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Foundation for
Revitalisation of <
Local Health Traditions
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Head office & Mail: 50, MSH Layout, 2nd Stage, 3rd Main, Anandnagar, Bangalore - 560 024, India. Phone: (080) 3 336909 TeleFax: +91 80 3334167
A
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
s
BACKGROUNDER FOR
SESSION
A BRAINSTORMING
ON A
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
FOR
THE
CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS
A
LET US RECOGNISE OUR RICH HERITAGE...
LET US CONSERVE IT ...
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AND
LET US SHARE IT ON FAIR TERMS
hud
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
PREFACE
Loss of biodiversity is not just an environmental problem. Its underlying
causes are essentially social, economic and political.
The fact that the richest nations are home to the smallest pockets of
biodiversity while the poorest are stewards of the richest reservoirs
underscores the interdependency of all nations.
In the developing world, the rural poor depend upon biological resources
for an estimated 90 percent of their needs viz. food, raw materials
for clothing, shelter, fertiliser, fuel and medicines, as well as a source
of work energy in the form of animal traction.
In the industrialised world access to diverse biological resources is
necessary to support a vast array of industrial products.
For all humankind biodiversity maintains the ecological balance
necessary for planetary survival.
In the coming decades biodiversity will hold the key to the development
of new biotechnologies.
Today, it is not just a matter of saving biodiversity, but of
devising ways of using it sustainably and, even if it amounts
to belated justice, using it equitably.
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Im
B
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
Introduction
3
Why do we need to conserve medicinal plants
4
A brief resume of the medicinal plants
conservation programme in South India
8
The key targets of a public campaign
12
The key communication problems
13
Action roles for key and supporting actors
14
Three elements of a communication strategy
16
Other conservation efforts in South India
17
Other important elements of bio-diversity
21
Tasks for the brainstormers
22
Operationalising the communication strategy
23
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
INTRODUCTION
The Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT)
has embarked alongside several other key agencies on an ambitious
project to conserve the genetic diversity of medicinal plants in Western
and Eastern Ghats of South India. This is perhaps the most focussed
post-independence conservation effort on medicinal plants.
This conservation effort is inspired by the rich and diverse medicinal
heritage of the people of India.
The coverage of the project is currently limited to Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala, for logistic reasons.
The need for a conservation programme is immediate, the thrust of
it, within manageable limits and the spirit that moves it, must outlive
those behind it.
The "South Indian Experience" is thus bound to spread to other parts
of the country in coming years.
This document has been prepared for a brainstorming session on
a communication strategy for a public campaign on the conservation
of medicinal plants.
The communication elements of this campaign are however broad
enough to support other bio-diversity conservation efforts.
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3
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
WHY
DO
B
WE NEED TO CONSERVE
MEDICINAL PLANTS
India has perhaps one of the richest ethnobotanical
traditions in the world. The incredible fact is that
over 7000 species of shrubs, trees, grasses, ferns,
roots and tubers are still being used by India's
rural communities.
This unique relationship between Indian society
and medicinal plants, is an unbroken 5000 year
old living legacy.
This deep-rooted interaction follows two intertwined
streams:
An immensely rich and diverse ethnomedical
or folk stream ... the Prakrit Parampara ....
which is still very much alive across
thousands of ethnic communities and varied
ecosystems - - from the Himalayan reaches
of Ladakh to the diverse vegetation of
Kanyakumari - and across Meghalaya and
Tripura in the North East.
A codefied indigenous system represented by
Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Amchi
(Tibetan) and whose theoretical foundations
are articulated in 100,000 manuscripts. Over
a 1000 plants are chronicled in tracts and
manuscripts belonging to this stream.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
A
SAMPLING
OF
A LIVING
TRADITION
A CACTI FOR BURNS
In local traditions, the internal fleshy
mucilagnoua jelly of the Aloe plant, known locally as
KORPHAD KUMARI, etc, is used externally on bums and wounds, and orally for gynaecological
disorders.
VASA
Adathoda vasica or Adulsa \ Adusi Vasa, as it is locally known, is a common treatment for
coughs. It is also known to stop bleeding in the case of piles or dysentry.
PUNARNAVA
Boerhanvia diffusa (Punarva) is a plant commonly used to combat anaemia, particularly during
pregnancy and is often eaten as a vegetable because of its beneficial effects.
THE TORTOISE'S NECK
The Tortoise's neck used for proplapsed rectum or uterus. The meat is eaten but the neck is hung
up to dry. It is then powered and applied on the prolapsed organ which
is then used to push
the protrubent organ again.
SAPTAPARNI
In Karnataka a decoction of the bark of Alstonia scholaris (Saptapamil is usually used in every
household at the onset of the monsoons to prevent malarial fevers.
A HERBAL BRONCHODILATOR
The plant. Ephedra gerardiana is found only in the Trans-Himalayan region which has a rarefied
atmosphere. Nature has provided this particular habitat with this plant which has the property
of bronchodilation. Local people routinely make a herbal tea from this plant, which is drunk several
times a day.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THIS DEEP-ROOTED
INTERACTION
Medicinal Plants Used by the Tribal
Some of the Medicinal and Other
block of the
Plants Used by the Madhav Koli
Healers of Karjat
Tribals
Western Ghats
Habits of plants
nos used as
Purpose
No of plants
medicines
1. Medicinal uses
202
1. Trees
168
2. Vetemary uses
109
2. Shrubs & herbs
207
3. For fish poison
23
3. Climbers & creepers.
105
4. For pest control
51
4. Grasses
13
5. For water purification
3
5. Epipytes & Parasites
16
6. Wild edible plants
87
7. Fodder plants
65
8. Fuel plants
30
9. Hunting purposes
3
Total
509
10. Cultural and Religious
purposes
Source : R.P. Palekar, ADS, Kashele, Karjat.
38
Source: : D.K. Kulkami Agharkar Institute, Poona
Economic Value of Traditional Medicine
The majority of rural households use plants found
in the local environmentfor managing their primary
health needs. If one fixes a price on the use value
in terms of the collection cost i.e. on the cost of
labour expended in a year for collecting medicinal
plants needed for an average family the value of
medicinal plants to rural households in India would
Half a billion people use neem as a toothbrush. The
average toothbrush and a tube of toothpaste at a US
drug store each cost more than a dollar. Does this
make the toothbrush application a billion dollar
business ? If so, the neem value as a chewstick
toothbrush is worth magnitudes more than the
medicinal exports of India.
work out to Rs. 100/- x at the number (100 million) of rural households in India = Rs. 10 Billion.
If the exchange value of plants is calculated at a market price estimated at what the plant medicines in the
market would cost an average family per year the cost can be estimated at least ten times the use value.
This would make the economic value of medicinal plants used by rural communities in India Rs. 100 Billion.
It appears that the value of plants used by the Indian villagers for self reliance in Primary Health Care is
indeed substantial.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OTHER
Practioners of Indian System of Medicine
No. of
ISM category
FACTS
Medicinal Plants Used in Folk, Tribal,
Ayurveda, Sidhha and Amchi (Tibetan)
health systems
practioners
No. of
Health systems
medicinal
Ayurveda
32,190
Unani
27,736
1. Local health traditions
7000
Siddha
11,746
2. Ayurveda
1200
3. Siddha
500
4. Unani
400
5. Amchi
300
Source : Ministry of Health 1981 statistics
FOLK - MEDICINE STREAM
Carriers of Village Based Health Traditions
plants
CLASSICAL MEDICINE STREAM
Codified Indigenous Medical Systems
Subjects
No<
• Housewives
and elders
-home remedies
-food and nutrition
millions
• Traditional birth
attendants
-Normal deliveries
7 lakhs
• Herbal healers
-Common aliments
3 lakhs
•Orthopaedics
60. (XX)
-Natural poisons
GO. (XX)
• Nethra
• Skin
• Respiratory
• Dental
1000 in
each area
Traditonal Carrier
• Bone-setters
• Visha Valdhyas
( Tamil Nadii)
A • Ayurvcdz
. Tibetan
(Amchi)
'• Traditions all over S.E. Asia
(Burma. Mongolia. Thailand
Indonesia. Sri-Lanka.
Bangladesh. Malaysia)
(Snake. Scorpion. Doft)
• Specialists
, Siddha
• Arthritis
• Mental Diseases
• Liver
• GIT
’Wounds
• Fistula Piles
B •
Unani
These systems cover all branches of
medicine and surgery, including specialised
areas like geriatrics and rejuvenation.
100,000 manuscripts on medicine reported to
be lying around oriental libraries in India, S.E.
Asia and also in foreign countries like
Germany, U.K., France &JJSA.
s
* Figures based on extrapolations from micro-studies
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
A BRIEF RESUME OF THE
MEDICINAL PLANTS
CONSERVATION PROJECT
A chain of 45 medicinal plants conservation areas
across the two major bio-geographic regions - The Western Ghats and the South Deccan Plateau
of the Three States.
The overall strategy is to secure the diversity of
medicinal plants resources of South India through
30 In Situ and 15 Ex Situ conservation areas.
A chain of Field Nurseries to provide basic planting
materials for rural households and various user
groups is also being set up.
Model Production Units are being encouraged as
an integral part of the conservation strategy to
demonstrate eco-development projects that will
benefit local communities living around medicinal
plant reserves linking bio-diversity conservation
to local economic and social needs.
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8
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
A National Information Resource on medicinal plants called
INMEDPLAN (Indian Medicinal Plants
National Network of
Distributed Databases) has been launched to meet the multi-disciplinary
information needs of persons working in fields like medicine, research,
pharmaceuticals, community health, agriculture and conservation.
This is a public interest programme and therefore
must have public accountability as well as
public support.
1
,7
FT >.
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:9
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
FRLHT’s perspective for a Medicinal Plant Conservation Strategy
for India
Type of
Conservation
to be achieved
Goal
Projects & Actors
To Conserve
genetic diversity of
Medicinal Plants
Network of wilderness reserves in IN-SITU
different vegetation types from (conservation)
evergreen forests to scrub and
mangroves in cooperation with
state forest department.
EX-SITU
Field Gene Banks in all (conservation)
Phyto-bio-geographic provinces,
established by NGOs & Research
Institutes.
Research in
Domestication,
plant breeding and
Agro-technology
Project sponsored by industry & EX-SITU
implemented by Agricultural (Research)
Universities & NGOs.
To ensure sustained
supply of planting
materials to rural
and urban
households
Network of nurseries and seed EX-SITU
banks in all bio-geographic (propagation)
provinces established by farmers,
panchayats, NGOs, social forestry
departments and town & city
municipalities to supply region
specific packages of medicinal
plants.
Home Gardens, Sacred groves, EX-SITU
Community gardens, & Municipal (gardens)
gardens, through grass-root
initiatives
To supply plants
to commercial
users
Drug farms & Plantations through EX-SITU
private initiatives, polyculture (cultivation)
models.
Involvement of
local community
in IN-SITU
conservation.
Value added processing of Eco-development
Medicinal Plants, to make herbal project to benefit
products
tribal and other
local communities
living and
Medicinal Plant
resources.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
No. of MPCAs covered in
Karnataka
Tamil
Kerala
Nadu
FOREST TYPES
Hldat
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rain forest
Wet Evergreen
Montane wet temperature.
Moist\semi evergreen
Moist Deciduous
Dry Deciduous
Dry Evergreen
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
5
1
2
Total
1
1
5
2
II
12
7
Bellnry
I • KurwHf
27
• Shimo<
•26
25 .
mu
dur
;4
Tamil Nadu
Jumkur • J
Mnngalon
*
IV
•21
• Kanchbpuram
'igalor
20
IO-
•II
idikeri
• TuuvannanW;ai
• Mysore
—_
19’
'yai
• Salem
•OU
Coimbatore
ilakka<
\ 15 <
Kerala
12
Agastiarmalai
13
Trcvem
x]4
Eravikularr^
15
Peechi
16
Athirapally
17
Silent Valley
18
Wyanaadu
ThrissurV
Nagapattmam
OX
01
Petchiparai
02
Mundanthurai
03
Kutallam
04
Thamparai
05
Alagarkovil
06
Kodaikanal
07
Kodiakkarai
08
Anamalai
09
Kollihills
10
Kurumbaram
11
Thenmalai
07
l4< ikkl
• Madutai
•o<
•os
•I.’
Pathan.
• RJ
1
I 2‘
ithapuram
Karnataka
*04
tit
19
02
20
PHI Hills
lalacauvery
Location • Names
21
Savandurga
* Medicinal Plant
Conservation Areas
23
(’harmadi
24
Devaranat.iynadurq.i
2 S'
Kudremukha
*
• T ilruntavell
T hlr u vanant hapurai
Subrarnnay.i IrmpliI*
coll
• District Headquarters
26
Krmmangundi
27
28
Agumbr
29
Sandur
30
Karpakkapalli
Dcvimane
MEDICINAL PLANTS CONSERVATION AREAS (MPCAs) IN SOUTH INDIA
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
THE
PUBLIC CAMPAIGN MUST INVOLVE :
THE
KEY CAST
Local Village Communities
Forest Departments of the Three States
Community Organisations in the region
Conservationists, ecologists, botanists
AND
THE SUPPORTING CAST
The Media (Print, Radio, TV and other
A/V units)
State Governments of Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala
Respected Public Figures (Elders) of the
Three States
Folk Art Repertory
from the Three States
Schools and Colleges in the region
Corporate sector
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
J
THE KEY COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS ANTICIPATED IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CONSERVATION EFFORT
Low self-esteem of folk and traditional
knowledge systems despite their inherent
strength and rich diversity
The 'elitist idioms used to express concern
for bio-diversity conservation and therefore
its limited appeal to village communities
How to transform the self-image and the
role of the Forest Department, from being
"managers" of an Economic bioresource, to
that of being "conservators" of the
biodiversity and the cultural heritage
How to further inspire community
organisations who are concerned with
social justice, to commit themselves to the
long term sustainability of a biodiversity
conservation programme
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13
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
ACTION
ROLES
$
FOR THE KEY ACTORS
COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS: By
creating a highly visible " here and now
" beneficial link between genetic resources
being conserved in the parks and the
community's needs.
This link can
be
created by the 45 Conservation Centres
providing planting resources for community
gardens and nurseries which will service
rural households with a package of plants
useful for primary health care.
THE FOREST DEPARTMENTS : By
creating a new public image for the
Forest Departments through the Media, as
" Protectors" of genetic resources and
cultural diversity of the communities ... by
organising training programmes for forest
officers on conservation biology and the
close relationship between biodiversity and
cultural diversity.
VILLAGE COMMUNITIES: By creating an
awareness in the local community about
their INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS in the context of the
international biodiversity convention. By
documenting ethno-botanical knowledge and
creating COMMUNITY REGISTERS of the
local knowledge of biodiversity which
could be used as statutory instruments for
safeguarding
the IPRs of a community
... and become a statutory
chronicle of
each community's, contribution to
bio-diversity conservation for posterity.
ECOLOGISTS AND BOTANISTS : By
encouraging long term institutional
commitments of schools colleges and
universities for monitoring regional
bio-diversity as a social responsibility and
service of academicia to the society.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
ACTION ROLES FOR THE SUPPORTING CAST
MEDIA : Projecting the theme of biodiversity and cultural
diversity in public service advertising in print, radio, TV
and other A/V media.
STATE GOVERNMENTS : To recognise local community
conservation action by way of rewards and incentives for the
best community gene banks, gardens, nurseries exhaustive
community registers and sustainable use of local biodiversity.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARD FOR KARNATAKA VILLAGE
Hunsur, a village at the foothills of the Sahyadri range, near Sagar, is now a pilgrimage
centre
for environmentalists. The people of Hunsur were awarded the very first environmental award
instituted by the Karnataka government for having successfully protected their forests not only
from the State government's developmental plans but have also established a Forest Panchyat which
regulates when the forests may be used by the villagers.
PUBLIC FIGURES: To bestow blessings on the different
activities of the campaign.
FOLK MEDIA: To celebrate the richness of the community's
heritage through traditional folk media like Bayalatta,
Yakshagana, Kathakali etc.
CORPORATE SECTOR : To sponsor conservation projects and
various elements of this public campaign.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
$
THREE ELEMENTS OF A
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
A Central Unifying Message
To Recognise Our Bio Resources
To Conserve Them
To Use Them Sustainably For Our Own welfare
and
To Share It With Others on Fair terms
A Unifying Visual Symbol...
Symbolising tribals and rishis as the oldest carriers
of the Society's knowledge of biodiversity this symbol
can be displayed and used...by all conservation
projects... to link community Intellectual Property
Rights (IPRs) with biological resources being
conserved by parks, nurseries ponds, wetlands,
mangroves...
.... on entrance ways in stone and all-weather
boards near community gardens and nurseries,
....on posters to be displayed at panchayats, colleges,
schools and mandals.
A Theme Song
Celebrating the Richness of Biodiversity and related
Cultural Diversity.
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16
THE
OTHER
HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
CONSERVATION
SOUTH
IN
EITORTS
INDIA
Ker u I u
Sus I i n
S n h 111/ u
Purishiit
I he KSSP , the country's oldest people's
science movcnicn t, has consistent ly
taken a leading role in the
i'lirioiis
conservation efforts. It was the KsSP
that first brought to the public attention
the consen'ation value of the Silent
Valley. It has subscipiently documented
Kerala's
Sacred
(irores
and
has
successfully lobbied for halting all
conitnercial harvests front
Kerala's
ii a tn ml forests.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OTHER
CONSERVATION
SOUTH
EFFORTS
IN
INDIA
CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore)
Prof. Madhav Gadgil has been awarded a grant under the 1993 PEW Scholars programme in
conservation and development. Under this grant Dr Gadgil
will be organising a network of
undergraduate colleges located in the vicinity of the Western Ghats to join hands with the local
communities to work out a comprehensive people-oriented strategy for conserving the biodiversity
of the Western Ghats.
" It therfore makes abundant sense
that nature conservation must continue to be pursued
as a
people's movement, and not as a bureaucratic effort. But over the years it has been taken over by
the Forest Department, interpreting nature conservation as a task to be performed by force of arms
keeping the local population and their livestock away. This has clearly been a misguided approach,
an error to which the scientific community too has contributed ’ — Dr. Madhav Gadgil.
M S SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION (MSSRF)
With the creation of the Centre for Research on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
(CRSARD) in 1990, MSSRF began a series of dialogues, " Reaching the Unreached "and which began
with 'Keystone International dialogue on plant genetic resources followed by 'Biotechnology',
'Information Technology', and 'Ecotechnology and Rural employment .MSSRF is concerned with
methods of recognising
and reivarding rural and tribal men and women, who over the millenia,
have conserved genetic diversity of inestimable economic value....
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OTHER
CONSERVATION
SOUTH
EFFORTS
IN
INDIA
THE APPIKO CHALUVALI
The Appiko Chaluvalli (Hug-the -trees-movements) was launched in 1983, to oppose the lopsided
forest policy which emphasis the revenue earning capacity of the Forests. The Appiko Chaluvali
which is working
in the vilages right from Kodagu to Uttara Kanara, has managed to stop 'C
and 'D' lands from becoming monoculture plantations.
KARNATAKA FOREST DEPARTMENT INITIATIVE
Medicine and Silviculture - A Step in the Right Direction
The North Zone Silviculture wing based in Dharwad has established a medicinal plant garden in
Terakanahalli village near Sirsi in Uttara Kannada. The garden occupies an area of 170 acres on
which grow 200 species of herbs, shrubs and creepers, and 100 tree species. The yield from these
plants will be made available to traditional medicial practitioners and ayurvedic institutions, and
saplings will also be provided to those who wish to raise their own medicinal gardens. Several
panchayats have come forward to raise such gardens.
Dhanvanthri Vana : Bangalore
Another garden of 35 acres has been established
in the Bangalore University campus for the
Directorate of Indian Medicine, Government of Karnataka. This garden is expected to service
ayurvedic and unani colleges in the city as well as supply planting materials to keen citizens for
home gardens.
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OTHER
CONSERVATION
SOUTH
EFFORTS
IN
INDIA
THE VRIKSHAMITRA OF DHARWAD
The Samaja Parivarthana Samudaya of Dharwad, took on the might of the Karnataka Plywood
Limited company, and in a long-drawn battle which ended in 19993, got the Government of
Karanataka to " WIND UP " the KPL. The Government of India's Ministry of Environment awarded
the Vrikshamitra award in 1993 to the Samaj Parivartana Samudaya.
LOKSWASTHYA PARAMPARA SAMVARDHAN SAMITHI
LOKSWASTHYA PARAMPARA SAMVARDHAN SAMITHI is a grassroots movement to revitalise
local health cultures and re-establish a functional relationship between the traditional knowledge
systems of village communities and use of local biodiversity for achieving self reliance in primary
health care
TOO HONEST FOR ITS OWN GOOD
A Tamil Nadu Quango, the Madras Institute of Development Studies, was reportedly blacklisted
for its too honest an evaluation of the Tamil Nadu Forestry project.
TRIBALS OF KARIAT
Under the guidance of Dr. R. H. Richarria, the tribals of Karjat have with the help of a local
NGO, the Academy of Development Science, created a community gene bank of over 350 traditional
rice cultivars of the Konkan region. These are now being used to develop hybrid rices by simple
hybridisation and multiplying seed through clonal propagation .
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$
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OTHER IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF
BIODIVERSITY
Medicinal Plants comprise only one
component of biodiversity that needs
to be conserved.
Mammals (domesticated and wild),
birds, insects, a range of
micro-organisms, aquatic, flora and
fauna, all these comprise other
important elements of biodiversity
that need to be conserved and used
sustainably.
The landscape, seascape, wetlands,
rivers, fields, swamps, roadsides are
all important habitats for conservation.
THE THREE ELEMENTS OF THIS CONSERVATION
STRATEGY CAN BE USED TO COVER ALL THESE
CONCERNS
v.,
JOP--I+-31
LET US RECOGNISE OUR RICH HERITAGE...
LET US BUILD ON IT
AND
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LET US CONSERVE IT ...
LET US SHARE IT ON FAIR TERMS
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THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
TASKS
FOR
THE
$
BRAINSTORMERS
HOWTO SENSITISE, ENCOURAGE AND
INVOLVE .
LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND
COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS and
enlist their support for the conservation
effort in the region
THE FOREST DEPARTMENT to fulfil
their immense social responsibility for
conserving society's plant genetic resources
for present and future generations.
THE GENERAL PUBLIC .. from lay
persons to ecologists, botanists, students,
corporate bodies etc.., in documenting,
monitoring, conserving and sustainable
utilisation of their regional biodiversity
and
LET US RECOGNISE OUR RICH HERITAGE...
LET US CONSERVE IT ...
LET US BUILD ON IT
AND
LET US SHARE IT ON FAIR TERMS
22
THE HERITAGE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
OPERATIONALISING THE
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY THROUGH
10
Practical Steps
An Activity Calendar
Impact Monitoring
LET US RECOGNISE OUR RICH HERITAGE...
LET US CONSERVE IT ...
LET US BUILD ON IT
AND
LET US SHARE IT ON FAIR TERMS
23
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