subject was discussed at a meeting in Iran for countries of EMRO.
Follow up action still awaited.
-This will be one of the issues taken up by the African Health Research
Forum
-“AfriHealth” is funded by the Rockefeller Foundation
Develop regional organizations to promote
health research; enhance existing regional
mechanisms; promote South/North and
South/South collaboration in priority research
areas (TB, malaria, road traffic injuries,
traditional medicine).
-The African Health Research
Forum, which was already mooted in
the regional consultations prior to
Bangkok, became part of the Action
Plan
-The Asian and Pacific Forum
illustrates the seamless continuum of
activities that started before the
Bangkok conference, pursued during it
and taken forward post conference. The
very first meeting, which served as part
of the preparatory phase for the
Bangkok Conference, was held in
Manila in February 2000.
-Follow up (involving some 50 countries, and bringing in to the loop
some 15 vertical regional networks)
resulted in the formation and the first meeting of the steering
Committee at Arusha, Tanzania in December 2001. A meeting of
the steering committee was held in July 2002, leading to the
official launch of the Forum in Arusha during Forum 6 this
November 2002
- follow up meeting was held at Bali on 13-15 November 2001.
which endorsed the need for a regional forum. Indonesia serves as
the interim focal point. A steering committee has been formed,
which will take it to the next meeting of the forum, which is planned
for before the end of 2002.
-Latin and central America: Numerous regional meetings were
held in Latin and Central America in 2001 and planned for 2002 on
issues including mechanism of regional collaboration, the
functioning of national health research systems, and the setting of
health research priorities at the regional level. In October of 2002,
Cuba will host CITESA-HAVANA 2002, a national event but with
a window to organize the follow through on the initiative to create
the regional forum (through a COHRED sponsored Round table
meeting on regional cooperation)
-INCLEN Trust continues to provide support to strengthen its
regional and country networks in their research and capacity
strengthening activities, including inter-regional collaboration in
priority areas.
11
-A Lao PDR-Vietnam- Cambodia Symposium on Health
Research is planned for the end of 2002 with the idea of
strengthening the research capacities of these three neighboring
countries.
-The African Malaria Network trust (AMANET) has been
incorporated with the goal of spearheading malaria research capacity
in Africa.
-EMRO network-COHRED has supported the establishment of
an EMRO network with the region taking on its role as a full time
collaborator in the ENHR movement. This step was followed closely
in May 2001 with the holding of an informal consultation of the
region in Iran to look primarily at the concept of national health
research systems. 10 participants attended it from five countries in
the region. The consultation was viewed by EMRO/WHO as a step
towards the implementation of the Bangkok conference Action Plan.
-COHRED has been supporting some networking initiatives in
Central Asia and in the Francophone African countries.
-Apart from its support for regional Fora and networks, COHRED
has also used to advantage the strategy of‘sub-regional’
groupings, which make for effective collaboration based on
common historical, cultural, and linguistic as well as university
systems. In this manner groups have been supported in south east
Asia (Cambodia working with Thai support); the five former
Soviet countries of Central Asia; five of the countries from the
francophone grouping in West Africa.
Promote publication of regional research journals.
Foster public-private partnerships
A number of global public-private partnerships are developing
regional networks
12
2. Capacity development
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
-The African Forum looks at South/South collaboration
Study and develop existing models of regional
collaboration regarding research capacity
development.
Promote political commitment.
Map centres of excellence for regional capacity
development.
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
-This is an ongoing project for countries of
EMRO
-This was also discussed at the COHRED/ WHO EMRO informal
consultation in Iran amongst EMRO countries in May 2001
-Being given increased emphasis
3. Governance
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
Map regional capacity building networks.
-This is an ongoing project for countries of
EMRO
Develop appropriate governance.
Establish regional Health Research Forums.
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
-Process started during the regional
consultations in preparation for
Bangkok2000
-continuing
-SEARO: has recommended to its member states a national health
research system through its ACHR.
-Asian and Pacific Health Research Forum
-African Health Research Forum.
-Informal networks serving the same function are already taking root in
Central Asia, Latin America and the francophone African countries
through COHRED support
-This is the model being followed by both the Asian and the African Forum
in identifying focal points at country level
Regional structures should be based on country
needs.
4. Financing
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
Urge regional organizations to reserve a percentage
of their funds for health research.
Regional priorities should be based on country
priorities and determined by burden of disease, social
and economic determinants, gender and social
equity.
-This is precisely the prerequisite for
COHRED supported regional networks
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-EMRO has made the landmark decision to earmark 2% of all its
program budgets to research. This is hoped to be implemented in the next
biennium. The Bangkok Conference was cited as the catalytic factor in
coming to this remarkable decision.
- will also be the modus operandi for the African and Asia Pacific Regional
Health Research Forums.
13
C COUNTRY LEVEL
General Comment: COHRED has supported, since Bangkok2000 a number of countries in strengthening their health research
systems. This support was often notfocused on one component of the system and hence their inputs below may not be exactly
compartmentalised as intended.
14
1. Knowledge production
Bangkok Action Plan
Recommendations
Assessment of research quality.
Dissemination of knowledge.
Activities initiated before Bangkok 2000
-A number of countries already have mechanisms for
this. e.g. in South Africa the ENHR Committee,
Medical Research Council and various Universities
perform this function.
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-There is an ongoing project in the Sudan
-The COHRED working group on communication looks specifically into
the role of communication within the health research system and is trying to
develop methods /tools to strengthen communication at country level
-Countries now actively involved in this project are Brazil, Cuba,
Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Tanzania, South Africa, Ghana
-Brazil: CAPES, an agency under the Ministry of Education has sponsored
a virtual gateway which offers some 3000 international journal titles to
Brazilian researchers
-India: documentation centres have been developed that have started
disseminating the results of research conducted in the country
-Lao PDR: National Institute of Public Health has published the first
edition of health sciences bulletin in both English and Lao and distributed
across the national network of institutes
-Bulgaria: a new scientific journal published entitled “Health
Management”
Involvement of all stakeholders.
universities
Build capacity for information and
communication (IC) technologies.
-Contributions from “Collaborative Training Program”
-Thailand: networks of researchers from universities have been created to
collaborate on interdisciplinary health issues. Study groups have started
working on specific topics.
-Thailand: e-library
( open to the public) has been established to facilitate better assessment to
journals and HSRI reports
-India: a pilot study on Health Internet Project on Malaria and Tobacco use
is initiated in India to use the IC technologies to increase the capacity of
health personnel working in these fields
-Cuba: a noticeable increase in activity in the last 2 years with increased web
sites and books
-Philippines: Commission on Higher Education has established national
Zonal Health Research Centers in almost all regions of the countiy, which
help in resource and information sharing.
15
Conduct research synthesis.
Support national burden of disease (BoD)
studies.
Develop research policies and priorities.
Promote multidisciplinary research.
GENERAL
Private-public partnerships
-COHRED continues to support national priority
setting processes. On the average 3-4 countries arc
supported each year
-Philippines: Various groups are doing Clinical Practice guidelines
development and the Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau of
the Department of Health and the Institute of Health Policy and
Development Studies at the National Institute of Health are looking at policy
implications of various researches.
-Lao PDR has evaluated the implementation of the 2"“ five-year national
health research master plan leading on to the preparation of the 3rd
master plan (2002-2006) emphasizing diseases which are part of the
national BOD
For 2001, the countries supported were Malawi, Cameroon, Cuba, Mali
and Pakistan whilst in 2002 it is Uzbekistan. Methodologies and
publications have been developed to support these national efforts both by
COHRED and recently through the first module of the Collaborative
Training Program. Research policy development is often linked to the
priority setting process.
-India: Indian Council of Medical Research has initiated the preparation of a
National Health Research Policy, which envisages creating a national
health research system. The draft policy is already available for final
approval
-Cuba: increased projects in child health research and conducted distance
training courses to build capacity involving some 200 people.
-The Singapore Govt. (Economic Development Board) has gone into a
partnership with Novartis (Switzerland) to put up a Novartis Institute of
Tropical Diseases, dedicated to R&D into TB and dengue.
-Thailand: private insurance companies have supported some health
financing related studies.
16
2. Capacity development
Bangkok Action Plan Recommendations
GENERAL: COHRED supported Country
activities:
Activities initiated before
Bangkok 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-COHRED. initiated in 1993 continued to
provide technical and financial support to
countries for their activities in priority
setting, coordination networks and research
capacity development.
-There was increased response to COHRED approaches from countries
which it is felt was sensitized by the events of Bangkok 2000.)
Since Bangkok, COHRED has made some shift in its country support
strategy, giving more emphasis to countries with greater need and
allowing countries already showing success to continue activities with their
own resources. Countries selected for support are usually at least on threcycar programs and not funded for ‘one-off projects’. Some criteria have also
been developed for assisting in the selection of countries for support.
2001:
-Mali: health research priority setting for the development of health
systems—first national workshop leading to a list of priorities
-Ghana: a study on the role of informed decision making in formulating
health policy
-Cameroon: institution of the priority setting process. A promotion and
advocacy workshop led to working groups to work on issues related to
priority setting
-Malawi: drawing up of country level health priorities: three day
workshop has led to a provisional list of health priorities
-Pakistan: priority setting seminar to discuss role of health research and
priority setting.
-Chile: seminar to address the need for a national health research strategy
-"Collaborative Training Project" undertaken by the Alliance for
HPSR, COHRED, the Global Forum for Health Research, INCLEN
Management training programmes.
Rockefeller Foundation funded
International Awards Scheme was
conceived during the preparation for
Bangkok2000
-At Bangkok, 10 grantees were announced based on their applications.
Progress reports from the grantees have been received and a round table
will be held in conjunction with Forum 6 to discuss organizational and
logistical issues connected with the awards. A selected number from
amongst awardees will also be part of a two day round table showcasing
their work.
-Thailand: research management has been incorporated in research
proposals as well as the strategic plan of Health Systems Research Institute’s
work plan
-Lao PDR: the National Institute of Public Health regularly conducts courses
in research methodology.
Viable research careers.
Include all stakeholders.
GENERAL:
international partnerships:
-Lao PDR: has signed technical cooperation agreement with some foreign
partner institutions.
17
3. Governance
Bangkok Action Plan
Recommendations
Activities initiated before Bangkok 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
Take stock of current status of national
iealth research systems.
-COHRED has been assisting countries to strengthen
( and further develop) Health Research Systems
-The COHRED working group on National Health Research Systems
works with country teams from 8 countries (Brazil, Cuba, Thailand,
Philippines, Indonesia, Tanzania, South Africa, Ghana with Laos and
Cambodia involved as observers) to carry out system analysis and to
develop future plans. More countries will join this group in coming years.
- a WHO organized International workshop on National Health
Research Systems hosted by the Thai Health Research Forum Cha-am,
Thailand in March 2001 ( and supported by GFHR, COHRED and
Rockefeller Foundation) This conference, attended by 46 participants from
16 countries including from Africa, Asia and Latin America had the
objective (as a follow up to the Bangkok 2000’s recommendations) of
examining ‘'national health research system as a concept, and to explore
ways in which such systems could be strengthened to better address national
priorities. The workshop came up with the definition for the health research
system, a conceptual map for describing it and strategies and actions that
might strengthen health research systems.
-Analysis of the National Health Research Systems
With WHO taking the lead a number of activities has been initiated to
analyse the performance of national health research systems. A methodology
is being developed through an interregional consultative meeting held in
Kuala Lumpur in July 2002. This methodology will be used by countries
to analyze their own strengths and weaknesses and to design the next steps
in research capability building. This methodology is being finalized and
should be ready for pilot testing by November 2002 It is envisaged to scale
up the involvement to 45 countries by February 2003 and to have full
implementation by 2004. The information gained from the application of
this tool of self-assessment for countries will be a key content of the 2004
World Health Report.
-Brazil will organize a landmark “National Conference on Science and
Technology in Health in 2003. This idea was mooted at the XI th National
Health Conference held shortly after the Bangkok Conference which had a
catalytic effect in stimulating this initiative in the right direction
-Uzbekistan: The experience of COHRED in stimulating the formation of a
national ENHR network in Uzbekistan, involving some 80 national
organizations, which brought to fruition a new paradigm of an inclusive
process for consensus, certainly augurs well for the future of the
democratization of issues affecting the community. It was also 'ground
breaking’ in that the event was funded mostly with resources raised from
the private sector locally.
18
Strengthen national governance structures.
-This is also part of the development issue of
COHRED’s country plans
-The Tanzanian National Health Research Forum,
established in 1999 serves as a role model for similar
initiatives in other countries especially in Africa
-Philippines: National Health Research System Working group has been
formed and is making a TOWS (threats opportunities, weaknesses,
strengths) analysis in the various aspects of their health research system.
involving all important stakeholders.
-Countries which have been supported arc Iran, Bolivia, Colombia,
Uganda, Nepal, and Azerbaijan.
-One or two countries in Africa are looking at this model for adoption
-Bangladesh: ENHR Bangladesh with COHRED has taken an initiative to
form a National Health Research Forum, with the Organization of a
meeting in Dhaka where the key stakeholders participated including the
chair of COHRED
-Cuba organized in October 2002 its Citesa-Habana conference of science
and technology which, while showcasing Cuban advances and
opportunities in science and technology also provided networking potential
for participants from other agencies and countries. It was supported by a
number of International initiatives. The opportunity was also availed upon to
take another step forward the move to create a Latin and Central
American Health Forum.
-Thailand: governance structure for national health research system
has been passed through legislative bodies and has been provided for in
the draft National Health Act.
-South Africa: there is a proposal for a new health act, which proposes to
make the existing ENHR committee a statutory body.
Involve all stakeholders in a National
Health Research Forum.
□
This has been the guiding principle in the
setting up of the National Health Research
Fora that are supported by COHRED
- Lao PDR: A National Council of Sciences has been officially established
including proper representation for stakeholders in health research
-Philippines: The Health research for Action National Forum is being
conducted twice yearly involving various agencies presenting research with
a national impact with the NIH also presenting main research findings to a
national audience.
19
4. Financing
Bangkok Action Plan
Recommendations
Allocation of 2% of national health budget
and 5% of the health projects financed by
foreign aid.
Establish a Central Planning Unit (with
government, donors and NGO
representatives) to monitor funding for
health research to ensure it is aligned with
national priorities.
Negotiate with donors long-term funding
of health research.
Activities initiated before Bangkok 2000
Actions undertaken to date
(September 2002)
-See Resource Flows Project Phase 2, with joint efforts of WHO,
COHRED and the Global Forum. There are 7 country case studies
(Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Hungary, Cuba, Brazil, Cameroon, Burkina
Faso) being supported by COHRED with possibilities for others to join
the effort
-India: the proposed National Health Research Policy recommends that
1% of national health budget be immediately be allocated for health
research and be slowly be stepped up to 2%. 5% of all projects funds
financed by foreign agencies arc allocated for research.
-South Africa: a proposal that the ENHR Committee be given this task is
awaiting approval from the government.
20
ANNEXES
1. Bangkok Action Plan
2. Interim Working Party—Terms of Reference
3. Commission for Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for
Economic Development
4. Key Documents published since October 2000
21
ANNEX 1:
BANGKOK ACTION PLAN
Action Plan
ACTION PLAN ADOPTED BY CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS
Recognizing that:
O The 1990 recommendations for strengthening health research for development
made by the Commission on Health Research for Development have not been
fully realized;
<t the social, economic and political environment, as well as the organizational
and institutional arrangements have changed over the last decade; and
O there is an opportunity to revitalize health research for development through
concerted action;
the International Conference for Health Research for Development adopted the
following framework for a Plan of Action in the context and spirit of the Bangkok
Declaration (page 2 of the report).
Knowledge production, use and management
There was broad agreement that, in order to promote health equity, the health
research for development system needs production of knowledge, of better quality,
which is managed efficiently, and applied effectively to guide evidence-based policy
and practice.
The specific actions proposed at each level include the following:
At national level:
O Systematic assessment of the quality of research output and processes.
Wide dissemination of knowledge and its management based on the latest
innovations in Information and Communication Technology.
O Dialogue for involving all stakeholders and communities in the knowledge
cycle (production, use & management).
e Build capacity to raise ICT awareness, use of technology (e.g. search strategies),
critical appraisal skills and technical support.
O Disseminate & apply research synthesis results to improve health care practice.
O Strategies for communication of knowledge at different levels to various
stakeholders.
O Increase support for national burden of disease (NBD) studies.
O Develop national research policy and program for occupational health,
including research priorities.
O Promote multi- and inter-disciplinary health research.
Action Plan
At regional level:
O Identify gaps in knowledge.
O Establish regional clearing house/database on human and institutional
resources, projects, funds, and best practices.
O Establish networks for data exchange.
O Develop sustainable regional organizations to promote and support health
research.
O Promote and enhance existing regional mechanisms e.g. WHO Collaborating
Centers.
22
ft Promote South-North and South-South collaborations in the following priority
areas (non exhaustive): road traffic accidents, traditional medicine, malaria,
tuberculosis.
ft Promote publication of regional health research journals.
At global level:
ft Promote the role of universities in health research
ft Foster long-term public private partnerships to invest in health research
ft Facilitate and support a global research initiative that encompasses the entire
spectrum of sexual violence
G Advocate for research on child health during the World Summit on Children.
Prepare by reviewing and synthesizing research on child health in the past 10
years, identify gaps and develop child health research priorities.
Capacity Development
Capacity development and retention is crucial in ensuring production of research
of quality and excellence, efficient and effective management of research and its
use; as well as better formulation of needs and demands through the participation
of the intended beneficiaries.
The proposed action for each level include the following:
At national level:
ft Research management and leadership training plans and programmes should
be established. Funds should be designated for research capacity development
in its broadest sense.
•S3 Viable research careers should be developed where they do not exist.
& Capacity development efforts should include all stakeholders - communities,
health care providers, researchers and institutions - but should primarily focus
on institutional development.
At regional level:
ft Existing models of regional collaboration should be studied in order to develop
models of collaboration for research capacity-building specific to the region.
Action Plan
ft Supranational organizations should advocate for political commitment to
regional collaboration.
ft Centers of excellence for regional capacity-building (universities, research
institutes, etc.) should be identified and mapped.
At global level:
ft Funding agencies should give priority to capacity development in support of
national and regional activities.
ft Capacity development should form an integral part of funding for research
projects.
ft Guidelines and practical tools are needed in support of management and
leadership of research.
ft Access to databases and literature is key in capacity development, particularly
access by researchers/institutions to outside information. An international task
force is needed to explore ways to facilitate such access.
The targets identified for capacity development are involving all the players researchers, and research managers, as well as policy-makers, health care
practitioners and members and institutions of civil society.
Furthermore, through a range of strategic partnerships, a specific set of actions
must be directed at retaining research capacity in the South.
Governance
In order to have well-aligned global structures for effective health research for
23
development, we need a universal code of good practice, which can govern all
practice, not just country specific efforts. Such codes should not only cover
traditional bioethics of the research itself, but should also extend to the ethics of
partnerships and of practice. A mechanism for monitoring and reviewing should
guide all endeavours, along with some efforts in the international arena to advocate
for more research flowing to those who deserve and need it.
At country level:
ft All countries should take stock of the current state of their national health
research system.
ft Countries should move rapidly and purposefully to optimally configure, and
then to strengthen, their health research governance structures.
ft This should be undertaken with due consideration for the inclusive involvement
of all stakeholders in health research; an inter-institutional National Health
Research Forum (including representatives of civil society) could be an
appropriate mechanism.
At regional level:
ft A mapping of regional health research and capacity building initiatives is
required.
Action Plan
ft Efforts to develop an appropriate governance structure are increasingly called
for.
ft Autonomous regional Health Research Forums could be established, with a
secretariat and board as appropriate. They should work in close association
with WHO and other major development partners.
ft The strengthening of regional structures and mechanisms should originate in
countries’ needs for cooperation.
At global level:
ft A governance structure- one that should ensure a wide representation of actors
from all levels, also including the private sector - is needed to promote a spirit
of complementarity and partnership between various actors and stakeholders
in health research for development.
ft A proposed step to achieve this is the formation of a Working Party with
representation from WHO, international initiatives such as COHRED and
the Global Forum for Health Research, regional networks, national and
international research institutions, the private sector and donors. It should be
hosted by WHO but be independent of existing organizations and institutions.
ft The mandate of this Working Party would be to address concrete global
partnership and complementarity issues and to work out a proposal for a
governance structure of the global health research system. Stewardship
functions, initiated by the working party, could include ethical issues such as
developing norms for ethical review committees in developing countries, the
protection of intellectual property rights of researchers in developing countries,
and the development of a code of conduct for N-S health research cooperation.
ft The secretariat function for the Working Party would be organized by the
sponsors of the IC2000. Its initial task would be to convene the first Working
Party meeting to be held within the next few months.
ft The proposed governance structure should be discussed at the next Global
Health Research Conference, which would agree on a more permanent
governance structure.
Financing
Adequate financial support from both international donors and development agencies,
and national coffers, is needed. Proposed proportions to be allocated for health
24
research for development are 2% of national health sector budgets and 5% of all
donor health sector development budgets, as recommended by the Commission in
1990.
At national level:
O Establish a Central Planning Unit as an inclusive process (NGOs, international
donors, governments) to attract, coordinate, distribute and monitor funds
ensuring that their allocation is aligned with national priorities.
d Negotiate to change donor behaviour (national and international) towards
facilitating longer term funding investments in institutions as well as projects.
At regional level:
d Urge existing regional organizations, including organizations not focused on
health, such as OPEC, to allot a percentage of their budgets to create a fund
for health research.
Allocation of funds should be based on regional priorities drawn from country
priorities and determined by burden of disease, social and economical
determinants, gender balance and social equity.
d Establish an electronic database for knowledge management to identify resource
needs, track results and impact, and to leverage resources.
At global level:
d Explore the possibility to generate funds for health research through investing
a percentage of international debt interest payments, or introducing a tax
(1USD) on international travel.
O Urge international agencies to dedicate a percentage of their health sector
allocations to support health research institutions in the South.
& Create endowments at international and institutional levels through strategic
fund raising and stimulating private-public partnerships.
d Develop tools for the monitoring, use and impact of allocations at the global
level to advocate for a change.
To build the coalition for health research for development and to
facilitate progress with action, the conference proposed the following
priority actions:
At the national level:
6 The creation of mechanisms for inclusive involvement of all stakeholders in
health research, such as national forums for health research
At the regional level:
O The creation of regional health research forums to serve as platforms for
cooperation and collective research for development;
At global level:
O The creation of a working party hosted by WFIO, and managed under the
auspices of the International Organizing Committee for the Conference
(comprising the World Bank, COHRED, WHO and the Global Forum).
The remit of this working party would be to review options for global governance
and institutional arrangements through a management structure which will:
- Reflect the spirit of the Conference;
- Be representative of all global constituencies;
- Be independent; and
- Report to a global assembly.
t> Regular convening of an international conference on health research for
development (“more often than once a decade”)
A specific proposal was that:
- A meeting be held every two to three years;
25
- Process and content of research be integrated;
- There be wide representation; and
- Other opportunities for complementary meetings be considered, such as
through both face-to-face and other forms of communication.
This could provide an opportunity for assessing progress.
O Creation of a communication and feedback mechanism for the post-conference
period. This will include a dedicated site on the Conference website for
comments on, and contributions to, the Action Plan.
26
ANNEX 2
INTERIM Working Party was formed at Forum 5
At a meeting held during Forum 5 at Geneva in October 2001, it was decided that
an interim working party (IWP) should be created from the existing nucleus of
interested institutions. Proposals for the activities of the IWP included the
following:
o Examine governance issued in the field of health research
o Serve as a platform for ensuring communication networking and
feedback
o Suggest follow up actions in response to the recommendations made in
the pre-Bangkok meetings and in the Bangkok action plan.
o Respond to current challenges, e.g. follow up on the recommendations of
the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
o Begin the planning process for the World Health Research Summit
planned for 2004 in Mexico
27
ANNEX 3
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic
Development.
The Commission was established by the Director General of the WHO in January 2000 and
was able to present her with their report in December 2001. The work of the commission has
also to be viewed in conjunction with the Millennium Development Goals enunciated at the
Millennium Summit of the United Nations in September 2000. The report in devoting a
section to health research stated that a sound global strategy for health should also invest in
new knowledge. One critical area of knowledge investment is operational research regarding
treatment protocols in low-income countries. In general, country specific projects should
allocate at least 5% of all resources to project related operational research in order to
examine efficacy, the optimization of treatment protocols, the economics of alternative
interventions and delivery modes and population /patient preferences.
There is also an urgent need for investments in new and improved technologies to fight the
killer diseases. The commission therefore calls for a significant scaling up of financing for
global R&D on the heavy disease burdens of the poor. Basic and applied research in the
biomedical and health sciences in the low-income countries needs to be augmented in
conjunction with increased funding aimed at specific diseases.
To help channel the increased R&D outlays, the commission endorsed the establishment of a
new Global Health Research Fund (GHRF) with disbursements of around 1.5 billion USD
per year. The fund would support basic and applied biomedical and health sciences research
on the health problems affecting the world’s poor and on the health systems and policies
needed to address them. Another 1.5 billion USD per year of R&D support should be funded
through existing channels. The Global Forum for Health Research could play an important
role in the effective allocation of this overall assistance. To support this increased research
and development, the commission advocated the free Internet based dissemination of leading
scientific journals thereby increasing the access of scientists in low-income countries to a
vital scientific research tool.
In summary the Commission calls for increasing R&D in six major ways:
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.5 billion USD in annual funding through a new Global Health Research Fund for
basic biomedical and health research
1.5 billion USD additional funding for existing institutions such as TDR, IVR, HRP
and a number of private/public partnerships for various diseases
Increased outlays for operational levels at the countries level, equal to at least 5% of
country program funding
Expanded availability of free scientific information in the internet
Modification of the orphan drug legislation in the high countries to include the
diseases of the poor and
Precommittment to purchase targeted technologies such as vaccines for FIIV/AIDS
28
ANNEX 4
KEY DOCUMENTS
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Conference Report, International Conference for Health Research for Development,
Bangkok, 10-13 October 2000
Measuring expenditure on Health -related R&D, OECD 2001
10/90 Report, Global Forum for Health research, 2002
Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research, Global Forum for HealthResearch 2001
Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development, WHO
2001
Millenium Development Goals from the Millenium Declaration, United Nations, 2001
Challenging Inequities in Health, from Ethics to Action, the Rockefeller Foundation and
the Swedish International Development Agency, 2001.
SEARO: Strategy Development of Health Research Systems
The Utilisation of Health Research in Policy Making: Concepts, Examples, and
Methods of Assessment, HERG Research Report Series No 28
29
Corvi H 6-S-.
Policy Health Research in Egypt:
Lessons and Recommendations
By
Hoda Rashad’
Introduction:
The Arab Human Development Report of 2002 (UNDP, 2002) identified three
basic internal challenges that undermine human development:
deficit, gender inequality and knowledge gap.
freedom
In terms of the knowledge
challenge, the introduction to the report states that Arab countries need to
embark on rebuilding their societies on the basis of: “The consolidation of
knowledge acquisition and its effective utilization. As a key driver of progress,
knowledge must be brought to bear efficiently and productively in all aspects
of society, with the goal of enhancing human well being across the region." (p.
VII).
The discussion in this paper is very attentive to this challenge. It focuses on
one field within the knowledge challenge and on the experience of one Arab
country. It addresses "Policy Health Research in Egypt". The question being
asked is: Has social science research in the field of health in Egypt been
utilized to shape and guide policies? The objective is to build on one country
experience - which we believe is not atypical of experiences in other
developing countries - to draw more general lessons and recommendations.
The intention is not to be comprehensive and inclusive of all research efforts
that might have individually contributed to policy, but to adopt a more macro
approach which seeks to chart the overall directions of research, the
utilization of findings, as well as key forces influencing both the choice of
research agenda and its contribution to development.
‘ Research Professor and Director, Social Research Center, American University in Cairo.
Email: hrashad@auceqypt.edu.
The discussion of policy health research in Egypt needs to be situated within
two introductory remarks. The first argues for the false dichotomy between
basic research and policy research. The second discusses the opportunities
for integrating research and policy.
a) Dichotomy between Basic Research and Policy Research
The dichotomy centers around the definition quoted in Miro and Potter (1980)
that “basic research aims chiefly to uncover truth, policy research seeks to aid
in the solution of fundamental problems and in advancement of major
programs” (Etzioni, 1971; 8).
This definition should not carry a value judgment on the relative relevance of
each type of research. The discussion warns against confusing purpose with
merit. Such a confusion runs the risk of over emphasizing narrow boundaries
of policy research and producing ill advice to policy makers.
Policy research that is narrowly defined produces answers to already
formulated questions but does not challenge the existing paradigms within
Narrow policy research follows the
which such questions were framed.
question not the issue of concern.
Furthermore researchers need to undertake basic research to discover the
truth before they are capable of guiding policies. Basic research should be
seen as a step in a longer process of developing expertise and depth, not as
a waste of energy and resources.
Among the two contrasting positions discussed in Miro and Potter (1980), this
section argues strongly for the second. The positions are: “In stark contrast
to those who advocate and defend policy research as a distinct and special
activity are those who argue that what is needed for good policy is, simply,
“good science." In this view, bad science carries a large portion of the blame
for bad policy and, what many be equally injurious, over zealous superficial
2
policy analysis produces a lack of trust among decision-makers, greatly
reducing the potential relevance of any research, good or bad", p. 422
b) Integrating Research and Policy
The call for appreciating the importance of basic research is fully aware for
the need to better integrate research and action. The multitude of entry points
of policy research contrasts with the weak integration between research and
policy in developing countries.
The following diagram details the policy and implementation cycle and
illustrates the number of entry points for research in the policy and
implementation cycle, namely:
1. The choice of the problem (A)
Descriptive research on the magnitude and consequences of certain
issues contributes both to advocacy and the prioritarization of the
challenge.
2. The conceptualization and specification of the nature of the problem
(B)
Analytical research is quite valuable into identifying the underlying
determinants and how they influence the issue of concern.
Such
research refines the theoretical conceptual framework and contributes
to a better understanding of the interactive forces governing the issue
of interest. Such an understanding guides the formulation of policies
and the interventions adopted.
3. The appraisal of alternative approaches or programs for dealing with
the problem (D)
This usually comes in the form of operation research or pilot
interventions.
4. Monitoring the implementation and its side effects. (G)
Monitoring and evaluation research are used to modify the course of
action and even the choice of the problem.
3
Policy & Implementation Cycle
A
Identifying Problem
G
Identifying Side Effects
Problem Definition &
Specification
Implementation
Identifying
Alternatives
•Funds
•Rules
•Staffing
•Organization
Selecting
E Alternatives
Testing
Alternatives
A- Policy Makers, Practitioners, and Researchers.
B- Researchers & Practitioners.
C- Planners (Social Engineering).
D- Researchers & Practitioners.
E- Policy Makers.
F- Administrative Design & Practitioners.
G- Practitioners & Researchers.
Source: copied from an oral presentation made by Dr. Saad Nagi (1997).
4
It should be observed, though, that while both researchers and policy makers
can do a better job at integrating research and action, it is nevertheless
equally true that the policy making process does not always lend itself to an
objective scientific rationalization. Powerful pressure groups as well as lack of
societal accountability are key constraints on such integration.
The following section reviews the evolution of policy health research and its
contribution to policy in the Egyptian context. The review will illustrate the
danger of over emphasizing narrow boundaries for policy research. It will also
recognize the relatively recent positive changes in health policy research, as
well as identify key features for sound policy research.
Evolution of Policy Research
The following section suggests three distinctive stages of integrating research
and policy in Egypt. These stages may be described as:
I.
II.
III.
From Policy to Research
From Research to Knowledge
From Knowledge to Policy
I. From Policy to Research
a) Family Planning and more Family Planning
During late seventies and early eighties, population growth in Egypt
was identified as the central development challenge. Policy research
during this period confined itself to investigating fertility and family
planning related issues. The term population research has come to be
equated with fertility and family planning research, excluding all other
social and health issues. Policy research during the period was not
only narrowly defined in term of boundaries, but also in term of
disciplines contributing to it.
Demography blossomed as a policy
science, while health policy research was barely visible.
5
The limited role of health policy research cannot be justified by the
substantive focus of the agenda. Indeed fertility and family planning
are topics that easily lend themselves to a wide array of health related
questions.
For example:
Contraceptives’ side effects, quality and
models of service delivery, maternal and child health.
So what
explains the limited role of health policy research?
The narrowness and exclusiveness of policy research are simply
explained by the nature of funders, the influence of policy makers and
the absence of a supportive research environment.
In a country where research does not receive adequate national
funding and where universities do not define and adopt coherent
research programs, it was natural that researchers found an
opportunity in the abundance of funding and the listening ears of policy
makers.
The two key ingredients of funding and an interested audience
produced a number of positive results. First and foremost research
was used to advocate for policies. It demonstrated the consequences
of continued high population growth and argued for the need to adopt
population policies.
Furthermore, it provided the family planning
establishment the needed information for decision-making.
The
knowledge - Attitude - Practice (KAP) surveys were in particular an
instrumental tool in filling a major knowledge gap in this area. Most
importantly, policy research allowed monitoring and evaluation of
effectiveness and impact of family planning programs.
Egypt was
among the many developing countries that took part in the World
Fertility Survey. Indeed, fertility surveys furnished the needed data to
address key policy questions and were used extensively for that
purpose.
6
b) Family Planning and Child Survival
The abundance of demographic and social data and the research
movement that accompanied it introduced major methodological
refinements in the collection and analysis of data. It also improved the
existing information on mortality levels, differentials and determinants.
The experience of fertility surveys had demonstrated the crucial role of
these surveys in filling the information gap, and also introduced the
high mortality as an additional development challenge.
The adoption of child survival initiatives (particularly immunization and
oral rehydration therapy) introduced a window of policy research on
health issues. Fertility surveys soon expanded to demographic and
health surveys. These new family of surveys continued to retain the
traditional focus on family planning but allowed add on modules on
breast feeding patterns, immunization as well as management of
diarrhea and acute respiratory infection. Some of these surveys also
included anthropometries and disability modules.
c) Policy Research or Research Politics
The two main contributions of policy research - during the early
seventies and eighties - were to provide the needed information on
how things are and how they are going. Providing information on the
level and trends of fertility were instrumental in guiding policy makers
on how effective are their policies and whether more policies were
required. Furthermore, the improved data base on mortality levels and
differentials advocated the need for action and guided the child survival
interventions.
Despite the many positive contributions of research, one need to
emphasize that research during the period, only managed to provide
information to serve policy makers not the knowledge to guide them.
Research was introduced after the problem was identified, predefined
and alternatives decided. The first three entry points (A, B, C) in the
7
research and policy cycle were given a priori. The high population
growth was the challenge and family planning the only alternative.
Research was needed to demonstrate the challenge and to implement
the solution.
Donor funding, that is so valuable for research in developing countries,
not only defined the paradigm of action but also narrowly defined what
is worth researching and what are the relevant questions. The macro
level demographic rationale shaped the agenda and the questions
followed naturally. Indeed Warwick (1994) in discussing the politics of
research on fertility control quotes two leading critics (Paul Demeney
and Julian Simon) of the influence of policy on research:
“[S]ocial science research directed to the developing countries in
the field of population has now become almost exclusively
harnessed to serve the narrowly conceived short-term interests
of programs that embody the existing orthodoxy in international
population policy....Invoking the supposed urgency of the
problems it is trying to solve, the population industry professes
no interest in social science research that may bear fruit, if at all,
the relatively remote future. Equally, it disdains work that may
be critical of existing programs, or research that seeks to
explore alternatives to received policy approaches. It seeks,
and with the power of purse enforces, predictability, control, and
subservience. (1988:470-471)
Julian Simon is harsher, labeling as “corruption... the nexus of
connections among research funding, individuals’ perquisites, individual
and institutional decisions about research topics to pursue, choices of
people to hire and invite, emphasis placed upon various findings in the
research, and sometimes the research conclusions themselves (1990:
39-40)”. (quoted in Warwick (1994: p. 180).
II. From Research to Knowledge
The family planning and child survival research movement produced two
unintended effects:
abundance of rich sets of data as well as analytical
8
expertise in handling such data. The opportunity now existed for broadening
the research agenda.
Self-selection and opportunities in field of intellectual inquiry are not the only
stimulus for research, funding and a supportive environment are badly
needed. These pre-requisites were made possible through the introduction of
an innovative regional research awards programs administered by the
Population Council and funded by Ford Foundation, IDRC and others.
MEAwards program was introduced during eighties and provided a breathing
space for researchers pursuing substantive issues beyond the immediate
concerns of policy makers. It provided funding to researchers through an
open competition that emphasized quality of proposals and competence of
researchers.
It also allowed networking among bright young researchers
searching for a paradigm shift. Within this program, the regional working
group on “Child Survival, Reproductive Health and Family Resources” was
established in late eighties.
The concern with reproductive health was
introduced and conceptualized by national researchers, the first community
study was conducted, and ammunition existed for reorienting health policies in
Egypt (Khattab, 1999).
Indeed, regional scholars were no longer passive
recipients of policies decided internationally but were contributing players in
defining priorities. A paradigm shift was slowly evolving and the International
Conference of Population and Development (ICPD, 1994) simply added the
international endorsement to a nationally conceived priority.
III. From Knowledge to Policy
The paradigm shift of the mid nineties was not just an expansion of a
substantive focus but more importantly an approach. An approach with open
borders that allowed an individual lens in defining the research agenda. The
population growth challenge was redefined as achieving reproductive
intentions, and the population concerns encompassed a wide array of issues
ranging from reproductive morbidities to empowerment of women.
9
The open borders and the individual lens, called for other expertise and other
tools of analysis. Demographers and economists that dominated the field with
their studies on the links between growth and macro development turned to
other health and social disciplines to share their expertise in measuring ill
health and understanding the parameters of individual actions. Furthermore,
qualitative and microanalaytic studies of communities and individuals became
as indispensable as large surveys in providing the information base. More
importantly, the sharp divide between researchers, civil society and policy
makers is being blurred. The following examples illustrate how the research
field and players have been so dramatically changed.
a) Maternal Mortality: Research Guiding Action
The Ministry of Health in Egypt pioneered two national maternal mortality
studies. It drew on international research expertise and foreign funding to
conduct a maternal mortality survey during 1992/93. The survey not only
documented high level of maternal mortality (184 per thousand) but also
specifically identified preventable causes that are within the responsibility of
the health sector. A number of interventions were adopted and a recent
survey (2000) showed both a considerable decline in maternal mortality in
Egypt as well as the need for more action.
Two key features of this example are the full participation of MOH in the
research and the quality of research being conducted.
The first feature
facilitated the ownership of the research and the acceptance of responsibility,
while the second ensured the relevance of findings.
b) Health System: Research Advocating Action
The Ministry of Health in Egypt hosted the Data for Decision Making (DDM)
project. Another foreign funded activity (USAID) with expertise from Harvard
University, aimed at providing better evidence on health and health systems.
A particular contribution of this activity is the information it provided on
national health accounts and out of pocket health expenditures.
10
The information contributed to building constituency for reorienting health
policies and the call for more fair reallocation of resources. Indeed the Health
Sector reform movement, in Egypt, has used this data as ammunition for
action.
c) Consequences of Health Sector Reform: Research Modifying Action
The civil society and research centers in Egypt are playing a major role in
protecting the vulnerable.
They document the disparities between social
groups, the impact of privatization and structural adjustments on the poor and
the clustering of social and health problems.
On the health front, they advocate for the importance of the inclusion of
essential health services (including reproductive health) in primary health
care, and the need for gender and social sensitive safeguards within health
sector reforms.
A joint activity between a civil society organization (Egyptian Society for
Population Studies and Reproductive Health) and a research center (Social
Research Center of The American University in Cairo) is being conducted
(with funding form Population council and Ford Foundation) to monitor and
evaluate impact of different models of reforms on women health. The MOH is
collaborating in this activity.
d) Situation Analysis: Informing Strategies for Action
Another area of research that is proving very valuable for policy is the number
of analytical reports being commissioned to assess the nature of challenges
and inform policies.
These reports provide the basis for adopting
comprehensive country strategies and for targeting donor funding.
These reports have a number of key features that allow them to be quite
influential.
First, they are sponsored by a prestigious international body
(World Bank, UNICEF, Population Council, UNDP, ...); they are endorsed
11
and spearheaded by an influential national body (National Council for Women,
National Council for Childhood and Motherhood, consortium of research
centers, ...) and they involve a participatory process where a large group of
researchers and action groups form the core group of authors.
An example of these reports is “Situation Analysis of Children in Egypt" which
is the base for programmatic action between UNICEF and Egypt. The report
as stated by National Council of Childhood and Motherhood (NCCM)
Secretary General:
”A candid assessment of the situation of Egyptian
children and women, an assessment not driven by illustrating the
achievements, but rather motivated by highlighting the outstanding challenges
and the ways to overcome them in the new decade” other examples include.
“A country Gender Assessment” and “Transitions to Adulthood: A National
Survey of Egyptian Adolescence”.
e)
Partnership in Development: Building Bridges
The Egyptian program entitled “Partnership in Development Research” was
established in 1999 as part of an international program funded by the
Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The objective of the program is tcF
inform development policies and strategies through linkages between those
who conduct research and those who utilize its findings. It aims to enhance
research capacity, to improve research quality, and to ensure that the findings
are utilized. To this end, the program promotes a research agenda that isresponsive to the needs and priorities of the local communities, particularly
those in Upper Egypt, and to the needs of marginalized sectors of the
population.
The Egyptian program is characterized by its multidisciplinary nature, its
demand driven research responding directly to guestions of relevance to local
communities, and its geographical orientation towards relatively
disadvantaged areas of Egypt.
The program has been conceptualized and is supervised and coordinated by
an independent body of distinguished Egyptian experts and researchers. This
group constitutes the Advisory Board, and from which the Steering Committee
is elected The Social Research Center of the American University in Cairo
Undertook the responsibility for implementing the program.
12
Partnership in Development Research
13
The program is starting to bear fruit. For example a recent study on “Street
Children” resulted in the creation of a network of a number of NGO’s
concerned with Street Children. The purpose of the network is to combine
efforts to find solutions to minimize this phenomenon.
This network of
organization will work directly (for the first time) with the government
departments of the concerned ministries, i.e. Ministry of Interior (Delinquency
Department), Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Health and the National
Center for Sociology and Criminology. Together they will all organize their
efforts to have an integrated plan for dealing with street children.
The network is also expected to expand thus creating a spiral group of NGO’s
interested in this area.
Pre-requisites for Policy Research
The examples of positive contributions cited in the previous section guide
towards a discussion for pre-requisites for policy research.
Good science with research and policy partnerships are ingredients for sound
policies.
These ingredients ensure a two way directions, whereby policy
makers appreciate the role of knowledge and call on researchers to serve
their needs, while researchers realize their potentials and utilize their skills to
both answer already for mulated questions and also pose new ones.
Good science and partnerships need funding, supportive environment and an
open society. Funding is crucial. It has the power to introduce programs and i
influence the content of research.
Funding must play a^ conscious role in
building bridges, institutional capacity and ensuring openness and
—------------------------ —-------------------------------- —
_________________
_—'■
transparency.
Supportive environment is a nurturing and a capacity building environment. It
provides the breathing space for paradigm shifts and the academic freedom to
accept differences.
14
An open society allows the policy watch role of civil society and academia to
flourish. It pushes to the forefront of attention the need for action, the price of
inaction and the side effects of reform actions. Most importantly, an open
society is an accountable society where policy makers answer to the public
not to individuals or power groups.
15
References
Carmen A. Miro, Joseph E. Potter. Social science and development policy:
The Potential impact of population research, Population and Development
Review, Vol. 6, No. 3. (Sep., 1980), pp. 421-440
Demeny, Paul. Social science and population policy. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, Sep 1988. 451-79, 535, 537 pp. New
York, New York.
Etzioni, A. Policy research. The American Sociologists. 1971.
Khattab, H., Younis, N., Zurayk, H. Women reproduction, and health in rural
Egypt. The Giza Study, The American University in Cairo Press, 1999.
Margolis, Sara P. Population policy, research and the Cairo Plan of Action:
new directions for the Sahel? International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.
23, No. 2, Jun 1997. 86-9 pp. New York, New York.
Simon, Julian L. The population establishment, corruption, and reform. In:
Population policy: contemporary issues, edited by Godfrey Roberts. 1990. 3958 pp. Praeger: New York, New York/London, England.
UNDP Human Development Report 2002. Development Programme (UNDP)
New York Oxford 2002
Warwick, Donald P. The politics of research on fertility control. Population and
Development Review, Vol. 20, Suppl., 1994. 179-93 pp. New York, New
York..
16
Con'i H 6S-1
What are the appropriate criteria for setting priorities in health? A pilot
study of some stakeholders in Uganda
Lydia Kapiriri*.
Research Fellow, MD, M Med. Public Health,
Centre for International Health and
Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care
University' of Bergen
Ulriksdal 8c, N- 5009
Bergen
Norway
Tel: 47 55 58 65 03
Fax: 47 55 58 61 30
E-mail:Lydia.Kapiriri@student.uib.no
2. Ole Frithjof Norheim
Associate Professor, MD, PhD.
Centre for International Health and
Department of public health and primary health care
University of Bergen
Ulriksdal 8c, N- 5009
Bergen
Norway
* Corresponding author
Prepared for the Global Health Forum for Health Research
12th-15th November, 2002.
Arusha, Tanzania
1
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To explore some stakeholders’ values and criteria for priority setting
in the health care sector in Uganda.
Methods: Ten group discussions (n=61) and survey (n= 413) in four districts in
Uganda. Participants included health workers, planners, patients and the
general population from four districts. Template analysis was done for the
discussions. The survey data was analysed using SPSS.
Findings: Most of the respondents (>90%) supported the consideration of
disease related criteria but there was marked lack of support for considering
patient related criteria. The least supported criteria (< 50%) were political view,
patient's power and influence, and religion. Criteria supported by most
respondents included age, treatment costs, cost-effectiveness of intervention,
severity of condition and equity of access. There was marked overlap between
the criteria proposed by the group discussants and the survey.
Conclusions: Respondents supported the consideration of all the disease
related and some societal criteria, thus qualifying them to be the necessary
criteria in priority setting. Most of the patient related criteria are contentious,
requiring debate. Religion, power and influence and political view are
unacceptable criteria. These results contribute to informing debate on people’s
values for priority setting in setting with extreme resource scarcity. There is need
for more such studies to inform priority setting processes.
2
Introduction
Because no health system can afford to pay every service it wishes to provide,
priority setting is one of today’s most important health policy issue. More so since
the gap between health care and the supply of resources allocated to finance it
necessitates painful decisions whose consequences are bound to be unfortunate
for someone or other (3,4). The absence of simple or technical solutions to
priority setting makes it crucial for countries to develop an appropriate
information set for priority setting in health (1,2). Priority setting requires
transparent approaches, with more explicit debates about principles and criteria
used in health care resource allocation decisions (5,6).
The literature on resource allocation in health uses priority setting and rationing
inter- changeably (7). However, priority setting can be defined as distribution
decisions involving clear and direct limitations of access to beneficial care or just
simply, a process of determining how health care resources should be allocated
among competing programmes or people (8,9,10). Williams, (11) also defines
priority setting as who gets what and at whose expense. The what can either be
donor organs, health worker time, laboratory procedures or most commonly,
money (2, 12, 13). Priority setting represents a complex interaction of multiple
actors and occurs at various levels (5).
Although there is a growing interest in research on priority setting, there still
remains the question of the best way of doing it. Different approaches have been
3
proposed, ranging from guidelines, checklists, and minimum packages to explicit
criteria (4,14). For the developing countries, the Burden of Disease (BOD) and
cost- effectiveness approach has been recommended (15). In addition to
epidemiological data, BOD incorporates societal preferences on the value of
future health and the value of a healthy life lived at different ages, and disability
weights (16). While its robustness is appreciated, some have pointed out that the
approach may not account for some important societal concerns and that some
of the values used may not be acceptable to all (17,18).
Many argue that societal concerns of equity, and distribution of benefit, among
others, need to be included in priority setting in health (11, 19, 20). Singer, (21)
has proposed that legitimacy and fairness should be considered in priority
setting. To add legitimacy to their decision-making, Van der Grinten (22) and
Nord (23) emphasise the need for measuring people's ethical preferences.
Several studies exploring societal values of relevance to priority setting in health
have been carried out (11,12,19,24).
The literature on priority setting discusses several criteria and values. The list is
long: In a study done by Nord in Norway, such as equality of entitlement,
seriousness of illness, cost-effectiveness, and benefit of the intervention outcome
were though to be important (23). In Sweden, the health of children and parents
4
of young children was given priority, indicating a consideration of age and
responsibilities (11,26). Furthermore lifestyle and a concern of equity were also
considered important (12). Potential effects of treatment on the patients’ life
expectancy, human dignity, solidarity and efficiency are additional proposed
considerations (11,13,21). Ubel found that urgency, level of family support,
capability, religion, citizenship, race, family size and criminal history were
considerations proposed by some respondents (19). Costs, equity, survival
capacity, number of people benefiting from an inten/ention, are additional criteria
(8,19,27). Furthermore, Griffiths defines some unjustifiable values such as social
position, financial status, area of residence, and those that do not justify
discrimination, namely, age, employment, lifestyle and learning disability (28).
To the best of our knowledge, most of these studies have been carried out in
developed countries. Such countries often use approaches and address
problems that may be far removed from the realities in low-income countries (25).
Low-income countries are not only faced with extreme lack of resources but may
have varying cultural values and other local realities, which may influence their
choice of criteria for priority setting.
Study objective
The objective of the study was to establish the stakeholders' values and criteria
for setting priorities in the health sector, in Uganda.
5
Methods and materials
The study consisted of group discussions and a survey.
The group discussions
The aim of the group discussions was to identify criteria and considerations
without giving the discussants any cues or options.
We carried out ten group discussions (n=61). The group discussions involved
health workers, administrators, patients and some members from the general
public. Each group had 4-8 adults (Table 1). These were asked what they felt
should be considered when setting priorities in health. No cues were given. After
a brainstorming session, they ranked the values in order of relative importance.
All discussions were audio-recorded.
The audio-recorded discussions were transcribed and translated. The emerging
themes with regards to what the discussants thought ought to be considered
when setting priorities in health were identified and grouped according to the
theoretical framework. Since we didn’t find any differences between the groups
on analysis of results from the different districts, the groups were merged (to
reflect their characteristics rather than district of origin). Hence we had: the
chronically ill patients’ group (HIV and hypertension), the Administrators’ group,
the outpatients’ group, the general population’s group and the health workers’
group which we used in further analysis, to explain the survey data.
6
The survey
For purposes of the survey some of the key criteria and values identified from the
literature were organised to reflect patient-, disease- and societal related criteria.
i)
Patient related attributes - age, area of residence, social status, gender,
religion, power or influence, mental features, responsibilities, physical
capabilities and lifestyle responsible for cause of condition.
ii)
Disease related attributes - treatment costs, benefit of intervention, cost
effectiveness of intervention, severity of condition and quality of available
data on cost- effectiveness of intervention.
iii)
Societal related attributes - Equity of access, community view, and
political view.
These were presented to the respondents, in this study, as options in response
to the statement:
In my opinion, the following should be considered when setting priorities for
health in Uganda.
Responses indicated the degree of their agreement with the statement on a six-
point scale: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree and don’t
know.
7
The developed questionnaire was self-administered and respondents were from
the ministry of health, the teaching hospital and four purposefully selected
districts, for regional representation (Table 2). Respondents included a sample of
purposefully identified health planners and workers, at the national and district
levels, and representatives from the general population. A similar pattern was
followed at the district level. Details of the respondents are summarised in Table
2. Respondents were reminded three times, after which, none response was
registered.
Survey data were analysed using SPSS- version 6.0.
Using three cut-offs:
-
>80% of the respondents agreeing = the necessary criteria
(recommended by most literature)
-
50-80% agreeing = the contentious criteria (has substantial
discussions)
-
< 50% agreeing = the unacceptable criteria (un-defendable) for priority
setting, we derived a Uganda priority setting criteria matrix.
Furthermore, the independent variables and the responses were dichotomised
for Chi-square tests. The six point range of possible responses were re-coded
as: strongly agree and agree = agree and the rest (neutral, disagree, strongly
disagree and don’t know) = disagree.
8
Results
Both the discussants and survey respondents agreed that all disease related
attributes are important in priority setting, while patient related attributes were
rated less important.
Group discussion findings
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the group discussants.
(Table 1)
Most of the discussants mentioned severity of the disease, cost of care, and
number of people affected as important for priority setting in Uganda. Other
frequently mentioned values included availability of effective treatment, condition
affecting children or the vulnerable (Table 2). These were also ranked high. The
health workers’, administrators’ and the HIV groups were the only groups that
mentioned benefit of the intervention, political view and conditions that are
difficult to manage, respectively.
Additional values included, if condition affects development, consequences of the
problem like the social consequences and if it is prone to becoming an epidemic,
and ease of intervention. Most of the values mentioned were disease related.
(Table 2)
9
On ranking the values in order of perceived importance, all the groups except the
administrators’ group ranked severity of the disease highest (Table 3). Equity,
although mentioned by most of the groups, was ranked relatively low. The rank
order varied between groups. While cost of care was ranked high for the
chronically ill group, health workers and administrators, it was ranked the lowest
by the general population group and not mentioned at all by the outpatients'
group. Furthermore, the administrators ranked severity lower and availability of
effective treatment high relative to the other groups.
(Table 3)
Survey findings
The response rate was 67.7% (n=413). The majority of the survey respondents
were health workers, working mainly at health sub-district level. Non-health
workers accounted for 28% of the study population (Table 4). The mean age of
the respondents was 30.4 years. Most of them (86.9%) considered priority setting
in health as part of their regular work.
(Table 4)
In response to the question about considerations for priority setting, the majority
of the respondents strongly agreed with all the disease related criteria. There
was also a general agreement with the societal attributes apart from political view
io
(Table 5). However, there were wide variations in the responses for the patient
related attributes, with the percentage of respondents agreeing ranging from 91%
(for age) to 28% (for religion and power and influence).
(Table 5)
Using the matrix for analysis, all the disease related attributes are under the
necessary criteria while most of the patient related attributes are under the
contentious criteria. The unacceptable criteria in the study (<50% agree) included
religion, power and influence, and political view.
(Table 6)
We cross-tabulated the responses with the respondents’ age, designation and
whether or not they considered priority setting as part of their duties. We found
statistical differences between the respondents characteristics and the proportion
agreeing to the consideration of gender, social status, quality of available
information, benefit of intervention, community and political view. Most of these
were dependent on whether or not the respondent considered priority setting as
part of their work. We present only statistically significant findings (p-value <
0.05).
(Table 7)
11
Discussion
Most of the values supported by the respondents are consistent with those found
in the literature (16,29). Survey respondents agreed to the consideration of all the
disease related attributes but refuted several of the patient related attributes. The
group discussants, although not given cues, mentioned many of the attributes
used in the survey and those considered in the Burden of disease and cost
effectiveness literature (16). However, they also had additional values that we
had not included in the survey. This enriched our findings. However, the
approach has its limitations.
Our sample has an over representation of health workers. Although these may
be considered legitimate representatives of the public’s interests, we are limited
in knowing what a representative sample of the general population would have
preferred. Being self- administered, the survey results are limited by several
weaknesses (30). The respondents needed to have the ability to read and write.
This, if used alone, would have biased the results to the literate population.
However, the group discussions, which also involved those people who are
unable to read and write supplement the survey. The approach used in the
discussions, although un-standardized, helped us get values that we may have
otherwise identified had we used only the pre-enlisted values.
12
Most of the discussants mentioned the disease-related attributes, for example
severity of disease, was mentioned by all the ten groups, this was contrary to the
patient related attributes. Conversely, religion and area of residence were not
mentioned at all. Possibly the discussants do not consider them to be important,
although we cannot rule out their failure to associate those attributes with priority
setting in health.
Some groups mentioned values, which were not mentioned by the other groups.
This may be a reflection of people’s personal experiences. It is thought that
people are inclined to think only of themselves when they think about health
policy (2). This may have introduced some bias but may also underline the need
for involving as many interest groups as possible in priority setting, to enable
open discussions.
The rank order of the values was somewhat similar across the groups except for
the administrators’ and the health workers’ groups. Health planners and
administrators ranked cost of care and effectiveness of treatment higher than
severity of condition, contrary to the other groups. This may imply that health
planners and administrators do not subscribe to Hadorn’s
rule of rescue,
where preference is given to the very sick. Conversely, they may have
responded according to their experience with the hard choices that need to be
made when setting priorities (4,11,32) and may also demonstrate the differences
in concerns at the different levels of priority setting (33).
13
The Survey respondents’ supporting the consideration of all the disease-related
attributes, and their lack of support for most of the patient and some societal
related attributes, is consistent with the literature. However, the overt lack of
support for the consideration of political view was surprising since, elsewhere,
political view is considered to be important (29). In case respondents interpreted
this to mean the patient’s political preference, their response is reasonable,
although given that the administrators’ group felt it was important, may be a
reflection of differences in values at the different levels of priority setting.
Social status, geographical residence and in some instances gender, are
important determinants of people's health (34), these were, surprisingly, not
considered very important by the survey respondents. While gender, residence
and social status may not be important in more equitable societies, in societies,
such as Uganda, where these influence the burden of disease and access to
health services, they, indeed maybe important to consider for affirmative action
(20, 34).
Age, although considered unacceptable (29), was supported by most of the
respondents, which is consistent with some other literature (36, 37). Since no
clarifying questions were given, it may be difficult to determine, from the survey,
which age should be given priority. However, the group discussants explicitly
pointed out that conditions affecting children should be given priority. This is
14
consistent with Ratcliffs findings with regard to organ donation (12). However, it
may also be a reflection of concern for the vulnerable, given that infant and child
mortality rate is high, and that most diseases affect children.
The significant differences between health workers and administrators (people
involved in priority setting), and the rest of the respondents (not “traditionally”
involved in priority setting), is not surprising. It may be a reflection of their
personal values or for those involved in priority setting, it just may as well have
been a reflection of what is written in the health policy and is considered in
priority setting at their level (38).
The similarities between the agreed upon attributes and the proposals from the
group discussions contribute to an understanding of what a sample of Ugandans
value as criteria for priority setting. For example, the ranks given to the attributes
from the group discussion almost correspond to the attributes to which more than
80% of the survey respondents agreed.
Comparing our matrix (table 5) with the criteria in the literature, there is
substantial overlap on most of the attributes, with the exception of age. We find
additional unacceptable criteria in the literature, namely race or ethnicity, sexual
orientation and genetic background (29). While the latter two may not be relevant
in the Ugandan context, race or ethnicity, although not included in this current
15
study, was found to be an important determinant of health in Uganda, and hence
ought to have been included (39/
Conclusions
We propose that the findings such as those we present in Table six are used to
facilitate further debate on criteria and values.
Qualitative methods could help illicit locally relevant values, which can be tested
for representativeness in quantitative surveys. This would assist in eliciting locally
relevant criteria. Emphasis should be put on wide participation of relevant
stakeholders.
This study sheds light on the values held by some stakeholders in Uganda. We
are, however, aware that we did not consider all the relevant values and criteria,
hence, there is need for more studies in developing countries to inform debates
on priority setting, increase transparency, reduce suspicion and give legitimacy to
planners’ decisions.
16
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17
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20
Table 1. The Group discussants
Kampala District (Urban) (n)
Kamuli district (Rural) (n)
Health workers (5)
Health workers (6)
Hypertension patients (6)
HIV patients (7)
Out-patients (5)
Out-patients (8)
Health planners (6)
Health planners (4)
General population (6)
General population (8)
21
Table 2: Number of groups supporting the proposed attributes
Disease related attributes
Severity (10)
Number affected (9)
Cost of care (8)
Availability of effective treatment (7)
Preventable (5)
Effectiveness of intervention (4)
Consequences of condition (3)
Benefit of intervention (2)
Ease of intervention (1)
Conditions that are difficult to manage
(1)*
Key:
Patient related attributes
Affects children (7)
Affects the disadvantaged (7)
Gender affected (4)
Responsible for cause (1)
Societal related attributes
Equity (6)
Community felt problem (5)
Equality (3)
Affects development (2)
Political view** (1)
()= Number of groups that identified the attribute
‘Only mentioned by the HIV group
**Only mentioned by district administrators
22
Table 3: Group ranking of the values proposed for priority setting
Franks*
1
2
3
4
Chronically ill
Patients
Severity
Cost of care
General
population
Severity
Number affected
Conditions that are
difficult to manage
Equity
Affects
disadvantaged
Affects
development
Ease of
intervention
Community felt
problem
Cost of care
Number affected
6
Equality
•
Availability of
Effective treatment
Effectiveness of
Person responsible
intervention
for cause
* Only ranks up to 8 are presented.
g
Groups
Out- patients
Health workers
Administrators
Severity
Number affected
Severity
Affects children
Community felt
problem
Affects children
Cost of care
Cost of care
Effectiveness of
treatment
Community felt
problem
Severity
Gender
Availability of
effective treatment
Benefit of
intervention
Consequences of
condition
Equity
Availability of
effective treatment
Equity
Preventable
Number affected
Consequences of
problem
Ease of
intervention
Affects children
Affects
disadvantaged
23
Table 4: Demographic characteristics of the survey respondents (n= 413)
Characteristic
Age
<25
25- 35
36- 45
46- 55
55+
Designation
Medical doctor
Allied health worker
Administrator
Politician
Other
Level of work
National
District
Health sub- district
Teaching hospital
UN
Other
Consider priority setting as their work
Yes
No
Frequency (%)
7
49
33
9
1
33
46
7
2
13
9
6
51
16
3
14
88
12
24
Table 5: Respondents’ degree of agreement with considering the following
attributes for priority setting in Uganda (n= 413).
Attributes and values
Patient’s:
Age
Area of Residence
Social status
Responsibilities
Gender
Religion
Power and influence
Mental features
Responsible for Cause
of the condition
Physical capabilities
Disease/ condition:
Treatment costs
Benefit of intervention
Quality of available
evidence
Cost-effectiveness
Severity of condition
Societal:
Equity of access
Political view
Community view
Row totals = 100%
Strongly
Agree
Agree
% Responses
Disagree
Neutral
68
40
33
26
30
11
9
25
33
23
33
28
37
32
18
20
33
37
5
13
17
20
24
31
28
19
14
27
42
62
55
52
Strongly
Disagree
Don’t know
3
10
15
11
8
24
25
12
8
1
3
6
4
3
15
14
5
6
0
0
1
1
2
2
4
5
3
15
10
4
3
25
33
35
8
7
8
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
64
63
26
27
4
5
3
3
1
2
2
1
58
14
42
32
32
41
5
23
12
1
18
4
1
13
2
3
1
0
25
Table 6: Priority setting Criteria matrix
Criteria
Necessary
(> 80% agree)
Patient Related
Age
Contentious
(50-80% agree)
Area of residence
Social status
Responsibilities
Gender
Mental features
Lifestyle responsible for
disease
Physical capabilities
Religion
Power and influence
Unacceptable
(> 50% agree)
Disease Related
Benefit of intervention
Quality of available evidence
on benefit
Cost- effectiveness of
intervention
Severity of disease
Number of people affected
Societal Related
Equity of access
Community view
-
Political view
26
Table 7: Differences in the responses according to respondents' characteristics
Attribute
Respondents’ Age(%)
Respondents’
Designation(%)
Is Priority setting part of
respondents’ your work
Health worker
Other
Yes
No
173(63.6)
99(36.4)
34(49.3)"*
35(50.7)
190(62.9)
112(37.1)
16(42.1)***
22(57.9)
271(88.3)
36(11.7)
25(88.3)***
10(28.6)
272(89.5)
32(10.5)
27(73.0)*"
10(27.0)
260(84.4)
48(15.6)
24(64.9)**
13(35.1)
148(48.1)
134(48.6)
22(31.9)***
Yes
160(51.9)
142(51.4)
47(68.1)
No
*Only significant results presented: **P-value significant at 0.01, *** P-value significant at 0.05
9(25.0)***
27(75.0)
<35
>35
113(54.9)
93(45.1)
109(72.7)"
41(27.3)
Patient Related:
Gender
Yes
No
Social status
Yes
No
Disease related :
Quality of Evidence
Yes
No
163(82.7)
34(17.3)
135(91.8)"*
12(8.2)
Benefit of intervention
Yes
No
Societal related :
Community view
Yes
No
154(77.8)
44(22.2)
132(88.6)**
17(11.4)
235(84.5)
43(15.5)
50(73.5)***
18(26.5)
Political view
27
H GS-itf-
Community Directed Treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin:
a control strategy for Onchocerciasis in Africa.
A multi-country Study
By Martyn Teyha Sama, Principal Research Officer, Epidemiology, Institute
of Medical Research, Cameroon
INTRODUCTION:
Onchocerciasis is an important public health and socio-economic problem in Africa
where 99 percent of the disease burden is found. Onchocerciasis is a devastating disease
that is the third leading cause of blindness in Africa. Eighty million people are at risk of
infection; eighteen million people are actually infected; one million are sight impaired and
more than 350,000 are blinded by this parasitic disease that has historically attacked the
poor and voiceless populations in most rural areas of the twenty-seven countries in Africa
(World Bank Report 1995).
Onchocerciasis is recognized as a major cause of blindness in the central and eastern parts
of the savannah belts of the northern tropics, which cuts across major portions of
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria and the Sudan. In this sub region,
some 6.5 million persons are infected (WHO 1995).
Following the introduction of ivermectin in 1987, Onchocerciasis control became
possible. The principal challenge for the control of onchocerciasis is to deliver annual
single dose treatment to the population of high-risk communities, and to sustain the
delivery for a sufficiently long period to bring about the control of the disease as a public
health problem. Sustained drug delivery to all high risk communities is difficult to
achieve through the regular health services which are already overburdened with other
responsibilities and short of human, material and financial resources.
Community Directed Treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin has been very effective.
ivermectin treatment is popular and communities have responded enthusiastically to the
concept of community directed intervention in which they are themselves in charge of
planning and implementation. The African Programme on Onchocerciasis control
(APOC) has established Community Directed Treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin as the
cornerstone of its control strategy. The adoption of the concept of ComDT with
ivermectin using Community Directed Distributors (CDDs) by the African Programme on
Onchocerciasis control is an important miles-stone in Ivermectin treatment. APOC
policies are based on strong values focusing on enhancing equity and social justice by
increasing access of all populations to essential treatment.
RATIONALE
Community directed treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin has been shown to be an
effective strategy for drug distribution. The international community attention has been
drawn to the need to share this strategy with other community based health programmes
and in particular working towards sustainability of the programme.
The international community is very much interested in knowing whether and how
ComDT could be an entry point or a vehicle for other community based health
programmes. This study is to provide information to the international community on the
use of ComDT strategy as a vehicle for other community based control programmes
involving Community-Directed Distributors (CDDs).
The backbone of ComDT are the CDDs whose mechanism of selection is embedded in
APOC’s philosophy of Community-directed treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin. This
philosophy depends on the values, norms, local culture, and practice of the endemic
communities.
During ComDT, CDDs have been involved in other health and development activities; the
main objective of this study is to document the various health and developmental
activities in which CDDs were involved and to determine the impact of these activities on
ivermectin distribution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of the study was to examine whether CDDs are involved in other health and
development activities in their communities and determine the impact of their involvement on
ivermectin distribution.
The specific objectives were:
1. To examine whether CDDs are involved in other health and development activities.
2. To document what health and development activities CDDs are involved in their communities
3. To determine similarities of their other activities to their tasks as CDDs distributing
ivermectin.
4. To determine whether the selection of CDDs for other health or development activities by
their community or health service is as a result of their performance as CDDs for ivermectin
distribution.
STUDY AREA
The study was conducted in the following sites: South Western Cameroon, Zamfara State of
Nigeria, Kisoro district in South Western Uganda, and Raja Province of Southern Sudan.
Accessibility in most sites was difficult; in Cameroon accessibility in the study site is generally
poor; roads are in a bad state. There are no tarred roads and the earth roads which exist become
almost impracticable in the rainy season. There is no good connection between the health districts
by road, most of the accessibility is on foot through foot paths. A few solid motorcycles can make
it but constant servicing and spare parts create a problem. However therapeutic coverage of
ivermectin treatment has been above 50 percent.
In Nigeria, Zamfara state is eighty percent rural and accessbility is poor particularly during the
rainy season. In the harmattan, it is very cold, windy, dusty and hazy. This State has a strong
traditional and Islamic system, Islamic sharia law was declared in 2000. Ivermectin therapeutic
coverage is above 70 percent.
In Uganda, the study site is mountainous with a poor road network. Most communities are not
accessible with a vehicle or motorcycle. The only means of reaching some of these communities
is by walking. The health service infrastructure here is poor; however the mean therapeutic
treatment coverage is 79 percent.
In Sudan, Raja Province is made up of a group of remote communities with a population of
140000 where accessibility is difficult, and can only be reached by air. It is a conflict war zone
with constant threat of fighting and displacement. It is hyper-endemic for onchocerciasis with a
partially functioning PHC system. CDTI using CDDs has achieved a mean therapeutic coverage
70 percent.
DATA COLLECTION
Focus Group Discussions with community members and in-depth interviews with community
leaders and peripheral health workers in onchocerciasis endemic communities were used to
collect qualitative data in all the study sites. A total of 16 FGDs, 8 with males, and 8 with females
in each site was conducted in 16 randomly selected communities. In-depth interviews were
conducted with 8 peripheral health workers.
Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire and administered to the
CDDs.
RESULTS
TABLE 1: CDDs Involved in other Health related activities.
Country
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cameroon
Nigeria
Uganda
Sudan
Total
77
60
NO. Involved in other Ivermectin
Coverage
Health Activities
52%
58 (89%)
76.9%
72 (100%)
79%
47 (61%)
72%
29 (48.3%)
274
206 (75.2%)
NO. Of CDDs
Interviewed
65
72
70%
TABLE 2: CDDs Involved in Development activities.
Country
NO of CDDs
Interviewed
1 .Cameroon
2.Nigeria
3.Uganda
4.Sudan
65
72
77
60
Total
274
NO. Involved in
Development
activities
50(77%)
Ivermectin
Coverage
70(97.2)
52(68%)
25(42%)
52%
76.9%
79%
70%
197 (71.2%)
70%
In all the four countries where the study was conducted, a total of two hundred and seventy-four
(274) community-directed distributors (CDDs) were interviewed and two hundred and six (206)
75.2 percent were involved in at least more than one other health related activity. Overall sites
achieved a mean of 70 percent therapeutic ivermectin coverage rate.
In development related activities, 274 CDDs were interviewed with 197 (71.2%) involved in
more than one developmental activity, still maintaining a good ivermectin therapeutic coverage
rate. Females were more involved in other health related and developmental activities than males
but this was not significant (P=0.6)
QUALITATIVE DATA
From indepth-interviews, and focussed group discussions, it was found that many CDDs made a
clear distinction between the time they allocated for CDTI and other health and developmental
activies in their communities. Involvement in these other activities instead increased their
performance as CDDs.
««
my involvement in other activities does not affect me as CDD, because 1 plan my
activities during the distribution period
my performance as CDD has increased because
of more popularity» Female CDD-Cameroon.
«
my other activities do not affect my performance as CDD, they bring me popularity, I
know people by name, if not of my other involvement I will not
they call me doctor, I feel
good about myself. Male-FGD, Nigeria.
In an indepth interview with the head of a peripheral health unit in Uganda ««
the CDDs
from far places like Nteko parish, which is about 50km from this health unit are involved in many
health activities such as vit.A distribution, mass immunization for polio, chloroquine distribution
during malaria epidemics
these places we cannot reach. The CDDs are doing a great job.
DISCUSSION
Onchocerciasis is a disease of the rural poor communities at the "end of the road" with
inadequate or no health services. Community-Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) is
about the only functional health activity in most of these areas.
The results of this study shows that CDDs can play an important role in tackling other priority
local health and development programs in many "end of the road" communities. Many health
care providers mentioned that the CDDs form a " potiental vital link" between the health service
and the "end of the road " communities.
Following the interviews with CDDs, it became clear that involvement of CDDs in other health
related activities gives them popularity and prestige. This agrees with the findings of Katabarwa
and Mutabazi (1998) and Katabarwa et al (1999) who observed that CDDs performance was
enhanced when they participate in multi-disease activities.
It is apparent from the results in Table 1 and 2 that CDDs involvement in both health related
activities and developmental activities did not affect the level of their performance as
encouraging coverage rate was achieved in all the study communities.
From the FGDs and Indepth interviews, it was consistent that community participation and
acceptability to treatment is a common feature to rural communities with no health facilities.
Akogun et al 2001; Brieger et al 1995; WHO 1995, 1996 justifies this finding that communities at
the "end of the road" are more likely to participate in health and other developmental programs in
their communities.
Because many of those who live in Sub-Saharan Africa ( e.g >60 percent of those
in Cameroon; Ngoumou et al; (1996) have no access to health facilities (United Nation
Development Program, 1993), active community involvement needs to be an integral part of
ivermectin delivery and distribution, to improve access to the drug, and promote a sense of
ownership.Amazigo et al, (1998).
This study has shown that where there are no health facilities, CDDs are capable of administering
the correct dosage of ivermectin to eligible subjects, and achieving good coverage rates, this
agrees with the findings of Amazigo et al 1998; Brieger et al, 1995; Akpala et al 1993; and Anon
1996a.
The study documents an important strategy which can be used as a model in developing other
community based programmes to fight against other diseases. Expansion of the CDDs experience
to include other diseases would be of interest to onchocerciasis control programmes as it would
strengthen CDTI sustainability through greater integration.
The study has documented an innovative approach to guide the thinking of a multi-disease
application of CDTI by using CDDs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
This investigation was sponsored by the World Health Organisation (WHO)/ The African
Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC); and was carried out in conjunction with other
researchers in Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda, and the Sudan. The COHRED strategy of ENHR was
very valuable for implementation of the study.
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Comparison of three strategies for mass distribution of ivermectin in Achi, Nigeria,
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AMAZIGO* +, M. NOMA* , B.A BOATIN+, D. E. ETYA'ALE§, A. SEKETELI*
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Supplement No. 1, S23-S31 (1998).
ANON. (1996a). Intergrating Ivermectin Delivery into the Primary Health Care
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BIRITWUM, R. B„ SYLLLA M., DIARRA, T„ AMANKWA, J„ BRIKA, G.B.,
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operational aspects of the distribution system. Annals of zropical Medicine and
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KATABARWA, N. M., MUTABAZI, D.& RICHARDS, F.O. (1999b) Controlling
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why do some communities succeed and others fail? Annals of Tropical Medicine
and Parasitology, 94, 343-352.
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of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 92, 133-137.
NGOUMOU, P„ ESSOMBA, R.O.& GODIN,C. (1996) Ivermectin-based
onchocerciasis control in Cameroon, World Health Forum, 17, 25-28.
OGBUAGU AND C. I. ENEANYA (1998) A multi-centre study of the effect of
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selection of communities for treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin. Annals
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ORGANISATION (1991). Strategies for Ivermectin
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Community
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with
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Document
TDR/AFR7RP/96.1.1 Geneva: WHO.
H t.-S'-'-S
Initiative on
Public-Private
Partnerships
For Health
Research and Analysis Projects
Promoting effective collaboration on neglected health problems in developing countries
rernational Center Cointrin (Block G, 3rd Floor) • Route de Pre-Bois 20 • P.O. Box 1826 ♦ 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
Inte
Te|. +4i 22 799 40 86 • Fax: +41 22 799 40 89 ♦ E-mail: info@ippph.org ♦ Website: www.ippph.org
The Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health operates under the aegis of the
Global Forum for Health Research - website: www.globaiforurnhealth.org
The Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health:
Research and Analysis Projects
The Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health (IPPPH) was launched in 2000 to contribute
to alleviating health inequities affecting poor countries by enhancing public private collaboration.
The aim of IPPPH is to increase the effectiveness of public-private collaboration, particularly by
helping those seeking to develop, and improve access to, health products to fight neglected diseases
and other health problems in developing countries.
IPPPH assists groups such as existing and prospective public-private partnerships and those who
fund or otherwise influence the success of such alliances with research, information,
communication, networking and advisory services.
It operates under the aegis of the Global Forum for Health Research, an independent international
foundation helping to correct the 10/90 gap in health research.
The purpose of this document is to list the research and analysis projects developed by IPPPH.
These projects provide health alliances with pragmatic answers to specific challenges they face, to
identify practices that maximize health returns on funds invested, and to mitigate risks associated
with such alliances, in order to enhance their overall effectiveness and to guide more financial
support to the most appropriate collaborations.
IPPPH conducts research and analysis in four areas:
1.
Developments and trends in the field of public-private collaboration;
2.
Organizational issues of public-private partnerships, particularly in the areas of legal status,
governance and mechanisms for balanced representation of stakeholders;
3.
Operational issues affecting access to health products, such as production options, pricing of
pharmaceuticals or management of intellectual property; and
4.
‘Best practices’ guidelines in the development and management of effective public-private
alliances.
IPPPH also provides Documentation of Partnerships - under the Information Services area and
several studies are highlighted here.
How IPPPH Works
IPPPH facilitates investigator-led research by providing research assistance, access to data sources,
administrative support, and publishing opportunities. While IPPPH has some limited funds to
support such activities, it is not a major grant maker. Most of the studies involve authors and
collaborators who have a strong interest in the research and whose organizations are willing to share
Page 2 of 10
costs. IPPPH seeks to publish in both peer-reviewed journals and through the Global Forum’s and
its own publishing channels. IPPPH encourages evidence-based research and appropriate
collaborations from all perspectives: government and intergovernmental agencies, nongovernmental
and academic organizations, and commercial entities.
Capacity Building
IPPPH seeks collaboration with researchers from developing countries who have conducted studies
involving cross-sectoral alliances or similar areas. In all IPPPH studies, investigators or reviewers
are sought who can contribute intended beneficiary and country-level perspectives into the analysis.
Research and Analysis Projects
1.
Developments and trends in Public-Private Collaboration
Intended to provide background about the origins and nature of public-private partnership, and to
chronicle the development of this type of collaboration, these articles will be of special interest to
policy-makers, financial supporters, and those considering new collaborations to help them
understand the variety and options possible and the direction this form of public-private interaction
is headed.
Title:
“Public-private partnerships for health: their main targets, their diversity, and
their future directions.”
Description: The paper provides an overview of the global health public-private collaborations
that have proliferated in recent years, the reasons for their formation, their objectives
and methods of functioning. The focus is on those partnerships that have arisen in
order to develop new products needed in developing countries, to address inadequate
access to currently-available products through donation or negotiated pricing, or to
generally strengthen or coordinate health services. Included are descriptions of the
various organizational structures these partnerships can take, the incentives for
involvement by government, commercial and civil society participants, and the
possible roles of the collaborators by sector. The conclusion is that new ventures
should be built on need, appropriateness, and lessons on good practice learnt from
experience. Suggestions are made for public, private, and joint activities that could
help to improve the access of poor populations to the pharmaceuticals and health
services they need.
Author:
Roy Widdus, PhD
Published:
WHO Bulletin, Vol.79, No. 8, August 20001, Policy and Practice: Theme papers, pp.
713-720.
Page 3 of 10
2.
Organizational issues of public-private partnerships
These studies aim at helping LPPPH’s clients understand the impact of different organizational,
management and administrative options on the effectiveness of PPPs in achieving their health goals.
Title:
“Public-Private Health Partnerships: a comparative analysis of the policies and
guidelines governing the interactions of WHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, and
the World Bank with the commercial sector.”
Description:
The study documents and examines the approaches adopted by these multilateral
organizations in their interactions with the commercial sector on global health issues.
It discusses the risks perceived by the organizations as delineated by their particular
mandates and portrays the organizational structures, guidelines, and procedures
established to facilitate public-private collaborations and mitigate against potential
risks. The study synthesizes extensive research based on content analysis of
documents and interviews with management and staff involved in partnership
policies and implementation at these institutions. The paper seeks to explain the
underlying rationale for the different approaches and to assess some of the
consequences thereof, with a view to promoting interagency learning and
understanding for the partners from various sectors who are involved in such
alliances.
Principle
investigator:
Availability
date:
Kent Buse, PhD and Roshan Ouseph, MPH, Yale School of Medicine
Late 2002, IPPPH or Global Forum Press, in its entirety. Mid-2003, three related
articles submitted for publication in Social Science and Medicine. Health Policy and
Planning, and Global Social Change.
Page 4 of 10
3.
Operational Issues
IPPPH commissioned a series of studies and reports on topics of shared concern to groups
developing new or improved drugs, vaccines, and other health products for ‘neglected’ diseases and
conditions in developing countries through public-private partnerships. The topics chosen are based
on surveys of these partnerships to determine the perceived problems they face in discovering,
designing, and developing health products through the ‘pipeline’ from basic research to product
introduction. The analyses are written by experts and researchers in the subject matter and include
input, examples and case studies from the product development partnerships. The following papers
will soon be available or are in progress:
Title:
“Valuating Industry Contributions to Product Development Public-Private
Partnerships.”
Description:
The paper provides an overview to evaluating the contributions that private industry
has made towards product development public-private partnerships (PPPs) in pursuit
of treatments for diseases of poverty prevalent in the developing world including
HTV/AIDS, TB, malaria, Chagas disease and others. The authors describe the types
of contributions made by industry including those where a PPP pays industry for
goods or services in a contractual agreement or business deal and those where
industry makes outright “in-kind”(non cash) contributions for which it asks no
monetary compensation. They briefly examine the organization of the R&D process
and the division of labor between the public and private sectors. They review
different methods applied in the for-profit world for structuring and assessing the
value of deals that provide the tools needed to assess and compare the value of deals
done by PPPs with private companies. The paper identifies the categories of
contributions that companies can make with PPPs and presents illustrative case
studies, including the deal structure and value of the industry role in each case.
General findings and recommendations to PPPs for future collaboration with industry
are presented which should help both PPPs and industry design productive alliances
in which each of their contributions is clearly valued and understood.
Principle
Hannah Kettler, PhD, and Karen White, MBA, of the Institute for Global Health at
investigator: University of California San Francisco.
Availability
date:
Page 5 of 10
Late 2002, IPPPH or Global Forum Press, in its entirety. Mid-2003, articles in peerreviewed journals.
Title:
“Getting to Price: Strategies for Acceptable Pharmaceutical Product Pricing in
Product Development Public-Private Partnerships.”
Description:
The paper provides participants in public- private partnerships working on neglected
disease priorities in developing countries with a common framework for
understanding and addressing pricing issues and goals for the products their
collaborations are intended to generate. The principal objective of this paper is to
provide a basic description of the factors that influence the pricing of drug, vaccine,
and other health product innovations in the research-based pharmaceutical and
biotech industry, so that public sector participants in PPP’s will have a better
understanding of not only the commercial character of price, but also the decision
processes that lead to price and industry pricing behavior. The paper will explore
how price interrelates with market structure, and how points in the pricing equation
may be susceptible to constructive external influence, including negotiating
considerations. It also suggests ways in which these partnerships can develop
common ground so that product pricing can ultimately be seen as an outcome that
successfully enhances product development efforts, rather than frustrates them. The
chief aim of this paper is to provide managers of PPP’s with a practical framework
for thinking about price and interacting successfully with their private and public
sector collaborators.
Principle
investigator:
Peter F. Young, President and CEO of AlphaVax, Inc., a U.S. biotech company
involved in vaccine research for HIV and other neglected diseases.
Availability
date:
Late 2002, IPPPH or Global Forum Press, in its entirety. Mid-2003, articles in peerreviewed journals.
Title:
“Intellectual Property: Management of Strategic Alliances Between the Public
and Private Sector to Promote Access by Developing Countries to Needed Drugs
and Vaccines.”
Description: The paper will summarize the purpose and scope of “access conditions” contained in
agreements that establish public-private partnerships related to drugs and vaccine
research and development. The authors describe how intellectual property rights are
commonly allocated in these agreements and explain the interdependence between
the provisions on access and intellectual property. Suggested methods are proposed
for allocating and managing intellectual property rights so as to promote access to
drugs and vaccines in developing countries.
Principle
investigator:
Richard Wilder, Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP and Melinda Moree, PhD,
Program for Appropriate Technology in Health.
Availability
date:
January 2003 in conjunction with a Legal Issues Workshop, organized by IPPPH for
PPP managers and interest parties.
Page 6 of 10
Title:
“Low cost manufacture and supply of drugs, vaccines and other health products
by public-private partnerships involved in new product development.”
Description:
The paper will cover the issues facing managers of product development partnerships
regarding how they can begin early in the research and development process to plan
for the optimization of materials sourcing and manufacturing of the eventual products
with an eye on providing the best value, lowest cost, high quality, and reliable supply
for the public sector in the developing world. Topics to be addressed include
microeconomic considerations such as primary and secondary manufacturing,
outsourcing various stages of production, good manufacturing practice (GMP),
maintaining a reliable supply, consistent quality, and lowest cost of input materials,
economic manufacturing scale (high volume), efficient plant utilization and capital
expansion, process robustness, efficiency and yield consistently high with low
variability, well developed logistics infrastructure and utilities supply, and access to
highly skilled technical resources. Also to be addressed are macroeconomic factors
that can influence production such as regulatory environments, political priorities for
local production and capacity building, foreign direct investment economic
incentives, import restrictions, taxes, tariffs, duties, technology transfer, and
voluntary or compulsory licensing.
Principle
Giorgio Roscigno, Director of Strategy, Global Alliance TB Drug Development, and
investigator: Joachim Oehler CEO, Concept Foundation.
Availability
date:
Seeking additional collaborator, March 2003.
Planned areas for further analysis by IPPPH include:
Title:
“Study of the Operations and Impacts on the Health Systems of Countries by
Public-Private Partnerships for Improving Access to Specific Pharmaceuticals.”
Description:
A field study in two countries of the operations and impact on the national health
systems by partnerships involving the large-scale donation of disease-specific drugs. •
Programs covered (with drug donor company) include the Mectizan® Donation
Program (Merck), the International Trachoma Initiative (Pfizer), the Global Alliance
to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GlaxoSmithKline), the Global Alliance to
Eliminate Leprosy (Novartis), Global Guinea Worm Eradication Program (DuPont,
Johnson&Johnson), Trypanosomiasis/Sleeping Sickness (Aventis). A small steering
committee will determine protocol and country selection. A project team leader
would manage the study, write the proposal, coordinate consultants and local
advisors, data collection, and analysis.
To be determined.
Principle
investigator:
Availability Mid-2003.
date:
Page 7 of 10
4.
'Best practices' guidelines
These are based on the synthesis of systematic information gathering and accumulating experience
in the field of public-private collaboration. The opinions and conclusions drawn in these articles are
evidence-based and intended to promote the adoption of ‘best practices’.
Title:
“Good Practices for the Establishment and Operation of Public-Private
Partnerships.”
Description:
A simple guideline to follow when considering the organization of a new public
private alliance, based on accumulated experience and analysis to date on what
makes successful collaborations.
Roy Widdus, PhD, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for
Principle
investigator: Health.
Revision due in early 2003; originally published in October 2001.
Published:
Documenting Partnerships (Information Services)
Title:
“An Inventory of Health Public-Private Partnerships in South Africa.”
Description:
An itemized report of partnerships, programs, alliances with offices or activities in
the Republic of South Africa, that aim to improve public health, particularly through
better access to drugs, vaccines, or other health products or services. For each, the
name of the partnership, contact person, address and short account of the program is
provided.
Principle
investigator:
Sibongile Pefrle, PhD, Consultant to IPPPH.
Published:
March 2002.
Page 8 of 10
Title:
“The Diflucan® Partnership Program: early experiences in South African
Development Cooperation countries.”
Description:
The study looks at the donation program by Pfizer, Inc. in the context of its
implementation in SADC countries. The study will provide an in-depth description
of the origins, negotiations, evolution, and implementation to-date of the HIV7AIDSrelated drug donation program, including attention to decision-making processes,
governance structures, stakeholder representation, and a discussion of how the
program measures its own effectiveness and coordinates with national health
priorities. The objective is to draw on lessons to be learned in the early stages of a
program, understand the challenges faced, and document accomplishments thus far.
Principle
investigator:
Sibongile Pefile, PhD., Consultant to IPPPH.
Availability
date:
IPPPH or Global Forum Press, January 2003
Title:
“The Viramune® Donation Programme for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV-1: early experiences in implementation in Africa.”
Description:
The study looks at the donation program by Boehringer Ingelheim as it has
developed in its early implementation, focusing on the African experience. The study
will provide an in-depth description of the origins, negotiations, evolution, and
implementation to-date of the HIV/AIDS-related drug donation program, including
attention to decision-making processes, governance structures, stakeholder
representation, and a discussion of how the program measures its own effectiveness
and coordinates with national health priorities. Tire objective is to draw on lessons to
be learned in the early stages of a program, understand the challenges faced, and
document accomplishments thus far.
Principle
investigator:
Sibongile Pefile, PhD., Consultant to IPPPH.
Availability
date:
IPPPH or Global Forum Press, January 2003
Page 9 of 10
Please contact us ifyou would like a copy (when available) of any of the above publications,
please Jill out the form below andfax, email, or send by post to:
Publications, Research and Analysis Projects
Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health (IPPPH)
20, route de Pre-Bois, PO Box 1826
1215 Geneva 15 Switzerland
Tel: +41 (0) 22 799 4086 / 4073
Fax: +41 (0)22 799 4089
Email: info@ippph.org
Quantity Title
“Public-private partnerships for health: their main targets, their diversity, and their future
directions.”
“Public-Private Health Partnerships: a comparative analysis of the policies and guidelines
governing the interactions of WHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, and the World Bank
with the commercial sector.”
“Valuating Industry Contributions to Product Development Public-Private Partnerships.”
“Getting to Price: Strategies for Acceptable Pharmaceutical Product Pricing in Product
Development Public-Private Partnerships.”
“Intellectual Property: Management of Strategic Alliances Between the Public and
Private Sector to Promote Access by Developing Countries to Needed Drugs and
Vaccines.”
“Low cost manufacture and supply of drugs, vaccines and other health products by
public-private partnerships involved in new product development.”
“Study of the Operations and Impacts on the Health Systems of Countries by PublicPrivate Partnerships for Improving Access to Specific Pharmaceuticals.”
“Good Practices for the Establishment and Operation of Public-Private Partnerships.”
“An Inventory of Health Public-Private Partnerships in South Africa.”
“The Diflucan® Partnership Program: early experiences in South African Development
Cooperation countries.”
“The Viramune® Donation Programme for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child
Transmission of HIV-1: early experiences in implementation in Africa.”
Your Name:
__________________________________________________________
Title/Position:
_____________________________________________________________
Organization:
____________________________________ _____________________
Department:
___________________________________________________________
Mailing Address:
Tel ephone/Fax:
Email:
______________
Website:
Page 10 of 10
Com H 6 i • I fe
fflort&B Pspsr &. 2
Poverty Reduction Strategy taSatera BntaBfl ifeinj
KS/MW Bate ftr 1S98-2MS
November 2001
National Sentinel Surveillance System
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project Team
National Sentinel Surveillance System
Department of Policy and Planning
Ministry of Health
PO Box 9083
Dar es Salaam
+ 255 22 212 0261/6 (phone)
his.moh@twiga.com
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project
Ministry of Health
PO Box 65243
Dar cs Salaam
+ 255 22 211 6145 (phone)
+ 255 22 212 3289 (fax)
ammp.dar@twiga.com
Summary and key finnings
The national poverty reduction strategy requires a significant monitoring and evaluation effort and the
production ofkey indicators. The Ministry ofHealth’s National Sentinel System (NSS) of linked
demographic surveillance sites can produce many ofthese indicators. Based on data currently available
| from three sites directly managed by the Ministry ofHealth, this paper demonstrates what such an output
! might look like, and provides estimates of 16 poverty indicators for districts representing different urban
' and rural poverty welfare quintiles.
The NSS’s role in poverty monitoring
• The Ministry of Health’s National Sentinel System of linked demographic surveillance can
make a significant contribution to monitoring the impact of poverty reduction efforts in
Tanzania.
• The NSS can also help gauge the extent to which the benefits of poverty reduction are equitably
shared in Tanzania among men and women and in different geographic and poverty welfare
strata.
• The system can provide continuous indicator estimates for analysis of trends and degree of
change over time.
• Further work is needed in the attribution of sentinel sites to different urban and rural poverty
and welfare quintiles.
• Work is also needed in reconciling differing methodologies used to set PRSP targets and to
measure progress.
Preliminary findings
• PRSP targets in human capabilities and survival may have already been met in some sentinel
areas but not in others.
• In terms of human capabilities, wealthier areas appear to have attained the PRSP goal of
equality in primary education for girls and boys. A gap of 7% remains in poorer areas.
• Wealthier areas fare better with respect to indicators of survival, although life expectancies are
fairly high by regional standards, even among poorer Tanzanians.
• Children in Tanzania who have lost one or both parents are an extremely vulnerable group
and represent 7% of the population under. 15 in rural sentinel sites.
Background and Purposa
The United Republic of Tanzania is currently
implementing a national poverty reduction
strategy. The measurement of progress toward
the aims articulated in the country’s Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) will require a
substantial monitoring and evaluation effort.
This effort is being organised under a National
Poverty Monitoring Master Plan [1].
At the same time that the poverty reduction
strategy is being implemented, the Ministry of
Health is in the process of establishing a
National Sentinel System of linked demographic
surveillance sites (NSS). A demographic
surveillance system (DSS) consists of the
continuous registration of all vital events (births
and deaths) and migrations in a population
residing in a defined geographic area. In
Tanzania, this surveillance is accompanied by
attribution of cause of death to incident deaths,
and the assessment of other socio-demographic,
economic, and risk factor information at the
individual, household and community level.
DSS has the potential to measure many of the
indicators included in the National Poverty
Monitoring Master Plan. A few of these are
immediately available. They are based upon the
output of three NSS sites directly under the
management of the Ministry of Health and local
councils. These sites are operated with the
support of Adult Morbidity and Mortality
Project in the rural districts of Hai (Kilimanjaro
Region) and Morogoro (Morogoro Region), and
in Dar es Salaam (municipalities of Temeke and
Ilala). Additional data is expected to come soon
from demographic surveillance sites operated by
the Tanzania Essential Health Information
Project (the Rufiji Demogoraphic Surveillance
System), the Ifakara Health Research and
Development Centre, and the TANESA Project.
This working paper provides an assessment of
indicators currently proposed for poverty
monitoring that can be generated by the NSS,
and provides estimates of 16 indicators based on
available NSS/AMMP data. These indicators
may be generated without diverting the NSS
from its core function of providing burden of
NSS AMMP Working Paper No. 2
disease information to district councils and the
Ministry of Health for policy and planning.
As the poverty reduction strategy is
implemented, it will be necessary to monitor the
degree to which the benefits of poverty
reduction in Tanzania are equitably distributed
[2], One way to accomplish this is to draw upon
systems that can reliably generate indicators
stratified by poverty groups or other variables of
importance from an equity perspective. One
main objectives of this working paper is to
demonstrate how the NSS can be of service in
this regard.
Materials and Matiiuds
Source ofIndicators and Data
Table 1 contains the list of indicators from the
second draft of the National Poverty
Monitoring Master Plan. This list comes from a
discussion document and so has yet to be
finalised. The table shows the indicators that
can be collected using DSS and notes which are
currently available, which should be available
from NSS/AMMP sites in the near future, and
those for which data could be collected on a DSS
platform given adequate resources.
Long-range and medium-term targets for many
indicators are contained in Tanzania’s Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) [3]. Of the
targets listed there, four are measured in this
working paper:
• Achievement ofgender equality in primary
education by 2005 (human capabilities);
• Achievement ofgender equality in secondary
education by 2005 (human capabilities);
• Reduction of infant mortality to 85 per 1,000
live births by 2003;
• Reduction ofunderfive mortality to 127 per
1,000 by 2003.
The data set for calculation of indicator
estimates was taken from the data bases of the
NSS sites directly managed by the Ministry of
Health and local councils for the period of
January 1998 through December 2000. For
most of the indicators, three years of data were
available. Many demographic indicators
(particularly those related to mortality) display
great variation from year to year. These
variations can make the interpretations of yearon-year indicator estimates extremely difficult.
Wherever possible, we have used three years of
data in order to ‘smooth out’ these variations
and provide more stable estimates.
Determination ofPoverty Quintiles
There are currently no estimates of poverty at
the district level for Tanzania that cover the
entire country. The most recent regional
estimates come from the 1999 Poverty Welfare
Indicators report of the Vice President’s Office
[4], Table 2 lists the poverty-welfare quintiles
for all of Tanzania’s 20 mainland regions and
divides them into quintiles. The regions in
which DSS sites are located are in boldface
(including both NSS/AMMP-supported DSS
and DSS operated by other
projects/institutions).
For the purposes of this exercise, we have
proposed that NSS/AMMP sentinel sites
represent the poverty quintiles of the regions in
which these sites are located. In addition 1999
rankings themselves are subject to some caveats
in terms of the methodology used in their
derivation, and in the quality of some of the
regional level data sets. Thus, we recognise that
this assumption of representativeness with
regard to poverty-welfare rankings is crude and
must be interpreted with caution.
Once reliable measures of income (or other)
poverty measures are generated from the
sentinel areas, it will be possible to generate
estimates for all poverty welfare quintiles, and to
adjust for confounding variables or area effects.
The development of these methods will be
enhanced by collaborations among the NSS, the
National Bureau of Statistics, and the Research
and Analysis Working Group on National
Poverty Monitoring. The release of the
National Household Budget Survey (expected in
early 2002) and the poverty proxy information
to be included in the 2002 National Census will
be of great use in this regard.
In 2001 measures of income poverty using
proxies of household consumption have been
collected from all households in the centrally
managed NSS sentinel sites. The data collection
tools were developed using preliminary data
from the National Household Budget Survey
made available by the National Bureau of
Statistics. The proxy models derived from these
data for rural areas explained 65% of the
variance in recorded consumption, and 75% of
the variance in urban areas [5, 6]. These data
will be available for analysis in early 2002.
Within the NSS it will also be necessary to
develop methods for the extrapolation of
sentinel data to produce national and regional
estimates, as well as estimates by various
poverty-welfare groupings and for sub
populations of equity interest on a national
level. Preliminary work on the statistical and
demographic methods for doing this
extrapolation will be conducted in early 2002.
Taking these comments into account, our main
intention in this working paper is to stimulate
2
NSS AMMP Working Paper No. 2
discussion and to indicate what future analyses
might look like.
Results and niscussiun
Table 3 contains 15 indicators for each of the
poverty quintile sentinels. One indicator,
‘population with access to safe water,’ was only
available for the urban sentinel. Overall, we
were able to calculate indicators for human
capabilities, survival, and extreme vulnerability.
Data for indicators on income poverty and
additional indicators of human capability (e.g.
access to safe water) will be available by mid2002. We were unable to provide indicators for
social wellbeing (governance) or nutrition. We
do, however, anticipate that indicators on
nutrition will be available in 18 - 24 months.
For many of the indicators, it was necessary to
derive more precise definitions. Age ranges, for
example, needed to be specified in several cases.
These specifications are contained in the
notations to Table 3. In addition, where our
results seemed to offer further insight, we have
expanded on the number of indicators called for
by the Poverty Monitoring Master Plan. For
example, in addition to the girhboy ratio in
primary education, we have also provided
femaleimale ratio among adults with no
education, and femaleimale ratio among those
enrolled in secondary school.
It is important to note that most of the PRSP
targets were set by applying a hoped-for
percentage change in estimated baseline values
for the nation. This is how many international
targets are set (e.g. the Safe Motherhood
Initiative goal of a 50% reduction in Maternal
Mortality Ratios by 2000 [7], which Tanzania
has adopted [8]).
From this perspective it is not the absolute value
of the target that matters most, but the
percentage change achieved from the baseline
figure. This is particularly important to bear in
mind because the national baseline figures are
often derived using different methodologies to
those used in the demographic surveillance of
the NSS/AMMP. This can pose problems in
comparison and interpretation that will need to
be discussed by partners involved in the
monitoring process.
For this reason, the ability of the NSS/AMMP
data to provide trend information would allow
an assessment of progress while eliminating the
problem of comparing across methodologies [9].
In addition the NSS will enable a view of the
impact of poverty reduction efforts by looking
at change within specific geographic and
administrative entities, and not just the status of
those entities in relation to national targets.
Human Capabilities
Results
The indicators of human capabilities are centred
on the equitable distribution of education
among females and males.
The indicators for adults with no education and
secondary education show a female advantage
(i.e. less than one woman for every man with no
education) in rural areas of 0.3 - 0.6, with more
inequity in the poorer sentinel, and a male
advantage in the urban sentinel.
The indicator for the girhboy ratio in primary
enrolment shows virtual equality for girls and
boys in the wealthier quintiles (0.99 - 1.01), and
a female deficit of 0.7 in the poorer quintile.
Discussion
Within the areas under demographic
surveillance, wealthier areas appear to have
attained the PRSP target of equality in primary
education for girls and boys. The gap between
poorer girls and boys in primary education is
0.07, indicating that 7% fewer girls than boys
were in primary education between 1998 and
2000 in this sentinel area. It may be noted,
however, that the gap is similar in size to the 6%
gap in favour of women with respect to having
any education.
The largest gap in any of these indicators of
human capabilities is the 23% higher enrolment
of girls compared to boys in secondary
education in the highest rural poverty quintile.
The fact that the indicator for gender equity in
secondary education shows such strong female
advantage may be related to the fact that the
AMMP census records the characteristics of
those who are resident in the area. If large
numbers of boys are enrolled in secondary
schools that require them to board outside of the
surveillance areas, the indicator may not give an
accurate overall picture of gender equity in
secondary education.
Survival
Results
Mortality and life expectancy indicators show an
expected gradient with universally more
favourable values in the wealthier quintiles.
Unadjusted estimates for infant mortality
indicate that the PRSP target of 85 per 1,000 live
births may already be attained in all areas. It has
been established that data from the AMMP
census updates need to be adjusted for under
reporting of births. For the purposes of this
preliminary assessment these adjustment
procedures have not been applied. Thus, the
adjusted estimates of infant mortality would be
likely to drop. These estimates need to be
3
NSS AMMP Working Paper No. 2
compared and considered in relation to other
sources of information on infant and child
mortality such as the Tanzania Demographic
and Health Survey [10] and the Tanzania
Reproductive and Child Health Survey [11].
Nevertheless, infant mortality as assessed
through NSS/AMMP is both high in absolute
terms (60 to S3 per 1,000 live births), and
inequitably distributed. The PRSP target of
under-five mortality of 127 by 2003 appears to
have been achieved in the wealthier sentinel
sites, but not in the sentinel for the 4th poverty
welfare quintile.
Previously we have discussed issues in the
measurement of maternal mortality in the
NSS/AMMP areas [9], Maternal Mortality
Ratios (the number of maternal deaths per 1,000
live births) are notoriously difficult to measure,
and usually require the application of large
correction factors [12-14]. This measure is
beginning to fall out of favour, and a variety of
alternatives have been suggested. These
alternatives include the Maternal Mortality Rate
(a standard death rate per 100,000 due to direct
and indirect maternal causes), the proportion of
deaths to women of reproductive age due to
maternal causes, and ‘process measures’ such as
the proportion of attended deliveries. Here we
report on the Matnernal Mortality Rate (not the
Ratio) and the proportion of births in health
facilities.
Compared to the most well-off sentinel for each
of the mortality indicators, mortality is 38%
higher for infants and 89% higher for under fives
higher in the poorer sentinel. Maternal
mortality is 137% higher.
Although it is not a measure of survival, we have
included an approximation of percentage of
births attended by skilled professionals. This is
an increasingly accepted indicator of safe
motherhood and of risk of maternal death. For
the NSS/AMMP areas, this indicator also
revealed a large differential by wealth quintile.
Coverage ranged from 96% for the wealthy
urban quintile down to 44% for the poorer rural
quintile—a 118% difference. Between the rural
quintiles there was an 80% gap.
In rural areas, life expectancy for women in the
4,h poverty quintile was 10 years shorter than for
women in the wealthiest quintile. By contrast,
the gap among men was four years. In addition,
women were outliving men in rural areas, but
not in the wealthier urban area, where men had
a one-year longer life expectancy. The largest
gap in life expectancy is an 11 year deficit of
poor rural men compared to wealthier rural
women.
In the urban sentinel site, men have a longer life
expectancy at birth than do women. This shows
a reversal from conditions in the early 1990s in
this area, when women were outliving men [15],
and may well be due to the differential age
distribution of HTV/AIDS mortality among
women and men.
Discussion
The survival indicators of mortality and life
expectancy are commonly used measures of
relative wellbeing. In sub-Saharan Africa,
however, they are rarely available at a sub
national level.
Table 4 compares the survival indicators for
NSS/AMMP sentinel areas with those for
Tanzania as a whole, and with Tanzania’s
neighbouring countries. At the national level,
Tanzania’s estimated infant mortality rate of 99
per 1,000 live births [16] is high by comparison
with the rest of Africa (88), and extremely high
by global standards (56). Neighbouring
countries have infant mortality ranging from 74
in Kenya to 135 in Mozambique. Overall,
Tanzania’s infant mortality places it in the
middle of this group.
The life expectancies for Tanzania’s women and
men are virtually identical to those for Africa as
a whole (55 for women, 52 for men). In global
terms, however, there is a 15 deficit for women
in Tanzania and 13 year deficit for men.
Compared to other countries in the region,
Tanzania has the highest life expectancies for
both sexes (with the possible exception of
Mozambique"). Even the life expectancy of
poorer Tanzanians in NSS/AMMP sentinel
areas compares favourably with those elsewhere
in the region.
Extreme Vulnerability
Results
In all areas, the highest rates of orphanhood are
among children whose fathers have died. In the
wealthier rural sentinel site, the ratio of children
who have lost fathers to those who have lost
mothers is 3.4:1.
Those who have lost mothers and those who
have lost both parents represent less than 1% of
the population of under fives. The proportion
of young children in the poorer sentinel area
who have lost both parents is roughly twice that
of the better off sentinels.
‘ The 2001 World Population Data Sheet lists lite expectancies for Mozambique
of 76 for women and 69 for men. These figures seem improbable give the
years of civil war in the country, and given that it has the highest infant mortality
in the region.
4
NSS AMMP Working Paper No. 2
More than 6% of older children (5 - 14) have
lost their fathers. This rate varied little across
the sentinel areas. The ratios of those whose
fathers had died to those whose mothers had
died were similar to those for younger children.
Looking across areas, 4.5% of older children in
the sentinel for the 1st urban poverty quintile
had lost both parents, compared to less than 1%
of older children in the rural sentinels.
Discussion
Orphanhood appears to be a strong indicator of
vulnerability. Within the NSS/AMMP areas,
children under five whose parents are living had
half the risk of mortality of those orphaned by
one or both parents.
With the exception of older children orphaned
by both parents, the vulnerability resulting from
the loss of parents of both sexes is equally
distributed among children regardless of their
poverty status. The much higher rates of
orphanhood among older children in the
wealthiest urban quintile who have lost both
parents should prompt more in-depth
investigation.
The equitable distribution of orphanhood rates
may seem anomalous given wide differentials of
adult mortality. This can be explained in part
by the fact that orphans themselves have
roughly twice the mortality of non-orphans.
HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of adult death in
these sentinel sites [17], It may therefore be
presumed to be the leading cause of
orphanhood, and therefore of highly vulnerable
children. Additionally, it may be asked in
absolute terms, how many vulnerable children
are there in these sentinel areas? Table 5
estimates the 2001 orphan populations of each of
the three regions where sentinel demographic
surveillance takes place. The table indicates that
more than 100,000 children under the age of 15
have lost one or both of their parents. These
children, and the younger ones in particular, are
at greatly increased of death.
Conclusions
This preliminary analysis of poverty monitoring
indicators has demonstrated that the Ministry of
Health’s emerging National Sentinel System of
linked demographic surveillance sites has the
potential to make a significant contribution to
monitoring the impact of poverty reduction
efforts in Tanzania.
measurements, more estimates for indicators
across all poverty welfare quintiles can be
generated, adjusted for confounding variables or
area effects.
Based on these assumptions we have examined
16 indicators from an equity perspective. We
have not aggregated data to provide national
estimates, although this is an objective for early
2002.
Human Capabilities
NSS/AMMP data show that the PRSP target of
gender equality in primary education by 2003
may have been met already in wealthier areas.
There is, however, a female deficit of about 7%
in the sentinel for the 4^ poverty welfare
quintile. Men without any education, however,
appear to outnumber women with no education
in rural areas.
Survival
As expected, all indicators of survival show
wealthier areas faring better than poorer areas.
Mortality rates are 60 to 137%higher in the
poorer sentinel (4lh poverty quintile) compared
to the best-performing of the wealthier (1“
quintile) sentinel sites. Life expectancies are
higher for women in rural areas in both wealth
quintiles for which data are available, but higher
for men in the 1” quintile urban sentinel.
Extreme vulnerability
Orphans, whether of one parent or two, are at
higher risk of death than other children. There
are not major differences in the percentage of
single-parent orphans in the NSS/AMMP areas.
Young children in the poorer area had nearly
twice the orphanhood rate for the deaths of both
parents, while older children in the wealthier
urban quintile had more than 5.7 times the odds
of being orphaned by both parents.
Next steps
In the coming year, the NSS anticipates that the
sites it manages in partnership with local
councils and with support from AMMP will be
in a position to substantially improve the depth
and quantity of poverty monitoring indicators.
It is expected that this will be done through:
• Finalising the measurement of income poverty;
• Conducting special surveys on nutritional
status (stunting, wasting, and body mass
index);
• Developing methods for the extrapolation of
data to national, regional, and district levels,
to all income poverty quintiles, and to other
subgroups of importancefrom and equity
perspective.
At present, it is only possible to allocate sentinel
sites to poverty welfare quintiles in a crude
manner. In order for the system to realise this
potential, measurement of income poverty in
sentinel areas needs to be improved. Using these
5
NSS AMMP Working Paper No. 2
It is expected that efforts can be accomplished
without detracting from the primary function of
the NSS to provide continuous burden of disease
information to the Ministry of Health and
district councils for setting policy and for the
production of annual district health plans. In
order to do so it will be necessary to have active
involvement with other Tanzanian organisations
involved in poverty monitoring and research.
12.
Hill, K., C. AbouZahr, and T. Wardlow, Estimates of
maternal mortality for 1995. Bulletin of the World
Health Organisation, 2001. 79(3): p. 182-193.
13. Buekens, P., Is estimating maternal mortality useful?
Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 2001. 79(3):
p. 179.
14. AbouZahr, C. and T. Wardlow, Maternal mortality at the
end ofa decade: signs ofprogress. Bulletin of the World
Health Organisation, 2001. 79(6): p. 561-568.
15. Ministry of Health and AMMP Team, The Policy
For some indicators, it may also be possible to
produce a trend analysis for years leading up to
the advent of the poverty reduction process.
Such an analysis may aid in the refinement of
the targets spelled out in the PRSP.
Implications ofAdult Morbidity and Mortality. End of
Phase 1 Report.. 1997, United Republic of Tanzania: Dar
es Salaam.
16. Haub, C. and D. Cornelius, 2001 World Population Data
Sheet. 2001, Population Reference Bureau: Washington,
DC.
17. Setel, P., et al., Six-Year Cause-Specific Adult Mortality
in Tanzania: Evidence from Community-based
Raftrancas
1
Surveillance in Three Districts 1992-1998. Morbidity and
National Poverty Monitoring Working Groups, Poverty
Mortality Weekly Report., 2000. 49(19)- p. 416-419.
Monitoring Master Plan, Final Draft. 2001, United
Rebulic of Tanzania: Dar es Salaam.
2.
Tsikata, Y. and M. Mbihnyi, Towards a Research
Framework for Poverty Monitoring in Tanzania 2001,
Economic and Social Research Foundation: Dar es
Salaam.
3.
United Republic of Tanzania, Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper (PRSP) 2000: Dar es Salaam (Government
4.
Printers).
United Republic of Tanzania, Poverty and Welfare
Monitoring Indicators. 1999, Vice President’s Office,: Dar
es Salaam.
5
Antoninis, M , Socio-economic Status Predictors for the
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project Census in the Hat
and Morogoro Rural Districts. 2000, Adult Morbidity and
AcknotvlBdBaments
This publication is, in part, an output of the Adult Morbidity and
Mortality Project (AMMP). AMMP is a project ofthe Tanzanian Ministry
ofHealth, funded by the Department for International Development
(UK), and implemented in partnership with the University ofNewcastle
upon Tyne (UK). The views expressed are not necessarily those ofDFID.
Those who contributed to the work upon which this paper is based
include: KGMM Alberti, Richard Amaro, YusufHemed, Gregory
Kabadi, Berhna Job, Judith Kahama, Joel Kalula, Ayoub Kibao, John
Kissima, Henry Kitange, Regina Kutaga, Mary Lewanga, Frederic Macha,
Haroun Machibya, Mkamba Mashombo, Godwill Massawe, Gabriel
Masuki, Louisa Masayanyika, AU Mhma, Veronica Mkusa, Ades Moshy,
Hamisi Mponezya, Robert Mswia, Deo Mtasiwa, Ferdinand Mugusi,
Samuel Ngalunga, Mkay Nguluma, Peter Nkulila, SeifRashid, JJ
Rubona, Asha Sankole, Daudi Simba, Philip Setel, Nigel Unwin, and
David Whiting.
Mortality Project, Tanzanian Ministry of Health
< http.//www.ncl.ac.uk/ammp/sesset.html> ; Dar es
Salaam.
6.
Antoninis, M., Socio-economic Status Predictors for the
Those who contributed to the writing of this document include: Philip
Setel, David Whiting, Robert Mswia, Frederic Macha, and Henry
Kitange. Arthur van Diesen provided valuable comments on an earlier
draft.
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project Census in the Ilala
and Temeke Districts of Dar es Salaam. 2000, Adult
Morbidity and Mortality Project, Tanzanian Ministry of
Health < http://vzww.ncl.ac.uk/ammp/sesset.html >:
Dar es Salaam.
7.
Mahler, H., The Safe motherhood initiative: a call to
action. Lancet, 1987. i(8534): p. 668-70.
8.
United Republic of Tanzania, Strategyfor Reproductive
Health and Child Survival 1997-2001. 1997, Ministry of
Health: Dar es Salaam.
9.
National Sentinel Surveillance System and Adult
Morbidity and Mortality Project, Working Paper Ho. 1
Progress in Safe Motherhood in Tanzania during the 1990s:
findings based on NSS/AMMP monitoring. 2001, Adult
Morbidity and Mortality Project, Ministry of Health:
10.
Dar es Salaam.
Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and Macro International,
Tanzania Demographic and Heald) Survey 1996. 1997,
Calverton: Bureau of Statistics and Macro International.
11.
Bureau of Statistics [Tanzania] and Macro International
Inc, Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey
1999. 2000, National Bureau of Statistics and Macro
International Inc.: Calverton.
6
Table 1. National Poverty Monitoring
Indicators Amenable to collection in
NSS/AMMP & other DSS Sites
Income poverty
Headcount ratio - basic needs poverty line
*
Headcount ratio - basic needs poverty line (rural)6
Headcount ratio - food poverty line0
Asset ownership (as proxy for income poverty)6
Proportion of working age population not currently employed
Agriculture indicator (to be defined)
Overall GDP growth per annum
GDP growth of agriculture per annum
Percentage of rural roads in maintainable condition (good and fair
condition)0
Human capabilities
.
Girl/boy ratio in primary education
Girl/boy ratio in secondary education
Transition rate from primary to secondary0
Literacy rate of population aged 15*
Net primary enrolment0
Gross pnmary enrolment0
Drop-out rate in primary school0
Percent of students passing Std 7 with grade A,B,C
Prevalence of ARI in under-fives6
Prevalence of diarrhoea in under-fives6
Population with access to safe water8
SurvWal
Infant mortality rate8
Under-five mortality rate8
Life expectancy8
Seropositive rate in pregnant women0
Districts covered by active AIDS awareness campaign0
Maternal mortality rate (deaths per 100,000)
Malaria in-patient case fatalities for children under 5°
Children under 2 years immunised against both measles and DPT0
Births attended by a skilled health worker8
Social wejlbelng (governance)
j' b’' 7'<
Ratio of primary court filed cases decided
Average time taken to settle commercial disputes
Nutrition.
../
Stunting (height for age) of under fives6
Wasting (weight for height) of under fives6
Underweight (weight for age) of under fives6
Extreme vulnerability
Proportion of orphaned children8
Proportion of child-headed households8
Proportion of children in the labour force8
Proportion of children in the labour force and not going to school8
Proportion of elderly living in a household where no one is
economically active8
Conducive development environment
Ratio of reserves to monthly inputs
* amenable io collection in NSS/AMMP areas (and possibly other DSS areas) with little or no refinement to current methods. Some indicators to be available by mid-2002,
8 data planned for collection in NSS/AMMP areas through special survey in 2001 and to be available by mid-2002.
0 amenable to collection in NSS/AMMP areas (and possibly other DSS areas) with moderate refinement to current methods (e.g. conducting a nested survey) and/or
additional resources.
Table 2. Poverty-welfare
quintiles and scores'
quintile score
region
Dares Salaams
-.1
2225-
Ruvuma
1
21.00
Kilimanjaro"
1
20.13
Singida
1
17.88
Tabora-
2
17.75
Shinyanga
2
16.88
Mbeya .2
16.88
1 ringa
2
16.00
Mwanza" .
3
15.88
Arusha
3
14.63
Rukwa
3
14.Q0.
Mtwara
3
13.13
■ Tanga .. 4
11.88
Morogoro8*
4
10.50
Mara
4
10.50 .
Coast*
4
9.75
Kigoma"
5
9.50
Undi
5
913
Kagera
5
8.88
Dodoma
5
8.25
’ source- United Republic of Tanzania (1999). Poverty and Welfare Monitoring Indicators. Dar es Salaam, Vice President's Office.
a sentinel site directly managed by the Ministry of Health NSS in partnership with district and municipal councils and with support
ofAMMP.
6 sentinel site planned for establishment by NSS/AMMP and local councils during 2002.
CTANESA
d Rufiji Demographic Surveillance SyslenVTanzania Essential Health Interventions Project
e ifakara Health Research and Development Centre
Table 3. Summary of Poverty Reduction Indicators’ Amenable to Collection through Demographic Surveillance for 1998-2000
Poverty Quintile
1.(Ufban)
1 (rural)
4 (rural)
female-tomale ratio
among those
with no
education
1.02
0.97
■ 0.94
Human Capabilities
female-to
female-to
male ratio
male ratio
among those
among those
currently in
currently in
secondary
primary
school
school
fdf
■ 0.95
0.99
1.23
0.93
1,02 .
Survival
population
with access
to safe water
. (%).
97
—
—
Extreme Vulnerability
children
children
between the
under the
ages of 5
age of 5
and 14
orphaned by
orphaned by
father
both parents
(%)
■
(%)
0,12
6.72
6.20
0.10
’ 0.23
... 6.37 ’
infant
mortality
rate1
M)
60
61
83
under-five
mortality rate
(«f)
104
85
161
female life
expectancy
at birth
(years)
51
59
49
male life
expectancy
at birth
(years)
52
54
48
• •
maternal
mortality
rate*
(per 100,000
population)
47
30
72
.-
.
I
births
attended by
a skilled
health
worker'
(%)
96
79
44
children
children
children
between the
between the
ages of 5
under the
ages of 5
and 14
and 14
age of 5
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
mother
mother
both parents
Poverty Quintile
(%)
(%) ..
.
.
4.54
3.32
' 7 '1 (urban)
' 1.24
/. ■ 0.65
1.53
0.45
2.03
0.72
___ 1.("!?!)..
4 (rural)2/87
1.39
0.79
• 0.68 :.
• for which data are currently available (see narrative).
■ it has been established that data from the AMMP census updates need to be adjusted for underreporting of births. For the purposes of this preliminary assessment these adjustment procedures have not
been applied. Thus, the estimates of infant mortality are a likely under-estimate of the true rates.
* death rate due to direct and Indirect maternal causes; not the maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births)
c defined as percentage of births in health facility, information on attended births as well as place of birth will be available in 2002.
children
under the
age of 5
orphaned by
father
(%)
Table 4. Comparison of survival indicators for
sentinel areas and Tanzania with
neighbouring countries
female life
male life
expectancy
expectancy
Poverty Quintile/
at birth
at birth
Country
(years)
(years)
T(urban)
51.
.60
52. ■
1 (rural)
61
59
54
4 (rural)
83
49
48-:
Tanzania*
99
54
52
75
47
Burundi*
46
106
50
Dem. Rep. Congo*
45
. 7*Kenya*
74
49
48
Malawi8
104
40
39
135 ..
^Mozambique*'
69
.,76
,
3'9
107
Rwanda4
40
97
:
43
. Uganda*
42
Zambia'
95
38
37
'source. Haub, C. and D. Cornelius (2001). 2001 World Population Data Sheet Washington, DC, Population Reference Bureau.
infant
mortality rate
Table 5. Estimated number of orphans in regions having sentinel surveillance'
Under 5
5-14
Under 14
total
number
number
number
number
number
number
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
orphaned by
one or both
both parents
father
mother
mother
both parents
Region
father
parents
.
. 323*
3,334
.
30,965
15298
1,748 .
20,920
. Dares Salaam >
67,148
Kilimanjaro
251
30,843
10,098
1,131
3,582
3,846
49,751
34,025' .
676.7
?<4,083T;-.
.:
4.220 '
.6'0,330 .
15,-330
1,993.-. rMorogora
• estimates based on regional population projections using 1988 population census and 3.0% annual growth, and applying sentinel rates of orphanhood
Com h 6 s. i
FIRST DRAFT
BTEHMOMl HEALTR IEMKH FOR
DEVELOPME
A PROFILE OF
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Produced by
The Secretariat,
The Interim Working Party
[International Conference, Bangkok 2000]
October, 2002
CONTENTS
I Forewri
i-n
2. LM tf ErE®nmfflmDiis profifeO
m -iv
S. HaportliB mil MtaS form
I.
FOREWORD
Introduction
This booklet lists and provides brief thumbnail sketches of a series of international
organizations in Health Research. The purpose of this booklet is to inform the health
research community of the major international players who have an impact or influence on
the production, utilisation, resource flows, priority setting, policy making and governance of
health research for development as well as being potential sources of institutional or
individual research funding. There are hundreds of such organizations and therefore it is
important to have some basic definitions which would determine which of these are to be
included, as well as to have a way of classifying them.
Definitions
Taking the cue from the term ‘international’, organizations considered for inclusion in this
list would be those that cover the world ,across regions (though not necessarily all), a region
or a sub-region or be trans-national. However this should not exclude organizations, which
are from one country alone if their influence or support goes outside their borders.
Taking the cue from the term ‘health research’, organizations could be included that:
o Exclusively deal with health research
o Have other activities but also have health research as a significant component
o For whom health research may be only a small component of its overall core
businesses but is large enough to make an impact globally
Content
For each of the organizations listed, an attempt was made to include information concerning
its nature, location, contact details including key officers, affiliation (parent body/sponsoring
agency), type or character of the organization (government, NGO, non profit etc), its core
business, its business related to health research, its role as a funding agency (whether direct/
catalyst/or clearing house), as well as its main thrust areas or areas of focus.
Classification
The entities are further classified into ten categories: international health organizations,
multilateral development banks, national or bilateral development agencies, foundations and
other research funding agencies, program or disease-based global networks, thematic
initiatives, international research centers and university-based research institutes, the
pharmaceutical industry, organizations with focused regional mandates, national bodies with
international impact.
Sources
The information gathered here has been obtained from the following sources:
• The document “ Health Research for Development: the Continuing Challenge” a
discussion paper prepared for the International Conference for Health Research for
Development Bangkok, 10-13 October 2000.
• Institutional memory in WHO/Global Forum for Health Research ZCOHRED
(including the COHRED website)
• Participant list in major international conferences
• Internet search and
• Personal communication
II.
Caveat
This list cannot lay claim to being a complete one and hence has to be of a dynamic nature
with potential for updates, both of new initiatives as well as reflecting changes in existing
ones. To facilitate this and to enhance its availability, it is proposed to post it in an appropriate
host website.
A caveat should be made at this time that this document should be considered as a
preliminary draft that is subject to amendments. While all effort has been made to
authenticate the contents to reflect the true intent and philosophy of the organization being
described, any inadvertent inaccuracies are regretted and subject to correction in the
immediate next edition. To effect this please contact: mckayp@who.int
Conclusion
It is hoped that with this booklet, the health research community, especially from the
developing countries will have access to information about the opportunities that are on offer.
It will enable them to get in touch easily with those whom they feel can contribute to their
own needs as well as to understand the myriad of roles that these international players can
play.
It is acknowledged that this is but a draft but with sustained management it is hoped
that it will emerge as a reliable and regularly updated resource portraying the many
players in the landscape of health research in the world today.
in.
List of Organizations Profiled
1.
International Health Organizations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
«
2.
•
•
•
»
»
3.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
Council for Health Research for Development (COHRED)
Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR)
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Multilateral Development Banks
African Development Bank
Asian Development Bank
Caribbean Development Bank
Inter-American Development Bank
World Bank
9
10
11
12
13
National or Bilateral Development Agencies
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Agence Francaise de Development (AFD)
Agenda Espanola de Coopracion International (AECI)
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
Department for International Development Cooperation (FINNIDA)
Department for International Development (DFID-UK)
German Agency for International Development (GTZ)
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Department for Research
Cooperation (SIDA/SAREC)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
US Agency for International Development (USAID)
25
26
Foundations & Other Research Funding Agencies
AP Sloan Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Children's Vaccine Program (CVP)
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Carnegie Foundation
Fogarty International Center
Ford Foundation
International Development Research Centre (Canada)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Population Council
Rockefeller Foundation
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Wellcome Trust
Burroughs-Wellcome Fund (BWF)
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
IV.
Programme or Disease Based Global Networks
•
•
6.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR)
Child Health & Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
International Clinical Epidemiological Network (INCLEN)
International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD)
International Union Against TB and Lung Disease
UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases (TDR)
UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development &
Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP)
•
•
Organizations with Focused Regional Mandates
•
•
•
•
African Medical Research Foundation International (AMREF)
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria in Africa (MIM)
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria in USA
Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMANET)
10.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Pharmaceutical Industry
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association (EFPIA)
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA)
9.
•
47
Initiatives (Thematic)
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI)
Global TB Research Initiative
Initiative on Cardiovascular Health in Developing Countries
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)
7.
International Research Centres and University Based Research Institutes
• ICDDR, B Center for Health & Population Research
• Institute for International Health (Australia)
• Institute for Global Health
• International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
• Karolinska Institute
• International Vaccine Institute (IVI)
• Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP)
8.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
63
64
65
66
67
68
National Bodies with International Impact
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
69
V.
REPORTING FORM
SUBMITTED FOR : AMENDMENTS/NEW ENTRY
PLEASE SEND ELECTRONICALLY TO mckayp@who.int
OR FAX TO:...41 22 791 4169
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
Geneva
1949
International, nongovernmental, non-profit-organization
To facilitate and promote international activities in the field of biomedical
sciences, especially when the participation of several international
associations and national institutions is deemed necessary.
Bioethics
■ Health Policy, Ethics and Human Values - An International Dialogue
■ Drug Development and Use
• International Nomenclature of Diseases
-Through its membership, CIOMS is representative of a substantial
proportion of the biomedical scientific community. The membership of
CIOMS in 2001 includes 51 international member organizations,
representing many of the biomedical disciplines, and 16 national members
mainly representing national academies of sciences and medical research
councils
-World Health Organization ; UNESCO ; United Nations Economic and
Social Council (ESOSOC); International Council for Science (ICSU)
http://www.cioms.ch/frame publications.htm
Professor Juhana E. Idanpaan-Heikkila, Secretary-General
Mr Sev S. Fluss, Special Adviser
Email: fluss@who.int
c/o World Health Organization - CH-1211 Geneva 27 (Switzerland)
Tel: (41-22) 791 34 06/791 21 11
Fax: (41-22) 791 31 11 - e-mail: cioms@who.ch
(Visitors: World Council of Churches - Conseil Oecumenique des Eglises
150 Route de Ferney - 1202 Geneva)
Tel.:+41 22 791 34 67
Fax:+41 22 791 31 11
E-mail: cioms@who.ch
website: www.cioms.ch
1
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Council for Health Research for Development (COHRED)
Geneva, Switzerland
1993
Internationa! Association under Swiss law
COHRED's mission is to act as a global activist in enhancing the
development of effective national health research systems based on the
ENHR strategy, including the values of equity and social justice, by working
with in-country teams, by mobilising and supporting country and regional
networks and by offering a platform for countries and regions to voice their
concerns as equal partners in international forums.
COHRED works directly with countries, facilitating technical and financial
support for the development of effective national health research systems.
It provides forums for exchange of information and experiences, through
regional and country initiatives, networks, publications, and an interactive
Web site.
It stimulates and promotes partnerships at country, regional and global levels
- between researchers, decision-makers, communities, and other interested
stakeholders, such as the media, NGOs and donors.
It collaborates in the production of tools that can be used to improve the
effectiveness of research as a means of achieving equity in health
development.
It advocates for ENHR and voices the interests, needs and priority agenda of
developing countries among international investors and other agencies.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Catalyst, seed money and ‘broker function’
Contact the COHRED Secretariat
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
COHRED Board
International and Bi-lateral funding Agencies
Regular newsletter-“Research into Action”
Monographs jTraining Modules
Peter Makara, Coordinator
Tel: 41 22 591 8900
Fax: 41 22 591 8910
E-mail: makara@cohred.ch; cohred@cohred.ch
Chair of the Board-Marian Jacobs
COHRED
11, Rue Cornavin
1201 Geneva 10
Switzerland
Tel.+41 22 5918900
Fax.+41 22 5918910
email: cohred@cohred.ch
http://www.cohred.ch
Officers
Contact details
2
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of Organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Global Forum for Health Research
Geneva, Switzerland
June, 1998
Independent international foundation
The central objective of the Global Forum is to help correct the 10/90 gap in
health research and focus research efforts on the health problems of the poor
by bringing key actors together and creating a movement for analysis and
debate on health research priorities, the allocation of resources, public
private partnerships and access of all people to the outcomes of health
research.
1. development and application of priority-setting methodologies to
help correct the 10/90 gap.
2. the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding the global cross-cutting
issues affecting health.
3. the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding the major risk factors
affecting health.
4. the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding diseases and conditions.
'Seed' money for projects related to the 10/90 gap.
Prescribed forms to the Strategic and Technical Advisory Committee
(STRATEC).
Works with partners - governments, multi-lateral organizations, bilateral aid
donors, international foundations, national and international civil society
organizations and community organizations, women’s organizations,
research orientated institutions and universities, private sector companies and
the media.
Managed by a 20-member Foundation Council assisted by a Strategic and
Technical Advisory Committee (STRATEC)
Council Chair:
Richard Feachem
STRATEC Chair: Pramilia Senanayake
Rockefeller Foundation, World Bank, WHO, Governments of Canada,
Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
Targeted funding for forum supported networks: Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation, the Institute of Medicine of the US Academy of Sciences, the
Department for International Development of the UK.
- I he 10/90 Reports on Health Research (1999, 2000, and 2001- 2002)
- Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research, 2001.
- Special targeted publications.
Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary
Tel: 41 22 791 3418, Fax: 41 22 791 4394
Email: curratl@who.int
Address: c/o World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27,
Switzerland
Tel. 41 22 791 4260 Fax: 41 22 791 4394
Website: www.globalforumhealth.org
3
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
United Nation's Children Fund (UNICEF)
HQ-New York, 7 Regional offices, 126 country offices
1946
United Nations Organization
UNICEF is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate
for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic needs and to
expand their opportunities to reach their full potential.
Amongst its activities it strives to reduce childhood death and illness and to
protect children in the midst of war and natural disaster
http://www.unicef.org/programme/info/topic.html
The UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre is based in Florence and is the main
research arm of UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, helping to
shape the organization's human rights agenda for children—The Centre gives
particular priority to problems of equity, economic affordability and the
financing of social programmes to benefit children.
Special interests—vaccination, (including polio eradication) HIV/AIDS
- Research and Evaluation are essential functions.
National governments, NGOs (non-governmental organizations), other
United Nations agencies and private-sector partners.
Works within GAVI - UNICEF is responsible for buying and delivering the
vaccines, auto-disable syringes and safety boxes that will be used to
immunize millions of children in the next five years.
Executive Board
Governing Body of 36 Nations
The 37 National Committees for UNICEF are private, not-for-profit
organizations, primarily in industrialized countries, that support UNICEF
programs
Extensive networks of volunteers help the Committees raise funds, sell the
well-known UNICEF greeting cards and carry out other activities.
http://www.unicef.org/infores/publications.htm
Annual report. The 2002 UNICEF Annual Report summarizes major trends
affecting children worldwide and the results secured by UNICEF and its
partners on their behalf.
Carol Bellamy, Executive Director
3 United Nations Plaza
44th Street between 1st and 2nd Avenues
New York, New York
Tel: 1212 326.7000 - Switchboard UNICEF House
Fax 1.212.887.7465-Primary 1.212.887.7454 - Secondary
http://www.unicef.org
4
Organization
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
New York, USA
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
United Nations Organization
UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and
connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people
build a better life.
Supports some global health research initiatives such as TDR, HRP, IVI etc.
On the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to
global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity,
they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.
Executive Board which includes representatives from 36 nations around the
world.
UN
Mark Malloch Brown, Administrator
One United Nations Plaza
New York, NY 10017, USA
Tel: (212) 906-5558
Fax: (212) 906-5364
European Office at Geneva
Palais des Nations CH-1211, Geneve 10, Switzerland
Tel: 41 22 917 8542
Fax: 41 22 917 8001
5
Oganisation
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Paris, France
1945
United Nations Organization
The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world
by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and
communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law
and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the
peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the
Charter of the United Nations.
UNESCO is not a research funding organization. Its budget is earmarked for
projects planned and carried out by the Secretariat. However, UNESCO does
welcome project proposals and in case it meets the organization's objectives, the
Secretariat may request external partners to carry out the research.
Support can only be given to projects presented to UNESCO by one of its Member
States and included in the approved programme and budget.
This kind of request should therefore be brought to the attention of the National
Commission for UNESCO of the applicants country.
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/partners/index.shtml
Executive Board
1. Regular budget:
$544 million for the biennium 2000-2001, composed of mandatory contributions
from the Member States.
2. Extrabudgetary funds:
An estimated $250 million for 2000-2001. Of these $62 million come from the
UNDP and other UN agencies, $113 million from Funds-in-Trust (FIT). The FIT
are funds for specific projects put at the disposal of UNESCO by donor countries to
benefit a third party country.
http://upo.unesco.org/default.asp
Mr Georges B. Kutukdjian, Director
1 rue Miollis
SHS/HPE
75732 Paris Cedex 15
France
Tel: 33 1 45 68 49 98
Fax: 33 1 45 68 55 15
Email: g.kutukdjian@unesco.org
Website: www.unesco.org
6
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA)
New York
1969
United Nations Organization
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) supports developing
countries, at their request, to improve access to and the quality of
reproductive health care, particularly family planning, safe motherhood, and
prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS.
Priorities include protecting young people, responding to emergencies, and
ensuring an adequate supply of condoms and other essentials.
° Reproductive health, including family planning and sexual health.
» Population and Development Strategy
» Advocacy
° Supports data collection and analysis to help countries achieve
sustainable development
UNFPA offers assistance only at a country’s own request. While there is
international agreement on population and development goals, each country
decides its own approach.
-United Nations
-To promote cooperation and coordination among United Nations
organizations, bilateral agencies, governments, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and the private sector in addressing issues of
population and development, reproductive health, gender equality and
women’s empowerment.
Executive Board which includes representatives from 36 nations around the
world.
Extra-budgetary voluntary contributions from donor countries and private
foundations.
One fourth of the world’s population assistance from donor nations to
developing countries is channelled through UNFPA.
The Fund provides a channel through which donors can direct assistance for
specific population programmes or projects.
Http://www.unfpa.org/publications/pubmain.htm
Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director
United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA)
Information and External Relations Division
220 East 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017 USA
Tel: (212) 297 5020
Fax: (212) 557 6416
Internet: http://www.unfpa
7
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva, Switzerland , with 6 Regional Offices.
1948
United Nations specialised agency for Health
Promotion and health protection remain the central and core business of
WHO.
Relevant Departments:
- Department of Research Policy and Cooperation (RPC) strengthen the
informational, scientific and ethical foundations of health research systems
so that it can perform effectively and efficiently in contributing to health
system development and health improvement, especially in poor countries.
Located within the Evidence & Information for Policy (EIP) cluster at WHO
headquarters in Geneva.
- Tropical Disease Research (TDR)
- UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research
Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP).
Technical Services Agreement
In 2000-2001 WHO disbursed approximately USS 170 M in research funding
with the majority spent by TDR ($74) and HRP ($55).
United Nations
WHO is governed by 191 Member States through the World Health
Assembly.
Member states, Foundations,.........
http://www.who.int/pub/en/
Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland - Director-General
WHO Headquarters
Avenue Appia 20
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel: 41 22 791 21 11
Fax: 41 22 791 3111
Website: www.who.int
8
ORGANIZATION
African Development Bank
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
1964
The African Development Bank Group is a multinational development bank
supported by 77 nations from Africa, North and South America, Europe and
Asia. Headquartered in Abidjan the Bank Group consists of three institutions:
• The African Development Bank [APB],
• The African Development Fund [ADF],
• The Nigeria Trust Fund [NTF],
Core business
African Development Bank is dedicated to combating poverty and improving
the lives of people of the continent and engaged in the task of mobilising
resources towards the economic and social progress of its Regional Member
Countries.
Its mission is to promote economic and social development through loans,
equity' investments, and technical assistance.
Research areas
The Bank intends to play an increasingly important role in financing
investments to foster health development as an integral part of socio
economic development in Africa. The overall objective is to facilitate the
creation of health to enable populations to carry out the development process
on a sustainable basis.
The current development topics include:
Healthy Population
HIV/A1DS
Women in development
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
A portion of some project funds are earmarked for research
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Board of governors from sponsoring countries
Other international and African Development Banks and Development
Organizations.
African development Reviews African Development Reports and Economic
Review Papers.
Officers
Omar Kabbaj, President
K. Saiki (225) 20 20 41 18 (Media Contact)
Samba Chifwambwa - S. Chifwambwa @afdb.org (Media Contact)
Contact details
Rue Joseph Anoma
01 BP 1387 Abidjan 01
Cote d'Ivoire
Tel: (225) 20.20.44.44
Fax: (225) 20.20.49.59
Email: afdb@afdb.org
9
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Asian Development Bank
Manila, Philippines
ADB is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing
poverty in Asia and the Pacific.
The adoption of poverty reduction as a strategy gave primacy to ADB's fight
against poverty. ADB continues to carry out activities to promote economic
growth, develop human resources, improve the status of women, and protect
the environment, but these strategic development objectives now serve its
poverty reduction agenda. Its other key development objectives, such as law
and policy reform, regional cooperation, private-sector development, and
social development, also contribute significantly to this main goal.
Application
mechanism
There is no standard form for applications. Make sure your application
contains all the following information. There are 18 items on this list.
http://www.adb.org/PrivateSector/Operations/apply.asp
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
In 2001, in line with recent annual averages, ADB provided loans totaling
US$5.3 billion, most of which went to the public sector.
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
ADB is managed by a Board of Governors, a Board of Directors, a President,
three Vice-Presidents, and the Pleads of departments and offices.
Each member country nominates one Governor and an Alternate Governor to
vote on its behalf.
http://www.adb.org/Publications/default.asp
Asian Development Bank (headquarters)
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
0401 Metro Manila, Philippines
P.O. Box 789
0980 Manila Philippines
Tel: 63 2 632 4444
Fax: 63 2 636 2444
E-mail: information@mail.asiandevbank.org
www.adb.org
10
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
Barbados
The purpose of CDB is "to contribute to the harmonious economic growth
and development of the member countries in the Caribbean (hereinafter
called the "region") and to promote economic cooperation and integration
among them, having special and urgent regard to the needs of the less
developed members of the region".
»
o
o
o
°
•
•
•
to assist regional members in the co-ordination of their development
programmes with a view to achieving better utilization of their resources;
making their economies more complementary, and promoting the orderly
expansion of their international trade, in particular intra-regional trade;
to mobilise within and outside the region additional financial resources
for the development of the region;
to finance projects and programmes contributing to the development of
the region or any of the regional members;
to provide appropriate technical assistance to its regional members,
particularly by undertaking or commissioning pre-investment surveys
and by assisting in the identification and preparation of project proposals;
to promote public and private investment in development projects by,
among other means, aiding financial institutions in the region and
supporting the establishment of consortia;
to co-operate and assist in other regional efforts designed to promote
regional and locally controlled financial institutions and a regional
market for credit and savings;
to stimulate and encourage the development of capital markets within the
region; and
to undertake or promote such other activities as may advance its purpose.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Dr. Compton Bourne, President (email: bournec@caribank.org)
Mr. Neville Grainger, Vice President (email: graingn@caribank.org)
Contact details
Caribbean Development Bank
P.O. Box 408, Wildey, St. Michael
Barbados
Fax : (246) 228-9670; (246) 426-7269
E-mail: info@caribank.org
Tel: (246) 431-1600
Website : http://www.caribank.org
11
Organization
Inter-American Development Bank
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Washington DC
1959
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
The Bank was established to help accelerate economic and social
development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Creating appropriate regulatory mechanisms to encourage private
investment
- Supporting innovation and building institutional capacity to train the
region's workforce for the future
- Promoting the development of the small enterprise sector as the greatest
source of economic growth and employment generation; and
- Using equity as a development tool, by establishing special funds to invest
in small-scale private sector enterprises.
Bank has mobilized financing for projects that represent a total investment of
$273 billion. Annual lending has grown dramatically from the $294 million
in loans approved in 1961 to $7.9 billion in 2001, after peaking at almost
$10.1 billion in 1998.
Enrique V. Iglesias, President
Donald F. Terry, Manager Investment Fund
1300 New York Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20577
United States of America
Tel: +202-623-1000 (Main Switchboard)
http://www.iadb.org
12
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
The World Bank
Washington
1944
Bank is owned by more than 184 member countries.
The World Bank Group is one of the world's largest sources of development
assistance.
Relevant Department: Health, Nutrition & Population—: assist clients to
improve health, nutrition, and population outcomes of poor people and
protect people from the impoverishing effects of illness, malnutrition, and
high fertility
Nutrition Pop/Reproductive Health Poverty & Health Health Systems Stewardship - Demand & Markets - Financing - Inputs Generation - Services
- Performance Measures - Tools Public Health - HIV/AIDS - IMCI - Malaria
- Mental Health - Onchocerciasis (Riverblindness) - Tobacco - Tuberculosis Vaccines & Immunizations
The World Bank Group is one of the world's largest sources of development
assistance. In fiscal year 2002, the institution provided more than US$19.5
billion in loans to its client countries. It works in more than 100 developing
economies with the primary focus of helping the poorest people and the
poorest countries.
Supports WHO programs like TDR, HRP etc.
The Bank works with government agencies, nongovernmental organizations,
and the private sector to formulate assistance strategies.
The World Bank is owned by 184 countries. Each member country is
represented by a Board of Governors. The Governors carry ultimate decision
making power in the World Bank.
The Executive Directors and the President of the World Bank - who serves as
Chairman of the Board - are responsible for the conduct of the Bank's general
operations and perform their duties under powers delegated by the Board of
Governors.
http://wbln0018.woridbank.org
World's capital markets, and, contributions from wealthier member
governments.
http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/
World Development Report
Country data, projects and analysis
James D. Wolfensohn, President
Headquarters - General Inquiries
The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20433 U.S.A.
Tel: (202) 473-1000
Fax: (202)477-6391
Website: www.worldbank.org
13
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Agence Francaise de Development (AFD)
Established in 1992, changed name in 1998
Public industrial and commercial institution
The AFD provides financial facilities in order to support job-creating
productive projects, both public and private, some of which cofinanced with
other funding agencies. It also deploys and administers structural adjustment
aid allocated by the Government.
The AFD focuses its activities on the poorest countries. It is especially
involved in 41 of the 48 countries classified as very low income by the
United Nations.
The AFD supports development through technical assistance and training
programmes.
Provides high-level technical training for senior officers and managers from
developing countries and overseas France.
The AFD is managed by a Chief Executive Officer appointed by Cabinet
Decree on a proposal from the Minister for Economic Affairs, Finance and
Industry, after consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation,
and Overseas France.
The AFD Chief Executive Officer is assisted by a Deputy Executive Officer,
three Executive Managers and a Secretary General
AH publications can be obtained by order form or by calling Communication
Division on 01.53.44.33.72/34 17/39 74.
You can also access Pressdoc, a weekly review of coverage of development
issues by the French and international press and references bibliographic on
development, and Produitdoc, which provides bimonthly and annual
overview of trends on commodity markets
Henry-Philippe de Clercq, Secretary General
Catherine Chevallier, Manager of Communication
Tel: 33 1 53 44 36 78
5, rue Roland Barthes
75598 PARIS Cedex 12 (France)
Telephone : 33 1 53 44 31 3 1
Fax: 33 1 53 44 38 24
www.cfd.fr
Contact: com@cfd.fr
14
Organization
Agenda Espanola de Cooperacion International (AECI)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Madrid, Spain
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental
Government
http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha ol/programs/response/donornet/index.html
Mr. Jose Maria Ferreiro Moreno, Coordinator
Avenida de los Reyes Catolicos, 4
28040 Madrid Spain
Tel::+34 91 583 81 00/01/02
Fax:+34 91 583 83 10/1 1/13
Email: centro.informacion@aeci.es
Website: http://www.aeci.es
15
Organization
The Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Canberra, Australia
Research areas
The aid program places high priority on effective partnerships with the
countries it seeks to assist. Its programs are designed, delivered and assessed
jointly with the governments and people of partner countries, tailored to meet
their most pressing development needs.
The five priority sectors are health, education, infrastructure, rural
development, and governance. In the health sector, priority is given to
communicable diseases, women's and children's health, non-communicable
diseases, and health sector reform.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental
AUSAID's mission is to advance Australia's national interest by assisting
developing countries to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development.
Grants of up to $20,000 are available and preference will be given to
proposals for projects in Asia and the Pacific.
Applications for grants must be submitted to AUSAID
ACPDS Guidelines are available on the AUSAID internet site
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/business/other_opps or requests for the Guidelines
can be made in writing to Carolyn Nimmo, Community Programs Section,
AUSAID, GPO Box 887, Canberra ACT 2601, Fax: (61 2) 6206 4798 or
email: Carolyn_nimmo@ausaid.gov.au.
Telephone enquires about the ACPDS may be directed to Carolyn Nimmo on
(02) 6206 4605.
Contract Contact: Carolyn Nimmo (61 2) 6206 4605.
Project Contact: Carolyn Nimmo (61 2) 6206 4605.
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/budget01/default.cfm
Government of Australia
Government of Australia
Publications on AusAID health policy and NGO funding opportunities 2001
are also available from the AusAID website
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/health_policyl998.pdf
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf7ngo funding opps guideli
nes 2001.pdf
Andrew Rowell
The Australian Agency for International Development (AUSAID)
GPO Box 887
ACT 2601 Canberra
Australia
Tel: +61-2-62064000
Fax : +61-2-62064880
Email:
Andrew Rowell@ausaid.gov.au
Website: http://www.ausaid.gov.au
16
Organization
Canadian International Development Agency (CLDA)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Quebec, Canada
Research areas
Research in support of health systems, appropriate technologies, operations
research.
To support efforts to provide primary health care, basic education, family
planning, nutrition, water and sanitation, and shelter. Canada will continue to
respond to emergencies with humanitarian assistance. Canada will commit
25% of its ODA to basic human needs as a means of enhancing its focus on
addressing the security of the individual.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Government
CIDA supports sustainable development activities in order to reduce poverty
and to contribute to a more secure, equitable and prosperous world. Four
special areas-social development, health and nutrition, basic education,
HIV/AIDS and child protection.
CIDA works in partnership with all elements of Canadian society, including
the business community, non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
professional associations, co-operatives, educational institutions and
international agencies.
General information | Business and employment | Policies
Strategies | Research papers | Reports to Parliament |
Statistical Report on Official Development Assistance
Mr Len Good, President
George Shaw, Director General
200 Promenade du Portage
Hull, Quebec
K1A0G4, Canada
Tel: (819) 997-5006
Toll free: 1-800-230-6349
Fax: (819) 953-6088
E-mail: info@acdi-cida.gc.ca
Website: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca
17
Organization
Danish International Development Agency - DANIDA
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Copenhagen, Denmark
Governmental
The main focus of all DANIDA projects is poverty reduction.
Crosscutting issues are environment, gender and democracy, and good
governance.
Research areas
HIV/AIDS
Private Sector Development
Children and Youth
Conflict Prevention
Funding function
Support is therefore only given to researchers who have a clear and visible
connection to the Danish research environment. Only research that can help
solve the economic and social problems, which the developing world deals
with, will be favoured.
DANIDA finances also ad hoc activities related to other Danish supported
projects or sector programs.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Government
http://www.um.dk/aspfiles/ny publiste.asp?kat=82
Officers
Contact details
http://www.um.dk/danida/
18
Organization
Department for International Development Cooperation (Finnida)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Helsinki, Finland
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental
The main objectives of Finnida are: reducing poverty; assisting developing
countries in solving their environmental problems; and promoting equality,
democracy and human rights. Finnish development priorities emphasise the
need for sustained economic growth, equitable income distribution and
special arrangements for supporting the poor and enabling them to participate
in productive activities.
Promotion of global security
Reduction of widespread poverty
Promotion of human rights and democracy
Prevention of global environmental problems
Promotion of economic dialogue
In an effort to achieve practical results in the alleviation of poverty, Finnida
will emphasise basic education and health services. It also supports efforts to
improve family planning and reproductive health as part of basic health
services, and to strengthen the participation of women in social and
economic activity
Government Decision-in-principle February 2001
Culture and sustainable development
Finland's development policy report 1999 now available in English
Finland's Development Cooperation 2001, Democracy and
Globalization: Promoting a North-South Dialogue
Mr Hannu Vikman
Contact Address: Finnida, Katajanokanlaituri 3, 00160 Helsinki 16, Finland
Tel:+358 9 1341 6426
Fax: +358 9 1341 6428
E-mail: hannu.vikman@formin.fi
Department for International Development Cooperation (Finnida)
Kanavakatu 4a 00160 Helsinki, Finland
Postal address:
P.O. Box 127
FIN-00161 Helsinki
Finland
Tel: 358 9 1341 6370 or 1341 6349
Fax: 358 9 1341 6375
Email: kyoinfo@formin.fi
Website: http://global.finland.fi/english/_____________________________
19
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Department for International Development, UK (DFID)
London, UK
Government-relevant department-Health and Population department
DFID is the UK Government department working to promote sustainable
development and eliminate world poverty.
Research areas
To help countries to develop and implement Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) regimes suited to their national circumstances,
Funding function
Investment in research and research capacity in developing countries and
through partnerships with the science community in the UK and
internationally. The outcomes of this research will be disseminated widely so
that the maximum benefit can be derived from it.
Application Form provided .
Application
mechanism
DFID funds a considerable amount of research through international bodies.
DFID helps make the necessary knowledge available and accessible by (i)
promoting a pro-poor international health research agenda in its dialogue
with other UK and international funders of health research, and (ii)
supporting the knowledge-related activities
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
DFID spends well over £100 million each year on development-oriented
research and capacity building managed by its Advisory Groups and country
and regional programmes.
Affiliation
DFID is in partnerships with universities, non-governmental Organizations
and the private sector to create the capacity to use knowledge effectively.
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Government, advisory committees
UK government
Latest DFID Publications
DFID
1, Palace Street
London SW1E5HE, UK
Tel:+44 (0)20 7023 0000
Fax: +44 (0) 20 7023 0019
Email: enquiry@dfid.gov.uk
Website: www.dfid.gov.uk/
20
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
Eschborn, Germany
1975
Governmental
GTZ’s aim is to improve the living conditions and perspectives of people in
developing and transition countries.
In more than 130 partner countries, GTZ is supporting 2,700 development
projects and programmes, chiefly under commissions from the German
Federal Government.
Within the framework of international co-operation, GTZ undertakes
technical co-operation tasks.
The development projects supported by GTZ cover a wide spectrum of
thematic areas and tasks. These include, for example, AIDS prevention in
Kenya, A project is sustainable when, among other things, it continues to
function over the long term without external support.
GTZ works jointly with the private sector in developing countries and
countries in transition.
Governance
Government-owned corporation
Source of funding
Publications
Government
http://www.gtz.de/publikationen/english/
Officers
Contact details
Dr. Annette Backhaus Senior Planning Officer
Deutsche Gesellschaft ftir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Dag-Hammarskjbld-Weg 1-5
65760 Eschborn
Germany
Tel: +49 (0)6196 79-0
Fax: +49 (0)6196 79-1115
Website: www.gtz.de
21
Organization
Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Tokyo, Japan
Governmental
JICA is responsible for the technical cooperation aspect of Japan's ODA
programs.
Research areas
Funding function
JICA's technical cooperation is aimed at transferring technology and
knowledge that can contribute to the socio-economic development of
developing countries. However, JICA is not a funding agency and therefore,
does not provide assistance in the form of cash grant.
Application
mechanism
JICA's programs are available upon request through the official diplomatic
channels set by the Government and the Government of Japan (GOJ).
The Information booklets for the request survey are distributed to major
government agencies every year usually in April with the deadline in July.
Application forms with detailed explanation are contained in the booklet.
' Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Government mechanisms. JICA has about 1,200 staff members working both
in Japan and at its more than fifty overseas offices.
Source of funding
Publications
Government
http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publication/index.html
Officers
Mr Yushu Takashima, Vice President
Contact details
Japan International Cooperation Agency
6-13F, Shinjuku Maynds Tower
1-1, Yoyogi 2-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8558, Japan
Tel: 03-5352-531 1/5312/5313/5314
Website: http://www.jica.go.jp/
22
Organization
The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Oslo, Norway
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental
The main goal is to contribute towards lasting improvements in the
economic, social and political conditions under which people live in
developing countries, with special emphasis on assistance which benefits the
poorest sector of the community.
Basic and long-term research and higher education at university level
Regional initiatives and international cooperation in research and higher
education
Long-term research cooperation based on the principle of equality
Higher education programmes offered by Norwegian universities.
NORAD does not support particular research projects that are not integrated
in particular programmes of bilateral development aid. The NUFUprogramme, i.e. the Norwegian Council of Universities Programme for
Development in Research and Education, which is funded by NORAD,
supports research cooperation between universities in Norway and the South,
including health research.
For further information, you may contact: siu@siu.no
Annual Reports
Lili-Ann Bjaarstad Medina, Research Advisor, Technical Department
Tollbugaten 31,
PO Box 8034
0030 Oslo
Norway
Tel: +47 22 24 02 48
Fax: +47 22 24 02 76
Email: informasjonssenteret@oslo.norad.telemax.no
Email: lill-ann.medina@norad.no
Website : http:ZAvww.norad.no
23
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Department
for Research Cooperation (SIDA/Sarec)
Stockholm, Sweden
Government Agency for bi-lateral international development co-operation
The objective of research co-operation is to support research which is of
significance for development in developing countries. This is done by
providing support to improve the capacity of developing countries to run
research programmes of their own and by providing support to research
which can contribute to the solution of important development problems.
SIDA's support to health research stretches from biomedical to social science
research on poverty related health problems like infectious diseases,
malnutrition, sexual and reproductive health, and non-communicable
diseases, which is increasing in prevalence developing countries.
Furthermore, SIDA supports research within the areas of health policies,
health system development and health economy.
SIDA support to research is mainly given to universities after invitation in
bilateral agreements and to regional networks, special programmes in priority
areas and international programs after negotiations. A minor part of the
budget is allocated for calls for proposals, a programme called "SIDA's
research council" (only open for Swedish applicants) and for the South
African-Swedish Research Partnership Programme.
The support is being channelled through international organizations like
WHO, regional networks and bilaterally to medical faculties at universities in
Africa, Asia and Latin America, Embassies, European Union.
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Swedish Government-Board and Research Council
Swedish Government
Most research results are published in international journals and not by
SIDA. Only a minor part is published by SIDA. Publications can be ordered
on the web site.
Officers
Senior Research Advisor, Ass. Prof Barbro Carlsson
Contact details
Division for Thematic Research
SE 105 25 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 8 698 5000
Fax: +46 8 698 5656
Email: barbro.carlsson(a>sida.se
Website : http://www.sida.org and http://www.eufou.se
24
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Bern, Switzerland
Governmental
The primary philosophy of SDC is to fight poverty through participatory
programs, creating sustainable improvements in peoples’ lives by involving
them in the process. Its main intentions are to improve access to education
and basic health care, to promote environmental health, to encourage
economic and governmental autonomy, and to improve equity in labor.
SDC provides services through direct operations, by supporting the programs
of multilateral organizations, and by co-financing and making financial
contributions to the programs of both Swiss and international private
assistance agencies.
Swiss Government
SDC is organized and funded by the Swiss government and operates by
financing programs both directly and in partnership with other agencies to
countries around the world.
Publications
http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/news/publications.htm
Officers
Contact details
Mrs Barbara Hofmann
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
Eigerstrasse 73
CH- 3003 Bern
Switzerland
Tel. (Bern): ++41 31 323 21 06
Fax:++41 31 324 16 94
Email: Barbara.Hofmann(a)deza.admin.ch
Email: info@deza.admin.ch
Website: http://www.sdc-gov.ch
25
Organization
The US Agency for International Development (USAID)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Washington, USA
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental
USAID's mission is to support the people of developing and transitional
countries in their efforts to achieve enduring economic and social progress and
to participate more fully in resolving the problems of their countries and the
world. USAID has defined its major functions and operations to address
globalization and conflict through three program pillars. One pillar, the Global
Health and Population pillar is to stabilize world population and protect human
health. This pillar of activities includes maternal and child health, nutrition,
women's reproductive health, HIV/AIDS, and programs that address other
infectious disease such as malaria and tuberculosis.
USAID is the principal US agency to extend assistance to countries recovering
from disasters, trying to escape poverty, and engaging in democratic reforms.
Through its Population, Health and Nutrition Programmes, USAID works to
improve the quality of life for millions of people around the world.
Child and Maternal Health
Infectious Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Population/Reproductive Health
Supports: 1) increased use by women and men of voluntary practices that
contribute to reduced fertility (2) increased use of key maternal health and
nutrition interventions (3) increased use of key child health and nutrition
interventions (4) increased sustainable responses to reduce HIV transmission
and to mitigate the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and (5) increased use of
effective interventions to reduce the threat of infectious diseases of major
public health importance.
www.usaid.gov/odw/covlet.html
http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2002/request.html
www.usaid.gov/pubs
Robert Emrey
Office of Health, Bureau for Global Health and Population
1300 Pennsylvania Avenue
20523-3700 Washington, D.C.
USA
Tel: 202-712-4583
Fax: 202-216-3702
Email: REMREY@USAID.GOV
Website: www.usaid.gov_____________________________________ _____
26
Organization
AP Sloan Foundation
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
New York, USA
Non Governmental
Areas in this program include molecular evolution, theoretical neurobiology,
computational molecular biology, astrophysics (Sloan Sky Survey), limits to
knowledge (The Known, Unknown, Unknowable), and marine science (Census
of Marine Life).
Funding function
The Foundation provides support in selected areas of research that are of
scientific significance and where its support can make a difference. This
usually means that there are no major government funders.
Application
mechanism
The Foundation has no deadlines or standard forms. Prefer concise, wellorganized proposals. The Foundation accepts proposals sent by e-mail. A brief
letter of inquiry, rather than a fully developed proposal, is an advisable first
step for an applicant, conserving his or her time and allowing for a preliminary
response regarding the possibility of support.
From $500 to $45,000 (the maximum allowed) per proposal.
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Paula J. Osiewski, Program Director
Email: olsiewski@sloan.org
Harold T. Shapiro, Chairman
AP Sloan Foundation
630 Fifth Avenue
Suite 2550
10111 New York NY
USA
Tel: +1 212-649-1649
Fax:+1 212-757-5117
Website : http://www.sloan.org
27
Organization
Bill and Melinda Gates Children's Vaccine Program (CVP)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Washington, USA
Established to promote equal access to lifesaving vaccines worldwide, CVP has
been instrumental in revitalizing the commitment of the international
community to universal childhood immunization. The Vaccine Fund is a
financially independent mechanism designed to raise new resources for
immunization and swiftly channel them to developing country health systems.
Research areas
Better Immunization Solutions for a Changing World
Getting Vaccines to All the Children Who Need Them
Working Together in Global Partnership
Funding function
The Vaccine Fund provides resources directly to country governments, not
through other agencies.
The three basic conditions for support from the Vaccine Fund are:
1. the country must have a functioning Inter-agency Coordination Committee
(ICC) focussed on immunization (or an equivalent collaborative mechanism) to
ensure local coordination and accountability;
2. the country must submit a recent assessment of national immunization
services; and
3. the country must submit a coherent, multi-year plan for immunization,
including plans for sustaining immunization activities after Vaccine Fund
support is terminated.
Application
mechanism
Vaccine Fund award decisions are based on an application process initiated by
government health officials and partner agency staff in countries (e.g.,
UNICEF, WHO, bilateral development agencies). The proposals are submitted
to the GAVI Secretariat and reviewed by an independent panel of experts. The
GA VI Board then evaluates the panel’s recommendations. The Board of the
Vaccine Fund swiftly reviews the GAVI Board recommendations.
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
www.gatesfoundation.org/globalhealth/grants/defaultl.htm
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Publications
Officers
Contact details
PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health)
4 Nickerson Street
98109-1699 Seattle Washington
USA
Tel: (206) 285-3500
Fax: (206)285-6619
Email : info@childrensvaccine.org
28
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Seattle, \VA, USA
January 2000
Endowment foundation
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is dedicated to improving people's
lives by sharing advances in health and learning with the global community.
The foundation's Global Health Program is focused on reducing global health
inequities by accelerating the development, deployment and sustainability of
health interventions that will save lives and dramatically reduce the disease
burden in developing countries.
Supports initiatives like GAVI.
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/grants/default.htm
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is proactive in its funding, awarding
the majority of its grants to organizations selected by program teams.
The foundation favors preventive approaches and collaborative endeavors
with government, philanthropic and not-for-profit partners. Priority is given
to grants that leverage additional support and serve as a catalyst for long
term, systemic change.
Please note that the foundation does not accept unsolicited proposals.
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Family Foundation
Global Health Program Newsletter
Joe Cerrell
Director, Public Affairs
Tel: (206) 709-3400
Fax: (206) 709-3252
Email: media@gatesfoundation.org
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
PO Box 23350
Seattle, WA 98102
USA
Tel: (206) 709-3140
For general questions or grant inquires, please contact the foundation via
email: info@gatesfoundation.org
Website: www.gatesfoundation.org
29
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Carnegie Foundation
Menlo Park, CA, USA
1905
Non Governmental Organization
A national and international centre for research and policy studies about
teaching.
The Foundation is an independent institution whose primary activities of
research and writing have resulted in published reports on every level of
education, from kindergarten through graduate and professional studies. It
conducts its non-profit research activities through a small group of
distinguished scholars who generate, critique and monitor advances in the
theory and practice of education in the United States and worldwide.
Apply for Higher Education Carnegie Scholars. Procedures available on
website.
The Foundation is governed by a self-perpetuating board of trustees
composed of leaders in education, business and government.
E library, publications by Carnegie Foundation Scholars
http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/Publications/index.htm
Charlie Moran, Administrative Coordinator: moran@camegiefoundation.org
Johanna Wilson, Secretary/special assistant to the president:
wilson@carnegiefoundation.org
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
555 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
USA
Tel: 650-566-5100
Fax: 650-326-0278
Website: www.camegiefoundation.org
30
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Fogarty International Center
Bethesda, USA
1968
Governmental
The Fogarty International Center promotes and supports scientific research and
training internationally to reduce disparities in global health.
Research areas
Such as tobacco, genetics, HIV/AIDS, malaria, emerging infectious diseases,
environmental and occupational health, ecology of infectious disease,
biodiversity, maternal and child health, international research bioethics, etc.
Funding function
http://www.nih.gov/fic/about/centerfacts/02fundstrategy.html
New program-Global Health Research Initiative Program for new foreign
investigators that concentrates on establishing research capacity for new
investigators in their home countries.
Applicants are encourage to access the application instructions and forms via
the Internet.
Several mechanisms are available for research and research training awards.
http://grants.nih.gOv/grants/forms.htm#applications
2002:45.1 million USD
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
NIH, USA
Advisory Board
Appropriation from Congress of the USA
Gerald T. Keusch, Director
Tel:+301 496 1415
Fax: +301 402 2173
E-mail: keuschg@nih.gov
Mark Miller, Associate Director for Research
Tel: +1301496 0815
Fax:+1 301 496 8496
E-mail: millermark@nih.gov
Bruce Butrum, Grants Management Officer
Contact details
Fogarty International Center
National Institutes of Health
31 Center Drive, MSC 2220
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2220
USA
31
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Ford Foundation
1936
The Ford Foundation is a resource for innovative people and institutions
worldwide. Goals are to:
o Strengthen democratic values,
o Reduce poverty and injustice,
o Promote international cooperation and
o Advance human achievement
The Foundation does not have an application form. Instead, a brief letter of
enquiry should be sent to determine whether the Foundation's present
interests and funds permit consideration of the request.
The letter should include:
o The purpose of the project for which funds are being requested
o Problems and issues the proposed project will address
® Information about the organization conducting the project
® Estimated overall budget for the project
o Period of time for which funds are requested
» Qualifications of those who will be engaged in the project
The Foundation is governed by an international board of trustees and
managed by an international professional staff. The trustees determine board
policies, set program and management budgets, approve appropriations, and
review program and grant objectives and accomplishments.
Source of funding
The Foundation gets its funds from an endowment valued at $10.8 billion as
of the fiscal year ending September 30, 2001. These assets are invested in a
diversified portfolio that includes equities and fixed income securities (both
U.S. and international), venture capital, and real estate investments.
Publications
Annual Report
Quarterly Magazine
Officers
Contact details
Ford Foundation
(Headquarters)
320 East 43rd Street
New York, NY 10017 USA
Tel: (212) 573-5000
Fax: (212)351-3677
32
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
International Development Research Centre (FDRC)
Ottawa, Canada
1970
Governmental
The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public
corporation created to help developing countries find long-term solutions to
the social, economic, and environmental problems they face.
Research areas
»
®
o
°
Ecosystem approaches to Human Health
Governance, Equity and Health
Research for International Tobacco Control
Partnership for Global Health Equity
Funding function
IDRC funds the work of scientists working in universities, private enterprise,
government, and non-profit organizations in developing countries and
provides some support to regional research networks and institutions in the
Third World.
Application
mechanism
Refer to : "How to Apply for IDRC Funding"
To view the IDRC Funding guide, please visit:
http://www.idrc.ca/institution/proposition e.html
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Budget SCAD 135.3 million (2000-2001)
21-member, International Board of Governors oversees its operations
Source of funding
Canadian Government
Publications
Special monographs
Health Systems Research (HSR) Training Series, IDRC/WHO (1992)
Maureen O'Neil, President
Christina Zarowsky, Senior Scientist, Health
250 Albert Street
PO Box 8500
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
KIG3H9
Tel: +1 (613)236 6163
Officers
Contact details
33
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Bethesda, MD, USA
NIAID supports research on parasitic and other infectious diseases that
predominantly affect populations living in developing countries but also are
of global importance.
Research areas
- Vaccine Research
- Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation
- AIDS Vaccine and Prevention Research
- Paediatric Therapeutic Clinical Trials
Funding function
Approximately 80 % of NIAID's budget supports research conducted by
scientists at universities, medical schools, and private research institutions,
primarily within the United States.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ncn/grants/default.htm
Part of N1H
Government
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
Officers
Laurie Doepel, Acting Director Communications
Tel: + (301) 496-5717 ldoepel@nih.gov
Contact details
NIAID Office of Communications & Public Liaison
Building 31, Room 7A-50
31 Center Drive MSC 2520
Bethesda, MD 20892-2520
USA
Tel: 301-496-5717
Website, www.niaid.nih.gov
34
Organization
Population Council
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
New York, USA
1952
The Population Council is an international, non-profit institution.
Core business
The Population Council's mission is to improve the well-being and
reproductive health of current and future generations and to help achieve a
humane, equitable, and sustainable balance between people and resources.
Research areas
Biomedical Research and Productive Development
Population and Social Policy
Reproductive Health and Family Planning
The Council helps to improve the research capacity of reproductive and
population scientists in developing countries, through grants, fellowships,
and support of research centers.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
The Council is governed by a board of trustees composed of men and women
from 12 countries. This group includes leaders in research, policy
development, and business.
Source of funding
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
and the Rockefeller Foundation.
Publications
http://www.popcouncil.org/pubasps/publications.asp
Officers
Tammy Allen, special assistant to the president tallen@popcouncil.org
Contact details
New York Headquarters
Population Council
One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza
New York, New York 10017 USA
Tel: (212)339-0500
Fax: (212) 755-6052
Email: pubinfo@popcouncil.org____________________________________
35
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Rockefeller Foundation
New York, USA
1913
The Rockefeller Foundation is a knowledge-based, global foundation with a
commitment to enrich and sustain the lives and livelihoods of poor and
excluded people throughout the world. It works :
- to help broaden the benefits and reduce the negative impacts of
globalization on vulnerable communities, families and individuals around the
world ;
- to advance global health equity by pursuing the reduction of avoidable and
unfair differences in the health status of populations.
The Foundation has identified four themes, or subject areas of work:
Creativity & Culture, Food Security, Health Equity, and Working
Communities. A cross-theme of Global Inclusion supports, promotes and
supplements the work of the four themes.
Funding function
The foundation is a pro-active grant-maker where the staffs seek out
opportunities that will advance the Foundation’s long-term goal. Unsolicited
grant proposals are strongly discouraged.
Also supports the WHO/Rockefeller Foundation International Awards.
Scheme for capacity building in Health Research.
Special emphasis on sub- Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia.
There is also an offer of a unique place for study and creative endeavour
through the Bellagio Study and Conference Centre in Northern Italy.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Prospective applications should refer to the Information for Applicants
section of the Foundation's webpage http://www.rockfound.org
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Will join with governments, industry, other foundations and non
governmental Organizations where appropriate.
Board of Trustees
From endowments
Monographs, annual reports
Associate Director, Health Sciences Division: Ms Sarah Macfarlane
Chair: James Orr 111
President: Gordon Conway
Health Sciences Division
The Rockefeller Foundation
420 Fifth Avenue
10018 New York NY
USA
Tel: 1-212-852 8324
Fax: 1-212-852 8279
Email : smacfarlane@rockfound.org
Website : http://www.rockfound.org
Contact: Ms Sarah Macfarlane, Associate Director
36
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Michigan, USA
1930
Non-profit organization
To help people help themselves through the practical application of knowledge
and resources to improve their quality of life and that of future generations.
Health, Food systems/rural development, Youth and education/higher
education, Philanthropy and volunteerism.
Funds research only as part of a broader program to which assistance is already
provided. Grants are made only to non-profit institutions or organizations.
a Create brighter futures through education by improving educational
outcomes for youth.
o Increase economic self-sufficiency through a growth in economic
assets for families and neighbourhoods.
The Kellogg Foundation, therefore, supports four fundamental activities in
selecting neighbourhood-based settings:
o Build and strengthen leadership capacity among youth and adults.
o Build and strengthen social networks within neighbourhoods and
between neighbourhoods, and the broader community.
o Transform institutional policies and build institutional capacity at the
neighbourhood and community level.
o Impact broader public policies related to building economic assets and
improving educational outcomes for children and youth.
Grant applicants to submit their requests electronically using the Foundation’s
online application (http://www.wkkf.org/Grants/Application.asp). Grant
applications who do not apply electronically should submit a pre-proposal letter
through the mail address provided.
Written pre-proposal letters should be addressed to:
Supervisor of Proposal Processing
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
One Michigan Avenue East
Battle Creek, Michigan 49017-4058, USA
Board of Trustees
Arriagada Riedemann, Program Director
One Michigan Avenue East
49017-3398 Battle Creek MI
USA
Tel: +1 616 968-1611
Fax: +1 616 968-0413
Email: http://www.wkkf.org________________________________________
37
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
The Wellcome Trust
London, UK
A charitable Organization subject to regulation by the UK Charity
Commission.
The Wellcome Trust is the world's largest medical research charity and its
mission is to foster and promote research with the aim of improving human and
animal health.
Biomedical research, primarily through UK universities, but also in the
developing world. Also funds research in the history of medicine and into the
social and ethical implications of biomedical research.
The Wellcome Trust has a long-standing interest in tropical medicine research
and offers opportunities for training and for undertaking research projects in the
tropical and/or developing countries of the world. The following awards are
offered to scientists from developing countries:
Training Fellowships for Scientists from Tropical and Developing Countries:
intended to provide training and research experience for applicants from
tropical and/or developing countries. Training can take place at international
centres of excellence in any country of the developing world, in the UK or the
Republic of Ireland, with a substantial period of research undertaken in the
applicant's home country. Studies of infectious or non-communicable diseases
are equally acceptable.
Research Development Awards: these awards are to enable junior clinical and
non-clinical researchers from developing countries to return to their home
institution and establish a program of research with continued collaboration and
support of a UK or Republic of Ireland sponsor. Studies of infectious or noncommunicable diseases are equally acceptable.
Also offers support for symposia, advance courses and media training
Runs a research-funding program on biomedical ethics.
Preliminary applications should include required details.
If the preliminary details meet the requirements of the scheme, a full
application form will be sent out. Applications are considered throughout the
year and at least six months should be allowed between submission of the full
application and the proposed start date.
Details on the Trust's major funding policies can be found on
http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en71/bio.html
Board of Governors, works through the Executive Board and is supported by
Advisory Committees
The trust has assets worth some 15 billion pounds, starting with a bequeath
from Sir Henry Wellcome
Annual Review 2001
Prog. Manager: Catherine Davies
The Wellcome Building
183 Euston Road
NW12BE London, UK
Tel:+44 (0)20 7611 8888
Fax: +44 (0)20 7611 8545
Email: contact@wellcome.ac.uk
38
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Burroughs-Wellcome Fund (BWF)
Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
1955
Independent private foundation
The Burroughs Wellcome Fund is an independent private foundation dedicated
to advancing the medical sciences by supporting research and other scientific
and educational activities. Within this broad mandate, BWF’s general strategy
is to help scientists early in their careers develop as independent investigators,
and to support investigators who are working in or entering fields in the basic
medical sciences that are undervalued or in need of encouragement. BWF,
which is governed by a Board of Directors composed of distinguished scientists
and business leaders, is not affiliated with any corporation.
Basic biomedical sciences, infectious diseases, interfaces in science, science
education, translational research.
Research funder.
BWF channels its financial support primarily through competitive award
programs, which are directed by advisory committees composed of leading
scientists and educators. Most awards are made to degree-granting institutions
on behalf of individual researchers, who must be nominated by their institution.
With its endowment of about $600 million, BWF makes approximately $35
million in grants annually.
Board of Directors.
Source of funding
Publications
Private endowment
Quaterly newsletter (Focus), Annual Reports, Programs & Grant guidelines.
Officers
President: Enriquetta Bond; Chair of Board: David M. Kipnis
Contact details
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
Post Office Box 13901
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3901
USA
Tel: (919) 991 5100
Fax: (919)991 5160
Martin lonescu-Pioggia, Ph.D., Senior Program Officer
Email: mionescu@bwfund.org
Website: www.bwfund.org
39
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR)
Geneva, Switzerland
2000
Program based global network, initiative fostered by the Global Forum for
Health Research.
The aim of the Alliance is to contribute to health development and the
efficiency and equity of health systems through research on and for policy. The
Alliance engages in HPSR mapping and monitoring, supporting capacity for
the undertaking of research, developing methodologies and tools and
facilitating information and partnership development.
Research to Evidence
Research topics on Health Policy and Systems Research
Research to Evidence Grants: short research projects involving empirical study
or analysis of existing data.
Young Researcher Grants: students who are doing Masters or Doctoral level
dissertations in a relevant subject.
Letters of intent on any HPSR topic will be considered.
The individual applicant should have or be able to establish collaboration with
another institution or internal unit leading to the formation of a team with at
least one researcher and one policy/decision-maker. The supporting member(s)
of the team should endorse the letter of intent. Applications will be accepted
only from institutions in developing countries, but teams including developed
country institutions are eligible. Current Alliance grantees are not eligible to
apply as principal investigators.
Grants will be awarded for up to one year with a modest budget to support field
work and office support. Young researcher grants have been supported in the
past at an average of US$8,200 ($13,000 maximum) and Research to Evidence
grants at an average of $19,400 ($31,200 maximum).
Global Forum for Health Research, WHO
Advisory Board
1DRC (Canada), Governments of Norway and Sweden, and the World Bank.
Alliance For Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter, published 4x per
year.
Working Papers.
Dr Miguel Angel Gonzalez Block, Manager
World Health Organization
20 Avenue Appia
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel:+41 22 791 2840/2890
Fax:+ 41 22 791 4328
Email: alliancehpsr@who.int
Website : http://www.alliance-hpsr.org
40
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI)
Geneva - at the Global Forum for Health Research
2001
Network of interested partners supported by the Global Forum.
Methodological issues of priority setting on child health, nutrition and
development research and on a life cycle approach to child health and nutrition
research.
Others:
Increasing the level of communication and discussion among players.
Stimulating research and supporting the expansion of research into priority areas
in child health and nutrition on a global basis especially in low and middle
income countries.
Child health and nutrition research/ priority setting
Supports activities related to the core function
Apply through secretariat, to be considered by the Board.
Constituencies related to child health research and nutrition research
CHNRI Board
Secretariat meant to rotate between developing country partners at regular
intervals. Started off with being hosted by the Global Forum. Applications are
now open for ‘hosting the secretariat’.
Partners and other donors.
Publications: “Child Health Research: a foundation for improving child
health”, 2002 (jointly with WHO).
Secretariat: presently with John Hopkins University but open for letters of
interest to host the Secretariat.
Dr Andres de Francisco
Global Forum for Health Research,
c/o World Health Organization
20 Avenue Appia
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel: 41 22 791 3916
Fax: 41 22 791 4394
Website: www.globalforumhealth.org (CNHRI section)
41
Organization
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Lyon, France
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
A special research institute which is part of WHO.
[ARC'S mission is to coordinate and conduct research on the causes of human
cancer, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and to develop scientific strategies
for cancer control, disseminates scientific information through publications,
meetings, courses, and fellowships.
Cancer - epidemiological and laboratory research
Conducts own research.
Also offers post-doctoral fellowships in IARC, abroad and also visiting
fellowships for senior scientists.
Information on website.
WHO
Director, elected and reporting to a Governing Council. Each Participating
State has a representative on the Governing Council, which oversees the
scientific programme, determines the budget and elects the Director. The
Scientific Council looks reviews the scientific work.
The Agency's regular budget comes from contributions by its 16 participating
countries which share their financial and scientific resources to reduce,
through the work of the Agency on cancer incidence and mortality
worldwide.
Receives many donations and bequests from private institutions and
individuals.
Dr Paul Kleihues, Director
Email: kleihues@iarc.fr
150 Cours Albert Thomas
F- 69372 Lyon cedex 08
France
Tel: 33 4 7273 8485
Fax: 33 4 7273 8575
Website: www.iarc.fr
42
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
(ICGEB)
Two centers: New Delhi, India and Trieste, Italy, since 1996 administered
from Trieste.
1983 (under UNIDO) 1994: autonomous, international intergovernmental
Organization
International intergovernmental Organization.
ICGEB is an international Organization dedicated to advanced research and
training in molecular biology and biotechnology, with special regard to the
needs of the developing world.
Promotes the safe use of biotechnology
o Molecular Biology
o Biotechnology
Institutions can apply for affiliation status.
See website.
Over USD 1 million per year for collaborative research program.
Established research institutes in Member States which have attained, or have
the potential for, high standard research. The total number of Affiliated
Centres has now reached 32.
Signatory members: 45 with another 19 still pending.
Board of Governors
http://www.icgeb.trieste.it/RESEARCH/PUBLICATIONS/publ2001.htm
Officers
Director, New Delhi Component:Virander Chauhan
Email: virander@,icgeb.res.in
Gita Prakash, Executive Secretary
Email: gita@icgeb.res.in
Director, Trieste component: Francisco Barrale
Contact details
ICGEB
Padriciano 99, 34012
Trieste
Italy
Tel: +39-040-3757345
Fax: +39-040-3757363,
Email: decio@icgeb.org
Website: www.icgeb.trieste.it
43
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN)
Manila, Philippines
Created in 1980 as a project of The Rockefeller Foundation,
INCLEN has been an independent non-profit organization since 1988.
Through carefully designed training and other support, helps clinicians to
critically to assess the factors that determine the most effective prevention and
treatment strategies. Promote improvement of equity, effectiveness and
efficiency in health care of the poor through the production and use of the best
evidence for addressing priority health problems. This is through building and
sustaining excellence in research capacity and evidence-based health care,
training in leadership and management, education of health professionals in
developing countries, and linking health research to policy making at local,
national, regional, and global levels. Also runs Short courses and master's
degree level training in clinical epidemiology and related discipline
(epidemiology, biostatistics, health social sciences, health economics). Provides
a forum for researchers to discuss critical health issues through educational
programs, global meetings, and an international communications network.
Main thrusts - multiple health problems addressed: Infectious diseases, Family
violence, Injury.
Fosters multidisciplinary collaborative research through an international
network of training centers and clinical epidemiology units based in
universities and medical institutions worldwide.
Grants disbursed by sub-committees for research and capacity building.
http://www.inclen.org/SPlan/translated.html
o
•
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
INCLEN Membership is open to medical institutions worldwide on
behalf of their clinical epidemiology faculty. **Clinical Epidemiology
Faculty includes: physicians, health social scientists, health economists,
biostatisticians and others in related health fields. Membership includes
64 medical institutions in 26 countries throughout the world
Partnerships with a number of other global networks such as
COHRED, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Global
Forum .International Epidemiology Association etc
Board
Abstracts of INCLEN meetings; study reports; INCLEN membership
Directory; INCLEN newsletters, INCLEN monograph series.
Mary Ann D. Lansang, M.D. Executive Director
Claire Bombardier, Chair of Board of Directors
INCLEN Trust Executive Office
Section E, 5/F Ramon Magsaysay Center
1680 Roxas Boulevard, Malate
1004 Manila
Philippines
Tel: (632) 521 3166 to 3185
Fax: (632) 400 4374
Email: inclen@inclentrust.org
Website: http://www.inclen.org
44
Oganisation
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD)
1989
INRUD was established to design, test, and disseminate effective strategies
to improve the way drugs are prescribed, dispensed, and used.
Research studies on behavioral aspects of drug use.
INRUD sponsors research projects on behavior change to improve drug use
in member countries.
12 Board members
Source of funding
Supported primarily by the Danish International Development Agency, with
ad hoc support from other donors such as the Pew Charitable Trusts, WHO
Essential Drugs and other Medicines, Swedish International Development
Agency, and US Agency for International Development (USAID).
Publications
Officers
Newsletters
Professor Kumud K. Kafle
FNRUD/Nepal Group Coordinator
Head of Clinical Pharmacology
Institute of Medicine
Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Post Office Box 3578
Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: 977-1-412-303/412-605 Fax: 977-1-470-115
E-mail: inrud@healthnet.org.np
Raul Cruzado Ubillus
INRUD/Peru Group Coordinator
Seguro Integral de Salud - Ministerio de Salud
Private University of Chimbote
J.C. Tello 489
Lince - Lima, Peru
Tel: 51-1-265-0259/51-1-330-5161
Anexo 51 -1 -831 / 044 - 217549 Fax: 51 -1 -3 87-9244
E-mail: rcruzadou@usis.minsa.gob.pe or
rcruzado41@hotmail.com
Dr. Tang Jingbo
INRUD News - China
Director of Dept, of Clinical Pharmacology
Liu-Hua-Qiao Hospital
No. 111 Liu Hua Hospital
Guangzhou 510010 PR China
Tel: 86-20-8666-2205, 9230 Fax: 86-20-8666-801
See above
Contact details
45
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact Address
International Union Against TB & Lung Diseases (IUATLD)
1920
Non-profit, non-governmental voluntary organization.
Dedicated to the prevention and control of tuberculosis and lung disease, to
disseminating information about the hazards of smoking and to the
promotion of overall community health.
To conduct operational and applied research, cooperative international
studies and trials through the scientific sections of the IUATLD and through
technical assistance of national programmes; research units affiliated with the
IUATLD are designed to answer questions of international relevance.
Research is carried out in the fields of specialization of the IUATLD within
the organization, in collaboration with its affiliated Research Units and in
cooperation with external research institutions and organizations.
Members and scientific groups within the organization may initiate research
with a view to promoting collaborative links among the members and with
external groups.
Constituent, organizational and individual members
Board of Directors
http://www.iuatld.org/
A documentation centre is available to provide essential information for
those carrying out research in the fields of tuberculosis and lung health. The
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the Newsletter,
training manuals.
President: Anne Fanning
Secretary General: ElifDagli
union@iuatld.org
46
Organization
UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme for Research and
Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Geneva, Switzerland
1975
Supported by World Bank/UNDP/WHO and placed in the Communicable
Diseases Cluster of WHO.
Established to improve existing and develop new approaches for preventing,
diagnosing, treating, and controlling neglected infectious diseases (ten major
tropical diseases) which are applicable, acceptable and affordable by
developing endemic countries, which can be readily integrated into the health
services of these countries, and which focus on the health problems of the
poor.
Basic and Strategic Research: Molecular entomology; Pathogen and
genomics; Social Research.
Product Research and Development: Diagnostics; Drugs; Vaccines
Intervention Development and Implementation Research: Implementation
research; Proof of principle.
Core business
Research areas
Research Capability Strengthening: Capacity strengthening,
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM).
TDR Diseases: Leishmaniasis, Leprosy, Malaria, Onchocerciasis,
Lymphatic Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, Tuberculosis, Dengue,
Chagas Disease, African Trypanosiamasis.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
TDR supports goal-oriented research. Research opportunities are set out in
the various scientific workplans, which should be studied before submitting a
grant application. In addition to the research opportunities outlined in the
scientific workplans, specific calls for applications can be made at any time
of year.
http://www.who.int/tdr/grants/grants/rtg2003.htm
The Wellcome Trust's Tropical Medicine Resource
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Swiss Tropical Institute
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
The Joint Coordinating Board (JCB)
The Standing Committee
The Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank and the
World Health Organization (WHO).
Publications
Monographs, Presentations, Newsletters.
Dr Carlos Morel, Director, Director Email: morel@who.int
Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
SWITZERLAND
Tel: 41 22 791 3725
Fax: 41 22 791 4854
Email: tdr@who.int
Website: www.who.int/tdr
47
Organization
UNDP/UNFPAAVHO/WB Special Programme of Research,
Development & Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Geneva, Switzerland
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Promotes research that plays a critical role in the process of identification of
needs, arising from wide disparities in reproductive health, the selection of
priorities and the development of strategies that are appropriate and relevant
to individual countries.
- such work is best done within and by the countries;
- the building-up of national and regional self-reliance through capacity
strengthening.
• Adolescent reproductive health
• Ageing
• Cancers
• Family Planning
• FGM/Harmful Practices
® Infertility
• Maternal and New Born
• Prevention of unsafe abortion
• RTIs, STIs, HIV /AIDS
Cross cutting issues:
Best practices
Economics & finance
Emergency situations
Ethics
Gender
Global monitoring
Rights
A number of capacity strengthening grants are available.
Information on the website.
Number of intergovernmental international Organizations and NGO’s
Standing Committee
Program reports, Progress newsletter
Dr Paul Van Look, Director
Department of Reproductive Health and Research
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel:+41 22 791 3372
Fax:+ 41 22 791 4189
Email: reproductivehealth@who.int
http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/index.htm
48
Organization
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Geneva, Switzerland
1999
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
GA Vi's mission is to ensure that every child is protected against vaccinepreventable diseases.
Among its activities: to accelerate R&D efforts for vaccines needed primarily
in developing countries.
GAVI has established six strategic objectives:
- Improve access to sustainable immunization services;
- Expand the use of all existing, safe and cost-effective vaccines where they
address a public health problem;
- Support the national and international accelerated disease control targets for
vaccine-preventable diseases;
- Accelerate the development and introduction of new vaccines and
technologies;
- Accelerate R&D efforts for vaccines needed primarily in developing
countries;
- Make immunization coverage a centerpiece in international development
efforts.
Only national governments can apply, which fall within general assessment
criteria. There is no real deadline for submission, but reviews of applications
are made twice a year, in May and September, so applications must be
received in good time.
Estimated five-year commitment in USS to 60 countries (June 2002)
USS 902,440,000.
The GAVI Board
Bill and Melinda Gates Children’s Vaccine Program, The World Health
Organization (WHO) , The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The
World Bank Group, Foundations, Developing country governments,
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), Government-Industrialized
Countries, Research and technical health institutions, Vaccine IndustryIndustrialized Country, Research and technical health institutions, Vaccine
Industry-Developing Country.
A resource listing journals, publications, academic institutions, and other links
http://www.healtheconomics.com/
Executive Secretary: Dr Tore Godal
Lisa Jacobs, GAVI Secretariat
Chair of the Boar: Ms Carol Bellamy
GAVI Secretariat
c/o UNICEF
Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland
Tel:+41.22.909.50.19
Fax: +41.22.909.59.31
Email: gavi@unicef.org
Website: http://www.yaccinealliance.org_____________________ ______ __
49
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Global TB Research Initiative
Geneva, Switzerland
1975
Non-profit public/private partnership
It aims to help coordinate, support and influence global efforts to
combat a portfolio of major diseases of the poor and disadvantaged.
Encourages research funding agencies to address gaps in TB research.
http://www.who.int/tdr/grants/grants/rtg2003.htm
The Wellcome Trust's Tropical Medicine Resource
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Swiss Tropical Institute
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank
World Health Organization (WHO),
http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/publications/default.htm
Online Newsletter
Office of the Director
Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
SWITZERLAND
Tel: 41 22 791 3804
Fax: 41 22 791 4854
Email: tdrgrant@who.in
Communications Unit
Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)
World Health Organization
1211 Geneva 27
SWITZERLAND
Tel: 41 22 791 3725
Fax: 41 22 791 4854
Email: tdr@who.int
50
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Initiative on Cardiovascular Health in Developing Countries
1998
The programme aims to advance health research relevant to policies and
programmes for the control of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the
developing countries.
A Scientific Secretariat was established in New Delhi in May 1999. Research
proposals for early advancement were identified in February 1999 and six
protocols were developed in May 1999. Each of the six projects involves a
collaborative study in six developing countries, one from each developing
region, with a common core protocol. Utilising seed grants from GFHR,
WHO and other partners, these protocols are being developed into full grant
applications for evaluation by international funding agencies.
The CVD Research Initiative was bom in November 1998 as a joint
programme of the WHO (NCD Cluster) and the Global Forum for Health
Research (GFHR). The partnership has since expanded to include: Institute
of Medicine (USA), World Heart Federation, National Public Health Institute
(Finland), World Hypertension League, International Obesity Task Force,
International Institute for Health and Development (Australia) and Institut
Universitaire de Medecine Sociale et Preventive (Switzerland), Health
Canada, Centres for Disease Control (USA), National Institutes of Health
(USA), International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN), Medical
Research Council of South Africa (South Africa) and National Public Health
Institute of Mexico.
Board of Trustees
Dr Jie Chen, Executive Director
World Health Organization (NCD)
Mr Louis Currat, Executive Secretary
Global Forum for Health Research
http://www.ichealth.org/
51
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (LAVI)
New York, USA
1996
International, non-profit, scientific organization
1AV1 aims to ensure the development of safe, effective, accessible,
preventive HIV vaccines for use throughout the world. IAVI's work focuses
on three areas: accelerating scientific progress, mobilizing political support
through advocacy and education, and encouraging industrial involvement in
AIDS vaccine development.
IAVI has created a virtual vaccine company model comprising the following
elements:
1. Vaccine Development Partnerships;
2. Centralized laboratories and reagent production;
3. Large-scale development and manufacturing partnerships;
4. Partnerships for Phase III clinical trials in the developing world; and
5. Core regulatory dossier design.
Product Development: IAVI’s program of directed, goal-oriented research is
working with industry to identify and develop promising vaccine candidates.
The Initiative’s work thus complements government-funded basic research
efforts.
Access: IAVI has negotiated agreements with its industry partners to help
ensure that vaccines will be readily available in developing countries at
reasonable prices.
IAVI finances AIDS vaccine research only under contracts that assure that
resulting products will be made available in developing countries rapidly
after licensure, at reasonable prices and in sufficient quantities.
IAVI is partnering with the World Bank, policy makers, and industry leaders
to create incentives for industrial participation in AIDS vaccine development
IAVI is working with governments around the world to create national AIDS
vaccine programs. IAVI is also working to bring together the necessary
participants fora coordinated global effort, including scientists, industry
leaders, policy makers, and members of AIDS-affected communities
IAVI’s scientific effort is focusing on viral strains prevalent in developing
countries and has enlisted developing country scientists as full partners
Board of Directors; Scientific Advisory Committee
Donor partners.
http://iavi.org/pub/
IAVI publishes fact sheets, backgrounders and policy papers about the
organization's programs and a variety of issues concerning AIDS vaccine
development.
Seth F. Berkley: President and Chief Executive Officer sberkley@iavi.org
J.F. Garcia: Executive Assistant to the President jgarcia@iavi.org
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
110 William Street
New York, NY 10038-3901, USA
Tel: 1-212-847-1111
Fax: 1-212-847-1112
Europe Office: Postbox 15788
1001 NG, Amsterdam.The Netherlands
Tel: +31 20 521 0030; Fax: +3 1 20 521 0039; Email: info@iavi.org
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of Organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
Geneva, Switzerland
1998
Independent, not -for-profit foundation under Swiss law
The global objective of MMV is to bring public and private sector
partners together to fund, and provide managerial and logistical
support for, the discovery and development of new medicines for the
treatment and prevention of malaria. The products should be
affordable and appropriate for use by targeted populations in
developing countries.
Discovery and development of anti - malaria drugs
Projects directed at discovery and development of anti-malaria drugs (total
cost of project can range from about S 50,000 for seed projects to about $ 1
million for major 'discovery' projects.
Application in response to call for letters of intent. Can apply through
website www.mmv.org
4-5 million USD
Works with sponsors for funding and with academia and pharmaceutical
companies for technical collaboration and scientific expertise.
The MMV is governed by a Board of twelve members, chosen for
their scientific, medical and public health expertise in malaria and
related fields, their research and management competence as well as
their experience in business, finance and fund raising.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, ExxonMobil Corporation, Globa! Forum
for Health Research, International Federation of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers, Associations, Netherlands Ministry for Development
Cooperation, Rockefeller Foundation, Swiss Agency for Development and
Corporation, United Kingdom Department of International Development,
World Bank, World Health Organization, Roll Back Malaria TDR.
Annual report
Dr Christopher Hentschel, Chief Executive Officer
Email: hentschelc@mmv.org
Dame Bridgit Ogilvie, Chair of the Board
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
ICC Building
Entrance G, 3rd floor
Route de Pre-Bois 20
Post Box 1826
CH-1215 Geneva 15
Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 799 4060
Facsimile: +41 22 799 4061
e-mail: info@mmv.org
53
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development
New York, Brussels, Capetown
2000
Non-profit public/private partnership
Development of drugs for tuberculosis
Mission is to accelerate the discovery and/or development of cost-effective
new drugs which can :
- Shorten or simplify treatment of TB
- Provide a more effective treatment of multi-drug-resistant TB
- Improve the treatment of latent TB infection
Anti Tuberculosis drugs
Acts as an "incubator and integrator" rather than a grant maker prepares for
technology transfer and support for production in developing countries
It provides staged funding, expert scientific and management guidance, and
some limited infrastructure (project management, legal support, etc) to
projects fitting within its portfolio development strategy.
Stakeholders
Board of Directors
TB Alliance Newsletters
Maria C. Freire, Chief Executive
Giorgio Roscigno, Director of Strategic Development
New York
59 John Street, Suite 800
New York NY 10038
USA
Phone: +1 (212) 227-7540
Fax: +1 (212)227-7541
Brussels
27 Boulevard Bischoffsheim
B-1000
Brussels/Bruxelles
Belgium
Phone: +32 2 210 02 20
Fax:+ 32 2 223 6938
Cape Town
c/o Medical Research Council
P.O. Box 19070
Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505
South Africa
54
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affdiation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)
Rockville, MD, USA.
1999
International non-profit organization focused on malaria vaccine development.
MVI's mission is to accelerate the development of promising malaria vaccine candidates
and ensure their availability and accessibility for the developing world. To accomplish the
first part of its mission, MVI is identifying the most promising vaccines and technologies
and implementing targeted partnerships with scientists, vaccinologists, and development
projects. MVI works to link government, industry, and academia partners with field trial
sites in malaria endemic countries as early as feasible in the development process.
To help ensure access to the eventual vaccine(s), MVI works with other vaccine
programs, vaccine development partners, and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunization (GAVI) to explore commercialization, procurement, and delivery strategies
that will maximize public health sector availability in the countries most affected by
malaria.
The Malaria Vaccine Initiative has nine vaccine development projects around the globe.
Two of those have clinical trials in Africa underway. Each project is managed by a Joint
Product Development Committee, with representation from MVI and the partner(s)
involved in that particular project. Eight projects target P. falciparum, the most deadly
form of malaria, while one focuses on P. vivax, the most widespread form.
Funds vaccine development in partnership with other organizations.
The mission of the Malaria Vaccine Initiative at PATH is to accelerate the
development of promising malaria vaccines and ensure their availability and
accessibility for the developing world. As such, MVI funds projects that:
° test specific promising vaccines in animals and humans
o target process development, scale-up, and pilot lot production of specific
malaria vaccines
MVI does not fund other types of projects or activities.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology
in Health), GAVI.
The Strategic Advisory Council (SAC) chaired by Sir Gustav Nossal provides
MVI with strategic guidance.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Press releases
Director: Regina N. Rabinovich; Chair of SAC: Sir Gustav Nossal
Malaria Vaccine Initiative at PATH
6290 Montrose Road, Suite 1000A
Rockville, MD 20852, USA
Tel: 1-301-770-5377
Fax: 1-301-770-5322
info@MalariaVaccine.org
Website: www.malariavaccine.org
55
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
ICDDR,B Center for Health & Population Research
Dhaka, Bangladesh
International Research Center, is a large (1600 staff), non-profit international
health research organization.
The fundamental mission of the Centre is to develop and disseminate
solutions to major health and population problems facing the world, with
emphasis on simple and cost-effective methods of prevention and
management, headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Initially focused on cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, the mandate of the
Centre has broadened considerably and it is now a world leader in studies of
and solutions for common conditions prevalent in developing nations and
associated with poverty, including infectious diseases, malnutrition, high
fertility, microbial and chemical contamination of the environment and the
need for better health services.
Conducts own research and also with collaboration with other institutes and
researchers.
Board of Trustees
Supported by about 55 donor countries and organizations, including
Government of Bangladesh, UN specialized agencies, foundations,
universities, research institutes and private sector organizations and
companies that share the Centre’s concern for the health problems of
developing countries and value its proven experience in helping solve those
recipient of the Gates Award for Global Health.
http://www.icddrb.org/donar.html
http://www.icddrb.org/publications cont.html
Annual reports, manuals, newsletter ( glimpse), journals, monographs, annual
scientific meeting, publishes Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.
Prof. David A. Sack: Director dsack@Jcddrb.org
Mr. Ahmed Akhtar: Programme Manager
Operations Research Project
Health Systems Research Division
akhtar@icddrb.org
ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research
(GPO Box 128, Dhaka) Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
Tel: (8802) 8822467 (Direct) Fax: (8802) 88231 16 and 8826050
E-mail: msik@icddrb.org and jhpn@icddrb.org
Website: www.icddrb.org
56
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Institute for International Health (Australia)
Newtown, NSW, Australia
University based research Institute.
The aim of this program is to facilitate the prevention of premature death,
serious ill health and disability from common causes of non-communicable
diseases and injury.
The program is oriented towards health issues of global significance,
including those that affect people in lower income and newly industrialised
countries, the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases, injury
and trauma, and mental illness.
o Health promotion
o Health policy and systems development
o Health care delivery
o Leadership in health reform
The AIHI develops systems, Organizations, strategies and financing models
for health promotion and disease prevention.
University of Melbourne, Australia's premier teaching and research
university.
Board of Directors
General support for the activities of the Institute are provided by:
« University of Sydney
o Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
o Central Sydney Area Health Service
o The Medical Foundation of the University of Sydney
• National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
• NSW Health
A donation from Servier Laboratories
Terrie Agnew, Research & Executive Assistant
Tel:+935 10030
Email: tagnew@iih.usyd.edu.au
Mark Woodward, Program Director, Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Tel: +935 10039
Woodward@iih.usyd.edu.au
PO Box 576
144 Burren Street, Newtown, NSW 2042,
Australia
General Information: info@iih.usyd.edu.au___________________________
57
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Institute for Global Health
San Francisco, CA, USA
1999
Institute associated with the University of California.
To improve health and improve access to effective and affordable health
services in all countries. The Institute accomplishes this mission by
conducting research, developing and evaluating policy, providing high-level
training, and forging consensus on joint action among leading scientists and
policy makers.
These efforts allow the Institute to influence policy in the public and private
sectors, and stimulate action by governments, corporations and international
organizations.
Conducting research, developing and evaluating policy by
providing high-level training, and forging consensus on joint action among
leading scientists and policy makers.
•
•
•
•
•
UN and multilateral organizations
Academic Institutions
US federal agencies
Non-US bilateral agencies
Foundations
http://igh.ucsf.edu/pubs/index.html
Officers
George W. Rutherford, Interim Director
74 New Montgomery
Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
Tel: (415) 597-9108
Fax: (415) 597-9213
E-mail: grutherford@psg.ucsf.edu
Contact details
Institute for Global Health
74 New Montgomery Street, Suite 508
San Francisco, CA USA 94105
Tel: 415 597-8200
Fax: 415 597-8299
Email: igh@psg.ucsf.edu
Website: http://igh.ucsf.edu
58
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
Core business
Supporting women as economic providers and innovators, nurturers
and caregivers, community leaders and agents of change
• Ensuring women's control of economic resources; guaranteeing
reproductive rights, health and nutrition; strengthening capabilities
and increasing political power
o Fostering equity and respect for the human rights and dignity of all
o Shaping policy and programs based on sound research and data
» Building collaborative, mutually rewarding partnerships and
networks to share skills and build capacity
Research, technical support for capacity building, advocacy,
poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, social change,
adolescence.
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Washington D.C, USA
1976
Private non-profit organization
•
Board of Directors elected by funding partners.
http://www.icrw.org/about fundingpartners.htm
multiple national and international Organizations.
Publications
ICRW Biennial Reports and Updates
Monographs and specific reports on selected topics.
http://icrw.org/publications.htm 1
Officers
Office of the President:
Kathleen Barnett, Vice President
Deanthia Mebane, Executive Assistant
Michelle Powers, Special Gifts Initiatives Coordinator
David Johnson, Institutional Database Coordinator/Resource Development
Assistant
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW • Suite 302
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 797-0007
Fax: (202) 797-0020
Email: info@icrw.org
Website: www.icrw.org
Contact details
59
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Karolinska Institute
Stockholm, Sweden.
University based
Karolinska Institutes mission is to improve the health of mankind through
research, education and information.
Research areas
Molecular immunology, Cell Biology, Receptor Biology, Genetics,
Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics,
Microbial Ecology.
Funding function
It accounts for 40 percent of all medical research at universities throughout
Sweden and encourages research in molecular biology to public health
science/care research.
The research training offers students and postgraduate students opportunities
to take part in advanced research under the supervision of established
researchers.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Collaborates internationally and nationally with healthcare and medical
institutes, industry and other universities.
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Board Members
Various Swedish Organizations and Companies
http://www.cmb.ki.se/cmb/english/publications/index.htm
Officers
Riitta Ljungstrbm, Head of Administration
Tel: 08-728 73 21
Department Secretary
Tel: 08- 728 72 79
Karolinska Institute
SE-171 77 Stockholm
Sweden.
Tel: +46 8-728 64 00
Fax: +46 8-31 84 06
info@ki.se
website: www.cmb.ki.se___________________________________________
Contact details
60
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
International Vaccine Institute (IVI)
Seoul, Korea
1999
An International Organization established at the initiative of the United Nations
Development Programme under the Vienna Convention of 1969 with the
signatures so far of 33 countries and WHO.
Core business
An international center of research, training and technical assistance for vaccines needed
in developing countries, Its major recent activities and accomplishments are: (I) Creation
of a multi-national team of scientists and technical specialists in clinical assistance, and
training at its headquarters in Seoul and in sites in various developing countries; (2)
Formation of collaborative networks throughout Asia and elsewhere for studies of
vaccines, integrating the relevant disciplines of epidemiology, clinical trials, economic
analysis, behavioral science, and policy analysis; (3) Development of a multi-country,
multidisciplinary program to accelerate the development and introduction of vaccines
against the enteric infections cholera, Shigella, and typhoid fever; (4) Measurement of
disease burden in Asian children of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib). Neisseria meningitides, and Streptococcus pneumoniae; (5) Development of a
multi-country, multidisplinary program in Japanese encephalitis to expand the use of
existing vaccines and accelerate the development of new vaccines; (6) Provision of
technical assistance and training programs for vaccine production and regulation in
developing countries; (7) Formation of collaborative networks with vaccine
manufacturers in developed and developing countires to accelerate vaccine research,
development and technology transfer; (8) Provision of training in clinical evaluation of
vaccines in developing country settings; (9) Formation of close collaboration with the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunization (GAVI) in setting priorities, defining strategies, and undertaking needed
vaccine-related activities; (10) Construction of a major research building with pilot plant
at the site of the IVI headquarters in Seoul, Korea with completion expected by the end of
2002.
A major IVI strength is capacity building in vaccine research, development, production
and regulation in developing countries.
Research areas
Vaccine development in the following diseases: DOMI (Diseases of the Most
Impoverished: typhoid, shigellosis, cholera), Japanese encephalitis (JE), bacterial
meningitis in children, rotavirus, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Supports activities related to the core functions
Apply through secretariat, to be considered by the Board.
Contact details
WHO, Children’s Vaccine Program, Netaid
Board of Trustees
Government of Korea, partners and other donors
The IVI Newsletter.
Director: Dr John D. Clemens;
Chair Board of Trustees : Prof. B. Bloom .
International Vaccine Institute
Kwanak P.O.Box 14,
Seoul, Korea 151-600
Tel: 82-2-872-2801,
Fax: 82-2-872-2803
Email: iviinfo@ivi.int
Website: www.ivi.int
61
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP)
Guatemala
1949
International research institute
At present and over the past 10 years, the institute has provided technical cooperated to
the countries in implementing the regional initiative to promote nutrition and food
security by collaborating on diagnostic studies and in the design, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of programs and public nutrition projects at the municipal,
national, and regional levels.
The foundation of the institute's research policy, approved by the INCAP Council in
1991, is the search for solutions to the most serious food and nutrition problems of the
member countries. The main strategies to promote research development include
strengthening research capacity in the countries through multicenter studies and applied
research, and the provision of training in research for staff working in the field of food
and nutrition, with preference given to support for research centers and universities.
INCAP tries to promote dynamic interaction between the generation of knowledge, the
design of public nutrition programs, and the training of human resources. Research
findings are used as input for programs and for defining educational curricula.
The XLII Meeting of the INCAP Council in Panama in August 1996 defined the
j
'
programming lines for INCAP technical cooperation, including research. They included
the following: harmonization of food regulations; production of nourishing foods;
nutrition and food safety in local development processes; education and training of human
resources in food and nutrition; community food and nutrition education; prevention and
control of nutritional deficiencies through micronutrient supplementation; health and
nutrition of women and children; prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases; and
nutritional surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation.
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Research organization.
Contact the Director.
PAHO/WHO
INCAP Council
Member States, bilateral, multilateral agencies, NGOs, foundations and
universities
Annual reports, technical notes, documents
Director: Dr Hernan L. Delgado
Institute de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama (INCAP)
Calzada Roosevelt, Zona 11, Apartado Postal 1188, Guatemala, C.A.
Tel: 502 472 3762,
Fax : 502 473 6529
Website: http://www.incap.org.gt (in Spanish)
62
|
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association (EFPIA)
Brussels, Belgium
1978
NGO
EFPIA's mission is to promote pharmaceutical research and development in
Europe in order to find and bring to market medicines that improve human
health and the quality of life around the world.
To achieve this goal, EFPIA's priority is to foster a favourable environment
in Europe which:
o Promotes European pharmaceutical industry competitiveness in a
global environment.
o Nurtures and rewards pharmaceutical innovation to guarantee
industry's continuous quest for better therapies.
o Enables the industry to meet the growing healthcare expectations of
present and future generations.
EU institutions (Parliament, Commission, Council, Economic & Social
Committee), regulatory authorities (EMEA/CPMP), health experts,
academics other trade associations, NGOs.
The Board comprises representatives of 11 full member associations and 11
full member companies. It carries out the tasks and duties determined by the
General Assembly and ensures their implementation by the General
Management.
http://www.efpia.0rg/6 publ/default.htm
Brian Ager: Director General
Maria Curatolo: Assistant (mariacuratolo@efpia.org)
Marie-Claire Pickaert: Deputy Director General
Fabienne Muylle: Secretary (fabiennemuylle@efpia.org)
EFPIA
Rue du Trone 108 B-1050 BrusselsBelgium
Tel: 32 (0)2 626 25 55
Fax: 32 (0)2 626 25 66
info@efpia.org
London Satellite: 27th Floorl
Canada Square Canary Wharf
London E14 5AA
Tel: 44 207 513 04 66
Fax: 44 207 513 04 67mailto: info@efpia.org
Genevieve Mairy - Administrative Executive
(email@efpia.compulink.co.uk)__________________________________ _
63
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
(IFPMA)
Geneva, Switzerland
1968
Non-profit, non-governmental Organization (NGO)
..The IFPMA represents the worldwide research-based pharmaceutical
industry and manufacturers of prescription medicines generally.
It is the main channel of communication between the industry and various
international organizations that are concerned with health and trade-related
issues, including the World Health Organization, the World Bank, the World
Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization
R&D for product development, Intellectual property protection, R&D
innovation.
The industry is working on more than 700 new medicines and vaccines for
infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS, cancer, heart disease and stroke,
and diseases that disproportionately affect women such as osteoporosis.
Pharmaceutical Companies
Global Health Partnerships
International Organizations
News and Media
UN Organizations
As a federation it represents altogether 59 national industry Organizations
from both developing and developed countries. Member Companies are from
major global research based pharmaceutical and vaccine companies
Issues Brief, Marketing code Brochures , Speeches and papers All the
IFPMA documents and publications can be found through the Search engine
on the website.
Patricia Goldschmid
Director, Media Relations,
Tel:+41 22 338 32 00
Fax: +41 22 338 32 99
Email: p.goldschmid@ifpma.org
President: Mr Raymond Gilmartin
Director General: Mr Harvey Bale Jr.
IFPMA : 30 rue de Saint Jean
1211 Geneva 13
Switzerland
Tel:+41 22 338 32 00;
Fax:+41 22 338 32 99
Email : admin@ifpma.org
Website: www.ifpma.org
64
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
African Medical and Research Foundation International (AMREF)
Nairobi, Kenya
1957
Independent non-profit, non governmental organization (NGO)
AMREF's mission is to empower the disadvantaged people in Africa to enjoy
better health. AMREF defines the disadvantaged as people who suffer high
prevalence and impact of major health problems and challenges like malaria,
HIV/AIDS, adolescent and reproductive health, water and sanitation and
have poor access to health care.
AMREF has a set of defined, priority intervention areas. These are
HIV/AIDS, TB, sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, water and basic
sanitation, disaster management and response, family health, clinical
outreach services to remote areas, development of health learning materials,
training and undertaking of consultancies.
Board of Governors
Funds raised mostly from Europe and North America. Donors include
governments, foundation, trusts, individuals and corporate companies.
http://www.amref.org/publications.htm
AMREF Headquarters, Langata Road
P.O. Box 00506-27691
Tel: 254-2-605220
Fax: 254-2-609518
Nairobi, Kenya
Email: fundraising@iamrefhq.org
Uganda
P.O. Box 10663, Kampala
Tel: 256-41-250319
Fax: 256-41-344565
Email: info@amrefug.org
Tanzania
P.O. Box 2773, Dar es Salaam
Tel: 7-51-116610
Fax:7-51-115823
Email: info@amreftz.org
65
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Multilateral Initiative on Malaria in Africa (MIM)
It aims to maximise the impact of scientific research against malaria in
Africa, through promoting capacity building & facilitating global
collaboration & coordination.
Malaria Vaccines
Immunology
To strengthen and sustain, through collaborative research and training, the
capability of malaria endemic countries in Africa to carry out research
required to develop and improve tools for malaria control.
(WHO/World Bank, African Malaria Control Initiative and Rollback
Malaria), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The Wellcome Trust
c/ o Malaria Foundation International
CKathryn.Nason-Burchenal@malaria.org
See above
66
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of
organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
| Multilateral Initiative on Malaria, USA (MIM)
Bethesda, MD, USA
MIM is an alliance of organizations and individuals concerned with malaria.
A global collaborative effort against malaria in Africa, MIM is an alliance of
organizations and individuals concerned with malaria. It aims to maximize the
impact of scientific research against malaria in Africa, through promoting
capacity building and facilitating global collaboration and coordination.
Malaria research capacity strengthening in Africa, conducting research relevant
to addressing malaria control and prevention in malaria endemic countries. The
projects supported so far, have addressed critical areas related to the
epidemiology, chemotherapy, vector control and pathogenesis of malaria
transmission and morbidity in Africa.
Overall funds committed to malaria research have increased significantly from
an estimated US$85 million in 1995 to a current figure of well over $100
million. MIM is also beginning to contribute to more effective use of global
resources through promoting coordinated activities. Notably, NIAID has
increased its commitment by more than 150% between 1995 and 1999 and the
Wellcome Trust doubled its expenditure.
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
The partners of MIM are a multilateral collaboration of agencies, institutes and
governments and include:
Governments - Norway, Japan, France, USA, Sweden
Research Institutes - in malaria endemic countries and the North
Research Funding Agencies - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID), the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Fogarty
International Center (FIC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), UK
Medical Research Council (MRC), Institut Pasteur - France
Foundations - Wellcome Trust, Rockefeller Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome
Fund, UN Foundation
United Nations - World Bank, World Health Organization/Control of Tropical
Diseases (WHO/CTD), WHO Regional Office For Africa (WHO/AFRO), the
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases of the
WHO (WHO/TDR), WHO/Roll Back Malaria
Control Agencies - United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Secretariat—Fogarty Institute at NIH
MIM newsletter, reports
Dr Gerald Keusch, Director of the MIM Secretariat
Dr Andrea Egan, Coordinator of the MIM Secretariat
Fogarty International Center
National Institutes of Health
31 Center Drive MSC 2220
20892 Bethesda MD, USA
Tel: 1-301-402-6680
Fax: 1-301-402-2056
Website : http://mim.nih.gov________________________________________
67
Organization
Location
Date incorporated
Type of organization
Core business
Research areas
Funding function
Application
mechanism
Total research Funds
disbursed per annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Social Science and Medicine Africa Network (SOMANET)
Nairobi, Kenya
Independent non-profit making Organization
The network focuses on the promotion and advocacy for the application of
interactive social and health sciences approaches in solving health problems
in Africa. This unique approach is based on the rationale that closer
collaboration between social, biomedical and medical scientists provides
potential strength for broadening the basis for the understanding,
identification and solutions to health problems in Africa. The network
focuses on three main areas: networking; promotion of social sciences in
health and capacity strengthening.
Established effective communication mechanisms which will improve the
flow of information and ideas concerning health issues in Africa. It
endeavours to achieve this through convening biennial international
conferences, constantly updating, circulating the directory of scientists,
institutions working in SSH in Africa.
Board of Trustees
SOMA-Net Brochures, Newsletters, BIODATA Forms, Annual Report &
Grant reports.
Officers
Prof. J. K. Wang'ombe, Chair
Dr. Clara Fayorsey, Secretary/Treasurer
Contact details
Social Science and Medicine Africa Network
P.O. Box 20811, 00202 KNH
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: +254 2 560569
Tel/Fax: +254 2 567577
Mobile: +254 (0) 733 605369
E-mail: somanet@africaonline.co.ke
68
. Organization
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
! Location
Date incorporated
| Type of
, organization
! Core business
Bethesda, USA
Research areas
| Funding function
1 Application
mechanism
Total research
Funds disbursed per
annum
Affiliation
Governance
Source of funding
Publications
Officers
Contact details
Governmental.
NIH is the steward of biomedical and behavioural research for the US. Its
mission is science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and
behaviour of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend
healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability.
Conducting research in NIH laboratories
Supporting the research of non-federal scientists in universities, medical
schools, hospitals and research institutions throughout the country and abroad
Assisting in the training of research investigators
Fostering communication of medical and health sciences information
Grants may be awarded to universities, medical and other health professional
schools, colleges, hospitals, and research institutes, for profit organizations and
government institutions that sponsor and conduct biomedical research and
development. Research grants may provide funds for salaries, equipment,
supplies, travel and other allowable direct costs of the research as well as for
indirect costs to the sponsoring institution or organization.
Details concerning application procedures, application forms, and dates for
submission of applications may be obtained electronically by e-mail from
grants info@n i h. go v.
FY 2002 Appropriation by Budget Mechanism (Estimates)
448, 699 million
www.niams.nih.gov/an/budget/fy2002/fy02actmechpie.htm
US Government
Universities and academic health centres, independent research institutions and
private industry, voluntary and professional health Organizations, and
Congress, which consistently has supported this vast enterprise.
Office of the Director,
Managed as 24 Institutes and Centres
Congress of the USA
Request a list of publications by calling GRANTSINFO at
(301)435-0714.
Director: Elias Zerhouni
Office of Grants Information
National Institutes of Health
6701 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7762
20892-7762 Bethesda MD
USA
Tel:+1 301 435-0714
Fax:+1 301 480-0525
Email: grantslnfo@nih.gov
Website : http://www.nih.gov
69
g a p
YOl R I RAVEL INFORMATION
Subject: YOUR TRAVEL INFORMATION
Date: Mon. 28 Oct 2002 12:53:13 +0000
From: "SONY'S TRAVELS LINES (AGENT1D00078621)" <emailserver@pop3.amadeus.net>
Replv-To: SONYSTRAVEL@HOTMA1L.COM
To: SOCH.ARA@VSNL.COM
YOUR TRAVEL INFORMATION
SONY'S TRAVELS LINES
J-4 & 5,UNITY BUILDING
J.C. ROAD
BANGALORE 560 002
TEL
: 2277850
FAX
: 2240099
EMAIL : SONYSTRAVEL@HOTMAIL.COM
DATE OF ISSUE: 28OCTOBER02
AGENT INITIAL: SS
AMADEUS REF NUMBER: ZGT6FY
AIRLINE REF NUMBER(S):
KQ/N7I58U TC/JR4PB
9W/HNRLAU
PASSENGER(S):
RAVI NARAYAN /DR
TICKET NUMBER(S):
706 3618275637
FLIGHT INFO
0 3 NOV
SUN
JET AIRWAYS
BANGALORE
9W 442
M
HINDUSTAN
ECONOMY CLASS
NON SMOKING
BOEING 737-800
DINNER
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
04NOV
MON
KENYA AIRWAYS MUMBAI
NAIROBI
0300
KQ 201 Q
CHHATRAPATI SH JOMO KENYATTA
ECONOMY CLASS TERMINAL 2
BOEING 767-300/300ER
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
06NOV
WED
KENYA AIRWAYS NAIROBI
KQ 410 Q
JOMO KENYATTA
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-300
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
ENTEBBE
08NOV
FRI
08 NOV
FRI
TC 0753
IONOV
1 of 2
DEP
DATE
FROM
TO
ARR
MUMBAI
2030
2205
CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI
TERMINAL 1
TRAVEL INFO
DURATION
1:35
NON STOP
0630
DURATION
6:00
NON STOP
0745
0855
DURATION
1: 00
NON STOP
KENYA AIRWAYS
ENTEBBE
KQ 417 Q
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-200
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
NAIROBI
0530
JOMO KENYATTA
0635
DURATION
1:05
NON STOP
KENYA AIRWAYS NAIROBI
KQ 753
Q
JOMO KENYATTA
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-300
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
DAR ES SALAAM 0850
INTL
1000
DURATION
1:10
NON STOP
1700
DURATION
FLIGHT OPERATED BY TC AIR TANZANIA
AIR TANZANIA
DAR ES SALAAM
KILIMANJARO
1610
10 30'02 4:54 I’M
YOl R I RAM 1 INFORMATION
0 : 50
NON STOP
SUN
TC 574
Y
INTL
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-200/200 ADVANCED
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
1 5 NOV
SAT
AIR TANZANIA
KILIMANJARO
TC 766 Y
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-300
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
DAR ES SALAAM 1830
INTL
1920
DURATION
0:50
NON STOP
17 NOV
SUN
KENYA AIRWAYS DAR ES SALAAM
INTL
KQ 483
Q
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 737-300
RESERVATION COI^FIRMED
NAIROBI
1500
1615
DURATION
1 :15
NON STOP
17 NOV
SUN
KENYA AIRWAYS NAIROBI
KQ 200
Q
JOMO KENYATTA
ECONOMY CLASS
BOEING 767-300/300ER
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
DURATION
0200
1735
MUMBAI
CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI 18NOV 5 :55
NON STOP
TERMINAL 2
18NOV
MON
BANGALORE
MUMBAI
JET AIRWAYS
CHHATRAPATI SH HINDUSTAN
9W 411 M
ECONOMY CLASS TERMINAL 1
NON SMOKING
BOEING 737-800
BREAKFAST
RESERVATION CONFIRMED
jomo kenyat:IA
0640
0815
DURATION
1: 35
NON STOP
*“ HAVE A NICE FLIGHT ***
VIEW YOUR ITINERARY ONLINE AT HTTP://WWW,CHECKMYTRIP.NET
YOUR AMADEUS REFERENCE NUMBER IS: ZGT6FY
2 of 2
10/30/02 4:34 PM
PEOPLE'S HEALTH MOVEMENT
EAST AFRICA CIRCLE
PO. BOX 240.
BAGAMOYO. TANZANIA
EAST AFRICA
Tel. +255 23 2440062
I.-mail. niusaigaihi.o .i!i ii.iuiilin.- ■■
PEOPLE’S HEALTH MOVEMENT
To
Drs.Ravi Narayan & Thelma Narayan.
Community Health Cell.
Society for Community Health Awareness. Research and Action.
Bangalore.
INDIA.
Dear Drs. Ravi Narayan and Thelma Narayan.
RE: YOUR VISIT TO EAST AFRICA
With the good news about your visit to East Africa from 4lh to 111,1 November before
Forum 6 meeting in Arusha organized by GFHR, I take this opportunity to warm!'.
welcome you and on behalf of my colleagues appreciate your interest of sharing the
knowledge and experience that you have with us. My colleagues and 1 arc happy and will
do whatever we can to make the visit a success. The circle w'ill cover your local
boarding, lodging and travel expenses.
Thank you and looking forward to your visit and the interactions.
Karibu Sana.
Mwajuma S. Masaiganah Ms.
PHM Coordinator East Africa
(signed)
KAMPALA:
Ms. Alice Drito
P.O. Box 23711,
Kampala. Uganda
Dm 12(« hotmaii com
TANZANIA.
Ms. Mwajuma S. Masaiganah
P.O BOX 240.
Bagamoyo. Tanzania
Mobile: 0744 281260
masaiganafn alricaonliiie.co.iz
MOMBASA, KENYA
Mr. Malachi O. Orondo
P.O. BOX 93045,
Mombasa, Kenya
momaltS yahoo.com
NAIROBI, KENYA.
Mr. Samwel Ochieng
Consumer International Network
P.O. Box 7569,
O0300 Nairobi. Kenya
Tel: 781131
cintSinsightkenya.com
.
..:
ARUSHA, TANZANIA
Dr. Mr. Melchiory Masatu
Center for Education Development Arusha (CEDHA)
P.O. BOX 1162
Arusha. Tanzania
cmasatiitSyahoo.com
HEPS, Uganda
Ms. Rossete Mutambi
P.O. Box 2426.
Kampala, Uganda
heps(S.iutlonline.co.iig
KENYA CONTACTS
Mr. Florence Musi-Musiime,
Malachi Opule Orondo,
African Medical and Research Foundation :
Christian Community Development Unit,
(AMREF),
P 0 Box 93045,
Wilson Airport,
Mombasa
KENYA.
Nairobi,
Tel: 254-11-432 983
KENYA.
Tel: 254 2 501 301
Email: malachio.opule@kprl.co.ke
Fax: 254 2 506 112
(2)
(1)
Dr. Christine W.O. Sadia,
Ms. Patricia Nickson and Mrs Kaswerc
Medical Secretary,
Vulere,
All Africa Conference of Churches Institute Panafricain de Sante,
P.O. Box 21285,
(A ACC),
P.O. Box 14205, Nairobi,
Nairobi,
KENYA.
KENYA.
Tel: 254 2 441 483
Fax: 254 2 501 651
Fax: 254 2 443 241
(2)
Email: aaccur mag.org
(2)
Dr. Florence W. Manguyu,
i Dr. Peter Okkalet,
Medical Women’s International Association,
: Medical Assistance Programmes (MAP),
P.O. Box 41307,
i International,
P.O. Box 21663,
Nairobi,
KENYA.
Nairobi,
Tel: 254 2 441 753
KENYA.
Tel: 254 2 741 665/6,
; Tel: 254 2 728599
Email: fmanguyu@ken.heallhnei.org
Fax: 254 2 714422
Email: pokkalet@map.org
(2)
(2)
Prof: P. Anyang’ Nyong’o,
Dr. Ezra Teri,
Member of Parliament,
Pathfinder International,
P.O. Box 57103,
O7
5/53^7
P.O. Box 48147,
Nairobi,
£7 xa-5/3 2.^^
; Nairobi,
KENYA.
| KENYA.
Tel: (254 2) 630457
Fax: (254 2) 630457
Email: pan@africaonline.co.ke
(3)
(2)
Dr.K.Kavtto,
Dr.D.Kaseje,
67
/7
Community Initiatives Support Sen ici s
General Director,
International (CISS),
(icneral Secretary Afri-CAN,
P.O.Box 73860, Waiyaki Way,
Director TICH,
Musa Gitau Road,
P.O.Box 73860, Waiyaki Way,
Nairobi,
Musa Gitau Road, Westlands,
KENYA.
Nairobi,
Tel: (254 2) 441920/445020/445 1160
KENYA.
ax: (254 2) 440306
Tel: (254 2) 441920/445020/445160/
Email: ciss@net2000kc.coni
Fax: (254 2) 440306
__________ I______________________ B 1
F.ntail: chak@insightkenya.com________ (3)
/X
}^.c^-
os # % o ‘-it#. oqs # % o ‘-: S.DojaxdPoM1- 8=883% o#8% o#XHo = o,®ol#% o ‘-GaXTE>l‘-33#3 t‘-33#Dt1-93#3
Dr.R.Muga,
Provincial Director Health Services,
P.O.Box 721,
Kisumu,
KENYA.
Tel: (254 35)41076
Fax: (254 35) 21870
(3)
Dr.H.Oranga,
MIS Specialist,
Aga Khan Health Services,
P.O. Box 83013,
Mombasa,
KENYA.
Tel: (254 11) 312 953
Fax: (254 1 1) 313 278
Mr. Charles Oyaya,
Christian Health Association
(CHAK),
P.O.Box 73860,
Waiyaki Way, Musa Gitau Road.
Wsetlands,
Nairobi,
KENYA.
Tel: (254 2)441 046
Fax: (254 2) 440 306
Email: tichnbi@net200ke.com
(3)
P.S: SOURCES:
.
(1)
PH A DIRECTORY
. WHO/NGO DIALOGUE MEETING - WHO GENEVA - MAY 97
(2)
.(3) IPHN MEETING KISUMU - NOBEMBER 98
. IPHN MEETING, BANGALORE NOVEMBER - 99
(4)
57/
- P O -3°
Lfo~3 &=>
I'
0037/5^
7e-i-
-4-2,^0
2.7/ ^2O
•f <2.54
2.7 20
UGANDA CONTACTS
Rose Nakityo,
Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC),
P.O.Box 10005,
Kampala,
UGANDA.
Tel: 256-41-342521
Fax: 256-041-342632
Email: icrc@icrc>co.org
(1)
Dr. Ely Kalabira,
TASO Uganda,
P.O. Box 10443,
Kampala,
UGANDA.
Tel: 256 41 567637
Fax: 256 41 566702
Email: KATABIRA@IMUL.COM
(2)
Mrs. Byamukama Anne,
Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC),
P.O.Box 10005,
Kampala,
UGANDA.
Tel: 256-41-342521
Fax: 256-041-342632
Email: icrc@icrc>co.org
(1)
Prof. J. Tumwine,
Makerere University,
Dept, of Community Paediatrics,
P.O. Box 7072,
Kampala,
UGANDA.
Tel: (256 41) 531 350
Fax: (256 41) 531 350
Email: Ituinwine@.imul.com
(3)
P.S: SOURCES:
.(1) PH A DIRECTORY
. WHO/NGO DIALOGUE MEETING - WHO GENEVA - MAY 97
(2)
. IPHN MEETING KISUMU - NOBEMBER 98
(3)
. IPHN MEETING, BANGALORE NOVEMBER - 99
(4)
TANZANIA CONTACTS
Mwajuma Saiddy Masaiganah,
Mwasama Pre and Primary School/
P.O. Box 240, Bagamo/o,
p
Coast Region,
d
TANZANIA.
Tel: 00255 23 2440062
Fax: 2440154
Email: masaigana@af~ricaonline.co.tz
(1)
Ms N. Nyitambe,
Tanzania Red Cross Society,
P.O.Box 1133,
Ali Hassan Mvvinyi Road,
1 )ar es Salaam,
TANZANIA.
Tel: (255 51) 116514/151236
Fax: (255 51) 117308.
(3)
Dr. Mark Bura,
Evangelical Lutheran Church,
In Tanzania (ELCT),
P.O. BOX 3033,
Arusha,
Tanzania.
Tel: 255 57 8855 /7
Fax: 255 57 8858.
P.S: SOURCES:
(1). PHA DIRECTORY
(2). WHO/NGO DIALOGUE MEETING - WHO GENEVA - MAY 97
(3). IPHN MEETING KISUMU - NOBEMBER 98
(4). IPHN MEETING, BANGALORE NOVEMBER-99
(2)
Kenya
Malachi Opule Orondo
Christian Community Development Unit
P 0 Box 93045
Mombasa
KENYA Tel.: 254-11-432 983
E-mail: Malachio.opule@kprl.co.ke
Mildred Uduny
Ministry of Health
P.O. Box 97660. Mombasa
Kenya
Tel: 0722-234262
Email: maudunv@vahoo.co.uk
Tanzania
Dr. Abdallah Omar Dihenga
Bagamoyo District Council
P.O. Box 29. Bagamoyo Coast
Tanzania
Tel: 0232440433, 0744 471069 (Mobile)
Email: dihenqa2000@yahoo.co.uk
Ms. Eva Sarakikya
TAHEA
P.O. Box 23191. Dares Salaam
Tanzania
Tel: 0255-22-2668499; Fax: 0255-22-2668499 / 2115602
Email: evalourse@zwallet.com
Josiah Ogada Magatti
Shirati Leprosy Control Centre
P.O. Box 18, Shirati.
Tanzania
Tel: 028-2621710
Email: slcc@africaonline.co.tz
Mwajuma Saiddy Masaiganah
Mwasama Pre and Primary School
P. O. BOX 240, Bagamoyo, Coast Region
TANZANIA
Ndenisaria Goudlucky Ntuah
Tumbi Hospital
P.O. Box: 30041, Kibaha
Tanzania
Tel: 052-402142;n Fax: 052-402324
Stella Marrie Bellege
Medicus Welmundo
Box 2330, Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tel: 022-278 1523; Fax: 022-278 1523
Email: mdm-salama@raha.com
Walbert Mgeni
Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Centre
P.O. Box 977, Dares Salaam
Tanzania
Tel: 255-22-2118137
Email: walbertrnqeni@vahoo.com
Mathew Kimario
Dares Salaam
Tanzania
Tel:00-25522- 0744- 314045 (Mobile)
Email: “Mathew Kimario" < ndesiimbuka@vahoo.com>
Uganda
Rose Nakityo
Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC)
P O BOX 10005, Kampala
UGANDA
Mrs. Byamukama Anne
Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC)
P.O BOX 10005. Kampala
UGANDA
Crescent Byarugaba - Kawa
National Insurance Corporation
P.O, Box 7134. Kampala
Uganda
Tel' 2580001-2, Fax: 259925
Email: byaruqabakawa@yahoo.com / nic@nic.co.uq
Byarugaba Mary Assumpta
HEPS-Uganda
P.O. Box 2426, Kampala
Uganda
Tel: 256 77436609
Email: heps@utlonline.co.ua / mabyaruqaba@hotmail.com
Alice Drito
PHM National Coordinator
P.O. Box 23711, Kampala
Uganda
Tel: 256-77448880
email: drit12@hotmail.com
MEETING RAM AND THELMA NAIROBI 4-5/11/2002
1
Said Bidu 0733-742449 P.H.M MSA BOX 93045, Mombasa
e-mail sbidii2()() 1@ yahoo.com
2.
Mildred A. Uduny P.O.BOX 93045, Mombasa.
Tel: 0722-234262 e-mail: maudiiny@yahoo.co.uk
3.
Malachi 0. Orondo PHM Coordinator Kenya
P.O.BOX 93045, Mombasa, Kenya.
Tel:254-1 1-432983/435434 or Mobile 0722-798899.
e-mail oromal@yahoo.com
4.
Wilson Aggrey Opule P.H.M MSA BOX 93045, MSA
Tel: 254-1 1-435434/432983.
e-mail: eyctalls@yahoo.co.uk
5.
Consolata Opondo, PHM MSA Box 93045 msa.
Tel: 254-1 1-312811 ext. 2318
e-mail: iiyajohn@yahoo.co.uk
6.
Abzein Alaawy Fort Jesus Mombasa, PHM Mombasa P.O.Box
Tel : 0722- 775716 e-mail : baalawy75@hotmail.com or etk_ke@hotmail.com
7.
Pam Malebe, P.o.box 43319, Nairobi
Tel: 02-725105-8 (ministry of health)
Hse Tel: 02-566348 or 0722-720816
Fax: 721 183 email: imalebeh@yahoo.com
8.
Joyce Meme UNICEF tel: 622732 Mobile: 0722-754657 Box
Email: c\o Pam :(j malebeh@yahoo.com)
9.
Benia Osamba mobile 0733-822495
e-mail: facsbura@africanonline.co.ke
10.
Joshua Jasho Bomu Scope Kilifi Tel:0722-880592 or 0733-839925
e-mai I :j ashobomu@yahoo.com
1 I. Samuel ochieng CIN cin@insightkenya.com
12. John Kimuthia CIN cin@insightkenya.com
13. Dorcas Wangechi CIN cin@insighlkenya.com
14. Prof. Ndinya Acholla: kavi@kaviuon.org
15. Dr. Hilda Ohara (KNH) email :bhohara@yahoo.com
Mobile 0722-806905
16.Dr. Leah Kirumbi (KNH) SHE Tel 812717 email:rhu2005@yahoo.com
17.Mrs Susan Sitati KNH University of Nairobi Section.
Email:vwsitati@insightkenya.com Tel:726300 Histopathology.
18. Dr. June Odoyo CDC KSM Tel. 0722-204564
email: jodoyo@kisian.mimcom.net
19. Dr.Eva Ombaka ECUMERICAL PHAMER.CEUTICA Network
email: enn@wananchi.com
20. Charles O. Omolo DHL email: comolo@nbo co.ke.dhl.com
21.Linette Nyapada email: Linetnyfevahoo.com
22. Rebecca Awinja: email: rebawish@yahoo.com
23. Dr. Ombega: Pharmaconstiltfeform-iiet.com
24. Dr. Rashid Juma (principal Research officer) kemri email: jrrashidfehotmail.com
25. Alfred Michemi and Rose- Tropical Institute of Community Health
Kisumu : email :tichinafrica.org
26. Community Initiative Support Services - CISS
email:koechciss@net2000ke.com
27.Jackson Mwaluma graciousnbi@yahoo.com
28.Dr. Dan Kaseje-TICN email: tichnbifeafricaonline.co.ke
29. .Ms. Singayi Onia/ Patricia Nickson DRC
Email: ipascfeuuplus.com and patricia@nricksonfslife.co.uk
30.Stephen Opondo Ogutu P.o.box 88 Sawagongo Kenya(PHM Kenya Rural Area)
31. Jenipher Atieno of Alima Women Group P.o.box 210 Ahero Kenya (PHM Kenya
Rural women representative)
KENYA CONTACTS BY RAVI NARAYAN
Malachi Opule Orondo.
Christian community Development Unit,
P.O.Box 93045.
Mombasa
KENYA.
Tel. 254-11-432983
Email :oromal@yahoo.com
Dr. Christine W.O Sadia,
Medical Secretary,
All Africa Conference of Churches
(A ACC),
KENYA.
Tel. 254 2 441 483
Fax. 254 2 443 241
Email: aaccM mag.org
Dr.Peter Okkalet,
Medical Assistant Programme (MAP)
International.
P.O.Box 21663
Nairobi.
KENYA.
Tel. 254 2 728599
Fax. 254 2 714422
Email: pokkaletfemap.org
Dr.Ezra Teri.
Pathfinder International,
P.O.Box 48147.
Nairobi.
Kenya.
Dr. D. Kaseje,
General Director.
Durector TICH.
P.O.Box 73860. Waiyaki Way,
Nairobi.
Kenya.
Tel. 254 2 4441920 / 4445020/ 4445160
Fax.254 2 440306
Email : tichnbi@africaonline.co.ke
Mr. Florence Musi-Musiime,
African Medical and Research Foundation
(AMREF),
Wilson Airport,
Nairobi,
Kenya.
Tel. 254 2 501 301
Fax.254 2 506 112
Ms. Patricia Nickson and Mrs Kaswere
Vulere,
Institute Panafricain de Sanle,
P.O.Box 21285
Nairobi,
KENYA.
Fax. 254 2 501 651
Email:patricia@pnickson.fslife.co.uk
Dr. Florence W. Manguyu.
Medical Women’s International Association.
P.O.Box 41307,
Nairobi,
KENYA.
Tel. 254 2 4441 753
Tel. 254 2 741 665/6
Email: fmanguyufekcn.hcalthnei.org
Prof: P. Anyang’ Nyong'o.
Member of Parliament
P.O.Box 57103,
Nairobi,
KENYA.
Tel. (254 2 ) 630457
Fax 254 2 630457
Email : pan@africaonlinc.co.ke
Dr. K.Kavuo,
Community Initiatives support services
International (CISS),
P.O.box 73860, Waiyaki way
Nairobi,
Kenya.
Tel. 254 2 4441920 / 4445020/ 4451160
Fax .254 2 440306
Email. ciss@nct2000kc.com
J
Dr.R.Muga,
Provincial Director Health Services,
P.O.box 721
Kisuniu.
Kenya.
Tel. 254 35 41076
Fax. 254 35 21870
Mr. Charles Oyaya,
Christian Health Association of Kenya
(CHAK).
Waiyaki way, Musa Gitau Road,
Westlands.
Nairobi.
Kenya.
Tel . 254 2 441 046
Fax. 254 2 440 306
Email . tichnbifa africaonline.co.ke
Dr. .LB.Okanga,
MIS Specialist,
Aga Khan Health Services,
P.O.Box 83013,
Mombasa,
Kenya.
Tel. 254 11 312 953
Fax. 254 11 313 278
Email: okanga@africaonline.co.ke
1
FORUM 6
Arusha International Conference Centre
Arusha, Tanzania
12-15 November 2002
Meeting Evaluation and Suggestions for Future Meetings
To help us plan future meetings, you are invited to express your opinions and suggestions concerning
the meeting.
Please keep in mind the objectives of the meeting
o Assess progress in the major initiatives supported by the Global Forum for Health Research and its
partners and plan further actions contributing to the correction of the 10/90 gap.
o Assess progress in the field of priority-setting methodologies (application of the framework for
priority-setting, burden of disease analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, resource flows analysis) and
plan further actions contributing to the correction of the 10/90 gap.
o Reinforce synergies between the different players in the international health research system and
identify the actions necessary for the efficient and effective correction of the 10/90 gap.
o Review progress on the implementation of the Action Plan adopted at the Bangkok Conference and
plan further actions in line with the orientations given by the Working Party.
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING
(Please circle your response on a scale from 1-5, where 1= lowest, 5= highest
A. How would you rate the overall organization of the meeting?
12
B.
3
4
5
4
5
What can be improved in the next meeting?
2. CONTENT OF MEETING
A. How would you rate the overall content of the meeting?
1
2
3
B. What areas were particularly useful?
C.
What can be improved at the next meeting?
3. HOW WELL WERE THE FOLLOWING ISSUES ADDRESSED?
(Please circle your choice)
10/90 gap
1
2
3
4
5
Gender
1
2
3
4
5
Poverty
1
2
3
4
5
Research capacity strengthening
I
2
3
4
5
Priority-setting methodologies
1
2
3
4
5
Resource Flow Analysis
2
1
3
4
5
4. PARALLEL SESSIONS
A. Please rate your satisfaction with the content of the parallel session(s) you have attended, using the
1-5 scale:
Name of the session:
1
2
3
4
5
B. Which session in your view contributed best to the objective of the meeting?
5. GLOBALLY: HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE MEETING?
(Please circle your response)
dissatisfied*
totally satisfied
satisfied
* Please tell us why.
6. The Global Forum for Health Research is committed to helping correct the 10/90 gap. One of
its strategies in achieving its goals is the Annual Forum. For Forum 7, in the year 2003, please
tell us in the space below your ideas for consideration in preparing the scientific program for
Forum 7.
Date:
Signature:
(optional)
2
■|®] arusha. Tanzania. 12 is November 2002
' luiJiNs h>kkk, .i.t
l~»i-
Plenary session on Using research results: research syntheses as a tool to help correct
the 10/90 gap
Friday, 15 November 2002, 9.00-10.30
Vaginal disinfection for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
infection: a systematic review
Charles Shey Wiysonge, Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
Introduction: HIV/A1DS is the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide,
and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection is one of the most tragic
consequences of the epidemic. MTCT of HIV currently results in about 1800 new paediatric
HIV infections each day worldwide. The paediatric HIV epidemic tlircatens to seriously
undermine long-established child survival programmes. This paper reports a systematic
review of controlled trials to estimate the effect of an inexpensive, low technology
intervention - vaginal disinfection - on the risk of MTCT of HIV and infant/matemal
mortality and morbidity. The review illustrates how the 10/90 gap could be reduced in this
sphere.
Methods: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, PubMcd, EMBASE,
AIDSL1NE, LILACS, AIDSTRIALS, and AIDSDRUGS. In addition, we searched reference
lists of identified articles, relevant editorials, expert opinions and letters to editors, and
abstracts of relevant conferences, and contacted subject experts. There were no language
restrictions. Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility and quality, and extracted
data.
Results: Only two small trials included an estimate of the effect of vaginal disinfection on
MTCT of HIV and/or infant mortality. Even taken together, these do not show an effect of
vaginal disinfection on MTCT of HIV (odds ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to
1.33), and infant mortality (odds ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 5.44).
Conclusion: The systematic review shows the scarcity of reliable evidence evaluating the
effect of an inexpensive, low technology intervention - vaginal disinfection - on an important
contributor to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, MTCT of HIV infection. The available evidence is
statistically compatible with a reduction in risk. Investment of funds in further research to
assess the effects of this intervention will contribute in our endeavours to correct the 10/90
gap, and decide whether this is an intervention worth adopting.
jf?| ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMB f R 2002
i I'f i r;s\. G'si.ici hii k-.'Oi.v
Plenary session on Using research results: research synthesis as a tool to help correct the
10/90 gap
Friday, 15 November 2002, 9.00-10.30
The science of research synthesis and its relevance to the 10/90 gap
James Volmink, Director, Research and Analysis, Global Health Council, USA
A crucial first step when considering investment in new studies of the effects of interventions is a
systematic review of relevant existing research. This will determine what is known about a
particular intervention strategy, whether further evidence is needed and, if so, what areas should
be targeted for research. Without such systematic synthesis, funds made available for health
research will continue to be squandered on ill-conceived studies, a phenomenon especially
regrettable in resource-constrained settings. By setting new studies in the context of other
relevant research, systematic reviews also help to inform health care decisions and prevent
confusion that results in people being denied effective health care or receiving interventions that
are ineffective or even harmful.
Keeping track of the results of primary research has become a major challenge given the
information explosion in the biomedical sciences. Traditionally, decision-makers have relied on
expert opinion or reviews that do not use scientific methods, for insights on current evidence.
However, in recent years the limitations of these approaches have been repeatedly demonstrated
and formal methods of systematically reviewing studies have arisen in an attempt to produce
more reliable and up-to-date summaries of research. In contrast with conventional methods,
systematic reviews use transparent, rigorous methods for identifying, appraising and synthesizing
evidence from scientific studies.
With the aid of relevant examples, this presentation will demonstrate why systematic reviews
have come to be seen as the cornerstone of evidence-based health care. The methods used to
limit the effects of bias and chance that frequently bedevil valid conclusions about the effects of
health care will be discussed. Additionally, the role of the Cochrane Collaboration, an
international network aiming to prepare, update, and disseminate systematic reviews across all
health care topics will be highlighted. The presentation will conclude by drawing attention to the
scientific and ethical obligation of funding agencies to invest resources in the preparation and
maintenance of systematic reviews relevant to the developing world before investing in new
research.
id ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12 IS NOVEMBER 2002
Plenary session on Using research results: research synthesis as a tool to help correct the
10/90 gap
Friday, 15 November 2002, 9.00-10.30
Malaria: progress in preparing and updating systematic reviews
Martin Meremikwu, Senior Lecturer, Paediatrics, College of Medical Science, University of
Calabar, Nigeria
Background: Clinicians, public health practitioners, policy makers and researchers in malaria
endemic countries need reliable information on the effectiveness of interventions that prevent or
cure the disease. Narrative reviews are now unacceptable, as good empirical evidence show they
are often unreliable. Research synthesis involves using scientific methods to prepare reviews
which arc summaries of reliable research, and the Cochrane Collaboration has been preparing
and updating systematic reviews in malaria for the last 12 years.
Methods: The Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group started in 1991 at a meeting in
Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. There are currently more than 70 reviewers
from over 25 countries. Each review begins with a protocol specifying the methods which will
be used to conduct the review. Explicit search strategics are used to identify relevant published
studies and unpublished studies are sought through contact with researchers, pharmaceutical
companies and organizations (including the World Health Organization). Data from eligible
studies is then extracted and synthesized. Both the protocol and review undergo rigorous peer
review processes prior to publication.
Results: There arc now 15 completed reviews in malaria. Eleven of these have addressed
therapeutic questions and four arc on preventive interventions. About a third of the authors
(7/22) arc from middle or low-income countries. There are four published protocols of on-going
systematic reviews in malaria: one on therapy and three on prevention. Three of these protocols
arc led by authors from malaria endemic countries. One protocol is a prospective individual
patient data meta-analysis of 13 trials examining artesunate combination treatment. There arc
also six on-going protocols in early stages of development, which have not been published in the
Cochrane Library.
Conclusion: Research synthesis is becoming increasingly important in global health practice and
policy development. To meet the deficit of systematic reviews in malaria there is need to build
capacity for systematic reviewing in middle and low-income countries.
n
ARUSHA. EANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
Parallel session on TB research and initiatives
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 16.00-17.30
Bridging implementation gaps in national TB control programmes: a policy process
approach
Thelma Narayan, Coordinator, Community Health Cell, India
Tuberculosis, a major public health problem in India since the 1900s has a prevalence of
around 14 million and an estimated annual mortality of 500,000 persons. Nation-wide
government sponsored anti-TB public health measures introduced in 1948, developed into
the National TB Programme in 1962.
Despite gains, implementation gaps between programme goals and performance, over
35 years, have been of a magnitude sufficient to cause concern. An integrative bottom-up
cum top-down study used a policy framework and undertook a historical review and
interviews with TB patients, elected representatives, front-line health workers, doctors,
district and state staff, national programme managers, researchers and representatives from
international agencies.
Policy process factors at national and international level and implementation factors
at state and district level will be discussed. These include the importance of leadership,
institutional development, capacity at patient provider interface, need for sustained policies
functioning within an affirmative framework embodying social justice and safeguarding the
interests of the majority of patients.
The focus of work was on health policy processes. Subsequently through a set of
circumstances our centre has become deeply involved in health policy processes of our
state government in Karnataka. We were members of a Task Force on Health set up by the
Chief Minister.’ We used participatory processes, field visits and commissioned research to
develop recommendations. We were later involved in monitoring.implementation of
recommendations and in developing a five year project proposal for an integrated health
project focusing on primary health care and public health. We are also deeply involved in
the peoples' health movement at state and national level. The policy approach has helped
us to strategise. I have written the Integrated policy for the state which is currently in the
process of being adopted.
1
Guidelines for Chairpersons and Rapporteurs at Forum 6
Faculty is requested to attend an introductory session followed by a reception with the
Foundation Council on 11 November at 18:30 at the Arusha International Conference
Centre, Twiga Room, Ngorogoro Wing.
Part I: Guidelines for Chair persons at Forum 6
The Global Forum is very appreciative of the important role of session chairs at Forum 6.
These guidelines serve to remind chairs about the critical role they play and to standardize
some of the rules so that the meeting is as efficient as possible.
1. Pre-session issues
Prior to each session the chair should:
o become familiar with the content and objectives of the session
® have reviewed the summaries of each presentation
o know the exact location and time of the session
» have identified a “rapporteur” for the session (in consultation with the focal point)
» reflected on the “expected output” from the session.
2. Introduction to a session
At the start of each session, the chair will:
o review the session’s objectives
o introduce each speaker with institutional affiliation and topics of their presentation
• introduce the rapporteur of the session
• explain the time keeping mechanism (yellow and red cards)
Chairpersons will be provided with this information in advance.
This introduction should take the chairperson a maximum of 3 minutes.
3. Presentations
For each session, the focal point will give the Chairperson the time table for the session
(time allotted for each presentation and for the discussion).
After the final presentation, the Chair will take over the proceedings to:
• remind the audience of the objectives of the session
• and open the session for discussion with these objectives in mind.
4. Conclusions by the Chair
The chair will reserve 5 minutes at the end of the session to:
• summarize the main points emerging from the discussion
2
The chair will thank all presenters for their contribution and the audience for their
participation. Any associated sessions or presentations may be highlighted by the chair
for the audience.
5. Post-session work
After the end of each session, the chairs should:
• ensure that their notes are handed over to the rapporteur who will pass them on to the
focal point together with her/his report.
Important Note on Timing of sessions
Five minutes before the start of each sessions a bell will be rung by conference assistants outside all
meeting rooms, in the Piazza and at the lunch area. Please assist us in directing people to the
meeting rooms.
> The presenters have been informed that the chairpersons must keep strict timingfor
each of the presentations.
> Because of the needfor discussion time, under no circumstance should a presentation
exceed the time allocated.
> The chair will raise a YELLOW CARD to indicate that 2 minutes are remaining
before the end of a presentation. The chair will raise a RED CARD to indicate that
the speaker should immediately end the presentation.
Part II: Guidelines for Rapporteurs at Forum 6
The Global Forum very much values the work of the rapporteurs who will help in the
documentation of events and ideas presented and discussed at Forum 6. These guidelines
serve to help standardize the work of the rapporteurs, to assist them in their work and to
help document important issues that emerge at this meeting.
Rapporteurs will be:
• identified by the responsible officer and focal point before the start of the session
• introduced by the chairs at the beginning of each session.
Rapporteurs will be responsible for:
• writing down the important points made in each presentation (including the next steps
in the collaboration between partners and the conclusion by the chair)
• gathering all notes and documents used in the presentations and giving them to the
Global Forum staff in the Documentation Centre in the AICC who will gather the
notes and give them to the Responsible officers in the Global Forum Secretariat.
The rapporteur is free to add personal comments (with identification).
Thank you!
Louis Currat
Executive Secretary
Annex: List of Chairpersons, Responsible Officers, Focal Points and Rapporteurs
2
1
Guidelines for Chairpersons and Rapporteurs at Forum 6
Faculty is requested to attend an introductory session followed by a reception with the
Foundation Council on 11 November at 18:30 at the Arusha International Conference
Centre, Twiga Room, Ngorogoro Wing.
Part I: Guidelines for Chair persons at Forum 6
The Global Forum is very appreciative of the important role of session chairs at Forum 6.
These guidelines serve to remind chairs about the critical role they play and to standardize
some of the rules so that the meeting is as efficient as possible.
1. Pre-session issues
Prior to each session the chair should:
« become familiar with the content and objectives of the session
« have reviewed the summaries of each presentation
• know the exact location and time of the session
o have identified a “rapporteur” for the session (in consultation with the focal point)
• reflected on the “expected output” from the session.
2. Introduction to a session
At the start of each session, the chair will:
• review the session’s objectives
• introduce each speaker with institutional affiliation and topics of their presentation
• introduce the rapporteur of the session
• explain the time keeping mechanism (yellow and red cards)
Chairpersons will be provided with this information in advance.
This introduction should take the chairperson a maximum of 3 minutes.
3. Presentations
For each session, the focal point will give the Chairperson the time table for the session
(time allotted for each presentation and for the discussion).
After the final presentation, the Chair will take over the proceedings to:
• remind the audience of the objectives of the session
• and open the session for discussion with these objectives in mind.
4. Conclusions by the Chair
The chair will reserve 5 minutes at the end of the session to:
• summarize the main points emerging from the discussion
2
The chair will thank all presenters for their contribution and the audience for their
participation. Any associated sessions or presentations may be highlighted by the chair
for the audience.
5. Post-session work
After the end of each session, the chairs should:
• ensure that their notes are handed over to the rapporteur who will pass them on to the
focal point together with her/his report.
Important Note on Timing of sessions
Five minutes before the start of each sessions a bell will be rung by conference assistants outside all
meeting rooms, in the Piazza and at the lunch area. Please assist us in directing people to the
meeting rooms.
> The presenters have been informed that the chairpersons must keep strict timingfor
each of the presentations.
> Because of the needfor discussion time, under no circumstance should a presentation
exceed the time allocated.
> The chair will raise a YELLOW CARD io indicate that 2 minutes are remaining
before the end ofa presentation. The chair will raise a RED CARD to indicate that
the speaker should immediately end the presentation.
Part II: Guidelines for Rapporteurs nt Forum 6
The Global Forum very much values the work of the rapporteurs who will help in the
documentation of events and ideas presented and discussed at Forum 6. These guidelines
serve to help standardize the work of the rapporteurs, to assist them in their work and to
help document important issues that emerge at this meeting.
Rapporteurs will be:
• identified by the responsible officer and focal point before the start of the session
• introduced by the chairs at the beginning of each session.
Rapporteurs will be responsible for:
• writing down the important points made in each presentation (including the next steps
in the collaboration between partners and the conclusion by the chair)
• gathering all notes and documents used in the presentations and giving them to the
Global Forum staff in the Documentation Centre in the AICC who will gather the
notes and give them to the Responsible officers in the Global Forum Secretariat.
The rapporteur is free to add personal comments (with identification).
Thank you!
Louis Currat
Executive Secretary
Annex: List of Chairpersons, Responsible Officers, Focal Points and Rapporteurs
2
TRANSPORT LOGISTICS FOR FORUM 6-PARTICIPANTS NOV-2002
HOTEL NAMES
PICKUP TIME
TUE
A.M
ARUSHA COFFEE LODGE
RESORT CENTRE
DANISH
DIK DIK
ELAND
EQUATOR HOTEL
G & T HOTEL
GOLDEN ROSE
ILBORU SAFARI LODGE
IMPALA
KIGONGONI LODGE
L'OASIS
MERU INN
MOIVARO LODGE
MOUNTAIN VILLAGE
NEW ARUSHA HOTEL
NGARASERO
NOVOTEL
PALLSONS
SAFARI SPA
SPICES & HERBS
VICTORIA HOUSE
8:00
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:45
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
8:00
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
7:30
WED-FRIDAY
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
8:00
Kilimanjaro
Centre for
Community
Ophthalmology
.. .dedicated to the elimination of avoidable
blindness through the integration of
programmes, training, and research
focusing on the delivery of sustainable and
replicable community ophthalmology
services
KCMC/Tumaini University
An estimated 180 million people
worldwide today are visually disabled;
about 45 million of these are blind and
cannot walk about unaided. Nine out of
ten of these people live in the developing
countries where the loss of sight causes
enormous suffering for affected
individuals and their families. It also
represents a public health, social and
economic problem for the countries where
these people live.
The good news is that 80% of global
blindness is avoidable. It could be
prevented or cured using relatively simple
technology and knowledge that is already
available today. The challenge is to
develop working programmes locally that
make use of current technology and
knowledge.
“Vision 2020: the Right to Sight” is a
global campaign aimed at eliminating
avoidable blindness. This initiative is the
product of a series of consultations
between the World Health Organization
and many non governmental organizations
working in the field of prevention of
blindness.
The KCCO has been created in response to
the Vision 2020 initiative and is dedicated
to building the capacity of local workers at
all levels to undertake programmes in
disease control, to develop human
resources, and to support and strengthen
local infrastructure.
Activities of the KCCO
The KCCO works in the three areas of
training, programme development (service),
and research but always strives to find ways to
make these overlap. Thus, programme and
service activities will usually include elements
of operational research, since the KCCO is
dedicated to the concept of constantly
improving our methods and using evidence
based approaches to improved service.
Personnel at all levels who are involved in
programmes and research will be receiving
training as they are continually challenged to
take increased responsibility, expanding their
capacity to plan and implement projects.
Training
•
assessment, eye care programme planning and
evaluation, epidemiology, and medical
anthropology.
♦
•
Programme Development
•
•
•
The KCCO is implementing community
based programmes to reduce blindness
from cataract and trachoma, the two major
blinding diseases, as well as other
conditions such as childhood blindness,
and leprosy.
The KCCO is developing a cataract
surgical service programme which will be
organizationally and financially self
sustaining; we aim to increase
significantly the number of high quality
cataract surgeries provided while still
ensuring care for the poorest.
The KCCO conducts workshops in which
we help eye care professionals to develop
practical district-based prevention of
blindness plans and programmes
The KCCO trains eye care professionals
and public health workers in needs
•
The KCCO strengthens the academic training
of ophthalmology residents, medical
assistants, and public health students at
KCMC by providing regular didactic
teaching and supervision of practical
community based field work
The KCCO is developing collaborative
relationships (north-south and south-south)
with universities in Africa, Canada,
Europe, Asia and the US to provide
training for eye care providers
The KCCO trains eye health professionals
in practical research methodology and how
to critically review medical literature
Research
•
•
•
The KCCO is investigating cost effective
ways to improve the uptake of, quality of,
and satisfaction with eye care services
The KCCO is studying the issue of gender
and blindness and testing methods to
increase utilization of services by women.
The KCCO is studying the problems
associated with accessing services for
children with visual impairment with the
aim of facilitating access to services for
these children.
Administration
The KCCO works in collaboration with
the Department of Ophthalmology at
the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
College of Tumaini University in
Moshi, Tanzania. The Centre is
directed by Dr. Paul Courtright and Dr.
Susan Lewallen.
Project Impact, a US based registered
501 (c)3 serves as the support
organization for the KCCO and is
responsible for fund raising and
account management.
Board of Advisors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dr. Moses Chirambo, Lilongwe,
Malawi
Dr. Daniel Etya’ale, Geneva,
Switzerland
Dr. Suzanne Gilbert, Berkeley,
USA
Mr. David Green, Hunt Valley,
USA
Dr. Peter Kilima, Dar-es-Salaam,
Tanzania
Dr. Volker Klauss, Munich,
Germany
Dr. Jack Rootman, Vancouver,
Canada
Mr. RD Thulasiraj, Madurai, India
Dr. Mark Wood, Dar-esSalaam,Tanzania
Start up financial support for the
KCCO has been provided by
Al Noor Foundation,
Helen Keller Worldwide
International Eye Foundation
International Trachoma Initiative
Seva Foundation
Donations for general support or for
specific projects are tax deductible and
may be sent to:
Project Impact, Inc
1193 Sand Lake Hwy
Onsted, MI 49265
USA
Tel: 1 517 467-6415
Fax: 1 517 467-6575
For further information contact
Dr Paul Courtright or
Dr Susan Lewallen
KCCO
PO Box 2254
Moshi, Tanzania
Email: KCCO@KCMC.ac.tz
GLOBAL FORUM FOR HEALTH RESEARCH 6, ARUSHA TANZANIA,
12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
INVITATION TO VISIT MINISTRY OF HEALTH DEMOGRAPHIC
SURVEILLANCE SITE IN KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA
FRIDAY 15 NOVEMBER 2002 2-5:30PM.
Overview
The Tanzania Ministry of Health is establishing a National Sentinel (NSS) system of
linked demographic surveillance site for the long term monitoring of health and
poverty condition.
Demographic surveillance sites are an increasingly important resource for research
and routine information production in health development in developing countries. In
Tanzania, findings from these sites have influenced national health policy and district
resource allocation.
Participants are invited to visit the NSS's demographic surveillance site in Hai
District, Kilimanjaro Region, to meet with representatives of the Tanzania Ministry of
Health and local Council who operate the system, as well as view a presentation of
the technical operations and output of the system. During the visit there will be
presentations on the Hai district Demographic Profile, details of the fieldwork for the
collection of demographic and mortality surveillance data, and discussions. GFHR
participants will also get first hand information on fieldwork from the field
enumerators and on the ways the outputs have benefited the district.
Participants in GFHR Forum 6 are invited to the NSS's demographic surveillance site
in Hai District, Kilimanjaro Region on the IS”1 November 2-5:30p.m.
Transport will be provided. The bus will leave the AICC at 2.00PM from the main gate
and will return participants after 5:30PM to their respective Hotels. Please sign up at
the AMMP booth, as we will be able to accommodate up to 50 participants
Focal Point: Philip Setel, Project Director, and Yusuf Hemed, Deputy Director, Adult
Mortality and Morbidity Project, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project (AMMP)
PO Box 65243
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 22 213388, Fax: +255 22 2153385
AMMP Website: www.ncl.ac.uk/ammp
■ Fl ARUSHA.TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
I Httrtvc awie; !»<» u» MGaf
Parallel session on Gender, mental health and disability
Wednesday, 13 November 2002,11.00-12.30
Gender, mortality and the European transition economy countries
Florence Baingana, Senior Mental Health Specialist, Human Development Network, World
Bank, Washington
In studying the transition economy countries of Eastern Europe, a striking finding is the large
east-west mortality gap and the excess mortality of males. These countries have been
characterized by profound economic, political and social changes and are now challenged by the
emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic.
This presentation will outline the east-west mortality gap with a ranking of the top causes of
mortality and disability. A hypothesis for the excess mortality will be posited including the
contribution of mental and behavioral disorders. Finally, implications for policy development
will be discussed.
~(jz.
CvDi
J
,'T/i XiU'SHA.
12-15 NOVE.MBTR 2002
Parallel session on Gender, mental health and disability
Wednesday. 13 November 2002,11.00-12.30
Gender and mental health research in developing countries
Vikram Patel, Senior Lecturer. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
India
The 10 90 gap in global health research is even more skewed for the specific area of
mental health that has been a poor cousin of other health priorities in developing
countries. The low profile of mental health research runs contrary to the large body of
epidemiological evidence demonstrating the huge burden of mental disorders in all
societies. This evidence points not only to die considerable disability produced by mental
disorders, but also to the availability of cost-effective interventions for many mental
disorders. This paper will explore the theme of gender and mental health research from
the perspective of women’s mental health issues. Depression and anxiety disorders,
which are the most common of all mental disorders, arc more frequently diagnosed in
women. The most likely reason for the female excess may be found in the adverse social
circumstances which women face in their daily lives. Two smdies will be presented to
demonstrate the influence of gender variables on women’s mental health, i.c. oppressive
relationships experienced by women in high-density townships in Harare and the sex of
the newborn child of mothers in India. In the context of the limited funds and capacity
for health research in developing countries, it is pertinent to consider how investment in
mental health research may meet the needs of existing public health priorities. The strong
relationship between gender and women’s mental health will be explored from the
context of reproductive health, a major public health priority in developing countries.
The implications of this relationship provide an avenue for reducing the 10/90 gap in
mental health research in developing countries. Rather than a separate mental health
research agenda, the gap can be reduced by providing more attention to mental health
paradigms in reproductive health and other public health research programs in developing
countries, in particular programs where gender is a crucial variable.
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ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I
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Parallel session on Gender, mental health and disability
Wednesday, 13 November 2002,11.00-12.30
Is there gender-inequity in global blindness?
Ken Bassett, Research Professor, Opthalmology, Kilimanjaro Centre for Community
Opthalmology, Tumaini University, Tanzania; Iman Abou-Gareeb, Lyn Sibley; Susan
Lewallen; Paul Courtright
In order to improve understanding of eye diseases and gender, the burden of blindness by sex
was assessed using a meta-analysis of population-based blindness surveys. In addition, we
explored why sex differences occur in blindness rates and utilization of eye care services. For the
meta-analysis, we used the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager to pool findings using both
published and unpublished data. To understand sex differences in the use of eye care services,
we reviewed published and unpublished literature. The overall odds ratio (age-adjusted) of blind
women to men is 1.40, ranging from 1.39 in Africa to 1.41 in Asia. Women therefore account for
64.5% of all blind people in population-based prevalence estimates, most of who are over 50
years of age and most of who live in poorer countries. The finding of an excess burden of
blindness for women holds for virtually all of the individual surveys and the pooled results. The
excess burden of blindness among women is poorly understood and rarely has been
systematically studied. Indeed, gender analysis has not become an explicit component of the
WHO’s worldwide blindness prevention strategy, Vision 2020. We do know that in developing
countries, cataract and trachomatous trichiasis are the most common causes of blindness, occur
more frequently in women than men, and women have Jess access to surgery. We conclude that
the most likely explanation for the increased burden of blindness among women is inadequate
access to eye care services. We recommend gender specific eye care program development.
i
sfl ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
Parallel session on Gender, mental health and disability
Wednesday, 13 November 2002, 11.00-12.30
Do women have less access to cataract surgical services?
Paul Courtright, Co-Director, Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology,
Tanzania
Women bear two-thirds of the blindness in developing countries. We sought to determine, from
the existing literature, cataract surgical coverage rates (surgeries received among cataract blind)
by sex and the proportion of cataract blindness that could be eliminated if women and men had
equal access to cataract surgical services. Methodologically sound population-based cataract
surveys from developing countries were identified through a literature search. Cataract surgical
coverage rates were extracted from the surveys and rates for women were compared to those for
men. Cataract surgical coverage rates were 1.2-1.7 times higher in males than in females. The
odds ratio of having surgery for women compared to men was 0.67 (95%CI 0.60,0.74). If
females received surgery at the same rates as males, cataract blindness rates could be reduced by
a median of 12.5% (range 4.0 to 21.0%). In these surveys, women account for approximately
63% of all cataract cases in the population. Females are not receiving cataract surgery at the
same rate as males and closing the gender gap could significantly decrease cataract blindness.
Qualitative research in Tanzania (and elsewhere) has shown that the barriers to use of cataract
surgical services are different for men and for women. While cost of service is a common
concern, decision making at the household and community level is gender specific and currently
implemented educational approaches generally do not incorporate an understanding of decision
making in rural communities. Assistance needed to seek services is also gender-dependent with
women often needing assistance to come to hospital. Men are more likely to be willing to travel
to the hospital without assistance. Potential gender sensitive intervention activities will be
discussed.
iM ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I
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Parallel session on Gender, mental health and disability
Wednesday, 13 November 2002,11.00-12.30
Eye care service decision-making by rural Malawians
Dr. Robert Geneau, British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International
Ophthalmology'; Thomas Bisika; Paul Courtright
We used a multiple case study design to understand the various barriers to eye health care in
Chikwawa District, Malawi and to assess how sociocultural factors (gender being one aspect)
underlie or directly influence therapeutic choices. We selected two communities with contrasting
characteristics in terms of geographical access to eye care services and medication. We collected
information, through observation and semi-structured interviews, to determine: [1] Are men and
women different in terms of perceived needs for eye care, perceived efficacy of
western/traditional medicine and perceived barriers to eye care? [2] Are differences in the health
care decision-making process defined by the normative expectations of gender-specific roles
inside the family and the community? We found that perceived needs for eye care were higher
for women, especially when it involved children, that some perceived barriers were more
specific to women but that perceived efficacy about western/traditional medicine varied the same
way between men and women (illness specific rather than gender specific). The specific context
of each community was identified as an important factor in determining the diversity of family
structures within the community (monogamous, polygamous, single/widow) and in access to
resources by women. Greater access to resources in one area did not necessarily mean more
control over resources. Family structure was a key factor in the analysis of the health care
decision-making process and we observed variations within each community in regards of a level
of autonomy by women to decide about health care/ability to use health care facilities. The
barriers which prevent use of services varied between men and women but also within each
groups through a complex interaction of individual, family and community factors. The impact
of social systems on eye health and use of eye care services are discussed.
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ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 1> (5 NOVCMCl-k 2002
Plenary session on Successes in health research: mobilizing national resources
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 14.00-15.30
The experience in India
N.K. Ganguly, Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research
Resource mobilisation refers to health financing strategies to generate resources to support or
pay for the goods and services used in the production and delivery of health care. However, in
this talk, resource mobilisation for health research would also be touched upon. Major strategies
for resource mobilisation include government revenue, health insurance, user-fee, out-of-pocket
expenses and non-government contributions. Unlike in other countries where there is usually
one country-specific health financing strategy in a large country like India with diverse socio
economic conditions, the financing strategies have to be state-specific. During 1990-91, the
health expenditure in India (about Rs. 27,000 crores) was 6% of its GDP (4.7% by the private
sector and 1.3% by public sector). Among the public sector the Central Governments’ share is
nearly 2%, while that of the State's is close to 19%. Public contribution from the centre, states
and local bodies, etc. , has been variously estimated to be around 22%. The bulk of public health
financing is by revenues from general taxation — the share of social insurance is about 2%. The
share of health expenditure in the major states shows a significant decline in proportion to health
expenditure, from 6-7% in the 1980s to just over 5% in 1990s However, there has not been any
significant variation in the central government's share which has remained more or less at 1.25%.
The real per capita spending on health has shown a steady increase in all states of India in
varying degrees. Though the budget outlays have increased, the proportion spent on salaries and
wages is going up, particularly in low-income states where salaries alone consume 80% of the
funds leaving little for developmental activities, drugs and consumables. Two important features
of Indian health care financing stand out. A large majority of people seeking ambulatory care
during illness prefer private rather than public providers. However, a slight majority of ill people
do seek care from public providers for conditions needing admission to the hospital. Even the
visits to public facilities generally involve out-of-pocket expenditure. The average spending per
outpatient episode at public facilities is about 40% of the average expenditure on visits to the
private sector, while the inpatient treatment expenditure at public health care facilities averages a
quarter of inpatient treatment costs at private facilities. Taken together these features imply that
treatment from both categories impose considerable financial burden on individuals. The
consistent pattern that emerges shows that about three-quarters of all the expenditure on curative
services is private and only a quarter is public. These direct out-of-pocket costs are believed to
push about 2% of Indians to below poverty line each year.
The situation of financing for health research is no better. Low and middle-income countries are
struggling to reach the 2% mark of total health expenditure. India is close to 1.5%. As health
research is multi-sectoral, at times it is difficult to quantify the contribution by each sector - on
the whole India spends about 8%> of its total expenditure in R&D on health. Over the successive
years, the outlays for several R&D agencies in India have increased several fold, although the
same does not hold true for the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the only national
level body devoted exclusively to health research. To improve the situation, the ICMR has taken
initiatives which have started to show positive results. The council took up an exercise that
would generate data on the estimation of disease burden in the country, completed the first phase
of priority setting, produced a draft health research policy and opened a dialogue with the
planners and policy makers. It has also aligned its health research agenda to the national health
policy. India has also tried out innovative strategies to attract funding for the health sector from
the non-formal health sector. Foreign assistance too has been effectively used to supplement the
national contribution in major health programmes like malaria, TB, HIV and blindness.
To improve the national resources for health several strategies have been used by various
countries. These have been used alone or in combination and have produced variable results.
The outcome of these studies in Bolivia, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe and
lessons learnt from them will be discussed. Finally, suggestions are floated for increasing
resources for health through increasing central and state levies, utilizing revenues from
disinvestments, charging user-fees and related problems and plausible methods of overcoming
some of the hurdles.
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Plenary session on Successes in health research: mobilizing national resources
Why measure resources for health research?
Tuesday, 12 November 2002,14.00-15.30
Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health
Research, Switzerland
Health research is essential to the design and implementation of health interventions, policies
and health service delivery. Tracking resources can indicate the degree of priority given to
research in specific health conditions or health research systems. Yet, tracing and analysing
investments in health research remains a difficult, time consuming, and costly exercise.
The systematic measurement of investments in health research is relatively recent. The
Commission on Health Research for Development reported in 1990 the importance of
investing in health research for development for all countries, including the poorest. The
1996 Ad-Hoc Committee Report linked health research investments to an aggregate measure
of disease burden using the ‘five-steps process for priority setting’. The Ad-Hoc Committee
described a mismatch between investments in health research and disease burden worldwide,
which became known as the 10/90 gap in health research described by the Global Forum for
Health Research. Malaria, for example, accounts for 2.7% of the global disease burden but
accounted for less than 0.5% of total investments in health research in 1998. The Global
Forum and partners estimated that global investments in health research amounted to USD73
billion in 1998 (‘Monitoring financial flows for health research, 2001
Measuring resource flows from sources to users provide important information. The extent to
which national public expenditure is persistently invested in health research systems in a
given country is a key measure of the future capacity of the country to tackle its health
problems in a more efficient and effective way. Measuring resource flows allows the
examination of trends of national and international funding, and permits to relate funding
trends to specific initiatives, such as the creation of Government structures to promote and
coordinate health research. Also, trends in private funding, which account for about half of
total investments in health research worldwide, can reflect important developments for health
research.
The presentation will illustrate examples of applications of resource flows analysis.
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Plenary session on Successes in health research: mobilizing national resources
(examples from Asia and Latin America)
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 14.00-15.30
Successes in health research: mobilizing national resources in Brazil
Cesar Jacoby, Consultant, Health Science and Technology, Ministry of Health,
Brazil
Brazil is classified as an upper middle-income country by the World Bank (2002), with
continental proportions and diverse demographic, economic, social, cultural, and health
characteristics. In 1999, the overall spending in S&T was estimated in US$5,77 billion,
which represents 0.9% of the Brazilian GDP, and it has been mostly (around 80%)
funded by the public sector. The great challenge is to increase that percentage to 2%,
while maintaining present levels of public spending and substantially increasing
participation from the private sector.
Scientific and technological development plays an essential role in public health,
including the development of health systems and services, hr the context of fostering
health research, the Brazilian government created the Health Sectorial Fund by Federal
Law on December 19, 2001. With a budget of US$17 million for 2002, reaching US$23
million in 2003, this fund represents additional financial resources to the current annual
federal budget of US$230 million invested in health research.
The scientific activities to be promoted in the health sector by this fund are as
following: scientific and technological projects; experimental development of
technologies; development of basic industrial technology; infrastructure set up;
development and qualification of human resources; and documenting and dissemination
of scientific and technological knowledge. The Health Fund will be managed by a
steering committee which is responsible for establishing directives, setting up annual
plans for investments, following up the implementation of actions and evaluating
results. Besides the Health Fund, there are the Biotechnology Fund, the Green & Yellow
Fund, which promotes the interaction between universities and private sector, and the
Research Infrastructure Fund. With a budget of US$200 million in 2002, these funds
will positively affect R&D in the health sector.
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ANNOUNCEMENT OF ADDITIONAL SESSION
Tuesday 12 November
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
11.00-12.30
Themi
Succes dans la recherche en sante : resoudre les problemes en Afrique
occidentale
Co-presidents:
• Mamadou Daff, Head, Research and Study Division, Ministere de la Sante
publique et de 1'Action sociale, Senegal
• Amidou Baba-Moussa, Regional Adviser, Research Policy and Coordination,
WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville [to be confirmed]
La seance, qui se deroulera en fran<?ais, aura pour but de presenter la recherche en
Afrique francophone, en particulier en ce qui conceme le developpement d'interventions
et leur impact sur la sante des populations africaines.
• Djibril Ndiaye, Head of Research, Research and Study Division, Ministere de la
Sante publique et de 1'Action sociale, Senegal
- La gestion du processus de renforcement de la recherche en sante au Senegal
• Salimata Ki/ Ouedraogo, Responsible Officer, Health Research, Research and
Planning Directorate, Ministry of Health, Burkina Faso
- La recherche en sante au Burkina Faso
• Sidibe Toumani, Directeur du Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes sur la
Documentation en Sante (CREDOS), Mali
- La presentation du CREDOS et une etude sur la sante des enfants a Kali au Mali
• Martyn Teyha Sama, Principal Research Officer, Centre of Medical Research,
Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Research, Cameroon
- Community-directed treatment with ivermectin: a control strategy for
onchocerciasis in Africa
• Absatou Soumare N'Diaye, Head of Epidemiology Service, Institut national de la
recherche en sante publique, Mali
- Les journees nationales de vaccination et la mobilisation sociale en milieu periurbain de Bamako au Mali
• Sylla N'nah Djenab, Head, Research and Documentation Section, Ministere de
Sante publique, Guinee
- Seroprevalence of H1V/AIDS in Guinea
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Absatou Soumare N'Diaye, Head of Epidemiology Service, Institut national de
la recherche en santd publique, Mali
Details on the sessions in parallel Successes in health research in West Africa and
Southern Africa will be announced.
Strengthening Regional Disease Surveillance Strategies in East Africa
L.E.G. Mboera, S.F. Rumisha & A.Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Summary
Communicable diseases are the major causes of ill health in East Africa, causing an
enormous burden to health and economy. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases,
immunisable diseases, acute respiratory tract infections and meningitis cases are present
in high endemic forms and/ or occur with high frequency in the form of epidemics.
Disease endemicity in East Africa is changing rapidly as a result of changes in climatic,
topographical and human related factors. Essential components of disease control,
which are still underdeveloped, include tire health management and information system
and epidemic preparedness. The poor health management information system hampers
communication between the respective levels of health service delivery and planning,
monitoring of disease, and evaluation of control measures at all levels. Without good
health management information systems using the right indicators, national
programmes face difficulties in monitoring and evaluating activities at all levels. With
respect to communicable diseases an effective surveillance system is tire basis of any
information system. The effectiveness of a health information system at any level
depends on the ability of the level staff to utilise the information properly. Increasing
occurrences of disease epidemics such as Malaria, Ebola, Yellow fever and Rift Valley
fever have been recorded in East Africa in recent years. These epidemics have inflicted a
high incidence of mortality upon the affected population in the region. To some extent
large-scale epidemics have been associated with climatic changes and increased human
movements. Accordingly, there is a strong need for a regional and multi-institutional
disease surveillance network to strengthen early detection, prevention and control. This
has necessitated tire establishment of tire East African Integrated Diseases Surveillance
Network. The general aim of this Network is to strengthen information sharing among
the partner states and to improve disease detection, prevention and capacity at both the
national and regional levels.
Parallel session on Succes dans la recherche en sante : resoudre les problemes en
Afrique occidentale
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 11.00-12.30
Community-directed treatment with ivermectin: a control strategy for onchocerciasis in
Africa
Martyn Sama, Principal Research Officer, Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Research,
Cameroon
Onchocerciasis is an important public health and socio-economic problem in Africa where 99
percent of the disease burden is found. Onchocerciasis is a devastating disease that is the
third leading cause of blindness in Africa. It has historically attacked the poor and voiceless
that live in the most rural areas of twenty-seven countries in Africa.
Following the introduction of ivermectin in 1987. Onchocerciasis control became possible.
The principal challenge for the control is to deliver annual single dose treatment to the
population of high-risk communities, and to sustain the delivery for a sufficiently long period
to bring about the control of the disease as a public health problem.
Community Directed Treatment (ComDT) with ivermectin has been shown to be an effective
strategy for ivermectin distribution. The backbone of ComDT is the Community Directed
Distributors (CDDs) whose mechanism of selection is embedded in the African Program for
Onchocerciasis Control’s philosophy of equity and social justice in consideration of the
values, norms, local culture and practice of the endemic communities.
A multi-country study conducted in some of the endemic countries has demonstrated that
ComDT is an effective strategy for drug distribution and that communities have been deeply
involved in their own health care on a large scale. ComDT is a strategy which could be used
as a model in developing other community-based programs and could also be a potential
entry point in the fight against other diseases.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 XOVEMBf R 2002
I IHt HNC WRi:U: tt'l
Plenary session on Celebrating African health research
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 9.45-10.30
HIV/A1DS Research in Tanzania 1983-2002
Kisali Pallangyo, Professor, Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University, Tanzania
Background: AIDS struck at a time when Tanzania was reeling under severe economic
recession, cyclical droughts and floods and protracted wars of liberation in southern
Africa and Uganda from the rule of dictator Iddi Amin. It is easy therefore to understand
why in such depressed economic environment expenditure on public health was severely
constrained hence research of any significant magnitude on HIV/AIDS largely depended
on external funding.
HIV/AIDS Research: External funding for HIV/AIDS research has been obtained under
various types of agreements with the government, and/or local institutions. Occasionally,
foreign researchers have designed and conducted research with minimal or without local
collaborators. Funding for AIDS research in Tanzania during the past two decades falls
into one or a combination of the following groups: UN agencies, Research Institutions
from Europe/North America, International Development Organizations, Universities and
NGOs.
Categories and Findings of AIDS Research: Studies done are classified as:
Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, socio-economic and behavioral. Although over
90% of adult population are aware of the routes of HIV infection further spread of the
virus have continued unabated. Data from community based studies show HIV/AIDS to
be the number one cause of adult mortality in both rural and urban areas. HIV has
modified clinical presentation of tuberculosis, led to a fivefold increase of reported cases
and over stretched TB control to breaking point. Studies from Kagera clearly
demonstrated how HIV/AIDS negatively impacts on economic performance of individual
families, villages, and communities. Provision of treatment for STI in the Mwanza study
led to reduction of HIV incidence. Studies done in Dar es Salaam and elsewhere
(PETRA) influenced strategies on prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV.
Data from population based studies show steady decline of HIV prevalence overtime in
Kagera.
Challenges: These include identifying strategies to: reduce further spread of HIV
infections; provide improved care including use of antiretroviral drugs, eliminate stigma
and discrimination and preparing for HIV vaccines.
BL ARI SHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
Parallel session on Research by civil society organizations
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 16.00-17.30
Participatory research and advocacy improve malnutrition management and
household food security in rural South Africa
David Sanders', N. Sogaula1, Thandi Puoane', D. Jackson1, D. McCoy12, N.
Karaolis3, A. Ashworth3, M. Chopra1
Child malnutrition remains a major contributor to the global burden of disease. In South
Africa, a middle-income country, chronic malnutrition and Vitamin A deficiency affect
about a third of the countries1 young children, significantly contributing to continuing
high morbidity and mortality. Recognition of this in post-apartheid South Africa, has
resulted in the development of an integrated nutrition strategy.
In attempting to develop a replicable model of nutrition policy implementation the School
of Public Health at the University of the Western Cape, the Health Systems Trust, the
Public Health Nutrition Unit of the London School of Hygiene and the Eastern Cape
Dept, of Health have, since 1998, been involved in a research and service development
project to address child malnutrition in the impoverished rural Transkei region.
Participatory research involving hospital staff resulted in the identification of deficiencies
in hospital management of malnutrition. Targeted training and ongoing support has
resulted in its improved management and reduced case fatality rates in eleven district
hospitals. Follow-on research funded by WHO to formally evaluate the feasibility of
implementation of its protocol on malnutrition management in district hospitals
worldwide included a focus on constraints to successful nutrition rehabilitation post
discharge from hospital. These constraints, identified through home visits, included
significant dietary inadequacy and household food insecurity, mostly as a result of
inadequate incomes. A potentially major income source, a government-administered child
welfare grant, had not been obtained by any of the thirty households interviewed,
although almost all qualified. Major obstacles were extreme poverty, and poor access
compounded by complex and unsympathetic bureaucracy.
Dissemination of these research findings through formal reports to government, published
articles in journals and the popular media, and especially the production of a television
documentary, resulted in a visit to the area by the Minister for Social Development,
questions in Parliament and the rapid deployment of a mobile team to the area to expedite
the processing of several thousand Child Welfare grants.
A national advocacy effort around malnutrition, poverty and child welfare continues to be
informed by ongoing research in this region.
1 School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, South Africa
2 Health Systems Trust, South Africa
’ Public Health Nutrition Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, U.K.
Mobilising National Resources
Prof. N.K.Ganguly*
Director General
Indian Council ofMedical Research,
New Delhi 110-029, India
Resource mobilisation refers to health financing strategies to generate resources to
support or pay for the goods and services used in the production and delivery of health
care.
However, in this talk, resource mobilisation for health research would also be
touched upon. Major strategies for resource mobilisation include government revenue,
health insurance, user-fee, out-of-pocket expenses and non-govemment contributions.
Unlike in other countries where there is usually one country-specific health financing
strategy in a large country like India with diverse socio-economic conditions, the
financing strategies have to be state-specific. During 1990-91, the health expenditure in
India (about Rs.27,000 crores) was 6% of its GDP (4.7% by the private sector and 1.3%
by public sector).
Among the public sector the Central Govemments’s share is nearly 2
% , while that of State's is close to 19%. Public contribution from the Centre, States and
local bodies etc., has been variously estimated to be around 22%. The bulk of public
health financing is by revenues from general taxation, the share of social insurance is
about 2%. The share of health expenditure in the major states shows a significant decline
in proportion to health expenditure from 6-7% in 1980s to just over 5% in 1990s.
However, there has not been any significant variation in central government's share
which has remained more or less at 1.25%. The real per capita spending on health has
shown a steady increase in all States of India in varying degree.
outlays have
increased,
Though the budget
the proportion spent on salaries and wages is going up,
particularly in low-income States-where salaries alone consume 80% of the funds leaving
little for developmental activities, drugs and consumables. Two important features of
Indian health care financing stand out. A large majority of people seeking ambulatory
care during illness prefer private rather than public providers. However, a slight majority
of ill people do seek care from public providers for conditions needing admission to the
hospital. Even the visits to public facilities generally involve out-of-pocket expenditure.
' Presented at the Forum 6, Arusha, Tanzania. 12 November 2002
1
The average spending per out-patient episode at public facilities is about 40% of average
expenditure on visits to private sector, while the in-patient treatment expenditure at
public health care facilities averages a quarter of in-patient treatment costs at private
facilities.
Taken together these features imply that treatment from both categories
impose considerable financial burden on individuals. The consistent pattern that emerges
shows that about three quarters of all the expenditure on curative services is private and
only a quarter is public. This direct out-of-pocket costs is believed to push about 2% of
Indians to below poverty line each year.
The situation of financing for health research is no better.
Low and middle-income
countries are struggling to reach the 2 % mark of total health expenditure. India is close
to 1.5%.
As health research is multi-sectoral, at times it is difficult to quantify the
contribution by each sector - on the whole India spends about 8% of the total expenditure
in R&D on health. Over the successive years, the outlays for several R&D agencies in
India have increased several folds, the same does not hold good for the Indian Council of
Medical Research (ICMR) - the only national level body devoted exclusively to health
research. To improve the situation, the ICMR has taken initiatives which have started to
show positive results. The Council took up an exercise that would generate data on the
estimation of disease burden in the country, completed the first phase of priority setting,
produced a draft health research policy and opened a dialogue with the planners and
policy makers. It has also aligned its health research agenda to the national health policy.
India has also tried out innovative strategies to attract funding for health sector from
non-formal health sector. Foreign assistance too has been effectively used to supplement
the national contribution in major health programmes like malaria, TB, HIV and
blindness.
To improve the national resources for health several strategies have been used by various
countries. These have been used alone or in combination and have produced variable
results. The outcome of these studies in Bolivia, Cote d' Ivoire, Senegal, Sri Lanka and
Zimbabwe and lessons learnt from them would be discussed. Finally, suggestions are
floated for increasing resources for health through increasing Central and State levies,
utilizing revenues from disinvestments, charging user-fee and related problems and
plausible methods of overcoming some of the hurdles.
2
-Fl ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I in:
u. i im ;? m
Parallel session on Successes in health research: solving health problems in North
Africa
Tuesday, 12 November 2002,11.00-12.30
HIV/AIDS Pandemic: A North African profile
Ahmed M. A. Mandil, Professor, Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health,
Alexandria University, Egypt
Background: HIV/AIDS is one of the most important public health problems facing human
kind for the last two decades, and is expected to continue like this well into the 21st century.
Compared to other regions of the world, HIV has been late in its introduction to the North
.African Region, probably during the late 1980s. The region has been blessed by adherence of
its people to religious beliefs, which helped much in keeping its prevalence among the lowest
in the world. Nevertheless, two facts have to be considered. Firstly, North Africa shares
borders with one of the most hardly-affected regions with the pandemic, namely: SubSaharan Africa. Secondly, the number of reported cases remains to increase since 1987,
indigenously, especially among high risk groups (IDUs, prostitutes and bar girls).
Morbidity Burden of HIV/AIDS: More than 8000 AIDS cases were reported to WHO by
North African states (by end of 2000), 43 % of whom from the Sudan, 27 % from Djibouti,
10 % from Morocco, and 7 - 8 % from Tunisia & Libya. Most Important Causes: As far as
modes of transmission of such reported cases are concerned, most cases (78 %) were
heterosexually transmitted [close to figures of Sub-Saharan Africa], 15 % parenterally, while
only 3 % were perinatally transmitted (global figure stands at 4 %). About one third (28 %)
of the reported cases were females, much less than the global figure of 42 %.
Preventive Measures & Interventions: To keep North Africa’s HIV prevalence low
(estimated at < 1 / 10,000 population), strict prevention and control measures (suitable to the
Region’s traditions and beliefs, and derived from meticulous situation analysis studies of
distribution and determinants of HIV spread and infection) have to be adopted and adhered
to. Examples are: wide-scale public health education (especially for the young and high risk
groups); strict blood-safety and screening measures at health facilities (public and private);
early detection/management of HIV/AIDS cases, T.B. as well as sexually-transmitted
infections (through adoption of effective and active sentinel surveillance systems). Some
such measures are already in place in some North African nations, and with some success.
To achieve such goals successfully, cooperation between governmental and non
governmental institutions is both mandatory and indispensable. In addition, inter-country
collaboration is mandatory in dealing with such a disease, which does not respect borders.
Sharing information about the disease burden, modes of transmision, experience with
effective interventions are all indespensible in effective HIV/AIDS prevention and control
in the Region. Dealing with the pandemic in the Region, has to be in harmony with similar
efforts in other neighboring regions/states, as well as in other parts of the world. The
North African Region has to always keep in mind that heavy HIV infliction is just across its
borders.
n
ARUSHA.TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
Plenary session on Celebrating African health research
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 9.45-10.30
SAFE implementation for trachoma control with ITI support
Peter Kilima, Regional Coordinator, International Trachoma Initiative, Tanzania
Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. Caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis, the disease generally occurs in poor communities with limited
access to water. Trachoma affects the inner upper eyelid and cornea. Repeated infections
from childhood may lead to loss of sight during adulthood.
The magnitude of the problem worldwide is stunning—trachoma affects 10 times more
people than onchocerciasis or river blindness. The World Health Organization estimates
that 6 million people have been blinded by trachoma, 150 million people need immediate
treatment, and 540 million people are at risk of disease. Communities in rural Africa and
Asia are most vulnerable to the disease. In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO)
called on member states to work to attain the elimination of blinding trachoma by the
year 2020.
The International Trachoma Initiative (ITI), founded in 1998 by the Edna McConnell
Clark Foundation and Pfizer Inc, is dedicated to the elimination of blinding trachoma.
The ITI supports countries to expand implementation of trachoma control through the
WHO-recommended SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Face washing and
Environmental improvement), which link treatment with prevention and building public
health infrastructure. A key element of ITI-supported program is the inclusion of Pfizerdonated azithromycin (Zithromax®) for the antibiotic component of the effort.
In Africa, the ITI launched its first country programs in Morocco and Tanzania in 1999.
Since then, programs have got underway in Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Sudan. The
implementation of SAFE strategy with ITI support has promoted strong public-private
partnerships, among governmental ministries, international agencies, local non
governmental organizations and the communities at risk. In two years, implementation of
the SAFE strategy in Africa has had encouraging results with more than 19,0000 sight
saving trichiasis surgeries; 3.5 million treatments of Zithromax, and millions more
benefiting from health education. Program evaluations in Tanzania and Morocco revealed
reduction in disease prevalence of more than 50 percent in certain program areas. Similar
programming may soon begin in Egypt and Ethiopia with further expansion anticipated
for the future.
The SAFE strategy integrates easily with other efforts aimed at improving health and
hygiene. In fact, SAFE may have benefits beyond trachoma control related to other
health problems such as helminthes infection and diarrheal diseases. ITI also supports
applied or operation research to promote program innovation.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVFMBFR 2002
Plenary session on Celebrating African health research
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 9.45-10.30
Research as a tool for development: the Tanzania National Lymphatic Filariasis
Elimination Programme
Mwelecele Malecela-Lazaro, Director of Research Coordination and Promotion,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
The Tanzania National Lymphatic Filariasis programme is one among the attempts to
link research to implementation. It recognizes that lack of utilization of research results to
solve health problems, leads to little appreciation of the value of research, giving
countries little motivation to invest in research.
It is a programme, which is owned by the Ministry of Health, but housed and managed by
the National Institute for Medical Research. The benefits of this linkage between research
and policy/decision makers include direct use of research results for the planning and
implementation of the programme. Policy and decision makers are made ton make use of
the research to answer pertinent questions that arise during the implementation phase and
hence appreciate the power of research. Being district based has enhanced awareness of
tire real cause of the disease and its management thus changing the wrong perceptions,
which prevent change of health seeking behavior and life style.
The programme has delivered Mectizan® and Albendazole to 700,000 people in six
districts in 2001 and intends to upscale to cover an additional one million people in five
districts in 2002.
The important lessons learnt include that until research is fully understood in all its
dimensions it will not be demanded; That researchers have an important role to
demonstrate the usefulness of research and the benefits of investing in research and that
the translation of the results or repackaging is an important element in demystifying
research. Linking research to development increases leverage of securing funds for
research from governments with already overstretched health budgets.
ANNOUNCEMENT OF ADDITIONAL SESSION
Tuesday 12 November
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
11.00-12.30
Themi
Succes dans la recherche en sante : resoudre les problemes en Afrique
occidentale
Co-presidents:
• Mamadou Daff, Head, Research and Study Division, Ministere de la Sante
publique et de 1'Action sociale, Senegal
• Amidou Baba-Moussa, Regional Adviser, Research Policy and Coordination,
WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville [to be confirmed]
La seance, qui se deroulera en franqais, aura pour but de presenter la recherche en
Afrique francophone, en particulier en ce qui conceme le developpement d’interventions
et leur impact sur la sante des populations africaines.
• Djibril Ndiaye, Head of Research, Research and Study Division, Ministere de la
Sante publique et de 1'Action sociale, Senegal
- La gestion du processus de renforcement de la recherche en sante au Senegal
• Salimata Ki/ Ouedraogo, Responsible Officer, Health Research, Research and
Planning Directorate, Ministry of Health, Burkina Faso
- La recherche en sante au Burkina Faso
• Sidibe Toumani, Directeur du Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes sur la
Documentation en Sante (CREDOS), Mali
- La presentation du CREDOS et une etude sur la sante des enfants a Kati au Mali
• Martyn Teyha Sama, Principal Research Officer, Centre of Medical Research,
Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Research, Cameroon
- Community-directed treatment -with ivermectin: a control strategy for
onchocerciasis in Africa
•
•
Absatou Soumare N'Diaye, Head of Epidemiology Service, Institut national de la
recherche en sante publique, Mali
- Les journees nationales de vaccination et la mobilisation sociale en milieu periurbain de Bamako au Mali
SyllaN'nah Djenab, Head, Research and Documentation Section, Ministere de
Sante publique, Guinee
- Seroprevalence of HIV/AIDS in Guinea
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Absatou Soumare N'Diaye, Head of Epidemiology Service, Institut national de
la recherche en santd publique, Mali
Details on the sessions in parallel Successes in health research in West Africa and
Southern Africa will be announced.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
=
I
t>.
•• I fill . ■
Parallel session on Successes in health research: solving health problems in North
Africa
Tuesday, 12 November 2002,11.00-12.30
HIV/A1DS Pandemic: A North African profile
Ahmed M. A. Mandil, Professor, Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health,
Alexandria University, Egypt
Background: HIV/AIDS is one of the most important public health problems facing human
kind for the last two decades, and is expected to continue like this well into the 21st century.
Compared to other regions of the world, HIV has been late in its introduction to the North
African Region, probably during the late 1980s. The region has been blessed by adherence of
its people to religious beliefs, which helped much in keeping its prevalence among the lowest
in the world. Nevertheless, two facts have to be considered. Firstly, North Africa shares
borders with one of the most hardly-affected regions with the pandemic, namely: SubSaharan Africa. Secondly, the number of reported cases remains to increase since 1987,
indigenously, especially among high risk groups (IDUs, prostitutes and bar girls).
Morbidity' Burden of HIV/AIDS: More than 8000 AIDS cases were reported to WHO by
North African states (by end of 2000), 43 % of whom from the Sudan, 27 % from Djibouti,
10 % from Morocco, and 7 - 8 % from Tunisia & Libya. Most Important Causes: As far as
modes of transmission ofsuch reported cases are concerned, most cases (78 %) were
heterosexually transmitted [close to figures of Sub-Saharan Africa], 15 % parenterally, while
only 3 % were perinatally transmitted (global figure stands at 4 %). About one third (28 %)
of the reported cases were females, much less than the global figure of 42 %.
Preventive Measures & Interventions: To keep North Africa’s HIV prevalence low
(estimated at < 1 / 10,000 population), strict prevention and control measures (suitable to the
Region’s traditions and beliefs, and derived from meticulous situation analysis studies of
distribution and determinants of HIV spread and infection) have to be adopted and adhered
to. Examples are: wide-scale public health education (especially for the young and high risk
groups); strict blood-safety and screening measures at health facilities (public and private);
early detection/management of HIV/AIDS cases, T.B. as well as sexually-transmitted
infections (through adoption of effective and active sentinel surveillance systems). Some
such measures are already in place in some North African nations, and with some success.
To achieve such goals successfully, cooperation between governmental and non
governmental institutions is both mandatory and indispensable. In addition, inter-country
collaboration is mandatory in dealing with such a disease, which does not respect borders.
Sharing information about the disease burden, modes of transmision, experience with
effective interventions are all indespensible in effective HIV/AIDSprevention and control
in the Region. Dealing with the pandemic in the Region, has to be in harmony with similar
efforts in other neighboring regions / states, as well as in other parts of the world. The
Nonh African Region has to always keep in mind that heavy HIV infliction is just across its
borders.
F| ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I Hi.Tin..v..i >. r dll WVu»r
Parallel session on Successes in health research: solving health problems in North Africa
Tuesday, 12 November 2002,11.00-12.30
From research to action: the Egyptian experience
Hoda Rashad, Director, Social Research Centre, American University in Cairo, Egypt
The presentation reflects on health research conducted in Egypt during the recent past. It
particularly focuses on the link of research to action attempting to identify successful examples
and how to build on them.
ARUSHA. IANZANIA. 12-15 NOVIMBER >002
Parallel session on TB research and initiatives
Tuesday, 12 November 2002, 16.00-17.30
The Stop TB partnership and friends: initiatives to support research and disease
control
Jacob Kumaresan, Executive Secretary, Stop Tuberculosis Partnership
Secretariat, World Health Organization, Geneva
Objectives
• Familiarise participants with the background, structure, and progress of the Global
Partnership to Stop TB (GPSTB).
• Describe the Partnership’s contribution to research on tuberculosis, with emphasis
on the Partnership’s Working Groups on DOTS Expansion, TB/HIV, MDR-TB,
New Drugs, New Diagnostics, and New Vaccines.
• Describe some associated initiatives and research networks, with particular
reference to those seeking to engage the private sector and those working to
mobilize society for TB control.
Expected Outcomes
Participants will understand the GPSTB’s contributions to research, and become
conversant with a range of related collaborative initiatives to improve TB control.
The presentation will introduce the Global Partnership to Stop TB (GPSTB),
including aspects of its founding, vision, values, and structure. It will then discuss in
greater detail the Partnership’s mechanisms for co-ordinating operational research
(including on MDR-TB and TB/HIV) and basic/applied research on new drugs,
diagnostics and vaccines. The presentation will outline the achievements of these
components of the Partnership, and point to areas that need strengthening, including
in the organization, finance, and substance of their work.
Finally, other partnerships and networks for TB control in relation with the GPSTB
will be discussed. The Global TB Drug Facility will be highlighted as an example of
a successful collaboration in support of TB control. Drawing on examples from
countries including Malawi, Netherlands, China, and India, the presentation will also
focus on experiments in engaging the private sector and on initiatives to increase case
detection and mobilize society for TB treatment. Two kinds of public-private
partnerships will be discussed: those working with private health-care providers, and
those working with employers. Initiatives around case detection and social
mobilization will include COMBI projects as well as novel initiatives that enlist non
profit organizations and community members as partners. The presentation will close
with a discussion of innovative partnerships around MDR-TB and TB/HIV.
INITIAL EXPERIENCE AND FUTURE
PROSPECTS
(ACOSHED)
SPECIAL SESSION
14th November 2002
Foram 6
Global Forum for Health Research
12th - 15th November 2002
Arusha, Tanzania
Time: 18.00-19.30
Speakers:
Prof. Demissie Habte, World Bank, Washington D.C., United States of America
Dr. Lola Dare, ACOSHED International, Abuja, Nigeria
Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Geneva
Prof. James Tumwine, ACOSHED-Uganda
Jimmy Volmink, Global Health Council, United States of America
For more information, please contact:
Dr. Lola Dare
Executive Secretary (International Secretariat)
African Council for Sustainable Health Development [ACOSHED]
House B, Plot 722
Isiyaku Rabiu Estate
Wuse EL Abuja
Nigeria
Tel: 234 2 810 2401; Fax: 234 2 810 2405; Cell: 234 803 305 1418,
Email: acoshed@vahoo.com; web site: www.acoshed.net
YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED
ACOSHED:
Initial Experience and Future Prospects
The African Council for Sustainable Health Development [ACOSHED] was created in 1998 to continue
with the work of the World Bank Expert Panel for Better Health in Africa, but this time, on African soil
with a true sense of ownership, leadership and participation by African governments and people.
Following a transition period of three years, the Council has firmly established operations with an
International Secretariat in Abuja Nigeria in February 2001.
The vision of ACOSHED is to foster African ownership of health development, promote good
governance and improve performance of African health system within innovative partnerships that engage
all stakeholders, including communities and households. The Council opines that although significant
improvements and investments have been made to develop new drugs and technologies to combat the
major disease burdens in Africa, secure and strengthened health systems are required to sustainably
deliver these benefits to people where they live and work.
ACOSHED’s focal themes of advocacy, evidence for health policy reform and systems development,
human resource and leadership development, communications and organizational development are
responsive to continuing challenges in African health systems including those related to inequity,
partnerships and participation. Programs are identified within the overall context of targets set by African
governments in the health component of New Partnership for African Development [NEPAD], the United
Nations Millennium Declaration and the attainment of the Mid-Decade Goals [MDG] by African nations.
ACOSHED is a unique partnership between African governments, its civil society and development
partners.
The session will present an evaluation of the initial experience in establishing the operations of the
International Secretariat in Africa, and present key actions of emerging country chapters. It will discuss
the criteria for accreditation of country chapters as well as guidelines for their operations. Finally it will
present key programs/initiatives in its Strategic Plan as well as its prospects for contribution to health
policy reform, systems development and sustainable development in Africa. A key output of the session
is broader understanding of the Council’s work, and its prospects to meaningfully contribute to health
policy reform and the establishment of not only secure but also sustainable health systems in Africa.
(ACOSHED)
Special Session
Forum 6
Globa! Forum for Health Research
12th-15th November 2002
Arusha, Tanzania
Title
ACOSHED: Initial Experience and Future Prospects
Date of the Session:
14 November 2002
Time of the Session:
18.00-19.30
Objectives of the Session
1. Present the initial experience and progress of the Council, its
work on advocacy for health reform and systems
development in Africa
2. Present highlights of the evaluation of its initial experience
3. Highlight key programs in the Strategic Plan of the
International Secretariat of the Council
4. Present guidelines for the accreditation and operations of
country chapters
Expected Output of the
Session
1. Improved understanding of the work and potential role of the
Council and its Chapters in advocacy for evidence based
health sector reform and systems development in Africa
2. Increased participation in, and support for the work of the
Council at country, regional and global levels
3. Build new partnerships and strengthen existing ones
Chair (s)
Prof. Demissie Habte, World Bank, United States
of America
Speakers /Topics
Rapporteur (s)
Opening Remarks
- Prof. Demissie Habte, World Bank, United States
of America
18.00-18.05
ACOSHED: An Independent Voice of African led
reforms
- Dr. Lola Dare, Executive Secretary, International
Secretariat, ACOSHED
18.05-18.10
An evaluation of the Initial Experience
- Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Program Manager,
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research,
Geneva
18.10-18.20
Highlights of the Strategic Plan
- Dr. Lola Dare, Executive Secretary, International
Secretariat, ACOSHED
18.20-18.30
Guidelines for Country Chapter Accreditation and
Operations
- Prof. James Tumwine, Chair, ACOSHEDUganda
18.30-18.40
Prospects for contribution to health policy and
systems reform
- Jimmy Volmink, Program Officer, Research and
Analysis, Global Health Council, United States of
America
18.40-18.55
General Discussions
18.55-19.25
Closing remarks
19.25-19.30
Ms. Olamide Bandele
- Secretary, ACOSHED-Nigeria
Mr. K.I. Faleye
- Ministry of Health, Ekiti State, Nigeria
ARUSHA.TANZANIA, 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
HFI FING COIUUCI 1 Ilf. lO-'tO G.M’
Hotel directory
A.M.
P.O. Box 10045, Arusha, Tanzania
T255 27 250 7168
F 255 27 507816
Central, inexpensive hotel. Single, double and triple rooms. Minibar, TV, telephone. No credit
cards.
Arusha Resort Centre
P.O. Box 360, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 8333; 250 8326-7
F 255 27 250 8233
Cell phone 255 741 342890
E-mail philpht@africaonline.co.tz
Apartment hotel with modest lodgings of all sizes.
Dik Dik
P.O. Box 1499, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 255 3499
T/F255 741 510490
Satellite phone **873 762 060473
Satellite fax **873 762 060474
E-mail dikdik@atge.automai I .com
Website www.dikdik.ch
Very pleasant country hotel with comfortable bungalows. Swiss-owned and managed.
Excellent restaurant. Shop. Pool. Gardens. Bird lake.
Eland Motel
P.O. Box 7226, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 6892; 255 27 250 7967
F 255 27 250 8468
E-mail elandmotel@yahoo.com
Contact: Gerald Munaawa
Popular hotel, located on the main Moshi road, slightly out of the centre. Radio/TV in rooms.
No credit cards.
Equator
P.O. Box 3002, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 8409; 250 3727
F255 27 250 8085
E-mail nah@tz2000.com
Newly renovated hotel (2001) in central location. No lift. Rooms have minibar, TV,
telephone, room service. Bureau de change. Internet cafe. Pleasant garden. Accepts VISA,
Mastercard.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
I tUiriNG COKRH21 THE k'^0 GAI’
G&T
P.O. Box 2133, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 265/6
F 255 27 254 8887
E-mail oliverlyimo@yahoo.com
Centrally located, in town. Rooms have telephone, TV, room service. Garden. No credit
cards. Twenty new rooms will be finished by October 2002.
Golden Rose
P.O. Box 361, Arusha, Tanzania
T255 27 250 7959
F 255 27 250 8862
E-mail goldenrose@,habari.co.tz
Website www.goldenrose.com
Modest, centrally located hotel. Rooms have minibar, TV, telephone, room service. Garden.
Bureau de change. Internet cafe. Accepts VISA and Mastercard. Twelve new rooms will be
finished by August 2002.
Herbs & Spices (Ethiopian Restaurant)
P.O. Box 2732, Arusha, Tanzania
T255 27 250 2279
E-mail axum-spices@hotmail.com
Website www.theethiopianhotel.com
Very central location. Excellent Ethiopian Restaurant has some rooms. Modest. Internet cafe.
Accepts VISA.
Ilboru Safari Lodge
P.O. Box 8012, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 7834, 255 27 250 9658
Cell phone 0744 276 976
E-mail ilboru-lodge@yako.habari.co.tz
Website www.habari.co.tz/ilborulodge
Calm, comfortable hotel in garden setting. Individual rondavels (bungalows) and new wing
(2002). Rooms have telephone, room service. Satellite TV in bar. Pool. Restaurant. Souvenir
shop. Internet cafe. Short unpaved access road.
Impala
P.O. Box 7302, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 2398; 250 2962; 250 7083; 250 8449-51
F 255 27 250 8220; 250 8680
E-mail impala@yako.habari.co.tz or impala@cybemet.co.tz
Website www.impalahotel .net
One of the largest hotels in Arusha. Central location. Some rooms recently renovated; new
wing. Indian, Italian and Chinese restaurants. Conference facilities, secretarial services,
business centre, Internet cafe. Catering, room service. Pool, sauna, gym and fitness centre.
Bureau de change. Credit cards accepted.
2
SM ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
I HELPING CORRtCI Tilt K'^’O GAI1
L'Oasis Lodge and Restaurant
P.O. Box 14280, Arusha, Tanzania
T255 744 286731
F 255 27 250 7089
Cell phone 255 741 510531
E-mail loasislodge@mailaftica.net
or avenellsteve@yahoo.co.uk
Website www.loasislodge.com
Close to town centre. Rooms have telephone and room service; satellite TV in bar. Splendid
gardens, jogging. Pool 800m from hotel. Cultural walking tours in vicinity. Souvenir shop.
Bureau de change. Internet cafe. No credit cards.
Manor
P.O. Box 1702, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 3750; 250 0613-4
F 255 27 250 254 8746
E-mail pkingazi@yahoo.com
Website www.monsoon-safaris.com
Modest, centrally located hotel. TV, minibar and telephone. Cash payment only (Tanzanian
shillings or USS).
Meru House Inn
P.O. Box 14875, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 744 288740; 255 744 593596; 255 744 303931
E-mail victoriaexp@habari.co.tz
Website www.victoriatz.com
Modest, centrally located hotel.
Moivaro Coffee Plantation, Lodge and Estate
P.O. Box 11297, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 255 3326 (booking office); 255 27 255 3243 (reception)
T/F 255 27 255 3242
E-mail reservations@moivaro.com
Website www.moivaro.com
Comfortable lodge with rondavels. Room service. Forty acres of grounds; splendid gardens,
jogging track. Swimming pool. Internet cafe. Credit cards accepted (not American Express).
Situated 7 km from Arusha town, unpaved access road.
Kigongoni Lodge with 14 rooms is under construction and will be finished in the Summer of
2002. For information contact Moivaro Coffee Plantation, Lodge and Estate.
Mountain Village Lodge
P.O. Box 2551, Arusha, Tanzania
T255 27 255 3313-5
F 255 27 255 3316
E-mail mtvillage@arena.co.tz
www.serenahotels.com
Comfortable lodge with rondavels. Splendid gardens. Pool. Souvenir shop. Bureau de change.
Situated 7 km from Arusha town, unpaved access road. VISA, Mastercard, JCB cards
accepted.
3
j£»| ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NQVEMBER2OO2
I t in ting corner 11 if. 10-^0 gap
New Arusha
P.O. Box 3002, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 8409
F 255 27 250 8085
E-mail nah@tz2000.com
Hotel close to the Conference Centre, in process of renovation.
TV, telephone, room service. Conference facilities, secretarial services, business centre,
Internet cafe. Catering, room service. Swimming pool, gardens. Bureau de change. Souvenir
shop. Credit cards accepted.
Ngare Sero Mountain Lodge
P.O. Box 425, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 255 3638
F 255 27 254 8690
Cell phone 255 741 512138
E-mail ngare-sero-lodge@habari.co.tz
Website www.ngare-sero-lodge.com
Very comfortable lodge. Room service. Splendid gardens, forest and lake. Swimming pool.
Bird watching, trout fishing, wild life. Internet cafe. Situated 30 minutes’ drive from Arusha
town, unpaved access road. Credit cards not accepted.
Novotel Mount Meru Hotel
P.O. Box 877, Arusha, Tanzania
T 255 27 250 88925
F 255 27 250 8503
E-mail sales-novotel@cybemet.co.tz
Web site www.novotel.com
One of the largest hotels in Arusha. Central location. TV, telephone, room service.
Conference facilities, secretarial services, business centre, Internet cafe. Catering, room
service. Swimming pool, gardens. Bureau de change. Souvenir shop. Credit cards accepted.
Centrally located hotels
international standard
• '
Equator, Impala, New Arusha, Novotel Mount Mero
more modest
A.M., Arusha Resort Centre, Eland, G&T, Golden Rose, Herbs & Spices, Manor, Mero
House Inn
Lodges outside Arusha
Dik Dik, Ilboro Safari Lodge, L'Oasis, Moivaro Coffee Plantation, Mountain Village Lodge,
Ngare Sero Lodge
4
Global Forum for Health Research
c/o World Health Organization
20 avenue Appia
1211 Geneva 27
. .■ ■' ''
Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22/791 4260
Fax:
+41 22/791 4394
forum6@globalforumhealth.org
—
www.globalforumhealth.org |
J
ARUSHA. TANZANI A. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
FOUNDATION COUNCIL
Richard Feachem
Institute for Globa! Health
University of California
Chairperson
Rashidah Abdullah.
Asian-Pacific Resource
ft Research Centre for W.-: . •
Harvey Bale
Internationa! Federatim
of Pharmaceutical Mmr:
Associations
Martine Berger
Swiss Agency for Dewi ..
and Cooperation
^ilimoud Fathalla
^■0 Advisory Committee
on Health Research
N.K. Ganguly
Indian Council of Medical Research
Adrienne Germain
international Women's Health Coalition
Charles Griffin
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research
for Development
Andrew Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical
Research. Tanzania
Mary Ann Lansang
1NCLEN Trust
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies. Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
^Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Berit Olsson
^fedish. International Development
^roperalion Agency
Tikki Pang •
World Health Organization
Pramilia Senanayake
International Planned
Parenthood Federation
Ragna Valen
Research Council, Norway
Christina Zarowsky
International Development
Research Centre, Canada
Global Forum
for Health Research
Helping
correct
the
10/90
gap
//
'forum for Health Research
; : criers to discuss recent progress
in helping
.■ the 10/90 gap, disseminate key
/
/ ;B|HHSSK
research findings, review plans for the coming
year and develop longer term action plans
for promoting health research for development
and the fight against poverty.
ARI IM
12-15 NOVEMBER2002
SECRETARIAT
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Keithly
Operations Officer
Thomas C. Nchinda
Senior Public Health -Specialist
Alina Pawlowska
Information Management Officer
John Warriner
Administrative Assistant
Arusha, Tanzania
www.qlobaSforumhealth.ora
2. The context
ealth research is essential to improve the design of health interventions, policies
®
and service deliveiy. Every year more than US$70 billion is spent on health research
and development by the public and private sectors. However, only about 10% of this
is devoted to 90% of the world’s health problems, a misallocation, from a global point
of view, often referred to as the ‘10/90 gap.
Forum 6 is the sixth annual meeting of the Global Forum for Health Research and
the first to be held in Africa. Problems of the 10/90 gap will be examined by a broad
range of partners including representatives from governments, multilateral and bilateral
aid agencies, international and national foundations and NGOs, women s organizations,
research institutions and universities, the private sector and the media.
Global objective
To review progress in helping correct the f . ' . gap and plan .
actions.
Expected results
© Report on the major networks engaged in helping correct the 10/90 gap and discussions
regarding further actions.
© Progress report on the major aspects of work on priority-setting methodologies and
identification of next steps.
© Opportunities for partner organizations to discuss cross-cutting issues in the field
of poverty, gender and capacity strengthening as they relate to health research.
© Update on the new agenda for more efficient and effective collaboration in health research.
© Opportunities for newcomers to the Global Forum to join in the effort to help correct
the 10/90 gap.
Who will take part?
Forum 6 - a policy meeting on the 10/90 gap - will bring together decision-makers
in the field of health, health research, development, foreign aid and media to present
their latest results and contribute ideas for the next stages of work in health research
for development and the fight against poverty.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
HfiPIMGCORRKn nt! Jil'WJGAP
The programme will include:
© Plenary sessions of 90 minutes on global topics, which take place each morning.
Topics foreseen include:
- Resource flows vs burden of disease: how far are we?
- Are we progressing on gender issues?
- Health reseaich and development: what issues after the Report of the Commission
on Macroeconomics and Health?
- How important is nutrition in fighting the 10/90 gap?
- What results from research in low-income countries?
- Is health research governance improving?
- What perspectives for the 10/90 gap?
© Parse
dons, also o' :.c minutes each, which take place each afternoon.
Session uiclude debates,
h as:
- Wb?
rning issues i;> . :<u;mg the burden of disease?
-Is th. a 10/90 gap?
- Rest: . . ■ by NGOs
- What strategies for research-capacity strengthening?
- Intellectual property rights and access to drugs
- Latest developments in priority setting
- Sharing information on health research: is there a worldwide network?
- The fourth dimension: results from public-private partnerships
and presentations and panel discussions focusing on CVD research, research on AIDS,
violence against women, reproductive health research, TB initiatives, road traffic injuries,
conflicts and disasters, mental health and neurological diseases, child health and nutrition.
©The Marketplace with stalls where individuals and institutions will showcase their work,
share results of recent research, display publications, exchange ideas and make or renew
contacts.
The programme is set up to allow time for discussion and interaction: breaks and free
time over lunch will be focused around the Marketplace to stimulate maximum contact.
Space is reserved for late-breaking sessions on topical issues.
Programme outline
Tuesday
12 November
Wednesday
13 November
Thursday
14 November
Friday
15 November
7.30 - 9.00
Registration
Working breakfasts
Working breakfasts
Working breakfasts
9.00 - 10.30
Newcomers' Session
Plenary
Plenary
Plenary
j
Break I Marketplace
10.30 - 11.00
11.00 - 12.30
Plenary
Parallel sessions
Parallel sessions
Closing Plenary
Closing
Lunch break / Marketplace
12.30 - 14.00
14.00 - 15.30
Plenary
Opening Plenary
Parallel sessions
Break / Marketplace
15.30 - 16.00
16.00 - 17.30
Parallel sessions
Parallel sessions
Parallel sessions
18.00 - 19.30
Opening Reception
Parallel sessions
Regional Meetings
Additional sessions (working or special interest group meetings) may also be scheduled from 20.00 to 21.30 tn some hotels.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
4. Organization and logistics
he Global Forum for Health Research is an independent international foundation
O
established in 1998 in Geneva, Switzerland. Its central objective is to help correct
the 10/90 gap by focusing research efforts on diseases, determinants and risk factors
representing the heaviest burden on the world’s health and by facilitating collaboration
between partners in both the public and private sectors. The National Institute
for Medical Research in Tanzania is our local partner for the organization of Forum 6.
Meeting venue, dates and time
Forum 6 will be held at the International Conference Centre in Arusha, Tanzania.
It will open on Tuesday 12 November at 9.00 and close on Friday 15 November at 14.00.
Language
Forum 6 will rake place in English.
Travel and accommodation
© Participants are responsible for their own travel arrangements and hotel reservations.
© Kilimanjaro International Airport is the closest airport to Arusha, a 45-minute drive from
the town. Several international airlines land at Kilimanjaro and local airlines operate daily
flights connecting to Dar es Salaam.
© Block bookings have been made in various Arusha hotels. When registrations
are confirmed, participants will receive full details on hotels so as to be able
to make their reservations directly.
Visas and vaccinations: participants' own responsibility
© Visitors to Tanzania must be in possession of a valid passport and visa. Participants
are recommended to apply for their visa immediately after their registration is confirmed.
© Vaccination against yellow fever is required for those coming from or via an infected
area. Participants should check requirements with their travel agent or consult sources
on international travel and health such as WHO or CDC websites: www.who.int/ith
or www.cdc.gov.travel.
Costs
Participants are asked to pay a contribution towards the expenses of the meeting.
The participation fee (US$250 for OECD countries; US$50 for others) covers
all meeting activities, including:
0 Documentation.
© Working lunches, contact breaks, the opening reception and any other
refreshments or entertainment offered as part of the official programme.
© Transfers between Kilimanjaro International Airport and hotels.
Participants are separately responsible for the costs of their travel and accommodation.
Global Forum for Health Research • c/o World Health Organization • 20 avenue Appia • 1211 Geneva 27 • Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22/791 4260 • Fax: +41 22/791 4394 • forum6@globalforumhealth.org • www.globalforumhealth.org
iQ ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER.2002
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and end of each day.
DESIGN BYAXECOM.COM
0 Transfers between hotels and the Arusha International Conference Centre at the beginning
Global Forum
forHealth Research
Helping
correct
the
10/90
gap
A RUS HA, TAN ZANIA. 12-15 NOVEM B E R 2002
FOUNDATION COUNCIL
Richard Feadiem
Institute for Global Health
University of California
Chairperson
Rashidah Abdullah
Asian-Pacific Resource
ft Research Centre for Women
Harvey Bale
International Federation
of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Associations
Martine Berger
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Mahmoud Fathalla
WHO Advisory Committee
on Health Research
N.K. Ganguly
Indian Council of Medical Research
Adrienne Germain
International Women's Health Coalition
Charles Griffin
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research
for Development
Andrew Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical
Research. Tanzania
Maty Ann Lansang
INCLEN Trust
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies. Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Berit Olsson
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency
Tikki Pang
World Health Organization
Pramilia Senanayake
International Planned
Parenthood Federation
Ragna Valen
Research Council, Norway
Christina Zarowsky
International Development
Research Centre, Canada
SECRETARIAT
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Keithly
Operations Officer
Thomas C. Nchinda
Senior Public Health Specialist
Alina Pawlowska
Information Management Officer
John Warriner
Administrative Assistant
Geneva, 23 September 2002
Dear Dr Narayan,
We are delighted that you will take part in Forum 6 and play an active part in
the programme.
For your information and planning, please find enclosed the following:
• a confirmation letter for official use
• a visa form*
• a list of Arusha hotels (with map) and details on booking*
• information on the Marketplace (with reply form)*
• a preliminary programme overview
• the Guide to Forum 6
• guidelines for faculty (including a description of the Global Forum’s gender
policy)
• luggage labels. [Items marked* require immediate attention.]
Full details regarding the financing of your participation can be found in “The
Guide”.
The detailed programme is in preparation and regular updates will be published
on our website: www.globalforumhealth.org.
We draw your attention particularly to the following deadlines:
• For those of you who are making a presentation, please send us urgently
the summary of your presentation (300 words).
• 16 September: Deadline for receipt of full papers (or powerpoint presentation)
• 11 November (18.30-21.00, including dinner): Faculty Orientation
Meeting in the Arusha International Conference Centre, which we ask you
to attend.
Please feel free to contact the responsible officer or the focal point for your
session if you have any questions about your session.
We look forward to welcoming you to Arusha.
Yours sincerely,
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Global Forum for Health Research • c/o World Health Organization • 20 avenue Appia • 1211 Geneva 27 • Switzerla d
Telephone: +41 22/791 4260 • Fax: +41 22/791 4394 • fonnn6@globalforumhealth.nrrr .
jfl ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
I HFkHNG CORRECT THE I0Z*X> CAP
The Guide
The most recent information on the programme for Forum 6, on logistical
arrangements and the meeting venue can be found on the website
www.globalforumhealth.org .
Support for participation
The Global Forum is pleased to support your participation in Forum 6.
This support includes:
• An agreed economy return fare from your place of residence to Arusha
• An allowance of US$500.00 (five hundred US dollars) to cover the following costs associated
with your participation:
• Accommodation in Arusha
• Transport to and from the airport in your country of residence
• Incidental expenses during travel
• Meals not provided during Forum 6
• Visa fees, vaccination costs and airport taxes.
Details of payment will be provided upon registration in the Conference Centre.
Travel insurance is provided by the Global Forum to cover medical emergencies and repatriation
(detailed insurance conditions are available upon request from the Secretariat). However insurance
for personal belongings is not provided. Please make sure you have your own insurance against loss
or theft.
Travel and accommodation
Visas
All participants are responsible for acquiring their own visas for Tanzania. Nationals of some
countries (including Bangladesh, Lebanon, Pakistan, Nigeria and Somalia) need a "referred visa"
which requires special clearance. You should start the application procedure as soon as possible. A
visa application form is enclosed in this package. A list of Tanzanian missions/consulates abroad (with
full contact details) can be found on the Tanzania National website:
www.tanzania.go.tz/tanzaniaembassiesf.html.
Vaccinations
Vaccination against yellow fever is required for participants coming from or via an infected area.
Please check requirements with your travel agent or consult sources on international travel and health,
such as the World Health Organization or US Centers for Disease Control websites: www.who.int/ith
or www.cdc.gov/travel.
Travel to Arusha
Raptim, the Global Forum’s travel agent, will contact you with a proposed itinerary from your nearest
airport and via the most direct route to Arusha and return, in economy class. Arrival will be scheduled,
as far as possible, for Monday 11 November - in time for the Faculty Orientation Meeting - and
departure on Friday 15 or Saturday 16 November, depending on flight schedules.
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
I helpingcorrect the iiv^o gat
Please confirm this itinerary as soon as possible after receipt, directly with Raptim. Changes will be
considered as long as the cost stays within the price originally quoted. Raptim may be contacted by email jc.puippe@raptim.ch; fax: +41 22 791 6499 or telephone:
+41 22 791 6187.
Accommodation
The Global Forum for Health Research has made block bookings at favourable rates for
accommodation in conveniently located hotels in and around Arusha; see separate sheets for full
information on prices, amenities and contact details. Please make your own reservation directly
with the hotel of your choice.
Special needs
Participants with special needs are asked to inform the Secretariat as early as possible so that their
dietary or access requirements can be properly taken into consideration.
The programme: types of sessions
Plenary sessions
• all participants together
• at the beginning of each morning and afternoon
• keynote speech(es), panel discussions, reports, comments from the floor
• themes are fixed and sessions put together by the Programme Committee
Parallel sessions
• follow from the plenary themes
• participants choose according to their interest
• presentations by a panel, debates, discussion with participants
• can take the form of debates
• topics can be added according to relevance, priority and available space
• sessions are coordinated by a focal point under the responsibility of the Programme Committee
Marketplace
•
•
•
•
•
open all day; participants visit stalls in their free time
central position in AICC
participants reserve stalls and are on hand to present their work
place to display documents and publications, make computer presentations
posters are also included (proposals are reviewed by the Programme Committee) on topics
addressing the 10/90 gap in health research
Satellite meetings
Throughout Forum 6, special interest groups and business meetings will be scheduled to allow
participants to take advantage of the presence of colleagues in Arusha. Some of these gatherings (such
as Board meetings) will be closed, others will be open for participants to join in freely (special interest
groups). Information will be given in the final programme.
Time has been deliberately left free within the programme for participants to get together: for
example, over breakfast (some hotels will set aside a room or reserve tables upon request), during
coffee and tea breaks, at lunchtime or in the evening.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBE R 2002
KEEPING CORRECT THE lO/^O GAT
Forum 6 venue
Arusha
Arusha is located in the northern part of Tanzania. Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA) is the
closest airport, approximately 45 kilometres or 45 minutes away. Participants arriving from Europe
(via KLM) can fly directly into KIA. Other airlines go to Dar es Salaam, with connecting internal
flights to KIA.
Finding the Arusha International Conference Centre (AICC)
Tire AICC is situated in the centre of Arusha. A transfer service will be provided between hotels and
the Conference Centre each morning and at the end of programme activities in the evening. Only
participants who stay in hotels situated in the very centre of Arusha could envisage walking to the
Conference Centre. Forum hours
Forum 6 programme
All sessions take place at the AICC.
There will be an introductory session for newcomers on Monday 11 November at 17.30, followed by
an Orientation Session for Forum 6 faculty at 18.30.
The official opening will take place on Tuesday 12 November at 9.00.
The programme will end on Friday 15 November at 14.00.
Conference Centre hours
The Arusha International Conference Centre will be open from 7.00 to 20.00 during Forum 6. As the
AICC is located in the same complex as the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, tight
security is in place in parts of the complex, including the wing in which the Plenary Hall is situated.
Time must be allowed for security clearance.
Registration
Participants may register for Forum 6 and pick up their badge and documentation:
1. upon arrival in the Kilimanjaro Airport at the Welcome Desk.
2. in the Conference Centre
Monday 11 November 14.00-19.00
Tuesday 12 November from 7.00
Marketplace set up and take down
Participants who have reserved a market stall should note the following times:
set up
Monday 11 November 14.00-19.00
Tuesday 12 November 7.00-9.00
take down
Friday 15 November 14.00-17.00
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
UHriNCCOKIUCI Till io-"OCAr
Preliminary programme overview*
12 September 2002________________ _____
Wednesday
Tuesday
13 November
12 November
7.30-9.00
Transfers to AICC
Registration
9.00-1030
Transfers to AICC
PLENARY 5
PLENARY?
OPENING AND
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Measuring progress in
gender issues
Health research and
development: what issues
after the 2001 Report of
the Commission on
Macroeconomics and
Health and the
Millennium Development
Goals?
Using research results:
research synthesis as a
tool to help correct the
10/90 gap
10^0-11.00
Coffee break/Marketplace
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Successes in health
research: solving health
problems
Examples from African
regions:
•
•
•
•
PARALLEL SESSIONS
PARALLEL SESSIONS
•
•
Gender, child health and
nutrition
•
Gender, mental health and
disability
•
•
Southern Africa
East Africa
West Africa
Gender and
noncommunicable diseases
•
•
Gender, sexual and
reproductive health
•
North Africa
•
Gender, infectious and
tropical diseases
Gender, work and
occupational health
Violence against women
•
•
1230-14.00
Genomics, intellectual
property rights and the
10/90 gap
Latest developments in
priority-setting
Strategies for improving
access to drugs
World Health Report
2002: Reducing risks,
promoting healthy life
Lunch break/Marketplace
14.00-1530
PLENARY4
PLENARY 6
Successes in health
research: mobilizing
national resources
Health research
collaboration:
national, regional and
global health research
forums
Monitoring the results of
research capacity
strengthening
1530-16.00
CLOSING PLENARY
What perspectives for the
10/90 gap and what
recommendations to the
partners in the
Global Forum?
CLOSING EVENT
PLENARY 2
(examples from Asia and
Latin America)
Coffee break/Marketplace
PARALLEL SESSIONS
•
Debate on Asian/LAC
successes in mobilizing
national resources
•
•
•
Research by CSOs
Research on AIDS
Research to roll back
malaria
TB initiatives
•
18.00-1930
Transfers to AICC
PLENARY 3
Celebrating African
health research
16.00-17.30
Transfers to AICC
Friday
15 November
PLENARY 1
President of Tanzania
11.00-1230
Thursday
14 November
OPENING
RECEPTION
hosted by the Chair of
the Global Forum
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Regional meetings
• Africa Health Research
Forum + launch
• Asia + Pacific Forum
• Latin + Central
America
BUSINESS MEETINGS AND
SPECIAL EVENTS
•
•
•
+ African Show
•
•
•
•
•
ACOSHED
Bangkok Action Plan
High blood pressure in
Africa: planning group
MIHR launch
Oral health
Road traffic injuries
SHARED
Medical Research Councils
dinner
PARALLEL SESSIONS
•
•
Debate on the evaluation
framework for research
capacity strengthening
Health research systems
analysis
•
The views of MRCs on
brain drain and RCS
•
Research for policy and
practice
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
•
Cardiovascular diseases
•
•
Child health and nutrition
ENHR
•
•
INDEPTH
International Health
Research Awards
•
•
Maternal health
Mental health and
neurological disorders
•
Measuring BoD
•
Public-private
partnerships
Road traffic injuries
World Report on Violence
•
•
* The titles and timing ofspecific sessions are preliminary. The overall programme structure is however fixed.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
HELPING CORRECT THE ICECAP
"
“
Guidelines for faculty
The Global Forum for Health Research acknowledges the important contribution made by
faculty to the success of its annual meeting. The presentations at Forum 6 will address the
latest thinking on the 10/90 gap and will act as a catalyst for action during the coming year.
We are grateful for your contribution and for your efforts to explain and lessen this gap in
health research.
Please take the time to read through these Guidelines which contain important information to
ensure the smooth running of the meeting.
Orientation Meeting
You are requested’to take part in an Orientation Meeting, together with members of the
Foundation Council and the Secretariat of the Global Forum, on Monday 11 November in
the Arusha International Conference Centre starting at 18.30. Please ensure that you make
travel arrangements accordingly.
The agenda for the meeting is as follows:
18.00 Registration
18.30 Familiarization with the Centre, meeting rooms and technical equipment
19.30 Welcoming remarks by the Chair and orientation
20.00 Buffet dinner and preparatory meetings for individual sessions (to be arranged by the
Focal Point).
A “prep” room will be available and a technician on hand to assist you with any last-minute
arrangements. The Focal Point for each session will work with session faculty to make a test
run of the presentations and, if presenters are planning presentations from a notebook
computer, will organize the presentations onto one computer so that session timings are
respected.
Technical Information
The large meeting rooms in the Centre will be equipped with a flipchart, an overhead
projector and an LCD projector for computer presentations. (Please note that notebook
computers are not provided; presenters who plan to make a computer presentation are
requested to bring their own notebooks).
Slide projectors/VHS video projection (specify NTSC or PAL/SECAM) can be arranged upon request.
Requests should be sent to Kirsten Bendixenby e-mail bendixenk@who.int
or by fax +41 22/791 4394 before 1 September 2002.
g[»l arUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I linriNG CORRICTTHI UN <90 GAP
Document Deadlines
Summaries
Presenters have been asked to summit a one-page summary of their presentation(s) by 19 August
2002. Summaries should be sent to the Global Forum (attention Alina Pawlowska, e-mail:
pawlowskaa@who.int') in electronic format, preferably e-mail, either in the body of the text or as an
attachment (Microsoft Word document preferred). Summaries should be text only, without graphs,
tables or other illustrations.
Each summary must include:
• Title of the presentation
• FAMILY NAME (in capital letters) and first name of the presenter
• Presenter’s institution and country of institution
• Summary (maximum 300 words) including objectives and expected outcomes of the presentation.
Summaries that are received by 19 August will be made available as follows:
• on the Global Forum’s web site (Forum 6 programme section)
• copies placed in the meeting room where the session will take place
• copies available on request through the Document Centre at Forum 6.
For administrative reasons, the Global Forum may be obliged to remove from the programme the
presentation or the names of presenters whose summaries are not received by 15 September 2002.
Full papers and transparencies
Full papers of the presentation must be submitted to the Global Forum (Alina Pawlowska, e-mail:
pawlowskaa@who.int) by 16 September 2002. The full text of your presentation should be sent in
electronic format, preferably in Microsoft Word or Powerpoint. Papers received by 16 September will
be made available to participants at the Document Centre at Forum 6. After this date, the Global
Forum will not be able to guarantee inclusion of your paper in official conference documentation and
you will be requested to provide copies to the Document Centre for distribution to interested
participants.
Faculty Roles
Focal Points
The Focal Point for a session works together with the Secretariat of the Global Forum to:
• define the objectives and expected outcomes for the session
• select the chair(s), presenters and rapporteur(s) for the session and brief them on the objectives
and expected outcomes
• manage the content of presentations and review summaries
• plan the timing of the session
• brief the chair of the session on time allocations and other issues of relevance
• facilitate the session preparation during the orientation meeting on 11 November.
• compile presentations, documents and rapporteur's summary and submit to the Secretariat of the
Global Forum.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
I lift n N’G comCI IH F HV90 GAI’
General policy of the Global Forum regarding Gender and health research
The Global Forum believes that a systematic approach to gender issues forms a central part of
its objective to help correct the 10/90 gap. It is estimated that more than 60% of the world’s
poor are women. The health of these women is often adversely affected not only by their
poverty but by the gender inequalities that continue to divide many of the world’s poorest
countries.
Though they have many health problems and health care needs in common, women and men
are divided by both their biological sex and their social gender. Unless these differences are
taken into account, the delivery of medical and public health services will be severely
constrained in their efficacy and their equity. Under these circumstances it is likely to be
women in the poorest communities who will be worst affected.
Thus the Global Forum for Health Research integrates gender issues in all aspects of its work.
The overall principle is that both sex and gender are integrated as key variables in all the other
strategies of the Global Forum:
• annual Forum meeting
• measurement of the 10/90 gap and the development of priority-setting methodologies
• synthesis review of research capacity strengthening efforts in low- and middle-income
countries
• communication and information
• overall monitoring and evaluation of the Global Forum activities.
With respect to Forum 6:
•
•
•
all processes, such as calls for proposals, review of proposals and preparation of sessions
explicitly include gender concerns
documents prepared for the annual meeting include specific gender content, i.e. they
indicate what gender issues will be addressed, why they are important and how they will
be addressed
participants always include gender-sensitive persons and organizations, recognizing that
special gender expertise is needed as for any other technical concern.
Focal points, presenters, chairs and rapporteurs are asked to take these points into account in
the preparation of sessions.
gjPl ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
I HHHNG CORRfCl TliF it'. «X> GAP
Presenters
Presenters work together with the Focal Point to develop various aspects of the session. Presenters
will:
• plan and prepare a presentation within the guidelines given by the Focal Point
• submit a summary (as outlined above) to the Secretariat of the Global Forum
• attend the Orientation Meeting to review the organization of the session and make a test run of
their presentation
• keep the presentation within the time frame (the chair will signal time with a yellow card meaning
two minutes left and a red card meaning stop)
• provide the Focal Point with a copy of their presentation and related documents.
Chairs
Working together with the Focal Point, the Chair(s) will:
• attend the Orientation Meeting and meet with the Focal Point and presenters to finalize the
organization of the session
• be familiar with the content and objectives of tire session
• have reviewed the summaries of each presentation
• know the exact location and time of the session
• manage the session with strict adherence to timing, focusing on the “expected output.”
In managing the session, the Chair will:
• review the session’s objectives/expected outputs
• introduce each speaker with institutional affiliation and the topics of the presentation
• introduce the rapporteur of the session
• indicate clearly the time allocation for each speaker (manage the yellow card)
• indicate the time set aside for the discussion period.
Following the presentations, the Chair will:
• facilitate a discussion and summarize the issues emerging from the discussion
• summarize the main points from the presentations and the discussion
• thank presenters for their contribution and the audience for their participation.
Rapporteurs
Rapporteurs play a key role in documenting important issues emerging during each session.
Rapporteurs are asked to:
• be familiar with the content and objectives of their session and attend the Orientation Meeting to
finalize the organization of the session
• write a report which will
- highlight three or four important points raised in each presentation
- highlight the main issues identified in the discussion
- summarize the conclusions by the chair
- document the next steps that will define the research agenda for that topic
• note any change from the printed programme (faculty, affiliations, etc.)
• discuss any issues for clarification with the Focal Point and Chair at the end of the session
• ensure that the presenters’ notes, rapporteur's notes and all material from the session are handed
over to the Focal Point
• submit their own report to the Focal Point as soon as possible and by 30 November latest
• send one copy to the Global Forum Secretariat and keep one for their own record.
Rapporteurs are free to use any style of reporting provided the above conditions are fulfilled. They
may also add in their own comments (with identification).
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
IIM PING CORRECT THE IO/«W GAP
The Marketplace
Forum 6, the 2002 annual meeting of the Global Forum for Health Research, is composed of
different types of sessions and activities. The multiplicity of types of "meeting opportunities"
is deliberate and reflects the very nature of the Global Forum: catalytic, flexible, inclusive,
bringing together many partners to contribute to all aspects of the discussion, a network of
networks.
In addition to the more formal plenaries, debates, panel discussions and structured sessions,
Forum 6 offers many opportunities to meet other participants - old colleagues and new
friends alike. The Marketplace is one such opportunity, which lasts throughout the meeting.
If you would like to display your projects, research results, publications or present your point
of view to other participants - provided only that these are relevant to helping correct the
10/90 gap in health research - why not sign up for a stall in the Marketplace? Just complete
and return this form (preferably by fax to +41 22 791 4394). You can also reply via the
website www.globarforumhealth.org.
The Marketplace will be open throughout the meeting (Tuesday 12 to Friday 15 November).
Stalls will be listed in the final programme and published on the Forum 6 website.
YeS, I would like to take part in the Marketplace. Please reserve for me a market stall with
table and panel (at no charge).
FAMILY/first name:
Name of institution represented (this will be the name of your stall):
Please return to: Forum 6
Global Forum for Health Research
c/o World Health Organization
20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Tel: (41 22) 791 4260
Fax: (41 22)791 4394
e-mail: forum6@globalforumhealth.org
This form is also available on our website: www.globalforumhealth.org.
PLEASE NOTE: The Marketplace is open to registered participants only. Presentations or market stalls cannot
be ofa commercial nature (sales are not permitted). Participation in the Marketplace is free ofcharge.
Participants who will bring electrical/electronic equipmentfor their stall should inform the Global Forum in
advance since not all stalls will have access to electricity.
I|?| ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
I HUriNGCORRJCI 111 f 10/00 CAI'
Hotel reservation form
______ _
To the Hotel
From:
FAMILY NAME:
First name:
______________________________
Organization:
___________________________
’ Address:
_____ _________ ___
City/postal code:
Country:
______________________________________________________
Telephone:Fax:
....
___
E-mail:
Please reserve me a room for
nights
from (arrival date)to (departure date)
(please indicate one)
single occupancy
double occupancy
Signature:
name of second guest:
____
Please note:
Some hotels may require the reservation to be guaranteed by a credit card. Ifso, you will be
asked to provide details.
Quoted rates are for room, breakfast, and taxes. Participants are responsible for settling all
charges upon check-out. Quoted rates are valid only for reservations made before
15 September.
For additional information, please visit the Global Forum's website:
www.globalforumhealth.org.
Conference hotels in Arusha
To Nairobi, Namanga
G & T, Manor
I
AICC
N
QcXZlGir-SRLfS’J
u lob al roru.ni
ior Health Research
Helping
correct
the
10/90
gap
j[^ ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
FOUNDATION COUNCIL
Richard Feachem
Institute for Global Health
University of California
Chairperson
Rashidah Abdullah
Asian-Pacific Resource
ft Research Centre for Women
Harvey Bale
International Federation
of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Associations
Martine Berger
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Mahmoud Fathalla
WHO Advisory Committee
on Health Research
N.K. Ganguly
Indian Council of Medical Research
Adrienne Germain
International Women's Health Coalition
Charles Griffin
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research
for Development
Andrew Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical
Research, Tanzania
Mary Ann Lansang
INCLEN Trust
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies, Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Berit Olsson
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency
Tikki Pang
World Health Organization
Pramilia Senanayake
International Planned
Parenthood Federation
Ragna Valen
Research Council, Norway
Christina Zarowsky
International Development
Research Centre. Canada
SECRETARIAT
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Keithly
Operations Officer
Thomas C. Nchinda
Senior Public Health Specialist
Alina Pawlowska
Information Management Officer
John Warriner
Administrative Assistant
Geneva, 23 September 2002
Forum 6
Arusha, Tanzania
12-15 November 2002
To whom it may concern
The Secretariat of the Global Forum for Health Research hereby
confirms the registration of
Dr Ravi Narayan
Community Health Cell, India
as a participant in its 2002 annual meeting, Forum 6.
The Global Forum will cover travel to and from Arusha,
accommodation and incidental expenses for the duration of the
meeting.
Participants are recommended to arrive in Arusha on the evening of
Monday 11 November (those taking part for the first time in the annual
Forum are recommended to arrive early enough to participate in the
Newcomers Session on Monday evening at 17.30). Participants are
expected to stay until the close of the meeting in the afternoon of
Friday 15 November.
In addition to the official programme, other meetings and professional
or cultural visits might necessitate a longer stay.
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Global Forum for Health Research • c/o World Health Organization • 20 avenue Appia *1211 Geneva 27 • Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22/791 4260 • Fax: +41 22/791 4394 • fonirn6@globalforumhealth.org • www.globalforunrhealth.org
PEOPLE'S HEALTH MOVEMENT
EAST AFRICA CIRCLE,
P.O. BOX 240,
BA&AMOYO, TANZANIA
EAST AFRICA
Tel: +255 23 2440062
E-mail: masaieanafeafricaonline.co.lz
mwinokifeyahoo.com.
PEOPLE’S HEALTH MOVEMENT
To
Drs.Ravi Narayan & Thelma Narayan,
Community Health Cell,
Society for Community Health Awareness, Research and Action,
Bangalore,
INDIA.
Dear Drs. Ravi Narayan and Thelma Narayan,
RE: YOUR VISIT TO EAST AFRICA
With the good news about your visit to East Africa from 4th to 111,1 November before
Forum 6 meeting in Arusha organized by GFHR, I take this opportunity to warmly
welcome you and on behalf of my colleagues appreciate your interest of sharing the
knowledge and experience that you have with us. My colleagues and I are happy and will
do whatever we can to make the visit a success. The circle will cover your local
boarding, lodging and travel expenses.
Thank you and looking forward to your visit and the interactions.
Karibu Sana.
Mwajuma S. Masaiganah Ms.
PHM Coordinator East Africa
(signed)
KAMPALA:
Ms. Alice Drito
P.O. Box 23711,
Kampala, Uganda
Drill 2@holmail.com
TANZANIA.
Ms. Mwajuma S. Masaiganah
P.O. BOX 240,
Bagamoyo, Tanzania
Mobile: 0744 281260
masaigana@afncaonline.co.tz
MOMBASA, KENYA
Mr. Malachi O. Orondo
P.O. BOX 93045,
Mombasa, Kenya
oromal@yahoo.com
NAIROBI, KENYA.
Mr. Samwel Ochieng
Consumer International Network
P.O. Box 7569,
00300 Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: 781131
cin@insightkenya.com
ARUSHA, TANZANIA
Dr. Mr. Melchiory Masatu
Center for Education Development Arusha (CEDHA)
P.O. BOX 1162
Arusha, Tanzania
cmasatu@yahoo.com
HEPS, Uganda
Ms. Rossete Mutambi
P.O. Box 2426.
Kampala, Uganda
heps@utlonline.co.ug
INVITATION TO VISIT PEOPLES HEALTH...M) FROM 4th. TO 6TH.N0VEMBER 2002.
Subject: INVITATION TO VISIT PEOPLES HEALTH MOVEMENT KENYA(PHM) FROM
4th. TO 6TH.NOVEMBER 2002.
Date: Thu. 10 Oct 2002 00:33:27 -0700 (PDT)
Front: Malachi Orondo <oromal@yahoo.com>
To: sochara@vsnl.com
CC: masaigana@africaonline.co.tz, heps@utlonline.co.ug, ndesumbuka@yahoo.com,
drit 12@hotmail.com
Dear Mr. Ravi Narayan and Thelma Narayan ,
You are kindly invited to visit us in Kenya from 4th.to 6th.November, 2002 to share with us your
experiences in health issues pertaining to PEOPLES HEALTH MOVEMENT.We shall offer for
you full accommodation during your stay in Kenya.
We remain hoping to receive and host both of you during your stay in kenya .
yours faithfully
MALACHI O. ORONDO
PHM. Kenya National Coordinator.
Do you Yahoo!?
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1 of!
10/21/02 11:19 AM
Phone : 0091-80-5531518/5525372
Fax
: 0091-80-5525372
email
sochara@vsnl.com
Society for Community Health Awareness, Research and Action - SOCHARA
Regd. Office : No. 326, V Main, I Block, Koramangala, Bangalore - 560 034.
October 19, 2002
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN
Dr.Ravi Narayan, MD(AIIMS), DTPH (LONDON), DIH (UK), Community Health
Adviser of the Community Health Cell, Society for Community Health Awareness,
Research and Action, Bangalore, has been invited by Ms. Mwajuma S.Masaiganah, PHM
Coordinator East Africa, Peoples Health Movement (PHM), East Africa Circle, P.O.Box
240. Bagamoyo, Tanzania, East Africa to attend a series of health meetings and
workshops in Nairobi (Kenya), Kempala (Uganda), Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha
(Tanzania) from 4th to 11th November 2002 and by Mr.Louis J.Currat, Executive
Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR), C/o World Health Organization,
20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland, to attend its 2002 annual meeting, Forum 6, from 12th to 15th November 2002 in Arusha, Tanzania.
Dr. Ravi Narayan has been a Member of Community Health Cell, Society for
Community Health Awareness, Research and Action, Bangalore, for the past 18 years
and the Community Health Adviser of Community Health Cell for the past three years.
The Society is very pleased about the professional opportunity and has permitted Dr.
Ravi Narayan to undertake this visit to Nairobi, Kempala, Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha in
East Africa from November 4th to 17th, 2002, as on duty.
All expenses for his travel and accommodation are being covered by PHM - East Africa
Circle and GFHR respectively.
for SOCIETY FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH AWARENESS,
RESEARCH AND ACTION,
Dr.M
Vfte President
Registered under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act 17 of 1960, S. No. 44/91 -92
Phone : 0091-80-5531518/5525372
Fax
: 0091-80-5525372
email
sochara@vsnl.com
Society for Community Health Awareness, Research and Action - SOCHARA
Regd. Office : No. 326, V Main, I Block, Koramangala, Bangalore - 560 034.
October 19, 2002
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN
Dr.Thelma Narayan, MBBS, Ph.D (LONDON), Coordinator of the Community Health
Cell, Society for Community Health Awareness, Research and Action, Bangalore, has
been invited by Ms. Mwajuma S.Masaiganah, PHM Coordinator East Africa,Peoples
Health Movement (PHM), East Africa Circle, P.O.Box 240, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, East
Africa to attend a series of health meetings and workshops in Nairobi (Kenya), Kempala
(Uganda), Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha (Tanzania) from 4th to 11th November 2002 and by
Mr. Louis J.Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research (GFHR), c/o
World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland, to attend its
2002 annual meeting, Forum - 6, from 12'11 to 15111 November 2002 in Arusha, Tanzania.
Dr. Thelma Narayan has been a Member of Community Health Cell, Society for
Community Health Awareness, Research and Action, Bangalore, for the past 18 years
and the Coordinator of Community Health Cell for the past three years. The Society is
very pleased about the professional opportunity and has permitted Dr. Thelma Narayan to
undertake this visit to Nairobi, Kempala, Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha in East Africa from
November 4lh to 17th, 2002, as on duty.
All expenses for her travel and accommodation are being covered by PFIM - East Africa
Circle and GFHR respectively.
For SOCIETY FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH AWARENESS,
AND ACTION,
DrAlolian-teV'
Vice President
Registered under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act 17 of 1960, S. No. 44/91 -92
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
H fin NG CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
The Guide
The most recent information on the programme for Forum 6, on logistical
arrangements and the meeting venue can be found on the website
www.globalforumhealth.org.
Support for participation
The Global Forum is pleased to support your participation in Forum 6.
This support includes:
• An agreed economy return fare from your place of residence to Arusha
• An allowance of US$500.00 (five hundred US dollars) to cover the following costs associated
with your participation:
• Accommodation in Arusha
• Transport to and from the airport in your country of residence
• Incidental expenses during travel
• Meals not provided during Forum 6
• Visa fees, vaccination costs and airport taxes.
Details of payment will be provided upon registration in the Conference Centre.
Travel insurance is provided by the Global Forum to cover medical emergencies and repatriation
(detailed insurance conditions are available upon request from the Secretariat). However insurance
for personal belongings is not provided. Please make sure you have your own insurance against loss
or theft.
Travel and accommodation
Visas
All participants are responsible for acquiring their own visas for Tanzania. Nationals of some
countries (including Bangladesh, Lebanon, Pakistan, Nigeria and Somalia) need a "referred visa"
which requires special clearance. You should start the application procedure as soon as possible. A
visa application form is enclosed in this package. A list of Tanzanian missions/consulates abroad (with
full contact details) can be found on the Tanzania National website:
www.tanzania.go.tz/tanzaniaembassiesf.html.
Vaccinations
Vaccination against yellow fever is required for participants coming from or via an infected area.
Please check requirements with your travel agent or consult sources on international travel and health,
such as the World Health Organization or US Centers for Disease Control websites: www.who.int/ith
or www.cdc.gov/travel.
■Travel to Arusha
Raptim, the Global Forum’s travel agent, will contact you with a proposed itinerary from your nearest
airport and via the most direct route to Arusha and return, in economy class. Arrival will be scheduled,
as far as possible, for Monday 11 November - in time for the Faculty Orientation Meeting - and
departure on Friday 15 or Saturday 16 November, depending on flight schedules.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
I iinriNGCOBiuci
ut-racAr
Please confirm this itinerary as soon as possible after receipt, directly with Raptim. Changes will be
considered as long as the cost stays within the price originally quoted. Raptim may be contacted by email jc.puippe@raptim.ch; fax: +41 22 791 6499 or telephone:
+41 22 791 6187.
Accommodation
The Global Forum for Health Research has made block bookings at favourable rates for
accommodation in conveniently located hotels in and around Arusha; see separate sheets for full
information on prices, amenities and contact details. Please make your own reservation directly
with the hotel of your choice.
Special needs
Participants with special needs are asked to inform the Secretariat as early as possible so that their
dietary or access requirements can be properly taken into consideration.
The programme: types of sessions
Plenary sessions
•
•
•
•
all participants together
at the beginning of each morning and afternoon
keynote speech(es), panel discussions, reports, comments from the floor
themes are fixed and sessions put together by the Programme Committee
Parallel sessions
•
•
•
•
•
•
follow from the plenary themes
participants choose according to their interest
presentations by a panel, debates, discussion with participants
can take the form of debates
topics can be added according to relevance, priority and available space
sessions are coordinated by a focal point under the responsibility of the Programme Committee
Marketplace
•
•
•
•
•
open all day; participants visit stalls in their free time
central position in AICC
participants reserve stalls and are on hand to present their work
place to display documents and publications, make computer presentations
posters are also included (proposals are reviewed by the Programme Committee) on topics
addressing the 10/90 gap in health research
Satellite meetings
Throughout Forum 6, special interest groups and business meetings will be scheduled to allow
participants to take advantage of the presence of colleagues in Arusha. Some of these gatherings (such
as Board meetings) will be closed, others will be open for participants to join in freely (special interest
groups). Information will be given in the final programme.
Time has been deliberately left free within the programme for participants to get together: for
example, over breakfast (some hotels will set aside a room or reserve tables upon request), during
coffee and tea breaks, at lunchtime or in the evening.
ARUSHA.TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
WIPING CORRECT THF 1CV*O GAP
Forum 6 venue
^^Xrusha
Arusha is located in the northern part of Tanzania. Kilimanjaro International Airport (KIA) is the
closest airport, approximately 45 kilometres or 45 minutes away. Participants arriving from Europe
(via KLM) can fly directly into KIA. Other airlines go to Dar es Salaam, with connecting internal
flights to KIA.
^/Finding the Arusha International Conference Centre (AICC)
The AICC is situated in the centre of Arusha. A transfer service will be provided between hotels and
the Conference Centre each morning and at the end of programme activities in the evening. Only
participants who stay in hotels situated in the very centre of Arusha could envisage walking to the
Conference Centre.
Forum hours
Forum 6 programme
All sessions take place at the AICC.
There will be an introductory session for newcomers on Monday 11 November at 17.30, followed by
an Orientation Session for Forum 6 faculty at 18.30.
The official opening will take place on Tuesday 12 November at 9.00.
The programme will end on Friday 15 November at 14.00.
Conference Centre hours
The Arusha International Conference Centre will be open from 7.00 to 20.00 during Forum 6. As the
AICC is located in the same complex as the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, tight
security is in place in parts of the complex, including the wing in which the Plenary Hall is situated.
Time must be allowed for security clearance.
Registration
Participants may register for Forum 6 and pick up their badge and documentation:
1. upon arrival in the Kilimanjaro Airport at the Welcome Desk. ------2. in the Conference Centre
Monday 11 November 14.00-19.00
Tuesday 12 November from 7.00
Marketplace set up and take down
Participants who have reserved a market stall should note the following times:
set up
Monday 11 November 14.00-19.00
Tuesday 12 November 7.00-9.00
take down
Friday 15 November
14.00-17.00
AR-USHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
HriTINC COMtCT THl 10ZTOGAF
Preliminary programme overview*
4 October 2002
Tuesday
12 November
Transfers to AICC
730-9.00
9.00-1030
Wednesday
13 November
Transfers to AICC
Registration
PLENARY 1
OPENING AND
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
President ofTanzania
Friday
15 November
Thursday
14 November
Transfers to AICC
Transfers to AICC
PLENARY3
PLENARY 5
PLENARY 7
Measuring progress in
gender issues
Health research and
development: what next
after the Commission on
Macroeconomics and
Health and the
Millennium Development
Goals?
Using research results:
research synthesis as a
tool to help correct the
10/90 gap
PARALLEL SESSIONS
CLOSING PLENARY
Celebrating African
health research
1030-11.00
11.00-1230
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Successes in health
research: solving health
problems
Examples from African
regions:
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Gender, child health and
nutrition
•
Gender, mental health and
disability
•
•
Gender and
noncommunicable diseases
Gender, sexual and
reproductive health
•
•
•
•
•
Southern Africa
East Africa
West Africa
•
•
North Africa
•
•
•
Gender, infectious and
tropical diseases
Gender, work and
occupational health
Violence against women
Genomics, intellectual
property rights and the
10/90 gap
Latest developments in
priority-setting
Resource flows
Strategies for improving
access to drugs
World Health Report
2002: Reducing risks,
promoting healthy life
•
•
•
What perspectives for the
10/90 gap and what
recommendations to the
partners in the
Global Forum?
1230-14.00
CLOSING EVENT
PLENARY 2
14.00-1530
PLENARY 4
Successes in health
research: mobilizing
national resources
Health research
collaboration:
national, regional and
global health research
forums
(examples from Asia and
Latin America)
1530-16.00
16.00-1730
PARALLEL SESSIONS
•
Debate on Asian/LAC
successes in mobilizing
national resources
•
•
•
Research by CSOs
Research on AIDS
Research to roll back
malaria
TB initiatives
•
18.00-1930
OPENING
RECEPTION
hosted by the Chair of
the Global Forum
+ African Show
PLENARY 6
Monitoring the results of
research capacity
strengthening
SITE VISIT
•
MOH Demographic
Surveillance System
CoffeSbreak/^aHretplabe'
PARALLEL SESSIONS
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Regional meetings
•
Brain drain and RCS
• Africa Health Research • Debate on the evaluation
framework for research
Forum + launch
capacity strengthening
• Asia + Pacific Forum
•
Health research systems
• Latin + Central
analysis
America
Research for policy and
practice
•
BUSINESS MEETINGS AND
SPECIAL EVENTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ACOSHED
Bangkok Action Plan
Cost-effectiveness analysis
High blood pressure in
Africa: planning group
MI HR launch
Oral health
Road traffic injuries board
SHARED
Medical Research Councils
dinner
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
•
Cardiovascular diseases
•
Child health and nutrition
o
ENHR
•
INDEPTH
•
International Health
Research Awards
•
•
Maternal health
Mental health and
neurological disorders
•
•
Measuring BoD
Public-private
partnerships
Road traffic injuries
World Report on Violence
•
•
* The titles and timing ofspecific sessions are preliminary. The overall programme structure is howeverfixed.
Conference hotels in Arusha
To Nairobi, Namanga
G & T, Manor
Meru House Inn
AICC
Arusha Resort Centre
Equator
New Arusha
H Gs. H
lob al Forum for Health Research
Helping
correct
the
10/90
gap
foundation Council
-^/Richard Fcachcm
Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis & Malaria
Chairperson
Rashidah Abdullah
Asian-Pacific Resource &
Research Centre for Women
Harvey Bale
International Federation of
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations
Martine Berger
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Mahmoud Fathalla
WHO Advisory Committee on
Health Research
N.KaSanguly
Ind^^F-Ouncil of Medical Research
Adrienne Germain
Intemauonal Women’s
Health Coalition
Robert Hecht
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research for Development
^Andrew Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical Research
Tanzania
Mary Ann Lansang
INCLEN Trust
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced Studies
Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research and
Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Berit Olsson
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Tik^Rang
Wo.^^ealth Organization
Pramilia Senanayake
International Planned
Parenthood Federation
Ragna Valen
Research Council, Norway
Christina Zarowsky
International Development
Research Centre, Canada
Secretariat
^XouisJ. Currat
Executive Secretary
Sameera Al-Tuwaijri
Forum Scientific Officer
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
^/Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Abdul GhafTar
Public Health Specialist
Veloshnee Govender
Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Keithly
Operations Officer
Alina Pawlowska
Information Management Officer
John Warriner
Administrative Assistant
Strategic Orientations 2003-2005
October 2002
Contents
Introduction: Objective of the paper, audience and approach
Chapter 1
Main problems: ill health, poverty and the 10/90 gap in health research
1.1 111 health and poverty
1.2 A major problem: the 10/90 gap in health research
1.3 Causes of the 10/90 gap in health research
1.4 Consequences of the 10/90 gap in health research
Chapter 2
The first years of the Global Forum (.1998-2002)
Chapter 3
Vision, values, central objective and specific objectives of the Global Forum
for 2003-2005
3.1 Vision
3.2 Values and principles
3.3 Central objective
3.4 Specific objectives
Chapter 4
The need for partnerships and the role of the Global Forum
4.1 The need for networking and partnerships
4.2 Who are the partners in the Global Forum?
4.3 The system of health research partnerships and the role of the Global Forum
Chapter 5
Global strategies of the Global Forum and types of support
5.1 Strategy 1: Organization of an annual Forum meeting
5.2 Strategy 2: Analytical work on the 10/90 gap and health research priorities
(a) Development and application of priority-setting methodologies to
help correct the 10/90 gap
The
(b)
10/90 gap and cross-cutting issues affecting health
(gender, poverty, research capacity, policies)
(c) The 10/90 gap and major risk factors affecting health
The
(d)
10/90 gap and major diseases and conditions
(e) Type of support given by the Global Forum to analytical work on the 10/90 gap
5.3 Strategy 3: Information and communication
5.4 Strategy 4: Monitoring and evaluation
Chapter 6
Projects supported by the Global Forum: origin and criteria
6.1 Origin of projects
6.2 Criteria for the selection of priority areas and projects
6.3 Time-limited support
Chapter 7
Governing bodies and management
7.1 Foundation Council
7.2 STRATEC
7.3 Core Secretariat
Chapter 8
Strategic budgets and financing
8.1 Core activities (budget and financing)
8.2 Activities in trust
8.3 Funding for helping to correct the 10/90 gap
Annex: Reference list of important documents
1
2
3
4
5
7
15
15
16
18
Global Forum for Health Research
Strategic Orientations 2003-2005
Introduction: Objective of the paper, audience and approach
The Global Forum for Health Research started its operations in 1998 with the objective to help correct the
10/90 gap in health research. Every year, more than US$70 billion is spent worldwide on health research by
the public and private sectors. But only about 10% of this is used for research into 90% of the world's health
problems. This is what is called the 10/90 gap. The Global Forum is an independent international foundation,
managed by a 20-member Foundation Council and a small Secretariat based in Geneva.
The objective of this document is to revisit the global strategic orientations of the Global Forum for Health
Research after five years of operations and define them for the period 2003-2005.
This paper is intended for different audiences, covering:
• the needs of the partners of the Global Forum to develop the best synergies among themselves in helping
to correct the 10/90 gap (including government decision-makers, research institutions and universities,
multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, foundations, national and international CSOs, women's
organizations, private-sector companies, media)
• the needs of the donors to the Global Forum, asking themselves if the resources entrusted to the Global
Forum are well invested
• the needs of the Foundation Council and the Secretariat of the Global Forum in their search for the ways
and means to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the actions of the Global Forum.
To fulfil this mandate, it is necessary:
1. to revisit the vicious circle between ill health and poverty and the urgency to correct the 10/90 gap in
health research (chapter 1)
2. to summarize the original mandate and first five years of activity (1998-2002) of the Global Forum
(chapter 2)
3. to present the vision, values, central objective and specific objectives of the Global Forum (chapter 3)
4. to define the main partners of the Global Forum and the specific role of the Forum among the large
number of institutions active worldwide today in the field of international health (chapter 4).
Then, on the basis of the first four chapters, chapter 5 summarizes the new orientations in the Global Forum's
strategies, designed to increase the Forum's impact on the correction of the 10/90 gap during the period
2003-2005.
In line with the revision of the strategies, Chapter 6 summarizes the criteria for the approval of projects
supported by the Global Forum.
Chapter 7 describes the role of the Governing Bodies of the Global Forum, as well as the functions of the
Secretariat.
Chapter 8 identifies the financial resources needed by the Global Forum Core Secretariat to fulfil its mandate
in the coming three years, as well as the policies of the Global Forum regarding funds-in-trust and the
mobilization of resources to help correct the 10/90 gap.
Chapter 1. Main problems: ill health, poverty and the 10/90 gap in health research
1.1 Ill health and poverty
III health has a negative impact on growth and development as a result of a reduction in life expectancy,
educational achievements, production and employment as well as a reduction in social and political stability.
These factors affect the whole population, particularly the poor.
Beyond this general negative impact on the economic and social situation of a country, ill health directly
reinforces the vicious circle of poverty, which includes malnutrition, disease, unemployment or
underemployment, low income, poor housing, low level of education, low productivity, lack of access to
health care services and drinking water, larger number of children, unwanted pregnancies, substance abuse.
In addition, poor people are more likely to suffer from the degradation of the environment and from
discrimination. For people trapped in this vicious circle, the chain of causality is very difficult to break.
Breaking out of the health crisis requires breaking out of the vicious circle of poverty, an immense and
complex task. The solution is unlikely to come from any single intervention, but rather from a combination
of many different interventions, bearing on the political, social, economic, physical and cultural causes of
poor health. Ill health is a crucial link in the vicious circle of poverty. This was again underlined by a number
of recent international conferences and reports, including in particular the United Nations Millennium
Summit (September 2000)', the World Development Report 20011
2, the International Conference on Health
Research for Development (Bangkok, October 2000)3, the People's Health Assembly (Dhaka, December
2000)4 and Forum 5 (October 2001)5, among others.
1.2 A major problem: the 10/90 gap in health research
One of the roles of health research is to ensure that the measures proposed to break the vicious circle of ill
health and poverty are based, as far as possible, on evidence, so that the resources available to finance these
measures are used in the most efficient and effective way possible.
Even though crucial to promote development and help break the vicious circle between ill health and
poverty, health research has suffered from insufficient funding and severe disequilibrium. For the past
decade, and since the ground breaking work of the Commission on Health Research for Development in
19906, the disequilibrium in health research has been captured in the expression "the 10/90 gap" to indicate
the huge discrepancy between the magnitude of disease burden and the allocation of research funding
worldwide. It is estimated that the public and private sectors invest more than USD70 billion per annum in
health research, of which less than 10% are devoted to 90% of the world's health problems.
1.3 Causes of the 10/90 gap in health research
There are numerous causes for this imbalance in research funding:
• A first cause is the failure of the public sector in high-income countries to allocate health research
funding on the basis of a systematic analysis of priorities, taking into account national and international
health issues.
• A second cause is the limited capacity for research in the public sector of many low- and middle-income
countries as a result of limited funding for research in general and lack of appropriate policies and
organization.
1 United Nations Millennium Summit, Millennium Development Goals, September 2000.
2 World Bank, The World Development Report 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, September 2000.
3 International Conference on Health Research for Development, Conference Report, October 2000.
4 People's Health Assembly, People's Charterfor Health, December 2000.
J Global Forum for Health Research, The 10/90 Report on Health Research 2001-2002, May 2002.
6 Commission on Health Research for Development, Health Research, Essential Link to Equity in Development, 1990.
2
•
A third cause is the limited research on neglected78diseases and determinants undertaken by the private
sector in all countries as a result of insufficient commercial perspectives.
1.4 Consequences of the 10/90 gap in health research
The main consequence of the 10/90 gap in health research is that the vast majority of the world's population,
particularly the poor, benefits little, if at all, from health research. More specifically, the consequences can be
summarized as follows:
• The state of health of the majority of the world's population is far worse than it could be, with direct
consequences not only for individuals and their families, but for the overall growth and development of
their country.
• For the absolute poor (at least 20% of the world's population) who are trapped in the circle of ill health
and poverty, the 10/90 gap in health research means that the hope for breaking out of that circle is
slimmer than it would otherwise be.
• For the world as a whole, this results in lower growth and development and increased global insecurity.
Chapter 2. The first years of the Global Forum (1998-2002)
The Global Forum for Health Research started its operations in January 1998 and became a legal entity (a
Foundation) in June 1998. As defined at that time, the central objective of the Global Forum was to help
correct the 10/90 disequilibrium and focus research efforts on the health problems of the poor by improving
the allocation of research funds and by facilitating collaboration among partners in the public and private
sectors.
To reach this objective, the Global Forum selected the following five strategies:
(a)
Organization of an annual Forum meeting
Since its creation, a Forum meeting was held each year, the last one (Forum 5) being held in October 2001 in
Geneva with the participation of 720 partners. At the Annual Forum meeting and throughout the year, the
Global Forum acted as a "marketplace" where health problems and priorities could be examined by a variety
of decision-makers, policy-makers and researchers. Presentations at the annual meeting addressed the latest
thinking on the 10/90 gap and acted as a catalyst for action during the following year.
(b)
Undertaking of analytical workfor priority setting
The main actions supported by the Global Forum in the field of priority-setting methodologies during the
period 1998-2002 were mainly concentrated in the following two areas:
• Development of priority-setting methodologies: over that period, the Global Forum reviewed the main
methodologies in the field of priority setting and proposed a "combined approach matrix" (based on these
earlier methodologies) which was tested and applied, with some adaptations, by the Special Programme
on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) in 2001. The results of this work were published in
The 10/90 Report on Health Research 2001-2002 of the Global Forum.3 As part of the development of
priority-setting methodologies, the Global Forum also helped support a number of specific studies in the
field of burden of disease and cost-effectiveness analysis undertaken by partner institutions or networks.
• Monitoring investments in health research: beginning in 1999, the Global Forum supported efforts to
develop and implement a system for tracking and reporting investments in health research together with
an international group of investigators. The study proposed a classification method that can be used to
incorporate information from low- and middle-income countries, countries in transition and high-income
7 "Neglected (or orphan)" diseases are defined as diseases representing a high burden on the world's health, but for which interventions are limited and
not commensurate with the disease burden. The expression "neglected (or orphan)" diseases sometimes refers to "rare" diseases, representing a very
low burden on the world's health, but with severe consequences for the persons affected. In the context of the present paper, the use of "neglected"
diseases refers only to diseases representing a high burden on the world's health, but for which interventions are very limited.
8 Global Forum for Health Research, The 10/90 Report on Health Research 2001-2002, May 2002.
3
countries. The proposed classification distinguishes between the following five categories of research:
fundamental research, research into diseases/injuries; research into determinants; health systems
research; and research capacity building. The results of the first phase of this study were published in
. October 2001.’
(c)
Support for networks and partnerships in key areas of health research
Over the period 1998-2002, the Global Forum gave catalytic support (both in kind and seed money
financing) to a limited number of networks and partnerships active in key areas of health research, primarily
the following: health policy and systems, malaria, tuberculosis, cardiovascular health, child health and
nutrition, violence against women and public-private partnerships. In each case, the focus and role of the
Global Forum was limited to bringing partners together to analyse jointly problems which were beyond the
capacity of any of the partners, so as to be in a better position to define the necessary actions.
(d)
Information and communication
During the same period, the activities under "information and communication" were concentrated on the
development of a network of partners, a number of publications (the flagship publication of the Global
Forum - The 10/90 Report on Health Research - which was published in 1999, 2000 and 2002 and
Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research, published in 2001), the development of a website, contacts
with the media and participation in international conferences, where issues of the 10/90 gap and actions
undertaken by Global Forum partners have been presented and discussed.
(e) Monitoring and evaluation
Progress indicators have been developed to monitor partial results under each of the strategies identified
above. The Global Forum partners play a central role in monitoring progress towards the correction of the
10/90 gap. An external evaluation was conducted in 2001, the results of which were published in December
2001.910
Finally, during the 1998-2002 period and under each of the above-mentioned strategies, the Foundation
Council underlined its commitment to the following policies:
• gender analysis, in an effort to promote progress towards social justice and ensure valid and reliable
research outcomes
• strengthening research capacity, as a powerful and cost-effective means of advancing health and
development.
Chapter 3. Vision, values, central and specific objectives of the Global Forum for 2003-2005
Based on the experiences gathered during first phase of the Global Forum (1998-2002) and the 2001
External Evaluation Report, the Foundation Council revisited the central vision, values, objectives and
strategies of the Global Forum and adopted them in September 2002 for the second phase of the activities of
the Global Forum (2003-2005). They are summarized below.
3.1 Vision of the Global Forum
The vision of the Global Forum is a world in which health research is recognized as a global public good and
a critical input in health system development, a world where priority is given, at the global and national
levels, to the study of those factors with the largest impact on people's health and to the effective delivery of
research outcomes for the benefit of all people, particularly the poor.
9 Global Forum for Health Research, Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research, October 2001.
0 Fred Binka, Jan Holmgren, Nirmala Murthy, Findings from the External Evaluation, A report to the Foundation Council ofthe Global Forum for
Health Research. December 2001.
4
3.2 Values and principles of the Global Forum
In all its activities and within its vision as defined above, the Global Forum is committed to the values of
human rights, equity, gender equality, ethics, justice, democracy, the defence of the vulnerable, protection of
the environment, transparency and accountability.
The Global Forum is a not-for-profit foundation, tied to no political, religious, partisan or national interests.
3.3 Central objective of the Global Forum
The central objective of the Global Forum is to help correct the 10/90 gap in health research and focus
research efforts on the health problems of the poor by bringing together key actors and creating a movement
for analysis and debate on health research priorities, the allocation of resources, public-private partnerships
and access of all people to the outcomes of health research.
3.4 Specific objectives of the Global Forum
In pursuit of this central objective, the Global Forum pays particular attention to the following specific
objectives:
• Contribute to the efforts to measure the 10/90 gap, monitor developments and disseminate pertinent
information regarding this gap, including on its causes and consequences.
• Support the development of priority-setting methodologies and policies to identify research priority
areas, including in sectors other than health which have a crucial role to play in the promotion of health.
• Identify and debate critical, controversial and burning issues affecting the 10/90 gap in health research.
• Give special consideration to the health problems of the poor.
• Ensure that gender analysis is consistently and systematically applied to all work on the 10/90 gap.
• Bea platform for debate and synthesis review of efforts in the field of research capacity strengthening,
paying special attention to the needs of the national health research systems.
• Support concerted efforts and the development of networks/partnerships (between the public sector,
private commercial sector and civil society organizations) in the priority sectors of health research, when
appropriate and when the benefits of joint action are larger than the sum of individual actions.
Chapter 4. The need for partnerships and the role of the Global Forum
This chapter aims to (a) explain why individual actions will not be sufficient for correcting the 10/90 gap,
necessitating therefore the further development of collaborative efforts; (b) identify the Global Forum's
partners in the correction of the 10/90 gap; and (c) situate the role of the Global Forum within the system of
health research institutions and partnerships.
4.1 The need for partnerships
As the evidence of interdependence grows in the world, there has been a gradual movement within each
institution towards "more global thinking", i.e. towards the integration (internalization) of the international
public health needs. The Global Forum believes however that this will not be sufficient to solve the global
health challenges facing the world today and that the solution to these challenges requires the further
development and strengthening of health research partnerships, linking the efforts of many actors around
priority areas of health research.
The magnitude of the problems: the magnitude of the problems to be solved is such that they are beyond
the capacity of any single institution to resolve; this magnitude can be described in terms of the number of
cases (reaching into the hundreds of millions), the number of countries (often more than half of the world)
and the complexity of the diseases; these characteristics indicate that solutions can only be found by the
joining of forces of a large number of institutions, at the local, national, regional and global levels.
(a)
5
(b) The efficiency argument: with good management, the benefit/cost ratio of a joint undertaking may be
very high. i.e. the benefits of joint action (better understanding of the problem; better identification of the
priority' research areas; definition of more effective strategies for reaching solutions; better communcation;
better focus of research efforts on the most promising areas; decrease in the duplication of efforts; more
effective solutions), can be much greater than each institution could obtain separately for the same amount of
time and resources invested. In cases where the overall estimated benefits become limited, while the costs
remain high, it is justified to stop the investment in the network/partnership."
(c) The interdisciplinarity argument: most institutions active in the field of health research are necessarily
specialized and focus on a limited type and number of interventions. However, the effectiveness of a given
intervention often depends on a chain of complementary actions being taken at the same time. In this sense,
partnerships can play a key role in ensuring the solidity of this chain and the participation of all relevant
disciplines to the solution (bio-medical and social sciences, sectors other than health but having an important
impact on health, macroeconomic policies). Similarly, different disciplines and institutions share the same
need for basic science, information, epidemiology or management issues and may find it profitable to join
forces in their upstream research.
(d) The synergy argument: beyond the efficiency and interdisciplinarity arguments, partnerships stimulate
synergistic interactions between institutions, i.e. dynamic processes which lead to greater outputs for the
same amount of resources invested by each institution individually.
(e) The global public goods argument: it is increasingly recognized that better health for anyone, anywhere
in the world, benefits everyone else. As such, health (and health research) can be described as a global public
good. Like other global public goods, global health and health research suffer from insufficient investment.
Partnerships have a key role to play in helping to correct this under-investment in global public goods, as
partners identify the benefits accruing to themselves as a group.
4.2 Who are the partners in the Global Forum?
Therefore, correcting the 10/90 gap requires the commitment of thousands of institutions and individuals in
the North and South, including the following: government decision-makers; research institutions and
universities; multilateral agencies; bilateral development organizations; private foundations; private-sector
companies; women's organizations; national and international CSOs; the media?2 All of them have an impact
on the 10/90 gap and therefore are considered to be partners in the Global Forum. No attempt is made to
create an actual "membership" of the Global Forum as such, not only because of the practical difficulties
involved, but also because of the many institutions which, for different reasons, would not become members,
while having a large impact on the 10/90 gap. The objective therefore is rather to create a movement for the
correction of the 10/90 gap in which partners, concerned by the very negative consequences of such
misallocation of resources, contribute in very different ways to the overall objective.
4.3 The role of the Global Forum
In the past two decades, many institutions have taken individual and joint actions contributing in very
different ways to the correction of the 10/90 gap in health research, including the development of networks
and partnerships at the national, regional and global levels.
In this maze of research institutions and networks interested in helping to correct the 10/90 gap, what is the
role and comparative advantage of the Global Forum? In summary, the Global Forum sees its role as
follows:
Clearly, the benefit-cost ratio of a specific network/partnership is rarely calculated. It is an estimation made by the partners as to whether the time
invested in networking yields results beyond those that could be reached separately with the same investment in time and resources.
12 Most of these constituencies are represented in the Foundation Council of the Global Forum.
6
•
•
•
as an independent, evidence-based and informal platform bringing together very different actors from the
public and private sectors to encourage critical debate and to analyse the best ways to help correct the
10/90 gap
as a network of individuals, institutions and networks, linking the efforts of very diverse institutions
having an impact in reducing the 10/90 gap
as a catalyst for these efforts13 and facilitator of work by others, but not itself a research funding agency.
In these collaborative efforts between the national, regional and global levels, the view of the Global Forum
is that the principle of subsidiarity should apply, i.e. the regional level should only undertake what cannot be
done at the country level and the global level should concentrate on issues which go beyond the regional
level. In this sense, overall health research collaboration at the global level could be the result of a bottom-up
approach starting with the national health research systems and relayed by the regional efforts. With the
many sovereign and autonomous institutions involved, the efforts could focus on a set of collaborative
principles which could contribute much to the allocation of health research funds to priority health research
needs. This draws attention to the crucial role to be played by the "national health research systems" in the
construction of an international collaborative system in health research.14
Chapter 5. Global strategies of the Global Forum and types of support
Based on its:
• vision
• values and principles
• central objective of helping to correct the 10/90 gap
• specific objectives
• comparative advantages and experience over its first period of activity (1998-2002),
the content and emphases of the key strategies of the Global Forum over the period 2003-2005 will be
developed along the lines defined below. The common denominator of all strategies is the role of the Global
Forum to bring actors together to analyse, debate and propose actions on key issues in international health
research affecting the 10/90 gap. These strategies are so designed as to be mutually supportive in the pursuit
of the objectives of the Global Forum.
5.1 Strategy 1: Organization of an annual Forum meeting
In the words of the External Evaluation Report of December 2001, "There is practically unanimous opinion
that the annual Forum meeting is a very useful and, in many ways, unique opportunity and market place
where health problems and priorities are discussed by a variety of decision-makers, policy-makers and
researchers; no other organization can replace the Global Forum as a convener of this type of meeting."
Based on the recommendations of the External Evaluation and discussions in the Foundation Council, the
annual Forum meeting will be given greater emphasis in the coming years. More specifically, this strategy
will be implemented along the following lines over the period 2003-2005:
• Analyse and enlarge systematically the constituencies of the Global Forum by mobilizing main decision
makers (such as medical research councils, heads of research institutes, heads of research in health
ministries, etc.) to help correct the 10/90 gap, including in sectors other than health; identify gaps in
representation from constituencies, countries and gender and target invitations to fill identified gaps.
• Keep a clear view of the mandate and comparative advantages of the Global Forum in organizing its
annual meeting, which should not substitute for what other conferences are undertaking.
The Global Forum is a member of the Interim Working Party (together with WHO, COHRED, the World Bank and a number of other national and
international institutions) launched at the 2000 Bangkok Conference to study the issues of collaboration in the context of international health research.
14 International Conference on Health Research for Development, Conference Report, October 2000. It should also be mentioned that the 2004 World
Health Report will focus on a description and analysis of the national health research systems in the context of global health research.
7
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Define the annual meeting programme based on the established priorities for helping to correct the 10/90
gapWhile the 'classic' topics around the 10/90 gap are the common denominator of the annual Forum, give
an opportunity for new themes and participants to be included through, for example, a call for
contributing ideas to the correction of the 10/90 gap.
Identify controversial issues (for example, in the field of ethics, intellectual property rights, etc.).
Promote systematically the translation of research into practice.
Include research capacity strengthening as a standard theme in the annual meeting, promoting research in
and by low- and middle-income countries.
Act as an annual link between larger periodic conferences (such as the 2000 Bangkok conference and the
planned 2004 Mexico conference).
Give an opportunity periodically for regional discussions on specific topics of interest.
Secure increased financing for the annual Forum so as to be able to finance additional participants,
particularly from low- and middle-income countries and civil society organizations influential in the
work on the 10/90 gap.
Indicators
The following indicators, in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and value added, will be used for measuring
the contribution of the annual Forum meeting to the correction of the 10/90 gap:
• Participants: representation of key actors influencing the 10/90 gap, representation of the diversity of
Global Forum constituencies, geographical distribution, gender balance.
• Programme: relevance to the 10/90 gap issues.
• Value added: contribution of each annual meeting to the progress made in solving the 10/90 gap issues.
• Costs: comparison of total costs for the annual Forum with other similar meetings.
5.2 Strategy 2: Analytical work on the 10/90 gap and health research priorities
The 10/90 gap is a multidimensional problem which is, at least in part, the consequence of the complexity of
identifying priorities at the global and national levels in a multidimensional environment, and following up
with joint actions. Since the early 1990s, an attempt has been made to set priorities in health research based
on a systematic assessment of the burden of diseases - basically identifying as priority any disease (or
condition) representing a very high burden on the world's health (in terms of mortality and morbidity as
given by the DALY indicator or similar indicators)15, while research funding for that particular disease
remained limited.
Following this first effort at systematization, it was quickly realized that the "disease focus" is only one
dimension of health research and that major risk factors affecting health have to be prioritized themselves, as
they are competing for the same funding as disease-focused priorities. But to make things more difficult,
there are at least two other dimensions to health research which have to be prioritized, i.e. the global cross
cutting issues affecting health and the methodologies for priority-setting themselves.
Thus, the second strategy of the Global Forum is to support analytical work on the 10/90 gap in health
research, focusing on the four dimensions mentioned above, which are all part of health research and
competing for the same funds, i.e.:
(a) development and application of priority-setting methodologies to help correct the 10/90 gap
15 The DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) is an indicator developed for the calculation of the burden of disease which quantifies, tn a single
indicator, time lost due to premature death with time lived with a disability. A number of explicit choices about age weighting, time preference and
preference for health states are made in the calculation of the DALYs. Other indicators have been developed in recent years (HEALYs, QALYs for
example) based on the same model. The results of the various models however lead to similar conclusions about the burden of disease and risk factors
in the world and their likely evolution in the coming years. Reference: Christopher J.L. Murray and Alan D. Lopez, Global Burden of Disease and
Injury Series, The Global Burden of Disease, A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990
and projections to 2020, Harvard University Press on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank, 1996. The World Health
Organization is currently undertaking a new global burden of disease assessment for the year 2000, the so-called GBD 2000 Project. See "Global
Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, Discussion Paper No. 36, WHO, November 2001".
8
(b) the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding the global cross-cutting issues affecting health
(c) the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding the major risk factors affecting health
(d) the 10/90 gap and priorities regarding diseases and conditions.
These various dimensions are presented below:
(a) Development and application of priority-setting methodologies to help correct the 10/90 gap
The main components of this strategy are the following:
(i) Application ofpriority-setting frameworks:
Following the review of the main methodologies in the field of priority-setting and the development of the
"combined approach matrix"16 during the period 1998-2002, the Global Forum is interested in the further
development of the matrix (and its components), progress in the application of other frameworks, the
resulting identification of gaps in research on diseases and risk factors, and the dissemination of the results
regarding research priorities, at the national and global levels.
Indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and value added by the Global Forum will be used to measure the
contribution of this strategy to the correction of the 10/90 gap as follows:
• Application of priority-setting matrices (to diseases, risk factors).
• Further analysis and debate among partners of priority-setting methodologies.
• Identification of research priorities.
• Dissemination of information regarding research priorities.
(it) Monitoring investments in health research:
Regarding high-income countries, this analysis will focus on the allocation of funds by governments to
health research globally and to the international health research agenda, including the contributions made to
the health sector in the development aid budgets (following the recommendation of the 1990 Commission on
Health Research for Development to allocate at least 5% of these budgets to health research and capacity
development in low- and middle-income countries).
In low- and middle-income countries, this analysis will focus on the efforts of governments to reach the
objective set in the 1990 Commission on Health Research for Development of allocating at least 2% of
national health expenditures for research and capacity development.
Finally, this strategy will also include the analysis of the contributions made by the private commercial
sector, the non-profit private sector and public-private partnerships to health research.
(b) The 10/90 gap and cross-cutting issues affecting health
The health status of a population is influenced not only by behaviour, genetics, health care and immediate
risk factors but by a number of cross-cutting issues such as gender, poverty, research capacity and
government policies. The strategies of the Global Forum with respect to these four cross-cutting issues are
summarized below.
(i) Integration ofgender issues in the correction of the 10/90 gap
16 The "combined approach matrix" incorporates the criteria and principles for priority setting defined in the Essential National Health Research
approach, the Visual Health Information Profile proposed bye the Advisory Committee on Health Research, and the five-step process of the Ad Hoc
Committee on Health Research (magnitude of disease burden, determinants, present level of knowledge, cost-effectiveness of interventions, resource
flows). These five steps are linked with the four broad groups of actors and factors determining the health status of a population (individuals and
communities; Ministry of Health, research institutions, and health systems and services; sectors other than health; central government and macroeconomic policies) to form a proposed matrix for priority setting. The "combined approach matrix" is useful to incorporate and summarize all
information obtained through a variety of processes and sources. Information gathered at country, regional and global levels can be processed to
identify gaps and help set priorities in health research.
9
The Global Forum believes that a systematic approach to gender issues must be a central part of its objective
to help correct the 10/90 gap. It is estimated that more than 60% of the world’s poor are women. The health
of these women is often adversely affected not only by their poverty but by the gender inequalities that
continue to divide many of the world’s poorest countries.
In recent years, gender issues have been highlighted by most organizations concerned with the promotion of
development and the enhancement of human wellbeing. They have integrated these issues into their ongoing
work, justifying this with two main arguments. First, efficiency and effectiveness require that both women
and men are at the heart of development. So long as artificial constraints prevent the full participation of both
sexes, societies will be unable to reach their potential for meeting the needs of their citizens. Second, equity
requires that both women and men should have the same opportunity to be active citizens, participating in
the development process and having equal access to its benefits. Unless this is achieved, individuals will not
be able to realize their potential for health and wellbeing.
Though they have many health problems and health care needs in common, women and men are divided
both by their biological sex and their social gender. Unless these differences are taken into account, the
delivery of medical and public health services will be severely constrained in their efficacy and their equity.
Under these circumstances it is likely to be women in the poorest communities who will be worst affected.
Thus the strategy of the Global Forum for Health Research is the integration of gender issues in all aspects of
its work..The overall principle is that both sex and gender are mainstreamed as key variables in all strategies
of the Global Forum.
A number of different measures will be used to ensure that sex/gender issues are integrated in all strategies
and activities of the Global Forum, including content of papers and participation in the annual Forum
meetings, consistent application of the gender component of the "combined approach matrix" for priority
setting, use of guidelines for gender-sensitive work, efforts towards gender balance in research capacity
strengthening, attention to gender issues in project design and partnerships, measuring project results.
(ii) Poverty and health research
As underlined in Chapter 1, ill health is a crucial link in the vicious circle of poverty. A large number of
epidemiological and social studies have pointed out the disparity of health status by socio-economic levels,
often with significant gender differentials.17 Disease burden studies have corroborated these findings. Poor
people die earlier and get sick more frequently. There is a call for a shift from analysis of rich/poor
differences to the question of what to do about them. This draws attention to the central role that health
research can play to enlighten these issues.
Thus the strategy of the Global Forum for Health Research is to bring out the poverty issues in the various
aspects of its work, promote analysis and debate around these issues, study how to ameliorate poverty and
disseminate results.
For example, in the analytical work on the 10/90 gap in health research supported by the Global Forum,
analysis and measurement of progress will focus on the following aspects:
• scaling up of interventions and delivery of services to the poorer segments of the population
For example:
World Bank, Voices ofthe Poor (Can Anyone Hear Us, Cryingfor Change, From Many Lands), Oxford University Press, December 2000.
World Bank, The World Development Report 2000/2001, A (tacking Poverty, September 2001.
The Rockefeller Foundation, Challenging Inequities in Health, Oxford University Press, 2001.
10
•
•
•
••
risk factors by socio-economic levels
disease burden by socio-economic levels
cost-effectiveness and sustainability of interventions in reference to the situation of the poor
more generally, integration of poverty issues in the application of the "combined approach matrix" for
priority setting
throughout these studies, the interaction of poverty and gender will be systematically analysed.
(Hi) Platform for debate and synthesis in the field of research capacity strengthening
/llthough health (and health research) is increasingly recognized as one of the driving forces behind
development and the fight against poverty and in spite of efforts undertaken in the past decades, research
capacity in many low- and middle-income countries remains limited. On the whole, training opportunities
remain fragmented with no coherent international approach. This lack of capacity is a critical factor
perpetuating the 10/90 gap as problems specific to the low- and middle-income countries do not receive the
attention they deserve.
Thus, this component of the strategy is to support a synthesis review and debate on the efforts for research
capacity strengthening and collaboration. These activities will be conducted jointly with interested partners
active in this field, such as the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR),
the Reproductive Health and Research Programme (HRP), NIH, COHRED, INCLEN, the Alliance for
Health Policy and Systems Research, research councils and academic institutions, amongst others. This
strategy also includes dissemination of findings. The specific contribution of the Global Forum will be based
on its comparative advantages (see Chapter 4.4).
One particular issue concerns the results of the efforts undertaken at the national level in a number of
countries regarding the capacity of the national health research systems (funding, roles of respective
institutions and collaboration between national research institutions). Another issue is the link between these
national efforts and those undertaken by the regional and global networks, as well as their relations to the
international health research agenda. In this context, it is important to underline the joint benefits, i.e. by
Northern as well as Southern institutions, which would be derived from such joint analysis and debate. The
more specific content of this strategy will be defined together with the concerned partners in early 2003.
(iv) Health policies and systems
Health policies and systems vary greatly in their performance - in how efficiently they improve health
conditions, extend access and contain expenditure growth. Yet there remains a surprising lack of information
on the performance of systems and on how policies have affected performance. There is an urgent need to
improve understanding on how and for what purposes societies organize themselves to achieve health goals,
including how they plan, manage and finance activities to improve health, as Well as the roles played by
different actors in these efforts, their perspectives and interests. Furthermore, there is a need to better
understand the relationship between macroeconomic and health policies.
The Global Forum is particularly interested in the following research issues on which many partners have been
working:
• impact of health policies and systems research on health systems and people's health
• relationship between macroeconomic policies and the 10/90 gap in health research
• effectiveness of public-private partnerships in narrowing the 10/90 gap
• factors affecting the transferability of research findings between countries.
(c) The 10/90 gap and major risk factors affecting health
Risk factors causing the heaviest burden in low- and middle-income countries in 1998 were the following18:
malnutrition, unsafe water/sanitation, unsafe sex, alcohol, indoor air pollution, tobacco, occupational risks,
18 Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2000 Project, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, WHO, 2001. The World Health Report
2002, scheduled to be published in October 2002, is devoted to "Reducing the risks, promoting healthy life."
11
hypertension, illicit drugs, violence and road traffic accidents. These risk factors affect particularly the poor.
The challenge is now, as indicated in the 10/90 Report 2001-2002, to continue to expand this analysis and
obtain better estimates of the contribution of risk exposure by region and socio-economic status, as well as
determine their policy implications. These elements can be handled within the "combined approach matrix".
This work will be supported by the Global Forum during the 2003-2005 period.
(d) The 10/90 gap and major diseases and conditions
Diseases representing the heaviest burden worldwide in 1998 were the following19: childhood diseases,
CVD, mental health and neurological disorders, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases,
tuberculosis and tropical diseases. During the past three years, work has been conducted on malaria and other
tropical diseases as well as epilepsy using the "combined approach matrix". This work in the application of
priority-setting methodologies will be pursued during the period 2003-2005 on a country and disease basis.
Progress in the definition of health research priorities based on evidence emerging from the analytical work
of the Global Forum and its partners will be summarized in "The 10/90 Report on Health Research 20032004" to be published in May 2004.
(e) Type of support given by the Global Forum in analytical work on the 10/90 gap
The support given by the Global Forum to projects may be of different nature, depending on the most
efficient and effective way for the Global Forum to support a particular action, and the opportunities
presenting themselves. The main types of support are the following:
(a) Support for the financing of analytical studies: this is based on a request for proposals which is then
submitted to a peer review panel; commissioned studies are undertaken following a selection process
involving specialists in the field.
(b) Support for the publication of papers/monographs: documents published by the Global Forum follow a
process of peer review.
(c) Support for the financing of crucial meetings, involving as many key actors as possible.
(d) Support for partnerships and networks in key areas of health research: for the reasons given in section
4.1 above (magnitude of the problems, efficiency, interdisciplinarity, synergy, global public goods),
many networks have been created in the past two decades at the national, regional or global levels. Some
of them can make an important contribution to the correction of the 10/90 gap. Thus the Global Forum
may decide, on a case-by-case basis and based on its criteria for granting such support, to give its
temporary and catalytic support to the development of some partnerships/networks in the priority areas
of health research, when it is judged that such support may contribute importantly to helping correct the
10/90 gap. This support may be of different nature. For example:
• technical support in kind may be given for the identification of partners, establishment of a core
group, dissemination of information, administrative support, sessions in the annual Forum meeting,
formulation of a workplan, networking
• financial support in the form of seed money may be given for activities such as the recruitment of a
consultant, financing of meetings, publications.
Thus, in summary, the analytical work studies supported by the Global Forum during the period 2003-2005
will fall in the following categories:
19 Based on Christopher J.L. Moray and Alan D. Lopez, Global Burden of Diseases and Injury Series, op.cit.
12
Table 1: Overview of the Strategy "Analytical work and the 10/90 gap"
Classification of projects and studies supported by the Global Forum
Type of
support:
I
Analytical
studies
2
Meetings
3
Publications
4
Networks/
partnerships
A. Development and application of
priority-setting methodologies
Al
A2
A3
A4
B. Cross-cutting issues affecting health
Bl
B2
B3
B4
C. Risk factors affecting health
Cl
C2
C3
C4
D. Diseases and conditions
DI
D2
D3
D4
Research on:
5.3 Strategy 3: Information and communication
The third strategy of the Global Forum concerns what is known about the 10/90 gap (information) and how
to use this knowledge to bring about change (communication). It also concerns building the image, influence
and identity of the Global Forum.
In addition to being a strategy in itself, information and communication has a role to play in all other
strategies, in terms of both specific activities and indicators of success. The main components of this strategy
are the following:
(a) Documents and publications
The Global Forum’s flagship publication The 10/90 Report on Health Research is published in alternate
years; the next report is planned for May 2004 (same year as the WHO World Health Report on health
research). It will take into account presentations made in both Forum 6 and Forum 7 and focus on progress in
helping correct the 10/90 gap. Other publications in planning include a report on Phase II of the work on
monitoring financial flows (October 2003), a study on gender and the 10/90 gap, illustrated with material
presented at Forum 6 (October 2003) and results of analytical work supported by the Global Forum.
Dissemination will include the distribution of documents and publications of the Global Forum and its
partners (both in print and electronic form), the maintenance of accurate, up-to-date contact information on
target audiences in the Global Forum’s database, and further research to identify key contacts in specific
target groups.
(b) Website
The Global Forum’s original website was redesigned in October 2001, to include new features that have
proved popular and useful for visitors. These include a listserve for news from the Global Forum, a
publications order form, an automatic ‘contact us’ response mechanism. Future work will look at the
feasibility of additional interaction with partners, strengthening the concept of the Global Forum as
marketplace.
(c) Media
With the changing global political landscape and renewed interest in the relationships between health,
poverty, development and global security (described in Chapter 1 of the 10/90 Report 2001-2002), usage of
the term ‘10/90 gap’ has broadened. There seems to be increased awareness of the problem in political
13
circles. The strategy in working with the media will continue to build relationships with leading journalists in
key media and to disseminate appropriate and timely information that they might use. It is important to
pursue such partnerships at the international, country and sometimes local level, focusing on relevant print,
broadcast and web-based media.
(d) Representation at international meetings
The Global Forum has in the past taken the opportunity offered by a few large health-related meeting to
become better known to certain target audiences. Representation has taken the form of participation in the
official programme (own session, panel presentation, poster, roundtable), having a stall or booth in the
conference’s exhibition and/or general participation and networking. It is planned to continue such public
relations activities, in combination with other specific opportunities that present themselves. The Global
Forum Secretariat will continue to produce and circulate a list of international meetings of relevance to
health research. Representation at international meetings will continue to be a regular agenda item for
discussion with the Foundation Council and with partner networks in the hope of making best possible use of
synergies.
(e) Internal communication
This includes:
• communication work directly serving other Global Forum strategies (annual forum, analytical work on
the 10/90 gap)
• information flow between the Secretariat, STRATEC, the Foundation Council, networks supported by
the Global Forum, donors and other close partners
• proposals for new methods of communication, where these are thought necessary
• institutional identity, i.e. sharpening the image of the Global Forum and adaptation of current material to
reflect optimally a new phase in the Global Forum’s existence.
The Global Forum's database and resource centre are important tools to support external and internal
communication activities:
• the database is the central source of information on the Global Forum's partners; in addition, it has been
developed into a meeting management system allowing the efficient and effective control, from a unique
source, of information concerning participants (registration, logistics, role in programme) and
programme content
• the resource centre centralizes printed material on partners, together with newly received documents and
publications, for use by the Secretariat and immediate partners.
Effectiveness, efficiency and value added in the field of Communication are measured as follows:
• quality and effective distribution of information to key actors
• quality and use of the website made by Global Forum partners
• presence of the issues focusing on the 10/90 gap in the media (quantity and quality)
• presence of the 10/90 gap issues in international meetings (quality and quantity)
• cost comparisons and analysis.
5.4 Strategy 4: Monitoring and evaluation
The fourth strategy of the Global Forum to help correct the 10/90 gap is measuring results of the work of the
Global Forum through the monitoring of the progress indicators listed under each of the strategies mentioned
above and periodic external evaluations. In this monitoring and evaluation process, the role of the Global
Forum partners is central, particularly at the country level, while that of the Global Forum Secretariat is of a
catalytic nature. An external evaluation is planned to take place every five years. The next external
evaluation is planned for 2006.
14
Chapter 6. Projects supported by the Global Forum: origin and criteria
6.1 Origin of projects
The analytical work to be supported by the Global Forum is identified in the Annual Workplan and Budget
approved by the Foundation Council. The institution(s) responsible for undertaking projects are identified
through a 'call for proposals' or as part of a procedure for a 'commissioned study' organized by the
Secretariat. The objective of this procedure is to ensure that the Global Forum has access to the best sources
of knowledge. The Global Forum actively promotes the participation of partners from the South in the
analytical work and studies it supports.
A commissioned study is undertaken when the Global Forum is confronted with a specific problem in the
context of its work on priority setting requiring a time-limited scientific input by one or several researchers
(unlocking function to facilitate progress in a component of analytic work).
6.2 Criteria for the selection of priority' areas and projects
Proposals reaching the Global Forum are evaluated by the Forum’s Secretariat, before submission to
STRATEC, based on the following criteria:
• Value added by the project to the correction of the 10/90 gap in health research (based on the scientific
quality of the proposals and an independent peer review, as per Global Forum policy).
• Value added by the Global Forum in supporting the project (based on the comparative advantages of the
Global Forum).
• Clear information on the following elements: definition of the problem, including poverty and gender
issues; global and specific objectives of the project; strategies chosen to reach the stated objectives
(including gender sensitivity in research design); identification of the main partners in the project;
definition of the organization of the project and decision-making mechanisms; estimated costs and
sources of financing; expected results and risks of the project; indicators of success and sustainability.
• Inclusiveness of as many key actors as possible in a field of activity, thus enlarging the debate to varied
points of view, enriching the solutions, and decreasing the risk of duplication of efforts.
• Longer term sustainability of the project and its results (the technical and financial support given by the
Global Forum is only of a temporary and catalytic nature, i.e. seed money financing).
6.3 Time-limited support
The policy of the Global Forum is to continue to support a project as long as its estimated benefits are high
and promising as compared to its estimated costs (both overall costs and costs to the Forum). At each stage
in the support given to a project, the Global Forum makes a critical analysis of results achieved and
perspectives, based on the criteria listed under 6.2 above. The support given to a project by the Global Forum
is normally limited in time (although different forms of support may be given for different time periods).
Chapter 7. Governing bodies and management
7.1 Foundation Council
The Foundation Council, composed of 20 members representing the constituencies of the Global Forum, is
the highest policy- and decision-making body of the Foundation. It gives the broad orientations of the Global
Forum and is responsible for the definition of its objectives and priority areas as well as its long-term vision.
Its duties and powers are defined in Article 8 of the Global Forum's Statutes.
7.2 STRATEC
The Foundation Council is assisted by a Strategic and Technical Advisory Committee (STRATEC), composed
of six members selected from Council members. The functions delegated by the Foundation Council to
STRATEC (described in Article 3.1 of the by-laws) are twofold:
15
(a) Strategic functions:
• Generating new ideas: initial policy-making and strategy development. Discussions and outputs are
forwarded to the Foundation Council for further deliberations and final decision-making.
• Helping to convert the broad orientations given by the Foundation Council into strategies and inputs for
the Workplan and Budget prepared by the Secretariat.
• Helping the Secretariat in identifying the most efficient and effective tools for reaching the objectives of
the Global Forum.
• Acting upon other specific tasks which may be delegated by the Foundation Council.
(b) Technical functions:
• Approval/disapproval of project proposals submitted by the Secretariat.
• Acting upon other specific tasks which may be delegated by the Foundation Council.
7.3 Core Secretariat
The Foundation Council and STRATEC define the objectives, policy guidelines and budget for the Secretariat
which is responsible for reaching these objectives within the given policies and orientations and reporting as
appropriate to the Foundation Council and STRATEC.
Chapter 8. Strategic budgets and financing
8.1 Core activities
(a) Core budget
The total approved budget for 2002 amounts to USD3.1 million. In line with the catalytic role of the Global
Forum and its policy of seed money financing, it is foreseen that progression in the overall budget in the
coming years will remain limited to a range of 5 to 10% per annum.
For the period 2003-2005 and in line with the new strategic emphases given by the External Evaluation
Report and the Foundation Council, the annual budget distribution is planned to evolve in the following
directions (Table 2):
• Annual Forum meeting: a stronger accent will be placed on this component. From 16% of the total
budget in 2002, it is foreseen that this component will increase in the coming years to reach possibly
20% in the period 2003-2005.
• Analytical work on the 10/90 gap: with the planned relative increase in the budget allocation for the
Annual Meeting and the Information and Communication components, the relative share of this
component in the total budget will decrease somewhat in the coming years from about 49% to 44%. It is
estimated however that this may be compensated by an increase in co-financing. Indeed, the mobilization
of co-financing for this component is relatively easier than for the Annual Meeting, Information and
Communication or the Core Secretariat components. However, within the component "Analytical work
on the 10/90 gap", the share of "gender" and "research capacity strengthening" will increase, as these
activities are starting from a relatively low base.
• Information and communication: in line with the recommendation of the External Evaluation Report
and the Foundation Council, it is foreseen that the share of this component will increase in the coming
years from 16% at present to 18% in 2003-2005.
• Governing and advisory bodies: in line with experience in recent years, it is expected that the budget
for this component will decrease from 6% of the total at present to about 5% in the coming years.
• Core Secretariat: it is planned that the expenses under this component will remain at about 13% of the
total in the coming years.
16
Tabic 2: Budget distribution 2002-2005 (in US dollars)
2002
Budget headings
US Dollars
2004
2005
% of total
% of total
% of total
2003
% of total
US Dollars
Annual Forum Meeting
510’000
16%
657,000
20%
20%
20%
Analytical work on the 10/90 gap
1,535,000
49%
1,445,000
44%
44%
44%
Information and communication
490,000
16%
591,000
18%
18%
18%
Governing and advisory bodies
180,000
6%
164,000
5%
5%
5%
Core Secretariat
414,000
13%
428,000
13%
13%
13%
TOTAL in US dollars
3,129,000
100%
3,285,000
100%
100%
100%
(b) Core financing
The Global Forum Secretariat is presently financed by the governments of Canada, Denmark, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland and the Rockefeller Foundation, the World Bank and the
World Health Organization. Contacts have been made with other bilateral agencies for possible support in
the future.
8.2 Activities in trust
At the request of a donor and upon approval of the Foundation Council, the Global Forum may accept
extrabudgetary funds and channel them to earmarked projects. Such funds have been received in the past
years from the World Bank, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the
governments of the Netherlands and Canada. We distinguish between two types of in-trust funding:
•
Funds for projects supervised by the Global Forum: the projects are managed according to the rules and
regulations governing the Global Forum. The accounts of the project are audited annually by the
auditing firm approved by the Global Forum.
• Funds for projects supervised by the financing institution: the projects are appraised, approved and
supervised by the funding institution and, based on its instructions, an agreement for the channelling of
the funds is prepared between the Global Forum and the beneficiary institution. The accounts of the
project follow the financial rules and regulations of the beneficiary institution.
8.3 Funding for helping to correct the 10/90 gap
The correction of the 10/90 gap will require very large funding from the international community. A
proposal for the creation of a research fund for the diseases of the poor was made by the Commission on
Macroeconomics and Health. Such initiatives are central to the correction of the 10/90 gap and are therefore
part of the mandate of the Global Forum. On a selective basis, the Global Forum is ready to participate in
preparatory discussions about these funding initiatives and to contribute its views to the creation of such
funds.
********************
17
Annex:
Reference list of important documents
1. Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research, Investing in Health Research and Development, WHO, 1996.
2. Christopher J.L. Murray and Alan D. Lopez, Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, The Global
Burden ofDisease, A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and
riskfactors in 1990 and projection to 2020, Harvard University Press, on behalf of the World Health
Organization and the World Bank, 1996.
3. Commission on Health Research for Development, Health Research, Essential Link to Equity in
Development, 1990.
4. Fred Binka, Jan Holmgren, Nirmala Murthy, Findings from the External Evaluation, A report to the
Foundation Council of the Global Forum for Health Research, December 2001.
5. Global Forum for Health Research, The 10/90 Report on Health Research 2001-2002, May 2002.
6. Global Forum for Health Research, Monitoring Financial Flows for Health Research, October 2001.
7. Global Forum for Health Research, Workplan and Budget 1999-2000. December 1998.
8. Global Forum for Health Research, Workplan and Budget 2001-2002. December 2000.
9. Global Programme on Evidence for Policy, Discussion Paper No. 36, WHO, November 2001.
10.
International Conference on Health Research for Development, Conference Report, October 2000.
11. People's Health Assembly, People's Charter for Health, December 2000.
12. Preparatory Committee to the First Global Forum for Health Research, Report and Recommendations,
June 1997.
13. United Nations Millennium Summit, Millennium Development Goals, September 2000.
14. World Bank, The World Development Report 2000/2001, Attacking Poverty, September 2000.
15. World Health Organization, Reducing the Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, World Health Report 2002.
18
FOUNDATION COUNCIL
Richard Fcachem
Global Fund to Fight AIDS.
Tuberculosis ft Malaria
Chairperson
Rashidah Abdullah
Asian-Pacific Resource Et
Research Centre for Women
Harvey Bale
International Federation of
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Associations
Martinc Berger
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
ijl^.ioud Fathalla
Advisory' Committee
on Health Research
N.K. Ganguly
Indian Council of Medical Research
Adrienne Germain
International Women’s Health Coalition
Robert Hecht
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research
for Development
Andrew Y. Kitua
National Institute for Medical
Research, Tanzania
Mary' Ann Lansang
INCLEN Trust
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies, Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Berit Olsson
Swedish international Development
G^fe'ration Agency
I^Pang
World Health Organization
Pramilia Senanayake
International Planned
Parenthood Federation
Ragna Valen
Research Council. Norway
Christina Zarowsky
International Development
Research Centre, Canada
I
LiSc
. :
no pants
as of 1 November 2002
/
FORI IM
SECRETARIAT
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Abdul GhafTar
Public Health Specialist
Veloshnee Govender
Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Keithly
Operations Officer
Alina Pawlowska
Information Management Officer
Sameera AJ-Tuwaijri
Forum Scientific Officer
John VVarriner
Administrative Assistant
www.globalforumhealth.org
List of participants
The distribution of this document is restricted to participants in Forum 6, the 2002 annual
meeting of the Global Forum for Health Research.
The Information Des! ■ ' r
>!pants.
um 6 can provide contact details of indivs
commercial
.-'de Forum 6 and must not be use
The list is not for
purposes.
The Global For;.t.
■
organizations m
. li e participation .
would not other.-.
1 ■ ble to come to Arusha:
m , partner
Hedges the generous support oi
colleagues from
. roping countries who
° Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
• Canadian International Development Agency
° Council on Health Research for Development
» DANIDA
• Initiative on Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries
• Initiative on Child Health and Nutrition Research
• Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health
• Medicines for Malaria Venture
• Rockefeller Foundation
• Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (S1DA/SAREC)
• World Health Organization
The Global Forum for Health Research is supported financially by
donations from the Rockefeller Foundation, World Bank, World Health
Organization and the governments of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands,
Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In additional, individual networks
supported by the Global Forum receive funding from the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation, Institute of Medicine of the US Academy of Sciences,
UK Department of International Development and others.
ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAI’
www.globalforumhealth.org
Forum 6 Participants list by family name
Abbasi, Zubair Faisal
Regional Director
APPNA SEHAT
Pakistan
Abdallah, Anna
Minister of Health
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Abdullah, Rashidah
Director
Asian-Pacific Resource &
Research Centre for Women
Malaysia
Abdullah, Mohamed Said
Treasurer
National Health Research and
Development Centre
Kenya
Abrahamse, Sven
Knowledge Manager
Infectious Diseases Paediatrics
and Child Health
University of Cape Town
South Africa
Acharya, Gopal Prasad
Chairman
Nepal Health Research Council
Nepal
Adam, Jens
Consultant
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Germany
Adedipe, Adekunle John
Director of Research
Research
The Companion
Nigeria
Adekeye, Julie
Consultant. Researcher
Health, Planning and Research
Research and Statistics
Federal Ministry of Health
Nigeria
Adewole, Taiwo
Researcher
Clinical Sciences
Nigerian Institute of Medical
Research
Nigeria
Adirieje, Uzodinma A.
Executive Coordinator
Afrihealth Information Projects
Nigeria
Adnan, Zailan
Acting Director
Institute of Health Management
Ministry of Health
Malaysia
Afzali, Hossein Malek Ardakani
Deputy Minister
Research and Technology
Ministry of Health ano Medical
Education
Iran
Aghi, Mira
Consultant
Research for International
Tobacco Control
India
Ahmed, Shahnaz
Manager
Health Care Financing
K-REP Development Agency
Kenya
Aka, Rose
Teacher
Research and Technology Unit
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Akande, Oluwole
Consultant
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Akanmori, Bartholomew
Head of Department
Immunology
Noguchi Memorial Institute for
Medical Research
Ghana
Akanov, Aikan
Director General
National Center for Healthy
Lifestyle
Kazakhstan
Akhmetov, Valikan
Director
Densaulyk
Kazakhstan
Akhtar, Tasleem
Chair and Executive Director
Pakistan Medical Research
Pakistan
Akintola, Olagoke
Student
Centre for Gender Studies Faculty
of Human Sciences
University of Natal
South Africa
Akuffo, Hannah Opokua
Senior Research Officer
Department for Research
Cooperation - SAREC
Swedish International
Development Cooperation
Sweden
Akyoo, Adam
Reporter
ITV
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family' name
Al-Ashwal. Abdullah
Researcher/ Head
Research Depan.ment
Ministry of Public Health
Yemen
Al-Tuwaijri, Sameera
Forum Scientific Officer
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Alano, Bienvenido P.
President
Center for Economic Policy
Research
Philippines
Aligui, Gemiliano
Executive Director
Philippine Council for Health
Research and Development
Philippines
Almario, Emelina
Director
Center for Economic Policy
Research
Philippines
Aluwihare, Arjuna
Head
Department of Surgery Faculty of
Medicine
University of Peradeniya
Sri Lanka
Amazigo, Uche
Chief
Sustainable Drug Distribution
Unit. African Onchocerciasis
WHO Regional Office for Africa
(WHO/AFRO)
Burkina Faso
Amon Tanoh Dick, Flore
Senior Lecturer
Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine
Centre Hospitaller Universitaire de
Yopougon
Cote d'Ivoire
Amuasi, John Humphrey
President
Federation of Ghana Medical
Students Association
Ghana
Anderson, Frank
Assistant Professor
Obstetrics and Gynecology Global
Initiatives
University of Michigan
USA
Antonio, Carlos Alberto
Director of Communication
Studies and Planning Information
and Documentation Centre
Ministry of Health
Angola
Appiah-Poku, John
Senior Lecturer and Head of
Department
Behavioural Sciences School of
Medical Sciences
University of Science and
Technology
Ghana
Ar-Rashid, Harun
Director
Bangladesh Medical Research
Council
Bangladesh
Arora, Narendra Kumar
Additional Professor
Paediatrics Paediatric
Gastroenterology, Hepatology and
Nutrition
All India Institute of Medical
Sciences
India
Arora, Monika
Research Assistant
Initiative for Cardiovascular
Health Research in Developing
India
Arriagada-Caceres, Jorge
Executive Secretary
National Council on Health
Research
Chile
As, Arjan Bastiaan van
Head
Pediatric Surgery Trauma Unit
Red Cross Children's Hospital
South Africa
Asefzadeh, Saeed
Director
Health Research
Qazvin University of Medical
Sciences
Iran
Aslanyan, Garry
Senior Health Advisor
Policy Branch
Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA)
Canada
Atem, Agbor
Nurse
Research Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Atiase, Pamela
Administrative Assistant
Initiative on Public-Private
Partnerships for Health
Switzerland
Awasthi, Shally
Professor
Paediatrics
King George Medical College
India
Awosika, AJoritsedere
National Coordinator/Chief
Executive
National Programme on
Immunization
Nigeria
Baba-Moussa, Amidou
Regional Adviser
Research Policy and Coordination
Division of Programme
Management
WHO Regional Office for Africa
Congo
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Badaro, Roberto
Chief
Infectious Disease
Federal University of Bahia
Brazil
Baingana, Florence
Mental Health Specialist
Human Development Network
Health, Nutrition and Population
World Bank
USA
Balampama, Marianna
Research Assistant
Hypertension Study
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Bandari. Imtiaz
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Bandele, Olamide
Secretary
Administration
Center for Health Sciences
Training, Research and
Development (CHESTRAD)
International
Nigeria
Banerji, Jaya
Acting Director
Communication and Advocacy
Drugs for Neglected Diseases
Initiative
Switzerland
Bankoff, Antonia
Laboratory Coordinator
Sports Sciences Physical
Education Faculty
State University of Campinas
Brazil
Bardos-Barquin, Fe
Medical Specialist
Technical Services Division
Department of Health
Philippines
Barugahare, Banson John
Senior Research Scientist
Laboratory
Joint Clinical Research Centre
Uganda
Bassett, Ken
Researcher Professor
Ophthalmology
Kilimanjaro Centre for Community
Ophthalmology
Tanzania
Beaglehole, Robert
Public Health Advisor
Evidence and Information for
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Bekele, Abebe
Head
Epidemiology and Public Health
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition
Research Institute
Ethiopia
Benakis, Achille
Professor
Phamacology
Centre Medical Universitaire de
Geneve
Switzerland
Bencko, Vladimir
Head
Institute of Hygiene &
Epidemiology First Faculty of
Medicine
Charles University of Prague
Czech Republic
Bendixen, Kirsten
Meeting Organizer
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Berger, Martine
Special Advisor on Public Health
Multilateral Affairs Section
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Switzerland
Bergsjo, Per
Professor Emeritus / Physician
Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Bergen
Norway
Betancourt, Lizzeth
Director of Health District
Ministry of Health
Honduras
Bhutta, Zulfiqar
Professor of Child Health
Paediatrics
Aga Khan University Hospital
Pakistan
Binka, Fred
Executive Director
INDEPTH Network
Ghana
Biritwum, Nana-Kwadwo
Programme and Research Officer
Public Health Division Ghana
Filariasis Elimination Programme
Ghana Health Service
Ghana
Black, Robert
Chair
International Health Bloomberg
School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
USA
Blegvad Jakobsen, Lene
Coordinator
International Health
ENRECA Health Research Network
Denmark
Blystad, Astrid
Associate Professor
Public Health and Primary Health
Care Nursing
University of Bergen
Norway
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Bokchubaev, Ernisbek
Chief Specialist
Ministry of Health
Kyrgyzstan
Bond, Patrick
Co-Director
Municipal Services Project
Faculty of Management
University of Witwatersrand
South Africa
Bondarenko, Mikhail
Chairman of the Board
Foundation of Afro-Asian
Development
Russian Federation
Bonita-Beaglehole, Ruth
Director
Surveillance (CCS)
Noncommunicable Diseases and
Mental Health (NMH)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Bonniol, Vincent
Lecturer
Education
Universite d'Aix-Marseille 1
France
Boonyoung, Nongnut
Student
Psychosocial and Community
Health Nursing
School of Nursing
University of Washington
USA
Botta, Alessandra
Information Research Specialist
Initiative on Public-Private
Partnerships for Health
Switzerland
Brandes, Neal
Child Health Research Advisor
Bureau for Global Health
Maternal and Child Health
Center for Population, Health and
Nutrition
USA
Breman, Joel G.
Senior Scientific Advisor
International Epidemiology and
Population Studies
Fogarty International Center
USA
Bright, Orji
General Manager
Tropical and International Health
Consultants
Nigeria
Buluba, Arnold
Senior Programme Officer
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Tanzania
Burhoo, Premduth
Research Officer
Mauritius Institute of Health
Mauritius
Butchart, Robert Alexander
Scientist and Team Leader
Prevention of Violence (PVL)
Noncommunicable Diseases and
Mental Health (NMH)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Byabato, Kabibi
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Bygbjerg, lb Christian
Head
Department of International
Health Institute of Public Health
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
Byskov, Jens
Public Health Specialist
Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory
Denmark
Carlsson, Barbro
Senior Research Officer
Division for Thematic Research
Department for Research
Cooperation
Swedish International
Development Cooperation
Sweden
Cash, Richard A,
Professor of Ethics
Population and International
Health Program on Ethical Issues
in International Research
Harvard School of Public Health
USA
Castelo Branco, Antonio
Assessor
Vice-Ministry Cabinet Social
Ministry of Health
Angola
Chahali, Dinnah
Reporter
Voice of America
Tanzania
Chandiwana, Stephen
Coordinator
Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS
Research Alliance
Human Sciences Research
South Africa
Changalucha, John
Research Scientist
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Chaterdon, Matthew
Assistant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Chen, Lincoln
Director
Global Equity Initiative
Harvard University
USA
Chhatbar, Sukhedev
Reporter
The Daily News
Tanzania
Chhetrl, Muni Raj
General Secretary
Nepal Public Health Association
Nepal
Chieza, Faral
Coordinator
AIDS Programme SHARED
Blair Research Institute
Zimbabwe
Forum 6 Participants by family name
4
Chimariza. Faraja
Conference Assistant
.Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Chittakkudam Raman, Soman
Chairman
Health Action by People
India
Chockalingam, Arun
Assistant Director
Institute of Circulatory and
Respiratory Health
Canada
Choprapawon, Chanpen
Programme Director
Dept, of Mental Health Health
Systems Research Institute
Ministry of Public Health
Thailand
Chowdhury, Mushtaque
Deputy Executive Director
Research and Evaluation Division
Bangladesh Rural Advancement
Committee (BRAC)
Bangladesh
Chowdhury, Zafrullah
Projects Coordinator
Finance and Administration
Gonoshasthaya Kendra
Bangladesh
Christofides, Nicola
Project Manager
Women's Health Project
South African Institute for Medical
Research
South Africa
Chukwuani, Chinyere
Director
Planning, Research Development
and Essential Services
National Programme on
Immunization
Nigeria
Chunharas, Somsak
Director
Department of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Health
Ministry of Public Health
Thailand
Claeson, Mariam
Principal Public Health Specialist
Human Development Network
World Bank
USA
Cohen, Lois
Associate Director
International Health
National Institute of Dental and
Craniofacial Research
USA
Comeau, Marie-Danielle
Doctor
Union des Mddecins Haitiens
Haiti
Coreil, Jeannine
Professor
Community and Family Health
University of South Florida
USA
Cotran, Diana
Human Resources and
Administrative Manager
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Coulibaly, Sheick Oumar
Head
Medical Biology
Laboratoire National de Sante
Publique
Burkina Faso
Courtright, Paul
Co-Director
Kilimanjaro Centre for Community
Ophthalmology
Tanzania
Craft, J. Carl
Chief Scientific Officer
Research & Development
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Currat, Louis J.
Executive Secretary
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Da Silva, Terezinha
Consultant
Legal and Judiciary Training
Centre
Mozambique
Daff, Bocar Mamadou
Head
Research and Study Division
Ministere de la Sante Publique et
de I'Action Sociale
Senegal
Danesi, Hassan
Programme Medical Officer
Africa Alert Foundation
USA
Dare, Lola
Executive Secretary
African Council for Sustainable
Health Development
Nigeria
Darko, Daniel
Chief Biostatistics Officer
Centre for Health Information
Management Policy Planning
Monitoring and Evaluation
Ghana Health Service
Ghana
de Francisco, Andres
Senior Public Health Specialist
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
De Haan, Sylvia
Communication and Research
Officer
Council on Health Research for
Development (COHRED)
Switzerland
De Savigny, Don
Research Manager
Tanzanian Essential Health
Intervention Project
Tanzania
De Silva, Stanley Oliver
Deputy Director General of
Health Services
Education Training and Research
Unit
Ministry of Health and Indigenous
Medicine
Sri Lanka
Forum 6 Participants by family name
5
Debroy, Bibek
Director
Rajiv Gandhi Institute
India
Dennis, Rodolfo
Senior Programme Consultant
Pontifica Universidad Javenana
Colombia
Diallo, Alpha Ahmadou
Charge de recherche
Service Statistiques Sanitaires
Etudes et Information
Ministere de la Same Publique
Guinea
Ding, Hui
Director
Women's Health
Beijing Municipal Women's
Health Institute
China
Diwersy, Mario
Managing Director
Syynx Websolutions
Germany
Djalalov, Uktam
Deputy Director
Tashkent Perinatal Center
Uzbekistan
Djibuti, Mamuka
Research and Development
Specialist
Curatio International Foundation
Georgia
Doyal, Lesley
Professor
School for Policy Studies
University of Bristol
United Kingdom
Drabo, Maxime
Medical Doctor
Ministry of Secondary School and
University
Burkina Faso
Duale, Sambe
Research Assistant Professor
International Health and
Development School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine
Tulane University
Duru, Janefrancis
Executive Director
Gender Care Initiative
Nigeria
Duwury, Nata
Director
Social Conflict and
International Center for Research
on Women
USA
Dzerve, Vilnis
Director
WHO CINDI Programme
Latvian Institute of Cardiology
Latvia
Echavez, Chona R.
Senior Research Associate
Research Institute for Mindanao
Culture
Xavier University
Philippines
Eckerle, Diane L.
Programme Assistant
Health Equity Program
Rockefeller Foundation
USA
Eckermann, Elizabeth
Associate Dean Research
Arts Faculty
Deakin University
Australia
Egwaga, Said
Programme Manager
National Tuberculosis and
Leprosy Programme
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Ehrman, Howard
Assistant Professor
Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences School of Public
Health
University of Illinois at Chicago
USA
El Hassan, Ahmed
Professor
Pathology and Immunology
Institute of Endemic Diseases
University of Khartoum
Sudan
El Karib, Sarnia
Assistant Research Professor
Vectors Transmission and Control
Studies
Tropical Medicine Research
Institute
Sudan
El-Yakub, Ahmed Kaka
Director
Health Planning, Research I
Statistics
Ministry of Health of Maiduguri
Borno State
Nigeria
Elkhazin, Mohammed
Student
Student Medical Society
Sudan
Elmusharaf, Khalifa
Chairman
Student Medical Society
Sudan
Elsayed, Dya Eldin
Deputy Director
Research Directorate Research
Implementation Unit
Federal Ministry of Health
Sudan
Engers, Howard D.
Director
Armauer Hansen Research
Institute
Ethiopia
Esparza, Jose
Coordinator
Vaccines and Biologicals
United Nations Joint Programme
on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
Switzerland
USA
Dyauli, Florance
Reporter
TVT
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family name
6
Etten, Geert M. van
Director
International Affairs
Ministry of Health. Welfare and
Sport
Netherlands
Eyakuze, Valentine
Past Council Chairman
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Ezzati, Majid
Fellow
Risk, Resources and
Environmental Management
Resources for the Future
USA
Fahimi, Fatemeh
Deputy of International Affairs
Women and Child
Women s Solidarity Association of
Iran
Canada
Faleye, Kolawole
Malaria Control Officer
Ministry of Health - Ekiti State
Nigeria
Falope, Yinka
Manager
Marketing
BAMAH Investment Nigeria
Nigeria
Fawole, Funmilayo
Lecturer and Consultant
Epidemiology and Medical
Statistics Preventive and Social
Medicine
University of Ibadan
Nigeria
Feachem, Richard G. A.
Executive Director
Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria
Switzerland
Fee, Elisabeth
Chief
History of Medicine Division
National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health
USA
Fenyb, Eva Maria
Head of Department
Medical Microbiology.
Dermatology and Infection
Lund University
Sweden
Feranil, Alan
Senior Research Associate
Office of Population Studies
University of San Carlos
Philippines
Ferriman, Annabel
News Editor
British Medical Journal
United Kingdom
Fontaine, Olivier
Medical Officer
Clinical Research Child and
Adolescent Health and
Development (CAH)
Wprld Health Organizatipn
Switzerland
Frank, John
Scientific Director
Institute of Population and Public
Health
Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR)
Canada
Freeman, Phyllis
Professor
Law Centre College of Public and
Community Service
University of Massachusetts
USA
Freij, Lennart
Consultant
Council on Health Research for
Development (COHRED)
Switzerland
Freudenthal, Solveig
Senior Research Officer
Swedish International
Development Cooperation
Sweden
Frischer, Ruth E.
Health Science Specialist
Global Health Child and Maternal
Health
U S Agency for International
Development
USA
Gadah, Denis A.Yawovi
Communication Officer
Regional AIDS Programme for
Africa
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Ghana
Gajalakshmi, Vendhan
Consultant Epidemiologist
Epidemiological Research Centre
India
Galega, Scott
Doctor
Research and Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Ganguly, Nirmal K.
Director-General
Indian Council of Medical
India
Garcia-Moreno, Claudia
Coordinator
Gender and Women's Health
Family and Community Health
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Garg, Bishan S.
Secretary
Voluntary Health Association of
Maharashtra
India
Gaspar, Felisbela
Researcher
T-ac ticnai Medicine and
Meoicinal Plants
National Institute of Health
Mozambique
Gazaryan, Armen
Director
Economy
Forum on Health Research for
Development
Uzbekistan
Gbotosho, Olusola
Senior Lecturer
Malaria Research Laboratory
Postgraduate Institute for Medical
Research & Training
University of Ibadan
Nigeria
Forum 6 Participants by family name
7
Gehrt, Sent Detlef
Student
Geiter, Lawrence
Director
Clinical Studies
Sequella Global Tuberculosis
Foundation
USA
Geneau, Robert
Consultant
Kilimanjaro Centre for Community
Ophthalmology
Tanzania
Germain. Adrienne
President
International Women's Health
Coalition
USA
Gerstenbluth, Izzy
Head
Epidemiology and Research Unit
Medical and Public Health
Netherlands Antilles
Gervasoni, Jean-Pierre
Doctor
Cardiovascular and
Epidemiological Transition
University Institute of Social and
Preventive Medicine
Switzerland
Geyid, Aberra
Director
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition
Research Institute
Ethiopia
Ghaffar, Abdul
Public Health Specialist
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Gikaru, Lawrence
Member of Steering Committee
African Health Research Forum
Kenya
Gilson, Stephen
Professor
School of Social Work
University of Maine
USA
Ginneken, Jeroen K. van
Senior Scientist
Netherlands Interdisciplinary
Demographic Institute
Netherlands
Gobin, Sam
Policy Officer
Aids Fonds
Netherlands
Gokral, Sudhir
Associate Professor
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Somaiya Medical College and
Hospital
India
Goldstein, Lou
Nurse
Heritage School
USA
Gonzalez-Block, Miguel
Manager
Alliance for Health Policy and
Systems Research
Switzerland
Gopalakrishna, Gururaj
Head
Epidemiology
National Institute of Mental
Health and Neurosciences
India
Gore Saravia, Nancy
Executive Director
Corporacion CIDEIM
Colombia
Gotsadze, George
Director
Curatio International Foundation
Georgia
Govender, Veloshnee
Public Health Specialist
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Griffiths, Marian
Medical Director
Covance Inc.
USA
Guerra, Mary Ann
Executive Vice President
Matthews Medic Group
USA
Gulbinat, Walter H.
International Health Consultant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Gunasekaran, Subbiah
Research Assistant
Informatics Centre
M.S. Swammathan Research
Foundation
India
Gupta, Geeta Rao
President
International Center for Research
on Women
USA
Habbani, Sarnia Yousif Idris
Officer in Charge
Technical Staff
World Health Organization
Sudan
Habte, Demissie
Consultant Health Specialist
African Region Human
Development
World Bank
USA
Haile Mariam, Damen
Chairman
Community Health Faculty of
Medicine
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Asian Ins' lute
University of Copennagen
Denmark
Forum 6 Participants by family name
8
Haines, Andrew
Dean
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Haliman, Arif
Director
Panti Rapih Private Hospital
Indonesia
Hardwick, Kevin
International Health Officer
National Institute of Dental and
Craniofacial Research
USA
Harper, Malayah
Senior Health Adviser
Department for International
Development (DFID)
United Kingdom
Hasler, Torrun
Consultant
International Cooperation
Norwegian Heart and Lung
Association
Norway
Haug, Kjell
Professor
Public Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Hawkridge, Tony
Researcher
Paediatrics and Child Health
University of Cape Town
South Africa
Hecht, Robert
Acting Director
Health, Nutrition and Population
World Bank
USA
Heijden, Thomas van der
Consultant
Consultants for Health
Development
Tanzania
Heiler, Christina
Manager
Development and Grant
INCLEN Inc
USA
Hemed, Yusuf
Deputy Director
Adult Morbidity and Mortality
Project
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Hemson, David
Research Director
Integrated Development Water
Research
Human Sciences Research
South Africa
Hentschel, Christopher
Chief Executive Officer
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Hermida, Cesar
Executive Director
National Association of Faculties
of Medicine (AFEME)
Ecuador
Hewitt, Tom
Consultant
SciDev Net
United Kingdom
Hoff, Rod
Senior Epidemiologist
Vaccine and Prevention Research
Programme Division of AIDS
National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases
USA
Holakouie Naieni, Kourosh
Associate Professor
Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics School of Public
Health
Tehran University of Medical
Sciences (TUMS)
Iran
Hollander, Roberta
Professor and Interim Chair
Health Human Performance and
Leisure Studies College of Arts
and Sciences
Howard University
USA
Hollingdale, Michael
Professor
Physiological Medicine and
Infections
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Holm, Connie
Agent
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Hornbach, Joachim
Director
Government Affairs
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Belgium
Homma, Akira
Director
Bio-Manguinhos
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
Brazil
Hovhanessyan, Eleanor
Scientific Secretary
Natural Sciences
National Academy of Sciences
Armenia
Hrynkow, Sharon
Deputy Director
Fogarty International Center
USA
Hunt, Kate
Senior Research Scientist
MRC Social and Public Health
Sciences Unit
Glasgow University
United Kingdom
Hutubessy, Raymond
Economist
Global Programme on Evidence
for Health Policy (GPE)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Hyder, Adnan A.
Assistant Professor
International Health Bloomberg
School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
USA
Iddy, Hussain
Cameraman
Ijsselmuiden, Carel 8.
Director
School of Health Systems and
Public Health
University of Pretoria
South Africa
Ikamba, Lucy
Regional Coordinator
Reproductive Health
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
DTV
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family name
9
Ilsoe, Bente
Programme Administrator
The ENRECA Programme
Danish International Development
Agency
Denmark
Inclan Valadez, Cristina
Researcher
Health Systems Research Center
Institute Nacional de Salud
Mexico
Inyang, Uford S.
Director-General
National Institute for
Pharmaceutical Research a
Development
Nigeria
Irina, Justin
Chairman
National Health Research and
Development Centre
Kenya
Irlam, James
Director MCH Resource Centre
Paediatrics Child Health Unit
University of Cape Town
South Africa
Islkll, Burhanettin
Assistant Professor
Public Health School of Medicine
Osmangazi University
Turkey
Islam, Mbaraka
Reporter
Mtanzania
Tanzania
Iveroth, Peter
Medical Director
Health and Diaconia Department
Health Care Services
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Tanzania
Jacobs,Tanya
Health and Gender Consultant
South Africa
Jacobs, Marian E.
Director
Child Health Unit School of Child
and Adolescent Health
University of Cape Town
South Africa
Jacoby, Cesar
Consultant
Health Science and Technology
Ministry of Health
Brazil
Jain, Rajiv Kumar
Joint Secretary
Health and Family Welfare
Indian Academy of Paediatrics
India
Janbandhu, Mukesh
Professor
Institute of Health Systems
India
Jannin, Jean
Medical Doctor
Communicable Disease
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Javadi, Hamid Reza
Chancellor
Qazvm University of Medical
Sciences
Iran
Jegathesan, Manikavasagam
Chief Executive Officer
Sistem Hospital Awasan Taraf
Malaysia
Jenkins, Rachel
Director
Institute of Psychiatry
United Kingdom
Jha, Nirmal
Medical Officer
General Medicine
AMDA-Hospital
Nepal
Jimenez Ramos, Pilar
Associate Professor
Behavioral Sciences
De La Salle University
Philippines
Jinugu, Anjaneyulu
Professor
Statistics
Institute of Health Systems
India
Jitta, Jessica N.S.
Director
Child Health & Development
Center
Makerere University
Uganda
Jodar, Luis
Deputy Director
Institutional Development
Programs and Partnerships
International Vaccine Institute
Korea (Republic of)
Johnson, Sonali
Technical Officer
Gender and Women's Health
Family and Community Health
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Jupp, Susan
Senior Communication Officer
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Kabali, Conrad
Biostatistician
Health Statistics and Information
Technology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kabalimu, Titus K.
Principal Scientific Officer
Research Coordination and
Promotion
Tanzania Commission for Science
and Technology
Tanzania
Kabugo, Charles
Physician
Ministry of Health
Uganda
Kahamba, Joseph
Senior Lecturer
Orthopaedics Trauma and
Neurosurgery
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Kaino, Boaz
Chairman
Community Development Health
Division
African Urban Market Centres
Health Link
Kenya
Kajeguka, Charles
Research Scientist
Health Statistics and Information
Technology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
10
Kajuna, Sylvester
Senior Lecturer
Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology Faculty of Medicine
Hubert Kairuki Memorial
Tanzania
Kalam, Mohammed Abul
Principal Scientific Officer and
Head
Department of Medical Sociology
Institute of Epidemiology. Disease
Control and Research
Bangladesh
Kalandadze, Temur
Director
State Medical Insurance
Georgia
Kalinga, Akili
Conference Assistant
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kamugisha, Mathias
Research Scientist
Epidemiology and Statistics
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kamwela, Jerome
Dental Surgeon
Sinza Health Centre
Tanzania
Kanei, Solomon van
Programme Coordinator
Community Health Evangelism
Programme
Sierra Leone
Kanina, Wangui
Reporter
Reuters
Tanzania
Kannappa, Satish Kumar
Professor
Institute of Health Systems
India
Kapella, Adeline
Administrator for the MPH Course
Institute of Public Health College
of Health Sciences
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Kapiriri, Lydia
Student
Centre for International Health
Faculty of Medicine
University of Bergen
Norway
Karimov, Shavkat
Chair
2nd Tashkent Medical Institute
Uzbekistan
Karunkomo, Christopher
Manager
Information Technology
Technical Services
Blair Research Institute
Zimbabwe
Kashangaki, Philbert
Medical Laboratory Researcher
Microbiology Immunology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kasonde, Joseph M.
International Health Consultant
France
Kastberg, Jens
Advocacy and Fund Raising
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
(TDR)
Switzerland
Katengenya, Eunice
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Katikiti, Samson
Consultant
Informatics
SHARED Africa
Zimbabwe
Katz, Ivor J.
Head of Department
Nephrology
Jtommission on Global
Advancement of Nephrology
South Africa
Kayiteshonga, Yvonne
Director
Psychosocial Centre Mental
Ministry of Health
Rwanda
Keithly, Diane
Operations Officer
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Kelly-Pagneux, Gloria
Secretary
Alliance for Health Policy and
Systems Research
Switzerland
Kelo, Abubaker Bedri
Dean
Faculty of Medicine
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Kennedy, Andrew
Statistician
Research Policy & Cooperation
Evidence and Information for
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Kessi, Egbert
Professor
Administration
K.amanjaro Christian Medical
College
Tanzania
Keusch, Gerald T.
Director
Fogarty International Center
USA
Khan, Banu
National AIDS Coordinator
National AIDS Coordinating
Agency
Botswana
Forum 6 Participants by family name
11
Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck
Technical Officer
Noncommunicable Diseases and
Mental Health (NMH) ln|unes and
Violence Prevention (VIP)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Ki/ Ouedraogo, Salimata
Responsible Officer
Health Research Research and
Planning Directorate
Ministry of Health
Burkina Faso
Kibona, Stafford N.
Research Scientist
Parasitology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kigamwa, Pius
Lecturer Psychiatrist
Psychiatry
University of Nairobi
Kenya
Kiima, David
Director of Mental Health
Ministry of Health
Kenya
Kilale, Andrew Martin
Medical Research Scientist
Muhimbili Research Station
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kilama, John
President
Global Biodiversity Institute
USA
Kilama, Wenceslaus
Managing Trustee
African Malaria Network Trust
Tanzania Commission for Science
and Technology
Tanzania
Kilima, Peter
Regional Coordinator
International Trachoma Initiative
Tanzania
Kiluwa, Louis
Director
Finance and Administration
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kimanani, Ebi
President and Chief Statistician
Ebitendo Statistics
Canada
Kimaoui, Erin
Assistant to Chief Executive
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Kimbo, Liza
Executive Director
Cry for World Shops
Sustainable Health Enterprises
Foundation
Kenya
Kimesa, Samwel
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Klnasha, Abednego
Senior Lecturer and Head
Neurosurgery Orthopaedics and
Trauma
Muhimbiii University
Tanzania
Kingamkono, Rose Rita
Director
Research Coordination and
Promotion
Tanzania Commission for Science
and Technology
Tanzania
Kingombe, Denis
Coordinator
ASOREMIR
Congo
Kiprono, Edwin
Environmentalist
Environment and Water
Management
Shelter, Water and Energy
Resource Network
Kenya
Kisoka, William
Research Scientist
Health Systems and Policy
Research
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kisting, Sophia
Chief Researcher
Occupational & Environmental
Health Research Unit School of
Public Health and Primary Health
Care
University of Cape Town
South Africa
Kitange, Henry
National Sentinel System Task
Group Leader
Adult Morbidity and Mortality
Project
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Kitua, Andrew Y.
Director General
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Klugman, Barbara
Senior Specialist
Women's Health Project School of
Public Health
Witwatersrand University
South Africa
Kobuslngye, Olive C.
Director
Injury Control Center
Makerere University
Uganda
Koss, Mary
Professor
Health Promotion Sciences
College of Public Health
University of Arizona
USA
Kouyate, Bocar
Member. Board of Trustees
INDEPTH Network
Ghana
Krantz, Ingela
Director
Skaraborg Institute for Research
and Development
Sweden
Forum 6 Participants by family name
12
Krotoski, Danuta
Acting Associate Director
Office for Prevention Research
International Programmes
National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development
USA
Kulzhanov, Maksut
Rector
Kazaknstan School of Public
Health
Kazakhstan
Kumar S., Ashok
Head of Department
Marketing
Shelly's Pharmaceuticals
Tanzania
Kumaresan, Jacob
Executive Secretary
Stop Tuberculosis Partnership
Secretariat
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Kunda, Stephen
Research Scientist
Muhimbdi Research Station
Tuberculosis Laboratory
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Kupfer, Linda
Evaluation Officer
Advanced Studies and Policy
Analysis
Fogarty International Center
USA
Kurui, Justine Toroitich
Coordinator, Counsellor
Health Division
African Urban Market Centres
Health Link
Kenya
Kvale, Kirsti
Lecturer
Betanien College of Nursing
Norway
Kvale, Gunnar
Director
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Labarthe, Darwin R.
Professor of Public Health
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
USA
Laiser, Paul Lother
Mayor
Arusha Municipal Council
Tanzania
Lane, Richard
Director
International Health Programmes
Science Funding
Wellcome Trust
United Kingdom
Lansang, Mary Ann
Executive Director
INCLEN Trust
Philippines
Lauver, Heather
Manager
International Philanthropy
Programs Corporate Affairs
Pfizer Inc
USA
Lazaro, J. Angelo
Consultant
Center for Economic Policy
Research
Philippines
Lazdins-Helds, Janis
Scientist
Product Research and
Development (PRD)
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
(TDR)
Switzerland
Leke, Rose
Associate Professor of
Parasitology and Immunology
Faculty of Medicine and
Biomedical Sciences
University of Yaounde
Cameroon
Lekey, Frank Vincent
Gynaecologist
Clinical Oncology
Ocean Road Cancer Institute
Tanzania
Lerna, Levina
Conference Assistant
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Lemnge, Martha
Director
Administration Amam Medical
Research Centre
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Lemogoum, Daniel
Cardiologist and Epidemiologist
Preventive Cardiology School of
Public Health
University of Yaounde
Cameroon
Lemos, Bernabe
Coordinator
Epidemiological Antenna
WHO - Office of the
Representative for Angola
Angola
Levasha, Soter
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Lewison, Grant
Head
Bibliometrics Research Group
City University
United Kingdom
Liberman, Lillian
Chairperson
Yaocihuatl A.C.
Mexico
Limchaiarunruang, Sawitri
Head
Faculty of Nursing
Prince of Songkhla University
Thailand
Lopez Stewart, Carmen
Coordinator
Gender and Mental Healtn
Directorate of Public Health
Ministry of Health
Chile
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Lorri, Wilbald
Managing Director
Tanzanian Food ana N_ •
Centre
Tanzania
Lulseged, Seleshi Desta
Professor
Department of Pediatrics & Child
Health Clinical Epidemiology Unit
University of Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Lutwama, Julius-Julian
Researcher
Resource Centre
Uganda National Health Research
Organisation (UNHRO)
Uganda
Lwambo, Nicholas
Head
Parasitology
National Institute for Mec :.t
Research
Tanzania
Lyazi, Michael Ivan
Statistician
Child Health and Development
Centre
Makerere University
Uganda
Lye, Munn-Sann
Director
Institute for Medical Research
Malaysia
Lyons, Maryines
HIV/AIDS Focal Point
Migration Health Services
International Organization
Migration
Kenya
Mabimbi, Mike
Doctor
Paediatrics and Child Health
Muhimbili College of Health
Sciences
Muhimbili National Hospital
Tanzania
Macfarlane, Sarah
Associate Director
Health Equity Program
Rockefeller Foundation
USA
Macharia, William M.
Associate Professor of Paez attics
Department of Paediatrics
University of Nairobi
Kenya
Macheso, Allan
Acting Chief Research Officer
Ministry of Health and Population
Malawi
MacLeod, Stuart
Professor
Health Sciences Clinical
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
McMaster University
Canada
Mahgoub, Elsheikh
Professor
Microbiology & Parasitolcg'.
University of Khartoum
Sudan
Mahoney, Richard
Acting Chief Executive Officer
Management of Intellectual
Property in Research and
Development
United Kingdom
Makara, Peter
Coordinator
Council on Health Research for
Development (COHRED)
Switzerland
Makubalo, Lindiwe E.
Cluster Manager
Department of Health Info—=::on.
Evaluation and Researcn
Ministry of Health
South Africa
Makundi, Emmanuel
Research Scientist
Health System and Policy
Research
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Malebo, Hamisi Masanja
Research Scientist
Traditional Medicine Research
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Malecela-Lazaro, Mweleca'e
Director
Research and Training
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Malenganisho, Wabyahe
Research Scientist
Parasitology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Maleyev, Victor
Deputy Director
Infectious Diseases
Central Institute of Epidemiology
Russian Federation
Malibiche, Theophil
Health Laboratory Technolcg'St
Gesellschaft fur Techmsche
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
Malik, Francis
Student
Mechanical Engineering
Royal Engineering
Ghana
Malley, Karoli D.
Research Scientist
Medical Parasitology and
Entomology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mandil, Ahmed
Professor
Epidemiology High Institute
Public Health
Alexandria University
Egypt
Maniple, Everd
Lecturer
Health Sciences CUAMM
Makerere University
Uganda
Marandu, John
Reporter
Radio One
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by
■ y name
14
Marcos. Weam
President
Federation of African Medical
Students Associations
Kenya
Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo
Director General
Center for Research and
Advanced Studies
Mexico
Martinez-Torres, Eric
Director
Division of Science and
Technology
Ministeno de Salud Publica
Cuba
Masasi, Mabel
Reporter
Radio Free Africa
Tanzania
Masatu, Melkiory
Lecturer
Public Health
Centre for Educational
Development in Health
Tanzania
Masaud, Ali Dau
Student
Pharmacology Faculty of
University of Malaya
Malaysia
Mashalla, Yohana J.S.
Chairman
National Health Research Ethics
Committee
Tanzania National Health
Research Forum
Tanzania
Mashimba, Ernest
Chief Chemist
Government Chemist Laboratory
Agency
Tanzania
Massawe, Siriel
Head
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Masud, Tayyeb
Programme Manager
National Injury Research Centre
Health Services Academy
Pakistan
Matemba, Lucas
Research Scientist
Epidemiology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mathambo, Vuyiswa
Research Manager
Health Systems Trust
South Africa
Mauerstein-Bail, Mina
Director
AMICAALL Partnerships
Programme
UNOPS/UNDP
Switzerland
Maiisezahl, Daniel
Health Advisor
Social Development Division
Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation
Switzerland
Mawere, Christopher
Technical Consultant
SHARED Africa
Zimbabwe
Mazigo, Leo
Branch Manager
Marketing and Sales
Afsat Communications
Tanzania
Mbacke, Cheikh
Director, African Regional
Programme
Rockefeller Foundation
Kenya
Mbakilwa, Godfrey
Managing Director
Kilimanjaro Airports Development
Company
Tanzania
Mbanya, Jean-Claude
Head
Endocrine and Diabetes Unit
Department of Internal Medicine
and Specialities
University of Yaounde
Cameroon
Mboera, Leonard
Scientist
Infectious Disease Surveillance
Research Coordination and
Promotion
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mbonde, Salim
Reporter
RTD
Tanzania
McAdam, Keith
Director
Medical Research Council
Laboratories
Gambia
McGehee, Marie
Forum 6 Participant Relations
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
McGregor, Elizabeth
Assistant Director
Partnerships Institute of Gender
and Health
Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR)
Canada
Mcharo. Jonathan
Researcher
Health Statistics and Information
Technology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
McKay, Pauline
Programme Assistant
Research Policy and Cooperation
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Mduma, Joseph
Conference Assistant
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family name
15
Medina Sandino, Ernesto
President (Rector)
Nicaragua Universidad Nacional
Autonoma (UNAN-LEON)
Nicaragua
Mellor, Nicholas
Senior Programme Officer
Management of Intellectual
Property in Research and
Development
United Kingdom
Meghachandra Singh, Mongjam
Associate Professor
Department of Community
Medicine
Maulana Azad Medical College
India
Mendis, Balapuwaduge R.R.N.
Chairman
University Grants Commission
Sri Lanka
Mellander, Lotta
Professor
Department of Paediatrics
Gbteborg University
Sweden
Mendis, Shanthi
Coordinator
Cardiovascular Diseases
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Mensah, George
Chief
National Center for Chronic
Disease Cardiovascular Health
Branch
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
USA
Meredith, Stefanie
Senior Technical Consultant
Initiative on Public-Private
Partnerships for Health
Switzerland
Meremikwu, Martin
Senior Lecturer
Paediatrics College of Medical
Science
University of Calabar
Nigeria
Mesgarpour, Bita
Researcher
National Research Centre of
Medical Services
Iran
Meskal, Fisseha H.
Acting Director
Armauer Hansen Research
Institute
Ethiopia
Meyaye, Nyanjoge
Conference Assistant
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mfinanga, Sayoki
Student
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Mgaya, Andrew
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Mgonja, Fanuel
Cameraman
I TV
Tanzania
Mgonja, Lea
Public Relations Officer
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mhalu, Fred
Director
Post Graduate Studies
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Mijumbi, Rhona Mugaaju
Intern
National Foundation for Research
and Development
Uganda
Miller, Caryn
International Health Consultant
USA
Miller, Mark A.
Director for Research
International Epidemiology and
Population Studies
Fogarty International Center
USA
Mills, Anne
Senior Lecturer, Head
Health Economics and Financing
Programme Health Policy Unit
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Minga, Daniel
Conference Assistant
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Minja, Happiness David
Research Officer
Council on Health Research for
Development (COHRED)
Switzerland
Miranda, Juan Francisco
Director
Corporacion CIDEIM
Colombia
Mishra, Surendra Kumar
Divisional Chief
Monitoring, Evaluation and
Research
Child In Need Institute
Bangladesh
Mishra, Arima
Social Scientist
Initiative for Cardiovascular
Health Research in Developing
India
Mishra, Anil Kumar
Member. Secretary
Nepal Health Research Council
Nepal
Forum 6 Participants by family name
16
Misra, Geetanjali
Director
Creating Resources for
Empowerment in Action
India
Mkwkalebela, Alfred
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Mlay, Siya Akwililina
Assistant Project Manager
Reproductive Health Project
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
Mmbuji. Mane
Information Manager
National institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Modvig, Jens
Secretary General
International Rehabilitation
Council for Torture Victims
Denmark
Mohamed, Ally
Medical Officer
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
Mohamed, Elsadig
Head of Department
Community Medicine
National Rabbat University
Sudan
Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza
Director
National Research Centre of
Medical Services
Iran
Mohmed, Fawaz
Student
Student Medical Society
Sudan
Mons, Barend
Senior Consultant
Netherlands Organization for
Scientific Research (NWO)
Netherlands
Monsenepwo Idjungu, Yves
Data Manager
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Congo
Montalvo Mendoza, Edgar
President
Medical Federation of Ecuador
Ecuador
Montano, Carlos
Vice President
Guatemalan Heart Association
Guatemala
Moreira, Andrea
Consultant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Morel, Carlos M.
Director
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
(TDR)
Switzerland
Moreno Samper, Olga Lidia
Member of Board of Trustees
Management of intellectual
Property in Research and
Development
United Kingdom
Morkve, Odd
Associate Professor
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Moshiro, Candida
Statistician
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Mpanju-Shumbusho, Winnie
Director
HIV/AIDS Strategy. Advocacy,
Policy (SAP)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Mponda, Gasper G.
Personal Assistant
Administration Finance and
Administration
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mrina, Rosemary
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Msangi, John
Internal Auditor
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Msechu, R.
Cameraman
TVT
Mshinda, Hassan
Director
Ifakara Health Research and
Development Centre
Tanzania
Mtabaji, Jacob
Principal
College of Health Sciences
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Mtero-Munyati, Shungu
Deputy Director
Ministry of Health and Child
Welfare
Zimbabwe
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Tanzania
Muchenje, Walter
Principal Health Analyst
Social Development Health
Division
African Development Bank
Cote d'Ivoire
17
Mugambi, Mutuma
Principal Vice-Chancellor
Kenya Methodist University
Kenya
Muller, Marian
Regional Psychiatrist
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Murhola Muhlgirwa, Fernandez
National Animator
Community Development
Collectif des Organisations des
Jeunes Solidaires du CongoKinshasa
Congo
Muro, Florida
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Muro, Abraham
Senior Research Scientist
Environmental Health Prevention
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mushi, Mary
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Community
Development. Women and
Children
Tanzania
Mussa, Mahmoud
Mental Health Coordinator for
Zanzibar
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Mutchnick, Ian
Student
Medical School
University of Michigan
USA
Muumba, Justice
Research Scientist
Livestock and Human Disease
Vector
Tropical Pesticides Research
Institute (TPRI)
Tanzania
Mvungi, Virdiana
Research Scientist
Library and Publication
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Mwaffisi, Mariam J.
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Mwambazi, Wedson
Representative
World Health Organization (WHO)
Tanzania
Mwanga, Feddy
Lecturer
Community Health Nursing
Faculty of Nursing
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Mwangi, George
Reporter
Associated Press
Tanzania
Mwaniki, David L.
Director
Centre for Public Health Research
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Kenya
Mwanza, Jean-Claude
PhD Fellow
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Mwita, Alex
Programme Manager
National Malana Control
Programme Epidemiology and
Disease Surveillance
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
N'Diaye, Absatou Soumare
Head of Epidemiology Service
Institute of Public Health
National Institute of Public Health
Research
Mali
N'Nah Djenab, Sylla
Head
Research and Documentation
Section
Ministere de la Sante Publique
Guinea
Nagai, Honest
Laboratory Technician
Parasitology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Naidoo, Pat
Associate Director
Epidemiology and Public Health
Rockefeller Foundation
Kenya
Najjemba, Robinah
Research Fellow
Community Health Institute of
Public Health
Makerere University
Uganda
Nanda, Lipika
Health Consultant
Rural Development Health
Society for Elimination and Rural
Poverty
India
Napalkov, Nikolai
Director Emeritus
N N. Petrov Research Institute of
Oncology
Russian Federation
Forum 6 Participants by family name
18
N ■ -.simhan, Vasant
F ;-?3<-"er. Global Equity
r :---ecy Scnool of Government
H ■ - arc University
Narayan, Thelma
Coordinator
Community Health Cell
India
Narayan, Ravi
Community Health Adviser
Community Health Cell
India
Nascetti, Simona
Student
C’.n cal Medicine and Applied
Eotechnology
Atnerosclerosis Centre Giancarlo
Descov.cn
Nasser, Shafika
Professor
Public Health and Nutrition
Faculty of Medicine
University of Cairo
Egypt
Nchinda, Thomas C.
Senior Public Health Consultant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Nchungong, Atangcho
Environmentalist
Research Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Ndamugoba, Gabriel
Researcher
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Ndebele, Paul
Liaison Officer
MRCZ Secretariat
Medical Research Council
Zimbabwe
Ndiaye, Djibril
Head of Research
Research and Study Division
Ministere de la Same Publique et
de "Action Sociale
Senegal
Ndossi, Godwin
Director
Food Science and Nutrition
Tanzanian Food and Nutrition
Centre
Tanzania
Netshidzivhani, Pakiso Martha
Deputy Director
Health Systems Research,
Research Coordination
Ministry of Health
South Africa
Neufeld, Victor
Professor Emeritus
Faculty of Health Sciences
McMaster University
Neuvians, Dieter
Consultant
Health Systems Research
South Africa
Ng'wandu, Pius
Minister
Ministry for Science. Technology
and Higher Education
Tanzania
Ngahyoma, John
Reporter
BBC World Service
Tanzania
Ngare, Duncan
Associate Professor
Population and Family Health
Institute of Public Health
Moi University
Kenya
Ngulefac, Ngepwung
President
Research Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Ngulefac, Fuajong
Nurse
Research Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Ngulube, Thabale Jack
Executive Director
Centre for Health. Science and
Social Research
Zambia
Ngumbela, Modesta
Assistant Director, Health
Department of Health Integrated
Nutrition Programme
Government of South Africa
South Africa
Nguyen. Thi Hoai Due
Director
Director Board
Centre for Reproductive and
Family Health
Viet Nam
Nigenda Lopez, Gustavo
Senior Researcher
Instituto Nacional de Salud
Mexico
Nikolskaya, Anastasia
General Manager
Foundation of Afro-Asian
Development
Russian Federation
Niy uiigeko, Deogratias
Lecturer
Paediatrics Child Health and
Nutrition Research
Un versify of Burundi
Burundi
Njau, Riha J.A.
Professional Officer
Roll Back Malaria Communicable
Diseases
World Health Organization (WHO)
Tanzania
Njenga, Frank
President
Kenya Psychiatric Association
Kenya
Canada
F.’rum 6 Participants by family name
19
Njeru, Erastus K.
Director
Community Health
Nairobi Climcal Epidemiology
Kenya
Njoolay, Daniel Ole
Regional Commissioner
Arusha
United Republic of Tanzania
Tanzania
Nkwera, Angelo
Research Scientist
Planning and Capacity
Strengthening Research
Coordination and Promotion
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Nkya, Godwin
Research Scientist
Health Systems Research
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Norman, Japhet Christian
Honorary Secretary
Ghana Academy of Arts and
Sciences
Ghana
Norton, Robyn
Director
Ramsay Health Care
Institute for International Health
Research and Development
Australia
Ntagazwa, Arcado D.
Minister of State Environment and
Union Affairs
Vice-President’s Office
United Republic of Tanzania
Tanzania
Ntamubano, Wivine
Lecturer
Faculty of Sciences
University of Burundi
Burundi
Nungu, Kitugi Samwel
Consultant
Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute
Tanzania
Nwadike, Jones
Medical Laboratory Scientist
Tropical and International Health
Consultants
Nigeria
Nweze, Amechi
Executive Director
Family and Adolescent Health
Initiative
Nigeria
Nyamoga, Justin
Research Administrator
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Nyanje, Peter
Reporter
The Guardian
Tanzania
Nyiira, Zerubabel M.
Executive Secretary
Uganda National Council for
Science and Technology
Uganda
Nyiti, Rehema
Office Administrator
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
Nzioka, Charles
Professor
Sociology
University of Nairobi
Kenya
Obeng, William
Secretary to the Treasury .
University of Ghana Medical
Students Association
Federation of Ghana Medical
Students
Ghana
Obiekwe Okonkwo, Paul
Head
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
University of Nigeria
Nigeria
Odero, Wilson
Dean
School of Public Health
Moi University
Kenya
Odutola, Akintola B.
Director
Centre for Health Policy and
Strategic Studies
Nigeria
Ogundahunsi, Olumide A.T.
Scientist
Research Capability
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
(TDR)
Switzerland
Ogunseitan, Dele
Associate Professor
Environmental Analysis and
Design School of Social Ecology
University of California
USA
Oji, George Okechukwu
Research Fellow
Economics Trade and Gender
Policy Studies
African Institute for Applied
Economics
Nigeria
Okonji, Max
Consultant Psychiatrist
Kenya Psychiatric Association
Kenya
Olsen, Oystein Evjen
Research Fellow
Medical Faculty Centre for
International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Olsen, Bjorg Evjen
Research Fellow
Medical Faculty Centre for
International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Omotola, Bamidele Davis
Senior Research Fellow
Public Health Nutrition
Nigenan Institute of Medical
Research
Nigeria
Forum 6 Participants by family name
20
Onimbo. Felicia
Director
Health Nursing
African Urban Market Centres
Health Link
Kenya
Onsea, Griet
Project Officer
Kampala Secretariat
African Health Research Forum
Uganda
Onta, Sharad
Associate Professor
Community Medicine and Family
Health
Institute of Medicine
Nepal
Onwubere. Basden J. C.
Consultant Cardiologist
University of Nigeria
Nigeria
Onwubere, Akwaugo
Assistant Chief Public Health
Community Medicine Health
Visting Unit
University of Nigeria
Nigeria
Onyukwu, Onyukwu
Research Fellow
Institute for Development Studies
University of Nigeria
Nigeria
Opena, Merlita
Chief Science Research Specialist
Research Information,
Communication Program
Philippine Council for Health
Research and Development
Philippines
Oronsaye, Francis
Lecturer
Medical Microbiology
University of Benin
Nigeria
Orozco, Emmanuel
Researcher
Centre for Social and Economic
Analysis in Health
Mexican Foundation for Health
Mexico
Orr, Katherine
Manager
International Health Office
Faculty of Medicine
Dalhousie University
Canada
Osman, Faiza Mohammed
Head
Epidemiology and Clinical
Studies Institute of Endemic
Khartoum University
Sudan
Otoo-Oyortey, Naana
Technical Officer
Gender and Youth
International Planned Parenthood
Federation
United Kingdom
Owor, Raphael
Director
Uganda National Health Research
Organisation (UNHRO)
Uganda
Pablos-Mendez, Ariel
Deputy Director
Health Equity Program
Rockefeller Foundation
USA
Pagaduan-Lopez, June
Associate Professor
Psychiatry and Behavior Medicine
College of Medicine
De La Salle University
Philippines
Pagliusi Uhe, Sonia
Scientist
Vaccines and Biologicals Health
Technology and Pharmaceuticals
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Pallangyo, Kisali
Professor
Internal Medicine Faculty of
Medicine
Muhimbili University
Tanzania
Pana, Assimawe
Public Health Specialist
PET Unit
WHO Regional Office for Africa
(WHO/AFRO)
Burkina Faso
Pande, Badriraj
President
Nepal Health Economics
Association
Nepal
Pang, Tikki
Director
Research Policy and Cooperation
(RPC)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Panourgia, Maria Panagiota
Doctor
Atherosclerosis Centre Giancarlo
Descovich
Italy
Patel, Vikram
Senior Lecturer
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Pathmanathan, Indra
Consultant
Malaysia
Pati, Sanghramitra
Lecturer
SCB Medical College and
India
Pawlowska, Alina
Information Management Officer
G'ccal Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Pecoul, Bernard
Director
Campaign for Access to Essential
Medicines
Medecins sans Fronti&res (MSF)
Switzerland
Pefile, Sibongile
Consultant
Initiative on Public-Private
Partnerships for Health
Switzerland
Forum 6 Participants by family name
21
Perry, Alita
Manager
Global Health Research Initiative
Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR)
Canada
Petit-Mshana, Eileen Josephine
Student
Managerial Process of National
Health Systems
World Health Organization (WHO)
Tanzania
Pettigrew, Alan
Chief Executive Officer
National Health and Medical
Research Council
Australia
Phoolcharoen, Wiput
Director
Health Systems Research Institute
(HSRI)
Thailand
Picou, David
Director of Research
Caribbean Health Research
Council (CHRC)
Trinidad and Tobago
Potter-Lesage, Peter
Chief Financial Officer
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Promtussananon, Supa
Researcher
University of the North
South Africa
Potekaev, Nikolai
Assistant to Head
Administration of Medical
Research Instituitions
Ministry of Health
Russian Federation
Pryor, Jan
Secretary
Pacific Health Research Council
Fiji
Prytherch, Helen
Assistant to Coordinator
Distnct Health Support Project
Gesellschaft fur Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Tanzania
Puippe, Jean-Charles
Travel Agent
Raptim
Switzerland
Puttoo, Saguna
Research Associate
Health Care Delivery Systems
International Health
Health Education Foundation
India
Rajendra Kumar, B. C.
Research Officer
Health Systems Research
Nepal Health Research Council
Nepal
Ramachandran, Suryanararyan
Chairman
Management of Intellectual
Property in Research and
Development
United Kingdom
Ramirez, Jorge
Under Research Director
National Institute of Cardiology
Mexico
Ramsay, Sarah
Senior Editor
The Lancet
United Kingdom
Range, Nyagosya
Research Scientist
Medical Microbiology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra P.
Associate Fellow
Health Policy Programme
Institute of Policy Studies
Sri Lanka
Rashad, Hoda
Director
Social Research Centre
American University in Cairo
Egypt
Reading, Jeff
Scientific Director
Institute of Aboriginal Peoples'
Health
Canada
Reddy, K. Srinath
Coordinator
Scientific Secretariat
Initiative for Cardiovascular
Health Research in Developing
India
Reed, Rolf K.
Dean
Faculty of Medicine
University of Bergen
Norway
Remme, Jan H.F.
Manager
Research Strategic Planning
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Switzerland
Ress, Paul
Media consultant
Switzerland
Reynolds Whyte, Susan
Associate Professor of
Anthropology
Institute of Anthropology
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
Rios-Dalenz, Jaime L.
Emeritus Professor
Pathology Medical School
San Andres University
Bolivia
Robberstad, Bjarne
Research Fellow
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Robbins, Anthony
Professor
Family Medicine and Community
Health School of Medicine
Tufts University
USA
Rockhold, Pia
Senior Health Advisor
Danish International Development
Agency
Denmark
Rodriguez, Diana
Professor
Clinical Epidemiology Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Universidad Peruana Cayetano
Heredia
Peru
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Ronn, Anita M.
Medical Doctor arc Assistant
Professor
Department of Infectious Diseases
& International Healtn
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
Rooth, Ingegerd
Head
Malaria Research Unit
Free Pentecostal Churches in
Tanzania
Tanzania
Roscigno, Giorgio
Director of Strategic Development
Global Alliance for TB Drug
Development
Belgium
Ross, Keith
Chief Officer
Information and Technology
Knowledge Management
Medical Research Council
South Africa
Rwebembera, Laurian
Mining Engineer
Minerals
Ministry of Energy and Minerals
Tanzania
Rwebogora, Anne
Research Assistant
Hypertension Study
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Sabuni, Louis Paluku
Academic Secretary
Institut Panafricain de Same
Communautaire
Kenya
Sadana, Ritu
Scientist
Research Policy and Cooperation
Evidence and Information for
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Sadick, Emmanuel
Reporter
DTV
Tanzania
Sahani, Josephat
Researcher
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Salako, Babatunde Lawai
Senior Lecturer/ Consultant
Physician
Nephrology. Hypertension
Department of Medicine
University of Ibadan
Nigeria
Salem, Mahmoud
Director
Health Policy
Salem for Health Research and
Consultancy
Lebanon
Salim, Abdulla
Research Scientist
Ifakara Health Research and
Development Centre
Tanzania
Salloum, Wafa
National Programme Officer
Health Research
Al-Assad Health Research Centre
Syrian Arab Republic
Sama, Martyn Teyha
Principal Research Officer
Centre of Medical Research
Epidemiology
Institute of Medical Research
Cameroon
Sanchez, Delia Maria
Researcher/ Head
Health Technology Assessment
Unit
Grupo de Estudios en Economia
Organizacion y Politicas Sociales
(GEOPS)
Uruguay
Sanders, Eduard
Programme Manager
Ethiopian Netherlands AIDS
Research Project
Ethiopia
Sanders, David
Professor, Director
School of Public Health
University of Western Cape
South Africa
Sangiorgi, Zina
Doctor
Clinical Medicine and Applied
Biotechnology
Atherosclerosis Centre Giancarlo
Descovich
Italy
Sankoh, Osman
External Communication
INDEPTH Network
Ghana
Sarr, Samba Cor
Research and Study Division
Ministere de la Sante Publique et
de I'Action Sociale
Senegal
Sarymsakova, Bakhytkul
Professor
Health Policy and Management
Kazakhstan School of Public
Health
Kazakhstan
Saudan, Alexandra
Assistant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Sawanpanyalert, Pathom
Director
Department of Medical Sciences
National Institute of Health
Ministry of Public Health
Thailand
Saxena, Abha
Scientist
Research Policy and Cooperation
Evidence and Information for
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Saxena, Shekhar
Coordinator
Mental Health Determinants and
Populations
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Schleimann, Finn
Regional Technical Advisor
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Tanzania
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Scott, Cheryl L.
Director
Health and Human Services
Glooal AIDS Program
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Tanzania
Sefogah, Promise Emmanuel
National Health Officer
University of Ghana Medical
Students Association
Federation of Ghana Medical
Students
Ghana
Segeja, Method Donald
Research Scientist
Immunology and Biochemistry
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Sein, Than
Director
Evidence and Information for
WHO Regional Office for South
East Asia (WHO/SEARO)
India
Senga, Joseph
Photographer
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Senkoro, Kesheni
Research Scientist
Health Statistics and Information
Technology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Setel, Philip
Project Director
Adult Mortality and Morbidity
Project
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Sethi, Dinesh
Consultant and Senior Lecturer
Health Policy Unit
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Sewankambo, Nelson K
Dean
Faculty of Medicine
Makerere University
Uganda
Sha'a, Kiliobas K.
Lecturer
Pure Sciences College of Science
and Technology
Adamawa State Polytechnic
Nigeria
Shao, John
Executive Director
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Shaw, Matthew
Research Fellow
Health Policy Unit
London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine
United Kingdom
Shein, Ali Mohamed
Vice President
United Republic of Tanzania
Tanzania
Shey Wiysonge, Charles
Head
Epidemiological Surveillance
Unit Enlarged Programme of
Vaccination
Ministry of Public Health
Cameroon
Shiga, Fumiya
Lecturer
Nursing
Aichi Prefectural College of
Nursing and Health
Japan
Shih, Yaw-Tang
Director
Health Policy Research
National Health Research
Taiwan
Shija, Joseph
Chairman
Tanzania National Health
Research Forum
Tanzania
Shija, Nuru
Reporter
Uhuru
Tanzania
Shisana, Olive
Executive Director
Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and
Health
Human Sciences Research
South Africa
Shoo, Rumishael
Regional Health Advisor
Eastern and Southern Africa
Regional Office
United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF)
Kenya
Sidibe, Toumani
Director
CREDOS
Ministry of Health
Mali
Sikateyo, Bornwell
Information and Health Systems
Research Specialist
Research, Monitoring and
Evaluation Public Health and
Research
Central Soard of Health
Zambia
Silberberg, Donald
Director
International Medical Programs
School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
USA
Silver, Lynn
Visiting Researcher
Karolinska Institute!
Sweden
Simeon, Donald T.
Director
Community Health Department
Faculty of Medical Sciences
University of the West Indies
Trinidad and Tobago
Simkoko, Neema Gideon
Regional Coordinator
Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Muhimbili National Hospital
Tanzania
Simon, Jonathon
Director
Centre for International Health
School of Public Health
Boston University
USA
Forum 6 Participants by family name
24
Singh, Neeru
Deputy Director
Field Station Malaria Research
Centre
Indian Council of Medical
Siringi, Samuel
Writer
Editorial
Nation Media Group
Kenya
Sirisassamee, Buppha
Associate Professor and Deputy
Director
Institute for Population and Social
Research
Thailand
Siza, Julius
Research Scientist
Parasitology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Skold, Margareta
External Relations Officer
Civil Society Initiative External
Relations and Governing Bodies
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Small, Ian
Programme Manager
Faculty of Medicine
University of Toronto
Canada
Soares da Silva, Agnes
Scientific Secretary
SHARED (Scientists for Health
and Research for Development)
Netherlands Organization for
Scientific Research (NWO)
Netherlands
Sobanjo, Ajoke
Planning Officer
Health and Education
Gesellschaft fur Techmsche
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Germany
Sodeinde, Olugbemiro
Professor of Paediatrics and
Consultant Paediatrician
Department of Paediatrics
College of Medicine
University of Ibadan
Nigena
Sonjo, Antony
Conference Assistant
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
Centre
Tanzania
Soseleje, Oliver
Administrative Officer
Tanzania National Health
Research Forum
Tanzania
Soule, George
Associate Director
Office of Communication
Rockefeller Foundation
USA
Sow, Dembel
Senior Lecturer
Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine
University Cheik Anta Diop
Senegal
Soysa, Priyani E.
Chairman
National Health Research Council
Sri Lanka
Spiegel, Jerry M.
Director
Global Health Liu Centre for the
Study of Global Issues
University of British Columbia
Canada
Spinaci, Sergio
Executive Secretary
Commission on Macroeconomics
and Health (CMH)
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Sprott, Richard
Executive Director
The Ellison Medical Foundation
USA
Spruyt, Louise
Specialist Scientist
Medical Research Council
South Africa
Stachenko, Sylvie
General Director
Health Policy and Services
Centre for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Control
Population and Public Health
Canada
Strauss, Anne
Head of Department
Societes et Santd
Institut de Recherche pour le
Developpement
France
Strawczynski, David
Analyst
International Health International
Affairs
Health Canada
Canada
Sudarshan, Hanumappa
Chairman
Health and Family Welfare
Task Force on Health and Family
Welfare
India
Sulaiman, Suad M.
Director
Tropical Medicine Research
Institute
Sudan
Sule, Shehu
Director
Health Planning and Research
Department
Federal Ministry of Health
Nigeria
Sunkutu, Rosemary Musonda
Director
Pubi c Health and Research
Central Board of Healtn
Zambia
Suparmanto, Sri Astuti S.
Head
National Institute of Health
Research and Development
Indonesia
Suparmanto, Suparmanto
National Institute of Health
Research and Development
Indonesia
India
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Suwandono, Agus
Secretary
National Institute of Health
Research and Development
Indonesia
Suwanwela, Charas
Chairman of University Council
Chulalongkorn University
Thailand
Svensson, Par
Senior Research Officer
Research Cooperation - SAREC
Thematic Research
Swedish International
Development Cooperation
Sweden
Swingler, George
Senior Paediatrician
School of Child and Adolescent
Health
Red Cross Children's Hospital
South Africa
Talam, Edwin
Environmentalist
Water
Shelter. Water and Energy
Resource Network
Kenya
Tamang, Anand
Director
Centre for Research on
Environment, Health and
Population Activities
Nepal
Tamar Desta, Abaneh
Technical Officer
Essential Drugs Medicine
WHO Regional Office for Africa
Congo
Tamfu, Linwe
Communication Officer
Reseach Development
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa
Coordinator
Global Programme on Evidence
for Health Policy Choosing
Interventions: Effectiveness,
Quality, Costs and Gender
World Health Organization
Switzerland
Tangen Haug, Tone
Assistant Professor
Psychiatry Behavioural Medicine
University of Bergen
Norway
Tangwa, Godfrey
Associate Professor
Philosophy
University of Yaounde
Cameroon
Tata, Landji Paul
Researcher
Research Unit
LOBECIG
Cameroon
Tatsanavivat, Pyatat
Associate Dean
Research Affairs Faculty of
Medicine
Khon Kaen University
Thailand
Tee, Ah Sian
Director
Public Health
Asian Collaborative Training
Network Health
Malaysia
Teichman, Peter
Assistant Professor
Family Medicine School of
Medicine
West Virginia University
USA
Tekale, Nagesh S.
President
Navdrushti
India
Teklai, Yemane
Head of Department
Health Research
Ethiopian Science and
Technology Commission
Ethiopia
Temu, Mansuet
Research Scientist
Microbiology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Thankappan, Kavumpurathu R.
Associate Professor
Achuta Menon Centre for Health
Sciences Studies
SCTIMST Medical College
India
Theobald, Sally
Lecturer
International Health
Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine
United Kingdom
Theofile, Josenando
General Director
Institute de Combate e Controlo
da Tnpanossomiase
Angola
Thi Hong Minh, Nguyen
Researcher
National Institute of Nutrition
Viet Nam
Thinley, Sangay
Secretary
Health and Education
Ministry of Health and Education
Bhutan
Thomas, Sandy
Director
Nuffield Council on Bioethics
United Kingdom
Thompson, Ricardo
Scientific Director
National Institute of Health
Mozambique
Tietche, Felix
Lecturer
University of Yaounde
Cameroon
Tindana, Paulina Onvomaha
Administrator
Institutional Review Board
Navrongo Health Research Centre
Ghana
Forum 6 Participants by family name
26
Tkachenko. Sergey
Heao of Administration
Administration of Medical
Researcn Institutions
Ministry of Health
Russ a- -eceration
Toefy, Yoesrie
Researcher
Social Asoects of HIV/AIDS and
Health
Human Sciences Research
South Africa
Tolhurst, Rachel
Research Associate
International Health Research
Group
Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine
United Kingdom
Tollman, Steve
Chairman. Soard of Trustees
INDEPTH Network
Ghana
Trakoonhutip, Suchart
Project Coordinator
Friends of Women Foundation
Thailand
Tran, Anh Vinh
Vice-Director
Centre for Reproductive and
Family Health
Viet Nam
Tristan, Mario
Director and Chair
International Health Central
American Institute
Costa Rica
Tugumisirize, Joshua
Head and Lecturer
Psychiatry Department
University of Malawi
Malawi
Tugwell, Peter
Director
Centre for Global Health Institute
of Population Health
University of Ottawa
Canada
Tylleskar, Thorkild
Professor
Centre for International Health
University of Bergen
Norway
Uauy, Ricardo
Professor
Human Nutrition
Institute de la Nutricion y
Tecnologia de los Alimentos
Chile
Uhega, Alfred Vincent
Senior Administrative Officer
Human Resource Management
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Umnyashkin, Alexsandr
Head
International Relations
Ministry of Health
Azerbaijan
Unwin, Alasdair
Technical Cooperation Officer
Local Initiatives for Integrated
Malaria National Malaria Control
Programme
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Ussatayeva, Gainel
Senior Tutor
Epidemiology Epidemiology and
Hygiene
Kazakhstan School of Public
Health
Kazakhstan
Vaishnavi, Motilat Anand
Director
Health Care Delivery Systems
International Health
Health Education Foundation
India
Vaishnavi, Vikas
Research Associate
Health Care Delivery Systems
International Health
Health Education Foundation
India
Valen, Ragna
Director
Department of Medicine and
Research Council of Norway
Norway
Vasadze, Otar
Director
National Health Management
Centre
Georgia
Venugopal, P.V.
Director
International Operations
Medicines for Malaria Venture
Switzerland
Villaverde, Mario
Director
Health Policy Development and
Planning Bureau
Department of Health
Philippines
Volmink, James
Director
Research and Analysis
Global Health Council
USA
Walraven, Gijs
Head
Reproductive Health Programme
Medical Research Council
Laboratories
Gambia
Walters, Jorge
Coordinator
Information Technology & System
Development
8IREME WHO
Brazil
Wambura, Mwita
Statistician
Epidemiology
National Institute for Medical
Research
Tanzania
Wandwalo, Ellud
Epidemiologist
National Tuberculosis and
Leprosy Programme
Ministry of Health
Tanzania
Warriner, John
Administrative Assistant
Global Forum for Health Research
Switzerland
Forum 6 Participants by family name
Waruru, Anthony
Student
Karatina Hospital
Kenya
Webster, Naomi
Project Manager
South African Gender Based
Violence and Health
Medical Research Council
South Africa
Welle, Florian
Reporter
Deutsche Welle
Tanzania
Wibowo, Adik
Regional Adviser
Research Policy and Cooperation
Evidence and Information for
WHO Regional Office for South
East Asia (WHO/SEARO)
India
Wibulpolprasert, Suwit
Deputy Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Public Health
Thailand
Widdus, Roy
Project Manager
Initiative on Public-Private
Partnerships for Health
Switzerland
Wilder, Richard
Attorney at Law
Intellectual Property/lnternational
Trade Policy
Sidley. Austin. Brown and Wood
USA
Wyk, Johan van
Systems Software Analyst
Policy. Planning and Human
Resource Development
Management Information and
Research
Ministry of Health and Social
Services
Namibia
Yachelini, Pedro Constantino
Director
Institute de Biomedicina
Universidad Catolica de Santiago
del Estero
Argentina
Yangni-Angate, Herve Koffi
Chairman
Department of Cardiovascular
Disease
University of Bouake
Cote d'Ivoire
Yano, William
Director, Administrator
Education
Shelter, Water and Energy
Resource Network
Kenya
Yansoupov, Roufat
National Coordinator of ENHR
National Forum on Health
Research Development
Uzbekistan
Yesudian, C. Ashok Kumar
Professor and Head
Depanment of Health Services
Studies
Tata Institute of Social Sciences
India
Yonga, Gerald
Research Secretary and
Coordinator
Kenya Cardiac Society
Kenya
Yonga, Isabella
Medical Officer
Public Health School Health
Programme
Nairobi City Council
Kenya
Young, Alison
International Health Consultant
France
Zangpo, Kado
Research Officer
Research & Epidemiology Unit
Ministry of Health and Education
Bhutan
Zarowsky, Christina
Senior Scientific Adviser
Program and Partnership Branch
International Development
Research Centre
Canada
Zauana, Maazu
Head of Research
Policy. Planning and Human
Resources Development
Management Information and
Social Services
Ministry of Health and Social
Services
Namibia
Zerihun, Legesse
Associate Dean
Faculty of Medicine
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Forum 6 Participants by family name
28
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Angola
Institute de Combate e Controlo da Tripanossomiase
Josenanco Theofile
Ministry of Health
Carlos Alberto Antonio
Antonio Castelo Branco
Argentina
Universidad Catolica de Santiago del Estero
Pedro Constantino Yachelim
Armenia
National Academy of Sciences
Eleanor Hovhanessyan
Australia
Deakin University
Elizabeth Eckermann
Institute for International Health Research and Development
Robyn Norton
National Health and Medical Research Council
Alan Pettigrew
Azerbaijan
Ministry of Health
Alexsandr Umnyashkin
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Medical Research Council
Harun Ar-Rashid
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC)
Mushtaque Chowdhury
Child In Need Institute
Surendra Kumar Misnra
Gonoshasthaya Kendra
Zafrullah Chowdhury
Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research
Mohammed Abul Kalam
Belgium
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Joachim Hornbach
Bhutan
Ministry of Health and Education
Sangay Thinley
Kado Zangpo
Bolivia
San Andres University
Jaime L Rios-Dalenz
Botswana
National AIDS Coordinating Agency
Banu Khan
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Brazil
BIREME WHO
Jorge Waiters
Federal University of Bahia
Roberto Baoaro
Ministry of Health
Cesar Jacoby
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
Akira Homma
State University of Campinas
Antonia Bankoff
Burkina Faso
Laboratoire National de Sante Publique
Sheick Oumar Coulibaly
Ministry of Health
Salimata Ki/ Ouedraogo
Ministry of Secondary School and University
Maxime Drabo
Burundi
University of Burundi
Deogratias Niyungeko
Wivine Ntamubano
Cameroon
Institute of Medical Research
Martyn Teyha Sama
LOBECIG
Rose Aka
Agbor Atem
Scott Galega
Atangcho Nchungong
Fuajong Ngulefac
Ngepwung Ngulefac
Linwe Tamfu
Landji Paul Tata
Ministry of Public Health
Charles Shey Wiysonge
University of Yaounde
Rose Leke
Daniel Lemogoum
Jean-Claude Mbanya
Godfrey Tangwa
Felix Tietche
Canada
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
John Frank
Elizabeth McGregor
Alita Perry
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Garry Aslanyan
Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Population and Public Health Branch
Sylvie Stachenko
Dalhousie University
Katherine Orr
Ebitendo Statistics
Ebi Kimanam
Health Canada
David Strawczynski
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Canada (continued)
Institute of Aboriginal Peoples’ Health
Jeff Reading
Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health
Arun Chockalingam
International Development Research Centre
Christina Zarowsky
McMaster University
Stuart MacLeod
Victor Neufeld
University of British Columbia
Jerry M. Spiegel
University of Ottawa
Peter Tugwell
University of Toronto
Ian Small
Women's Solidarity Association of Iran
Fatemeh Fahimi
Chile
Institute de la Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos
Ricardo Uauy
Ministry of Health
Carmen Lopez Stewart
National Council on Health Research
Jorge Amagaaa-Caceres
China
Beijing Municipal Women's Health Institute
Hui Ding
Colombia
Corporacion CIDEIM
Nancy Gore Saravia
Juan Francisco Miranda
Pontifica Universidad Javeriana
Rodolfo Dennis
Congo
ASOREMIR
Dems Kingombe
Collectif des Organisations des Jeunes Solidaires du Congo- Kinshasa
Fernandez Murhoia Muhigirwa
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Yves Monsenepwo Idjungu
Costa Rica
International Health Central American Institute
Mario Tristan
Cote d'Ivoire
African Development Bank
Walter Muchenje
Centre Hospitaller Universitaire de Yopougon
Flore Amon Tanon Dick
University of Bouake
Herve Koffi Yangni-Angate
Cuba
Ministerio de Salud Publica
Eric Martinez-Torres
Forum 6 Participants list by country
.‘I
Czech Republic
Charles University of Prague
Vladimir Bencko
Denmark
Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory
Jens Byskov
Danish International Development Agency
Bente llsoe
Pia Rockhold
ENRECA Health Research Network
Lene Blegvad Jakobsen
University of Copenhagen
lb Christian Bygbjerg
Bent Detlef Gehrt
Susan Reynolds Whyte
Anita M. Ronn
Ecuador
Medical Federation of Ecuador
Edgar Montalvo Mendoza
National Association of Faculties of Medicine (AFEME)
Cesar Hermida
Egypt
Alexandria University
Ahmed Mandil
American University in Cairo
Hoda Rashad
University of Cairo
Shafika Nasser
Ethiopia
Addis Ababa University
Damen Haile Mariam
Abubaker Bedri Kelo
Seleshi Desta Lulseged
Legesse Zerihun
Armauer Hansen Research Institute
Howard . Engers
Fisseha H, Meskal
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute
Abebe Bekele
Aberra Geyid
Ethiopian Netherlands AIDS Research Project
Eduard Sanders
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission
Yemane Teklai
Fiji
Pacific Health Research Council
Jan Pryor
France
Joseph M. Kasonde
Alison Young
Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement
Anne Strauss
Universite d'Aix-Marseille 1
Vincent Bonniol
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Gambia
Medical Research Council Laboratories
Keith McAdam
Gijs Walraven
Georgia
Curatio International Foundation
Mamuka Djibuti
George Gotsadze
National Health Management Centre
Otar Vasadze
Georgia (continued)
State Medical Insurance Company
Temur Kaiandadze
Germany
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Jens Adam
Ajoke Sobanjo
Syynx Websolutions
Mano Diwersy
Ghana
Federation of Ghana Medical Students
William Obeng
Promise Emmanuel Sefogah
Federation of Ghana Medical Students Association
John Humphrey Amuasi
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Denis A.Yawovi Gadah
Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
Japnet Christian Norman
Ghana Health Service
Nana-Kwadwo Biritwum
Daniel Darko
INDEPTH Network
Fred Bmka
Bccar Kouyate
Osman Sankoh
Steve Tollman
Navrongo Health Research Centre
Paulina Onvomaha Tindana
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Bartholomew Akanmori
Royal Engineering
Francis Malik
University of Science and Technology
John Appiah-Poku
Guatemala
Guatemalan Heart Association
Carlos Montano
Guinea
Ministere de la Sante Publique
Alpha Ahmadou Diallo
Sylla N'Nah Ojenab
Haiti
Union des Medecins Haitiens
Marie-Danielle Comeau
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Honduras
Ministry of Health
Lizzetn Betancourt
India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Narendra Kumar Arora
Community Health Cell
Ravi Narayan
Thelma Narayan
Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action
Geetanjali Misra
Epidemiological Research Centre
Vendhan Gajalakshmi
Health Action by People
Soman Chittakkudam Raman
Health Education Foundation
Saguna Puttoo
Motilat Anand Vaishnavi
Vikas Vaishnavi
Indian Academy of Paediatrics
Rajiv Kumar Jain
Indian Council of Medical Research
Nirmal K. Ganguly
Neeru Singh
Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries
Monika Arora
Anma Mishra
K. Srinath Reddy
Institute of Health Systems
Mukesh Janbandhu
Anjaneyulu Jinugu
Satish Kumar Kannappa
King George Medical College
Shally Awasthi
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
Subbiah Gunasekaran
Maulana Azad Medical College
Mongjam Meghachandra Singh
National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Gururaj Gopalaknshna
Navdrushti
Nagesh S. Tekale
Research for International Tobacco Control
Mira Aghi
SCB Medical College and Hospital
Sanghramitra Pati
SCTIMST Medical College
Kavumpurathu R. Thankappan
Society for Elimination and Rural Poverty
Lipika Nanda
Somaiya Medical College and Hospital
Sudhir Gokral
Task Force on Health and Family Welfare
Hanumappa Sudarshan
Tata Institute of Social Sciences
C. Ashok Kumar Yesudian
Voluntary Health Association of Maharashtra
Bishan S. Garg
Indonesia
National Institute of Health Research and Development
Sri Astuti S. Suparmanto
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Indonesia (continued)
Suparmanto Suparmanto
Agus Suwandono
Panti Rapih Private Hospital
Arif Haiirran
Iran
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Hossein Malek Ardakam Afzali
National Research Centre of Medical Services
Bita Mesgarpour
Mohammad Reza Mohammad!
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
Saeed Asefzadeh
Hamid Reza Javadi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Kourosh Holakouie Naiem
Italy
Atherosclerosis Centre Giancarlo Descovich
Simona Nascetti
Maria Panagiota Panourgia
Zina Sangiorgi
Japan
Aichi Prefectural College of Nursing and Health
Fumiya Shiga
Kazakhstan
Densaulyk
Valikan Akhmetov
Kazakhstan School of Public Health
Maksut Kulzhanov
Bakhytkul Sarymsakova
Gainel Ussatayeva
National Center for Healthy Lifestyle
Aikan Akanov
Kenya
African Health Research Forum -kenya
Lawrence Gikaru
African Urban Market Centres Health Link
Boaz Kamo
Justine Toroitich Kurui
Felicia Onimbo
Federation of African Medical Students Associations
Weam Marcos
Institut Panafricain de Sante Communautaire
Louis Paluku Sabuni
K-REP Development Agency
Shahnaz Ahmed
Karatina Hospital
Anthony Waruru
Kenya Cardiac Society
Gerald Yonga
Kenya Medical Research Institute
David L. Mwaniki
Kenya Methodist University
Mutuma Mugambi
Kenya Psychiatric Association
Frank Njenga
Max Okonji
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Kenya (continued)
Ministry of Health
David Knma
Moi University - Institute of Public Health
Wilson Oaero
Nairobi City Council
Isaoella Yonga
Nairobi Clinical Epidemiology Unit
Erastus K. Njeru
Nation Media Group
Samuel Sinngi
National Health Research and Development Centre
Mohamed Said Abdullah
Justin Inna
Rockefeller Foundation
Cheikh Mbacke
Pat Naidoo
Shelter, Water and Energy Resource Network
Edwin Kiprono
Edwin Talam
William Yano
Sustainable Health Enterprises Foundation
Liza Kimbo
University of Nairobi
Pius Kigamwa
William M. Macharia
Charles Nzioka
Korea (Republic of)
International Vaccine Institute
Luis Jodar
Kyrgyzstan
Ministry of Health
Ernisbek Bokchubaev
Latvia
Latvian Institute of Cardiology
Vilnis Dzerve
Lebanon
Salem for Health Research and Consultancy
Mahmoud Salem
Malawi
Ministry of Health and Population
Allan Macheso
University of Malawi
Joshua Tugumisirize
Malaysia
Indra Pathmanathan
Asian Collaborative Training Network Health
Ah Sian Tee
Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women
Rashidah Abdullah
Institute for Medical Research
Munn-Sann Lye
Ministry of Health
Zailan Adnan
Sistem Hospital Awasan Taraf
Manikavasagam Jegathesan
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Malaysia (continued)
University of Malaya
Ah Dau Masaud
Mali
Ministry of Health
Toumam Sidibe
National Institute of Public Health Research
Absatou Soumare N'Diaye
Mauritius
Mauritius Institute of Health
Premduth Burhoo
Mexico
Center for Research and Advanced Studies
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Institute Nacional de Salud Publica
Cristina Inclan Valadez
Gustavo Nigenda Lopez
Mexican Foundation for Health
Emmanuel Orozco
National Institute of Cardiology
Jorge Ramirez
Yaocihuatl A.C.
Lillian Liberman
Mozambique
Legal and Judiciary Training Centre
Terezinha Da Silva
National Institute of Health
Felisbela Gaspar
Ricardo Thompson
Namibia
Ministry of Health and Social Services
Johan van Wyk
Maazu Zauana
Nepal
AMDA-Hospital
Nirmal Jha
Centre for Research on Environment, Health and Population Activities
Anand Tamang
Institute of Medicine
Sharad Onta
Nepal Health Economics Association
Badriraj Pande
Nepal Health Research Council
Gopal Prasad Acharya
Anil Kumar Mishra
B C Rajendra Kumar
Nepal Public Health Association
Muni Raj Chhetri
Netherlands
Aids Fonds
Sam Gobin
Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
Geert M van Etten
Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute
Jeroen K van Ginneken
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Netherlands (continued)
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)
Barend Mons
Agnes Soares da Silva
Netherlands Antilles
Medical and Public Health Service
tezy Gerstenbluth
Nicaragua
Nicaragua Universidad Nacional Autonoma (UNAN-LEON)
Ernesto Medina Sandino
Nigeria
Adamawa State Polytechnic
Kiliobas K. Sha’a
African Council for Sustainable Health Development
Lola Dare
African Institute for Applied Economics
George Okechukwu Oji
Afrihealth Information Projects
Uzodmma A. Adirieje
BAMAH Investment Nigeria Limited
Yinka Falope
Center for Health Sciences Training, Research and Development (CHESTRAD) International
Olamide Bandele
Centre for Health Policy and Strategic Studies
Akintola B. Odutola
Family and Adolescent Health Initiative
Amechi Nweze
Federal Ministry of Health
Julie Adekeye
Shehu Sule
Gender Care Initiative
Janefrancis Duru
Ministry of Health - Ekiti State
Kolawole Faleye
Ministry of Health of Maiduguri Borno State
Ahmed Kaka El-Yakub
National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research & Development
Uford S. Inyang
National Programme on Immunization
Aioritsedere Awosika
Chmyere Chukwuani
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
TaiwoAdewple
Bamidele Davis Omotola
The Companion
Adekunle John Adedipe
Tropical and International Health Consultants
Orji Bright
Jones Nwadike
University of Benin
Francis Oronsaye
University of Calabar
Martin Meremikwu
University of Ibadan
Funmilayo Fawole
Olusola Gbotosho
Babatunde Lawai Salako
Olugbemiro Sodeinde
Forum 6 Participants list by country
38
Nigeria (continued)
University of Nigeria
Paul Obtekwe Okonkwo
Akwaugo Onwubere
Basden J C. Onwubere
Onyukwu Onyukwu
Norway
Betanien College of Nursing
Kirsti Kvale
Norwegian Heart and Lung Association
Torrun Hasler
Research Council of Norway
Ragna Valen
University of Bergen
Per Bergsjo
Astrid Blystad
Kjell Haug
Lydia Kapiriri
Gunnar Kvale
Sayoki Mfinanga
Odd Morkve
Jean-Claude Mwanza
Bjorg Evjen Oisen
Oystem Evjen Olsen
Rolf K. Reed
Bjarne Robberstad
Tone Tangen Haug
Thorkild Tylleskar
Pakistan
Aga Khan University Hospital
Zuifiqar Bhutta
APPNA SEHAT
Zubair Faisal Abbasi
Health Services Academy
Tayyeb Masud
Pakistan Medical Research Council
Tasieem Akhtar
Peru
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Diana Rodnguez
Philippines
Center for Economic Policy Research
Bienvenido P. Alano
Emelina Almario
J Angelo Lazaro
De La Salle University
Pilar Jimenez Ramos
June Pagaduan-Lopez
Department of Health
Fe Bardos-Barquin
Mario Villaverde
INCLEN Trust
Mary Ann Lansang
Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
Gemiliano Aligui
Merlita Opena
University of San Carlos
Alan Feranil
Xavier University
Chona R. Echavez
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Russian Federation
Central Institute of Epidemiology
Victor Maleyev
Foundation of Afro-Asian Development
Mikhail Bondarenko
Anastasia Nikolskaya
Ministry of Health
Nikolai Potekaev
Sergey Tkachenko
N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology
Nikolai Napalkov
Rwanda
Ministry of Health
Yvonne Kayiteshonga
Senegal
Ministere de la Sante Publique et de I'Action Sociale
Bocar Mamadou Daff
Djibril Ndiaye
Samba Cor Sarr
University Cheik Anta Diop
Dembel Sow
Sierra Leone
Community Health Evangelism Programme
Solomon van Kanei
South Africa
Tanya Jacobs
Dieter Neuvians
Commission on Global Advancement of Nephrology
Ivor J. Katz
Government of South Africa
Modesta Ngumbela
Health Systems Trust
Vuyiswa Mathambo
Human Sciences Research Council
Stephen Chandiwana
David Hemson
Olive Shisana
Yoesne Toefy
Medical Research Council
Keith Ross
Louise Spruyt
Naomi Webster
Ministry of Health
Lmdiwe E Makubalo
Pakiso Martha Netshidzivhani
Red Cross Children's Hospital
Arjan Bastiaan van As
George Swingler
South African Institute for Medical Research
Nicola Christofides
University of Cape Town
Sven Abrahamse
Tony Hawkridge
James Irlam
Marian E. Jacobs
Sophia Kisting
University of Natal
Olagoke Akintola
University of Pretoria
Carel B. Ijsselmuiden
Forum 6 Participants list by country
40
South Africa (continued)
University of the North
Supa p'omti.ssananon
University of Western Cape
Davio Sanders
University of Witwatersrand
Patrick Send
Samara Klugman
Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies
Ravindra P Rannan-Eliya
Ministry of Health and Indigenous Medicine
Stanley Oliver De Silva
National Health Research Council
Pnyani E. Soysa
University Grants Commission
Balapuwaduge R R N. Mendis
University of Peradeniya
Arjuna Aluwihare
Sudan
Federal Ministry of Health
Dya Eldin Eisayed
Khartoum University
Faiza Mohammed Osman
National Rabbat University
Elsadig Mohamed
Student Medical Society
Mohammed Elkhazm
Khalifa Elmusharaf
Fawaz Mohmed
Tropical Medicine Research Institute
Sarnia El Kanb
Suad M. Sulaiman
University of Khartoum
Ahmed El Hassan
Elsheikh Mahgoub
Sweden
Goteborg University
Lotta Meilander
Karolinska Institutet
Lynn Silver
Lund University
Eva Maria Fenyd
Skaraborg Institute for Research and Development
Ingela Krantz
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
Hannah Opokua Akuffo
Barbro Carlsson
Solveig Freudenthal
Par Svensson
Switzerland
Paul Ress
Centre Medical Universitaire de Geneve
Achille Berakis
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
Jaya Banerp
Raptim
Jean-Charles Puippe
Forum 6 Participants list by country
41
Switzerland (corf-ea;
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)
Jens Kastberg
Janis Lazains-Helcs
Carlos M. Morel
Olumide A T. Ogundahunsi
Jan H F Remme
S\yiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Martine Berger
Daniel Mausezahl
University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
Jean-Pierre Gervasom
Syrian Arab Republic
Al-Assad Health Research Centre
Wafa Salloum
Taiwan
National Health Research Institutes
Yaw-Tang Shih
Tanzania
Afsat Communications
Leo Mazigo
Arusha Municipal Council
Paul Lother Laiser
Associated Press
George Mwangi
BBC World Service
John Ngahyoma
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cheryl L. Scott
Centre for Educational Development in Health
Melkiory Masatu
Consultants for Health Development
Thomas van der Heijden
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Finn Schleimann
Deutsche Welle
Florian Welle
DTV
Hussain Iddy
Emmanuel Sadick
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania
Peter Iveroth
Free Pentecostal Churches in Tanzania
Ingegerd Rooth
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
Lucy Ikamba
Theophil Malibiche
Siya Akwililina Mlay
Ally Mohamed
Rehema Nyiti
Helen Prytherch
Government Chemist Laboratory Agency
Ernest Mashimba
Hubert Kairuki Memorial University
Sylvester Ka,una
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre
Hassan Mshrnda
Abdulla Salim
International Trachoma Initiative
Peter Kilima
Forum 6 Participants list by country
42
Tanzania (continued)
I TV
Adam Akyoo
Fanuei Mgonja
Kilimanjaro Airports Development Company
Godfrey Mbakiiwa
Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology
Ken Bassett
Paul Courtright
Robert Geneau
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
Imtiaz Bandan
Kaoibi Byabato
Faraja Chimariza
Eunice Katengenya
Samwel Kimesa
Soter Levasha
Andrew Mgaya
Alfred Mkwkalebela
Rosemary Mrina
Florida Muro
Justin Nyamoga
John Shao
Antony Sonjo
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College
Egbert Kessi
Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education
Pius Ng'wandu
Ministry of Community Development, Women and Children
Mary Mushi
Ministry of Energy and Minerals
Launan Rwebembera
Ministry of Health
Anna Abdallah
Said Egwaga
Yusuf Hemed
Henry Kitange
Marian Muller
Mahmoud Mussa
Mariam J. Mwaffisi
Alex Mwita
Philip Setel
Alasdair Unwin
Eliud Wandwalo
Mtanzania
Mbaraka Islam
Muhimbili National Hospital
Mike Mabimbi
Neema Gideon Simkoko
Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute
Kitugi Samwel Nungu
Muhimbili University
Adeline Kapella
Abednego Kinasha
Sinel Massawe
Fred Mhalu
Candida Moshiro
Jacob Mtabaji
Feddy Mwanga
Kisali Pallangyo
National Institute for Medical Research
John Changalucha
Valentine Eyakuze
Conraa Kabali
Joseph Kahamba
Charles Kajeguka
Akili Kalinga
Mathias Kamugisha
Forum 6 Participants list by country
4'
Tanzania (continued)
Phiibert Kashangaki
Stafford N Kibona
Andrew Martin Kilale
Louis Kiluwa
William Kisoka
Andrew Y Kitua
Stephen Kunda
Levina Lerna
Martha Lemnge
Nicholas Lwambo
Emmanuel Makunai
Hamisi Masanja Malebo
Mwelecele Maleceia-Lazaro
Wabyahe Malengamsho
Karoh D Malley
Lucas Matemba
Leonard Mboera
Jonathan Mcharo
Joseph Mduma
Nyanjoge Meyaye
Lea Mgonja
Daniel Minga
Marie Mmbuji
Gasper G. Mponda
John Msangi
Abraham Muro
Virdiana Mvungi
Honest Nagai
Gabriel Ndamugoba
Angelo Nkwera
Godwin Nkya
Nyagosya Range
Josephat Saham
Method Donald Segeja
Joseph Senga
Kesheni Senkoro
Julius Siza
Mansuet Temu
Alfred Vincent Uhega
Mwita Wambura
Ocean Road Cancer Institute
Frank Vincent Lekey
Radio Free Africa
Mabel Masasi
Radio One
John Marandu
Reuters
Wangui Kanina
RTD
Salim Mbonde
Shelly’s Pharmaceuticals
Ashok Kumar S.
Sinza Health Centre
Jerome Kamwela
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Arnold Buluba
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology
Titus K. Kabalimu
Wenceslaus Kilama
Rose Rita Kingamkono
Tanzania National Health Research Forum
Yohana J.S. Mashalla
Joseph Shija
Oliver Soseleje
Tanzanian Essential Health Intervention Project
Don De Savigny
Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Centre
Wilbald Lorri
Forum 6 Participants list by country
44
Tanzania (continued)
Godwin Ndossi
The Daily News
Sukhecev Chhatbar
The Guardian
Peter Nyanje
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)
Justice Muumoa
TVT
Florance Dyauli
R. Msechu
Uhuru
Nuru Shija
Vice President's Office, Government of Tanzania
Daniel Ole Njoolay
Arcado D Ntagazwa
Ali Mohamed Shein
Voice of America
Dmnah Chahali
Thailand
Chulalongkorn University
Charas Suwanwela
Friends of Women Foundation
Suchart Trakoonhutip
Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI)
Wiput Phoolcharoen
Institute for Population and Social Research
Buppha Sinsassamee
Khon Kaen University
Pyatat Tatsanavivat
Ministry of Public Health
Chanpen Choprapawon
Somsak Chunharas
Pathom Sawanpanyalen
Suwit Wibulpolprasert
Prince of Songkhla University
Sawitri Limcnaiarunruang
Trinidad and Tobago
University of the West Indies
Donald T. Simeon
Turkey
Osmangazi University
Burhanettm Isikli
Uganda
African Health Research Forum
Griet Onsea
Joint Clinical Research Centre
Banson John Barugahare
Makerere University
Jessica N.S. Jitta
Olive C. Kobusmgye
Michael Ivan Lyazi
Everd Maniple
Nelson K Sewankambo
Ministry of Health
Charles Kabugo
National Foundation for Research and Development
Rhona Mugaaju Mijumbi
Forum 6 Participants list by country'
Uganda (continued)
Uganda National Council for Science and Technology
Zerubabe! M Nyura
Uganda National Health Research Organisation (UNHRO)
Julius-Julian Lutwama
Raphael Owor
United Kingdom
British Medical Journal
Annabel Fernman
City University
Grant Lewison
Department for International Development (DFID)
Malayah Harper
Glasgow University
Kate Hunt
Institute of Psychiatry
Rachel Jenkins
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Sally Theobald
Rachel Tolhurst
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Andrew Haines
Michael Hollingdale
Anne Mills
Vikram Pate!
Dinesh Sethi
Matthew Shaw
Management of Intellectual Property in Research and Development
Richard Mahoney
Nicholas Mellor
Olga Lidia Mcreno Samper
Suryanararyan Ramachandran
Nuffield Council on Bioethics
Sandy Thomas
SciDev.Net
Tom Hewitt
The Lancet
Sarah Ramsay
University of Bristol
Lesley Doyal
Wellcome Trust
Richard Lane
Uruguay
Grupo de Estudios en Economia Organizacion y Politicas Sociales (GEOPS)
Delia Maria Sanchez
USA
Caryn Miller
Africa Alert Foundation
Hassan Danesi
Boston University
Jonathon Simon
Center for Population, Health and Nutrition
Neal Brandes
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Darwin R. Labarthe
George Mensah
Covance Inc.
Marian Griffiths
Forum 6 Participants list by country
46
USA (continued)
Fogarty International Center
Joel G Braman
Sharon Hrynkow
Gerald T Keusch
L.nca Kupfer
Mark A. Miller
Global Biodiversity Institute
John Kilama
Global Health Council
James Voimink
Harvard School of Public Health
Richard A Casn
Harvard University
Lincoln Chen
Vasant Narasimhan
Heritage School
Lou Goldstein
Howard University
Roberta Hollander
INCLEN Inc.
Christina Heiler
International Center for Research on Women
Nata Ouwury
Geeta Rao Gupta
International Women's Health Coalition
Aonenne Germain
Johns Hopkins University
Robert Black
Adnan A. Hyder
Matthews Medic Group
Mary Ann Guerra
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Rod Hoff
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Danuta Krotoski
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Lois Cohen
Kevin Hardwick
National Institutes of Health
Elisabeth Fee
Pfizer Inc
Heather Lauver
Resources for the Future
Majid Ezzati
Rockefeller Foundation
Diane L. Eckerle
Sarah Macfarlane
Anel Pablos-Mendez
George Soule
Sequella Global Tuberculosis Foundation
Lawrence Geiter
Sidley, Austin, Brown and Wood
Richard Wilder
The Ellison Medical Foundation
Richard Sprott
Tufts University
Anthony Roboins
Tulane University
Samee Duale
U.S. Agency for International Development
Ruth E. Frischer
Forum 6 Participants list by country
4"
USA (continued)
University of Arizona
Mary Koss
University of California
Dele Ogunseitan
University of Illinois at Chicago
Howard Ehrman
University of Maine
Stepnen GHson
University of Massachusetts
Phyllis Freeman
University of Michigan
Frank Anderson
Ian Mutchnick
University of Pennsylvania
Donald Silberberg
University of South Florida
Jeannine Coreil
University of Washington
Nongnut Boonyoung
West Virginia University
Peier Teichman
Uzbekistan
2nd Tashkent Medical Institute
Shavkat Karimov
Forum on Health Research for Development
Armen Gazaryan
National Forum on Health Research Development
Roufat Yansoupov
Tashkent Perinatal Center
Uktam Djalalov
Viet Nam
Centre for Reproductive and Family Health
Thi Hoai Due Nguyen
Anh Vinh Tran
National Institute of Nutrition
Nguyen Thi Hong Minh
Yemen
Ministry of Public Health
Abdullah Al-Ashwal
Zambia
Central Board of Health
Bornwell Sikateyo
Rosemary Musonda Sunkutu
Centre for Health, Science and Social Research
Thabale Jack Ngulube
Zimbabwe
Blair Research Institute
Farai Chieza
Christopher Karunkomo
Medical Research Council
Paul Ndebele
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
Shungu Mtero-Munyati
Forum 6 Participants list by country
Zimbabwe (continued)
SHARED Africa
Samson Katikiti
Christopher Mawere
International Organizations
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. Geneva
Miguel Gonzalez-Block
Gloria Kelly-Pagneux
Caribbean Health Research Council (CHRC), Port-of-Spain
Davio Picou
Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Geneva
Sylvia De Haan
Lennart Freij
Peter Makara
Happiness David Minja
Global Alliance forTB Drug Development, Bruxelles
Giorgio Roscigno
Global Forum for Health Research, Geneva
Sameera Al-Tuwaijn
Kirsten Bendixen
Matthew Chaterdon
Louis J Currat
Anores de Francisco
Abdul Ghaffar
Veloshnee Govencer
Waiter H. Gulbmat
Susan Jupp
Diane Keithiy
Mane McGehee
Andrea Moreira
Thomas C Ncnmda
Alina Pawlowska
Alexandra Saudan
John Warnner
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva
Richard G. A. Feachem
Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Geneva
Pamela Atiase
Alessandra Botta
Stefame Meredith
Sibongile Pefile
Roy Widdus
International Organization for Migration, Nairobi
Marymes Lyons
International Planned Parenthood Federation, London
Naana Otoo-Oyortey
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, Copenhagen
Jens Modvig
Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF), Geneva
Bernard Peccul
Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva
Diana Cotran
J Carl Craft
Forum 6 Participants list by country
International Organizations (continued)
Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva (continued)
Christopher Hentscne!
Erm Kimaoui
Peter Potter-Lesage
P V Venugcpal
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Nairobi
Rumishaei Shoo
United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Geneva
Jose Esparza
UNOPS/UNDP, Geneva
Mina Mauerstem-Bail
World Health Organization, Geneva
Oluwole Akande
Robert Beaglehole
Ruth Bomta-Beaglehole
Robert Alexander Butchart
Olivier Fontaine
Claudia Garcia-Moreno
Raymond Hutubessy
Jean Jannin
Sonali Johnson
Andrew Kennedy
Meleckidzedeck Khayesi
Jacob Kumaresan
Pauline McKay
Shanthi Mendis
Winnie Mpanju-Shumbusho
Soma Pagliusi Uhe
Tikki Pang
Ritu Sadana
Abha Saxena
Shekhar Saxena
Margarete Skold
Sergio Spinaci
Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer
WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Brazzaville
Amidou Baba-Moussa
Abaneh Tamar Desta
WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Ouagadougou
Uche Amazigo
Assimawe Pana
WHO Regional Office for South East Asia (WHO/SEARO), New Delhi
Than Sein
Adik Wibowo
WHO - Office of the Representative for Angola, Luanda
Bernabe Lemos
WHO - Office of the Representative for Sudan, Khartum
Sarnia Yousif Idris Habbani
WHO - Office of the Representative for Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam
Wedson Mwambazi
Riha J A. Njau
Eileen Josephine Petit-Mshana
Forum 6 Participants list by country
International Organizations (continued)
World Bank, Washington DC
Florence Bamgana
Mariam Claeson
Oem ssie Hat;e
Rcoert Hecht
Forum 6 Participants list by country
I
' )UX‘)ATION COUNCIL
Global Forum /
for Health Research
Helping
correct
the
10/90/
Mu.-iiih
S-A > .
V\.:.
'
,
. 'iiliUCC
on Health Kcscarcn
Ganguly
Council of Medical Research
.fidi ienne Germain
,'ntcytational Women's Health Coalition
Robert Hecht
World Bank
Marian Jacobs
Council on Health Research
for Development
Andrew Y. Kilua
National Institute for Medical
Research, Tanzania
Mary Ann Lansang
INCLEN Tntsl
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies, Mexico
Carlos Morel
Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
Nikolai Napalkov
Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia
Bent Olsson
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency
Tikki Pang
World lieal.th Organization
nilla Senanayake
^national Planned
parenthood Federation
PagnaiValen
Research Council, Norway
Christina Zarowsky
international Development
Research Centre, Canada
mme
a
SECRETARIAT
Louis J. Currat
Executive Secretary
Kirsten Bendixen
Meeting Organizer
Andres de Francisco
Senior Public Health Specialist
Abdul Ghaffar
Public Health Specialist
Velophnec Govendcr
' Public Health Specialist
Susan Jupp
Senior Communication Officer
Diane Kcithly
Operations Officer
Alinai Pawlowska ' .
Information Management Qfficcr
Samcera Al-Tuwaijri
Foruni Scientific Officer
John Warrincr
Administrative Assistant
C1R11M
1245 NOVEMBER2002
Arusha, Tanzania
www.globalforumhealth.org
gap
IFORUM
ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/‘>0 GAP
Programme overview
F
Tuesday
12 November
Wednesday
13 November
Transfers to AICC
Transfers to AICC
PLENARY
PLENARY
PLENARY
PLENARY
OPENING AND KEYNOTE
ADDRESS
Vice President of Tanzania
Measuring progress in
gender issues
Health research and
development: what next
after the Commission on
Macroeconomics and Health
and the Millennium
Development Goals?
Using research results:
research synthesis as a
tool to help correct the
10/90 gap
Registration
9.00-10.30
Celebrating African
health research
I
Coffee break/Marketplace
10.30-11.00
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Successes in health research:
solving health problems
Examples from African
regions:
• East Africa
• Southern Africa
• North Africa
• West Africa
PARALLEL SESSIONS
PARALLEL SESSIONS
• Gender, child health
and nutrition
• Gender, mental health
and disability
• Gender and noncommunicable
diseases
• Gender, sexual and
reproductive health
• Gender, infectious and
tropical diseases
• Gender, work and
occupational health
• Violence against women
• Genomics, intellectual property
rights and the 10/90 gap
• Latest developments in
priority-setting
• Resource flows
• Strategies for improving access
to drugs
• World Health Report 2002:
Reducing risks, promoting
healthy life
Lunch break/Marketplace
12.30-14.00
14.00-15.30
--------------------------Friday
15 November
Transfers to AICC
Transfers to AICC
7.30-9.00
11.00-12.30
Thursday
14 November
CLOSING PLEfv
What perspecti
rhe
10/90 gap and
recommendation
ii>e
partners in the Global
Forum?
CLOSING EVENT
PLENARY
PLENARY
PLENARY
SITE VISIT
Successes in health research:
mobilizing national
resources
Health research
collaboration: national,
regional and global health
research forums
Monitoring the results of
research capacity
strengthening
• M0H Demographic
Surveillance System
Coffee break/Marketplace
15.30-16.00
16.00-17.30
PARALLEL SESSIONS
• Debate on Asian/LAC
successes in mobilizing
national resources
• Research by CSOs
• Research on AIDS
• Research to roll back
malaria
• TB initiatives
PARALLEL SESSIONS
Regional meetings
• Launch of the African
Health Research Forum
• Asia + Pacific Forum
• Latin + Central America
PARALLEL SESSIONS
• Brain drain and RCS
• Debate on the evaluation
framework for research
capacity strengthening
• Health research systems
analysis
• Research for policy and
practice
18.00-19.30
OPENING RECEPTION
hosted by the Chair of the
Global Forum for
Health Research
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
• ACOSHED
• Bangkok Action Plan
• Cost-effectiveness analysis
• High blood pressure in Africa:
planning group
• Oral health
• SHARED
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Child health and nutrition
• ENHR
• INDEPTH
• International Health
Research Awards
• Maternal health
• Mental health and neurological
disorders
• Measuring BoD
• Public-private partnerships
• Road traffic injuries
• World Report on Violence
\___________
www.globalforumhealth.org
1
Monday 11 November
14.00
Registration opens.
14.00-17.00
Marketplace set up.
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule).
17.30-18.15
Newcomers Session
■Mbayuwayu
Chair: Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research
Recommended for all those new to the Global Forum's meetings and activities.
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule).
18.30-20.3u
Twiga
Faculty Orientation Briefing and Reception
Chair: Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research
All faculty are requested to attend.
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
I ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
1
I
HI I PING CORRECT Till 10/90 GAP
Tuesday 12 November
,„ROJ3±1M
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule)
For the Opening Session, participants are required to be in their seats in Simba Hall by 8.50 at the latest.
Registration opens.
7.00
PLENARY SESSION
i------ -—-----------------Simba Hall
Opening and Keynote Address
9.00-9.45
.
»
•
i Abdallah, Minister pf Health of the United Republic of Tanzania
d G.A. Feachem, Chair of the Foundation Council, Global Forum for Health Research; Executive
Di:-., '.or. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria
Keynote address:
• Ali Mohamed Shein, Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania
In the presence of Tanzanian guests including:
• Arcado Ntagazwa, Minister of State, Vice President's Office (Environment and Union Affairs)
• Pius Ng'wandu, Minister for Science, Technology and Higher Education
• Daniel Ole Njoolay, Regional Commissioner of Arusha
• Paul Lother Laiser, Mayor, Arusha Municipal Council
• Mariam J. Mwaffisi, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Health
• Mary Mushi, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Community Development, Women and Children
• Laurian Rwebembera, Representative of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy and Minerals
• Fred Mhalu, Chairman of the Council, National Institute for Medical Research
• Valentine Eyakuze, Former Chairman of the Council, National Institute for Medical Research
Focal Points: Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research, Andrew Y. Kitua, Director General,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
2
Tuesday 12 November
9.45-10.30
PLENARY SESSION
Simba Hall
Celebrating African health research
lARU
Co-Chairs:
♦ Anna Abdallah, Minister of Health of the United Republic of Tanzania
• Richard G.A. Feachem, Chair of the Foundation Council, Global Forum for Health Research
The session will present African health research successes, with particular emphasis on the development
of interventions by African institutions and their impact on the health of African populations, particularly
the poor.
k
• Peter Kilima, Regional Coordinator, International Trachoma Initiative, Tanzania
- SAFE implementation for trachoma control with ITI support
• Mwelecele Ntuli Malecela-Lazaro, Director, Research and Training, National Institute for Medical
Research, Tanzania
-Research a tool for development: the Tanzania National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme
^Hassan
3a Director, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania
- African successes in the field of malaria
° Kisali Pallangyo, Professor, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Muhimbili University, Tanzania
- HIV/AIDS research in Tanzania 1983-2002
■ Andrew Y. Kitua, Director General, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
- The regional and global impact of NIMR
Rapporteur' Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Points Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research, Andrew Y. Kitua, Director General,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
10.30-11.00
Piazza
and room N
3
Break and Marketplace
JOJBJLLM
Tuesday 12 November
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
11.00-12.30
Successes in health research: solving health problems in East Afric
Mbayuwayu
• Joseph Kahamba, Senior Lecturer, Orthopaedics, Trauma and Neurosurgery, National Institute for
Medical Research, Tanzania
• Joseph Shija, Chairman, Tanzania National Health Research Forum, Tanzania
This session will present health research in the East Africa region, with particular emphasis on the
development of interventions and their impact on the health of African populations, particularly the poor.
• Mohamed Said Abdulla .treasurer National Health Research and Developm n
entre, Kenya
- The African Health Re .: :h Forum
• Wenceslaus Kilama, Mai
j Trustee, African Malaria Network Fiust, Tanza i
inmission for
Science and Technology, Tanzania
- From the Africa: > Malaria '.accine Testing Network (AMVTN) to the African Malaria Network Trust
(AMANET)
• Davy Koech, Director/Chief Executive, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
-Achievements of the Kenyan Medical Research Institute
• Leonard Mboera, Scientist, Infectious Disease Surveillance, Research Coordination and Promotion,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
- Strengthening regional disease surveillance strategies
• Raphael Owor, Director, Uganda National Health Research Organisation (UNHRO), Uganda
- Health research in Uganda with regional and global impact
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Andrew Y. Kitua, Director General, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Manyara
Successes in health research: solving health problems in North Africa
Chair:
• Hossein Afzali, Deputy Minister, Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education,
Islamic Republic of Iran
The session will present health research in North Africa with particular emphasis on the development of
interventions and their impact on the health of African populations, particularly the poor
• Ahmed Mandil, Professor, Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University Eoypt
- HIV/AIDS pandemic: a North African profile
• Hoda Rashad, Director, Social Research Centre, American University in Cairo Egypt
- From research to action: the Egyptian experience
• Elsheikh Mahgoub, Professor, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Khartoum Sudan
- Successful research initiatives amidst meagre resources and civil conflict
Rapporteur : Samia Yousif Idris Habbani, Officer in Charge, Technical Staff, WHO, Sudan
Focal Point: Elsheikh Mahgoub, Professor, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Khartoum Suda
4
1
EMBER 2002
HELI’ING CORRECT TIlFio/WGAr-------- '---------------------
Tuesday 12 November
11.00-12.30
Twiga
Successes in health research: solving health problems in West Africa
Succes dans la recherche en sante: resoudre les problemes en Afrique occidentale
The session will take place in English and French. La seance se deroulera en francais et en anglais.
Co-Chairs:
• Fred Binka, Executive Director, INDEPTH Network, Ghana
• to be announced
The session will present health research in West Africa with particular emphasis on the development of
interventions and their impact on the health of the African populations, particularly the poor.
la seance aura pour but de presenter recherche en Afrique occidentale, en particulier en ce qui conceme le developpement d'intervena.
-t leur impact sur la sante des populations africaines.
f-ed Binka, Executive Direr iNDi I i Network, Ghana
■i/7) A supplement^’.. ,■ ■ ■ .'d mortality in Ghana
• L,;ita Ki/ Ouedraogo, Respor.s'ble Officer, Health Research, Research and Planning Directorate,
Ministry of Health, Burkina Faso
- La recherche en sante au Burkina Faso
• Martyn Teyha Sama, Principal Research Officer, Centre of Medical Research, Epidemiology, Institute
of Medical Research, Cameroon
- Community-directed treatment with ivermectin, a control strategy for onchocerciasis in Africa
Focal Points and Rapporteurs: Fred Binka, Executive Director, INDEPTH Network, Ghana; Absatou Soumare N'Diaye, Head of
Epidemiology Service, Institute of Public Health Research, National Institute of Public Health Research, Mali
Tausi
Successes in health research: solving health problems in Southern Africa
The session will present health research in the Southern Africa region with particular emphasis on the
development of interventions and their impact on the health of African populations, particularly the poor.
Details to be announced
Focal Point. Marian E Jacobs, Director, Child Health Unit, School of Child and Adolescent Health,
University of Cape Town, South Africa
12.30-14.00
Free time over lunch
A self-service buffet is available in the ground-floor restaurant of the AICC.
Participants are encouraged to visit the Marketplace, join informal groups or set up their own meetings.
A gender group will meet over lunch in the garden behind the restaurant (Focal Point - Lesley Doyal,
Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom). All are welcome.
| ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
5
I
IIEI.rlNG CORRECT THE 10/90 G,\r
JEOJW.
Tuesday 12 November
PLENARY SESSION
14.00-1s.30
Successes in health research: mobilizing national resources
Simba Hall
Co-Chairs:
• Richard G.A. Feachem, Chair of the Foundation Council, Global Forum for Health Research
• Adolfo Martinez-Palomo, Director General, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico
j
The session will present success stories on the mobilization of national resources to conduct health
; : ron ome Latin American and Asian countries and the reasoning behind measuring resource
flows.
• Ai:’ . c:- F:cr..isco. Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
!.< -asui ;■ resources for health research?
• N.-ma u Ganguly, Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
- The experience in India
° Cesar Jacoby, Consultant, Health Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, Brazil
Successes in health research. mobilizing national resources in Brazil
° Wiput Phoolcharoen, Director, Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI), Thailand
- The experience in Thailand
I
Rapporteurs’ Veloshnee Govender, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research; Alison Young, International
Health Consultant
Focal Point. Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
i5.3o-i6.oo
Break and Marketplace
Piazza
and room N
I ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
6
I
H E L P i NG CORRECT THE 10/90 Gz\P
FORJJ.
Tuesday 12 November
16.00-17.30
Manyara
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
Successes in mobilizing national resources in Asia and Latin America:
what did we learn?
Chair:
• Adolfo Martinez-Palomo, Director General, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico
• Jorge Arnagada-Caceres, Executive Secretary, National Council on Health Research, Chile
- Health research profile of Chile
• Gloria Ines Palma Alvarez, Head, National Program of Science &Technology in Health, Subdirection of
Science and Technology, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Colombia
-An alternate pathway for funding health research in Colombia
• Bienvenido P. Alano, President, Center for Economic Policy Research, Philippines (to be confirmed)
Rapporteur- Alison Young, International Health Consultant
Focal Point: Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Tausi
Research by civil society organizations
Co-Chairs:
• Zafrullah Chowdhury, Projects Coordinator, Finance and Administration, Gonoshasthaya Kendra,
Bangladesh
• Timothy G. Evans, Director, Health Equity Program, Rockefeller Foundation, USA
The session will review examples of research conducted by civil society organizations and the use of their
results in programme formulation
• Mushtaque Chowdhury, Deputy Executive Director, Research and Evaluation Division, Bangladesh
Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Bangladesh
- Do poverty alleviation programmes reduce inequities in health? Evidence from Bangladesh
• Bernard Pecoul, Director, Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF),
Switzerland
- Stimulating research and development for drugs for neglected diseases
• Margareta Skold, External Relations Officer, Civil Society Initiative, External Relations and Governing
Bodies, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Research on civil society organizations and health
• David Sanders, Professor, Director, School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, South Africa
- Participatory research and advocacy improve malnutrition management and household food security
in rural South Africa
Rapporteur: Veloshnee Govender, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Point - Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
7
HELPING CORRECT MIE 10/90 GAP
Tuesday
Following on from the plenary, this session will present practical experiences of fundraising activities by
national programmes for health research.
FOR,
Tuesday 12 November
16.00-17.30
Mbayuwayu
Research on HIV/AIDS
• Jose Esparza, Coordinator, Vaccines and Biologicals, United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS), Geneva
The session will focus on research priorities and the factors influencing implementation of research
in policy.
• Jose Esparza, Coordinator, Vaccines and Biologicals, United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS
(UNAIDS), Geneva
- Research priorities in HIV/AIDS
* Geeta Rao Gupta, Pre' ident, International C enter for Research on Women, USA
- Gender 'serspKt'v. . ■ HIV research
Rap;:
Fee
. :i C-haffar, Pl.-'r Hea
.’
Coe
■ ‘tior,
Specialist, <3'0:.
- ■•r,.n■
'-k-r.’fn Research
-.cries and Bic>; ■ ;, . Vj o' N Jjons Joint P««
/ e on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),
Ge .
Themi
Research to roil back maiaria
Chair:
° Wenceslaus Kilama, Managing Trustee, African Malaria Network Trust, Tanzania Commission for
Science and Technology, Tanzania
The session will review research inputs into programme formulation to help roll back malaria, identify
research gaps where work is needed to improve control efforts.
• Achille Benakis, Professor, Phamacology, Centre Mbdical Universitaire de Geneve, Switzerland
- Research opportunities with Artemesia annua
• J. Carl Craft, Chief Scientific Officer, Research & Development, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Switzerland
- Overview on malaria research
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
8
^^^J^IA'^HSNOVEMBEIUOO?
' 11ELp 1NG
'
KORLl
Tuesday 12 November
TB research and initiatives
16.00-17.30
Chair:
• Giorgio Roscigno, Senior Advisor, Director of Strategic Development, Global Alliance for TB Drug
Development, USA
i
I
The session will review strategies and research initiatives aiming at improving TB control, evaluate
strategies to increase access and treatment for TB patients, identify the limitations of current approaches
and ways in which research will increase the impact of TB control programmes.
• Jacob Kumaresan, Executive Secretary, Stop Tuberculosis Partnership Secretariat, World Health
Organzation, Geneva
- The Stop TB partnership and friends: initiate ' ?s to support research and disease control
• Thelma Narayan, •'.oordinato' Community i ; Tth Cell, India
- Bridging implen i
;< ips in national TB control programmes: a policy process approach
• Giorgio Roscigri; Sen,or .Advisor. Director r.r Strategic Development, Global Alliance forTB Drug
Development, USA
A gloi overview of str- gies and research initiatives to increase reaching TB patients
Rapporteu': Waiter H. Gulbir: i, international Health Consultant
Focal Point Andres de Fra' . >co, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
18.00-19.30
Piazza
Opening Reception
Richard G A Feachem, Chair of the Foundation Council, Global Forum for Health Research, invites all
participants to a Reception, with African entertainment
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
I ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
I
HELPING CORRECT I IIE 10/90 GAP
Tuesday
Twiga
PORUM
Wednesday 13 November
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule).
7.00
Registration opens.
9.00-10.30
PLENARY SESSION
Simba Hall
Measuring progress in gender issues
Co-Chairs.
• Christin
Develop;
• Andrew
senior
'e
'
■
.
s
■.
■ :i■Cent ■, Canada
>r Gen
ionai Ins
tnership
te tor I ledi; al Research,
If ternational
. ia
The st ssion will identify the progress made and the challenges remaining in the integration of gender
into health 1 -rt-r.-an..'
• Lesley Doyal, Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Overview of progress 1990 to 2002
• Ruth Bonita-Beaglehole, Director, Surveillance (CCS), Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health
(NMH), World Health Organization, Geneva
- The prevention and control of chronic diseases: a gender perspective
• Geeta Rao Gupta, President, International Center for Research on Women, USA
- Gender issues in HIV/AIDS research
• Barbara Klugman, Senior Specialist, Women's Health Project, School of Public Health, Witwatersrand
University, South Africa
- Revaluing research priorities: challenges of mainstreaming gender in health research
Focal Point and Rapporteur Lesley Doyal, Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
10.30-11.00
Piazza
and room N
10
Break and Marketplace
. FCIPJIM
Wednesday 13 November
11.00-12.30
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
Mbayuwayu
Gender and child health research
Chair:
• iary Ann Lansang, Executive Director, INCLEN Trust, Philippines
.
ssion will discuss the need for gender-sensitive programmes and review the role of research on
for programme formulation.
Rapporteurs: Zulfiqar Bhutta, Professor of Child Health, Paediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital. Pakistan; Veloshnee
Govender, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Points: Sameera Al-Tuwaijri, Forum Scientific Officer, Global Forum for Health Research; Lesley Doyal, Professor, School
for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Twiga
Gender and infectious and tropical diseases
Chair:
• Martine Berger, Special Advisor on Public Health, Multilateral Affairs Section, Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation, Switzerland
with:
• Uche Amazigo, Chief, Sustainable Drug Distribution Unit, African Onchocerciasis Control,
WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO), Burkina Faso
- Promoting gender sensitivity in community-directed tropical disease control programmes: the case
of onchocerciasis
• Jeanmne Coreil, Professor, Community and Family Health, University of South Florida, USA
- Women's support groups for chronic tropical diseases
• Rachel Tolhurst, Research Associate, International Health Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine, United Kingdom
- Researching gender issues in malaria management: a case study from the Volta region of Ghana
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Point: Lesley Doyal, Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
I ARUSHA, TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER.2002
11
I
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
Wednesday
- SI'.aiiy Awasthi, Professor, Paediatrics, King George Medical College, India
■.cl.-ss to health services for the child from a gender perspective
ri.ui L Jacobs, Director. Child Health Unit, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of
: ape fot •n, South Africa
r,'j,perspective on child health research
• Shaii .a I- sser. Professor, Public Health 4 Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cairo, Egypt
- Child health: a gender perspective
Wednesday 13 November
11.00-12.30
Dikdik
Gender and noncommunicable diseases
Chair.
« Nikolai Napalkov, Director Emeritus, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, Russian Federation
with:
• Nicola Christofides, Project Manager, Women's Health Project, South African Institute for Medical
Research, South Africa
- Il'/1
. Av issues are an essential component in any researc: ':n-gy relating to tobacco use
:n oe ■ ■ ;g countries
T‘- : ■■S;l\v, Consultant, Legal and Judiciary Training Cei
Mozambique
. ..
use :. a public health problem
. :>.-.ior Research Scientist, MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow University,
Unit'd Kingdom
- C gender and coronary heart disease: the geographical distribution of recent evidence
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Point: Lesley Doyal, Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Manyara
Gender, mental health and disability
Chair:
• Rashidah Abdullah, Director, Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women, Malaysia
with:
• Florence Baingana, Mental Health Specialist, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and
Population, World Bank, USA
- The importance of gender in understanding trends in health and illness in transition societies
• Paul Courtright, Co-Director, Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Tanzania
- Do women have less access to cataract surgical services?
• Vikram Patel, Senior Lecturer, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- Gender and mental health research in developing countries
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Point: Lesley Doyal. Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
AjAAAAlTANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
"ELP1 ng correct
---------------------------- -
Wednesday 13 November
11.00-12.30
Tausi
Gender, sexual and reproductive health
Chair'
• Adrienne Germain, President, International Women's Health Coalition, USA
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Point. Lesley Doyal, Professor.
Kagera
:nuo! for Petry Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Gender, work and occupational health
Chair. Lesley Doyal, Professor, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
with:
• Sophia Kisting, Chief Researcher, Occupational & Environmental Health Research Unit, School of Public
Health and Primary Health Care, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Gender, work and aspects of the African joint effort of WHO/ILO in occupational health and safety
• Sally Theobald, Lecturer, International Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- Gender and work, who does the caring in the community and at what cost?
• Suchart Trakoonhutip, Project Coordinator, Friends of Women Foundation, Thailand
- Research to promote better health for electronics workers lessons from Northern Thailand
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Point: Lesley Doyal, Professor. School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
13
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HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
Wednesday
with:
• Geetanjali Misra, Director, Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action, India
- Developing a gender-sensitive research strategy for sexual and reproductive health
° Charles Nzioka, Professor, Sociology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
- Understanding the role of men in reproductive health research
° Naana Otoo-Oyortey, Technical Officer, Gender and Youth, International Planned Parenthood
Federation, United Kingdom
- The sexual and reproductive health 01 ;ung people: research and programme issues
• Sonia Pagliusi Uhe, Scientist, Vaccines anti Eiologicals, Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals, World
Health Organization, Geneva
Development of human papillomavirus vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer: a powerful tool
to improve global women's health
FORUM
Wednesday 13 November
11.00-12.30
Themi
Violence against women
Chair:
• June Pagaduan-Lopez, Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Behavior Medicine, College of Medicine.
De La Salle University, Philippines
with:
• Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Coordinator, Gender and Women's Health, Family and Community Health,
World Health Organization, Geneva
- The prevalence of sexual violence in four countries: first results from the WHO Multi-Country Study
on Women's Health and Domestic Violence
• Mary Koss, Professor, Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona College of Public Health, USA
- Conducting gender-based violence research in conflict-afflicted populations: lessons from two
pilot sites
• Lillian Liberman, Chairperson, Yaocihuatl A C., Mexico
- Proposal of a model to prevent physical, emotional and sexual abuse in children
• Matthew Shaw, Research Fellow, Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
United Kingdom
- A qualitative evaluation of the impact of the Stepping Stones sexual health programme on domestic
violence and relationship power in rural Gambia
Rapporteur Sameera Al-Tuwaijn, Forum Scientific Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Point: Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Coordinator, Gender and Women's Health, World Health Organization, Geneva
12.30-14.00
Free time over lunch
A self-service buffet is available in the ground-floor restaurant of the AICC
Participants are encouraged to visit the Marketplace, join informal groups or set up their own meetings
A group will meet on strengthening mental and neurological research in the Tausi room (Focal Point:
Florence Baingana, Mental Health Specialist, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and
Population, World Bank, Washington, DC). All are welcome.
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-I5 NQVEMBER2002
14
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
Wednesday 13 November
14.00-15.30
Simba Hall
FORJJ.
PLENARY SESSION
Health research collaboration: national, regional and global health research
forums
Chair.
• Carlos M. Morel, Director, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR),
Geneva
• Mutuma Mugambi, Principal Vice-Chancellor, Kenya Methodist University, Kenya
- The African Health Research Forum
• Agus Suwandono, Secretary, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesia
- The Asia-Pacific Health Research Forum
• Delia Mana Sanchez, Researcher/ Head, Health Technology Assessment Unit, Grupo de Estudios en
Economia Orgamzacion y Pohticas Sociales (GEOPS), Uruguay
- Collaboration efforts in the Latin American and Caribbean region
• Gerald T. Keusch, Director, Fogarty International Center, USA
- Collaboration between international research organizations
• John Frank, Scientific Director, Institute of Population and Public Health, Canadian Institutes of Health
Research (CIHR) and Jerry M. Spiegel, Director, Global Health, Liu Centre for the Study of Global
Issues, University of British Columbia, Canada
- The Canadian experience. the Coalition for Global Health Research
• Tikki Pang, Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- International health research collaboration efforts: post-Bangkok review
Rapporteur. Happiness Mmja. Research Officer, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
Focal Points - Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research; Peter Makara. Coordinator, Council on
Health Research for Development (COHRED). Switzerland
1 5.30-16.00
Piazza
and room N
15
Break and Marketplace
Wednesday
The session will present the progress made in the past two years in health research collaboration efforts
at the regional and global levels.
FORUM
Wednesday 13 November
16.00-17.30
Simba Hall
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
Launch of the African Health Research Forum
Chair;
• Raphael Owor, Director, Uganda National Health Research Organisation (UNHRO), Uganda
This session will mark the launch of the African Health Research Forum, whose overall goal is to promoFhealth research for development in Africa and strengthen the African voice in setting and implementing
the global research agenda.
• Mohamed Said Abdullah, Treasurer, National Health Research and Development Centre, Kenya
- The African health research leadership
• Ahmed El Hassan, Professor, Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University
of Khartoum, Sudan
- North-South collaboration in health research. an appraisal of the collaboration between Sudan
and Denmark
• Lawrence Gikaru, Member of the Steering Committee, African Health Research Forum
- Using the tools of advocacy to strengthen the work of the African Health Research Forum
• Rose Leke, Associate Professor of Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Yaounde, Cameroon
- Ethics in research in Africa
• William M. Machana, Associate Professor of Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, University of
Nairobi, Kenya
- African Health Research Forum survey on existing regional health research networks
Rapporteur: Thomas C. Nchinda, Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Point: Mutuma Mugambi. Principal Vice-Chancellor, Kenya Methodist University. Kenya
16
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
Hl m NG COR RFC T Till 10/90 GAP
KIRI IM
Wednesday 13 November
16.00-17.30
Asia and Pacific Health Research Forum
Mbayuwayu
Chair:
• Charas Suwanwela, Chair of the University Council, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
_
• Agus Suwandono, Secretary, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesia
- The Asia and Pacific Health Research Forum and national health research efforts
• Somsak Chunharas, Director, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health,
Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
- The Thai Research Fund
• Bakhytkul Sarymsakova, Professor, Health Policy and Management, Kazakhstan School of Public
Health, Kazakhstan
- The Central Asia Health Research Forum
• Bienvemdo P. Alano, President, Center for Economic Policy Research, Philippines
- Networking of health research systems in the Philippines and Asia Pacific region
• Gopal Prasad Acharya, Chairman, Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal
- The role of the Nepal Health Research Council
• Jan Pryor, Secretary, Pacific Health Research Council, Fiji
- Health research in the Pacific Islands
Rapporteurs: Adnan Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University. USA. Wiput Phoolcharoen, Director. Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI), Thailand
Focal Point Peter Makara, Coordinator, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
ARUSHA,TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
UltriNG CORRECT tilt 10/W GAT
Wednesday
This session will present the collaboration efforts undertaken by the Asia and Pacific Health Research
Forum in the past years, results to date and perspectives for the coming years.
Wednesday 13 November
16.00-17.30
Tausi
Latin American and Caribbean health research collaboration
Co-Chairs:
• Jorge Arriagada-Caceres, Executive Secretary, National Council on Health Research, Chile
• Delia Maria Sanchez, Researcher/ Head, Health Technology Assessment Unit,
Grupo de Estudios en Economia Organizacion y Politicas Sociales (GEOPS), Uruguay
The session will present collaboration efforts undertaken in the Latin American and Caribbean region in
the past years, results to date and perspectives for the coming years.
• Delia Mana Sanchez, Researcher/ Head, Health Technology Assessment Unit,
Grupo de Estudios en Economia Organizacion y Politicas Sociales (GEOPS), Uruguay
- Introduction: health research collaboration and networking in Latin America and the Caribbean
• Ernesto Medina Sandino, President, Nicaragua Universidad National Autonoma, Nicaragua
- Health research collaboration in Central America
• David Picou, Director of Research, Caribbean Health Research Council
- Networking for health research in the Caribbean: experiences of the Caribbean Health Research Council
• Cesar Hermida, Executive Director, National Association of Faculties of Medicine, Ecuador
- Health research in Ecuador
• Eric Martinez-Torres, Director, Division of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Health, Cuba
- Health research in Cuba
Rapporteur: Izzy Gerstenbluth, Head, Epidemiology and Research Unit, Medical and Public Health Service, Curacao,
Netherlands Antilles
Focal Points' Peter Makara. Coordinator, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland, Delia Maria
Sanchez, Researcher/Head, Health Technology Assessment Unit. Grupo de Estud.os en Economia Organizacion y Politicas
Sociales (GEOPS). Uruguay
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2Q02
18
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
F_O.RU
Wednesday 13 November
18.00-19.30
Themi
BUSINESS MEETINGS AND SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
ACOSHED: initial experience and future prospects
Chair:
• Demissie Habte, Consultant Health Specialist, African Region, Human Development, World Bank, USA
The session will present the initial experience of the African Council for Sustainable Health Development
(ACOSHED) and its work on advocacy for health reform and systems development in Africa. Participants
will learn of the key programmes in the strategic plan of ACOSHED's International Secretariat and of
guidelines for accreditation and operations of country chapters.
• Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Manager, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Switzerland
- An evaluation of the initial experience
• Lola Dare, Executive Secretary, African Council for Sustainable Health Development, Nigeria
- Highlights of the Strategic Plan
• James Volmink, Director, Research and Analysis, Global Health Council, USA
- Prospects for contribution to health policy and systems reform
Rapporteurs Olamide Bandele, Secretary, Administration, Center for Health Sciences Training, Research and Development
(CHESTRAD) International. Nigeria; Kolawole Faleye, Malaria Control Officer, Malaria Control, Ministry of Health - Ekiti
State, Nigeria
Focal Point Lola Dare. Executive Secretary, African Council for Sustainable Health Development, Nigeria
19
ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER.2002
helping correct rut uv»i>GAr
Wednesday 13 November
8.00-19.30
Kagera
FDRTTM
------
1
High blood pressure in Africa: planning for programme-relevant research
Co-Chairs:
• Arun Chockalingam, Assistant Director, Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canada
• George Mensah, Chief, National Center for Chronic Disease, Cardiovascular Health Branch, Centers fo
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA
The objective of the session is to strengthen planning for operational research relevant to prevention ..
control of high blood pressure, especially as appropriate to the African context.
• K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in
Developing Countries, India
- Introduction
• Daniel Lemogoum, Cardiologist and Epidemiologist, Preventive Cardiology, School of Public Health,
University of Yaounde, Cameroon
- How to improve hypertension care in sub-Saharan Africa
• Ivor J. Katz, Head of Department, Nephrology, Commission on Global Advancement of Nephrology,
South Africa
- Hypertension and diabetes in Africa
• Shanthi Mendis, Coordinator, Cardiovascular Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva
- WHO Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management Package
• Ruth Bonita-Beaglehole, Director, Surveillance (CCS), Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health
(NMH), World Health Organization, Geneva
- Integrating NCD surveillance into HBP research
Discussants:
• Marie-Danielle Comeau, Doctor, Union des Medecins HaTtiens, Haiti
• Hervd Koffi Yangm-Angate, Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Bouake,
Cdte d'Ivoire
• Akwaugo Onwubere, Assistant Chief Public Health Nurse, Community Medicine, Health Visiting Unit,
University of Nigeria, Nigeria
Focal Point/Rapporteur: K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research
in Developing Countries. India
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
20
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
Wednesday 13 November
18.OO-19.3O
Tausi
Implementation of the Bangkok Action Plan:
a report from the Interim Working Party Secretariat
Chair:
• Marian E. Jacobs, Director, Child Health Unit, School of Child and Adolescent Health,
University of Cape Town, South Africa
with.
• Tikki Pang, Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Review of progress since the 2000 Bangkok Conference
Focal Point and Rapporteur. Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Dikdik
Partnerships in oral health
Chair:
• Lois Cohen, Associate Director, International Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial
Research, USA
The session aims to raise awareness about international collaborative research opportunities related to
oral health.
• Lois Cohen, Associate Director, and Kevin Hardwick, International Health Officer, National Institute of
Dental and Craniofacial Research, USA
- Opportunities for global partnerships for research: the case of the WHO Collaborating Center for
International Collaboration in Dental and Craniofacial Research
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Lois Cohen, Associate Director, International Health, National Institute of Dental
and Craniofacial Research, USA
.
Wednesday 13 November
FO R I IM
18.00-19.30
SHARED: Scientists for Health and Research for Development
Mbayuwayu
Chair:
• Thomas C. Nchinda, Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
Progress in the SHARED network: what is happening at the regional level.
• Agnes Soares da Silva, Scientific Secretary, SHARED, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Researr I
(NWO), Netherlands
- Introduction to the SHARED network
• Bienvenido P. Alano, President, Center for Economic Policy Research, Philippines
- SHARED Asia
• Olive Shisana, Executive Director, Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research
Council, South Africa
- SHARED Africa
• Jorge Walters, Coordinator, Information Technology & System Development, BIREME WHO, Brazil
- SHARED Latin America and the Caribbean
Rapporteur. Stephen Chandiwana, Coordinator, Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, Human Sciences Research
Council, South Africa
Focal Point: Agnes Soares da Silva, Scientific Secretary. SHARED, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO),
Netherlands
Manyara
WHO-CHOICE: choosing interventions that are cost-effective
Chair: Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World
Health Organization, Geneva
This session will present the framework, methodology and results of WHO-CHOICE and elicit expressions
of interest from participants.
• Raymond Hutubessy, Economist, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health
Organization, Geneva
- Application of WHO-CHOICE in the field of cardiovascular diseases: model, costs and results
• Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health
Organization, Geneva
- WHO-CHOICE: presentation of framework and methods
Rapporteur: Veloshnee Govender, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Point: Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator. Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy,
World Health Organization, Geneva
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
| ARUSHA. TANZANIA. I2-15 NQVEMBER2002
22
I
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAT
Thursday 14 November
FO
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule).
7.00
Registration opens.
9.00-10.30
PLENARY SESSION
Simba Hall
Health research and development: what issues after the 2001 Report
of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health and
the Millennium Development Goals
Co-Chairs:
• Timothy G. Evans, Director, Health Equity Program, Rockefeller Foundation, USA
• to be announced
€
• Jozef Ritzen, Vice President, Human Development Network, World Bank, Washington DC
- How difficult will it be to reach the Millennium Development Goals?
• Gerald T. Keusch, Director, Fogarty International Center, USA
- Global health research funding: an exploration of the options
• Sergio Spinaci, Executive Secretary, Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health
Organization, Geneva
- Country responses to the CMH Report and the way forward
• David Sanders, Professor, Director, School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, South Africa
and Ronald Labontd, Director, Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, Canada
- A report card on G8 health and development commitments
Rapporteur: Susan Jupp. Senior Communication Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Points. Louis J Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research: Sergio Spinaci. Executive Secretary,
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva
10.30-11.00
Piazza
and room N
23
Break and Marketplace
Thursday
The session will explore and debate some of the main issues after the Report of the Commission on
Macroeconomics and Health and the Millennium Development Goals.
FORUM
Thursday 14 November
11.00-12.30
Tausi
----
O
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
Genomics, the 10/90 gap and intellectual property rights
Chair:
• Tikki Pang. Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
with:
• Sandy Thomas, Director, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, United Kingdom
- Intellectual property rights and health: patents, medicines and DNA
• Janis Lazdins-Helds, Scientist, Product Research and Development (PRD), Special Programme for
Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Switzerland
- Issues emerging from the Conference on Biotechnology and Genomics (Havana, Cuba, March 2002)
Rapporteur: to be announced
Focal Points: Janis Lazdins-Helds, Scientist, Product Research and Development (PRD), Special Programme for Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Switzerland; Tikki Pang, Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health
Organization, Geneva
Twiga
Latest developments in priority-setting
Chair:
• Carlos M. Morel, Director, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR),
Switzerland
The session will review experiences using priority-setting methods and explore future global agendas
for health research.
• Tasleem Akhtar, Chair and Executive Director, Pakistan Medical Research Council, Pakistan
- Priority setting for health research: the Pakistan experience
• Gerald T. Keusch, Director, Fogarty International Center, USA
- Disease control priorities project
• Jan H.F. Remme, Manager, Research Strategic Planning, Special Programme for Research and Training
in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Switzerland
- TDR's priority setting framework for tropical diseases research
Rapporteurs: Abdul Ghaffar, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research; Walter H. Gulbinat, International
Health Consultant
Focal Point: Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
24
iittriNu counter intio/’OGAr
EO.RLL
Thursday 14 November
11.00-12.30
Themi
Monitoring resource flows
Chair: Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
The session will review progress on monitoring financial flows for health research and familiarize
participants with operational issues on the measurement of financial flows.
• Armen Gazaryan, Director, Economy, Forum on Health Research for Development, Uzbekistan
- Solutions to practical barriers in the implementation of country studies in Uzbekistan
• Andrew Kennedy, Statistician, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Global approach to estimate resource flows at the country level
• Grant Lewison, Head, Bibliometrics Research Group, Information Science, City University,
United Kingdom
- A bibliometric approach to estimating malaria research funding
• Bienvemdo P. Alano, President, Center for Economic Policy Research, Philippines
- Methods for detailed country studies
Rapporteurs. Veloshnee Govender, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research;
Alison Young, International Health Consultant
Focal Points. Bienvenido P. Alano, President. Center for Economic Policy Research, Philippines;
Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research
Mbayuwayu
New strategies for improving access to drugs, vaccines and other products
for health
Chair:
• John Kilama, President, Global Biodiversity Institute, USA
The session will review new approaches to improving access to health products, particularly at
country level.
• Abaneh Tamar Desta, Technical Officer, Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy,
WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville
- Evolving strategies for assuring access to essential drugs in Africa
• Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Geneva
- Public-private partnerships in developing - and improving access to - new drugs and vaccines
• Liza Kimbo, Executive Director, Cry for World Shops, Sustainable Health Enterprises Foundation, Kenya
- Essential drug franchising in East Africa
• Richard Wilder, Attorney at Law, Sidley, Austin, Brown and Wood, USA
- Managing intellectual property to achieve access to new medicines for all
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health. Geneva
ARUSHA, TANZAN[A, 12-15 NQVEMBER2OO2
25
HtlPING CORRECT I HF lO/^OGAl'
FORUM
Thursday 14 November
11.00-12.30
Manyara
World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life
Chair:
• Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns
Hopkins University, USA
The objectives of the session are to understand the conceptual basis of comparative risk assessment
globally; to review the results for selected risk factors at the global level; and to discuss specific
methodological issues in applying burden of disease methods to risk factors.
• Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Coordinator, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health
Organization, Geneva
- Cost-effectiveness analysis: WHR 2002
• Majid Ezzati, Fellow, Risk, Resource, and Environmental Management, Resources for the Future, USA
- Comparative risk assessment and the World Health Report 2002
Discussant:
• Vendhan Gajalakshmi, Consultant Epidemiologist, Epidemiological Research Centre, India
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Adnan A Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health. Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Johns Hopkins University, USA
12.30-14.00
Free time over lunch
A self-service buffet is available in the ground-floor restaurant of the AICC
Participants are encouraged to visit the Marketplace, join informal groups or set up their own meetings
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
26
HELPING CORRtCT THt lO/VO GAP
Thursday 14 November
14.00-15.30
Simba Hall
PLENARY SESSION
Monitoring the results of research capacity strengthening
Co-Chairs:
• Barbro Carlsson, Senior Research Officer, Division for Thematic Research, Department for Research
Cooperation, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden
• Demissie Habte, Consultant Health Specialist, African Region, Human Development, World Bank,
Washington DC
The objectives of this session are to present and discuss the framework for evaluation of research
capacity strengthening and the results of three completed research programmes that address different
aspects of research capacity development.
• Thomas C. Nchinda, Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
Framework for evaluating research capacity strengthening. measuring impact
• Demissie Habte, Consultant Health Specialist, African Region, Human Development, World Bank,
Washington DC
- The crisis of human resources for health research and health care: a call for action
• Carel B. Ijsselmuiden, Director, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
- AfriHealth: increasing public health capacity in Africa
• Bente llsoe, Programme Administrator, The ENRECA Programme, Danish International Development
Agency, Denmark
- Partnerships as a tool for RCS: twelve years of DANIDA's ENRECA programme
• Aberra Geyid, Director, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia
- Research capability strengthening in support of AIDS research in Ethiopia
Rapporteur. Eduard Sanders. Programme Manager, Ethiopian Netherlands AIDS Research Project, Ethiopia
Focal Point: Thomas C Nchinda. Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
15.30-16.00
Piazza
and room N
27
Break and Marketplace
Thursday 14 November
16.00-17.30
Themi
FORUM
SESSIONS IN PARALLEL
Debate on the evaluation/monitoring framework for research capacity
strengthening
Co-Chairs:
• Joel G. Breman, Senior Scientific Advisor, International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogart'
International Center, USA
• Lindiwe E Makubalo, Cluster Manager, Department of Health, Information, Evaluation and Reseau ■
Ministry of Health, South Africa
As a follow-up to the plenary, the session will further discuss the framework for the evaluation of
research capacity strengthening and indicators for measurement.
• Thomas C. Nchinda, Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
- Introduction
• Tasleem Akhtar, Chair and Executive Director, Pakistan Medical Research Council, Pakistan
- Health research capacity in Pakistan An evaluation of the research performance of doctoral level
health professionals
• Olusola Gbotosho, Senior Lecturer, Malaria Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute for Medical
Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Reviewing the MIM/TDR antimalarial drug resistance network: is research capacity being developed?
Discussants:
• Howard D. Engers, Director, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ethiopia
• Phyllis Freeman, Professor, Law Center, College of Public and Community Service, University of
Massachusetts, USA
Rapporteur. Olumide A.T. Ogundahunsi, Scientist, Research Capability Strengthening. Special Programme for Research and
Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Switzerland
Focal Point. Thomas C. Nchinda. Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
28
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER. 2002
HELPING CORRECT lilt 10/90 GAP
£QE
Thursday 14 November
16.00-17.30
Brain drain and research capacity strengthening
Mbayuwayu
Co-Chairs.
• Nirmal K. Ganguly, Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
• Ragna Valen, Director, Department of Medicine and Health, Research Council of Norway, Norway
The session will present the results of studies on trainees' return rates over the last decade. A discussion
on what to do about this problem will incorporate participants' recommendations.
• Demissie Habte, Consultant Health Specialist, African Region, Human Development, World Bank,
Washington DC
- The problem of brain drain
° Linda Kupfer, Evaluation Officer, Advanced Studies and Policy Analysis, Fogarty International Center,
USA
- Strategies to prevent brain drain
• Nancy Gore Saravia, Executive Director, Corporacion CIDEIM, Colombia
- Plumbing the "brain drain"
e
Discussant:
• Keith McAdam, Director, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Gambia
Rapporteur- Jean-Claude Mbanya, Head, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University of Yaounde. Cameroon
Twiga
Health research for policy, practice and action
Chair:
• Anne Mills, Senior Lecturer, Head, Health Economics and Financing Programme, Health Policy Unit,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
The session will discuss the achievements of collaborative training strategies to strengthen the interfaces
between policy making and health research
• Rodolfo Dennis, Senior Programme Consultant, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
- Linking research to policy in developing countries: some lessons from INCLEN
• Indra Pathmanathan, Consultant, and Victor Neufeld, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Health Sciences,
McMaster University, Canada
- The modules on research to policy and training strategy
• Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Manager, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Switzerland
- Assessment and capacity strengthening for research to policy
• Anthony Robbins, Professor, Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, Tufts
University, USA
- The research to policy process: a report from Talloires. What steps next?
Rapporteur: Peter Makara, Coordinator, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
Focal Point: Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Manager, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Switzerland
I ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
29
I
HI I PING GORKI CI I Ilf 10 ‘W GAT
Thursday
Focal Point. Thomas C Nchinda, Senior Public Health Consultant, Global Forum for Health Research
Thursday 14 November
16.00-17.30
Tausi
Health research systems analysis
Chair: to be announced
The session will focus on the gathering of evidence in countries and across countries to strengthen
national health research systems' capacity and scientific output to improve health.
• Tikki Pang, Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Context of the Health Research Systems Analysis Initiative
• Ritu Sadana, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Methods for the In-Depth Country Analysis of Health Research Systems
• Hossein Afzali, Deputy Minister, Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education,
Islamic Republic of Iran
- Perspective from the Islamic Republic of Iran
• Alan Pettigrew, Chief Executive Officer, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia
- Perspective from Australia
Discussant:
• Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Johns Hopkins University, USA
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Ritu Sadana, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, Evidence and Information for Policy,
World Health Organization, Geneva
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
I ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
30
I
HELPING CORRECT HIE ]0/">0 GAP
FORJTK
Thursday 14 November
i8.oo-i9.3o
Them i
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS
Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative
Chair Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
The session will explore the child health and nutrition conceptual framework for reducing the 10/90 gap,
define the challenges in neonatal health in developing countries and discuss the role of actors in child
health and nutrition research in the developing world.
• Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
- The conceptual framework of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI)
• Zulfiqar Bhutta, Professor of Child Health, Paediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan
- A community-based evaluation of perinatal and neonatal mortality in rural Pakistan using a modified
verbal autopsy tool
• James Irlam, Director MCH Resource Centre, Paediatrics, Child Health Unit, University of Cape Town,
South Africa
- Research priorities for child health and nutrition in Africa
• Piiar Jimenez Ramos, Associate Professor, Behavioral Sciences, De La Salle University, Philippines
- Regional mapping in Asia
• Ricardo Uauy, Professor, Human Nutrition, Instituto de la Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Chile
- The burden of childhood disease in Latin America. a challenge for health and nutrition research
Rapporteurs' Veloshnee Govender, Public Health Specialist. Global Forum for Health Research; Adnan A. Hyder. Assistant
Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Focal Point. Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, USA
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER.2002
31
helping correct fhe io/^o gap
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Kagera
_FOKLLM
Community-based prevention and control of cardiovascular disease: special
issues in research
Co-Chairs:
• Darwin R. Labarthe, Professor of Public Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA
• Sylvie Stachenko, General Director, Health Policy and Services, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Control, Population and Public Health Branch, Canada
The session will focus on the relevance and results of qualitative research in evaluating capacity for C
control and will also identify prioritized areas for policy research.
Part 1:
• K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in
Developing Countries, India
- Introduction
• Arima Mishra, Social Scientist, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries, India
- Assessment of capacity for the control of cardiovascular diseases: a qualitative study
• Jean-Claude Mbanya, Head, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and
Specialities, University of Yaounde, Cameroon
- Results of qualitative research for assessment of capacity for the control of CVD and diabetes
Cameroon report
• Buppha Sirisassamee, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Institute for Population and Social
Research, Thailand
- Assessment of capacity for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases in Thailand
Part 2:
• Sylvie Stachenko, General Director, Health Policy and Services, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Control, Population and Public Health Branch, Canada
International experiences and initiatives in policy research for NCD/CVD prevention
• Shanthi Mendis, Coordinator, Cardiovascular Diseases, World Health Organization, Switzerland
WHO perspective on community control programmes
Discussant.
• Robert Beaglehole, Public Health Advisor, Evidence and Information for Policy, World Health
Organization, Geneva
Focal Point and Rapporteur: K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research
in Developing Countries. India
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
32
HELPING CORRECT 1HE 10/90 GAP
FO
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Kololo I
Impact of the International Health Research Awards in strengthening the
research environment and capacity building at the national level
Chair:
• Marian E. Jacobs, Director, Child Health Unit, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of
Cape Town, South Africa
The International Health Research Awards were announced at the International Conference on Health
Research for Development held in Bangkok in 2000. The aim of the Awards was to strengthen research
capacity in developing countries by supporting innovative research projects which will promote the
development of an enabling environment. The objective of this session is to highlight achievements of
some of the projects and discuss their impact at the national level.
« George Gotsadze, Director, Curatio International Foundation, Georgia
Development of the National Health Research Agenda
• Naomi Webster, Project Manager, South African Gender Based Violence and Health, Medical Research
Council, South Africa
- Development of a national research agenda for gender-based violence
• C. Ashok Kumar Yesudian, Professor and Head, Department of Health Services Studies, Tata Institute
of Social Sciences, India
- Strengthening health research in non-governmental organizations in India
• Gopal Prasad Acharya, Chairman, Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal
- Development of a national health research agenda and national ethical guidelines
• Gustavo Nigenda Lopez, Senior Researcher, Institute Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico
- Outcome of research projects on reproductive health within the framework of health sector reforms
• Lynn Silver, Visiting Researcher, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Capacity strengthening for consumer protection
Focal Pomt/Rapporteur Abha Saxena, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization. Geneva
Tausi
The INDEPTH Network: bridging the gap
Chair:
• Steve Tollman, Chairman, Board of Trustees, INDEPTH Network, Ghana
This session will present the mission and objectives of INDEPTH, its historical development, ongoing
projects and call for action (monitoring health outcomes, capacity strengthening).
• Steve Tollman, Chairman, Board of Trustees, INDEPTH Network, Ghana
- Mission, objectives and strategic plan of INDEPTH
• Fred Binka, Executive Director, INDEPTH Network, Ghana
- Summary of projects and call for action
Focal Point and Rapporteur. Fred Binka, Executive Director. INDEPFH Network, Ghana
ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
33
HELPING CORRtei Tilt lt>Z‘>0 GAP
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Twiga
Key lessons in the development of national health research systems
Chair:
• Somsak Chunharas, Director, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry
of Public Health, Thailand
The session will discuss the key issues and lessons learned in the development and strengthening of
national health research systems in a number of countries.
• Barbara Klugman, Senior Specialist, Women's Health Project, School of Public Health, WitwatersrarUniversity, South Africa
- Health research policy in South Africa: process and lessons
• Godwin Ndossi, Director, Food Science and Nutrition, Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Centre
and Joseph Shija, Chairman, Tanzania National Health Research Forum, Tanzania
- The challenges of establishing a national health research forum, the Tanzania experience
• Mario Villaverde, Director, Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau, Department of Health,
Philippines
- Philippine National Health Research System Assessment
Focal Point/Rapporteur. Sylvia De Haan, Communication and Research Officer, Council on Health Research for Development
(COHRED), Switzerland
Manyara
Maternal health: translating research into practice
Chair:
• Oluwole Akande, Consultant, World Health Organization, Geneva
The session aims to introduce a region-wide training programme to policy-makers and programme
managers and to promote the introduction of the new WHO antenatal care. The session will emphasize
the importance of creating a critical mass of health workers knowledgeable in evidence-based decision
making.
• Oluwole Akande, Consultant, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Introduction
• Per Bergsjo, Professor Emeritus/Physician, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Introducing the new WHO antenatal care model from research to practice
• Louise Spruyt, Specialist Scientist, Medical Research Council, South Africa
- WHO training of trainers course
Focal Points: Catherine D'Arcangues, Coordinator, Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva;
Andres de Francisco, Senior Public Health Specialist. Global Forum for Health Research
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
34
H1IPING CORRECT FHt 10/90 CAI'
IOP11
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Kololo II
Mental and neurological disorders research
Chair:
• Donald Silberberg, Director, International Medical Programs, School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, USA
The session will provide an overview of mental and neurological disorders research taking place around
the world, giving an opportunity for researchers involved in such work to network with each other. What
are the best strategies for strengthening mental health and neurological disorders research?
• Shekhar Saxena, Coordinator, Mental Health Determinants and Populations, World Health
Organization, Geneva
- WHO Atlas Project and the mhGap
• Gerald T Keusch, Director, Fogarty International Center, USA
• Carmen Lopez Stewart, Coordinator, Gender and Mental Health, Directorate of Public Health, Ministry
of Health, Chile
- The Chile Mental Health Profile and Policy Template
• Donald Silberberg, Director, International Medical Programs, School of Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania, USA
- Neurological disorders research around the world : opportunities and challenges
Rapporteur: Walter H. Gulbmat, International Health Consultant
Focal Point Florence Baingana, Mental Health Specialist, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population,
World Bank, Washington DC
Mbuni
New developments in measuring the burden of disease
Chair - Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Johns Hopkins University, USA
The session will introduce new applications of burden of disease methods and attempt to understand the
critique of measuring the burden of disease at country level.
• Tayyeb Masud, Programme Manager, National Injury Research Centre, Health Services Academy,
Pakistan
- Groping in the dark: compilation of information for BOD in Pakistan
• Dele Ogunseitan, Associate Professor, Environmental Analysis and Design, School of Social Ecology,
University of California, USA
- Linking global environment change to local burden of disease
• Ritu Sadana, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
- Obtaining meaningful social values on health states required for burden of disease analysis: an
empirical study in Cambodia
Rapporteur Sameera Al-Tuwaijri, Forum Scientific Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Point Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, USA
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER. 2002
35
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
FORI IM
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Public-private partnerships in the South
Mbayuwayu
Co-Chairs:
• Banu Khan, National AIDS Coordinator, National AIDS Coordinating Agency, Botswana
• Akira Homma, Director, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
The session will share experience and perspectives on public-private partnerships in low- and middle
income countries.
• Nirmal K. Ganguly, Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
- Experience from India with public-private partnerships for health
• Alex Mwita, Programme Manager, National Malaria Control Programme, Epidemiology and Disease
Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
- Public-private collaboration for malaria control in Tanzania
• Akira Homma, Director, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
- Public-private collaboration for endemic disease problems in Brazil/Latin America
• Mwelecele Ntuli Malecela-Lazaro, Director, Research and Training, National Institute for Medical
Research, Tanzania
- Access initiatives for neglected diseases: initial conclusions and future needs (report from a satellite
meeting)
Focal Point/Rapporteur: Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
Dikdik
Road traffic injury research network
Chair:
• Olive C. Kobusingye, Director, Injury Control Center, Makerere University, Uganda
The session will explore priority research areas for reducing the 10/90 gap in road traffic injuries, define
the challenges for research in road traffic injuries in developing countries and discuss the role of the road
traffic injury network in addressing research priorities
• Cristina Inclan Valadez, Researcher, Health Systems Research Center, Institute Nacional de Salud
Publica, Mexico
- Social capital: exploring their relevance for traffic injury prevention. The case of Cuernavaca
neighbourhoods
• Arjan Bastiaan van As, Head, Pediatric Surgery, Trauma Unit, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, South Africa
- Data mining the CAPFSA Red Cross Children's Hospital database 1991-2000 as part of injury
prevention planning
• Kitugi Samwel Nungu, Consultant, Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Tanzania
- Road traffic accidents in Dar es Salaam: data collection
• Robyn Norton, Director, Ramsay Health Care, Institute for International Health Research and
Development, Australia
- Road traffic injury research network
Rapporteurs: Abdul Ghaffar, Public Health Specialist, Global Forum for Health Research; Robyn Norton. Director, Ramsay
Health Care, Institute for International Health Research and Development. Australia
Focal Point: Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, USA
I ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
36
I
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/^0 GAP
Thursday 14 November
18.00-19.30
Simba Hall
World Report on Violence and Health
Chair: to be announced
The session will provide an overview of the Report and describe the Global Campaign for Violence
Prevention. What are the best strategies for implementing the Report's recommendations?
• Alexander Butchart, Scientist and Team Leader, Prevention of Violence, World Health Organization,
Geneva
- World Report on Violence and Health
• Bakhytkul Sarymsakova, Professor, Health Policy and Management, Kazakhstan School of Public
Health, Kazakhstan
- Violence prevention and public health: perspective from Kazakhstan
Rapporteur Dinesh Sethi, Consultant and Senior Lecturer. Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, United Kingdom
Focal Points Alexander Butchart, Scientist and Team Leader, Prevention of Violence, World Health Organization, Geneva;
Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University,
USA
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels (see bus schedule).
ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
37
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/10 GAT
Friday 15 November
»
FORI IM
Transfers from Forum 6 hotels to AICC (see bus schedule).
9.00-10.30
PLENARY SESSION
Simba Hall
Using research results: research synthesis as a tool to help correct the 10/90 gap
Co-Chairs:
• Robert Hecht, Acting Director, Health, Nutrition and Population, World Bank, Washington DC
• Mariam J. Mwaffisi, Permanent Secretary, Administration Department, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
The session will present the results of health research synthesis in the world as a tool for reducing
the 10/90 gap.
• James Volmink, Director, Research and Analysis, Global Health Council, USA
- The science of research synthesis and its relevance to the 10/90 gap
• Martin Meremikwu, Senior Lecturer, Paediatrics, College of Medical Science, University of Calabar,
Nigeria
- Malaria: progress in preparing and updating systematic reviews
• Charles Shey Wiysonge, Head, Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Enlarged Programme of Vaccination,
Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
- Vaginal disinfection for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection :
a systematic review
Discussants:
• Andrew Haines, Dean, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
• K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in
Developing Countries, India
Rapporteur: Sameera Al-Tuwaijn, Forum Scientific Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
Focal Points: Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research, James Volmink, Director, Research and
Analysis. Global Health Council, USA
10.30-11.00
Break and Marketplace
Piazza
and room N
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
38
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAT
Friday 15 November
11.00-12.30
Simba Hall
PLENARY SESSION
What perspectives for the 10/90 gap?
What recommendations to the partners in the Global Forum?
Co-Chairs:
• Anna Abdallah, Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
» Carlos M Morel, Member of the Foundation Council, Global Forum for Health Research
In the Closing Plenary, panellists and speakers from the floor will express their views on the perspectives
for reducing the 10/90 gap and make recommendations to the partners in the Global Forum.
Focal Point and Rapporteur: Louis J. Currat, Executive Secretary, Global Forum for Health Research, Switzerland
W 12. u 14.00
Piazza
Closing Reception
The Foundation Council and Secretariat of the Global Forum for Health Research invite all participants to
a verre d'amitie with traditional Tanzanian entertainment.
We look forward to receiving all your ideas on helping correct the 10/90 gap, with concrete proposals
for our next annual meeting:
Forum 7
11-14 November 2003
Geneva, Switzerland
www.globalforumhealth.org
Transfers from AICC to Forum 6 hotels and to Kilimanjaro International Airport (see bus schedule).
Transfer from AICC for the visit of the National Surveillance System's site in Hai District.
14.00-17.30
SITE VISIT
Visit to Ministry of Health Demographic Surveillance System in Northern Tanzania
The Tanzanian Ministry of Health is establishing a National Sentinel Surveillance (NSS) system of linked
demographic surveillance sites for the long-term monitoring of health and poverty conditions. Demo
graphic surveillance sites are an increasingly important resource for research and routine information
production in health development in developing countries. In Tanzania, findings from these sites have
influenced national health policy and district resource allocation. Participants are invited to visit the
NSS's demographic surveillance site in Hai District, Kilimanjaro Region, meet with representatives of the
Tanzanian Ministry of Health and local Council who operate the system, as well as view a presentation
of the technical operations and outputs of the system. Transport and refreshments will be provided.
Arrangements can be made for participants who are leaving Arusha that evening to be taken directly
to the airport at the end of the visit.
Focal Point: Yusuf Hemed, Deputy Director, Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
I ARUSHA, TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
39
•
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/^0 GAP
Marketplace
.FORUM
Market stalls
• African Council for Sustainable Health Development (ACOSHED)
Lola Dare, Executive Secretary, African Council for Sustainable Health Development, Nigeria
• Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Manager, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Switzerland
• ARROW, Malaysia
Rashidah Abdullah, Director, Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women, Malaysia
• Asian Collaborative Training Network for Malaria (ACT Malaria)
Tee Ah Sian, Director, Public Health, Asian Collaborative Training Network, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
• Atherosclerosis Centre Giancarlo Descovich, Massa Lombarda Program, Italy
Simona Nascetti, Student, Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, Atherosclerosis Centre
Giancarlo Descovich, Italy
• Center for Health Sciences Training, Research and Development (CHESTRAD) International
Olamide Bandele, Secretary, Administration, Center for Health Sciences Training, Research and
Development (CHESTRAD) International, Nigeria
• Child health and nutrition in Africa
James Irlam, Director, MCH Resource Centre, Paediatrics, Child Health Unit, University of Cape Town,
South Africa
• Coalition for Global Health Research, Canada
Alita Perry, Manager, Global Health Research Initiative, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR),
Canada
• Collaborative Training Programme on Health Research for Policy, Practice and Action
Happiness Minja, Research Officer, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
• Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
Sylvia De Haan, Communication and Research Officer, Council on Health Research for Development
(COHRED), Switzerland
• Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action (CREA), India
Geetanjali Misra, Director, Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action, India
• Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, Canada
Katherine Orr, Manager, International Health Office, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
• Fogarty International Center, USA
Gerald T. Keusch, Director, Fogarty International Center, USA
• Genomics and world health
Pauline McKay, Programme Assistant, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
• Global Forum for Health Research
Alina Pawlowska, Information Management Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
• Health System Research Institute, Thailand
40
Chanpen Choprapawon, Programme Director, Dept, of Mental Health, Health Systems Research
Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Marketplace
• INCLEN Trust
Mary Ann Lansang, Executive Director, INCLEN Trust. Philippines
• Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries
K. Srinath Reddy, Coordinator, Scientific Secretariat, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in
Developing Countries, India
• Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health (IPPPH)
Armelle Armstrong, Communication Officer, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
» International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)
Naana Otoo-Oyortey, Technical Officer, Gender and Youth, International Planned Parenthood
Federation, United Kingdom
• Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Tanzania
Paul Courtright, Co-Director, Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Tanzania
€
• Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
Sally Theobald, Lecturer, International Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
» Medicines for Malaria Ventures (MMV)
Diana Cotran, Human Resources and Administrative Manager, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Switzerland
• M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India
Subbiah Gunasekaran, Research Assistant, Informatics Centre, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India
• National Foundation for Research and Development, Uganda
Rhona Mijumbi, Intern, National Foundation for Research and Development, Uganda
• National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Tanzania
Virdiana Mvungi, Research Scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
• Osmangazi University, Turkey
Burhanettin Isikli, Assistant Professor, Public Health, School of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Turkey
• SHARED: Scientists for Health and Research for Development
Agnes Soares da Silva, Executive Secretary, Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical
Research, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands
Jens Kastberg, Advocacy and Fund Raising, Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases (TDR), Switzerland
• Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
Diana Rodriguez, Professor, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana
Cayetano Heredia, Peru
• Women's Health Project, South Africa
Nicola Christofides, Project Manager, Women's Health Project, South African Institute for Medical
Research, and Barbara Klugman, Senior Specialist, Women's Health Project, School of Public Health,
Witwatersrand University, South Africa
• World Report on Violence and Health
41
Alexander Butchart, Scientist and Team Leader, Prevention of Violence, World Health Organization,
Geneva
Marketplace
• Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
Marketplace
Posters
• Arjuna Aluwihare, Professor, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Disaggregated data in prioritising resource allocation
• Monika Arora, Research Assistant, Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in
Developing Countries, India
School- and home-based learning reduces tobacco experimentation
• Antonia Bankoff, Laboratory Coordinator, Sports Sciences, Physical Education Faculty,
State University of Campinas, Brazil
Study of postural problems of children in the public schools caused by undernourishment, malnutrition
and overwork
• Lizzeth Betancourt, Director of Health District, Ministry of Health, Honduras
Antimalarial drugs use in the Northern coast of Honduras, Central America
• Chona R. Echavez, Senior Research Associate, Research Institute for Mindanao Culture,
Xavier University, Philippines
The boon and the bane in GO and NGO partnership in the delivery of health services for women
and children
• Funmilayo Fawole, Lecturerand Consultant, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics,
Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Violence against female hawkers in motor-parks in Nigeria
• Gururaj Gopalakrishna, Head, Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health
and Neurosciences, India
Road traffic injuries in India and South East Asia: an epidemiological perspectve
• Satish Kumar Kannappa, Professor, Institute of Health Systems, India
District family health survey for small area mortality and analysis: a pilot study
• Lydia Kapiriri, Student, Centre for International Health, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Bergen, Norway
Considerations for priority-setting in health: a pilot study of stakeholders in four districts in Uganda
• Andrew Martin Kilale, Medical Research Scientist, Muhimbili Research Station,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Trends in road traffic accidents
• Henry Kitange, National Sentinel System Task Group Leader, Policy and Planning,
Health Information and Research Section, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
Tanzania national sentinel system for burden disease surveillance
• Stephen Kunda, Research Scientist, Muhimbili Research Station, Tuberculosis Laboratory,
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Tuberculosis
I ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
42
I
HELPING CORREC r tilt 10/90 GAP
FORJJA
Marketplace
• Gunnar Kvale, Director, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
A Norwegian centre for research and education on poverty related diseases
• Grant Lewison, Head, Bibliometrics Research Group, Information Science, City University,
United Kingdom
A bibliometric approach to estimating malaria research funding
• Sayoki Mfinanga, Student, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
Tribal difference in perception of tuberculosis, a possible role in tuberculosis control in Arusha,
Tanzania
• Jean-Claude Mwanza, PhD Fellow, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen,
Norway
HIV-infection and uveitis
• Lipika Nanda, Health Consultant, Poverty Eradication, Health, Society for Elimination and
Rural Poverty, India
The Andhra Pradesh health systems responsiveness study 2001
° Bjorg Evjen Olsen, Research Fellow, Medical Faculty, Centre for International Health,
University of Bergen, Norway
Maternal deaths in rural Northern Tanzania
• Faiza Mohammed Osman, Head, Epidemiology and Clinical Studies,
Institute of Endemic Diseases, Khartoum University, Sudan
Health policy and system research
• Supa Promtussananon, Researcher, University of the North, South Africa
The development of health: promoting hospital model
• Dinesh Sethi, Consultant and Senior Lecturer, Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
Injuries in refugee and host populations in Northern Uganda
• Agus Suwandono, Secretary, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesia
The Marketplace will also include posters by the recipients of the International Health Research Awards
(2000).
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER 2002
43
helping CORRECT THE I0/V0 gat
Marketplace
Resource flows: health research and development in Indonesia
. EQRLLM.
Satellite meetings
The following meetings are in general by invitation only. Participants who would like additional informa
tion about any of these groups should contact the Focal Point or ask at the Forum 6 Information Desk.
Sunday 10 November
All day meetings
9.00-17.30
COHRED Board Meeting
Impala Hotel
BY INVITATION. Meeting followed by a reception.
Focal Point: Peter Makara, Coordinator, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
Impala Hotel
Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative Board Meeting
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Robert Black. Chair, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Impala Hotel
Johns Hopkins University Research Ethics Program for Africa
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health,
Johns Hopkins University, USA
Impala Hotel
Roundtable on supporting cooperation in health research for development: a review of the
Internationa] Health Research Awards
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Abha Saxena, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Switzerland
Afternoon meeting
Novotel
Mount Meru
Public-private partnerships for improving access to pharmaceuticals: lessons from field imple
mentation in selected countries
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
Evening meeting
Novotel
Mount Meru
Future challenges facing the World Health Organization
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Timothy G. Evans, Director, Health Equity Program, Rockefeller Foundation, USA
ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
44
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
.
Satellite meetings
FORJJ.
Monday 11 November
7.30-10.30
Novotel
lount Meru
Interim Working Party on the Implementation of the Bangkok Action Plan
BY INVITATION
Focal Point Tikki Pang, Director, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
All day meetings
tel
Canadian Institutes for Health Research/African Forum for Health Research
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Alita Perry, Manager, Global Health Research Initiative, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canada
10.00-17.30
totel
Imp
tel
COHRED Board Meeting (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Peter Makara, Coordinator, Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED), Switzerland
Johns Hopkins University Research Ethics Program for Africa (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Adnan A Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, USA
Impala Hotel
Roundtable on supporting cooperation in health research for development:
a review of the International Health Research Awards (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Abha Saxena, Scientist, Research Policy and Cooperation, World Health Organization, Geneva
Novotel
Mount Meru
Future challenges facing the World Health Organization (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Timothy G Evans, Director, Health Equity Program, Rockefeller Foundation, USA
Novotel
Mount Meru
Public-private partnerships for improving access to pharmaceuticals:
lessons from field implementation in selected countries (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
ARUSHA. TANZANIA, 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
45
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
Satellite meetings
<>
I IM
Wednesday 13 November
12.30-14.00
Tausi Room
AICC
Strengthening mental and neurological research
OPEN MEETING
Focal Point: Florence Bamgana, Mental Health Specialist, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition and Population,
World Bank, Washington DC
17.15-18.00
Press Room
AICC
MIHR launch press briefing
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Nicholas Mellor, Senior Programme Officer, Management of Intellectual Property in Research and Development,
United Kingdom
18.00-19.30
Simba Hall
AICC
MIHR launch and reception
“
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Nicholas Mellor, Senior Programme Officer, Management of Intellectual Property in Research and Development,
United Kingdom, George Soule, Associate Director, Office of Communication, Rockefeller Foundation, USA
18.00-19.30
Road Traffic Injury Research Network: Board Meeting
Mbuni Room
AICC
Focal Point: Adnan A. Hyder, Assistant Professor, International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
BY INVITATION
University, USA
18.00-21.00
Moivaro Coffee Lodge
and Plantation
Reception and Working Dinner for representatives of medical research councils
BY INVITATION. Transport will be provided from AICC at 18 00
Focal Point: Susan Jupp, Senior Communication Officer, Global Forum for Health Research
Thursday 14 November
12.30-14.00
SHARED workshop 1
Dikdik Room
AICC
Focal Point: Agnes Soares da Silva. Scientific Secretary. SHARED, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO),
BY INVITATION
Netherlands
I
46
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
1 nttriNG coRRtcr the ioz'io gap
Satellite meetings
Friday 15 November
7.30-8.30
Impala Hotel
Special session on the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
BY INVITATION
Focal Point' Miguel Gonzalez-Block, Manager, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Switzerland
Afternoon meetings
15.00-18.00
Impala Hotel
Impala Hotel
Global Forum for Health Research: Foundation Council Meeting
BY INVITATION. Meeting followed by dinner.
Focal Point: Kirsten Bendixen, Meeting Organizer, Global Forum for Health Research
SHARED workshop 2
BY INVITATION
Focal Point Agnes Soares da Silva, Scientific Secretary, SHARED, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO),
Netherlands
Novotel
Mount Meru
Afrihealth: building capacity for public health
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Carel B Ijsselmuiden, Director, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Novotel
Mount Meru
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Bernard Pecoul, Director, Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF),
Switzerland
Novotel
Mount Meru
Human resources
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Diane L. Eckerle. Rockefeller Foundation, USA
—.
•
Novotel
Mount Meru
Workshop on clinical trials capacity in low and middle income countries: experiences, lessons
learned and priorities
BY INVITATION
Focal Point. Roy Widdus, Project Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NQVEMBER2002
47
helping correct the io/ro gat
.FORUM
Satellite meetings
----------- -
Saturday 16 November
8.30-12.30
Impala Hotel
Global Forum for Health Research: Foundation Council and STRATEC Meeting
BY INVITATION. Meeting followed by lunch.
Focal Point: Kirsten Bendixen, Meeting Organizer, Global Forum for Health Research
All day meetings
Novotel
Mount Meru
Afrihealth: building capacity for public health (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Carel B Ijsselmuiden, Director. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Novotel
Mount Meru
Workshop on clinical trials capacity in low and middle income countries: experiences, lessons
learned and priorities (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point Roy Widdus, Protect Manager, Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health, Switzerland
Sunday 17 November
All day meeting
Novotel
Mount Meru
Afrihealth: building capacity for public health (continued)
BY INVITATION
Focal Point: Carel B. Ijsselmuiden, Director, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEM BER 2002
48
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Secretariat of the Global Forum for Health Research is grateful for all the assistance
it received in the conception, preparation and presentation of this programme:
to its Foundation Council
to its donors and partners
to those who worked to bring together the panels and discussion groups (the focal points
for each session)
to those who play an active role in the programme of Forum 6 and in the Marketplace
to all those - who may or may not be present in Arusha - who contributed their ideas on
helping correct the 10/90 gap
to the participants in Forum 6
vid to the Tanzanian authorities, to our host partner, the National Institute for Medical
■search of Tanzania (NIMR) and the Local Organizing Committee:
- Andrew Kitua, Director General, NIMR
- John Shao, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College
- A. Massele, Muhimbili University College
- Joseph Kahamba, Tanzania Medical Association
- A. Kimambo, Tanzania Public Health Association
- Abdulla Salim, Ifakara Health Research Centre
- Mwelecele Malecela-Lazaro, Director of Research, NIMR
- Riha Njau, WHO Office in Tanzania
- Arnold Buluba, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Tanzania
- Louis Kiluwa, NIMR
- John Msangi, NIMR
-Virdiana Mvungi, NIMR
- Gasper Mponda, NIMR
- Leah Mgonja, NIMR
- Deogratias Mdamu, Ministry of Tourism of Tanzania
- Justin Nyamoga, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College
- William Kisoka, NIMR
- Charles Kajeguka, NIMR
ARUSHA. TANZANIA. 12-15 NOVEMBER2002
HELPING CORRECT THE 10/90 GAP
www.globalforumhealth.org
Global Forum for Health Research
c/o World Health Organization
20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Telephone: 41 22/791 4260
Fax: 41 22/791 4394
OISTR. : RESTRICTED
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
DISTR. : RESTREINTE
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE
ACHR34/96.5
ENGLISH ONLY
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HEALTH RESEARCH
Annex 2
TbirtY-fourth session
Geneva, 15 - 18 October 1996
Agenda item 6
REPORT ON DISCUSSIONS
AT THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
The attached document contains the official Summary Records of discussions held at the
Ninety-seventh Session of the Executive Board in January 1996. The last report of the ACHR
included a peer review of the draft report of the “Ad Hoc Committee on research relating to
future intervention options” (Annex 3 of the ACHR report). This Committee had been
established in March 1994 at the instigation of some donors and in the wake of the publication
by the World Bank of its World Development Report 1993 entitled “Investing in Health”. It has
since been disestablished in June 1996, after completion of its final report.
The contents of this restricted document mey not be divulged to
Persons other then those to whom it his been originally eddressed. It
mey not be further distributed nor reproduced in any manner and
should not be referenced in bibliographical matter or cited.
Le contenu du present document i distribution restreinte ne doit pas itre
divulguf a des personnel autres que celles a qui il itail initialament des
tine. II ne saurait (lire I'objetd'une redistribution oud'une reproduction
quelconques et ne doit pas figurer dans une bibliographie ni itra citi.
A.2
Extracted from EB97/SR/9
EB97/SM
2.
4.
(1) broad-based supply services responding to requests for both technical and more general items
from Member States or from programmes;
(2) services purchasing drugs, biologicals and other highly technical products and providing
technical assistance to countries in order to enable them to strengthen their own procurement and
materials management systems;
to report to the Executive Board at an appropriate time on the result of the study.
REPORTS OF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BODIES AND RELATED ISSUES: Item 9 of the
Agenda
RESEARCH POLICY AND STRATEGY - REPORT ON MEETING OF THE GLOBAL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE ON HEALTH RESEARCH (ACHR): Item 9.1 of the Agenda (Document EB97/17 and
Corr. I)
Professor FLIEDNER (Chairman, Advisory Committee on Health Research), said that the global
Advisory Committee on Health Research (ACHR) was convinced that all relevant health challenges that lay
ahead of nations could be mastered only with the support of science and technology as well as of appropriate
qualified persons to identify the issues of crucial importance, weigh them in accordance with society’s
priorities and develop approaches to resolving them. Recalling its terms of reference, he said that the ACHR
system was dedicated to helping preserve the integrity of WHO as the directing and coordinating authority
on international health work. WHO’s constitutional mandate to promote and conduct research in the field
of health and to promote cooperation among scientific and professional groups contributing to the
advancement of health established a clear-cut leadership role. WHO should therefore conduct research
necessary to advance global health and should mobilize the scientific community to utilize its resources to
address global health issues, thereby broadening and deepening the scientific basis for essential political
decisions and government initiatives. ACHR was of the opinion that those constitutional mandates should
be given greater emphasis in the Organization’s future policy. Ways and means should be found to maximize
the contribution of science and technology in the light of the evolving problems that were of critical
significance to global health.
A major activity of ACHR was to develop, by the end of 1997, a research agenda to support the
renewed health-for-all strategy aimed at improving health conditions and health services at global level in
spite of the dynamics of global developments; that research agenda was to be presented and proposed for
implementation at the Health Assembly in 1998.
It would establish a consensus on scientific and
technological priorities concerning the health conditions of the individual, health care systems, environment
and health, social behaviour and nutrition. It would also deal with the way in which innovations in
communications technology could improve links between academic and research institutions, resulting in a
new commitment of the science and technology of the North to the problems evident in the South and
facilitating the communication of research findings more directly from research institutions to decision
makers. ACHR would also seek to mobilize the world’s science and technology organizations to address
themselves more to global issues, and that would require new intellectual approaches.
ACHR had renewed research plans and activities at global and regional levels, and its members had
acquired first-hand information on programmes dealing with aging and health, maternal and child health and
family planning, neurosciences and mental health and safety promotion and injury control. Several regional
ACHRs had presented constructive initiatives, had cooperated closely with the respective research councils
and were prepared actively to support the development of a new global research agenda; however,
unfortunately, the European Region had been led, apparently by severe financial constraints, temporarily to
suspend the work of the European ACHR at a time when it was urgently needed to bridge the gap between
West and East in health and health services research.
ACHR had welcomed the WHO initiative on the scientific activities of the environmental health
programme, and also the proposal of the local authorities in Kobe, Japan, to establish a research centre to deal
12
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EB97/SR/9
with global health development issues; it would welcome the creation of similar WHO-owned research
centres in other parts of the world, and was prepared to advise on the development of such centres.
At its meeting in October 1995, ACHR had reviewed the DALY (disability-adjusted life years)
approach to measuring the disease burden and the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research
Relating to Future Intervention Options entitled "Investing in health research and development: an agenda
to address the problems of the poor". ACHR had concluded that the DALY indicator should not be used for
setting research priorities and that verification of its methodology, validation of its underlying concept and
its utility in practice had not yet been achieved. As for the peer review of the work of the Ad Hoc
Committee, the Committee’s Chairman had been present at the ACHR meeting and had accepted most of the
points raised. ACHR had serious reservations about using DALY for measuring the cost-effectiveness of
public health interventions and research prioritization, excluding other alternatives. The proposal to create
new institutional arrangements had had in principle little to do with the thrust of the report, and was
potentially destructive because the new consortium suggested could undermine the institutional integrity of
WHO and subsume its mandate as the organization within the United Nations system responsible to nearly
200 Member States for directing and coordinating international health work, including research. WHO should
continue to fulfil that constitutional mandate and should not allow its responsibilities to be relinquished to
other bodies or diluted; it must maintain and strengthen its capacity actively to meet current and growing
challenges in health development and health research. ACHR would contribute substantially to the renewal
of the health-for-all strategy by developing an agenda for science and technology to support health for all in
the coming decades.
Professor GIRARD said the topic of research policy and strategy was one of the most important subjects
to be debated by the Board at the current session, and indeed, in the work of the Organization. Two highcalibre groups had taken radically different, but possibly complementary, approaches which opened the way
to debate on the subject Research, together with training, was generally deemed to be the key,to the future.
It was critical to WHO’s response to the most important challenge of the next 50 years, namely, how to
reconcile health marketing and medical ethics.
,
Clearly, the situation at present was far from perfect' Most health problems were experienced by the
countries of the South, while research was generally in the hands of teams from the North which tended to
overemphasize the health problems encountered in the. North.) Some health sectors were given greater
attention than others: for example, research on health care systems was treated as secondary, since the
tradition in the North was to treat diseases rather than to work on the facilities for providing care. Health
care professionals had done little to popularize their own activities and were facing a terrible dilemma. The
more they progressed, the more they perceived the complexity and diversity of health matters. Yet all
researchers knew that an experiment involving several variables would yield no results: success could only
be achieved by looking at a single parameter at a time. They were therefore wary of attempts to incorporate
complicated questions such as housing and employment in research on health.
Perhaps the time had come to acknowledge that research was too vitally important to be left in the
hands of researchers alone. If that was the case, then WHO and Member States must have the courage to
look for new approaches, such as the notion of health partnerships referred to by the Director-General.
Partnership was most useful in elaborating and implementing solutions; it was less effective for decision
making, which was the province of representative bodies. The organ where States came together at the
highest level to decide on health policy was WHO, and that body was therefore best qualified to determine
die future course of health research. Article 2 (n) of the Constitution conferred on WHO the responsibility
to promote and conduct research in the field of health. If Member States now took a different view of the
Organization's responsibilities, then the Constitution would have to be amended. New approaches were also
needed in respect of the need to reconcile health marketing with medical ethics. A number of countries were
uncomfortable with the idea of treating health like just another commodity, of letting market forces loose in
that sphere, with no opposing forces to counteract them. In developing new approaches, however, it was
important to take account of established approaches. Just as health reforms should not go against physicians,
new approaches to research should not go against researchers.
13
3.
EB97/SR/9
The analyses being undertaken by the Ad Hoc Committee and the ACHR were at two levels, the
scientific and the institutional. In terms of scientific analysis, he had already pointed to the disparity between
WHO’s multisectoral approach to health and the single-minded approach of researchers, that could quickly
lead to territorial disputes and conflicts over areas of competence and authority, as had been shown in dealing
with AIDS within the United Nations system. Furthermore, financing decisions had an impact on programme
performance: those programmes financed from extrabudgetary resources were less solid than those financed.
at least partly, out of the regular budget.
The task before the Board was to look at research prospects well beyond the year 2000. The Ad Hoc
Committee had made a powerful contribution to the debate on research policy and strategy, as had the
reaction by the ACHR.
It might be useful to consider combining the two bodies to work out a new
approach to research policy for the future.
Dr BOUFFORD, endorsing the eloquent comments by Professor Girard, agreed that the topic under
discussion was of paramount importance: one of the Organization’s critical functions was to mobilize the
expertise available in the research community. WHO, in preparing the new research agenda for 1998, must
give due attention to the need to articulate recommendations for research and development priorities that were
consistent with the health-for-all agenda. Most observers would agree that WHO had a responsibility to
identify gaps in research and to try to encourage investigation into critical areas, such as basic research, drug
development and technology development.
She requested clarification on the status of the draft report from the Ad Hoc Committee vis-a-vis the
report of the ACHR peer review group, which had criticized the conclusions reached by the Ad Hoc
Committee. Both documents were issued by WHO, yet they offered vastly different viewpoints on how to
mobilize the research community around the health needs of developing countries. The core differences
revolved around the use of the DALY instrument. She had been somewhat surprised by the intensity of the
polemic on that subject and considered it important to explore measures that went beyond the classic research
tools, including intersectoral measures that were becoming increasingly important in the health field.
A recommendation had been made concerning a consortium to look further into those issues. Such a
consortium could be sponsored by WHO in the spirit of new partnerships, new collaborations. The structure
outlined for the consortium, involving governments, universities and research institutes, was exactly the kind
of approach being sought in other new partnership endeavours. Surely such a group could be integrated into
the work of ACHR.
It would be useful to hear suggestions on ways of reconciling the contents of the two reports, so that
WHO could adopt a unified position on methodology, and on how such efforts could advance the health-forall research agenda.
She noted that stress had been laid on neurosciences in the review of the mental health programme, but
recalled that behavioural research was equally important, since 50% of preventable morbidity and mortality
fell into the category of behavioural problems. Finally, she would appreciate more information on the work
being undertaken in the safety promotion and injury control programme.
Dr LEPPO welcomed Professor Fliedner’s emphasis on the development of a research policy and
agenda by 1998 and agreed that it was important to mobilize the scientific community in conjunction with
renewal of WHO’s fiealth-for-al 1 strategy. In his view, the first step should be the preparation of a synthesis
of existing knowledge that could be used in determining health policy. Value-driven, evidence-based policies
were needed, and he was pleased to learn that the scientific community was ready to respond to the challenges
in that regard.
He endorsed the comments of Professor Girard. It was important to debate fundamental issues openly
and to reconcile different views within and outside WHO. Several drafts were available of the report of the
Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options, and it was not clear whether
they were WHO documents. The work of the Ad Hoc Committee was an informative, well documented
coverage of current scientific knowledge; however, he had serious reservations regarding some of the
conclusions and the final chapter of its report, on institutional arrangements, which implied that regulatory
control should be loosened in order that more resources could be obtained for research. The ground rules
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EB97/SM
for new forms of partnership should be set.
He agreed with the criticism by the ACHR about use of the
DALY approach; the technique required further development.
The research community should be mobilized to support WHO in its endeavours for achieving better
health through research, and the work of the ACHR and the Ad Hoc Committee should be brought together
to reach that goal.
Dr PAVLOV (adviser to Professor Shabalin) noted the importance of health research in the
implementation of WHO programmes. The principle of using strictly scientific criteria for choosing the basic
directions and for formulating WHO health programmes was the only correct approach to implementing the
health strategies at the country level. Use of a scientific approach in choosing priorities for action and for
drawing up plans to implement them had also guaranteed the prestige of WHO and had confirmed its
normative functions.
Research was an indispensable component of that approach.
Health research
programmes carried out under the auspices of WHO should be strengthened, and optimal conditions should
be created for using the untapped potential of science to further health and well-being.
The ACHR had tried to make the best use of scientific resources and to involve the scientific
community in resolving regional and global problems. A further strengthening of the coordinating role of
ACHR was important, particularly during the present period of crisis in WHO. There was a danger that
WHO’s research programme might be pushed into the background at a time of resource curtailment; any
weakening could quickly have strongly negative effects. The ACHR could help WHO to take a proper
scientifically based decision to resolve its present difficulties.
Dr KIL1MA recommended a cautious, strategic approach to the question of research. As a health
manager and researcher, it was his experience that it should respond to the most important local problems.
Health providers and policy-makers should have prior knowledge and involvement in order to bridge the gap
between researchersand themselves. They should therefore be involved in identifying priorities for research
and in following its progress. Furthermore, the research should be reported in such a way that it was
comprehensible to the users, perhaps by publishing the results in two forms, one in scientific language, the
other directed to a more general audience. Research institutions should monitor and evaluate the impacts of
their research, to determine whether the results were being used and, if not, why. Social and anthropological
research might clarify why some research results were not used.
Dr BLEWETT noted that the percentage of resources represented by extrabudgetary funds, which was
the main type of research funding, had been decreasing. There were two sources of tension which should
be addressed; the use of DALY and the differences between ACHR and the Ad Hoc Committee, which
should be resolved in the interests of the health of WHO. Both the criticisms of the DALY approach by
ACHR and reports from organizations that had developed and used the method should be considered, in order
to resolve the issue of how health and research priorities should be attributed. For example, the World Bank.
an international agency that was an important source of funds for health, had used DALY, and it would be
interesting to have its opinion. It would also be interesting to hear whether any countries were using DALY
in setting priorities. The issue of methodology was central to debates about resource allocation priorities.
The other source of tension was criticism by the ACHR of certain assessments made by the Ad Hoc
Committee. It would be useful to know whether a later version of the report of that Committee had met some
of the concerns and criticisms of the ACHR and whether any of their conclusions had been altered as a result
of those criticisms. He agreed with Professor Girard that an open debate was required to reconcile the
differences on those topics within the scientific community.
Dr REINER endorsed the views of Professor Girard, Dr Boufford and Dr Blewett. Further, he
supported the proposal to strengthen the links between the ACHR and the programme on environmental
health. He was also concerned that the European ACHR had not been able to meet during the biennium due
to financial constraints, as detailed in paragraph 23 of document EB97/17. Urgent debate and concrete action
were needed to remedy such a situation and he therefore endorsed the recommendation made in paragraph
15
EB97/SFV9
24. The brain-drain already existed in the countries of central and eastern Europe and new independent states,
and was having serious consequences for health research in those countries.
Dr KALUMBA said that a number of matters covered in the report required further clarification, in
particular the use of the DALY approach for setting priorities and WHO’s status as the core body responsible
for issuing authoritative statements on health and setting the health research agenda. National policy-makers
were concerned with how to gain political support to ensure effective implementation of health strategies, how
to ensure health protection and promotion, more efficient and equitable management of health systems and
community involvement, and how to integrate individual programme strategies. Research programmes should
be matched to those priority areas. If the DALY approach was not appropriate, other suggestions were
needed. In his country DALYs were used, but in a modified form in order to take into account ethical issues,
for example, questions of equity. But both governments and researchers were sometimes caught up in
practical decisions where value judgements had to be made. He also had some serious reservations on
scientific grounds regarding some of the comments made in the full ACHR report, (document
ACHR33/95.14), made available to members of the Board, in particular regarding the components of health
policy research.
Dr TSUZUKI, commending the printed report and the oral presentation, said that Board members
should do all they could to complement and reconcile the efforts of ACHR and the Ad Hoc Committee,
notably by helping to mobilize more resources to strengthen research programmes. It was, however, the
constitutional responsibility of the Organization as a whole to define health and research priorities.
Dr AVILA (alternate to Dr Antelo Perez) submitted that the procedure followed in nominating the Ad
Hoc Committee had been controversial. Current calls for conciliation would have been unnecessary had the
two committees’ work been properly coordinated from the outset
The report before the Board contained much valuable information for those directing research in the
countries, and some commendable conclusions, including the idea of integrated intervention packages. But
given that the basic issue was poverty and inequality, and that the polemic centred on how best to use what
little resources were available in poor countries, he found there to be a somewhat excessive technical content
and too little in the way of ethical considerations. He himself would have preferred an approach which
favoured social rather than technocratic issues. At first sight, the idea that developing countries should
concentrate on research oriented towards short-term impact on their own health problems did not appear out
of place. However, it implied that the international scientific community of the South would be cut off from
research at the frontiers of knowledge, where the world scientific community was working, thus further
widening the gap between scientific research in the South and in the developed world, and halting research
on projects which could generate resources and help to strengthen health systems. To place scientific
resources where there was most need, even though it would lead to disparities in their geographical
distribution, ignored the basic problem of concentration of scientific capability. Further, he pointed out
contradictions in the conclusions of the report. For example, that biomedical sciences had little importance
in noncommunicable diseases compared to demographic research, when information provided in the report
itself indicated that they had to be of comparable importance.
What was important was the need for more investment in research and more political commitment on
the part of governments to the health of their people; that was more a political than a scientific matter.
Discussion on mobilizing resources for research in the South was focusing on participation of the private
sector within countries, which was a limited view. Mobilization of resources for development was a global,
not a national, problem, and should be dealt with in negotiations in which, the Organization should support
the poorest countries.
Professor SHEIR also wondered why the subject of ethics in research had been neglected in the report.
While individual countries and regions must obviously identify their own research priorities, it should be
generally acknowledged that high-technology biomedical research was essential as the world approached a
new century, and should definitely form part of the remit of WHO s research committees.
16
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EB97/SM
There was a need for an adequate information system that permitted research groups to communicate
the results of their work and to receive proposals and process queries from around the world. Although
research programmes were too important to be sacrificed to budgetary constraints, those constraints should
be borne in mind by programme planners in achieving a balance between high-technology programmes, on
the one hand, and albeit "basic" research that the regions needed.
Lastly, she questioned the importance attached in the report to the brain drain from poorer European
countries and what appeared to be special pleading on their behalf, if not on behalf of the Region as a whole,
with regard to the allocation of resources. The phenomenon affected all regions, and should be addressed
in a equitable fashion everywhere.
Mrs HERZOG said that she detected no fundamental difference of opinion on the importance of the
ACHR programme and the need to support and strengthen it
However, tension between the two
committees - although it could on occasion prove creative - might lead to each hampering the other’s work.
She suggested that the problem might be solved by establishing a joint body with a comprehensive mandate.
To her mind, priorities in health research should reflect the objectives of the health-for-all strategy and the
reform process. She agreed with the comments of previous speakers on the behavioural aspects of research.
Dr PICO (alternate to Dr Mazza), commending the report and the oral presentation, endorsed in great
measure the views expressed by Professor Girard, Dr Boufford and Dr Leppo, in particular. It was WHO’s
responsibility to define research priorities which should be in accordance with the needs of countries and
regions. Special attention should be accorded to the social and biological aspects of research, as Dr Boufford
had said; but the question as to how resources could best be used for the benefit of the community and better
and more rational use be made of technological progress was also important. He shared Dr Kalumba’s ideas
on areas of research. The quest for greater efficiency, ethical aspects of decision-making, and improvement
of the quality of health services were all major concerns. In addition, the achievement of social equity was
a fundamental mission of the Organization, calling for the mobilization of the international community on
the advancement of the three interrelated causes on which human well-being in the health field depended:
research, teaching and the provision of medical care.
Professor BERTAN, welcoming the report and oral presentation, said there was no need to dwell on
the importance of the subject Research priorities should be in alignment with the priorities defined in the
health-for-all strategy and with WHO’s views, as the lead agency in international health matters, concerning
the most pressing global issues. Wide dissemination and application of research findings were obviously
important; one matter which deserved more attention was the need to strengthen the Organization’s advisory
role in determining which of various - sometimes contradictory - research findings could or should be
generally applied and in assisting countries in adapting the outcomes of research to specific circumstances:
the calculation and use of DALYs was a case in point.
Dr DEVO said that research undoubtedly played a valuable part in the endeavour to achieve well-being
for all. He fully supported the remarks made by Professor Girard, in particular. One question which
remained unanswered in the report and the excellent oral presentation concerned the difficulty, where research
was concerned, of maintaining a balance between the rights of individuals, the interests of society and the
limited resources of the environment.
He called his colleague’s attention to the work of the 1994 WHO-
CIOMS workshop on the impact of scientific progress on health, and echoed the views of other Board
members concerning the need - in the name of worldwide solidarity - to bear ethical considerations constantly
in mind.
Mr SMYTH (alternate to Mr Hurley) endorsed Dr Blewett’s remarks on the subject of the World Bank
and its use of DALYs. The health portfolio of the World Bank was understood to be currently valued at
USS 8 billion to be increasing by USS 2 billion each year - a major investment by any standards. If WHO
wanted to develop links with the Bank and other agencies, then it would have to develop a clear strategy
structured around priorities which were themselves based on good quality research. The controversy with
17
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EB97/SR/9
regard to DALYs should thus be resolved as a matter of urgency if it was not to have a negative effect on
the critical investment decisions, both by WHO and by other potential strategic parties.
Dr BANKOWSKI (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), speaking at the
invitation of the CHAIRMAN, said but for constraints of time, he would have wished to say a few words on
CIOMS collaboration with ACHR and, through ACHR, with WHO.
Dr FEACHEM (World Bank) noted that since 1992 the World Bank and WHO had been working
actively together on the measurement of burden of disease. The concept of disability-adjusted life years
(DALY) constituted only part of that exercise, which had other important components, including, for example,
the construction of a comprehensive picture of mortality by cause, place of residence, gender and age, for the
world as a whole. The work on burden of disease had proved useful to client countries in considering
priorities and guiding the allocation of public resources. Burden-of-disease work was also under way, using
either DALY or local modifications of that indicator, in sub-Saharan Africa (in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea,
Kenya, Mauritius, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia); Asia (in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka
and Turkey); in the Middle East and North Africa (in Algeria, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia); Latin America
and the Caribbean (in Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Uruguay); and Eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union (in Estonia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). It appeared that
the quantification of burden of disease and associated cost-effectiveness analysis would be of increasing
assistance to policy-makers in wealthy and poorer countries alike in making difficult policy choices and
resource allocation decisions. While there was no single approach to the analysis of burden of disease, it was
fair to say that the joint work of WHO and the World Bank had constituted a great contribution and incentive
to research in that field. As Dr Kalumba had pointed out. institutional, political and social factors and
parameters had also to be taken into account, along with data on burden of disease and cost-effectiveness,
when taking policy decisions and allocating resources.
•'
As for the Ad Hoc Committee, it was an independent group bringing together broad national,
professional and disciplinary representation. Its work had been widely debated in both low- and middle
income countries. The World Bank was but one of the 12 sponsors of the Ad Hoc Committee, the others
being six governments (Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom), four major
foundations and the International Health Policy Programme. In October 1995, the sponsors had met with
representatives of low- and middle-income countries to discuss a draft report by the Ad Hoc Committee. The
meeting had found merit in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee and had agreed to refine, develop and take
forward its recommendations, in close collaboration with other partners. The World Bank intended to be part
of that process and regarded WHO’s continuing active involvement as being essential to an appropriate and
agreeable outcome.
The World Bank was a supporter of the virtue of free markets, the most import of which was the free
market of ideas. It therefore welcomed the vigorous debate among technical specialists. While that debate
continued, health planners, those allocating health resources and international assistance agencies would make
use of the best methods and techniques available, in anticipation of their further refinement and development.
Dr HU Ching-Li (Assistant Director-General) said that the comments by members of the Board
indicated that, despite economic constraints, WHO should not weaken its role of directing and coordinating
health research, and that the research policy and agenda should complement the renewal of the health-for-all
strategy. Concern had been expressed about ACHR and the Ad Hoc Committee. The Board and the Health
Assembly gave ACHR its mandate, while ACHR transmitted its recommendations and views regarding the
coordination of health research to the governing bodies through the Director-General.
The Ad Hoc
Committee was an independent body focusing on health research. Some of its meetings had been hosted by
WHO in Geneva and its views had been put before ACHR. In accordance with its mandate, the latter had
established review groups to consider the work of the Ad Hoc Committee and die DALY indicator, and had
submitted its views to the Board. As the Director-General had said, new partnerships were needed to
coordinate efforts to setting priorities in health research, but decisions would ultimately be taken, after
discussion in the Executive Board, by the World Health Assembly. In response to Dr Boufford’s request for
18
A.2 .
A.2
8.
EB977SR/9
more information about safety promotion and injury control, he said that the information would be provided
to her directly by programme staff outside the meeting.
Professor FLIEDNER (Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Health Research), responding to the
debate, reiterated that for the past 36 years ACHR - a body set up at the behest of WHO’s governing bodies had endeavoured to fulfil its mandate, using its best scientific judgement It had therefore been with some
distress that he had listened to the earlier discussions on WHO’s priorities and noted the omission of any
mention whatsoever of scientific research. The only way to cope with the diseases targeted as priorities lay
through the generation and dissemination of new knowledge. The involvement of the scientific community
was, therefore, essential and he urged the Board explicitly and without delay to recognize the importance of
scientific research. Health was not a static affair; rather, it was linked to global development, particularly
population dynamics, industrialization and environmental issues. The year 2020 was likely to be fraught with
complex health questions requiring complex responses, not only from the sciences - medical and social
sciences, economics and engineering - but also from the humanities with regard to ethics. In that connection,
he remarked that CIOMS - whose representative had not been able to develop his intervention fully at the
present meeting - had been addressing ethical issues somewhat extensively over the past few years and its
findings were readily available. For the moment, little attention was paid in national research institutions to
the complexity of global development and that was why the scientific community must be alerted to that
dimension. Governments understandably wished to use research funds in the first instance for national
benefit. New, globally-oriented thinking was, called for. Against that background, ACHR was trying to help
WHO identify a future research agenda and to mobilize the scientific community to accept that agenda. But
efforts were also needed to encourage donors - as well as scientists - to think globally in terms of research
and to make governments aware of the potential contribution of the sciences to health.
Professor SAYERS (Advisory Committee on Health Research) said that the ACHR DALY review group
believed that major decisions regarding the allocation of health resources should be based on information that
was as good and as dependable as possible. The essence of his own particular contribution to ACHR’s
conclusions on the ad hoc report was that it was unwise to base a major study on a single health measure,
especially one which was as yet unverified and unvalidated and which seemed to ACHR to be not yet a
mature and reliable instrument Three types of difficulty had been encountered with DALY. First there was
a structural difficulty: omissions must be remedied and there was scope for substantial modification,
requiring further scientific debate. Second, there were ethical problems which called for debate. Third, there
were consequential problems flowing from the manner in which the DALY indicator was used, in particular
for calculating the health burden. DALY was valuable in certain circumstances in an appropriate form but
in general where there were multipathologies or long-standing and more remote causes of disease and
disability DALY was felt to be at present inappropriate; its uncritical widespread acceptance seemed to
reflect the fact that expectations were too high for a single index. In fact, one of ACHR’s conclusions was
that users of DALY needed to understand that in its present form it failed to accommodate the multifactorial
nature of disease and the existence of both long-standing and immediate determinants of disease or to
recognize the common situation where multiple pathologies could and did exist. Thus the use of DALY in
its present form, without full cognizance of those limitations, should be discouraged, especially for the
allocation of resources to improve community health.
If DALY was not to be used, then what could be? ACHR was currently investigating at least two new
approaches to the indicator problem, and intended in due course to throw the question open to the scientific
community, together with some ideas designed to catalyse thought on the matter.
Dr GODAL (Tropical Disease Research), speaking in his capacity as Study Co-Director of the Ad Hoc
Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options, thanked Board members for their
positive comments and constructive criticisms of the current and past drafts of the ad hoc review. He said
that the review’s basic aim was to strengthen the analytical basis for decision-making with regard to the
allocation of resources for health research and development. When the Committee had chosen to use DALY
as an aggregated measure of disease burden usually expressed in terms of mortality and disability, it had done
T9
EB97/SR/9
so for four reasons. Firstly, the reality was that decision-makers had to make their decisions regarding the
allocation of resources by taking an aggregated approach to the disease burden. Secondly, it was very
important to have a unifying measure of disease burden for further analysis and, for example, assessing risk
factors or determinants; there was a need for cost-effective interventions in health research and development,
and it was a great advantage in doing cost-effectiveness projections to have a single, unifying measure.
Thirdly, DALY had been developed as an intersectoral collaboration, and that was very important as a
foundation for strengthening the multisectoral approach to health. Fourthly, DALY were explicit in their
assumptions, and those assumptions could be debated and modified to meet local, regional and national needs.
All the basic data that had been used for constructing DALY in terms of the report would be available in the
accompanying documentation.
What DALY did not do was to deal with the considerable underlying
uncertainty in the data; numbers appearing after the decimal point still had to be treated with caution. There
was undoubtedly scope for improvement with regard to DALY, but that debate could most usefully be
conducted in the scientific literature. He said the Ad Hoc Committee was very concerned about resources
for health research and development; its calculations had shown a decline in resources going to populations A
in greatest need, especially those in developing countries. It was a serious ethical issue as well as an
economic one; for example, vaccines had been developed in the North which had not been advanced in terms
of testing in the South. Turning to the "consortium" issue, he said that the Ad Hoc Committee had observed
that the organization of health research and development was very fragmented, and there was a need for
strong advocacy to counteract the declining trends. An example had been taken from the agricultural research
system: the Committee had suggested a voluntary forum in order better to aggregate, consolidate and to
coordinate activities. WHO's role in that had been set out in the latest version of the document responding
to some of the concerns expressed by ACHR. If the Organization were to take the lead in the establishment
of such a forum, with the help of other key players, there would be many advantages, including a speedy
aggregation of dispersed research and development activities. The Ad Hoc Committee had addressed and
incorporated the ACHR criticisms in the version of the document made available to members of the Board,
except for the maintenance of the DALY approach; it had also noted the other comments that had been made
by members of the Board, which would be incorporated in the final version of the document. Finally, he said
he was confident that the Ad Hoc Committee would commit itself to collaborate with every body concerned
in order to make sure that the resources available for health research and development were used in the best
possible manner to combat the world's health problems, especially those of the most disadvantaged
populations.
Dr MACFADYEN (Regional Office for Europe) noted the view of the Chairman of ACHR that research
was being neglected in the European Region.
A decision had been taken to wind up the research
programme - it had been allocated zero regular budget programme resources and zero human resources. The
reason for that decision was the East-West health gap, which WHO must assist governments in closing on
a very short time scale. Since it was the Regional Committee that had taken the decision in question, it could
easily reverse it in the 1998-1999 biennium, but that would mean another programme would have to be
terminated. When Regions made such difficult choices, they must be firm in adhering to them. The
European Advisory Committee on Health Research would, nevertheless, be convened during the coming
biennium, jointly with the Standing Committee, and would focus on the health-for-all update and on ensuring
that it was evidence-based.
As had been pointed out, paragraphs 23 and 24 of the Director-General's report (document EB97/I7)
were fairly critical of the decision taken by the Regional Committee. Yet that decision had related only to
the budget of the Regional Office; it did not prevent the Regional Office from sponsoring research in the
Region. Programme managers would mobilize funds in the way research was usually funded - by competitive
bidding for available resources based on high-quality proposals.
Mention had also been made of the serious problem of research in the Central and Eastern European
countres: that, too, might usefully be discussed by the European Advisory Committee on Health Research.
The situation in Central and Eastern Europe was unusual in that there was an established research structure.
yet no funds were available to maintain laboratories and pay young researchers. The problem was how to
preserve that intellectual and physical capital.
20
10.
In conclusion, he said the decision to roll back the research programme had arisen from the specif,
circumstances of the European Region; he would not necessarily advise other Regions to follow suit.
The DIRECTOR-GENERAL thanked Professor Fliedner for chairing ACHR, which had provided
constructive advice as well as criticism with regard to WHO's health research activities. The Ad Hoc
Committee, too, had made a great contribution to the Organization’s vision and to thinking on its future
research policy. Research activities always entailed competition and often involved duplication. All WHO
programmes had research components which were coordinated under the aegis of the ACHR system. Under
the new extended partnership, ACHR would provide constructive oversight of the research carried out by the
Ad Hoc Committee.
As Professor Girard had noted, health research was a most complex endeavour. Its outcomes must be
applicable in the implementation of health care programmes at country, regional and global levels.
Dr Kalumba had stated a few days earlier that WHO concentrated on figures for mortality, to the detriment
of those on morbidity. Yet the Ad Hoc Committee was now looking at aggregated data on mortality,
morbidity and disability.
A number of methods had been developed for deciding on the allocation of health resources. These
included "disability-free life expectancy", "quality-adjusted life expectancy”, DALY and, in the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development, "years of productive life lost". Application of the DALY
indicator alone at the country level of an indicator for allocation of resources might give misleading results.
For example, in The World Health Report 1995 (page 38 of the English version), the first table shown in
box 9 indicated that in Finland in 1986 independent life expectancy of men aged 65 was 13.4, but
disability-free life expectancy was 2.5; in Egypt, a developing country, male life expectancy at age 65 in
1989 had been 12.1, and disability-free life expectancy, 10.8. The values thus varied widely with the health
conditions and economic resources of the country concerned. As had been pointed out by Professor Sayers,
the question required further study, and new research partnerships should be established. Research results
should not, however, be imposed, abused or misused for the formulation of national policy. The sovereignty
of countries must be respected, and the Regional Directors and the WHO Secretariat concurred that the role
of WHO was to facilitate and support the establishment of national policies and not to impose a particular
method for the allocation of resources. The Secretariat always considered the results of research conducted
within, as well as outside WHO not only for the sake of integrity, but also for transparency and accountability
supporting the development of national health policy.
Dr PIEL (Cabinet of the Director-General), at the request of the CHAIRMAN, read out a conclusion
to the discussion on the report of the ACHR for inclusion in the summary record: "The Executive Board
appreciates and endorses the ongoing work of the Advisory Committee on Health Research in conformity with
its mandate and in particular supports its efforts to develop a proposed research policy and agenda to
complement the renewal of the health-for-all strategy and to mobilize the scientific community and scientific
knowledge in support of international health work."
Dr AL-AWADI (alternate to Dr Al-Muhailan) expressed warm understanding of Professor Fliedner's
appeal for at least some mention of research in the context of priority-setting. Research was a basic
component of progress. Indeed, without research there would be no progress. That fact deserved due
recognition.
Dr BOUFFORD suggested that besides endorsing the conclusion read out by Dr Piel. Board members
might wish to encourage ACHR, with appropriate partners, to accelerate the investigation of burden-of-disease
measurements that could be used in health policy decision-making.
The Board took note of the report.
The meeting rose at 13:35.
21
r
Global Forum
for Health Research
FORUM 8
Mexico City
16-20 November 2004
HELPING CORRECT THE 10|90 GAP
www.globalforumhealth.org
Background
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2000 provide an
opportunity for concerted action to improve global health. They place health at the centre of
development and establish a novel global compact among developed and developing countries
through clear, reciprocal obligations. However, despite revolutionary progress in biomedicine,
research advances and new knowledge are not reaching populations in greatest need.
At present rates of progress, the MDGs will not be realized for a majority of the world's
population. There is an urgent need to create new products and tools and to identify structures
and means to translate knowledge to effective intervention. This will require the development of
delivery strategies that achieve effective and sustained coverage in diverse cultural and
economic settings. It also may require a fundamental restructuring of interaction between the
research, disease control and development communities, a systematic programme of research
related to building capacity at multiple levels, from operational research through community
based intervention.
Forum 8 will focus on global efforts to expand health research in neglected areas to support the
achievement of the MDGs.
The World Summit on Health Research
Forum 8 will take place in parallel to the World Summit on Health Research, organized by the
World Health Organization and hosted by the Mexican Government. The Summit will focus on
the country level: action on health research and knowledge management to strengthen health
sector response to achieve the MDGs.
The Summit and Forum programmes include a number of joint sessions: the opening ceremony,
a plenary session and coffee break each morning, evening receptions and the closing plenary.
Who will take part?
The Global Forum’s annual meeting provides the opportunity for presentations and exchange of
views on key issues on the global health agenda. This year’s theme allows examination of
health research needed to meet each of the MDGs. In addition, it poses questions of health
priorities not covered by the goals themselves.
Participants from a broad range of constituencies are expected to be present: health and
development ministries, multilateral and bilateral agencies, research-oriented bodies and
universities, NGOs, the private sector, the media.
The programme
The programme (see the overview) provides opportunities for both formal presentations and
constructive debate. Time is set aside for networking and personal meetings. Features include:
Lr Healln Research
HELPING CORRECT THE
10|90 GAP
• joint Forum 8/Summit plenary sessions
• plenary sessions
• panel discussions
• parallel sessions including presentations, roundtables, discussion groups, workshops
• special interest group meetings
»poster sessions
• the Marketplace
Programme sessions will be constructed around invited presentations but contributions are
also welcome. A call for abstracts on the specific programme themes is open. The deadline for
receipt of abstracts is 31 May 2004.
A feature of Forum 8 is the Marketplace with stalls where individuals and institutions will
showcase their work, share results of recent research, display publications, exchange ideas and
make or renew contacts.
The programme is set up to allow time for discussion and interaction: breaks and free time over
lunch will be focused around the Marketplace to stimulate maximum contact.
Limited space is reserved for business meetings and special interest groups (Thursday evening
18 November). In addition, a number of satellite meetings can be arranged on the two days
before and after Forum 8. Please contact the Secretariat for further details.
Preliminary programme overview (as of April 2004)
]
Tuesday 16 November
9.00-10.30
10.30-11.15
Wednesday 17 November
Thursday 18 November
Friday 19 November
Saturday 20 November
Joint Forum 8 t Summit Plenary
Session 1
Knowledge access and sharing
Joint Forum 8 ♦ Summit Plenary
Session 5
Turning knowledge into action;
Bridging the 'know-do' gap
Joint Forum 8 + Summit Plenary
Session 9
Joint Forum 8 ♦ Summit Plenary
Session 13
- Presentation cf Mexico Declaration
- Presentation of Forum 3 Statement
Session 6
Delivering better health to
families and communities
Session 10
Measuring progress towards the MDGs:
research and the don't-know'gap
Plenary 5 Child and maternal health
Panel discussion
Plenary 9
- Financial flows and priority setting
- Health systems performance
- Indicators of progress
Panel discussion
Joirt Forum 8 ♦ Summit Plenary
Session 14
Panel from Summit
Fg
Dialogue sev-on between Summit
and Forum ° partrepants
■
■
Session 2
The 10/90 gap in health research
and the MDGs
11.15-13.00
Plenary 1 Overview: Inc Global Forum
and the MDGs
Panel discussion
Plenary 2 Contributions towards
reaching the MDGs by:
- public sector
- private sector
- civil society
Panel discussion
|
13.00-14.00
14.00-15.45
Registration
Lunch/Marketplace
Session 3
Cross-cutting issues and the MDGs
Plenary 3 Poverty and equity
Panel discussion
Plenary 4 Gender
Panel discussion
16.15-18.00
Plenary 6 Hea th research for a
sustainable environment
Panel discussion
Lunch/Marketplace
Lunch/Marketplact
Session 7
Health research on diseases and
determinants
Session 11
Partnerships in health research
for development
Plenary 7 Combatng infectious diseases
Panel discussion
Plenary 8 Combat.ng noncomm.nicable/
chron c diseases, violence, injuries
Panel discussion
Plenary 10 Networks
Panel discussion
Plenary 11 PPFs
Panel discussion
F8 Poster Session 1
18 Foster Seis .n ;
FH Poster Scsricn 3
Joint Opening Session
Session 4
Parallel sessions, including:
Ages: youth and ageing
Disability
Equity
Gender
Poverty
Research rapacity strengthening
Session 8
Parallel sessions, including:
Commun.cable diseases
Environment
Maternal and cn d health
NCDs
Violence and injuries
Session 12
Parallel sessions, including:
Partnership-.
Policies
Priorities
Joint Opening Reception
Global Forum hosts
Joint Reception____________________
forum 8 Specia Interest Groups
•
' - •. i.nnt GjP» Dmw
Global Forum for Health Research
The Global Forum for Health Research is an independent international foundation established in
1998 in Geneva (Switzerland). The main objective of the Global Forum is to help correct the
10/90 gap in health research. In 2004, it is particularly looking at ways in which the gap needs
to be reduced if the Millennium Development Goals are to be achieved. The Global Forum also
seeks to focus research efforts on the health problems of the poor by bringing together key
actors and creating a movement for analysis and debate on health research priorities, the
allocation of resources, public-private partnerships and access of all people to the outcomes of
health research.
Meeting venue
Forum 8 will be held at the Hotel Sheraton Centro Historico, Mexico City.
The meeting opens in the late afternoon of Tuesday 16 November and closes at lunchtime on
Saturday 20 November.
Language
English is the working language of the meeting. Joint plenary sessions with the World Summit
will be interpreted in English and Spanish.
Travel and accommodation
Participants are responsible for their own travel arrangements.
Convention Center, the Global Forum’s mandated agent for arrangements in Mexico City,
handles participation fees, hotel reservations, sightseeing and local logistics:
Convention Center, Barrilaco 410, Lomas de Chapultepec, CP 11000, Mexico DF.
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For details of visa requirements please consult the nearest Mexican consulate or embassy.
Participation fees
Participants are asked to pay a contribution towards the expenses of the meeting. The fee is:
• US$100 for participants from low- and middle-income countries
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The fee covers all meeting activities including:
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Participants are separately responsible for the costs of their travel and accommodation.
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Registration for Forum 8 can be completed on line on our website www.globalforumhealth.org.
Or you may complete and return this printed form by fax or mail, to the address below.
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O Other communicable
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O Physical inactivity
O Pollution:
conditions
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B
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