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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF HEALTH ■
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REPORT
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COMMITTEE TO ASSESS AND EVALUATE
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THE PRESENT STATUS OF
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AYURVEDIC SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
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*TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER—I
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER—II
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PRINTED AT NATIONAL PRINTING WORKS (THE TIMES OF INDIA PRESS).
10, DARYAGANJ, DELHI (INDIA)
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TERMS OF REFERENCE AND
METHODS OF STUDY
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19—24
CHAPTER—IV
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TRAINING
25—72
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GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Previous5 History—Existjng feciltities in
Ayurvedic Jraifting^Ifftegration Vs Shudh
Ayurveda—Klgrits and Demerits of present
methods of Training—Suggestions for
improvement—Recognition by Govern
ment—Efficient Teachers—-Teachers’ Train
ing Centres— Status of Teachers
—Curricula for Integrated and Shudh
Ayurvedic courses—Methods of Teaching
—Preparation of Standard Text-books—Facilities
for Practical Training, buildings, medici
nal plants, gardens, museums, pharmacy,
hospitals, recreational facilities, hostels—
Proper type of students; qualifications for
admission, future prospects; girl students—
Post-Graduate facilities; post-graduate
departments in teaching institutions; post
graduate centres under Government
of India; Post-Graduate courses for Shudh
Ayurved, Integrated and modern medical
graduates; Chairs of Indian Medicine;
Jamnagar Post-Graduate Centre—
Research facilities; reserach departments in
teaching institutions; Research Centres under
Government of India; Jamnagar Research
Centre— Availability of ready-made medi
cines for practitioners; co-operative phar-
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10—18
CHAPTER—III
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Historical background-Prosperous period
—Decadence—Earlier attempts at revival
—Bhore Committee—Health Ministers’^
Conference—Chopra Committee . recommendations and Central Government’s
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decision—Pandit Committee recommenda
tions and action thereon—General remarks.
Present Committee—Constitution—Terms
of reference—Questionnaires—Tours of the
Committee.
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macies—Affiliation to Universities and
separate faculties of Ayurveda—Cen
tral council of Indian Medicine— Financial
aspects of Ayurvedic Training
Summary
J
ER—V
RESEARCH
CH.4PTER—VII
CHAPTER—VI
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
(
115—133
Historical background—Present position
of pharmacies and pharmaceutical con
cerns—Postition of medicinal plants gar
dens and museyms—Drawbacks and sug
gestions for improvement—Survey of medicinal
plants etc. used in Ayurveda—Identification
—Establishment of drug farm—
Standardisation of raw materials—
Preparation of Pharmacognosy— Collection, •
preservation and storage—Standardisation
of mineral products and organic materials
used in Ayurveda—Central
Testing
Laboratory and Laboratories in commercial concerns—Standardisation of
_
process of preparation of medicine —Pharma
copoeia Standard weights and measures
—Mechanisation of Pharmacies—Technical
Staff in pharmaceutical concerns—
Proper labelling of preparations— Standard
isation of prepared medicines—Drugs
Act lor Indian
medicines—Ayurvedic
Drugs Controllers; Pharmacy Council;
Drugs Advisory Council.
Summary
STATUS OF PRACTICE
134—162
Historical—Present Administrative set up
—Budgets.—Accommodation—Economic
status of practitioners—Hospitals and
dispensaries—Expenditure on Ayurveda
—Medical relife under Ayurvedic system
—Utilisation of Vaidyas for
nation’
building, programmes—Boards of Indian
Medicine—their powers—registration of
Ayurvedic practitioners— Defects
in
Ayurvedic practice—Use of
modern
drugs and modern diagnostic
methods—Secret
remedies—Want of
specialisation in all eight branches
of
Ayurveda—non-availability of
ready
made medicines—Reimbursement of ex
penditure
on
Ayurvedic treatment—
Inadequate emoluments—Powers to
issue medical certificates—Excise tax on
Asavas and Arishtas—Remedial measures
—Action by individual practitioners—
Professional ethics—All-India Organi
sation of Ayurvedic Practitioners.
Summary
73—114
Introductory—Work done by modern
medical people, by Central and State
Government,
by
institutions
and
individuals—Suggestions regarding Jam
nagar Research Centre— and Post-Graduate
Training Centre—Lines of research follow
ed by Bombay Board of Research—Sug<
. gestions regarding types of Research
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in
Ayurveda to be done— CIL.L-.,
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Clinical, Literary,
Chemical, Botanical, Pharmacognosical,
Pharmacological, Basic principles of
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—_ —1
Ayurveda
—Other U
branches
ofa Ayurveda
where research should be planned—
Central Council of Ayurvedic Research—
Three more model research centres—
State Boards of research—General sug
gestions regarding research workers
Summary
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CHAPTER—VIII FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS
163—172
CHAPTER—IX
CONCLUDING REMARKS
173—174
APPENDICES I to X
175—246
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LIST OF TABLES
rages
Tables
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I
Places and Institutions visited by Committee—
individuals contacted
II
Factual information regarding Ayurveda in Individual
States.
III
Present position of Ayurvedic Training in States
IV
Approximate Total expenditure of Ayurvedic Teaching
Institutions and per capita expenditure on students.
:
V Pharmacological Dcptts. of model
work on indigenous drugs.
12—18
24
34—36
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medical colleges doing
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82—89
VI
Research work by State Governments.
VII
Places where various disease are investigated on
Ayurvedic lines.
93
VIII
Places where Chemical Research on Indian drugs is
being carried out.
102
IX
Present Position in States regarding medicinal plants,
gardens, museums, etc.
121
State budgets for development of indigenous systems
of medicine etc.
136
XI
Aurvcdic Hospitals and Dispensaries in States.
139
XII
Details of Ayurvedic Practitioners in various States.
145
XIII
Boards of Indian Medicines—Registration of Practitioners.
149
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174
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X
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LIST OFBdAPS
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Pa£fs
1.
Location o Ayurvedic Colleges
28
2.
Various units in India engaged in research in indigenous
medicine
91
3.
Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Concerns
117
4.
Number of Ayurvedic Physicians in relation to population
for 1957.
147
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Figures
vaUriousrsl^'UrVediC and tt,odern mcdica’ colleges in
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31
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SrO"',h °f A>UrVcdic ai,d modcm medical
3.
Expenditure on Resea,’ch in Indian Medicine and modern
medicine
4.
Ayurvedic Research Units in various States
79
4-A.
5.
6.
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90
Proposed four-fold scheme of Clinical Research
Evolution of Ayurvedic Pharmacies in India,
Sale of Aledici ncs from Co-operative Pharmacy, Adyar
Afadras
98
-S’,"”?1 trH1'iCd*Peh'Thd>““
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l ^Ayurveda forms
Veda and”Ute Ath^a^Vedl
120
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University pf Takshan^^ffi medi Jl student from
137
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138
9.
10.
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Background
[ '5| The historical backgrSi^^^eda has b=en ab, d
F - reports of the eaher conynitt^ppointed by the Central and the State
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141
l'Sr'’““C •"‘1 ”Od“”
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11.
Per Capita expenditure i
diflcrcnt SlataJ
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12.
prUanc5tiron^.CgiS,CrCd Ayurvedic and ’"ode™ medical
13.
Progress of Registration
of Ayurvedic Physicians i n the whole
country.
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thC “PS^Wi^cmc "’ere highly developed and
... full-fledged surgery was -in vo&I’- It is well known dial Nagarmna had
made many dtscovenes in. t^d Century A.D. in regard5 to mineral
..Preparations used tn Aymrved^r, the 6th and 7th Cenmries AD the
■ China"? ofNtianda'waf^ffi^‘",ing and medical students from Japan'
?&eS^?yom “h*?®
142
and’ne?'
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Vedic Period Etc.
nayC paisc on Indian medicines in
143
m Ka’SerhC;t1;?atrthe5-
ei*ht branchcs of Ayurveda, efo.
148
151
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mA^^.Of^^»had laid
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foundations of the Western
Decadence
'■A\mn?riieTththeaJJv^t^W^raand A11™51 (Non-Violence) theory,
wiS latt • sr ?? dech,ned-.'t?^derab>y and thus failed to keep pace
su^red In he C
DurinS the hloghul period, Ayurveda
Xe dK^ovS ,nT°U*??:?^?aUSe many Of
of Ayurveda
ed. LarV
system were systematically discredita stagnant sta^e
Bri“sh regime reduced Ayurveda to
of Western wrem
11115
situation was ripe for the introduction
The conservah’v v°resulted in a further deterioration,
advances in
dogmatic and impervious to modern
avances m medico made Adons umse. AyurVeda still managed
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Indian States took a keen interest in the science.
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- REVIVAL
Earlier Attempts^
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However, earnest attempts were made to resuscitate Ayurveda in
the early part of this century—first the AU-India Ayurved Mahamandal
-SORtiOnS1O^ thC Indian £ationaI Congress on A^rv’eda
next the Bengal Government Committee of 1921-22 and U.P
Committee of 1925. All these efforts, unfortunately, met only with a small
measure of success and that too was not of a permanent nature.
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Bhore Comniiilee
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(6)
(7)
8.
The First Health Ministers’ Conference of 1946 bronchi the sub
ject again prommently to the forefront and passed a strongly worded
Resolution to the effect that provision should be made for Uainine and
indigenous systems of medicine and practitioners of Ayurveda
.and Unam should be absorbed into the State Health Organisations.
CHOPRA COMMITTEE
R N As
°f thi?’ a Cymmhiec under the chairmanship of Lt.-Col.
FLN Chopra was appointed in 194G by the Government of India which
v-ent into the matter thoroughly and made far-reaching recommendations
Their report was published, in 1948.
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This Committee’s recommendations, i:
. in brief, were as follows
General:
(1) For rendering of medical relief, the Western
and
Indigenous systems should be harmonised.
(2) Synthesis of Indian and .Western medicine is not only
possible but practicable; though it will be time-consum
ing and not easy. Immediate steps should be taken Tn
this direction.
.
Curriculum should be so arranged as to give the student
adequate knowledge of Indian medicine with essentials
of Western medicine particularly in those branches where
Indian medicine is deficient.
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Curriculum should be uniform for the whole country.
There should be an improvement in the basic education
of entrants.
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(8) Working knowledge of Sanskrit and sound knowledge of
English and basic modern sciences like Chemistry',
Physics and Biology will be necessary.
(9) Course of training should be five years.
(10) • Unified text-books should be compiled.
(U)
A Board of Experts should be set up for editing and
publishing old classics and the right kind of text-books
of integrated type.
(12)
Each subject should be taught by the same teacher
giving a reconciliation of the views of Indian and
Western medicine.
(13)
Chairs of History of Indian Medicine should be esta
blished in modern medical colleges.
There should be a short-term course of three years for
a temporary period till adequate medical personnel
become available for rural areas.
Grants should be made to selected educational insti
tutes for providing adequate accommodation, equip
ment and staff.
(14)
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(15)
FIRST HEALTH MINISTERS’ CONFERENCE
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(5)
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BhiOrI ,p°nini;tappointed by the Government of India in1945 side-tracked the issue by merely saying that they were “unfortunately
not in a position to assess the real value of these systems (indigenous
°.f medK.al treatment, as practised today as we have been unable
with.the time and opffortumties at our disposal to conduct such an investi7T>e°RImnt°rthlS Pr°b
m ;v<?uId justify clear-cut recommendations. “
whatBnart if OmnUl
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Provincial Governments to decide
wha part, if any, should be played by the indigenous systems in the organi
sation of public health and medical relief”, after such investigation as may
hTitfee rn VCCCSSar7only positive suggestion that the Bhore.Com
mittee, made was in regard to the establishment of a Chair of History of
Med.cme in the All-Ind.a Medical Institute to “study indigenous sysVems
of medicine m view of the importance of investigating the extent to which '
they can contribute to the sum total of medical knowledge.” There was
however, a minute of dissent by three members of the Bhore Commit
containing a definite recommendation regarding the free utilisation of the
services of persons trained m indigenous systems for promoting public
health and medical relief in India.
F
!> Pnniic .
' (3) ^Curricula should be in such a way that whatever is weak
in one system should be supplemented by the strong
points of the other.
(4) Syllabus of integrated studies should be properly worked
out cutting out unnecessary' details.
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Teachers :
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(16)
(17)
Training of teachers for integrated .studies. The first
source of supply of such teachers will be from present
schools and colleges of integrated medicine. The
second source of supply will be promising graduates of
both systems with proper training.
Teachers should be well paid.
Control of (18)
Education :
All India standards of professional and technicaledu
cation should be established.
(19)
Central Government should control
education and
practice of Indian medicine.
A Deputy Director of Health Services should be
appointed under the Health Ministry to hold charge
of the Indian Medicine and he should be responsible
for implementing the above recommendations and
coordinating the work in Provinces.
10.
(20)
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There should be a National Medical Board consisting
of two autonomous sections viz. Indian Medical Council
and Council of Indian ^Medicine. ?■...•
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(22)
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Research:
(23)
(24)
(25)
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Control of
Research:
(26)
(27)
Drugs Sian- (28)
dardisation :
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
Medical
Relief:
(36)
Institutions with low standard should either be abolished
or amalgamated with good institutions.
All teaching institutions should also be centres for carry
ing out research.
In the Research Institute experts of both the systems
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should work side by side checking and verifying the
various hypothesis and theories, either rejecting or
harmonising them.
There is urgent necessity for inaugurating research in
Indian Medicine, to clear it of accretions of centuries of
doubtful value and to make it intelligible to modern minds
and to synthesize Indian and Western medicine into
one unified system. Research should be done in fundamental doctrines of Indian medicine, literary research,
clinical research, drug research, research on nutrition
and dietetics and research on psychological aspects of
medicine.
A Central Research Institute should be established.
A Central Council of Research should be set up in
Indian Medicine to formulate policies to stimulate •
research, to supervise and control, etc.
Proper identification of medicinal plants used in Indian
medicines region-wise should be made.
Establishment of a Herbarium in the Central Research
Institute.
Cultivation of all medicinal plants should be done after
a proper survey has been carried out. This should be in
collaboration with Forest and Agricultural Departments.
A Matcria-Mcdica for Ayurveda should be compiled.
An Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia by the Central Research
Institute should be compiled.
Control should be excersied over collection and distri
bution of crude drugs.
Same facilities, should be afforded for procuring excisable
drugs used in Indian medicine as in the case of manu
facturing firms of Western medicine.
Training of pharmacists of Indian medicine should be
undertaken.
Use should be made of existing practitioners for covering
the gap in medical relief for rural areas.
Central Government Decision
111.
]
The recommendations of the Chopra Committee were considered by
the Government of India and final decisions were taken as follows :—
“(1)
Integration of different systems of medicine on the lines contem
plated by the Chopra Committee is impracticable, as the
theories and principles of modem medicine are very different
from the theories and principles enunciated by Ayurveda
and Unani. The evolution of an integrated system will be
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possible only after the methods of modem scientific research
have been applied to the principles and practice of Ayurveda
and Unani and it has been ascertained what is of proven merit
and value in these systems.”
“(2) The Central and Provincial Governments should decide
that modern scientific medicine should continue to be the bash
for the development of the National Health Services in the
country.”
“(3) Facilities for research on scientific lines into the Ayurvedic
and Unani systems of medicine should be promoted on as
broad a basis as possible on the lines recommended in para.
251 of the Chopra Committee’s Report. The results of such
research, as, are of proved vlue, will not only enrich the
Ayurvedic and Unani Systems but will also be incorporated in
modem medicine so that eventually there will emerge only one
system ofmedicine. ■ A start should be made by establishing one
cqntre of research for this purpose. In order to work out the
details of its development, a small committee consisting of suit
able persons representing the Ayurvedic and Unani Systems of
Medicines, modern medicine and the natural and biological
sciences should be appointed.”
“(4) Pending the results of the research and the ultimate evolution
of a unified system ofmedicine as contemplated in the previous
sub-paragraph, the question of the nature and content of the
training to be provided for those who wish to practice
Ayurveda or Unani requires careful consideration. At present
the Ayurvedic and Unani systems are taught in institutions
of widely differing standards and even the best of them do
not provide an adequate grounding in the basic sciences
essential for the practice of any system of medicine. It is,
therefore, proposed that a full course of education in modern
scientific medicine should be the basis on which special training
in Ayurveda, Unani and other systems should be engrafted
for those who want to specialise in those systems of medicine.
Such special training in Ayurveda, Unani and other systems can
perhaps be incorporated during the last year or so in the under
graduate medical courses in the modern medical colleges for
the benefit of those who desire to qualify themselves in those
systems or alternatively Ayurvedic and Unani systems can
form subjects of post-graduate studies. The question of the
curriculum of studies for those who wish to practise Ayurveda
and Unani shuold also be examined by the Committee
suggested under the previous sub-paragraph. On the basis of
the recommendations of the Committee, a uniform policy
can be prescribed.”
All India legislation should be’enacted for the registration
of people who have been practising Ayurveda, Unani and
other systems of medicine for a specified number of years and
the practice of medicine of unregistered persons should there
after be prohibited.”
“(6) Existing practitioners of Ayurveda, Unani and other systems
who have had a basic training in the principles of modern
scientific medicine may be given such further training in
(5)
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PANDIT COMMITTEE
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12.
A Committee was next set up under the chairmanship of Dr. C. G.
12.
Pandit to follow up some of the recommendations of the Chopra Committee.
That Committee recommended :
“(1) that a Central Research Institute in Indigenous Systems
of Medicine should be set up at Jamnagar;
(2) that the incorporation of instructions in Ayurveda, Unani,
etc., in the curriculum of modern medical colleges was not
immediately feasible either at the under-graduate level or post’
graduate level;
(3) that teaching of modern medicine in Ayurvedic
College
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advisable because of'the low standards of thev -dtutions
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and that the curriculum for integratd course proposed by the
Chopra Committee will have to be revised only when the results
of the work done at the Central Research Institute were
available;
.
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that such institutions should be upgraded before concurrent
teaching of modern and indigenous systems was resorted to;
(5) that higher basic qualifications for admission to Ayurvedic etc.
colleges be insisted upon;
(6) that there should not be a diploma and degree course in
Ayurveda because this will tend to continue the existing
neglected state of affairs in Ayurveda; and
(7) that therefore there should only be one uniform course of train
ing in Ayurveda.”
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(3)
' ’ - ■ “ public' health work as may be necessary and utilised by the
Provincial Governments in the expansion of the health
services to the extent necessary.”
I Action
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“(1)
Institutionally qualified persons and traditional Vaids and
Hakims with fifteen years of practice should be on the respective
State Registers;
(2) There should be a Board in each State to control the
practitioners of indigenous systems and also to regulate the
academic teaching;
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There should be one uniform standard of training, consisting
of a course of 5J years including one year of internship, with
at least three months training in rural areas;
(2) The basic qualification for admission should be Interme
diate in Science with Physics, Chemistry and Biology or
Higher Secondary Examination, with basic knowledge of
Sanskrit in both cases; . .
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There should be a Council, on the analgoy of the Indian
Medical Council, to.control teaching in all. institutions;
. ;(4) Subject-wise'text-books should be written up or revised;. ■; I
(5) • The syllabus should be taken up by separate faculties of
- . • • Ayurveda affiliated to Universities;
(6) A pharmacopoeia and dictionary • of Ayurveda should be
. compiled; ' .
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(7) All teaching institutions should have indoor hospitals attached,
in the ratio of five beds per student;
• (8) The Ayurvcdid Degree should be styled as G.A.M.S.
. (?) Separate Directorates of Ayurveda should be established in
the Centre and States;
(10) Post-Graduate training for two years and research facilities
should be provided at suitable places; and
(H) Refresher Courses should be organised in teaching
institutions.”
(3)
17.
The Dave Committee also gave a model syllabus for the integrated
.course.
DAVE COMMITTEE
15. The Dave Committee first considered the question of regulation
of practice of indigi
"jenous systems of medicine and their recommendations in
short: were:—
As regards educational standards for Ayurveda, the Dave Committee
J 6.
•ecommended that:—
.rec<
“(1)
13. As a result of the Pandit Committee’s Report, the Central Research
Institute in Indigenous Systems of Medicine was created at Jamnagar in
1952.
14.
In pursuance of a Resolution passed by the Central Council of Health
in 1954. the Government of India appointed a Committee headed by Shri
D.T. Dave in 1955 to study and report on the question of establishing
standards in respect of education and regulation of the practice of indigenous
systems of medicine.
The privileges given to Registered practitioners of indigenous
systems of medicine should be equal to those of the modern
medical practitioners.”
[
18. The Report of the Dave Committee was circulated to the State
Governments and their views placed before the Central Council of Health
$at Bangalore. Unfortunately, however, the State authorities seemed1 tn
have given it a poor reception with the result that the States were allowed
to take it or leave it according to their discretion.
General Observations
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19.
It will be observed from the preceding paragraphs that the decision
of the Government of India on Tthe -Chopra Committee and the Pandit
Committee’s recommendations was; that research in Indian'systems of mcdicine should first be done before an integration with modern medicine took
place, that training in Ayurveda and Unani etc. should be given mainlv to
the undergraduate in modern medicine and that alternatively Ayurveda,
etc., should form the subject of post-graduate study for the modern
medical student. Thus the training of Ayurvedic students was relegated
to the background until such time as research had proved the merit of
Ayurveda.
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20.
It appears that Government’s intention was to
1 recognise the merit of
Ayurveda only after research on modern methods had proved its worth.
Incidentally, we wish to state that drugs or their values do not constitute
the entire Ayurvedic science. We would like to urge, as the Pandit
Committee had done, that Ayurvedic training to be given to an under
graduate in modem medicine or making Ayurveda a post-graduate study
of die modern medical student is not the best way of improving the present
status of Ayurvedic training. The previous recommendations of the Chopra
Committee in regard to the formation of central bodies for training and
research was not implemented by Government and this, in our opinion,
has been the cause of the present deadlock.
21. We feel that the merit of Ayurveda should not have formed a subject
of contention and the proving of such merit to the authorities of modem
medicine should not have been made a condition precedent for its recog
nition by Government. All along, people have been convinced that
Ayurveda had been developed on scientinc lines but that certain inexpli1 cable gaps left in it owing to political events had to be filled in, if not by
current Ayurvedic knowledge, by modem scientific methods.
22.
In short, all the useful work of the Chopra Committee and the Dave
Committee in the matter of integrated systmem of education in Ayurveda
practically went to waste arid a general impression was created that the
integrated system of education was a failure.
23. This unsatisfactory and one-sided decision led to the so-called
“Shudha Ayurveda” movement which in turn created confusion in some of
the important Ayurvedic institutions in the country. It left nothing but
frustration in the minds of students, who naturally rebelled. The strikes
in the various colleges and the closing down of the institutions for long
periods arc too well known to be repeated or gone into here. The fact
remains, however, that the ‘‘Shudha Ayurveda” movement has turned the
hands of the clock backward to a considerable extent. There has been a
certain amount of misconception and confusion about the terms “Shudha
Ayurveda” in the minds of the protagonists themselves. While some of
them agree that science is universal and continually growing and should
be incorporated in Ayurveda, others contend that Ayurveda is a complete
science and needs no further accretions. It is felt that the new' syllabus
chalked out by the “Shudha Ayurveda” people is only a rehash of the
old integrated system of medicine and that even the pure Ayurvedic
institutions have included in their syllabus modern science subjects. The
“Shudha Ayurveds” all the time agreed that only one-eighth of the pure
Ayurvedic science (Ashtanga Ayurved), viz Kaya Chikitsa, was in vogue,
while the remaining seven-eighths had to be revived and reintroduced in the
'training institutions. We are sure that in the processor tills revival these
very enthusiasts will feel the necessity of absorbing the modern scientific
developments while giving it an Ayurvedic touch.
24. In the meantime, the Central Government had initiated a scheme
-during the latter half of the First Five Year Plan period for giving grants to
research projects on indigenous systems of medicine. That scheme was
continued in the Second Five Year Plan period also. Such research
projects of individuals and institutions were aided financially with the object
of giving a fillip to the development of Ayurveda, Unani, Homoeopathy,
etc. in the country. In every case, the project had to be sponsored through
the State Government concerned.
.
................................. It was,
v.’as, X1WWGVC4,
however, XQUI1U
found that
either the
State VTUVCl
Governments
gJJ,
JI
UWl CJUICI
Uic OUltC
4U11CU UJ were not
enthusiastic or the projects themselves failed to come upto the standards
prescribed, with the result that it took some time before the Central aid
could be satisfactorily utilised,
-
26.
The Central Government naturally wished to find out how far their
aid for the development of Ayurveda had been effective and they appointed
the present Committee for that purpose. The Committee was asked to
assess the present status of Ayurveda, not only in the field of research but
in all its aspects.
27,
It is hoped to deal with these problems in the succeeding chapten
and to suggest what the Central and State Governments could do to raise
the status of Ayurveda.
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Questionnaire No. 3-A.
For Boards of Indian Medicines in States.
B
CHAPTER-r-n
ir
a terms of reference and methods of study
Questionnaire No. 3-B.
For State Governments.
it I ■
Questionnaire No. 4-A.
For Ayurvedic institutions (Literary Research).
Constitution of the Committee:
' The Government of India in the Ministry of Health in their letter No.
rs ' F 2-50/58-ISM, dated the 29th July, 1958, appointed the following persons
Committee:—
to serve on the’Ayurvedic Research Evaluation Committee
Dr. K.N. Udupa,
..
.
Surgical Specialist,
Himachal Pradesh,
Simla.
(2) Shri Kaladi Parameswaran Pillai, t
Research Professor,
Government Ayurvedic College,
Trivandrum.
(3) Shri R. Narasimhan,
•Under Secretary to the Government of India,
Ministry’ of Health,
-New Delhi.
(1)
II &
t
Chairman.
■
Member.
;
■
MemberSecretary.
: Terms of Reference :
The terms of reference of the Committee were as follows:—
2.
(1) To evaluate and assess the work already done in the field of
Ayurvedic Research and upgrading of Ayurvedic Institutions
as a result of grants already given by. the Central and State
Governments ;
(2) To assess the existing facilities for training and research in
Ayurveda ;
To assess the nature, volume and standard of the Ayurvedic
■ (3)
Pharmceutical products; and
(4) To find out the factual position in regard to the practice and
recognition of the Ayurvedic system of medicine.
It was decided that for administrative convenience the Committee
3.
should be an integral part of the Ministry of Health. The Chairman and
the Member of the Committee were, therefore, designated as Officers on
Special Duty in the Ministry, while the Member-Secretary continued as
Under Secretary in the Ministry.
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Methods of Study:
The Committee actually started functioning on the 7 th of August, 1958,
4.
I 1
Questionnaire'No. 2.
For selected Ayurvedic medical practitioners.
In the first instance, the following questionnaires {vide Appendix I)
5.
were prepared and circulated to the parties concerned :—
Questionnaire No. 1.
For educational institutions:
Part A •----- Colleges.
Part B ----- Hospitals.
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Questionnaire No. 4-2?.
For Pharmaceutical concerns.
Questionnaire No. 4-C.
For Pharmacology and other Research Departments of modern
medical • colleges.
Questionnnaire No. 5.
For non-technical persons (A certain cross section of the public).
6.
The Committee then discussed the terms of reference. While the
first item of the terms of reference was purely factual, it was decided to get
some idea through personal discussions on the spot as to how Government
grants had been utilised and at the same time bringing to the notice of the
authorities concerned the various types of grants available from Government.
It was felt that an on-the-spot inspection, even though not very detailed in
nature, may give a true perspective of the actual work being done.
7.
As regards the second term of reference, viz. existing facilities for
training and research, the Committee was convinced that it covered a fairly
large field.
A study of the present facilities for training in Ayurveda,
which was well-known to be of a diverse nature in different Stales, will
naturally lead to the question of how best to standardise the mode of
education in Ayurveda in order to make it really effective for the reorien
tation of the science as also for making it beneficial to the country’s
medical needs. The relevant recommendations of previous Committees,
(Chopra Committee, Pandit Committee, Dave Committee, etc.) had to
be reviewed in order to find out how far they had been implemented.
8.
The study of the third item, viz. standard of Ayurvedic pharmaceuti
cal products, involved personal visits at least to some of the more impor
tant pharmaceutical firms in the country. As a logical consequence, the
best way to standardise these products at all stages of manufacture had to
be gone into carefully.
9.
Similarly, in the investigation of the present position in regard to the
practice and recognition of Ayurveda, vide item 4 of the terms of reference,
the Committee felt that they could not stop with mere fact-finding. A cer
tain amount of healthy uniformity will have to be suggested in the interests
of the development of Ayurveda throughout India.
10.
The Committee, therefore, came to the conclusion that the terms of
reference were rather wide and decided that very careful thought will have to
given to the various aspects referred to above by means of personal contacts
with as many individuals and institutions as possible.
Tours of the Committee
11.
The tour programme of the Committee was then drawn up,
involving visits to the capitals of all the States and other important centres
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connected vrith Ayurvedic education, research^ etc. The tour was
started about the 10th August, 1958 and lasted till almost the end of
October, 1958.
1
12.
The following table shows the places and institutions visited and
also the important individuals contacted.
TABLE
1
State
1. Andhra
Pradesh
I.
i
4
Place
Institutions visited
Individuals contacted
(1) Government
Ayurvedic and
Unani College
& Hospital.
(1) Special Officer,
Indigenous Systems
of Medicine.
(2) Research
Department.
(2) Research Officer,
Ayurveda.
r
(5) Nanavati Hospital
(Research
Division).
(G) Board of Research
in Ayurveda.
(7) Shudh Ayurvedic
College & Hospital,
Sion.
(4) Principal, Govern
ment Ayurvedic
and Unani College.
fl' Gauhati
Government A^mrA-cdic
College, Gauhati (Old
and new premises).
(8) Dhootapapcshwar
Industries, Panvcl.
(1) Director of Health
Services.
(2) Principal, Govern
ment Ayurvedic
College, Gauhati.
(9) Zandu Pharmaceuii
cal Works.
i
(2) Poona
(3) Ayurveda
Mahavidyalaya
Hospital,
Pharmacy
& Herbarium.
(2) Education Minister.
Assam.
(3) Secretary, Medical
Department.
Bihar
Fama
(1) Government
Ayurvedic College
and Hospital
(8) Patna Medical
College, Pharma
cology Department.
(4) Baidyanath Ayurved
Bhawan.
(4) Ashtanga Shudh
Ayurved Maha
vidyalaya, Poona.
(5) Ayurved Rasasala,
Poona.
(2) Secretary, Medical
Department.
(3)
(2) Government Unani
College and Hospital.
Principal, Govern
ment Ayurvedic
College.
(4) Principal, Patna
Medical College.
(5) Professor of Pharma
cology, Patna
Medical College.
(6) Deputy Director of
Sanskrit Studio*.
(1) Sassoon Hospital
(2) Indian Drugs
Research
Association.
(I) Chief Minister,
Assam.
(2) ShlUong
3.
(1) Podar Medical
College (Ayurved)
and Hospital.
(3) Topiwala National
Medical College
(Pharmacology
Department)
(4) G.S. Medical
College.
(3) Deputy Secretary,
Department of
Health.
2. As mm
3
(2) Punarvasu Ayurved
Mahavidyalaya.
3
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(1) Bombay
1
2
Hyderabad
4. Bombay
2
(3) Baroda
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(1) SethUjamshi
Pithambardas
A^mr'/edic
Research Unit,
Baroda Medical
C-ol!
4
(1) Health Minister.
(2) Surgeon-General to
the Government of
Bombay.
(3) Director of
Ayurveda.
(4) Secretary, Medical
Department
(5) Chairman of the
Board of Research
in Ayurveda,
Bombay.
)
(6) Secretary, Board'
Research in Ayur
veda, Bombay.
(7) Chairman of the
Shudh Ayurvedic
Committee,
Bombay.
(8) Pandit Shiv Sharma,
Chairman, Board of
Indian Medicine.
(9) Secretary, Universal
Health Institute,
Bombay.
(10) Dr. Krishnamurthi.
(1) VaidyaN.V. Joshi, [
in-charge of
Ayurvedic Research
V
(2) Dr. Pcndsc, Indian
Drugs Research
Association.
(3) Dr. B.C. Lagu.
(4) Principals of the
teaching institu
tions. .
(1) Dr. Jivraj Mehta,
Finance Minister,
Bombay.
(2) Dr. G.K. Karandikar, Professor of
Pliarmacology of
the Medical
College and
in-charge of the
Ayurvedic Rcsearci
Unit,
11
1
2
3
2
1
4
3
4
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4. Bombay
[Contd.)
(4) Surat
O.H. Nazir Ayurveda
Maharidyalaya and
Hospital.
(1) Shri Bapalal G:
Vaidya.
I
(1) Central Research
Institute of
Indigenous Systems
of Medicine.
(5) Kottakal
-
(2) Shri Ranjit Roy.
(5) Jamnagar
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6. Kerala
(Conld.\
(1) Shri Ram Raksha
Pathak, Director.
7. Madhya
Pradesh
(1) Gwalior
Arya Vaidyasala
• Ayurvedic College
Hospital, Nursing
Home & Pharmacy.
Shri P.K. Warrior.
Government Ayurvedic
■ College and Pharmacy.
(1) Joint Director,
Ayurveda.
(2) Shri B.V. Gokhalc,
(2) Bhopal
(3) Gulab Kunwarba
Ayun-edic College. '
(1) Jammu
i
Regional Drugs
Research Laboratory,
Herbarium and
Pharmacy.
(2) Srinagar
(1) Dr. I.C. Chopra,
Director of the
Regional Drugs
Research
Laboratory'.
I
(3) Indore
(2) Col. A.N. Chopra,
Director of Health
Service*.
(3) Assistant Director,
Indian Medicine.
■
(4) Lt.-Col. R.N.
Chopra.
6. Kerala
Drug and Storage Depot
of the Forest Depart
ment.
(1) Trivandrum
(1) Government
Ayurvedic College,
Hospital &
Pharmacy,
Trivandrum.
(1) Chief Secretary to
the Govt, of
Kerala.
(2) Maternity Ward.
Poojaparai.
(3) Director of Indi
genous Medicine.
(3) Pharmacology
Department,
Trivandrum
Medical College.
(4) Principal, Govern
ment Ayun-edic
College,
Trivandrum.
Government Ayurvedic
Hospital.
(3) Trichur
Government Ayurvedic
Hospital & Pharmacy.
(4) Shoranur
Kerala Ayun’cda
Samajam, Hospital. ,
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(1) Deputy Minister for
Health.
(2) Pharmacology
Department,
' Bhopal Medical
College.
(2) Secretary', Medical
Department.
(1) Rajkumar Singh
Ayurvedic College.
(I) Director of Health
Services, Madhya
Pradesh.
(2) Ashtanga
Ayun-edic
College.
(2) Professor of
Pharmacology.
(4) M.G. Memorial
Medical College.
(2) Director of Health
Sen-ices.
u
8. Madras
I
Madras
(1) College of Integrated (1) Secretary, Health
Medicine, Drug
Department.
Farm and Research
Section of Hospital. (2) Dean, College of
Integrated Medicine
(2) Cooperative
Pharmacy,
Adayar.
9. Mysore
(I) Bangalore
(1) Java Chamarajendra
Hospital,
Herbarium and
Pharmacy.
■ (2) Shudh Ayurvedic
College,
Bangalore.
. (3) Free Ayurvedic
Dispensary,
Srirampuram.
■
(4) Karnatak
Pradeshika
Ayurveda Mandal.
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(3) Professor of
Pharmacology,
Bhopal Medical
College.
(3) Nilratan Bagh of
Forest Department.
(4) Pharmacology
Department of
Kerala University.
(2) Emakulam
(1) Government Unani
Dispensary
I•
(1) Health Minister.
(3) Baramula
!; fs
(2) Principal, Govern
ment Ayurvedic
College.
Principal.
(2) Post-Graduate
Training Centre.
- 5. Jammu &.
Kashmir.
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(3) Professors of the
College of
Integrated
i 5
5 1
(1) Chief Minister.
n
(2) Health Minister.
(3) Director of Health
Services.
(4) Assistant Director
(Indian Medicine).
(5) Shri Parthanarayana
Pandit.
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I
3
(2) Mysore
Government College of
Indian Medicine and
Hospital.
(!) Cuttack
Cuttack Medical
College (Pharmacology
Department).
4
2
1
Principal, Government
College of Indian
Medicine.
13. Uttar
Pradesh
(I) Ban aras
■-
10. Oriw*
(f) Principal and
Professor of
Pharmacology,
Cuttack Medical
College.
■
(2) Director of Health
Services.
j
(2) Lucknow
(3) Puri
(1) Gopabandu
Avurveda
Vidyapith,
Hospital,
Herbarium and
Pharmacy.
(1) Principal, (
Gopabandu
Ayurveda
Vidyapith.
(1) AmritMT
(2) Jullundur
D.A.V. Ayurvedic
College &
Hospital.
(3) Pahala
Government
Ayurvedic College
and Hospital.
(3) Secretary, Medical
Department.
(4} Deputy Director df
Ayurveda.
(2) Prominent Loca
Ayurvedic
Practitioners.
(5) K.G. Medical
College,
Pharmacology
Department.
(6) Director of the
Central Drugs
Research Institute,
Principal, D.A.V.
Ayurvedic
College.
(7) Professor of
Pharmacology of
the K.G. Medical
College.
(3) Hard war
(1) Health Minister. >
(2) Government
Ayurvedic
Pharmacy.
(3) Director of
Ayurveda.
(4) Dhanvanthry
Aushadalaya.
(2) Health Minuter.
(5) Director of the
National Botanical
Gardena.
(1) Seth Surajmal
Government
Ayurvedic
Hospital.
3) Govcmmnt
Ayuiv'edic
College, Hospital
& Pharmacy.
(!) Chief Minister.
(4) Central Drugs
Research Institute.
(3) Director of Health
Services.
Jaipur
Acting Principal and
Professors of the
Ayurvedic College,
Banaras Hindu
University.
(1) Director of
Ayurveda.
(2) Secretary, Medical
Department.
12. Rajasthan
(!) Government
Ayurvedic College,
Lucknow, Hospital
and Pharmacy.
(3) Drug Fann,
Ban th ura.
(1) Health Minister.
(4) Chandigarh
(I) Ayurvedic College,
Hospital, Research
Section and
Herbarium of the
Banaras Hindu
University.
(2) National Botanical
Gardena.
<2) Sadashiv Sanskrit
College.
11. Punjab
4
(2) 'Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
Department
of College of
Technology, Banaxo?
Hindu University.
(1) Secretary, Medical
Department
2) Bhubanoeu’ar
3
(1) Gurukul University,
Kangri—Ayurvedic
College, Hospital
and Pharmacy.
(1) Principal of the
Gurukul Ayurvedic
College.
(2) Rishikul Ayurvedic
College, Hospital
Sc Herbarium.
(2) Chairman, Managing
Committee and
Principal of the
Rishikul Ayurvedic
College.
■
(4) Debra Dun
Forest Research
Institute.
Economic Botanist and
Senior Research
Officer, Indian
Medicinal Plants.
Calcutta
(1) Jamini Bhushan
Ashtanga
Ayurvedic
College.
(1) General Chakravarti,
Secretary,
Medical
Department.
(2) Shyamadas Vaidya
Shastra Pith.
(x; vicc-rresident.
Faculty of
Ayurveda.
(3) Vishwanath
Ayurvedic College.
(3, Principals of the
teaching
(2) Secretary, Health
Department.
(4) Principal, Govern
ment Ayurvedic
■ College.
&
I
14. West
Bengal
inMH iirinn*
2
1
14. West Bengal
(Contd.)
Calcutta
(Contd.)
3
I
4
(4) School of Tropical
Medicine.
(4) Director and
Professor of
Pharmacology,
School of Tropical
Medicine.
(5) Baidyanath
Ayurved
Bhawan.
(5) Manager,
Baidyanath
Ayurved
Bhawan.
CHAPTER
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
■
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Delhi
i
(1) Principal and the
|
3taff.
(2) Mo^lchand
K airatiram Trust
Ayurvedic
Hospital,
New Delhi.
(2) The Trustees and
the Director of
the Hospital.
3.
The Directors and Assistant Directors of Indigenous Systems of
Medicine, where they existed, and the Principals of the Ayurvedic institu
tions, showed a keen interest in the subject. They had substantial contri
butions to make to the question of the type of training, research, etc.
!< <
4.
The students were extremely anxious to know what their future would
be. They expressed their present handicaps in the matter of training,
untfer-graduate and post-graduate, in research and last but not least in the
Government’s attitude towards them.
I
13 Bv the time the Committee came back to headquarters most of the
replies'to the various questionnaires had been received. These were then
statistically’ analysed before conclusions could be amveci at.
14. In the following chapters an attempt has been made to cover all
the topics included in the terms of reference and then finally to give the
Committee’s conclusions.
I
The following paragraphs contain the general observations of the Com
mittee in regard to the present status of Ayurveda in the various States and
also the possibilities of development therein.
(1) Tibbia Unani
and Ayurvedic
College and
Hospital.
Union Territories
15. Delhi
'
2.
At the outset, one may mention that there is a great awakening in
all the States regarding the resuscitation of Ayurveda. The Chief Ministers
and the Ministers of Health whom the Committee had the privilege of
meeting showed great enthusiasm for the development of this ancient
science. It was obvious that they had devoted serious thought to the various
difficulties that were existing and to tlie possible remedies to remove such
defects.
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(6) Marwari
Hospital.
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ANDHRA
5. After the transfer of the Andhra Pradesh Government to Hyderabad,
steps have been taken to improve the position of Ayurvedic training and
research. The Government Ayurvedic and Unani College at Hyderabad
which under the previous Nizam’s regime was devoting greater attention to
Unani has now been reorganised in such a manner that Ayurveda is given
equal attention. The research aspect of Ayurveda appears to be in efficient
hands. The huge hospital attached to the Government College is being
advantageously utilised for the purpose of training and research.
ASSAM
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6.
Although there is at present only one Government Ayurvedic College
at .Gauhati and although many students are not being attracted towards
Ayurvedic training because of lack of prospects, it should be mentioned
that the Government of Assam are keenly alive to the situation and are
taking necessary steps to reorganise Ayurvedic training, research and practice
and to provide enough facilities in the near future under a separate
Directorate of Ayurveda. Another important point is the exploitation of
the natural resources of Assam by way of Ayurvedic drugs and plants to
which attention has not been paid by the Government so far. The
Committee have pleasure in stating that the Government have now agreed
that steps should be taken in collaboration with the Forest authorities to
assess the availability of such drugs and plants in Assam and to promote
schemes for their proper exploitation in the near future so that the State
can become self-sufficient in this matter. The State Government have -also
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realised that the status of the Ayurvedic teacher and practitioner needs to
be enhanced considerably in order that more and more peop e may e
dravTi into the fold of Ayun’eda.
Director of Health Sendees were found to be extremely keen about tht
development of Ayurveda. They were considering the question of opening
an Ayurvedic College at Jammu.
WEST BENGAL
]3. One thing about the Jammu & Kashmir State need necessarily be
mentioned and that is the existence of rich flora capable of yielding large
quantities of Ayurvedic plants and drugs, provided proper steps are taken
for their identification, cultivation^ collection, storage, etc. in complete;
collaboration with the Ayurvedic scholars. At present, the Forest Depart,
ment of the Jammu & Kashmir State are doing good work at Baramula
in the above direction but only a-few drugs are collected .and stored and
that too from the point of view of sale of forest produce to any one who may
want it and not from the point of view of the development and standard!,
sation of Ayurvedic drugs.
7.
The Committee was constrained to note that all was not well with
Ayurveda in West Bengal in spite of the fact that it was the home of
Ayurveda for a long time £ast. There was no Government Ayurvedic
teaching institution or hospital in the State, nor were there any Govern
ment research institutions. Training in Ayurveda is confined to a few
Government-aided or private institutions. The old legion of efficient
Ayurvedic practitioners of Bengal was not being fully utilised in the cause
of medical relief.
8.
We may, however, state that legislation is being undertaken to
reorganise Ayurvedic training and research and to control the practice
of Ayurveda in some measure.
BOMBAY
9.
The Committee could not help feeling that Bombay had made huge
strides in the development of Ayurveda. The State Government were very
keen indeed to revive Ayurveda in all its aspects as quickly as possible.
An independent Director of Ayurveda, a Board of Ayurvedic Research,
statutory control of Ayurvedic practice, grant of privileges to Ayurvedic
practitioners, etc. gave proof of what we have stated above. Bombay
was one of the States where both the integrated and pure Ayurveda were *
recognised pari passu in order that the best in both the types of training
should be taken advantage of. In some of the places like Poona and Baroda
there was ample proof that modern medical men and Vaidyas were success
fully collaborating in the modern medical hospitals with the earnest object
of finding out the best in the ancient science by means of clinical research.
It may be added that education in Ayurveda has been accorded recogni
tion by two Universities in Bombay viz. Poona and Gujerat.
10. The advancement in the field of pharmaceutics in the private sector
was worthy of note.
KERALA
!
F
14. Kerala State being the cradle of Ayurveda can very well prove a fertile
field for the development of this science in all aspects. Here a large pro
portion of the people patronise Ayurvedic treatment. There arc innumer
able Ayurvedic scholars and Vaidyas of repute in this State, who can boast
of a tremendous tradition. Kerala is perhaps the one State where a majority
of the eight branches of Ayurveda are still being practised. This State
which has developed specialities like Panch Karina and massage treatment
can contribute a great deal to the entire country. Being a State with a
high percentage of literates, there is vast scope for improvement of Ayurvedic
education and practice. The fact that the Ayurvedic College is affiliated
to the University of Kerala is an added advantage. Side by side with the
integrated system of training, Shudha Ayurveda is also being taught and
practised.
15. We, however, found that the present Government are trying to hamper
the progress of the integrated system of training because the Central Coun
cil of Health, more or less, decided that integration was not a success.
16. Kerala is also very well advanced on 1'the pharmaceutical side of
Ayurveda and are utilising the rich flora of the State for this purpose.
BIHAR
MADHYA PRADESH
11.
Bihar has made a good beginning in the field of Ayurvedic education.
They are reorganising the old curriculum. The new Ayurx'edic College
has made satisfactory' provision for integrated education and research in
Ayurveda by way of buildings and equipment. Even the large number of
Sanskrit colleges who were imparting education in Ayurx’eda in the Shudha
Ayurvedic system were beginning to realise that training in modern medi
cal subjects and practical facilities were necessary to make Ayurveda a
success. But it must be stated that the status of the Aymrvedic teachers and
practitioners is still very’ low.
The State Government are devoting a good amount of attention to
reorganise Ayurvedic training and . research under* an enthusiastic Joint
Director of Ayurveda. The Government colleges at Gwalior and Raipur
were well planned. The integrated system of medicine was in vogue
in Government Colleges, with a large emphasis on the Ayurvedic
aspect of medicine. They are at present proposing to exploit the natural
resources of the State for the benefit of the pharmaceutical industry' and
they have introduced modernised methods of manufacture at the
Government Pharmacies. They hive not left the rural areas of the State
unattended.
A large number off-dispensaries are being run by them.
One notable feature was that they? were supplying medicine chests con
taining about forty simple Ayurvedic medicines to Gram Panchayats with
full instructions
for use.
------- i— .Ur
|’
JAMMU & KASHMIR
12.
At present, there is no training institution for Ayurveda in the Jammu
& Kashmir State. There are a few dispensaries. The Government have
appointed an Assistant Director of Indigenous Systems of Medicine under
the Director of Health Services. In this State, Unani is more popular than
Ayurveda. It must, however) be said that the Minister for Health and the
18.
At Bhopal, Unani is also in vogue.
19.
At Indore, we found a greater tendency for the Shudha Ayurvedic
system of training rather than the integrated system. Indore; can boast of
f1
PUNJAB
! many eminent Ayurvedic practitioners, philanthropically inclined with
an earnest desire to revive the ancient science of Ayurveda.
t.
20
The Health Minister of the State was taking keen interest in the
, development of indigenous systems of medicine. This augurs well for the
| future of Ayurveda in the State.
L
M.4DRAS
I 21 Our general impression about the status of Ayurveda in Madras was
F- somewhat disappointing considering that this was a place where maximum
' effort was taken only a few years ago to revitalise Ayurveda by. the intro■ duction of an integrated course of training. Change of policies consequent
| upon the change of Ministries and handling of the subject by disinterested
[ parties appear to have lowered the status of Ayurveda in recent years.
I The College of Integrated Medicine seems to have given a go-bye to the
excellent principles which
to the establishment of the School of Indian
Medicine at Madras in the cry early years of the present century. The
curriculum of studies has undergone so much change that students passing
out of the College of Integrated Medicine know more about modem
science than about Ayurveda.
22. There is a model Ayurvedic Cooperative Pharmacy at
whose example can be advantageously followed by other States.
!
RAJASTHAN
28. The Committee had an agreeable surprise during its visit to Jaipur.
The Minister for Health and the Government authorities were really
enthusiastic about putting Ayurveda on sound lines. The State budget
includes a generous allocation for Ayurveda. An independent Director
for Ayurveda has been appointed. There were a very large number of
dispensaries being run by Government. While on this point it needs to be
pointed out that the unique system followed for opening hospitals or dispen
saries in the State is worth copying by the other States. Philanthropists
come forward with contributions of buildings and the State looks after the
expenditure in running the hospital or dispensaries. The hospitals or
dispensaries are naturally named after the philanthropist donors.
Adyar,
23. The Madras State has very good material for bringing Ayurveda
back to its pristine glory provided the Government takes a revised stand in
regard to the subject under the guidance of a separate Directorate.
25. Private efforts were being made to set up Shudha Ayurvedic institutions
in various parts of the State.
' 1
H
UTTAR PRADESH
I
!
ORISSA
26. Despite the fact that Orissa is a small State, we found that there
was great enthusiasm for the development of Ayurveda in all its aspects.
There is only one Government Ayurvedic College at Puri. This College
is m ver/ gcod hands. The College authorities are doing all in their power,
within their limited means, in the direction of Ayurvedic training, research,
etc. Apart from the institution at Puri, there were certain Sanskrit
Colleges teaching Ayurveda also, but the training here is purely of a
theoretical nature. Orissa State is trying to do its best ih the matter of
rural medical relief by establishing a good number of Ayurvedic dispensaries.
They are contemplating a legislation for the improvement of the status of
Ayurveda as a whole.
i;
29.
Rajasthan has an ancient background of Ayurveda with a large
amount of Ayurvedic literature in original and a large number of reputed
practitioners. The people also largely prefer Ayurvedic
treat
ment. The Committee have no doubt that Rajasthan will attain signi
ficant success in the Ayurvedic field.
MYSORE
?24. The Committee’s discussion with the Chief Minister of Mysore gave
• the impression that the intention to improve the status of Ayurveda was
definitely there. In fact, schemes for the establishment of more Govern
ment Ayurvedic Colleges of the integrated type, a Board of Ayurvedic
Research, etc. were being thought of. It should, however, be mentioned
that the Government College at Mysore which is one of the oldest Ayurvedic
^institutions in the country and which was flourishing under the aegis of the
previous Maharaja, has receded considerably from its original ideals. The
’Committee felt that the authorities were indifferent about this institution.
27. The Committee had a good reception from the Health Minister of
the Punjab State. He appeared to be quite aware of the need for develop
ing Ayurveda on proper lines. The new Government Ayurvedic College
at Patiala is doing very well under the able guidance of the Director of
Ayurveda. The D.A.V. College at Jullundur, which is an institution started
long ago at Lahore and which is aided by the Government, is continuing
to give systematic education in Ayurveda. We understood that an Ayur
vedic institution at Rohtat has recently started functioning. The Committee
were left with the feeling that with proper encouragement from the Govern
ment, the development of Ayurvedic science in Punjab State will be success
ful.
I
t
30.
The Committee had the privilege of discussing the status of
Ayurveda, present and future, with the Chief Minister and the Health
Minister besides Government authorities. The fact that a number of
places in Uttar Pradesh have recently been the site of trouble in regard
to Ayurvedic education indicates the ardent desire of all concerned to
uplift the status of Ayurveda in the state. The State Government were
generally of the view that modern scientific subjects should not be de
linked from the curriculum of Ayurveda provided, of course, pro
minence was given to Ayurveda in all the teaching institutions. The
Committe hope that the recent reforms proposed by the state Govern
ment to settle the outstanding issues about Ayurvedic education in the
State will be implemented and Ayurveda placed on a sound basis.
31.
The following table will give a bird’s eye-view of the position of
Ayurveda in the various States:—
h
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♦“J thing that is modern is not necessarily good, because it is modern', and a
thing that is old is not necessarily bad, because it is old. The converse is
also true. What then should our approach be? Obviously our approach
should be one of trying to profit by past experience and integrating with
the best in other systems.”
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TRAINING
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Prttnous History of Training:
Before we discuss about the status of training in the Ayurvedic System
of Medicine, it may be beneficial to go briefly into the historical background
of the subject. In ancient times, our Rishis who started and popularised
this system used to teach their students under the shade of trees. Suffi
cient practical training was given even in those times. Later Ayurveda
became a subject of study in the Universities of Takshasila (2nd century
B.C.) and Nalanda (7th century A.D.), Many well-known personalities
from different nations received training in these two Universities. But after
the 10th century A.D. the training facilities in Ayurveda went into the
background and the students were trained only in the houses of well-known
Vaidyas.
2.
It was only in 1822 that the School of Native Doctors was started at
Calcutta on modern lines. Here lectures were given on modern medical
subjects side by side with Ayurveda. After the School had been work
ing for some ten years or so, a Committee appointed by the Government
reported that the training was very defective in view of the fact that both
the systems cannot be taught simultaneously and also because the modern
theories of science could not be combined with those of Ayurveda. Hence,
in 1835, this School was abolished and a modern Medical College was opened’
After that, the training course in pure Ayurveda was transferred to the
various Sanskrit Colleges.
3.
Some time in the early part of this century, history repeated itself.
Ayurveda was again separated from the Sanskrit Colleges and many
independent new Ayurvedic teaching institutions were established. But
this time, some of the essentials of the modern medicine were also taught
side by side. Nobod}’ was, however, definite as to how much of modern
subjects should be taught and for how long. Hence many Committees
were appointed .by tjie State and the Central Governments to go into this
question in detail and to.draft an ideal curriculum for the training and also
for regulating the practice of Ayurveda. All these matters have already
been dealt with in a previous chapter. Suffice it to say here that tlie
controversy over the method of education of the Ayurvedic students has gone
to such a level that even the top-most administrators arc now perplexed as
what is the best way to solve the problem.
• Jawaharlal Nehru’s Speeches... 1949-1953 page 549.
n
4
In this connection, Prime Minister Nehru has observed* * “There is no
reason why we should not bring about an alliance of old experience and
knowledge as exemplified in the Ayurvedic and Unam Systems with the
new knowledge that the modern science has given us. It is necessary, how
ever, that every approach to this problem should be made on the basis ol
scientific method.”
5.
]Many, other people in the country hold similar view's on the subject.
The pros «xxd
and cons of the integrated course versus Shudha Ayurveda course
are being discussed later in this chapter. It is apparent, however, that
f the very fact that there is a lot of controversy on. the subject is a
^2 t of progress.
_ ___ U
Our
main task
will be to find out a satisfactory. solution.
sign
—- -----Suggesting a probable solution, we may briefly discuss the existing
Before suggesting
■ ’ ; in Ayurveda and their method of imparting training.
educational institutions
;
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M a M3£A
COLLEGES
s
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— • ------------------------------------ ------In all, there arc about 76 Ayurvedic
institutions
in--------the whole of India
giving various types of instructions in Ayurvedic systeml of medicine.
(Please see Fig. 1 and Map 1).
11X ail, UXXVi «-
Colleges which follow the degree courses and arc affiliated to
the Universities ;
(/>) Institutions which follow the curriculum of the degree courses
but have not been affiliated to any University ; and
(c) Those institutions which impart training leading upto a
Diploma.
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1957’** Jawf,-iiarlal Nehru in a foreword in G. Borker’s “Health in Independent India,
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INTEGRATED COLLEGES
10.
Amongst the integrated colleges, so far seven have been afhiiated to
the regional Universities, namely, Poona, Gujerat (two Colleges), Kerala,
Saugor, Banaras and Lucknow. However, during our tour we understood
that a few of the remaining Degree Colleges might also gtt themselves
affiliated to the regional Universities in the near future.
o c
■
(a)
9.
The Shudha Ayurvedic Colleges follow,, more or less, the same
pattern and hence they can be considered together. The details ol all
these Colleges have been given in the following pages and also in Appendices.
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In addition, we were told that six Sanskrit Colleges also have some
arrangements to impart teaching in Ayurveda.
7.
These teaching institutions can be divided into two broad categories,
namely, those which impart instructions in Ayurveda supplemented by
training on principles of niodern medical sciences—these arc often called
integrated training courses—and those which impart training in Ayurveda
on traditional methods, without being supplemented by modern science
- subjects—these are called Shudha Ayurvedic courses.
tThe Integrated Colleges can be further sub-divided into three :—
8.
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Total Number, of Institutions :
6.
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EXISTING FACILITIES
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Basic Qualifications for Admission, Duration of course etc.
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Location of ayvrvldic colleges.
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integrated
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&HUDHA ATURYEOK COLLEGES.
uo>P:
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]1,
All these colleges, except the one under the Saugor University who
have not yet defined the admission qualifications, admit students who have
passed the Intermediate Examination of any University with Biology,
physics and Chemistry and possess a good knowledge of Sanskrit. After
admission along with the detailed instructions in Ayurveda, they arc given
instructions in certain modern subjects such as Anatomy, Physiology,
Hygiene, Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Surgery. Usually the training course
lasts from
to 5 years. At the end of this period, some Universities insist
on one year’s internship in the various sections of the hospital before the
degree is awarded, while the remaining award the degree just after the
trainees pass out of the colleges. The Banaras Hindu University was the
first to start the College of Ayurveda at the University level and by now it
is roughly estimated that more than 2000 graduates might have come out of
this college alone. In the whole country, about 400 students are admitted to
these Degree Colleges every year and in all about 1,600 students study out
of which more than 200 are girl students. In the year 1957-58, in all about
220 graduates passed out of these colleges. This relatively small figure is
due to the fact that two of these colleges have not yet completed their
five years training course. Since most of these Universities have started
their Ayurvedic Factultics only recently, the training course, the curriculum,
the duration of the training, etc. have not yet been stabilised. At the
time of our visit we were told that their curriculum was under revision.
The problem has become more complicated because of the non-recogni
tion of these qualifications by the Government.
■ •
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12. Some of the Degree Colleges which arc not affiliated to the Universities
also insist on similar admission standards of Intermediate with Science
and follow almost the same type of curriculum. But they arc all affiliated
to one or the other of the State Medical Faculties. In all, there arc about
15 such colleges in the country. They arc distributed in the States
of Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Mysore and Uttar Pradesh.
Most of these Colleges are either run by the State Governments
themselves or are Government-aided. Amongst them, the Government
College of Indian Medicine at Mysore seems to be the oldest in the
country. All of them give different degrees. In all, they admit about
690 students every year and the total number of students in these colleges
may go upto 3,100. Annually, about 369 graduates might be coming out
of these colleges as graduates of Ayurvedic Medicine.
13. The controversy over the curriculum followed by some of these
colleges, especially of Uttar Pradesh, was very acute a few months ago
and only recently they have decided to follow a new curriculum. According
to this, they will admit the students after completing Madhyama or after
Intermediate with Arts. Thereafter, a five years training is given in
Ayurveda supplemented with essentials of modern medicine. A.t the end
of this training, they are given the degree of Ayurvedacharya. All the
Colleges in the Uttar Pradesh have been ordered to follow this curriculum.
However, it is premature for us to express any definite opinion on the
subject.
14. Similarly, the Mysore Government has also revised its curriculum
recently and has changed more towards Shudha Ayurveda. The Bombay
'
I
/
„■
and Madras Government Faculties have been following almost the same
for the last 8 years or so with some modifications from '
type of
o* curriculum
»»——
time to time.
Integrated Diploma Course:
15 This is the largest group amongst the colleges imparting integrated
trAnintr In all, there are about 27 such colleges in the country. Out of
these the Government Ayurvedic College, Jaipur; Tibbia College, Delhi,
Government Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum, Government Ayurvedic
College Patna and Ashtanga Ayurvedic College, Calcutta are the oldest
institutions in the country. More than 50% of these colleges have, how
I ever been started only recently, i.e. after the country became Independent.
| (Please see Fig. 2).
76
i ■
I:
I ‘
16. About half of these Integrated Diploma colleges are run by . the
State Governments and the remaining half are either Government-aided
or run entirely by the efforts of private organisations. Most of them
are affiliated to the Boards of Indian Medicine of the respective States.
/
50
i
Qualifications—Duration of Course, Etc.
it Basic
17. Students are
to.thcse colleges after Matriculation or equiva
admitted
lent examination with Sanskrit. In some States like Rajasthan, they give
preference to students who have passed the basic Sanskrit examination of
| Madhyama standard.
. Total Number -of Diploma Holders
18. About 800 students are admitted every year and there might be a
total of about 2,200 students studying in these colleges. .The annual
number of candidates passing out of these colleges might be in die neigh
bourhood of 500 every year. Their course varies from 4 to 5 years. In
| West Bengal and Rajasthan, they have two stages in the training course
which are completed within five years. After three years training, there is
an examination which the students can take and get a diploma, e.g.
Ayurved Tirtha as in West Bengal or Bishag Vara as in Rajasthan. There
after, they can either continue their studies or settle down in practice.
Those who want to continue, study for a further period of two years and
then appear in another examination. Those who are successful, will get
another diploma, e.g. M.A.S.F. as in West Bengal or Bishagachary as in
Rajasthan.
19. In all the remaining States, they have a complete four years integrat
ed training after Matriculation. In the first year, they are given instructions
in the basic sciences and Sanskrit in addition to the training in basic medi. cal and Ayurvedic subjects. In the last two years, they are given instruc
tions in the clinical subjects both Ayurvedic and modern. At the end of
that period, they are given diplomas like G.A.M.S., D.A.M.S., Ayurved
Visharad, Ayurved Vachaspathi, etc.
?
-
20
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5
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1930
1940
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19SO
19SS
AYURVEDIC COLLEGE CZ3 MODERN COLLEGE
COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF AYURVEDIC
& modern medical colleges .
s Curriculum
20. . The curriculum of these colleges has not been changed very much
during the past few years, since they fully recognise the principles of
integrated training and in the course of four years they are given instructions
in basic principles of both Ayurveda and modern medicine.
i
1
-....
Fig. 2
■
I:
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!
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SHUDHA AYUKVTDIC INSTITUTIONS
SANSKRIT COLLEGES IMPARTING TRAINING IN AYURVEDA
General
i?
t
26. There are in all six Government or Government-aided Sanskrit Collece.m the country which have a section of Ayurveda also. This list is by no
means complete since there are some privately managed Sanskrit Colleges
which also
similar training. There are not many students in this,
colleges but the students who are trained in these colleges are well versed
m the literary aspect of Ayurveda. But the defect of this system of training is
that the students of these colleges during their course of studies do not let
any practical training as they do not have hospitals attached to theie
,Thereforc> ln
°f the States the Ayurvedic sections have
gradually become separate from the main Sanskrit Colleges and have started
functioning as independent Ayurvedic Colleges.
21. Training in Ayurveda in the old traditional methods of GuruParampara is also prevalent in the country since a long time. It is
perhaps because of this system alone that the practice of Ayurveda is still
continuing in our country in spite of many upheavals in the past several
centuries. Thus Sushruta says :
* He who learns -his science direct from the Guru and repeatedly
studies and practises it is indeed the real Physician, while all
others are mere pilferers.”
■
22. Many people felt that the original way of teaching Ayurveda on the
traditional G.uru-Parampara method was the only thing that could save it
from extinction. Therefore, they met together and drafted a Shudha
Ayun^eda course under the patronage of Bombay Government in 1952. The
name Shudha Ayurveda, is, however, a misnomer, because there is nothing
pure or impure in any science. The sponsors are not opposed to incorporate
in the curriculum some of. the very essential modem science subjects. But
they insist that these subjects must be incorporated in Ayurveda in
accordance with the Ayurvedic principles.
*
23.
This type of training seems to have become very popular not only
in Bombay but also in other parts of the country. The detailed curriculum
of this course along with other explanations arc discussed elsewhere in this
report. However, it is sufficient to mention here that at the end of tlie four
y^ars training the students, get a thorough knowledge on the basic principles
of Ayurveda and develop : a strong belief in the Ayurvedic System of
Medicine.
’
!
24. In all, there arc about 27 Ayurvedic institutions in the country which
Jouo’a the Shudha Ayurvedic course, or a course almost identical with it.
lhe tendency for opening more of these Shudha Ayurvedic institutions
seems to have arisen because of the fact that graduates of the Integrated
S?ol!rsCp a? c ^can*nP more towards modern medicine than Ayurveda. About
jO/o of these .colleges havt been started only during the past five or six
years and their number ha> been increasing very rapidly during the past two
years, because the establishment of these colleges does not cost much and
they do not need costly scientific equipments or big laboratories. While
the growing enthusiasm in the people to revive our ancient science is a
good sign there is a great danger of lowering the standard of training
considerably by not providing adequate practical facilities in the institutions,
yence it is imperative that before the matter goes out of hand, we must lay
down the standard for opening such colleges.
*■
25.
Almost all the colleges are run by private organisations. Many of
them receive Government ^id also. In all, there are about 1,500 students
studying in these institutions where the admission standard is Matriculation
with Sanskrit or equivalent examination. After the usual four years
training predominently in Ayurveda, they are given the Diploma of
Ayurvcd Pravma or somq similar title.
_ ______________ _____
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ayurxtd vidyapith
27.
No discussion on the existing training facilities on Ayurveda will be
complete, without mentioning the efforts of the all-India organis!
sation named Nikhil Bharat Ayurveda Vidyapith.” It will not be an
exaggeration to say that this non-official organisation has done good service
M artimrewZd PpOpagate the science of Ayurveda throughouUhe country
at a time when.Government was rather inactive in the development of
Ayurveda. 7 he Vidyapith is an academic wing of. the All-India Ayurvedic
Congress and was estabhshed in the year 1910 for the specific purposes of
encouraging and organising Ayurvedic studies in India. Its first exam°
nation was held in the year 1912 with only one student. Since thenjtTas
spread its activities in a vast portion of the country and it holds exami
nations every year . To begin with, it started three examinations, nmncT
r
Ayurveda Visha>-ad and Avurvcdachar^a. The
medium for thc.fust examination is the regional language and that for the
-VaidT Vishwad
H‘vn,1950 and I952>
examinations\aid)a \isharad and \ aidyacharya respectively—were started for
c^uraging h.gher studies of Ayurveda in the regional languages also"
The Vidyapith has laid down standard syllabus for their studies and^ examiSbVlng eVCry lmP°rtance t0 the subjects and not so much to the old
28. The number of students appearing in these examinations is steadily
nTTg e,VCry.yCarrand 1.n thc >’ear 1957 ab°ut 2, 270 students appeared
“ 311 thc categoriesof exammauon. The report of the Vidyapith shows that
out of about 58,8/0 students who appeared in the Vidyapith examinations
ut-mg the last 46 years, 14,830 qualified themselves as diploma
holders, of various categories. It may be pointed out that the Ayurvcd
i yapiL is more of an cxamining body than a training institution. While
hv
into *hc
or demerits of tlie diplomas awarded
by the. Vidyapith, it may .be said that some of their diploma holders are
ThPPng lmport.ant Pos^ions in Government. Whether the activities of
such an organisation should be allowed to continue or not, will be dealt
nth elsewhere m this report. We feel that such bodies should not be allowSthutfoTs11
eXammatlons un!ess thc candidates are trained in recognised
Kepiies to Questionaires
29
The Committee also issued a Questionnaire (No.3-B) to State Governments enquiring inter aha about the number of existing Ayurvedic training
• Appendix I
m ' WV W
n
”su,n”">'r"” po",i” ta a*atove
l X”
regard:—
1 '
I
Future Proposals
Existing training
institutions
1
2
3
Andhra
1
4
Assam
2
4
6
Reorganisation
of Modem scientific sub
jects should be taught
Government zXyuiAcdic
in colleges.
Colleges in the State
under consideration.
Madras
1
1
2
The College of Integrated
Medicine is
being
reorganised.
Mj-sorc
5
4
Upgrading of the Govern
ment
Ayurvedic
College,
Hyderabad,
has been proposed.
Orissa
1
Modem science subjects
should be included in
Ayurvedic training.
1
1
Punjab
1
2
i
Bombay
Bihar
18
16
2
5
4
1
Scheme under considera
tion for opening an
Ayurvedic College.
Jammu &
Kashmir
Kerala
Both Integrated
and
Shudh
A)-urvcda
should continue.
Curriculum of studies in
Ayurvedic
College,
Patna being revised
by the State Faculty.
1
3
8
-
in
Scheme for upg-ding of SoKd^^background1
modem science subjects
Government Ayurvedic
necessary.
At least
College, Gauhati, into
30% of study hours in
a Degree College being
Ayurvedic
College
implemented.
should be devoted to
modern subjects.
1
7
6
I
5
1
General view is that
modern
medicine
should be integrated
with Ayurveda
but
teaching of Ayurveda
should have predomi
nance.
of
Basic.
knowledge
modem subjects nccesr;.. * *.*-•
There
should be
sarA
*.
Diploma and Degree
arcourse and Ayurvedic
education must
be
gradually upgraded if
it is to last.
4 There has been a change Under the revised cuririculum, it has been
in policy regarding
mentioned that modern
Ayurvedic education.
medical
text books
Revised syllabus em
should only be used by
bracing pure Ayurvedic
teachers as reference
i- ----subjects has been for
books.
mulated. The Integ
rated College at Tri
vandrum will be up
graded and made a
training centre for tea
chers.
I
State Government has
for
programme
a
improving the teaching
of Ayurveda.
A
Modern scientific sub
jects should be absorb
ed in the teaching of
Ayurveda.
The old
syllabus for L.I.M.
may be adopted.
(
Committee is going General opinion was that
integrated system of
into the question of
training should
be
revising the existing
given.
Even
the
syllabus of the GopaAyurveda
Faculty
bandhu
Ayurveda
controlling
Sanskrit
Vidyapith, Puri.
Colleges arc proposing
to include Anatomy,
Physiology, etc. in their
syllabus in addition
to higher Sanskrit.
3 The three colleges of
*
Intep-ated Sj-stem of
Medicine in Punjab
arc proposed to be
affiliated
to
the
Kurukshetra Univer
sity. Improvement of
status and training in
Ayurveda is under
consideration.
1’ I5
1
5
7
New syllabus in the light
of the Dave Committee.
Report has been for
mulated.
Uttar Pradesh
1
11
12
A High Power Committee
has recommended a
new syllabus of Shudh
Ayurveda course to be
followed in the Govern
ment
Ayurvedic
Colleges.
Inclusion of modem
subjects to the mini
mum with much grea
ter emphasis than at
present on Ayurveda.
Science should have
no barriers.
Enactment of legislation
covering training and
practice of Ayurveda
under consideration.
Consensus of opinion
among the authorities
of the three institutions
was that modern scien
tific subjects should be
taught, emphasis being
on Ayurveda.
Pro
portion of time devoted
to Ayurveda and to
modern subjects should
be 80: 20 or 70: 30.
5
Hi I
I
2
5
I
Integrated system should
continue.
Rajasthan
West Bengal
I t:
6
Madhya Pradesh
Vicvs-s and suggestions
Oth- Total
ers
Govt.
5
4
3
2
TABLE III
ayurvedic training
State
1
■I
l
Anatomy, Physiology, fic. should.be ^taught in Ayurvedic colleges, prominence being
given to the principles of Ayurveda throughout. This will equip the general practi
tioner of Ayurveda to deal more efficiently with the patients of the present day, whose
conceptions cf Ife, whose environments etc. have changed considerably from the past.
medical men to Vaidyas. We know that 80% of the population of India
who are residing in villages are actually served by Vaidyas and Hakims.
IS SHUDH A'iTRVTDA ALSO NECESSARY ?
57.
In this connection, the Madras Government stated* some time ago
that they “would not condemn out of hand the village Vaidya who’is a
person known to the rural population and has a good knowledge of their
life, difficulties and ailments. It may take centuries for a country’ of India’s
size, population and habits to provide uptodate methods of relief under
modern systems. There was, therfore, no objection to tolerating the practice
of indigenous systems by persons other than the products of the College of
Integrated Medicine even though they had no grounding in modern'
medicine.
50.
The question naturally arises whether there is any place for the
traditional Vaidya or the Shudha Ayurved in our plan. Most certainly
they have a valuable part to play in the country’s medical and public
health relief.
58.
It is, therefore, felt that by properly canalising the Shudh Ayun’edic
training and by encouraging all the existing Ayurvedic physicians, the
modern medical men and the Vaidyas can be made to cooperate in giving adequate
medical relief to the people of the country’, particularly’ in rural areas.
49.
In the end, we would like to say that the word ‘Integration’ has been
much misunderstood and has even been used as a political weapon by
interested parties. The latter point
t
was urged before the Committee on
several occasions, In the development of science, politics shoul be completely
eschewed.
I
59.. . V\e have separately dealt with the question of the proper type of
maming to be given to students in the Shudh Auyrvedic institutions.
Suffice it to say here that in the interest of medical relief, India will require,
at least for some time to come, modern medical men and Vaidyas trained
both in integrated systems and Shudh Ayurvedic System.
dumber of Available Modem Medical Practitioners :
51.
It is a well-known fact that the number of doctors required for
medical relief in India falls tremendously short of our needs and even with
the expansion of medical colleges, we arc not going to get enough doctors
for many years to come. Figures will speak for themselves.
1
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF PRESENT METHODS OF TRAINING
52.
It is understood that today we have only about 75,000 modern
medical men in the country, while even at the rate of one doctor for 2,000
population we will need 1,80,000 doctors approximately. The fifty modern
medical colleges may at the most produce about 2,000 doctors per year.
At this rate, the total number of doctors which will be available in the next
ten years will not exceed one lakh.
60.
At this stage, it will be advantageous to give in brief the merits and
dements of the present systems of training in Ayurveda, so that the necessity
for continuing both the Integrated and Shudh Ayurveda types, at least for
some time more, can be easily understood.
□a.
T he deficit cannot also be made up by adding the number of Ayurvedic
graduates produced by the Colleges of Integrated Medicine for at least some
time to come.
Number of Available Ayurvedic Practitioners :
According to available figures at least about ten crores of people
are being treated by Vaidyas. They can surely cater to a very much larger
number of people provided Government ensures that they are properly
trained and that they are given an appropriate status in society.
Place of Ayurveda in Rural Medical Relief'.
55.
So far as medical relief is concerned, we feel that except perhaps in
West Bengal (where we are told that there was such a huge' surplus of
modern doctors that they will be able to make them go to villages), we may
not have many medical men who will be prepared to go to rural areas. Even
where doctors go to villages, we doubt whether they will work with the
necessary amount of missionary zeal. It may be pointed out that while
the Vaioy^s can successfully practise witli the medicinal herbs and drugs
available in the village, the modern man may not be able to deliver the
goods without the paraphernalia cf foreign equipment and foreign
I
•
!
I
E
I
62.
The integrated graduate of Ayurveda because of his modern scientific
traimng can impress not only’ the public but also his counterpart in modern
medicine. He can explain to the scientific world the basis of Ayurveda with
tie resut. that the modern medical man, if he. is so inclined, can absorb
several things from Ayun’eda. The integrated type of graduate can prove
a better general practitioner because of his knowledge of surgery, midwifery,
preventive medicine, etc.
63•
^ze admit that integrated graduates lean more towards modern
me icme than Ayurveda in their practice. Modern medicine has all the
56. In spite of the statement of some of the State Health authorities, we
are not prepared to believe that people in Indian villages prefer modern
onnHi?rar raiS G?’VCrrn\Con\1Vnl<;r No-901 dated 10- 3- 1950 in reply to the Government
Report
1 CU ar ^S0
28*l/49-MI, dated 9/10. 11. 1949 regarding the Chopra Committee
■.
1
61.
The present Shudh Ayurved student is no doubt conversant with
Ayurvedic principles and so Auyrveda can flourish in his hands. But he is,
however, not in a position to impress the educated public about the
scientific nature of Ayurveda. Therefore, he is unable to convince his
patients about, his diagnosis and treatment. The Shudh Ayurved, whose
practical training is inadequate, cannot prove to be a successful general
practitioner without acquiring additional knowledge regarding midwifery,
preventive medicine, first-aid and minor surgery. He docs not know even
that much of preventive medicine, sanitation or hygiene which an ordinary
Sanitary Inspector with one year’s training knows. He docs not have any
basic knowledge.of modern medical jurisprudence and hence is unable even
to ill up an ordinary’ medical certificate form, let alone his appearing in a
court of law to give medico-legal evidence.
systems of medicine. The First and Second Five Year Plans have included
schemes for the development of Ayurveda. Still, these sporadic efforts appear
onlv to be in the nature of indirect recognition or half-hearted recognition of
the indigenous systems of medicine. Ayurvedic treatment, which can help
to relieve the sufferings of the masess, has not been fully exploited. This
should now be done. Doubts were expressed by many people whom the
Committee met about the real recognition of Ayurveda as an instrument
of medical relief. It has been said that Government have always been plac
ing emphasis on the research of the principles of Ayurveda and not on
utilising it in the best possible manner for the benefit of the people.
glamour of the undergraduate education, post-graduate education and
research institutions being provided for in ample measure and the student
is attracted by them. T he reasons for this are as follows
,
i
*
j (1) There is no whole-hearted recognition of Ayurveda by
Government.
! (2) The status of the Ayurvedic teacher and practitioner and the
j k
prospects of students taking up Ayurvedic studies are extremely
discouraging.
(3) Lack of proper teachers with modern outlook.
(4) Absence of subject-wise text-books.
(5) Lack of practical training facilities in institutions.
! (6) Absence of good professors in modern medical subjects with
goodwill towards Ayurveda.
(7) Totally inadequate facilities for practitioners of Ayurveda by
l way of properly equipped hospitals or dispensaries, and
non-availability of ready-made Ayurvedic medicines.
TEACHERS
Professors of Ayurveda:
69.
It is common knowledge that in many places the Ayurvedic practi
tioner takes up a job as Professor in a college, more to advertise himself and
augment his practice than really to teach Ayurveda to his ur
graduates. \
The high qualities of head and heart are absent in' many places. The I
missionary zeal is not there. Teaching of science, and more so, revival of
an ancient science, requires special enthusiasm.
The Integrated student of Ayurveda is also not in a position to
appreciate the merit of the science because of his insufficient knowledge of
Sanskrit.
These drawbacks wean away the present day student from the fold
of Ayurveda.
64. All these reasons have created a vicious circle and the task of Govern
ment and those interested in the development of the ancient science of
Ayurveda should be to break this vicious circle at some suitable point.
No doubt, this will be a hard problem.
65. After considering the present status of Ayurvedic training in the
country and after having come to the conclusion that both the Integrated
and Shudh types of training arc necessary, we may proceed to discuss about
the various drawbacks found in the existing pattern of training, to which
reference has been made in the previous paragraph.
RECOGNITION BY GOVERNMENT
66.
It will be recalled that one of the decisions of the Government of
India on the recommendations of the Chopra Committee was that “*thc
Central and Provincial Government should decide that modern scientific
medicine shoud continue to be the basis for the development of the National
Health Sendees in the country.” This was in 1949. After that, no
unequivocal declaration seems to have been made by Government
1 about Ayurveda being one of the agencies for the development of the
National Health Services in India.
67.
1
’ strongly recommend, therefore, that the Central and State Governments
We
should make
...^..2 a clear declaration of policy recognising the training and practice of
Ayurveda.
68. Some of the States have, no doubt, been taking steps to improve the
. status of Ayurveda, though no substantial results have yet been achcivcd.
- Funds have also been provided in the budgets of Governments for indigenous
P. 5, Chapter I.
\
■
i
70.
At present, the standard of teaching is poor. Quality of teaching,
and not quantity, counts. This will be apparent from the fact that though
the syllabus is self-contained, its merit is not fully reflected in the students
coming out of the colleges. Only a competent teacher will be able to
infuse a spirit of knowldge in the student and to satisfy and clear his relevant
doubts. If, in addition to his competence in the science of Auyrvcda, he
were able to adapt himself to modern conditions and acquire a comparative
knowledge of modern science, he can easily command the respect of his
students and dispel the doubts of the modern-minded student in rcgaid to
the scientific background of Ayurveda. For instance, where an insufficient
description of the structure of human body is available in Ayurveda, he
should not feel it below his dignity to take what modern Anatomy has to say
on the subject. He should have an open mind in such matters. At present,
apart from the traditional Vaidyas handling Ayurvedic subjects, in colleges,
the teachers of modern science subjects like Anatomy,. Physiology, etc.
are generally ill-qualified modern medical graduates with no interest in
the uplift of Ayurveda or no knowledge of the basic principles of Ayurveda.
What is lacking in Ayurvedic teaching today is that the professor dors not
give a practical demonstration of the theories he teaches to the students
either in a hospital or a laboratory or a Pharmacy, and thus he fails to
impress the student. The objectives before the. teacher should be to help
.students to learn the fundamentals of the science, to develop a critical mind
and to get equipped as a general practitioner who can understand and
treat a patient as a whole, both as an individual and as a member of the
community.
The teachers on Ayurvedic subjects should have no
reservations whatever while imparting education to students.
Sushruta says, “When* you (students) on your part keep your vows and.
if I do not respond fully and imparl all my knowledge) I shall become a sinner und
my knowledge will become fruitless.” It may be mentioned that the lack of
this kind of moral stature in scholar's of Ayurveda has resulted in a great
loss to us and many of the ■wonderful remedies in Ayurveda have died
I
5.
\3.
!■
!
i
I
,
with these scholars. Any so-called ‘Secret’ remedies in the possession of
teachers of the traditional type should be unreservedly divulged to the
younger generation, the basis explained and the practical application
demonstrated, if these scholars have an honest desire to pass the gems of
their knowledge on to posterity and thus benefit humanity at large.
Recommendations
(
82. Pending the scheme of providing teachers in modem medical subjects as
described above. Government should see to it that only top men like M.Ds. or M.Ss.
are allowed to man the relevant posts in Ayurvedic colleges. These men will not
only have a high degree of knowledge in the modern science subjects, but
being post-graduate men will have the urge to delve deep into the compara
tive science of Ayurveda to find out the truths which have been lost to us
during the past few centuries.
T ■h.TC^e’ ^mmended that to begin with at least three more PostoneTor tf^'^ Centrc! ln Ayur:!cda s^d >>e set up by the Government of India,
^omherl.
tc a''d Eni,"'lfme another for the Central and the third for the
Po rn nrJ r ■ S r'comme’ldJ''? l,lcse
centres may be located at llanaras
Foor.a and Trivandrum respectively.
_________
Mental aptitude of teachers :
83.
Lastly, teachers cannot be trained fully by starting only a few
training classes. They must train themselves by adopting proper methods.
In this regard, Dr. Lawrence says,* “True, the best and inspiring teacher
has inborn aptitudes which surpass what mere education can produce.’
Beyond mere knowledge of medicine he has individual character and
personality to an unusual degree, he must have a ready flow of words, a clear!
and impressive voice and intensity and seriousness in all he says.” But
even those who have no such inborn qualities can develop them provided
. they are serious about it.
ition’ ‘i' 'i'11 kc nrcccss,ar>’t0 hold training courses for the existing
! the
inft^ Un^a| J^-SSlpr about one year, so that they can also fill up
tne gap in the availability of good teachers.
^ranjdin
Te,COrnil\eni lhat lraininS courses of about one year should be
arranged tn thefour post-graduate centres under the Central Government.
1 he f<iUr Post-Graduate Centres referred to above will conduct three- La V T L°r
Inte^ated type of graduates drawn both from the existing
teaching staff of Ayurvedic Colleges and from outside.
existmg
. New methods of teaching
84.
Innumerable new methods have been adopted in foreign countries
to teach medical students. Formerly, only class-room leactures and clinical
leactures in the wards were given. In recent times, a number of reforms
‘have been adopted with great benefits.
LLh TheSS. Post-Graduate Traning Centres should also allow suitable
ran be
r3d,Ua,TnterCSACd in A>'urvcda to this course so that they
colleges
7 “
S 1H A>’Urvcdic institutions or modern medical
oriier Apart,fro.m l^ls’ these four Post-Graduate Centres should start aning teacher 5
3 sh°rt trainin* t0 ,he exist^•„5hcfu,nr5Co«ncil o£ Indian Medicine should work out the training
avX™ frcaLdMaiL °Ve
t0 availability
facilities and .
tioiis h^Mh^riu “a"yPersonsyho have passed the higher examinaons held by the All-India Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, some of whom can be
_____ -
■■
■Qi
used as Professors in Ayurvedic subjects, if necessary, after a short course of
training in modem medical subjects. Incidentally, it may be useful for
the future Central Council of Indian Medicine to bring the Vidyapeeth into
its fold and utilise them in the field of training.
81. We are informed that in Kerala a new attempt was made to get a fee
seats allotted in the condensed M.B.B.S. course to graduates of integrated
medicine from the Trivandrum Ayurvedic College so that these graduates
could come back and take up posts of teachers in modern science subjects
in the Ayurvedic College. As a matter of fact, these Integrated Ayurvedic
graduates who arc equal to M.B.B.S. should have directly been given
facilities for post-graduate training in modern medical colleges. But even
the attempt of the Kerala College, which was an indirect blot to the Ayur
vedic graduate and which put an additional obstacle in his way, did not
succeed because of the recalcitrant attitude of the Medical Council.
Wcfeel that modern medical colleges should give factlities to suitable Integrated
Ayurvedic graduates to undergo post-graduate courses in modern medical?
subjects, if necessary, after a preliminary examination.
71. This brings us to the point as to how to provide for such a competent
set of teachers of Ayurveda. The sources of such teachers at present are
Pyht-ps (1) the old set of graduates from the Colleges of Integrated
Medicme who have successfully practised Ayurveda, and (2) traditional
Vaidyas with experience who have kept their scientific knowledge uptodate '
by imbibing some of the developments in modern medicine. These two
sources are very’ limited indeed.
72. We think that apart from the Post-Graduate Training Centre at
Jamnagar, there should be three more model Post-Graduate Centres where,
teachers can be trained. The Post-Graduate Training Centre at Jamnagar
may no doubt serve the same purpose but obviously its scope is limited. The
students are at present specialising only ip a limited aspect of certain sub^nlvSCHn
y °n itle research side’ ASain k has begun turning out
^r\20 t°215p^t‘^adua4?s Pcryear, not all of whom may be availabe
for the whole of India. The location of the Post-Graduate Training Centre
of Jhe 'raining therc.C0Untry P™'"* H1*”7 PC°ple fr°m UkinS ^vantage
r-;- . -
I
I
85.
Thus, along with giving lectures, it will be much better to introduce the
tutorial system of teaching in which a small group of students freely discuss with the
tutor on all the aspects of a particular subject. The subject is announced earlier
and all the references are also given. The students themselves go and
study these references in the library. At Harvard, for example, small groups
of clinical students meet in the evening to discuss with their tutor and per-,
haps with a member of the hospital staff, a paper prepared and presented by
one of the students. '
* Dr. R.D. Lawrence in Rocccdings of First World Conference on Medical Edu*
cation 1954. Page 539.
,____ . - ...
s«
1
ou. sinuincr impuiianL way oj icacning uuu uunung ^miuuuut.uu^ UJ Ulf,
' teachers is to have a journal club with the senior students, say fortnightly or so, to
consider recent articles in the leading medical journals.
-
87
To maintain a high standard of clinical teaching, a weekly or fortnightly
staff round should be started in every teaching hospital where all the interesting
cases are shown by the senior students and junior house officers. These cases are
thoroughly discussed by all the members of the teaching staff, which enable
the junior staff to acquire the method as to how to demonstrate and dis
cuss patients with the students.
the status and salary offered for the Principalship of an Ayurvedic t
• iTy ■ that
ETJ
• College should not be below those of the Principal of the Medical Colleges.
N
STATUS OF TEACHERS
Low Status:
94.
One of the reasons why teachers of Ayurveda arc not keen to give
of their best to students is that they and their science are looked down upon
with some contempt and indifference^
■
88. By coming into close contact with students, the teacher is able to
realise gradually how effective his teaching has been and if he is keen to
improve his methods, he can do so within a short period.
Should a teacher be a research worker also?
89. One may ask whether the teacher should know how to teach only
or whether he should also be a good research worker. Though the teacher
who is also a research worker, may initiate and encourage research in his
< department, he should not overload the students with all his research
knowledge. In fact, it has been seen many a time that a good research
worker is not always a good teacher. Hence, interest in research should
! only be an additional qualification for a teacher. But on this account, a
I good teacher without research qualification should not be made to suffer
■ in the matter of his promotion to a higher post.
90. Apart from these methods of training and selecting teachers, we
need in the Ayurvedic institutions a few original thinkers with great
personality to standardise teaching and research.
91. In these ways, we arc certain that within the next ten or fifteen years
j there will emerge a new set of teachers, completely reorientated and i efresh- cd. Government may take necessary action to remedy these defects before
condemning outright the existing system of Ayurvedic training.
*
i
■
• 92.
The above drawbacks and recommendations apply equally to the
Integrated system and the Shudh Ayurvedic System of training. As we
have already said, there arc great Pandits of Ayurveda whose knowledge
i should be properly canalised and utilised in order to uphold the traditions
of the science. These Pandits have a definite place in our scheme of training;
.otherwise the few Shastric Vaidyas existing today will fast die out.
Recommendations.
97.
would, therefore, suggest that the. Central Council of Indian Medicine,
the establishment of which has been recommended later in this chapter, should take
up the question of status of principals, professors, etc. in ayurvedic institutions on a
' ‘ basis,
. Their scales of pay should be appropriately equated to corresponding
priority
modern
Medical Colleges.
posts in i..:J
CURRICULUM
Introductory Remarks
98.
We now come to the vexed question of the curriculum of Ayurvedic
studies prevalent in the various institutions in the country. In short, the
condition in this regard is chaotjc. There is absolutely no uniformity and
‘ the students undergoing training do not know where they stand in relation
tQ Avurveda or modern medical science. There is also an absolute confu
sion in the Degree or title awarded to students in the various States at the
successful end of their training.
99.
As has already been pointed out, there are two types of training in
vogue, viz. Integrated System and the Shudh System and both the systems
have their strong supporters and strong opponents.
PRINCIPALS OF INSTITUTIONS
s93.
Any discussion about competent teaching staff required for the re
suscitation of Ayurveda will be incomplete without considering-what type
of Principals the training institutions should have.
The Principal, in
our opinion, is the real person responsible for the proper education of
future Vaidyas. The Committee appointed by the Travancore-Cochin
Government in 1956, said that it was desirable to have as the Principal
of an Ayurvedic institution at least for the first few formative years a
.person possessing high academic qualifications in Ayurveda as well as
modern medicine and experience of medical education, or a person with
nigh qualification in either system of medicine and also experience in
organisation and adhunistration of a college.
If a person with qualifiCa,ii°kS and exPer*ence in modern medicine is selected as Principal, care
vi
ave to be taken to see that he is free from prejudice against indige-
Present Pay Scales:
t
95
The committee regretted to find in most of the places visited that the
scales of pay of Principals, professors and other medical personnel attached f
to ayurvedic teaching institutions and hospitals were meagre and had no ■, ,
comparison whatever with similar personnel in modem medical institutions. !
In some of the places, Professors were being paid a salary which was even
..h...____
-Tcar
___ driver
2-l._ gets.
' . It need not be pointed out that a
lower than what
a staff
Professor with such low‘status as compared with his modern medical com- .
,
patriot neither draws respect from his students and the public nor can he
have any real enthusiasm to advance the cause of Ayurveda.
96. There is no reason why a graduate of Ayurveda with scientific train
ing should get a lower status although he has had practically the same
amount and quality ofcducation. Appcndix^V will show the vanus grades-----of pay of AyuYvcdic staff as compared to the modern medical staff. I here
is no uniformity even among the Ayurvedic staff of various States.
5
r
Previous Views:
100. We arc aware that the Pandit Committee and the Dave Committee
recommended only one course in Ayurveda, viz. the Degree Course. The
y-z
ll■llllll
II
■ —r- (II-
II
Pandit Committee stated that if the period of training is cut short and the
standard of admission is lowered, considerable harm will be caused to
Ayurveda. The creation of a licentiate class will raise other problems
viz. the necessity at some stage or other for the creation of facilities for ad
vanced training for getting the degree qualification.
The Pandit Comittee referred to similar problems created in the modern medical training
held and suggested that Government should avoid a repetition
repetition of
of such
such a
costly mistake.
MODEL CURRICULA
107. We now proceed to lay down model curricula for the two types of
training. While doing so, the committee have observed certain broad
principles only, thus allowing freedom to the Central Council of Indian
Medicine or Universities or Governments to adapt them as best as possible
considering local circumstances. In this connection, Mr. G.W. Pickering,*
the Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford, has rightly observed, “ I would
like to make a plea for elasticity. Any attempt at medical under-graduate
course is necessirily a compromise and a purely arbitrary one. There are
many ways to Rome. We shall never find out the best way so long as all
pilgrims are forced to take the same path.”
What happened in modern medical education ?
101. In this connection, the Committee would like to recall that when
modern medical education was first introduced in India in 1835, it was
started uadi 50 stipendiaries and their training period was from four to six
years. Side by side, m 1846, a two-year course, later extended to three years,
was instituted for Hospital Assistants, which enabled them to join the Sub^
ordinate Medical Service in British India. In 1860, medical education t
^nded over toThe: Calcutta University which granted a Licence in Medicme
n M-fiUrrCiy
for students having the basic educational
qualificauon of Matriculation or Intermediate respectively. After some time
M.B.B.S. and Licentiates were the two qualifications left throughout the
count^y- Recently, in order to get uniformity, in medial education, only
the M.B.B.S. has been recognised as the minimum medical qualification.
Such a gradual introduction of the Western system established it firmly in
he country. For all practical purposes, Ayurvedic training stands today
in the same place as the Western medicine more than hundred years ago
when it was first introduced.
6
i
108. Again here is what L. Whitby, the Regius Professor of Physic in
Cambridge, says,** “Not unnaturaly the medical teachers are obsessed by
the difficulties of deciding how many hours to allot to this or that subject,
of relating such decision to the duration of medical training and to the exami
nations which punctuate its course. The curriculum, important, as it is,
is no more and no less than the structure of medical education and this
structure is given significance by the spirit that informs it and the functions
that are fulfilled within it.”
109. The Committe fully rea’ises the difficulties and controversies involved
in drawing up a curriculum of studies for students of Ayurveda which satisfy
all parties. Such difficulties are not unknown even in the field of modern
medicine.
110. Therefore, the Committee have laid down two model syllabi, the spirit
of which is the intention to uplift Ayurveda and the functions to produce
real good students of Ayurveda.
vfd; Jhh IiaVl tricd •t0 Pr°VC in the earlicr paecs that integration of Ayurveda with modern science is necessary and even in the Shudh Ayurvedic
course a certain amount of modern scientific subjects should be included
5s in thc integrated system. By experience and by
ndoptmg <he Inal and error method a time may soon come when a
unihed system of Ayurvedic training will be evolved. While recommending
^tlm,nnc': of two systems of training we have also taken into con>'nsdtnf
the !mPr.actlcablIlty ,of closing down entirely one set of teaching
insututions and giving recognition to thc other set. This will be contrary
to the existing facts.
7
relief to^heVn aifS° attem.Pte,d !° ^how that in providing adequate medical
reUel to the country, particularly in rural areas, the integrated and Shuth
Vaidyas have an important part to play.
Rccommendat ions:
104. We therefore, recommend that for some time to come, at least till the inter rated
courses oj raining produces the proper type of vaidyas in adequate numbers, there should
be
./A two a
in ^rveda. One will be the integrated training and the
other shudh ayurveda training.
S
the
Ope of trining successfully may be given a
th°se completing Uie shudh ayurveda course may be awarded the
lachelo^dJ15
f
'in "th: whoieTo'uniiyi
shoild
II
III
and
Sh°uld be m^orm
infr‘Sardyo the curricula and the degree and title to be awarded
111. It is hoped that in due course a unified system of education in
Ayurveda will be adopted throughout the country. It took more than 100
years before a uniform type of modern medical education viz., the M.B.B.S.
came into being. Let us, therefore, not be unduly alarmed at starting two
types of training. After all an organised attempt at Ayurvedic education
at College level is being made only since the last 30 years.
INTEGRATED SYSTEM
t
Curriculum for integrated type
112. While formulating a model curriculum for the integrated system
of training culminating in a Degree, we have had the following points
in view.
Basic Qualification
!
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113. The basic qualification for admission should normally be successful
completion of a two year course after Matriculation (Intermediate) with
Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Sanskrit. Where the prc-University
course has already been started with these subjects, thcie should be a preprofessional course.
*Dr. G.W. Pickering. .British Medical Journal 2.113, 1956.
•*—Sir Leonard Whitby in Proceedings of First World Conference on Medical Education 1954. Page 3.
I
Duration
114. The duration of the Ayurvedic College course should be four-and-ahalf to five years, excluding a suitable period of internhip. So far as
the under-graduate course is concerned, it is-intended that there will be two
sessions in *3 year of fifteen weeks duration each, thus in all providing for
900 hours of teaching in each year.
115.
I
116. Only the main subject headings have been indicated, with the
specific intention that the Central Council of Indian Medicine and the
authorities of each institution may be given freedom to work out details,
consistent with local conditions.
117. In the working out of details by the Central Council or individual
institutions or authorities, the Committee desire that attention may be
given to the general principles mentioned below.
Curriculum for integrated system of Ayurveda :
Pre-professional course in the ease of universities which have instituted the
pre- University course:
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Sanskrit and basis of Indian Philosophy.,Social Sciences.
UNDER-GRADUATE COURSE:
First Year
Third Year
General Suggestions for Teaching
118. Quality rather than quantity of instruction is more important.
Therefore, it is suggested that two-fifths of the time should be devoted to
lectures and discussions and the remaining three-fifths to practical by
students themselves.
4
119. As Sir Henry Cohen said, “The under-graduate curriculum is meant
merely to lay the foundation of the doctor’s training. It should not aspire
to cover the entire theory and practice of medicine or to give all the techni
ques required in the practice of the specialists. These will come in at the
post-graduate level.”
Fundamental principles of Ayurveda including Sharir
and the philosophic approach in relation to Darshanas.
(2) Anatomy including Embryology.
(3) Physiology and Biochemistry
(1)
Second Year (1)
I
Detailed working out of Curriculum
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Fundamental principles of Ayurveda including Sharir
and the philosophic approach in relation to Darshanas
(Contd.)
Dravya Guna, Rasa Shastra and Baishajya Kalpana.
Anatomy (Cont.)
Physiology (Contd.)
Principles of Pharmacology.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Rasa Shastra and Baishajya Kalpana (Contd.) *
Roga Nidana and Chikitsa.
Pathology and Bacteriology.
Principles of Medicine.
Surgery.
Fourth Year (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Roga Nidana and Chikitsa (Contd.)
Swastha Vritha, including Preventive Medicine.
Principles of Medicine (Contd.)
Surgery (Contd.)
Midwifery and Gynaecology.
Pathology and Bacteriology (Contd.)
Fifth Year
Roga Nidana and Chikitsa (Contd.)
Medical Jurisprudence including History of Ayurveda
and Ayurvedic Medical Ethics.
Principles of Medicine (Contd.)
Surgery (Contd.)
Midwifery and Gynaecology (Contd.)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Philosophy of Ayurveda
120. Ayurveda is unique in one respect. It lays as much emphasis on f
the philosophical aspect of human life as on scientific aspects of medicine.
The under-graduate training should, therefore, lay great stress on the
philosophical aspects of Ayurveda in detail.
Place of modern medical subjects in Teaching:
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121. In all their discussions, the Committee felt that the State Health
authorities were in favour of an integrated system of education in which
a much greater amount of time than at present should be devoted to the
teaching of Ayurvedic subjects as compared to modern medical subjects.
We may repeat that these latter subjects arc necessary only to fill up the
lacunae in the existing knowledge of Ayurveda. We feel that as greater and
greater attention is paid to the proper and adequate teaching of ayurveda and as
post-graduate studies and research work improve side by side and go on filling up the
gaps the amount of time spent in the teaching of modern medicine can be gradually
decreased and ultimately one unifined system of Indian medicine can come into
being.
Other suggestions:
122. Each group of subjects in the syllabus should constitute a separate
department. One subject should be taught by one Professor. He should
have a lecturer and a demonstrator attached to his department.
123. Modern medical subjects should be taught cither by a graduate of
the Integrated System of Medicine who has undergone Post-Graduate
training in modern subjects or a modern medical man with M.D. or M.S.
so that a comparative picture is given to the students and the discrepancies
explained in the proper light in a non-contcntious manner without
discrediting Ayurveda. Selection of professors in Ayurvedic subjects should
he made on the basis of merit. Persons with a comparative know*
j
and that of Ayurveda. To them, we would quote Charaka to the effect
that* “the living person consists of this physical body, the sense organs, the
mind and Atma all put together.” It will be..obvious, therefore, that
fundamental Principles in. Aymrveda deals not only with the Anatomy
and Physiology’ of the physical body as is the case in modern medical science,
but also with the metaphysical aspects of man. A knowledge of this aspect
will be necessary for a student to comprehend the theory of Dosha Datu
Mala Vignan, which forms the basis of Nidan and Chikitsa to be studied
in later years. Similarly, the philosophical approach to treatment as (
described in Ayurveda should also be taught. In short, by the end of ■
two years, they will have a full knowledge of all the basic principles required
for the study of Ayurvedic medicine.
ledge of modern science should be preferred. At present, politics seems to
be playing a significant part in such appointments.
124. The Professors should be asked to prepare their lecture books in such
a way that these in due course can be converted into text books. There
should be full facilities for giving practical knowledge, e.g. a pharmacy,
herbarium, a museum, hospital, laborator}’, etc. The student will then
follow the lectures given by the professors more intelligently and more
quickly. Professors should always be in-charge of the clinical section of
the hospital so that they demonstrate to the students what they teach in the
class. This alone will create a lasting impression in the minds of the
students. Students of Ayurveda should be so equipped that they
can explain the principles of Ayurveda in a language which will carry
conviction to the modern minded people.
i,
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
128. The teaching of modern pharmacology in the College of Ayurveda
might be generally considered as objectionable. Since modern surgery,
midwifery, etc. are also included in the syllabus and since many of the
newer drugs are replacing the older ones, a knowledge of general principles
of pharmacology will be essential. Therefore, the students should be given
instructions mostly on the general principles rather than details.
SUGGESTIONS ABOUT TEACHING OF JNDFVTDUAL SUBJECTS
Anatomy
S'
125. In the above curriculum, Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology are
the important teaching subjects of basic medical sciences. How much one
should teach to the under-graduate is a big question. In this connection,
Sir Cecil Wakely says*, “The ordinary practising doctor docs not require
to have a detailed knowledge of the human body, but he should have a
knowledge adequate to the practise of clinical medicine and surgery. But
at present so much of Anatomy is being taught to the students in such a
minute detail that very few people can remember them all when they
pass out of the colleges. It will be much better if only the basic facts arc
taught so that they can remember everything that they learn.........................
If students are asked to dissect one part and the remaining is shown by the
demonstrators after dissection, a lot of time could be saved. For those
persons who want to specialise in Surgery, it would be necessary for them
after qualification to take a course in basic medical sciences before they
appear for a Post-Graduate examination.”
Dravya guna. Rasa Shastra and Baishajya Kalpana
Physiology
•126. A good general course in Physiology must stress principles rather
than details. One of the methods by which one can arouse interest in
students is to refer wherever possible, both in lectures and practical work,
to the physiological approach to clinical problems. In the whole subject,
only fundamentals should be presented in such a way as to make it appeal
to the students. To arouse such an appeal it may be suggested that a bed
side instruction in the subject may be added to the theoretical aspects. In
this connection, it may be added that Physiology in Ayurveda while being
self-contained is rather too concise to be understood without the aid of
modern Physiology.
'——
,
!
II
II
Fundamental principles of Ayurveda including Ayurvedic Sharir and its philosophical
approach in relation to Darshanas:
127. In this, the composition of the body and their functions as described
in the Ayurvedic texts,will be taught. Some people during our tour asked
us as to what is the difference between the modern Anatomy and Physiology
* Sir Cecil Wakely in Proceedings of the First World Conference on Medical Edu
cation 1954, Page 225.
129. Wc have already discussed the importance of teaching both the
theoretical and practical aspects of these subjects. It may not be practi
cable for a student to make a thorough stu/3y of the 2,000 and odd proven
drugs in the Ayurvedic Materia Medica. Therefore, a thorough study of
important drugs in current use and their preparation is enough in the under
graduate level leaving the remaining drugs for the post-graduate course
on the subject. In the teaching of this subject, particular importance will
have to be attached to the practical side, for which a herbarium, a museum
and a well-equipped pharmacy will be necessary adjuncts to the Department
of Dravyaguna and Baishajya Kalpana. Properly identifying the herbs,
making a detailed physical and chemical study of the various parts of herb
and plant and preparing the medicines themselves in the pharmacy will
leave a lasting impression in the minds of the students.
Pathology and Bacteriology
130. This is an important subject which is often called a basic clinical
science. This is taught after the students have acquired some knowledge
of Anatomy and Physiology. Once the student understands the normal
structure and function of the body, he can very well follow what happens
when there are abnormal and diseased conditions. Hence teaching of this
subject must be integrated wherever possible, or at least the continuity
should be maintained, with the teaching of medicine and surgery.
Modern Medicine
i
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131. We are convinced that in the integrated type of training, the stu
dent must be taught the principles of modern medicine so that he can
compare and contrast it with the Ayurvedic system of medicine. He must
*
Al <1
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know about the etiology, pathology, signs and symptoms and diagnostic
procedures in modern medicine. The uses of Radiolog}r and other
laboratory methods should be known to him. There arc special subjects
like paedia-trics, tropical diseases, tuberculosis, which the students should
get to know. Modern medicine should, however, be taught more in
hospitals than in lecture rooms.
of Ayurveda are not being taught or practised properly. We may point
out here that the Ashtanga Hridaya is practically the resume of all the pre
vious developments in Ayurveda and the text has been arranged in a
systematic and concrete manner. Therefore, we feel that the Central
Council of Indian Medicine while discussing details of the curriculum may
include all the eight branches under the general heading Chikitsa. Needless;
to say that a knowledge of all the eight parts of Ayurveda will help the
general practitioner to become a success.
Surgery
132. As things stand at present, the student of integrated medicine has
necessarily to learn surgery, entirely on modem lines. In the teaching
of surgery, emphasis should be on principles of surgical diagnosis and
methods of investigation rather than on operative techniques. A good
practical training should, however, be given. A few lectures on Ophthalmo
logy, E.N.T., Venereal Diseases, Orthopaedics, Radiology and Radiotherapy
as related to Surgery, should also be given. In the teaching of surgery,
special attention may be given to the principles of Shalya Shalakya, and ■
Marma Chikitsa (Bone Setting), as prevalent in Kerala and Andhra/
followed where possible by practical training.
I
Sicastha
133. Here again modern scientific training may be necessary for the time
being. Thorough practical training should be given. The historical
background of Ayurvedic Midwifery and Gynaecology' as given in the old
texts should necessarily be taught. Emphasis should be laid on the pre
natal and post-natal treatmtnt given in Ayurveda while teaching Midwifery.
In view of the fact that in certain Ayurvedic institutions Midwifery and
Gynaecology cases arc being treated on Ayurvedic lines, wc arc recom
mending elsewhere in this Rcoprt that research on t|iis subject will be fruit
ful, and it is, therefore, hoped that in course of time the principles and
methods followed in Ayurveda will be introduced in the teaching of these
subjects.
CURRICULUM FOR THE SHUDH AYURVEDIC COURSE:
137. We discussed the syllabus of Shudh Ayurvedic training with responsi
ble bodies like the Shudh Ayurvedic Committee of Bombay and Kerala and
have tried to frame a model syllabus for the Shudh Ayurvedic Course.
Basic Qualification, Duration of Course etc.
Medical jurisprudence
134. It is necessary to teach the broad principles of this subject on modern
lines for more than one reason. As far as medical ethics arc concerned,
Ayurx'eda has a great contribution to make and therefore Ayurvedic medical ethics has been included under this heading. In this group should
be added a few lectures on the History' of Ayurveda which will enable the
student to understand the importance it had in the past and to conceive
of future possibilities in the science.
I
138. The basic qualification for admission to the course may be Matri
culation with Sanskrit or equivalent qualification. The duration of the
course has been taken as four to five years including a suitable period of intern
ship. Even in the Shudh Ayurveda course, the consensus of opinion is that
a certain amount of Anatomy, Physiology and other modern science sub
jects may be usefully included. Much greater emphasis than at present
should be laid on practical training both in the pre-clinical and clinical
stages of teaching.. For this purpose, it is essential for every institution
conducting the Shudh Ayurveda course to have a well-equipped hospital
attached. Similarly, a herbarium and a museum of Ayurvedic drugs are
essential.
CURRICULUM
Rog nidana and Chikitsa
v’
135. This is the most important subject so far as the teaching of Ayurveda
is concerned and it must be taught in every detail. During this
period, instruction on the etiology, pathology and diagnosis of diseases
described in Ayurvedic texts should be given along with bed-side clinical
instructions. In this regard, the utility of Panchkarma and other related
tnerapeutic procedures on some of the incurable neurological conditions
described in modern medicine may be explored. It is only then that the
younger generation will take more interest in the ancient system and will
continue to develop it on modern lines rather than lean towards modern
medical science. Except in certain parts of India, all the eight branches
I
Preventive Medicine
■136. Ayurveda has a lot to contribute on the subject of personal hygiene.
As Dr. Radhakrishnan said*, “We (Ayurvedists) do not look upon health as
mere absence of disease; we look upon it as positive well-being, as some
thing derived from the integration of man’s nature. Our science of medi
cine, Ayurveda, is not a science of disease, but a science of life. It is
Arogyashasthra. ” Ayurveda attaches gn _r importance to the “Soil”
than to the “Seed” and thus places greater reliance on maintenance of
positive health rather than on destruction of invading organisms. Preven
tion of communicable diseases, environmental sanitation, etc. have been
highly developed in modern science and should also be studied by the
students of Ayurveda.
Midwifery and Gynaecology
!
Vritha including
139.
The model curriculum for Shudh Ayurveda is given below:—
(:)
Pre~Clinical
(1) Sharir (with relevant aspects of modern
Physiology).
Dosha
Dhatu Mala Vignan.
(2)
(3) Rasa Shastra.
(4) Dravya Guna and Dravya Parichaya.
•Dr. S. Radhakrishnan in Swasth Hind, Vol. II, October 1958.
Anatomy
(5)
(6)
Swastha Vritha (with modern aspects of Preventive
(Medicine).
Padartha Vignan.
publication of another twenty-three books to learned scholars all over the
country.
146. The attempts of certain individuals and non-official bodies at publish
ing a number of useful text-books are really praiseworthy. -Mention may j
be made of Messrs. Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan, Arya Vaidyasala,
Kottakal, Swami Lakshmiramji of Jaipur, Shri Bapalal Vaidya and Shri
Ranjit Roy of Surat, Shri Priyavrath Sharma of Patna and many others.
We will be failing in our duty if we do not include in the above category
the monumental translation of Charak done by Shri P.M. Mehta under the
auspices of the Gulab Kunwarba Ayurvedic Society of Jamnagar.
Clinical
(z7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Panchalakshana Nidan and Sarvaroga Samprapti Vignan.
Kayika Roga Vignan and Chikitsa.
Shalya Shalakya Tantra.
Prasuti Tantra.
Agada' Tantra.
- ■
Vyavahar Ayurveda.
;
Recommendations:
(In all cases, Ashtanga Hridaya may be the text book, Charak and Sushruta
being only reference books).
f
.
147. We, therefore, recommend that immediate attention may be given to the
writing up of subject-wise text books in Ayurveda and annotations of the original
text-books.
140. Here again we have indicated only the main suk
headings and
a certain amount of discretion may be allowed to the Central Council of
Indian Medicine, or other authorities in the matter of details under each
subject heading, as in the case of the curriculum for the Integrated course.
■
148. As regards the latter point, the question is whether such annexations
can be in regional languages. Some are of the opinion that publication in
regional languages will be helpful to the teaching of Ayurveda and they
quote the example of the original texts of modern medicine, which were
once in Greek and Latin and which have since been translated into
several languages all over the world.
141. The general suggestions given in regard to the method of’teaching
of the Integrated course will apply equally in the case of the Shudh
Ayurvedic course.
TEXT BOOKS
149. It isfurther recommended that in order to coordinate and guide the preparation
of such text-books, the Central Council of Ayurvedic research when established
should look after the preparation of a common set of text-books as part of their literacy
research programme. This council can also make a review of the existing text-books
■ Ayurvedic
*• professors
■
■■
’ ■
by knowledgeable
and• approve
whatever
is’ suitable among them.
The council may also see to it that a few concise text-books on modern subjects
are written up for use in integrated colleges.
Government should in general come forward to encourage the publication
recognised text-books in Ayurveda by offering fanancial assistance, prizes, etc.
Arrangements should also be made to revise such text-books from time to
time, as science progresses.
I
Present position
142. We now come to another important drawback in the training of
efficient Ayurvedic students and that is the significant absence of standard sed text-books on Ayurvedic subjects which can easily be followed by the
novice. As Sir William Osler has said,* “To study the phenomena of
disease without books is to sail an unchartered sea; while to study books
without patients is not to go to sea at all.”
•
143. Moreover, it will be seen from any of the syllabi at present’in vogue
in the Ayurvedic institutions, relevant portions of several old Ayurvedic
, text books like Charak or Sushruta or Vagbata are to be read in connection
' with one and the same subject, thus making the student carry several
voluminous treatises to a particular class. This is not only a torture but
creates confusion in the minds of students at the time of the examination.
Efforts made by Stales etc.
LIBRARY
150. Although there is a library of some sort in many of the Ayur\-edic
that sufficient thought had not been given to the
institutions, we found
f
ep of ancient text-books in Ayurveda, the comparative
systematic upkeep
literature in modern medicine, timely addition of the latest publications,
proper arrangements of medical journals, etc. Students, if they have to
make good, will have to spend the maximum time in the library and the
laboratory.
;
144. Fortunately, the lovers of Ayurveda have woken up to the urgent
need of simple text-books for teaching purposes. Efforts are being made
in certain States to write some of these text-books as part of their literary
research in indigenous systems of medicine. The Post-Graduate’Training
Centre at Jamnagar is shortly intending to take up this question in right
! earnest.
^5. The Bombay Board of Ayurvedic Research have included in their
activities a programme of literary research. They have already published
four books on certain subjects of Ayurveda and are planning to entrust the
— ------------------------------------:
•Sir William Oder in “Acquianimitas” 1906.
t
151. As stated by Mr. Frank Roger*, Director of the Armed Forces Medical
Library, Washington D.C., “........... a library is a collection of care
fully chosen material organised so as to provide efficient retrieval of the
subject content on demand; it is the collective memory of the profession.’1
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152. It is perhaps a common feature in Ayurvedic institutions in parti
cular that students rarely get guidance from their professors as to the books
♦ Frank Rogers in Proceedings of the First World Conference on Medical Education
1954. Page 522.
f
were no longer educators but executive officers. Many liked their new
position but education suffered. Instead of producing creative ideas they
produced elaborate curricula
Universities were anxious to
increase the number not of their graduates but of their undergraduate
students and tried to attract them with more buildings, luxurious dormi
tories, gyrmnasiums and club houses. Universities also failed in many
ways in their task in the promotion and cultivation of research. They
produced the tools for research but not the men to use them.”
they can refer to for supplementing their knowledge. Nor is there a quali
fied medical librarian to enthuse the students to do this extra reading. The
result is that students do not actually derive the fullest advantage of
libraries.
153. It is, therefore, recommended that every Ayurvedic teaching institution should
maintain a proper library with a good collection of medical books and journals, under
the charge of a trained medical librarian. Professors should also make it a point to
induce the students to malic use of the libraries.
I
Medicinal Plants Garden, Museum and Pharmacy:
PRACTICAL TRAINING
160. For the pre-clinical stage, a good garden of medicinal plants, a museum
and a first class pharmacy with facilities for doing practicals, should be
provided; and for the clinical training, a well-equipped Ayurvedic Ward
to demonstrate the efficacy of Panchkarma and other special methods of
Ayurvedic treatment.
Present position:
154. We have pointed out earlier that the present system of training
Ayurvedic students is woefully lacking on the practical side. Some have
Ii pven
gone to the extent of saying that Ayurvedic education should be given
U ”nder the shade of trees as the old Rishis did.
T
’.L 1is rather unfair.
This
'161. A good garden of medicinal plants and herbs is an asset to every
training institution, for the students can see with their own eyes the
Ayurvedic plants and herbs and thus get an interest in identifying and
learning their properties and use in medicine. A display of the common
adulterants and colourable imitations of Ayurvedic medicines along with
specimens of doubtful drugs in the museum will be very instructive.
The
museum should be able to give a good idea to the student of the various
parts of the plants and herbs, the minerals and animal products in common
use. It will also be useful to have prepared medicines in the museum.
What prevailed in ancient times:
155. That sufficient practical training in Ayurveda was given even in
the days when instruction was g
’
given
by Rishis under the shade of trees is
clear from what Vagbata says*, “‘A man with ability, who has learned
and mastered the texts from his 1teachers,
*
, ,.1._
who has attained sufficient
practical experience and who has attained mental and physical purity^is
> an
, ideal physician.”
I
AdecIuate Pia.ct‘cal and field training was gi.v..
IU
was given to students even in
the days of Takshasila and Nalanda, i.c. the second century B.C. and the
/th century A.D.
.
162. Similarly, in die pharmacy attached to the teaching institutions,
facilities should exist for practical training of students in the preparation
of medicine from the herbs, minerals, etc. that they have seen in the
herbarium or museum.
; 157. After the 10th century A.D., however, this aspect of practical
I training in Ayurvedic training seems to have declined and students were
I only trained in the houses ol well-known Vaidyas.
163. These facilities should be provided on a uniformly planned basis in
all types of teaching institutions and only such institutions that have these
facilities should be recognised.
Buildings
In,orde!' ? create a suitable atmosphere in any centre of learning in
! fnr
“ IS necessa''y to have proper buildings and adequate facilities
inuin^Ctl . J1'3?"1-1??: In a 1“rge majority of Government Ayurvedic
tmion.
’ hc bl’llchnss. "’era hopelessly inadequate. In private instibuildin’o-3
Piactit,oncrs generally joined together, hired a small
? and began the training courses without adequate facilities,
bi^ nnd
hosPllals or laboratories attached. We need not have
th! modern3010^3
as in certain places. Nor need we emulate
-of rupees
medlcaI coIIeg^s m building imposing structures costing crores
a whol^Un’5 con.n.ecdon> we may quote Dr. Henry Sigcrist who says**. “As
in
Size of
adminis-- ’
grow in width and not in dePth- Millions arc invested
Until lhc camPus of some Universities reached the
°V,........... * ‘ ‘ The Physical ^'th of schools created
Prooxems. Presidents, Deans and Heads of Departments
Dr-Henry Sigcrist.
The University at the Cross Roads.
1946.
plge 7.
Hospitals Attached to Teaching Institutions
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164. There is a great need for setting up a standard in the matter of
hospitals attached to teaching institutions. The number of beds at
present varies coniderably from hospital to hospital and from one State
to another.
165. In the case of Shudha Ayurveda institutions, there may be a satis
factory’ in-door hospital to demonstrate treatment in all the eight branches
of Ayurveda. The number of beds can be increasd as each speciality is
developed. The basic idea is that the Vaidya should be able to identify
a case of major surgery’, or a complicated case of confinement and to direct
the patient to the proper quarter.. But the out-patients department
should, however, have full facilities comparable to the out-patients depart
ment of a modern hospital. The hospital attached to an institution conduct
ing the integrated course of Ayurveda should be of the same standard as a
teaching hospital in modern medicine. Full facilities for all investigations
should exist.
It is worthwhile adopting the system followed in modern medical
hospitals with all the usual ancillary staff.
166, The ideal to be aimed at should be to have a 250-bedded hospital
attached to every teaching institution which admits 50 students per year.
In case, this is not found immediately practicable, we suggest that there
should be at-least a 150-bedded hospital to begin with. Without such a
facility, the practical training of the Ayurvedic student can never become
a reality.
if
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Practical Training in Public Health
167. One more _ direction in which the Ayurvedic student should get
practical training in order to become a useful member of society at a future
date is training in public health.
-
)
c°nnec.t*on> rnay ke essential to give them also a series of lectures
on health education so that he can do health propaganda successfully in
villages. The necessary materials like pamphlets, bulletins, health films,
projectors, etc. may be given to the Ayurvedic practitioners for this
purpose.
Recommendations:
’7
168. We, therefore, recommend that for belter practical training of Ayurvedic
m?1?* S
tletf
bt lafeen to provide adequate buildings, a good garden of
Medicinal Herbs and Plants, a museum, a pharmacy and a sufficient number of
hospital beds.
J
174. Some aspects of the basic qualification P/for admission to Ayurvedic
institutions have already been discussed unc§ ‘jihe head ‘Curriculum.’
Recommendation:
j
175. Our objects in fixing the basic qualification ft r-. 'admission of students should,
therefore, be that (1) the student should be well-capped^ to understand the subjects
taught in Ayurveda, and (2) he should from the
ijieginning know that he is to
take up Ayurveda as a profession after his intermeap te,
Recreation
169. The development of extra-curricular activities is as important as the
creation of laboratories. . These activities should be compulsorily provided
lor Gymnasia, dramatic societies, debating societies and social activities
including excursions and pleasure trips should be provided for in every
institution.
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General Requirements:
176. Apart from the above, candidates shouj&.have the general qualities
of culture, integrity, broad education in humajiitics, love for their profession,
etc.
Charak has described the student ajKl-.the future practitioner as
follows:—
**“He should be peaceful, noble in deposition, not given to mean,
acts............ free from egotism, ^intelligent, endowed with
Students Hostel:
170. Hostel accommodation should be provided to as many students as
possible so that their comforts and health are safeguarded and they utilise
die jnaximum time to their education without unnecessary anxiety.
Residence in a hostel ensures a systematic life, companionship and scope
tor mutual discussions, mental development, etc.
STUDENTS
Present Quality of Students',
t0 tre %uestion of the <luality of students who join the
Ay u.rvedic course °f stupes, the universal complaint is that the majority
hem take to Ayuiyeda as a last resort, because they have not secured
VpS v SS- °r cJIvlslon1in the LSc- and hence do not get admission in
Medical, Engineering and other technical courses. Even the better class
thAn^ri?Iediate5 PrcfVuOJ*°in other technicai courses for the simple'reason
rot b/kf
after getting any other degree except Ayurveda will
vnim^ bieak ai?u ’dricertain. After ah the elementary ambition of everv
t
v§ person will be to earn a decent living with a decent status in society.
Hha r.°t pr^Per tyPe
students.in the Ayurvedic institutions is, therefore,
tn 1 b rr y t0 lnsu^cicnt basic qualifications for admission but also due
to lack of future prospects in the line. The question of proper status for
:par;
graduates is^Eemg aisCiisted sVparatiaj^'This^point
is of vital importance
and should be looked into carefully if iraififftgrdn Ayurveda is to attract
a proper type of students.
172. It may be relevant to point out that ih.lhe early stages of the intro
duction of modern medical education in Ind&^it was found very difficult
to get the proper students to learn modcrii^cdicine. Sir Patrick Hchir
has stated*, “At first, there was great difficulgfejc finding sufficient students
of educated classes. Tempting facilities we^pflered, but Brahmin youths
and other higher Hindu castes would not joiiJI^hey specially objected to
Anatomy classes and dissections, touching glad bodies and handling the
sick of the lower castes, although both therlushruta Samhita and the
Shasthras show beyond all doubt that anat§feal dissection was adopted
by Hindus 2,000 years ago.”
173. When we look at the basic qualifica&ttS prescribed in the various
institutions in the country, there is a great 44^ of divergence. Sometimes
it is Madhyama, sometimes it is MatriculaSfeft’ and somewhere else it is
intermediate with or without Sanskrit anefepmetimes the same basic
qualifications as are prescribed for entry int^jfedern medical colleges. In
this connection, attention is invited to Appciijb KjJI.
■
A.-
* Sir Patrick Hchir—The Medical Profession infiedia 1923, Page 11.
s
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* * cTTPr—id HIM M t- Td TH
H Ph P H H M fd H dH d
«
dP^
dfe-STTvidcTrfH
Pi Pit I d c"U41H
,
d ^d H Hd cd HIM d- d T. TH H cd d Pd d
xfr^^Pi d i d i< i d < p
hh Hd
Pm uh i ■m i
5rfeTXHH7.TT T
II
brf^erfe-
F.
HWnfcT- •Jp-v
I
i
I.
■q-. fq. 6.
powers of reasoning and memory, liberal minded, suited to
study cither by inheritance or by aptitude, devoted to truth
endowed with unimpaired sense faculties, modest gentle
endowed with character... .skilfulncss.. . .and study, who has
single-minded devotion to knowledge both in theory and prac
tical workr
i
182. In regard to the graduates of integrated medicine, their position is
neither here nor there. They know enough of moden medicine and sur
gery in addition to Ayurveda but arc not allowed to have the same privikes
as a modern medical man and earn a decent living or to develop their
knowledge of modernscience. The pay scales for these integrated graduates
are \ery poor. Their prospects as practitioners of Ayurveda arc far from
bright. In the circumstances, they resort to malpractices and end up as
quacks of modern medical science.
2
177. Needless tosay that the qualifications prescribed by Charak thousands
of years ago for a student and future practitioner hold good even today
. whether wc are selecting them for training in Ayurveda or modern
' medical science.
Recommendations:
183. The student joining the Ayurvedic College, echo has the same basic qualifications
as tne student joining the Medical or Engineering college, should have an equally
promising future Otherwise it will be idle to ask him to love Ayurveda and to
practice it seriously. In fact, once Government give recognition to them and eive a
living wage to them we will get a fairly contented set of physicians who will be •
willing to go to the-village^ ^ere now there is no medical relief worth the name.
• 178. If c have, therefore, to ensure that a candidate seeking admission to an
Ayurvedic course has interest in thc ancient science and aptitude for research and that
he is not joining thc institution merely as a last resort.
L Grievances of students themselves:
179. While on the subject of the proper type of student, it may be useful to mention what thc grievances of many of thc Ayurvedic students arc
‘t in regard to thc existing facilities for training in Aurvcda.
They demand that—
/
There should be a central body like thc Indian Medical Coun
cil to inspect and recognise the various colleges of Indian
medicine;
(2) The degrees awarded by recognised institutions should be
treated as equivalent to modern medical degrees and thc
same pnvclcgcs and rights should be given to both(3) All colleges recognised by-the Central Body should be recog
nised by Government;
6
(4) Sufficient facilities should be provided for undergoing post
graduate courses in all thc subjects taught to them at thc undcrgraduatc level;
(5) All Ayurvedic Colleges should be affiliated
to regional univcrsitics so that there will . be .proper
control over the teaching
. .
and practical training given
•
in these colleges; and
6) Better facilities for lodging, recreation, etc., should be provided
to students.
(1)
GIRL STUDENTS
185. While discussing the ideal type of students taking to Ayurvedic
studies it may not be out of place to give an indication of the useful part
that girl students can play in the proper development of Ayurveda.
186. Appendix II will show tlic number of male and female students in
various colleges and Vidyalayas who have sent replies to the Committee’s
questionnaire. It is observed that a good number of girl students were
Nasik^'nH1 Mn-7n I J TS^Ut‘°nS, at Bomba>' Foon:’> S“ra'. landed,
Aasik^adiad. Hydcrabdad, Tnvandrum and Shoranur.
The numbed
oi such students in other institutions were very small or negligible
Girls
various points referred to above have been discussed
\
_The
ine va
separately
in
this chapt'
grounds
for thic We v’,’°?!d> hoHkc to say that there a.
are substantial •
.remedy themes
Sh°Uld
• J be made to
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PROSPECTS OF THE AYURVEDIC GRADUATE
from Ayun-edicC(>"J°r-I1C
Jup private pTactTce 8
Ues-t‘°n °ftbe prospects of students graduating
J™ Government institutions or set
In fact, they are boked0^51 Paid Personn^ ln any Government institution.
' by their colleagues in thcmeT “h03 V ancicnt fossils and are Jus‘ tolerated
are making substantial™™
• Pro^ss‘°n’ unmindful of thc fact that they
1 of India> Particularly in rura^eas
mCdlCaI rClief °f
PoPulation
WrSBR'f
-w
184. One word more about the handicaps of the graduates of Ayurveda
who settle down to practise. They arc not given the same privileges in
the matter ol issue of certificates or in using certain modern drugs although
many of them have learnt the principles of modern medicine fairly widely
m their co lege courses. Wc have dealt with this in more detail in a later
A/aP/Cr,/-r • Wlth t0 SQy lhal thePr^ioner of Ayurveda should be given compar
able facility in the matter of issue of certificates and use of modern drugs if
Government intend to place Ayurvedic training on a good fooling and to tempt stu
dents of high mental calibre to join it.
t
I
•’age?-:-."
so^iarconditio^0
CdU“,iOn '‘n CCr'3in Slat“ Obvi0Usi>' bcC3USC of
Another noticeable feature is that the number of girl students tends
a"ay tOuardS thc Cnlof thc traininS Period- Po5siblv ‘his shotvs
'■V
310
Cr nOt Upt° \hc standard or d° not have the intention to
-settle down as practitioners
In these days of equal opportunities for men
nd women, we should, no doubt, encourage girl students to take to the
medical profession in larger numbers. Particularly in Ayurveda where
dw injects oi gynaecology and Obstetrics, Paediatrics, etc. arc underdeteloped due to various reasons, it is felt that women Vaidvas have a
noimnff- t0-?'ay CTeC'a yArUraJ areaS‘ A8ain from the economic
point ofwew it mav be stated that the ‘home-remedies’'of Ayurveda can
loulf pracUScd by,a "■°man Vaidya. B e, therefor', fed that girl etudes
Zr .
lyourla^r'im‘ 10 j°in ^-urvedic inetitutions by giving than
e scholarships and other types of encouragement.
187
POST-GRADUATE FACILITTES
I
standard. Candidates should submit a thesis, prepared on the basis of their
ossm original work. The degrees for the post-graduate training in Ayurvedic
subjects can be like Master of Ayurveda (M.Ay.) or in exceptional
circumstances it can even be Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.).
188. At present, there are not enough facilities for post-graduate studies in
Ayurvedic training institutions. Post-graduate study is the primary solu
tion for placing Ayurveda on a firm basis vis-a-vis modern medicine.
It
is this that v.ill create an incentive in the under-graduate to specialise in
Ayurveda. The present position is that post-graduate facilities are avail
able only at stray centres.
196. The degrees for. the post-graduate training in modern subjects
should be the same as given in the modern medical colleges, namely, M.D.,
M.S. and Ph.D., as the case may be. Again the standard should be so
high that the post-graduates of these courses should be equal to the post
graduate students coming out of the modem medical colleges. By provid
ing these facilities, one of the most important demands of the students will
189. The Ayurvedic graduate with a mature mind will naturally desire to
enhance his knowledge and to utilise it in his practice and unless post
graduate facilities are easily available, he cannot satisfy his ambition. It
is our firm belief that every Ayurvedic teaching institution or at least one Ayurvedic
college tn each state should institute post-graduate courses as part of their development
programme. Apart from Ayurvedic subjects, post-graduate courses in modern subjects
should also be provided tn these institutions in the interest of the development of
Ayurveda on proper lines.
be fulfilled.
Post-Graduate Training for modern doctors.
197.
e may now deal with the question of the modern medical student
being given training in Ayurveda. We have already stated that.the fourPost-Graduate Training Centres t< j established by the Government of
India should inter alia admit modern medical graduates for a three years
post-graduate course in Ayurveda. To encourage such a training, either
the Central or the State Governments will have to give some scholarships
to these candidates. Only those candidates should be admitted who have
an aptitude to learn the principles of Indian medicine and who show
satisfactory evidence of having learnt the basic principles of Ayurveda.
In order to test the latter knowledge, a preliminary examination may be
conducted and only successful candidates admitted.
19°. Briefly, such courses should be conducted in some of the recognised
Ay11™edic Colleges where facilities either exist or can be developed without
much difficulty. These post-graduate courses can be broadly divided into
two, one for the specialities in the Ayurvedic subjects and the other for the
modern subjects. One may ask here what is the necessity of having post
graduate training in modern subjects. If we want to develop Ayurveda
and make it a complete science by removing its deficiencies, we will have
to develop post-graduate training in modern medicine also, because it is
common knowledge that subjects like Surgery, Midwifery, etc. have become
out of practice in Ayurveda and unless we train our graduates on these sub
jects according to the modern methods, our ancient science cannot make
any progress. Hence a liberal view will have to be taken with regard to
providing post-graduate facilities to the Ayurvedic graduates on
modern medical subjects.
198. The curriculum for the modern medical graduate admitted for a
post-graduate course in Ayurveda will have to be different. We suggest
that in the first year, they may be taught the Basic Principles of Ayurveda
and the theoretical and practical aspects of Dravya Guna, Rasa Shastra and
Baishajya Kalpana. In the second and third years, they may be made to
undertake Ayurvedic research and also given clinical training in the Ayurve
dic Wards. At the end of their successful training, they should be awarded
a Degree of Doctor of Medicine in Ayurveda. We are sure, there will be
good openings for such post-graduate students both as teachers in the Ayur
vedic and modern Medical Colleges and also as consultants in big cities/
191. We tenvisage
•
' post-graduate studies may be undertaken by (a) shudha
that
Ayurvedic
title
{b) Integrated Graduates, and (c) Modern Medical
.
,,'a holders, (S'
Graduates who have necessary qualifications in Ayurveda.
192. The Shudha Ayurveda candidates may be allowed to take post-graduate
trcuning in Ayurvedic subjects like Rasa Shastra, Dravya Guna, Bala Roga,
Stn Roga etc.
6
193. The integrated type of candidates may be allowed to take up post-graduate
courses in a A the Ayurvedic subjects and also in modern subjects like surgery, mid^jery, eye, ear, nose & throat, etc. While on the latter point we would like to
emphasise Inal science is nobody's monopoly', any candidate with a basic training of
modern medical^ subjects has a right to enlarge his scientific knowledge provided he
does not lose his bearings.
Chairs in Indian Medicine:
I
194. The modern medical type of candidates may be allowed to undergo post
graduate training in Ayurvedic subjects provided they have an aptitude and have under
gone some training in Ayurveda under establishedpreceptors and they pass a preliminary
195. The details of these post-graduate courses may be worked out by
the proposed Council of Indian Medicine. The course should last for three
years which should be only partly didatic, the remainder of the time left to the
personal efforts of students. There should be equal emphasis on boll/theory
and practice. The examination should be very strict and of a high
7
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199. It will be interesting to note that the Shore Committee recommended
the establishment of a Chair in History of Medicine in all the Universities.
Through this arrangement, it was proposed to give instructions on the basic
principles of Indian Medicine also to the students of all the modern medical
colleges. Later m 1949, the Pandit Committee made the following remarks
on the subject: “ We feeHhat it would be premature to make any concrete
suggestions for incorporating the teaching of indigenous system of medicine
at any appropriate stage in the curriculum for the under-graduate medical
students. The absence of suitable text-books also is a real difficulty. The
paucity of trained teachers who would be able to explain effectively the
concepts of indigenous systems to,the graduates of modern medical colleges
clxSO to be considered.
Thus it docs not appear that the time is ripe to initiate
such studies even at tl.e post-graduate level, in existing modern medical colleges in the
country.''
200. Now the question is whether sufficient progress has been made during
the past ten years for justifying a reconsideration of the above views. Our
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opinion is in the affirmative, and we feel that the time has come when every
Medical College should have a Chair of Indian Medicine both for the under-graduate
and the post-graduate training. This question is understood to be already under
consideration of the Government and we urge that this matter should -be pursued vigorous
ly In addition to the establishment of such Chairs we urge that there should be an
Ayurvedic medical ward in each of the Medical College hospitals, so that those diseases
which are easily curable by Ayurvedic treatment are given due attention. This ex
periment, for instance, has proved successful in the Sassoon Hospital, Poona.
This will help to remove the prejudice that exists in the minds of certain
medical men.
'
206. In the circumstances, three more Post-Graduate Training Centres may be open
ed by the Government of India at other places on a Regional Basis. For the sake of
convenience, these Post-Gradaute centres can be combined with research centres on
the jnodel of the Central Institute of Research in Indigenous Systems Of Medicine,
Jamnagar.
201. While giving lectures in the Principles of Indian Medicine, emphasis
should be laid on the philosophical outlook of the science. Similarly, medical
ethics and personnel hygiene, as described in Ayur\’cda, will suit our own
culture and will greatly help the graduates of modern science to serve the
people of our country more effectively. Suitable text-books on these aspects
of Ayurveda can be compiled and proper teachers can be found.
207. Thus we will have, on the one hand, three or four model PostGraduate Training Centres run by the Government of India quite apart
from the Post-Graduate courses run in at least one Ayurvedic College in each
State.
Unless this is planned on an immediate basis, the development of
Ayurveda will'still be hampered for want of good teachers and good stu
dents.
202. The Pandit Committee also felt that post-graduate training could
be given to modern medical graduates in a separate centre along with
Ayurvedic graduates. Though these principles were adopted in the PostGraduate Training Centre at Jamnagar, no modern graduate has so far
'taken advantage of the training there. It is likely that the Post-graduate
Training Centre, at Jamnagar does not, at present, have enough facilities
to attract modern medical students.
RESEARCH FACIUTIES
208. We are aware that the Central Government have opened a
separate Research Centre in Ayurveda at Jamnagar. This is being dealt
with in detail in the chapter on Research. We, however, feel that
institutions fylly equipped for teaching under-graduate and post-graduate
students are the best centres for carrying out research also. Hence,
wc consider that the present tendency to separate research from teaching
is not good.
Jamnagar Post-Graduate Training Centre'1
.
203, The Government of India set up the Post-graduate Training Centre
at Jamnagar which started functioning in July 1956. The Centre admits
every y’ear 25 students from all over India. One batch has already gone out.
There are satisfactory’ teaching facilities in the Centre. The subjects of
study* in the Centre arc:—
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Basic Principles of Ayurveda.
Ayurvedic Classics.
History of Ayurvcd.
Sharir-Vignan.
Kaya-Chikitsa (including Nidan and Panchkarma),
Drvyaguna Vignan.
Rasa-Shastra and Baishajya Kalpana
204. The course is for two years at the end of which a proficiency certificate
is given. The Centre is working quite satisfactory. There is a hospital
of 48 beds attached to it. The professors are all attached to the hospital
and this helps in teaching the students the practical aspects of the subject.
But there is a great need of providing more beds to the Centre. There should
at least be 100 beds for the students. In another chapter, we have suggested
the amalgamation of the Centre with the Central Institute of Research in
. ndigenous Systems of Medicine, so that not only can the hospital facilities
jn both places be pooled together but the students of the Post-Graduate
raining Centre will get the opportunity of seeing the work of the research
^n^re and derive knowledge and experience from the research professors
205- With all this, it is felt that Jamnagar being in a corner of the country,
cannot serve the needs of all the States. Although Sanskrit, English and
Hindi are supposed to be the media of teaching, practically Hindi is the
only language used. This, for the purpose of post-graduate education, may
not suffice.
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209. Hre have already said that a research department should become part and
parcel of a training institution. When wc say this we want to make it clear
that the full implication of research should be understood and that a research
department should not be opened merely for augmenting the funds of the
training institutions, that is to say, the research department should not be a
nominal one, nor should it be an easy method for escaping from other ar
duous labours or for getting financial benefits under the cloak of research.
The people in charge of the research departments and the beneficiaries of
the research department should have true vocation for it. We are dealing
with this topic in detail in the chapter on research.
210. Ife. therefore, suggest that the two problems of post-graduate studies and re
search facilities should be examined simultaneously by a central body and steps should
be taken to combine in the same training institution a wing for post-graduate training
and another for research work.
READYMADE MEDICINES
B
211. In the old days Vaidyas prepared their own medicines. Now this is
impracticable. We have dealt with this subject more elaborately in the
chapter on Pharmaceutical Products. Suffice it to say here that one of the
reasons why some Ayurvedic practitioners do not use Ayurvedic medicines
of good quality and take to prescribing allopathic drugs and thus bring the
science into disrepute is that these practitioners do not have genuine prepared
medicines ready at hand to meet the large demand of the public. Quality
and genuineness of medicines assure successful treatment.
M
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therefore, recommend that attempts should be made immediately to affiliate all
Ajurvedic institutions to universities with separate faculties of Ayurveda.
212. It is high time that preparation of medicines and practice are separated and
Post-Graduate courses I"
~ Pharma (Ayurveda') are instituted so that the pharmacy
like B.
of Ayurveda is developedf on proper lines and the present handicap to the practitioner
is removed.
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF INDIAN MEDIGENE
216. We have dealt with the drawbacks in the system of training in
Ayurveda and have given various suggestions for the improvement
of the situation. Uniform curricula for the Integrated and Shudh
Ayurved courses have also been given. The facilties that are necessary
to give Ayurvedic training the much needed impetus have also been -stated.
AFFILIATION TO UNIVERSITIES
Present Position:
i
<
213. The present low standards of education in Ayurvedic institutions can
be remedied if all such institutions are affiliated to Universities, where there
should be separate Faculties of Ayurveda. At present, there are only six
Universities having Ayurvedic Faculties. They are Banaras, Lucknow,
Poona, Gujarat, Kerala and Saugor. There is a proposal to affiliate the
Government Ayurvedic Colleges in Punjab to the Kurukshetra University.
Other States may also follow this course. In certain Universities, the ques
tion of establishing separate Faculties for Ayurveda has ended in a deadlock
because of the standard of modern medfcal subjects in the integrated colleges.
Since these were separte Faculties, these Universitis do not agree to depart
from the standard laid down by the medical faculties in so far as modern
medical subjects are concerned. Now that we have decided on the con
tinuation of the integrated system of training in Ayurveda with a slightly
modified standard of teaching in modern medical subjects, it will be
obvious that separate Ayurvedic Faculties empowered to conduct examina
tions both in Ayurvedic and modern medical subjects as included in the
curriculum will be necessary.
214.
217. This bring us to the most important question viz- the agency through
which the proposed reforms can be implemented on a uniform basis.
218. We recommend that a Central Council of Indian Medicine should be setup
as the very first measure.
1
7
219.
The advantages of affiliation to Universities arc as follow’s:—
Degrees awarded by the Universities will be recognised
throughout the country.
(2) The syllabus followed in the various Ayurvedic institutions
will be of such a high standard as could merit recognition.
(3) Universities will be able to insist on maintenance of a high
standard in regard to good building accommodation,
laboratories, equipment, practical training facilities, full-time
teachers on main subjects, and good status for teaching staff.
(4) There will be periodical inspections of institutions by
experts from other Universities who may point out defects
without the rectification of which recognition will be
withdrawn.
(5) There will be a strict standard of examination.
(1)
215.. At present, the method of conducting examinations is not uniform
and is very loose in the matter of standards. Politics, personal influence,
etc. may carry a lot of weight in the award of degrees and diploma.
A strict examination will be a fundamental step in providing really .able
graduates capable of developing the science of Ayurveda properly. A
University is in the best position of exercising control over examinations.
While on the subject of examinations we would ’ like to impress that the
standard should be high both on the theoretical and practical sides so
that only students with proper mental calibre are allowed to take up
Ayurvedic courses of training and later to practise Ayurveda truly and
successfully. One more point in regard to examinations is that in declar
ing the results due weight shall be given to practical and class svork. We,
I
*
f
’
The functions of this Council shall be as follows:—
(1) To compile and enforce uniform syllabi for the Integrated
and Shudh Ayurvedic training courses subject to suitable
modifications according to local circumstances.
(2) To decide the nature of degrees or titles to be awarded under
the two systems of training.
(3) To lay down the standards in teaching institutions including
standards of teachers and to recognise such institutions.
(4) To withdraw such recognition if and when the standards arc
not kept up. r
(5) To inspect the’ teaching institutions periodically regarding
staff, equipment, etc.
(6) To inspect hospitals, herbaria, museum and laboratory,
attached to teaching institutions.
(7) To set up a proper standard of post-graduate training consis- i
tent with regional requirements.
l
(8) To inspect the post-graduate institutions belonging to
Central and State Governments.
(9) The supervise :the proper maintenance of schedules of respective State Boards of Indian Medicine.
220. The Constitution of the Central Council of Indian Medicine shall j
be as follows :—
t
(a) Chairman.
;
(b) Director, Joint Director or Assistant Director of Ayurveda
in State Governments.
(c) Principals or •Teachers in Ayurvedic institutions, one from
each State to bp nominated by the respective Boards of Indian
Medicine.
L•
(d) Two teachers an Post-Graduate Training institutions.
I
,(f) Two Research; Workers.
(/) One Ayurvedic practitioner from each State to be nominated
by the respective Boards of Indian Medicine.
(g) One representative of the Ministry of Health.
(h) Two Members of Parliament.
rr
TABLE IV
221. The Council shall be a statutory body. The first Council shall be
nominated for a minimum period of five years. The Chairman and
Directors of Ayurveda, etc. in States shall be ex-officio. The nominees
referred to at (c) and
above shall be recommended through the State
Governments.
Approximate Total Expenditure of the Ayurvedic Teaching Institutions and
Per Capita Expenditure on Students
Executive Committee
No.
. I
223. There should be. an Executive Committee of the Council of
Indian Medicine consisting of eight members including the Chairman
of the Council to carry out the decisions of the Council. The
Chairman of the Council shall preside over the meetings of the Executive
Committee.
'
224. There shall be a‘full-time Secretary to the Council and he shall have
the necessary staff to carry on the day to day work of the Council.
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
225. For carrying out radical reforms in Ayurvedic education, or any
education for that matter, adequate finance is necessary.
226. We may point out that very often it is not known that a training
course in the integrated system of Ayurveda is as costly as modern medical
education. The standard of fees in many integrated colleges of Ayurveda
is the same as.that of the modern medical college and the cost of main
tenance of the institution is almost the same. It may be that the recurring
cost of a teaching hospital in Ayurveda may be less than in the case of a
modern medical hospital. It may also be that the cost of training in a
Shudh Ayurvedic institution is slightly less, because there is lesser need of
elaborate laboratories, equipment, etc.
—'*'•
r
227. The Yodh Committee of Bombay rightly pointed* out that “there is
a misconception in the minds of the public as well as some of the Governments
that the teaching of Ayurvedic System of Medicine can be made much
cheaper than the modern medical science. If the status and standard of
practitioners of medicine, to whatever system they may belong, is to be
maintained at a high standard, the mental calibre of these practitioners
and the basic- knowledge possessed by them will have to be of the same
standard m both systems
All this will, therefore, require the
ame iacihties, the same standard of proficiency amongst the teachers, the
♦ Samr i P!tal facilities and the same post-graduate facilities as in modern
medical science.5 *
1' -from
State
SI.
222. The two Members of Parliament shall be elected from the Lok Sabha
and Rajya Sabha. The members at (d) and (tf) shall be nominated by the
Central Government.
coll*»^e
e9ua^ t0 that of a student in a modern medical
dent6;™
in&catc tkat the annual “expenditure for one stuexnenditi, S lud.h Ayurvedic institution is slightly less than ' half of the
expenoiture on the Integrated CoUege student.
Page 3?.CP°rt °f 1116 ^nckan System of Medicine Enquiry Committee, Bombay,
1947-48.
I
Total ex
penditure
of instns.
in Col. 3.
Total no. of
students of
institutions
in Col. 3.
Annual per
capita ex
penditure
on students.
{Col. 4
Col. J).
1.
z\ndlira
3
1,37,915
359
384.25
2.
Assam
1
87,085
21
4,146.90
3.
Bihar
2
72,425
105
689.76
4.
Bombay
10
19,51,415
. 1,965
993.09
5.
Jammu & Kashmir
6.
Kerala
3
4,90,498
421.
1,165.08
7.
Madhya Pradesh
2
1,01,700
281
361.92
8.
Madras
9.
Mysore
5
3,67,302
661
555.68
10.
Orissa
1
1,64,388
86
1,911.49
11.
Punjab
1
38,132
138
276.32
12.
Rajasthan
3
4,20,294
218
13.
Uttar Pradesh
5
8,28,753
1,038
798.41
14.
West Bengal
4
1,71,987
206
834.89
15.
Delhi
I
, .not available
1,927.95
. .not available
TOTAL
c.°Pn^ctionJ tJie Table below may be of great interest.
Number of
teaching
institutions
from, which
information
on expendi
ture is
available.
40
48,31,924
5,4949
878.69
(Average
per student)
I.
Number of Shudh Ayurvedic
institutions.
12
4,21,607
1,041
405.00
(Average
per student)
II.
Integrated Ayurvedic institu
tions.
28
44,10,317
4,458
989.30
(Average
j>cr student)
229. Government has the main responsibility to provide adequate finances
for Ayurvedic institutions if they have any genuine desire to improve the
present situation in Ayurvedic training. Apart from the proper maintenance
of colleges, hospitals, practical and other facilities, Government should
see to it that a sufficient number of frees hips,, scholarships and other finan
cial concessions are given in order to attract the best type of students.
SUMMARY
£r
230. . T o summarise what has been stated in this chapter, it may be
mentioned that we have at present 76 training institutions in Ayurveda
(both Government and private) of which 49 follow the integrated type of
teaching and 27 the Shudh type. There are also six Sanskrit Colleges
imparting teaching in Ayurveda. The integrated colleges which have a
lOutaLStUAdcnt stf.en?th of 7’000 Produce about 1,100 graduates, while the
r ?
11nJst,tutions having a total strength of 1,500 produce
about 300 title holders per year.
r
CHAPTER—V
RESEARCH
“ Iam all you can from the ancient Indian Medicine and Surgery
but do not believe that the last word could have been said a thousand
years ago, ”
Jawaharlal Nehru
231. In the interests of the resuscitation of Ayurveda, the first and fore
most thing to be done is an unequivocal declaration by Government that
yC0?nlSedr ?S thC basis for the de'-e]opment of the
Center
reT,VLC“ “//he country. The immediate creation of a
Centra Council of Indian Medicine, who will take steps to lay down uni
form standards of syllabus degrees, teaching, teaching institutions, etc.
has also been recommended.
INTRODUCTORY
History show’s that research in Ayurv’eda and. its methods were well
known to the ancient scholars. In fact, all that has been written by them was
the result of their close study and observation. Thus Vachaspathi Mishra,
in the 9th century A.D., has said that thorough understanding of the pro
blem, correct interpretation, proper observation, detailed discussion and
further confirmation by others are some of the methods by which one
could make newer discoveries on any subject. But in later years, all these
valuable methods of approach have been lost sight of, with the result that
the science of Ayurveda came to a standstill.
232. In regard to the types of Ayurvedic training to be given, it has been
pointed out that it will be necessary in the interests of Ayurveda to conti
nue the integrated system. A training course in Shudh Ayurveda with
a certain amount of modern medical subjects should, for the time being,
tflC tr?dition of Ayurveda may be kept up.
Emphasis has been laid on the provision of practical facilities in training
institutions which are woefully lacking at the present day. Remedies
have been suggested for removing the various drawbacks in the existing
training facilities. These are, provision for training of proper teachers^
heir status, revising the basic qualifications for admission of students in
raising such a way that only candidates of a proper calibre get into Ayurvedic
institutions, preparation of suitable text-books and addition of good post
graduate and research departments to every teaching institution as far as
possible in order to create an interest in the minds of the students.
hat been'-'r C7rtC-Ula for the, inteSrated
Shudh Ayurveda systems
Coundl or iXn^Me^cine.
t0
2. The Chopra Committee in Chapter X (Volume 1) of their report
stated that many of the old Ayurvedic precepts can be found to accord with
modern views even though put in a somewhat different form. 1 hat Com
mittee have quoted the famous Dr. Sigcrist as saying that “it would be dcsir••
able honestly to consider how far these old medical traditions can be recon
ciled with our own principles instead of rejecting them in a body as useless
and obsolete.” As Dr. Cuming has said “Any system of medicine, or for that
matter, any usage or custom that has held its own for generations usually
' has something at the back of it, no matter how little it appears to be supported
by modern science.” Modern medical authorities have not denied that the
basic theories of Ayurveda can be interpreted and correlated in some
manner with modem knowledge.
f011°WCd UP by the Centra‘
234. All Ayurvedic institutions should be affiliated to Universities
Goyrnments, both Central and State, should provide ample finances to
the improvement of Ayurveda in all directions.
235. . Our ultimate aim should be to have one unified system of Ayurvedic
training where the study of the ancient science would have b'-n 'unp'sdence ’
SUPPianted>
the
developments “in modem
I
236. It is Ihoped
x
... these recommendations are i—
that.......
when
implemented by
the authorities concerned, theJ status of Ayurvedic education
will definitely
improve.
A . I •
3.
Research is a scientific approach to medical problems.
It is the
condition precedent for the maintenance of a high standard of teaching and
for developing the correct attitude of mind in students. This applies with
extraordinary force in the case of Ayurveda which the country is trying to
revive. B.esearch is the pivot round which the undergraduate and post
graduate education and the future standard of medical practice will turn.
In the field of Ayurveda, w’C have been the recipients of many hoary
traditions which it is our duty to interpret and put into faultless practice to
the entire satisfaction of everyone including the modern scientific man.
This we cannot do without a properly planned research.
4.
It is said that so far as India is concerned, even research in modern
medicine has not advanced much. If with so much patronage modern
medical research is still in its infancy in India, we can easily visualise the
large amount of ground that we have to cover in Ayurvedic research.
5.
The Central Government decided that research in Ayurveda was
necessary in order to clear the science of doubtful accretions of the past and
for this purpose, they set up the Central Institute of Research in Ayurveda
!
in Jamnagar. We will be reviewing the work of this research institute later
in "this chapter. Suffice it to say here that one swallow will not make
■•’ a summer .and that the establishment of one single research institute at
Jamnagar with so many limitations should not be taken as the last word on
j Ayurvedic Research.
We have already pleaded that a post-graduate department and a
• 66.
research department should be added to each Ayurvedic teaching insti
tution^in
tution in the interests of developing the science.
The fact that Governments have been financing individual research
| 7.
------ s in Ayurveda for the last few years will not also constitute
programmes
• everything to be desired in this direction. Individual efforts may
«d-ce a lopsided development which will, perhaps, harm the science
produc
What is needed is the establishment
<•; and
and bring
o it into further disrepute.
' of a chain of Research Centres with complete laboratory, clinical and other
facilities arid a Central Body to control and coordinate the work,
work. These
f points are being dealt with in detail later in this chapter.
The history of Ayurveda shows that there were so many treatises
f 8.S.
in Ayurveda in the Samhita period that it would have taken a lifetime for
any scholar to read and absorb their contents. These treatises were
. | later condensed by authors like Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbata during the
•• | Sangraha period and they included in their books only those tliat they had
been able to test and practice. Of this condensed portion of Samliitas,
f only five or ten per cent are in current use. We arc saying this to show
that work in the field of Ayurvedic research should include the reinstate
ment of the balance of the theories and prescriptions in Charak, Sushruta
and Vagbhata by means of literary, drug and clinical research, in addition
i to developing new methods of analysis capable of producing concrete
• results in the field of Ayurvedic research.
|
'
9.
We may now consider the work done on Ayurvedic Research so far by
(a) Modern Medical people, (6) by the Central Government, (c) by State
Governments and institutions and (rf) by individual Ayurvedic workers.
with regard to drugs, to discover useful medicines from the large
Avurvedic drugs suitable to be used by the western practitioners ai of
tuallv to prepare an Indian Pharmacopoeia. These studies bcc7.
fruitful and useful to the modern medicine that the Indian Cou
Medical Research set apart a large sum of money for indigenous
research. Again in 1950, a Central Drugs Research Institute was
blished in Lucknow for the purpose of doing research.
11. The present Committee also issued a questionnaire to the Pharmi
logical Department of modern medical colleges to find out what they we
doing by way of research on indigenous drugs and whether they would be
prepared to continue such work in the cause of Ayuneda.
12. The following Table shows the various colleges, the Pharmacological
Departments of which have done something appreciable in indigenous
drug analysis on the pharmacognosical and pharmacological aspects .
/TABLE V V.'
J/aiiu of modtrn medical college or Imlilulion
^'errz cf Slate
Andhra
..
1) Guntur Medical College.
2) Vuhakapatnain Medical College.
Bihar
..
1) Medical College, Patna.
Bombay
..
1) Haffkinc Institute, Bombay.
2) B.J. Medical College, Poona.
3) University Department of Pharmacy, Nagpur.
4) G.S. Medical College, Bombay.
5) Medical College, Baroda.
Jammu and Kashmir
..
Regional Research Laboratory', Jammu.
Kerala
..
University of Kerala.
Madhya Pradesh
..
1) Medical College, Jabalpur.
2) G.R. Medical College, Gwalior.
3) M.G.M. Medical College, Indore.
4) Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal.
Madras
..
1) Medical College, Madras..
2) Medical College, Madurai.
Mysore
..
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Orissa
..
Medical College, Cuttack.
Work done by modern medical people
10.
When the western system of medicine and its methods of medical
research were introduced in this country, the rich matcria-medica of
Ayurvedic medicine attracted the attention of research workers in that
i system. Thus in the early part of nineteenth century, several books on
? I^ian medicinal plants were brought out by various authors, such as
f
Sir William Jones, John Fleming, Waring, Rama Rao, etc. Organised
) research work on the indigenous drugs was started under the patronage of
p]C Government of India in 1894 on the recommendation of the
Pharmacological Section
Sccti' of the Indian Medical Congress and a systematic
j. Fharmacological
• study of the pharmacological and clinicial uses of various indigenous drugs
vas madc during die next twenty years. The School of Tropical Medicine
"as established and a Chair of Pharmacology was instituted to make scientific
studies of these drugs. From the year 1921 onwards, a large amount of
research work was also conducted on drugs under the auspices of the Indian
csearch bund Association under the guidance of Sir R.N. Chopra and
MpL13’ I11 th*? connection, we may draw attention to the publication
N dP^ra,> ^n^\Senous Drugs of India.” Mention may also be made of
aokarni s Indian Materia Medica. The whole purpose of undertaking
Emifn1 an extcns^vc study was to make India self-supporting, to effect economy
:
£
1) Medical College, Amritsar and Department of Pharmaceutics, Punjab University.
Punjab
2) Christian Medical College, Ludhiana.
J
I
I
■
■
■
W
3) Government Medical College, Patiala.
1) Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow.
2) K.G. Medical Coiiege, Lucknow.
3) S.N. Medical College, Agra.
Uttar Piadcsh
West Bengal
Delhi
..
1) School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta.
2) Calcutta National Medical Institute.
3) University College of Science Technology, Calcutta.
1) Ladv Hardinge Medical College.
2) All India Institute of Medical Sciences.
•W’- benefit of humanity as a whole, and second to provide facilities for the
ork doiu by Central Government
, 3.
While the efforts of the modern medical research workers enriched
the western system of medicine, the traditional Ayurvedic physicians felt that
nothing was being done for research in Indian systems of medicine as a whole.
We are aware of the several committees appointed by Government for the
purpose of devising ways and means of improving the Ayurvedic system as
a whole, including its research aspect.
Chopra Committee
\
14. The Chopra Committee, appointed by the Central Government, dis
cussed all aspects of research in the Indian System of Medicine. They, for
the first time, classified research in Indian medicine into six possible cate/ gories, namely, (1) Research on the Fundamental Doctrine of Ayurveda ;
(2) Literary Research; (3) Clinical Research ; (4) Pharmacological Re: search ; (5) Research in Dietetics ; and (6) Research in Psychological aspects
1 of Indian Medicine.
.
*’
15.
In order to supervise, conduct and coordinate the kind of research
mentioned above, they suggested that a Council of Research in Indian
Medicine should be set up immediately, whose function would be analogous
to the Indian Council of Medical Research. Under this body, one Central
Institute of Research in Indian Medicine was to be established by the Central
Government with facilities to carry on research on modern lines and also to
impart post-graduate training in Indian Medicine for the benefit of teachers,
practitioners and future research workers. The Chopra Committee also
recommended that research on similar lines should be carried on in all the
Provincial teaching institutions.
i
training of workers in the methods of research.
90
There is a Clinical Unit consisting of an Ayurvedic team and a modern
team. The team consisting of the Ayun’edic physicians enjoy full liberty to
admit diagnose, treat and discharge all patients according to the Ayurvedic
concept. This team completely follows the ancient texts and keeps a sys
tematic, though voluminous, record of the patient s condition according to
the principles of Ayurveda. When the diagnosis has ’been made by the
Avurvedic physicians, the modern team examines the cases and makes its
own notes. The modern team carries out the follow-up by laboratory test.
21.
The Institute first took up the study of the syndrome of Pandu Roga
(Anaemia) Grahani and Kamala group. During the last few years, they
have studied Pandu Roga extensively from the clinical and literary points
of view and tried various treatments according to Ayurvedic tests.
22.
The modern team of Clinical Research Unit also studied the anaemias
(Pandu Roga) extensively on modern lines and compared the results of var
ious types of Ayurvedic treatment.
23.
In addition to the clinical research referred to above, an attempt is
also being made to study extensively the analysis of “Life’’ according to
Avurveda. ‘They are collecting literature on Mana (mind), I raknti, 1 ndosha, etc. from all the ancient Indian Philosophical literature.
24.
In the Pharmacy Unit of the Institute, the Ayurvedic Section pre
pares all the Ayurvedic medicines required for the hospital while the modern
section is attempting an analysis of the various Ayurvedic products.
16. But the Central Government, while only accepting the principle of
opening of a Central Institute of Research, stated that the details of the
Institute should be investigated by another Committee.
25
The Pharmacognosy Department is engaged in studying drugs of ;
vegetable origin, their structural and other characteristics their cultivation, |
etc. They have developed a good museum and a fairly good library.
Pandit Committee
26
There arc in all 48 in-door beds in the hospital and an out-patients |
department.
?
17. Thus a Committee, headed by Dr. C.G. Pandit, Director of the
Indian Council of Medical Research, was set up. The recommenda
tions of the Pandit Committee were in short that a Central Rescarcii Insti
tute with a well-equipped hospital, run entirely on Ayurvedic lines, should
be established at Jamnagar, that Clinical Research on Ayurvedic principles
should generally precede any other type of investigation and that the
orthodox western approach of investigating indigenous drugs through
isolation of their active principles may not prove fruitful, as the action of
the whole drug might be different from that of its components.
18. Therefore, the Pandit Committee suggested that the Central Research
Institute should be controlled not by the Council of Research in ^Indian
Medicine, as proposed by the Chopra Committee, but by a Governing Body
and by the Scientific Adwsory Council.
f
c
»
Jamnagar Research Institute
•
19. In pursuance of these recommendations the Government of India,
started the Central Institute of Research in Indigenous Systems of Medicine,
at Jamnagar in 1953. This institute mainly had two functions to perform,
one to promote research in Indian medicine which could be utilised for the
Post-Graduate Training Centre
°7 In 1956 the Government of India also started a Post-graduate Training :
Centre in Ayurveda at Jamnagar as recommended by Chopra and r
Pandit Committees. This Training Centre has an attached hospital with a |
bed strength of 48 patients. In addition, it has a pharmacy, museum, and a
laboratory. Every year, 25 students arc admitted to undergo a two-year
post-graduate training course. Each student has to write a thesis in addition
to the didactic instructions received by them every day. . All the professors
are attached to hospitals where they impart practical training to the students.
28.
In the college, they have four Sections namely, Kaya Chikitsa, Dravya
Gtina Rasa Shastra and Fundamental principles of Ayurveda and the post
graduate students have to work in ail these sections before they can complete
the course. About eight students are given internship training in the hospi
tal at a time and about eight students attend the research institute to learn
the methods of research. The research work at the Post-graduate 1 raining
Centre is at present mostly confined to Rasa Shastra and Dravya Guna. 1 he
hospital facilities in the Centre are not at all adequate for the 2o post-gradu
ate students.
r
I
Adi’isory Committee for Ayurvedic Research
'
money S the First and Second Five Year Plans for encouraging
SUm ch in the State-administered and private Ayurvedic institutions. In
order to scrutinise all requests sponsored by State Governments and to
Slot necessary funds for approved schemes, an Advisory Committee for Ayur
veda was established sometime ago m the Ministry of Health.
qo
Tn the First Five Year Plan, the Centre had set apart Rs. 37 5 lakhs.
Tn*the Second Five Year Plan, the Centre had allotted Rs. 100 lakhs for the
development of Indigenous systems of Medicine. Upto now, the procedure
has been that research schemes sponsored by the respective States were
considered by the Advisory Council for Ayurveda set up by the Ministry of
Health and then, necessary amounts sanctioned by the Centre directly to the
States so long as the schemes fulfilled the conditions laid dovm in this
regard, viz-,
(1) Ad-hoc research schemes on the merits of each case ;
(2) For research beds at the rate of Rs. 2,000 per bed per annum ;
and
(3) For upgrading of the College portion of existing institutions, a
non-recurring grant of 75% and recurring grant of 50%, subject
to the condition that the scheme had been included in the State
,
Five Year Plan.
During 1958-59, a budget provision of Rs. .22.80 lakhs was made for
the development of indigenous systems of medicine, out of which Rs. 20
lakhs have been allocated to the States by the Planning Commission on
the basis of schemes produced by State Governments at the Working Group
>
’.1
.1
1
—_
*1___
discussions in accordance
with
the
latest* procedure.
The_ idea
now is that
States can themselves draw 1-12th of the amount allocated by the Planning
Commission for approved schemes of indigenous research. Any amount
that is left over at the end of the year will be treated as a loan to the State
Government.
EXPENDITURE ON RESEARCH IN INDIAN
MEDICINE & MODERN MEDICINE O-C.M.R.)
6oi
11 p-
’i
- 5o
F
Ao
IA
I
X
<
J
Z 2o
J-.
e
w
ui
o.
.
.
The total . amounts
so far spent
by the Central Government on the
development of indigenous systems of medicine during the Second Five
Year Plan are as below:
3L
Tear
€
30
’
40
Total
Research
Other Research
Insitute. Jamnagar Scheme in Ayurveda
Post-graduate
Training Centre
1956- 57
Rs.
4,00,000
Rs.
1,79,827
Rs.
1,00,000
Rs.
6,79,827
1957- 58
3,50,000
7,47,550
2,75,000
13,72,550
1958- 59
3,56,000
50,300
2,00,000
6,06,300
32. As we are all aware, the Central Government also gives ample grants
to the Indian Council of Medical Research for research purposes. No
doubt a portion of this grant goes towards indigenous drug research, the
nature of which has already been referred to in a previous paragraph. It
will be interesting to compare the financial assistance given by Government
?for
or Jp^dem
3
modern medical research vis-a-vis Ayurvedic research. Figure
F*_
is self-explanatory^ and will illustrate the point we have in mind.
TTA A5 19S3-S195^'55
1955’56
1936’57
1957-S 9,
AAODEKN /SAEPICINE
*
Fig. 3
\
']
<
State
Work dane
DMBAY
(Contd.)
(3) Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Poona.
Aid from Central Government
Remark
Work proposed to tx* done
1,000 in 1955-56
Rs.
Rs. 63,074 in 1956-57
Rs. 2,06,250 in 1957-58
Standardisation df drugs being
continued. Herbarium already
set up.
Nil
Rs. 30.000 in 1955-56
Rs. 60.000 in 1956-57
Rs. 60,000 in 1957-58
Amount completely utilised.
Nil
These drugs are not mention
ed in Ayurvedic books nor it
the work done on Ayurvedic
lines.
Nil
(a) Standardisation of drugs.
(b) Herbarium.
(4) Universal Health Institute, Bombay.
(a) Clinical Research on Swasa (Asthma),
Shota (Oedema) and Asthi Sandi
Vatha Roga (Ostcro-Arthritis)
(b) Panchkarma Ward with equipment.
a4
(5) Jfanaoali Hospital Bombay.
Research on “Rudanti” and certain
other indigenous medicinal plants.
New Research Hospital being
constructed.
(6) Aoi’/w.
Certain pilot scheme*
under consideration.
(7) Seth Ujamshi Pithambardas Ayurvedic
Research Unit, Baroda Medical College.
are
Board of Research Bombay have allot
ted Rs. 36,000/- per annum to this
unit. 12 beds arc set apart in the
Baroda Medical College Hospital.
Research on Prakriti has been taken
up. Systematic work is done by the
Pharmacologist of the College under
the guidance of eminent Ayurvedic
Scholars.
• .Hi
BOMBAY
(Contd.)
Herbarium is proposed to be
developed with assistance
received from the Central
Government (Health
Minister’s Discretionary
Grant)
0 H. Nazar Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Surat.
10 Research beds had been set up w>th
funds from the liombay Board o(
Research and investigations arc being
conducted on Asthma, Rheumatism
and Dropsy.
k
Committee for Standardisation of Ayurvedic
Drugs & Herbs, Bombay.
.
The Committee was appointed in
1Q55 to evolve a machinery to make
available, standard arid genuine drugs
at reasonable prices for chemical
research purposes. They have issued
questionnaires to the 1-orest Depart
ments, Ayurvedic Pharmacies, dealers
in Ayurvedic Drugs and Val^Interim Report presented. They
have recommended a Drug Farm and
Pharmacy to he set up by Govern
ment to act as liaison between the
Forest Departments & consumers, the
establishment of a herbarium to act
as a reference Centre for drug and
plants collection and the selling up
of a Pharmacognosical laboratory to
serve as a testing house for drugs.
No research being done at present as
JAMMU AND
there arc no Ayurvedic institutions.
KASHMIR
(9)
KERALA
(1) Government Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum.
* 20 Research beds have been set up.
Clinical research in Vatha, Amavatha,
Liver diseases, Udara, Sarvangashobha.
Literary research poss'
in this State as there are
manuscripts in Ladakh
local language.
Rs.
6,666 in 1956-57
Rs. 30,000 in 1957-53
Amount utilised for equipment Proposal submitted for
search in Dravya Guna, c!
and clinical research.
cal and literary research,
Post-graduate education •
at a cost of Rs. 13 la
Another proposal for ope’
& training section for ou’
students for Panchkarma
massage treatment.
4
« J
X
■>
I
State
Work done
I KERALA
I (Contd.)
Aid from Central Government
Remarks
Rs.
10,000 in 1957-58
Amount utilised.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
4,500 in 1955-56
7,200 in 1957-58
20,000
—do—
Amount utilised
Work proposed to be done
(2) Personal grant to Dr. IMmipathi exPrincipal of the Government Ayurvedic
College, Trivandrum.
For Ayurvedic Encyclopaedia two
volumes of which have Ixrcn published.
B
MADRAS
College of Integrated Medicine, Madras.
(a) Establishment of a Chair of History
oi Indian Medicine.
(b) Clinical Research 50 beds of which 10
beds arc for Ayurveda, 10 for Unani
and 30 for Siddha Systems.
MADHYA
PRADESH
3 research units have just been started.
Proposal of research costing
about Rs. 1,20,000 submitted.
1) Government Ayurvedic College,
Gwalior.
Proposals for:—
a) Upgrading the College.
b) Clinical Research and
c) Literary Research
2) Herbal Research proposed
at Dhar and Guna of told
Madhya Bharat region.
3) Ashtanga Ayurvedic College,
Indore.
Propose to do literary research.
MYSORE
Free Ayurvedic Dispensary, Srirampuram.
No research being done.
ORISSA
Amount spent
Proposal to set up a Lepro
sarium where Ayurvedic treat
ment of leprosy will be
investigated
by
Pandit
Parthanarayan
ex-Mcdical
Officer in-charge of Jayachamarajendra
Hospital,
Bangalore.
1) Gcpabandu Ayurveda Vidyapith, Puri.
Clinical research 10 beds allotted for
investigations on nervous diseases and
drug research.
PUNJAB
Rs. 5,000 (Health Minister’s
Discretionary Fund)
Rs.
14.200 in 1956-57
Amount utilised
Government Ayurvedic College,
Patiala.
No work being done now.
Propose to do work on
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
RAJASTHAN
Government Ayurvedic College, Udaipur.
Clinical research on Guinea Worm and
Infantile Paralysis.
UTTAR
PRADESH
Rs. 40,000 in 1957-58
Amount utilised
Rs. 1.00,000 in 1955-56
Rs. 45,000 in 1957-58
Amount utilised for buildings
and equipment and also
research work.
1) I'annras Hindu University.
(a) Clinical research was begun on Jalodar
Grihani. Diabetes and Bone T.B. Work
on the last named disease since
discontinued.
(b) Independent work on survey, collec
tion and study of a large number
of medicinal plants done by Shri
Balwant Singh, Botanist of the Uni
versity.
Proposal to start clinical re
search on Dysentery and Die
tetics.
4
State
(
Work done
UTTAR
PRADESH
(2) Jhansi Ayurvedic University
(contd.)
No details available.
Aid from Central Government
Rs.
15,000 in 1955-56
Rs.
12,000 in 1957-58
Remarki
Work proposed to be done
(3) Rishikul Ayurvedic College Hardwetr.
For setting up a Herbarium.
Rs. 5000 utilised on non-re
curring items and balance is
being spent on construction and
equipment.
(4) Government Ayurvedic College, Lucknow.
Buildings and equipment of new
college.
Rs. 1,72,800 in 1957-58
Amount utilised
Rs.
5,000 in 1957-58
Amount utilised
Rs.
5,000 in 1957-58
Amount being utilised
West Bengal to do literary
research on a number of old
manuscripts.
Clinical research on Filariasis—Five
research beds set apart for this work.
Rs.
5,000 in 1957-58
Amount being utilised.
Proposal to do literary re
search on a number of old
manuscripts.
HIMACHAL
PRADF-SH
Ayurvedic Pharmacy Jogindernagar.
Rs.
34,210 in 1955-56
Amount not fully utilised.
Some equipment has been
purchased.
JAMNAGAR
Central Institute of Research in Indigenous
Systems oj Medicine, 3amna£aT•
WEST
BENGAL
Propose to start research
schemes shortly.
(1) Jaminibhushan Ashtanga Vidyalaya, Calcutta.
Clinical research on Philodara
(enlargement of spleen). Ten re
search beds (5 male and 5 female)
have been set apart.
(2) Shyamadas Vaidya Shastra Pith, Calcutta.
Clinical research on Sarwanga Shoba
—Ten research beds set apart for this
work.
(3) Vlshivanath Ayurvedic College, Calcutta.
UNION
TERRITORIES
Research activities spread over six
sections namely Darshanas, clinical.
Pharmacy, Biochemistry and Pharma-
Investigation on Pandu Roga an<^
Grahani completed and report under
print.
Future programme of researc
on Udara Roga, Amaratha,
Swasa, Krimi Roga, etc.
Rs. 4,00,000 in 1956-57
Rs. 3,50,000 in 1957-58
Rs. 3,56,000 in 1958-59
Skin diseases treatment under the
Siddha system being experimented
successfully.
.
Modern team doing independent clini
cal research on Ayurvedic drugs used
in the treatment of Diabetes,
Hypertension, Arthritis, Anaemias, etc.
■
I
The Bio-Chemist is doing work on
Aswagandha.
f
I
i
i
Figure 41 and Map 2 below will show the number of Ayurvedic Re
■|' search Units i.in the various States:
it 42.
k
1
; h
ANDHRA
I
3
4
5MOVML4 WXUOuS uwrrs CN6AGED
*4 DO*G mCStlCM »n tMOkCtMOVS
MWICIMCS.
BIHAR
J 2^1222222;
BOMBAY
5
I
Map of INDIA
ASSAM
NIL
JaK
6
/
1 -
KERALA
7
M.P
S _____ [
I
I
I
MADRAS
I
9
M^SORt
NIL
r io
ORISSA
1 11
Punjab
nil
12
UJASTHM Ea£3
5 13
I
U.P
14<
W.BENCAL =
I
115
h
I
*
j
ESE*
DELHI
1
HIMACHAL
Pradesh
*
I
or UM/T5
j1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
UNITS IN
AYURVEDIC RESEARCH
VARIOUS STATES
I
Fig. 4
Map 2
1
1
n
Ij
____________________________________
■
-
.
-
I
State where research in Ayurveda has progressed considerably under State
patronage. In other States only a few teaching institutions and private
agencies are engaged in doing research in Ayurveda. Some details about
the working of the Bombay Board may, therefore, be usefully included in
this Report. - In this connection please see Appendix IX.
49. In addition to the Board of Research, the Chief Minister of Bombay,
recently laid the foundation-stone of a new building for locating the Podar
Ayurvedic Research Institute, which will have a laboratory for carrying out
chemical, botanical and pharmacognosical research on Ayurvedic drugs.
In addition, it will have a first class museum and a reference library.
44.
The Board of Ayurvedic Research, Bombay was established in the
year 1931, which was later on reconstituted in the year 1955. This Board
at5 tun ^embers including a Chairman, a Secretary and one Ex-officio
embei (the Director of Ayurveda). The work of the four sections under
the Board may be described in some detail.
50.
On the subject of Drugs Research also, the Bombay State has made
noteworthy progress. They appointed a Committee in 1955 for the stand
ardisation of Ayurvedic Drugs and herbs and for evolving a machinery to
make available genuine drugs at reasonable prices. This Committee
has submitted an interim report in which they have recommended the estab
lishment of a Government Drug Farm and Pharmacy’ and a Pharmacological
Laboratory. Please sec Appendix X in this connection.
51. We may in the end suggest that the example set up by Bombay should be
followed by other States as early as possible.
\sor^
the section for standardization of Ayurvedic drugs is
carried out in three stages, namely, (a) standardisation of crude drugs ; (b)
standardisation of processes of manufacture; and (c) standardisation of pre1 Pare • comPoun^ medicines. So far as crude drugs are concerned, they
have intensively studied nine herbs and defined a working standard for 38
others used in Ayurveda. In the study of this problem, all modern techni
ques including chromatographic method are used. Since this is a work of
great fundamental importance, this section needs further augmentation, so
that all these studies could be completed within a short time. In the
standardisation of the process of manufacture, work has just begun. As
far as standardisation of prepared medicines is concerned, the Board are
chermcal tech^°Wn Stan^ar<^s ^or ■^savas an^ Arishtas by utilising modern
Work done by Teaching Institutions
.
52.
This is practically a new venture on the part of many teaching insti
tutions in order mainly to take advantage of the liberal financial help given
by the Central Government.
53.
We have already indicated the extent of such financial help and how
it has been utilised. It may be useful to indicate the various diseases which
are being investigated by these institutions as in the Table below:—
T/VBLE VII
46. We now come to the Literary Research Section of the Board. Wc
have indicated in Table VI that the section of literary research have already
published four text-books in Ayurveda and are preparing the outline for
another 21 text books, with the cooperation of Ayurvedic scholars. An
Ayurvedic literary research unit is also being set up. The Board’s work in
this item of research is promising.
Tabic showing a number of places where various diseases are investigated on
Ayurvedic lines.
Name of the Disease
Name of the Placc/s
1.
Ama Vata (Rheumatism)
2.
Udara Roga (Ascitis)
3.
Shotha (General Anasarca)
4.
Grahani Roga (Sprue)
Hyderabad, Poona, Jamnagar, Patna,
Trivandrurn and Puri
Trivandrum, Banaras, Jamnagar,
Poona, Calcutta.
Jamnagar, Trivandrum, Calcutta
(Shymadas Vidyapith), Bombay
(Universal Health Institute)
Patna, Banaras and Poona
5.
Shwasa (Asthma)
Poona, Jamnagar and Bombay
6.
Madhu Mcha (Diabetes Mellitus)
Banaras and Poona
7.
Kamala (Jaundice)
Hyderabad and Trivandrum
8.
Shoola (Pain in Abdomen)
Hyderabad
9.
Pandu (Anaemia)
Jamnagar
10.
Vata Roga (Nervous Disorders)
Trivandrum, Puri and Udaipur
11.
Bone T.B.
Banaras
12.
Guinea Worm
Udaipur
13.
Filariasis
Calcutta
.14.
Datu Kshaya (Debility)
Jamnagar and Bombay (Universal
Health Institute)
SI. No. ‘
47. A reference to Table VI and Appendix IX will show that there arc
three units with 20 beds each where clinical research on thirteen diseases on
P?re f yurxedic lines is being done. Besides these, there are four units
where Ayurvedic drugs arc being tested under different climates and other
conditions fliese studies are expected to yield results leading to the expla
nation of the fundamentals of Ayurvedic medicine. Necessary' proforma for
recording the symptoms, diagnosis, progress and treatment have been pre. Parc . y 1 c Board. A systematic case record of the patient on modern
lines is also being kept and the results compared. The thirteen diseases
( chosen for such detailed studies are Udar Roga, Shotha, Asthma,Vata, Jwara,
Atisara, Grahani, Swasa, Amalpitha, Shool, Kamala and Malavasthamba.
One noteworthy feature of the clinical research done in Bombay is that the
patient is examined by the modern physician before being admitted to the
Research ^ard and the completion of his treatment is again
checked by the modern physician before the patient is discharged. We
oun t at m this way there wras excellent collaboration between the
. ayurvedic and modern team of workers.
48.
As far as research on Ayurvedic Regimen is concerned, the Board
propose to undertake investigation in dietetics, studies in Dinacharya,
Knucharya, etc. It is also proposed to publish booklets on Ayurvedic con
cepts of diet, hygiene, etc.
7
■
I
n
JO
1
54. The Committee observed, however, that adequate research facilities
did not exist in all these institutions. Moreover it will be apparent that,
the disease chosen for research is many a time identical in various places.
This is possibly because the Ayurvedic physicians have gathered experience,
on treating successfully particular types of cases for which there are no
special treatments in modern medicine.. Unlike the system adopted by
F’ the Bombay Board of Research there is duplication of the subjects in
many places. This cannot perhaps be avoided in the initial stages.
However, the time has come when the proposed Council of Auyurvedic Research should
systematise this work on an uniform basis throughout the country.
f
I
|
55.
Some very interesting research work is being done in the process tf
purification of mercury by individual Vaidyas, one in Bangalore and the
other in Ajmer under the supervision of certain private cq
ms. As we
all know "the glory of Indian Chemistry was at the top in me days of
Nagaijun and his colleagues. They had discovered the wonderful proper
ties of mercury and its different actions. This type of research if earnestly
pursued by others can contribute greatly to the development of Ayurveda.
56.
Having stated the present status of Ayurvedic research in the country,
we may now proceed to indicate the types of research that arc immediately
necessary for the improvement of the science and the other possibilities in
the research field so far as Ayurveda is concerned.
57.
We have already mentioned the views of the Chopra Committee in
H16.
Soine tinie back one of the members of this Committee (Dr.
Kaladi Parameswaran Pillai) had prepared a scheme for doing Ayurvedic
research for the Kerala State. In that, he took into consideration all the
existing conditions and divided the work into botanical, chemical, clinical,
pharmacy, pharmacognostic and literary research.
58. A number of Vaidyas whom this Committee met during their tour
i r^eme
rc
t^le V^ew
the intention of research may not be for the
i nr ^°SVOf findl?g .anythinS new in Ayurveda, but mainlv for re-searching
jor cnepkjng up the important things claimed for Ayurveda'and to interpret
• * fnr ^42 •Crm-S
the modern scientific conception. The obvious reasons
cnmnl
in
modern scientific concept are that we arc at present
at tbp hut ^norant oi the various processes that led our ancients to arrive
and eff/rtnTk00110 UJS1°.nS about the basic theories or about the properties
that we
f «-he medlclnes and drugs used in Ayurvedic treatment and
is, so that 211 ° Pr°\e t0 tbe modern world how rational Ayurvedic science
should alwaxre k could adopt our system and make it universal. There
} be a two-way traffic in science and research.
that research is necessary to make up the
, causes4 oF'thr in-’7 rve<?a
at present practised ; and one of the main
A of the science
15 tnat ordy one
the eight branches (angas)
;' remaining
today’ -Research on the material available in the
provide a krv tn
CS
*n certain States of India may well
making too man'^- •orgoJten P°rtions in the art of treatment without
science.
encroachments on the basic principles, 'of the ancient
science. Thus
AMr
e modcrn surgery may have - many lessons to
inadeq^cieseofVAW
11
60.
The basic principles of Ayurveda, e.g.^ Tridosha, have not only to be
discussed with scholars knowing both Ayurveda and ’modern sciences
but have to be demonstrated to the students in the hospital, so that there
is no confusion in their minds. The theories will have to be corroborated
by clinical data, by observing the effect of drugs, diet and other treatment
on patients. In collecting this clinical data there should be intimate
collaboration between the learned Vaidyas and their modern counterparts
who should have open minds. Once the mutual barriers of suspicion
and doubt arc removed, progress is bound to happen.
Work done by individual vaidyas
SUGGESTIONS REGARDING THE TYPES OF RESEARCH TO BE DONE
I
learn from the surgical treatises of old, provided proper research is done.
Similarly Midwifery, Gynaecology and diseases of Ear-Nose-Throat on
Ayurvedic lines can be brought back to life. At any rate, once intense
research is done we will be in a position to reconcile the past and the
present and reject those things which cannot be so reconciled.
-
61.
After considering all these views, this committee recommends that Ayurvedic
Thi work
Research should in the First instance be done under the following heads. Thf
will have to be done simultaneously if any worthwhile advance has to be made.
1. Clinical;
2. ’ Literary ;
3.
4.
Chemical;
Botanical; •
5.
6.
7.
Pharmacognosical;
Pharmacological ; and
Basic principles of ayurveda.
CLINICAL RESEARCH
62.
Clinical research is important in any type of medical research.
Generally, the success of clinical research depends upon (a) good team
work with efficient investigators, and (b) proper choice of a subject of
study. As Dr. Albert Einstein* said, “Formulation of a problem is often
more essential than its solution, which may be a matter of mathematical
or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard
old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and makes
a real adventure in science.” The choice of a subject is thus more important.
Once this is done, the investigator can construct his hypothesis and then
test it by experiment and observation. Again observation can be both
quantitative and qualitative. In clinical investigations, however, qualitative
observation is more useful, not that quantitative analysis is less important.
For the latter the investigator has to work in close liaison with a statistician.
As Dr. R. Platt, Professor of Medicine, Manchester University, said,**
“Clinical research often consists of comparison of one group of cases with
another group of cases differently treated........... or the comparison may be
made between the group studied and the known behaviour of the illness
under consideration.”
-63.
Having stated the general lines of clinical research followed in modern
medicine, we may now take up the question of this aspect of research in
• cf. “ Methods of Medical Research ” by Thomas Rivers in “Frontiers of
Medicine.**
•• British Medical Jaumal, 1—577, 1953
The entire scheme for Clinical Research will, therefore, have to be planned
67.
on
a
wy
coordinated basis in consultation with the Ayurvedic professors, practitioners
6..
modern scientists, etc.
Ayurveda. In the earlier pages, we have stated that “that alone is true
which is proved clinically”, and that for doing clinical research, we should
have well-qualified investigators belonging to both the Ay-urvedic and
••modern systems of medicine.’
68.
In certain cases, it may be that an Ayunedic scholar of repute may
be willing to lend his services, provided the research centre is not far
removed from his place of practice. In the early stages till we are able to
build up a big team of research-minded Vaidyas, we may have to make
such personal adjustments and get the best out of such scholars and
practitioners.
64.
The basic principles of Ayurveda, the quality and effectiveness of drugs on
patients should first be proved clinically before any other type of research is undertaken.
The intention is that the other types of research are not to be independently carried
out but should follow clinical research. Where the effectiveness of a drug is
proved, the other kinds of work can simultaneously be done. Particularly
in Ayurveda though we know that certain drugs are effective for certain
diseases, we do not know the process of investigation that the ancient
scientists followed before prescribing such drugs. It is for finding out this
process and for confirming the efficacy of the drugs in modern terms that
scientific research is necessary.
69.
In each Research Centre, a joint committee of Vaidyas and Modem Scientists,
69.
should be established for this purpose. In the long run, this type of research
may lead to the establishment of a sound system of medicine in this countryand abroad.
65.
At present, the pattern of clinical research being done is both
diagnosis and treatment in accordance with the principles of Ayurveda,
with the aim of proving the merit of the Ayurvedic system. There is a
modern team attached to the Ayurvedic research team. In certain places,
the modern team works behind the curtain and no comparison of statistics
is made so that a concrete conclusion is not arrived at. On the other hand,
in certain places like Sassoon Hospital, Poona, there is a good amount of
coordination. There can be other methods of research for achieving the
same end. Before we mention these other methods, wc may first describe
the coordinated method adopted in Poona, because this will be one of the
normal types of clinical research.
66.
While on the item of clinical research, it may be pointed out that apart from
doing this work in the various research centres, it will also be a great advantage if
this is carried out in a separate wing of a modern hospital by Vaidyas in collaboration
with the modern physician there. In the past, there was a doubt whether this
will be successful. The Committee had the occasion to study the work of
the Ayurvedic Research Unit in the Sassoon Hospital, Poona, and, as has
already been stated, they were very much impressed with the amount of
cordial cooperation between the modern physician and the Vaidyas in
charge of the research beds. A procedure has been evolved by which a
patient coming to the Hospital is allowed to have the option of Ayurvedic
or modern treatment. Once he chooses the former, he is first examined
by the modern physician who keeps a separate case record. Then he is
sent upto the Ayurvedic Research Ward. At no stage of the treatment
in that Ward does the modern physician interfere.
Before, however, the
patient is discharged, he is sent back to the modem physician who has
to confirm that the patient is cured. In this way, a sort of coordination has
been set up, with the result that the modern physician gets impressed with
the diagnosis and treatment according to the Ayurv-edic methods. In due
course, the modern physician knows what kinds of diseases can have better
results at the hands of Vaidyas and be of his own volition will send such
patients to the Ayurvcd ward. In a way, this system of coordination is
also prevalent in the Baroda Medical College Hospital. This kind of
collaboration is really useful and has to be built up gradually and both the
Vaidya and the modern physician will have to show a good deal of patience
and mutual tolerance. We suggest that this method may be followed by other
research centres engaged in clinical research. In addition, we suggest that the
modern physician should closely follow the treatment given by the Ayurvedic team
and observe the condition of the patient at every stage. '
(
fifew Suggestions:
70.
We may now deal with the other new methods of clinical research.
Applying Dr. Einstein’s doctrine of “regarding old problems from a new
angle”, we can do clinical research on diseases or syndromes in Ayurveda
by treatment on modern methods. Vice versa diseases desci ibed in modern
medical science can be investigated by the application of the principles of
Ayurveda. This will be clear from Figure 4-A:—
71.
The above-mentioned idea has
succeeding paragraphs.
been further
developed in
the
72.
Firstly, investigations in diagnosis of a disease on modern methods,
e.g., radiological, laboratory examination, etc. and actual treatment of
such disease by the principles of Ayurvedic treatment as described in
Ayurvedic texts, will provide useful information to the modern medical
man in regard to the efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines and at the same time
provide the Vaidya a surer method of diagnosis under the modern system.
Taking an example, say heart disease, the administration of the Ayurvedic
medicine ‘ARJUN’ (tcrminalia Arjuna) will show to the modern man the
comparative effectiveness of this medicine over a modern drug, while the
Vaidya will get to know the usefulness of X-Ray, electro cardiogram^ etc.
in diagnosing and treating heart disease patients.
• .
73.
In the second place, the investigations for the diagnosis of a disease
are done on Ayurvedic methods, e.g., Prakriti (constitution), Satva
f
j
1 —» r**
** I
V*
UflLAglUUnuy,
CIV.
anu
* * *■> i
atiuai
oo
a
o 4 ♦ a /i i c m r a
LI CMlmvut. Vi l.Jv,
c
diagnosed by the administration of modern drugs. These may prove to
the Vaidya the comparative effect of a modern drug in treating his patients
while the modern medical man may be able to understand the place of
prakriti (constitution), as described in Ayurveda, in diagnosis and treatment.
We may enlarge this idea by means of an example. It is well established
in modern medical science that ‘liver extract’ is generally good for
Macrocytic Anaemias. The investigation under Ayurvedic methods
which attaches greater importance to the constitution than the disease itself
will show that the particular patient is of the Vata Prakriti, ritha rrakriti
or Kapha Prakriti. Administration of liver extract to the three types of
patients with different-constitutions will-prove to the medical world in
which of the three constitutions liver extract will best act in comparison to
others. By such means, the Vaidya can add the modern liver extract to
■
7
■
fits Materia Medica, while the modern man can enlarge his knowledge of the
distinctive groups of anaemia patients, where liver extract is effective.
74.
may conclude by saying that Clinical Research in Ayurveda should be done
in four directions, viz.—
1
I
;i
(1) Both diagnosis and treatment strictly under Ayurvedic Principles. At
present, the Ayurvedic scientific system is not completely
followed and a patient is studied in an unsystematic manner.
There should a systematic diagnosis followed by the full
t
systematic treatment and not merely the blind administration
f
of a drug for a disease.
PRINCIPLES OF
TREkTMENT
DESCRIBED IH
DlA.<aHOSIS OF
DiSKASES AS
DESCRtbtO IN
A.YURNEDK .
4,(2) Diagnosis under Ayurvedic principles and treatment in accordance
Modern Medicine.
\J (3) Diagnosis under Modem Medical Principles and treatment in accordance
with the Doctrine of Ayurveda.
(4) As a control measure, both diagnosis and treatment done ih Modern
Medical Method. This is very necessary to compare and bring
out the merits and demerits of both the systems and should
be carried out simultaneously in the same research centre.
kYURMEDK .
%
75.
In the end, we suggest that the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research may
consider this new approach and put it into practice in suitable Research Centres. As
already stated, there is no royal road to discovery and we will have to adopt
all possible measures in the investigation of the problems on hand.
'b
■
I
f.
LITERARY RESEARCH
DIAGNOSIS AS
DLSCRlbED IN
THEMMHT >>£>
MODERN
IU
76.
The importance of literary research in Ayurveda needs no emphasis,
It is an essential plank in any scheme of research because we have to bring
back to life many hidden truths in our ancient literature. Work should
be undertaken in the following directions:—
DISCUSS ED
MEDI
MODERN
MEDIClKt.
CINE .
(1) Collection and review of old manuscripts and publication of
the more important ones.
(2) Translation of some of the old texts into English and other
regional languages.
(3) Preparation of suitable text books by Ayurvedic scholars with
an eye towards proper training of Ayurvedic students ; and
(4) the establishment of good reference libraries for use by scholars
engaged in writing text books and by students.
jJr
I
4
77.
Previous Committees have also made recommendations on identical
lines. As has been pointed out by them, the Central Council of Ayurvedic
Research should appoint Sub-Committees for chalking out systematic
literary research.
FIGURE SHOV41U<G THE PROPOSED ¥OU*
*
fCLD
SCHEME
OP CUUlCkl RESEARCH.
&
I
I
Fig. 4-A
.
,?r
.-w—
/o.
Vve have already indicated that the Bombay Board of Research have
begun doing useful work in this item of research. Other State Governments
may follow this, as early as possible.
79.
Special mention may be made of the translation of Charaka into
English by Shri P.M. Mehta under the auspices of the Gulab Kunwarba
Ayurvedic Society, Jamnagar. This commendable translation has become
a standard reference book for all men in the world interested in Ayurveda.
k\JU
80.
With regard to translation of books from English or Urdu into Hindi
or Sanskrit, only private agencies have done some work in this respect.
Similarly, many individuals have published text books on Ayurvedic and
modern medical subjects in Hindi and other languages for the use ofstudents
and practitioners of Ayurveda. The standard of such publications is not,
however, uniformly good. Cheap publications by ill-informed authors
only tend to create copfusion in the minds of students who resort to them
for want of a proper text-book, or a good translation of a learned
commentary.
81.
It is essential that the authors of such text-books should be specialists
in the subject with some special research work to their credit and good
practical experience.
a
82.
A good library is an essential requirement for literary research.
During the Committee’s tours, it was noted that most of the institutions are
having indifferent types of library. We have separately recommended that
each teaching institution should *build up a good and systematic library
under a properly qualified medical librarian for the benefit of students.
In addition, there is a need for a Central library where, as a result of literary
research conducted in the country, copies of ancient manuscripts, valuable
publications, etc. can be collected and kept. This Central library will be
best located in the premises of the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research.
r
83. A good Ayurvedic journal will be of immense help in the field of
research. There arc, at present, about 30 Ayurvedic journals in the
country, mostly in regional languages. “NAGARJUN” is probably the
one journal which is published in English. There is ample scope for a
journal of research in Indian medicine under the auspices of the Central
Council of Ayurvedic Research. This journal will publish not only the
valuable papers on research carried out by the Slate Boards of Research
with the help of Central funds, but also good articles on Indian medicine
written by individual scholars and research workers and review’s of books
and publications from time to time. We, therefore, recommend that State Boards
of Research should give Literary Research an important place in their programmes,
establish ivell-equipped libraries and also start journals in which information
regarding the work done in the Research centre under them can be given for the
benefit of all concerned.
The Central Council of Research should coordinate the literary research done
in the various Slates, establish a Central Library and also start their own Journal
of Research-.
*
CIIENfiCAL RESEARCH
84.
Chemical research on Ayurvedic drugs, is, no doubt, very important
for the development of the science on modern lines. Modern Chemistry
may help a great deal to explain many of the actions of the drugs on certain
disease conditions. Further, it may also explain various actions of the
herbs on metallic preparations. But Chemistry alone will not solve the
problem. It needs a good amount of team worlc. Thus Dr. ^.ItiRherjee,
the Director of Central Drugs Research Institute, Lucknow, says,* “In
whatever manner the investigative approach on indigenous drugs is made,
successful or satisfactory work is time-consuming, and requires team work
• Dr. B. Mukherjee—Indian Indigenous Drugs—Need for Research—Bulletin of the
National Institute of Science of India, No. 4. 1955.
1
I
of several groups of scientists, each expert in his own field of specialisation,
but integrated and coordinated for solution of one or .the other problem
at one time. No haphazard methods of approach by individuals or even
by a single institution with inadequate resources are likely to. succeed.”
yVhat is required is a correct approach to the problem and not the immediate
outcome, because research is a continuous process.
85.
We have already explained that in the case of Ayurvedic research,
clinical research must precede every other item of research. So chemical
research on indigenous drugs should be closely intertwined with clinical
research.
86
In this connection, Dr. Mukherjee again says, “A thorough and
complete research into all these drugs would constitute the lifework of
innumerable chemists, pharmacologists and clinicians. From the empirical
knowledge of a crude drug to its use in the rationally scientific medicine is
a long way and must pass through (1) Botanical identification, (2) Chemical
examination, (3) Pharmacological and Toxicological assay ; and (4)
Chemo-therapeutic and clinical trials. It is sometimes convenient and less
time-consuming to start from clinical trials first and then proceed to further
laboratory study and analysis.”
87.
The Pandit Committee has also emphasised this point.
88.
Again Sir Thomas Lewis, one of the greatest exponents of clinical
science says, “The use of animals for experiments is the chief and rightly the
most valued method for the physiologist. It is equally indispensable to
several branches of pathology and pharmacology......... ........... .to
maintain a close linkage with pharmacology, but it is equally its duty clearly to
recognise that in so far as both rr.anner and inte:isity are concerned the action of the
drug on man is not necessarily the same as the action on animal, and that the action
on the diseased is not necessarily the same as on the healthy man. 1 he proof or
disproof of a drug's efficacy rests finally on the test in patients."
89.
Ayurveda goes further to differentiate the action of the drug on man
according to the constitution (Prakriti).
90.
We may recall that in the case of Rauwolfia Serpentina, chemical
research was first attempted and produced no results for years. Later
clinical research was taken and the efficacy of the drug was established
throughout the world. It was then followed by chemical research.
91.
Some people may doubt the necessity for chemical research on herbal
medicines because we are living at a time when many'synthetic chemical
preparauons arc flooding the market. In this connection, Dr. Sirsi of the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, has said,
But the condition in
our countrv is entirely different.................. We have the advantage of vast
forest wealth. The clinical acumen of our ancient physicians has shown
us certain leads for the utilisation of hidden wealth. An organised effort
bv Chemists, Pharmaceutists and Clinicians may not only bring forth to
lieht many useful remedies which could be utilised in the crude form
immediately after standardisation................ Authorities on modern
science are themselves of the view that it may l>e tline-consuming to try to
synthesise all natural drugs and that research for medicine in plants should
continue unabated. We know that the medicinal plants in Ayurveda are'
not always capable of yielding active principles of the modern conception,
and that the whole plant has a somewhat inexplicaable action as against its
isolated active principle. In the opinion of some^of the Ayurvedic experts,
♦
Memorandum submitted to the Committee
.- "
■ Vffi.
J
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f)
there is a latent dynamic power in the whole plant or drug which is lost in
the process of analysis, thus yielding no active principle of a convincing
nature. We have also heard of a single medicine being effective for several
diseases with variations of components and change of mode of preparation.
In such cases, chemical analysis alone may well baffle the research worker.
?
92.
Again, chemical research may be useful in deciding the relative
potencyCof a number of drugs used for a particular condition. It will
| certainly help to discover newer drugs which though not mentioned in
I Ayurvedic
texts may have curative properties. Chemical analysis will help
the Vaidya to discover better uses for certain plants or their portions which
are now being discarded.
I
95.
The modem scientists will, therefore, be well advised to take up Chemical
Research of a drug whose efficacy has been proved clinically, in collaboration with
Vaidyas of repute. Team work is essential in such investigations. The Central
Council of Ayurvedic Research should take this up on a plan,red basis. The subjects
of such study may be allotted by them to selected chemists and necessary funds provided.
93,
Recently, many foreign countries, especially the United Kingdom,
the United States of America and Switzerland are actively investigating the
chemistry of many Indian drugs in their laboratories. On our part,
therefore, chemical research on indigenous drugs should not lag behind.
In all, about 15 well-known experts in modern chemistry in our country
have taken up the stutly of various indigenous drugs. Briefly, their work
has been mentioned in the table below.
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Survey.
96.
Ayurvedic practice greatly depends upon the herbs commonly
available in India and hence improvement in the standard of supply o.
these herbs will automatically raise the standard of practice of Ayurvedic
System of Medicine. Such a study will involve survey, indcntification,
cultivation, storage and marketing of these herbs. We have dealt with
these subjects in detail in a later chapter.
TABLE VIII
Details of the Places where Chemical Research is being carried out on Indian
Drugs.
;
1
si.
No.
Name of the
State
1
Andiira
2
Andhra
3
Bombay
4 Jammu &
Kashmir
5 Kerala
6
Madras
7
Mysore
8
Uttar Pradesh
9
-do-
10
-do
11
West Bengal
12
-do-
13
-do-
|
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4
14
Delhi
Name of the Institute
Department of Pharmacy,
Andhra University,
Waltair.
Department of Chemistry,
Usamania University,
Hyderabad.
National Chemical
Laboratory-, Poona.
Drug Research Institute,
Jammu.
Department of Applied
Chemistry, University of
Kerala, Trivandrum.
Department of Chemistry,
Presidency College,
Madras.
Department of Biochemistry
Indian Institute of
Sciences, Bangalore.
Central Drug Research
Institute, Lucknow.
National Botanical Gardens,
Lucknow.
Pharmacology Department,
Medical College, Lucknow.
School of Tropical Medicine,
Calcutta.
University College of Science,
Calcutta.
Bengal Immunity Research
Institute, Calcutta.
Department of Chemistry,
Delhi University, Dellii.
Head of the
Research Team
97.
Botanical survey of the Indian medicinal plants has, no doubt, been
carried out by innumerable workers, both foreigners and Indian. But
very few of them took the advantage of the details of the descriptions and
other characteristics mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. Because of this, the
work of these eminent botanists has not been directly useful for the develop
ment of Ayurveda.
Principal
subjects of
investigation
Dr. S. Rangaswami
98.
The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research may, therefore, take
steps to sec that every State carries out a proper Botanical Survey of
Medicinal Plants used in the Ayurvedic system of Medicine, area-wise,
in collaboration with the forest authorities and knowledgeable Vaidyas.
99.
Detailed maps of each area showing quantities available should be prepared
and circulated amongst all the Slate governments and the institutions interested in the
problem.
Dr. N.V. Subba Rao
Dr. C.R. Maitra
Dr. I.C. Chopra
Dr. P.P. Pillai
I
Dr. Govindachaii
Dr. D.P. Narasimha
Rao
Dr. B. Mukherjee
Dr. Kaul and
Dr. V.N. Sharma
Dr. M.L. Gujral
Dr. R.N. Chakravarti
Dr. (Mrs.) Asima
Chatterjee
Dr. U.P. Basu
Dr. T.R. Sh^hadr»"1
94,
The scope and the result of their studies are, however, limited without
first knowing the clinical value of the indigenous drugs from Vaidyas and
scholars in Ayurveda. For example, in our tour, we have been told that
the seeds of Palash tree have great “anthelmentic” value. Now this can
be handed over to the chemists for analysis and then these details can be
given to the pharmacologists for further study.
0540(
Cultivation:
100. The next step in botanical research will be systematic cultivation
of medicinal plants. The Pharmaceutical and Drugs Enquiry’ Committee
appointed by the Government of India in 1954 had recommended that the
Government should take immediate steps to organise the cultivation of
medicinal plants in a scientific manner. For want of information regarding
the medicinal value of several plants, due attention is not being paid by
forest authorities to the systematic cultivation or prevention of denudation
from forests. Haphazard collection of medicinal plants by non-tcchnical
contra^ors is being allowed by them. For this purpose, trained Botanists
who have experience in the cultivation of medicinal plants can play a
great role, provided they take the help of scholars of Ayurveda. In more
advanced countries like the United Kingdom, the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, a large number of farms
cultivating medical plants have been developed many years ago. There
are three well-known botanical gardens in India growing medicinal plants,
namely, Lucknow, Calcutta, and Bangalore, but as has been stated before,
I
» aown a piugiumiM uu u
and be increased considerably.
paci-of^lih a nf>rk.’; can
- L- -—
2,000 herbs described in Ayurveda and in
ids fe?n, ■' have about
108.
", one unit consisting of a Botanist, an Ayuryedist
order
(g^tudy jhem well,
Ondalhomahi7i"can
complete about 12 to 15 herbs in a year. If the
Counclhclps
o
establish
Councilyiclps p establish 12 to 15 units in the country, it can possibly
finish t^ entird ^Ork in the next ten years or so.
their activities are not mainly directed towards the development ~ of
Ayurvedic medicine.
101. Hence it will be necessary to make special studies of the methods of
cultivation of these drugs so that many such farms could be opened
throughout the country. The proposed Council of Ayurvedic^ Research
all possible cooperation and advice from the Botanical experts in
‘ the country and
~~J plan
t',~an extensive programme of cultivation on a scientific basis.
102. Our aim may not end here only. Improvement in the cultivation
of these plants is a fascinating study and one can aim at the growth of
better quality of these drugs. It should be remembered that our ancients
were quite alive to these possibilities. There was a well-developed branch
of science in Ayurveda called Vrikshayurveda, popularised by Purasara,
one of the contemporaries of Agnivesa, the author of Charaka Samhita.
According to him, the vegetable kingdom also possesses the same types of
Doshas and Dhatus as human beings and by effecting variations in and
around them, one could produce a lot of change in their behaviour, both
qualitative and quantitative. During our tour, we met a few knowledgeable
people in this branch of Ayurveda. Therefore, while planning a Botanical
Research on the Ayurvedic Drugs, this aspect of our science, namely, Vrikshayurveda
should also receive due attention and encouragement for further development.
'fe —
.
est that the Pharmacognosical Units when established may
109. Wf/uggfie methods followed by Shri Narayana Iyer of Kerala whose
j.
have il&und tlI referred to above. In the introduction to his pubheanon
work ®~:been}i;cicncu
ay of Drugs”, Shri Narayana Aiyar says, .The botanical
^Phar&acognoly of Drugs
idenritW6T the
, r :1
distribution in India, its habitat
sui —
gieal i
I™ -a
53EISskss
are al^iven^'
—
Thr ^enntive accou
RESEARCH IN PHARMACOGNOSY
103. Efficacy of treatment depends inter alia upon efficacy of drugs. At
present, we do not appear to have scientific and uniform methods of checking
the authenticity of Ayurvedic drugs, plants and medicines.
Different plants arc known by different names in different States.
A.
’’:::iL;.(1u nnd
thouglWicfly
and differential diagnosis given to distinguish the officinal
Part'”p
104. In the case of drugs of mineral origin also, they arc sold under the
different names in different places. Pharmacognosical research, therefore,
is a vital necessity.
i ognosical work in all Stales of India should, therefore, be
I
PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH
105. One of the important aspects of pharmacognosical research would
be the preparation of monographs for each drug with scientific details,
botanical names, sources of supply, etc. These when published will give
to the practitioner of Ayurveda and pharmaceutical concerns great help in
obtaining genuine raw materials for the preparation of standard medicines.
been dafried $ut for more It was initiated, and developed under the able
106. There is a great scope for expansion of this relatively new science of
Ayurvedic Pharmacognosy. Mention may be made of the efforts of Shri K.
Narayana Aiyar of the Kerala University who has done good work in this
field in collaboration with a Vaidya, a Chemist, a Botanist, a Forest Officer
and others. Similar work has been done by the Indian Drug Research
Association, Poona the Bombay Board of Research, the A^mrx’edic
Research Unit of the Baroda Medical College, and also the Central
Research Institute of Indigenous Systems of Medicine, Jamnagar. In
addition, pharmacognosical studies on indigenous drugs commonly used in
the modern medicine are being carried out at many places, notably at the
Drug Research Institute, Jammu, Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow, and the Banaras Hindu University.
Xnfc of (getting substantial guidance from the experiences of our
107. Though these studies are going on at many centres, there is no co-ordination
amongst them. The work is of a laborious nature and therefore time-consuming.
This item of research should,, therefore, be carefully planned by the Central Council
of Ayurvedic Research bf giving necessary financial aid to the various institutions
111
I
Jd
We stiiiies on the pharmacological action oi mma*.
ancien’E>tndia|i medical scientists.
is ma4.-.
i
-----* K|,JRNa—
ba Aiyar, Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs (Kerala) 19ol.
ray Ln
I
I
113. The existence of data regarding the proportions of Panch Maha
Bhutas in individual drugs proves that our ancients conducted drug analysis.
The process by which these data were arrived at by them has, however,
been lost to us. Our aim should, therefore, be to do research and re
establish their method of study. The only way seems to be to entrust this
work to modern scientists and to request them to find out the details of
Rasa Virya Vipaka and Guna of all the indigenous drugs. This is one of
the methods which will help in the development of Ayurvedic Pharmacology.
1
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114. The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should plan future Pharmacological
Research on Indigenous Drugs in consultation with expert Vaidyas.
We recommend that Pharmacological Research on Indigenous Drugs should,
in the first instance, be done preferably in a limited number of places where Pharma’cologists having a real thirst for knowledge are already working and where special
facilities are available, Provision must be made for Ayurvedic scholars, Chemists,
Botanists, Pharmacists. Statisticians, etc being attached to such Pharmacological
j departments. Research fellows should be provided in ample measure. The
description of individual medicinal plants, their utility in medicine, the procedure for
administration, etc as described in Ayurvedic texts should be taken as the basis for
further investigations.
J
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Similarly, drugs before investigation should be prepared exactly on the lines
■ laid down in Authentic Ayurvedic Texts.
The existence of different methods of preparation of the same medicine
Ayurveda should also be taken into account.
115. It is recommended that such of the Pharmacology departments in Modern
I Medical
Cc-lleges as are chosen for doing this kind of work should be financed by the
Colleges
Central Council of Ayurvedic Research.
123. Many research units like the Central Research Institute, Jamnagar,
Board of Research in Ayurveda, Bombay, Universal Health Institute,
Bombay, Government Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad, and the Ayurvedic
College, Banaras Hindu University, have adopted different proformae for
diagnosis and treatment of patients. Some of them have gone to such a
detail that the proforma goes to more than
hundred pages, wheats
others have made it more concise.
RESEARCH IN FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDA:
Th j 1S an, important aspect of research and the time and energy spent
on the study of this problem will be of great help. Briefly, we can divide the
'
t™0’ rna,mcIy> W Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda : and
/ t I Application of those principles in practice.
I
PrinciPles of Ayurveda are based on those of the
comnoseH nf
1° A>’urveda> anY matter in this universe must be
sun/moon and air D°shas’ Thc5c Doshas represent energy, derived from
f1
alike in all resnXrt®'3
are ecluaI and so no two patients can be
according to Av ’ , lhou8h many patients may have the same disease,
respect of thei?^1-3’ Freatmcnt for each one of them may differ in
treatment for
and other conditions. This follows that the
r each patient should be individualised.
121. In the former we will have to study and explain all about Panchamahabuta, Tridosha, Mind, Wisdom. Soul (Atma) etc. as mentioned in
Ayurvedic texts with the help of all
other ancient Indian philosophical
texts, namely, Tarka, Mimamsa, Vedanta, etc. Monograms will have to
be prepared on each of these subjects. A start has been made in this
respect in the Central Research Institute at Jamnagar. It is our desire
that similar studies of the fundamental principles of Ayurveda should be
carried out by learned Vaidyas with a good philosophical background.
122. In regard to the application of the principles in practice, Ayurveda
has laid down three-fold methods for examining a patient. Five methods by
which diagnosis should be made and ten methods by which treatment
should be given, have been laid down. Incidentally, this will show that
Ayurveda docs not recommend a fixed treatment for a fixed disease.
in
.seven
de^cribed under lIuce groups, namely, three Doshas,
body is exnlainpdSUeS
Malas (excreta)« Healthy condition of the
collectivelv T
P??tuaI balance of these 13 components individually and
Ayurveda'att^nbaddltlOn ?° the balanced condition of these components,
Body and mindo
?°re ^P01131106 10 senses, mind and Atma (soul),
much more imr> v alwaYs interdependent and therefore Ayurveda attaches
health and
t0
St”dy °f inter“reIationshiP of thcsc two in
120. Further, according to Ayurveda, universe is full of pathogenic and
non-pathogenic organisms. It is not at all possible to destroy all disease
causing microbes alone from the universe without destroying the nonpathogenic organism also, but these microbes can thrive only in a favourable
soil- Ayurveda takes human body as the soil and the bectcria as seeds.
While admitting the responsibility of these organisms in the causation, of
disease, Ayurveda attaches greater importance to the soil, i.c., resistance
of the body. Therefore, to prevent disease, Ayurveda recommends an
enhancement of positive health by healthy habits, proper dieting and
elimination of waste products wherever necessary than trying to destroy
the disease producing organism alone. Therefore, the main principle of
Ayurveda is to create positive health than prevention of disease by
destruction of organisms. Research on the fundamentals of Ayurveda
should comprise of a thorough probing into these doctrines.
124. We suggest that for the sake of uniformity, a standard proforma will have to
be evolved by the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research for adoption all over the
county in connection with the research on the application of Fundamental Principles
of Ayurveda in practice. The results of these scientific studies should be compiled
and slalislicully evaluated so that a standard and easy method of examination of
persons in health and disease may be adopted.
FURTHER POSSIBILITIES OF RESEARCH
»
125. There are, further immense possibilities in Ayurvedic research. The
following subjects may be quoted as examples, particularly because many
of them are being practised in certain States today under the GuruParampara system only. Any special investigation into those subjects may
yield tremendous dividends :—
(1) Dietetics.
(2) Panchkarma (Sodhana Chikitsa).
(3) Bala Chikitsa (Paediatrics).
kt; ireaunent oi mental cases (by Manthrik and Thanthrik
methods).
(5) Treatment of Eye diseases.
(6) Marma Chikitsa (Orthopaedics).
(/) Visha Chikitsa (Toxicology).
(8) Dentistry.
(9) Preventive Medicine, including Yogic exercise, ; and .
Oil and Massage Treatment as practised in Kerala.
i!
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research organisation whose work will ultimately benefit them as well as
science. On the other hand, in foreign countries big pharmaceutical
concerns establish and maintain such private research institutions apart
from having their own research staff, testing laborator}', etc. In the West
they do not entirely depend upon Government help in such matters’
Indian pharmaceutical firms dealing with Ayurvedic medicines should
therefore, emulate foreign countries in this regard and establish research
institutions for the common purpose of improving the status of Ayurveda.
medicife^rlnoM STDiedtics Tn Aniber/aUthrOritieS in modern
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF AYURVEDIC RESEARCH
133. Having indicated the various lines of research that should be tackled immediately
and the further potentialities in this feld, the committee strongly recommends that
a Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should be set up immediately.
Which is applicab^^th to'heaTthy^nd^hn^perswis”^^*1^
i
134. The Council should have a Governing Body, a Chairman, a ViceChairman, a Treasurer, Members and a Secretary who will be ultimately
responsible for the. administration of this organisation. Further, there
should, be a Scientific Advisory Body’ together with appropriate Sub
Committees for different sections under expert members. By the establishment
of such a Council, we are sure that research in Ayurveda will get a great
fillip and also that we will be able to explore many new things.
135. The Constitution of the Central Council of Ayairvedic Research shall
be as follows :—
(1) Chairman (Minister of Health, Government of India).
(2) Vice-Chairman (Secretary, Ministry of Health).
(3) Two eminent Ayurvedic practitioners to be nominated by
the Central Government.
(4) Director, Central Institute of Research in Indigenous Systems
of Medicine.
(5)
One
Pharmacologist
p;
1 harmacologist engaged in doing research on indigenous
drugs.
(6) One expert Chemist who is working in drug analysis.
(7) Director, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow.
(8) Two Members of Parliament.
(9) Adviser on Indigenous Systems of Medicine to the Government
of India.
(10) Five Members from all the State Research Boards or Bodies,
to be nominated by the States.
(11) Director, Indian Council of Medical Research.
(12) Director, Central Council of Ayurvedic Research.
“gV*' J"i1” “ »?n nntiergnin..
training
PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS AND RESEARCH
and selhiT
>re
haXinS bif? busincss in manufacturing
5
I
136. The first Governing Body shall be nominated bv the Central
Government for a period of at least five years. The intention is that at
least a period of five years will be required to ensure the satisfactorv
implementation of the policies of the Governing Body. Frequent changes7
especially in a research council will end in fi-ustration.
137. The Scientific Advisory Council will advise the Central Council on
all matters of research. It may be empowered to appoint Sub-Committees
to co-opt members for a specific purpose_etc.
<
UO. lire Director of the Council shall be a person
r
u
ience in general and a thorough knowledge andPunderstandi?np
He shall be a full time officer.
understanding of Ayurveda.
CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN AYURVEDA:
139. There should be a full-time active young Secretarv m
n
to look after the administration of funds and fhe imnl
Council,
decisions of the Governing Body, to ensure thehne™PIem.;ntaP°ns of the
There shodd be .. ifflee’aMehed^/he
147. Earlier we have discussed the work done by the Central Institute of
Research in Indigenous Systems of Medicine and the Post-Graduate Trainmg^Centrc at Jamnagar and their limitations. In the chapter on “Training we have recommended that Research Departments (and post-graduate
departments) should be attached to at least one training institution in Avarveda in each State.
y
Several modern medical and Ayurvedic institurin IC reseaic^,arc available,
cooperating in this work.
7
institutions are already successfully
148. It is submitted that even all these institutions will not be enough to
cope with the urgent problems of Ayurvedic Research. We may point out
that eaHier Committees envisaged that the Jamnagar Institute was only one
w r .Cte,ntrcsKof.Rcselarch
be established by the Government of India.
X\e leel that the time has come for opening more Central Research Centres
and Central Post-Graduate Training Centres, so that State Governments
will get an urge to act accordingly.
afcfr !:>■ •h'
:.
.be. ,„ty h.ch,„ed
(142.
As in the case ofthe Indian Council of MrdiclP
i.
TiC01^end thal
thru mon centres of Ayurvedic Research
■should be started by the Government of India on a zonal basis. For this pdrbose
Ayu^^
JacilltieS t0 conduct T^arch
.
(1) Government Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum.
„„ .„o, fundl „ s
So” p,rJehd'
I Bve Tea??£“ tfiheCrari'md’S
r““rch in •*' ™rd
, Cou- h,
(2) Ayurveda Maha Vidyalaya, Poona; and
(3) Ayurvedic College of the Banaras Hindu University.
State Boards of Research :
“°n“
■
°
other systems.
^dvisory^Vmmi'ree7o7Ay?^
Tm Fo™ )■ °f
h'
Council of Ayurvedic Research,
under the Ministry of Health, may be abolished
146.
150. We aso recommend that Boards of Research in Ayurveda should be
constituted immediately in every State. These Boards shall be financed bv
each State Government, apart from any allocations they may get from the
Central Council of Ayurvedic Research. The State Boards shall have a
Chairman, six to eight members and a full-time secretary. It will be advan
tageous to have as members of the Board at least one representative from the
ra^dHC,anCrand SnnatC Omr1C
t0 which tcaching institutions en
gaged in research are affiliated. The State Boards should work in colla
boration with the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research so that there is no
duplication of eflorts.
HomeoPathX at present
be
C“‘r11 c°““a
I
<•
and State Research Boards in
lnstItu.tlons» Universities
(3) Distribution of Cent ,
a«ordance with a Central plan.
Who will in turn allot fundf In inZf
B°ards °f Research
by them for carrying out research
or'ndRhduaIs chosen
Citral scheme. I„ the £ase oA-e" Spekclfic !tems under the
^earch departments
undertaken by the
versity Research Centres the c/m
^0"5
by other Uni,4 ^lvlnS direct grants to rN-A C ntral Counc11 may consider
sSng
:nsd
TJthe
1 ^^tes of Research
<6) Pubheation J
Advi50ry Committee.
cat«u of a journal of Ayurvedic research.
irlhp
jUCCT*kf StatC Boa^ds 'vUI dePend upon the types of members
of the Board and the amount of actual cooperation and help they will net
from State Governments and research workers. Members of the Board
need not necessarily be district wise. They should be persons capable of
initiating and stimulating research.
H
152. State Boards should scrutinize all schemes submitted bv institutions or
individuals (and where necessary, submit such schemes with their recommen
dations to the Central Council) before funds are sanctioned.
Scope of the Central Council and State Boards
15L V'r
a-nd fun?tions of the Cei«tal Council of Research should
not be delimited, since primarily they are to be the custodians of the entire
neld ol research m Ayurvedic medicine. As research in Ayurveda is a pio
neer attempt, the responsibilities of the Central Council and the State
Boards are very great. The Council and the Boards while cooperating
with one another, mil control and direct all activities of research in
Ayurveda both at the Centre and the States.
i
i
154. Another function of the Central Council will be to give financial aid
to research departments of teaching institutions and individuals, if neces
sary.
155. Every teaching institution may not be able to open a full-fledged re
search department. But they may, with their limited resources, have a
research unit for studying particular problems. Such institutions or per
sons desirous of getting financial aid or recognition for doing research should
apply to the Central Council or State Boards, as the case may be. While
making grants to individuals, the Boards may ensure, as far as possible, that
the investigator has full freedom to carry out research work, and should be
asked to submit report periodically. Under established convention, such
research work is usually supported for three years.
GENERAL SUGGESTIONS REGARDING RESEARCH WORKERS:
156. We have said that the success of any research programme depends
mostly on the personnel who carry' out the research. Persons in charge of
research schemes should be encouraged to train as many youngmen as
possible so that within a short time we will have a sufficient number of
trained people in the country. In order to get the proper type of research
personnel, we suggest that the research bodies should arrange to grant
attractive fellowships.
157. Award of attractive prizes will greatly encourage the younger gen
eration to take to research.
b
158‘ Rles1<rirch (lV0,kcrs should not bc overburdened with administrative
responsibilities. I hey should be left free to concentrate over their problems.
159. Again, research workers should not bc made to submit too manv
reports, as is the present custom. One consolidated monogram showing
the results of research will serve the purpose. It should bc remember
ed tnat research work cannot always end in success.
160. It will be a wrong attitude to refuse to finance research
because they have not shown immediate results.
schemes
RESEARCH BY GENERAL PRACTITIONERS:
161. The general practitioners should also be encouraged to keep systema
tic records of the cases they treat. This will enable them if they arc researchy .>° arrme
Yaluable conclusions even by their own experience. It
will be desjrable if the various State Research Boards anange to conduct
periodical discussions where these general practitioners can be <dven
to discuss various scientific problems.
COLLABORATION WITH FOREIGN SCIENTISTS:
162. The knowledge of Ayurveda is now limited to this country only,
lhere are many cases like mental diseases which are efficiently treated bv
Ayurvedic methods but where Western scientists are still groping to find
out proper remedies. As we all know, since the well known hypertensive
drug Rauwolfia Serpentina was brought to the notice of Western scientists,
great interest and enthusiasm was created to study more and more of
Indian herbs.
CloJe liais?n bEtwecn the Ayurvedic physician and foreign
scientists all the modern scientific advancements can be utilised for the ad-
T
vancement of Ayurveda and the glory of Ayurveda can be brought back.
Some of the foreign philanthropic organisations may be encouraged to es
tablish indigenous drug research laboratories or departments in this country
and also train our younger generation in the techniques of doing research.
We leave it to the Central Council to devise ways and means for such close
liaison.
Summary:
164. Reviewing what has been said in this chapter, it may be pointed out
that there is enough evidence to show that research in Ayurveda should
have been known to our ancients, although we do not know now their pro
cess of reasoning and the methods which enabled them to arrive at conclu
sions regarding the efficacy of their prescriptions. Research is necessary in
any science, particularly so in Ayurveda which we are trying to place on a
scientific footing. We have indicated the work done by modern medical
men in indigenous drug research for the last several years and in Ayurvedic
it. _*rch by the Central and State Governments recently. The research on
indigenous drugs by medern men has not been of direct benefit to Ayurveda
and has so far not been coordinated with the principles of the Ayurvedic
science. The eflbrts of the Central Government to implement the recom
mendations of previous committees in regard to research have been of a
diffuse and limited nature; the work of the Research Centre and Post-Gradu
ate Training Centre at Jamnagar needs some re-organisatjon and planning.
On the whole, the collaboration of the modern team with the Ayurvedic
team has not been effective. A single research centre like Jamnagar cannot
obviously cope up with the amount of work that still lies ahead. So far as
the State Governments were concerned, Bombay has done well to under
take a well-planned programme of research which can be copied by other
States.
165. After indicating the present position of research in Ayurveda, wc have
mentioned that as a first step this work has to be planned on the following
lines. Clinical research on the known remedies of Ayurveda should pre
cede all other types of research, viz> Literary, Chemical, Botanical, Phar
macological Pharmacognosical and Basic Principles of Ayurveda. The
latter lines of work are also very important, but the medicines of Ayur
veda not always being amenable to modern chemical or pharmacologi
cal tests, clinical research takes the first place.
166. In clinical research itself, the methods may be divided into four
categories, viz- (a) both diagnosis and treatment on Ayurvedic lines ; (b)
Diagnosis on Ayurvedic lines and treatment on modern methods; (c) Diag
nosis on modern methods and treatment according to Ayurvedic principles;
and (d) both diagnosis and treatment on modern lines to serve as a control.
The Central Council may consider the adoption of these methods together
in suitable centres. The present method of clinical research, i.e. both dia
gnosis and treatment on the principles of Ayurveda, may profitably be done
in a separate ward of modern hospital .with the willing cooperation and col
laboration of a modern medical team, as has been successfully attempted
at the Sassoon Hospital, Poona. Clinical research should be well-planned
and coordinated in consultation with Ayurvedic professors and practitioneis
and modern scientists and the modern team should closely follow the Ayur
vedic treatment and make observations at every stage.
167. A programme of Literary Research should be undertaken by the Cen
tral Council of Ayurvedic Research for collection, review and
r-J publication
1
n
- r 1J ^oniKcrints for the preparation by scholars of suitable text books for
•
1
’ should pursue literary research on the same lines in collaboration- with the
•' Central Council.
‘ 168 Modern chemistry will be of great help in investigating the chemical
5 action and relative potency of Ayurvedic drugs whose efficacy has been
proved by clinical methods. This work should, however, be undertaken by
modern scientists by taking the help of Vaidyas of repute.
CHAPTER VI
■’i'7
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
169 The Central Council should take steps to see that botanical surveys
of medicinal plants are carried out in all regions with the help of forest authorities and detailed maps prepared. Next to survey is the question of syste
matic and scientific cultivation of such plants.’
170. Pharmacognosy research is vitally necessary for correct identification
■ of medicinal plants and for obtaining genuine samples of same for the pre
paration of medicines. This w’ork should be done on a planned manner
and advantage should be taken of the valuable w’ork done by several scientists
in India. About a dozen or more units, each having a Botanist, a Vaidya
and an Artist, can within the next ten years cover all the herbs and drugs
T described in Ayurveda, prepare illustrated monograms and finally bring
out a uniform Pharmacognosy of Ayairveda.
I
| 171. The pharmacological w’ork on indigenous drugs should be entrusted
by the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research to selected modern institutions
having a Pharmacologist wdth real interest in Ayurveda and having special
J facilities for the w’ork. The Pharmacologist should be assisted by expert
| Vaidyas, Chemists, Botanists, Pharmacists, Statisticians, Research Fellow’s,
2.
Till recently the practising Physician himself used to prepare his
own medicines. He was supposed to have acquired a good knowledge during
the period of his training about the identification of all the raw material
required for the preparation of the drugs and standard techniques of pre
paration of medicines. In view of this every Ayurvedic Physician used to
depend entirely on his own prepared medicines. With the decline of edu
cation and training in Ayurveda systematic preparation of medicine also
underwent a decline. In fact this has not yet been revived completely,
even though many new pharmacies have recently been established for the
supply of medicines to the public. But gradually as the Western systems of
medicine and its methods were adopted in the country, an attempt Was
also made ,to separate the Ayurvedic Pharmacy from the practice of medi
cine. Thus in the latter part of the 19th century’, four Ayun’cdic Pharma
cies were established in cities like Bombay and Calcutta. Amongst them,
the Dhootapapeshwar Pharmacy, Panvel, Bombay, seems to be the
oldest as it was established in the year 1872. The Committee had occasion
to visit this Pharmacy during their tour and were very much interested
to see the documents regarding the history of this Pharmacy. Since
then many new Ayurvedic pharmacies were started in various places
by private organitions and well established Vaidyas mostly in and around
larger cities.
ft etc*
I 172.
Research on the basic principles of Ayurveda is another important
| aspect. Studies about Panchbhuta, Tridosha, etc. the diagnostic and
| treatment methods described in Ayurveda arc immediately called for.
the above
seven lines of research,>we
t.173. Besides....
- ________________
__have- touched
- - - upon
... the
’ immense possibilities of research, e.g. Dietetics, Panchkarma, Bala Chikitsa,
/-.in-.
^-i andi Massage
•* r
j treatment, etc. These
I Marma Chikitsa, Visha Chikitsa,
Oil
/ branches of Ayurveda are still in practice among th<
the traditional Vaidyas in
| the country and an <early
—1—opportunity
*x should
1 ’ 1be -taken
1
to bring them on to
•„ a scientific basis.
Ultimately, we have said that to intensify proper research work in
;■ Ayurveda throughout the country, a Central Council of Ayurvedic Research
shotild be set up by the Government of India immediately. States should
I establish Boards of Research for the same purpose. Further, the Central
’■
S^OUU set up three more Research Centres in conjunction with
’
ffiree Post-Graduate Training Centre referred to in the chapter on
training . Training institutions in States should also have research
epartments attached to them. It is hoped that such a network of research
: ta1!-?'65 .un(^er,ttle gener2.1 guidance of the Central Council w’ill be able to
r c - e the problem of research successfully and in quick time.
’
M
..
■
Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ayurveda is one of the branches of
Ayurvedic medicine which was relatively well developed in the past. Along
with the science of Ayurveda it had its period of glory and downfall
since the time of Charaka, Sushruta and even Vagbata due to various his
torical reasons. During the period of these authors emphasis was laid on
the use of drugs of vegetable origin. Later on Nagarjun popularised metallic
preparations like ‘Bhasmas’ which were adopted in Ayurveda. Thus
Bhav Prakash, written by Bhava Mishra some time in 1550 A.D., contained
not only drugs of vegetable origin, but also a large number of metallic pre
parations. Similarly Sharangadhara and Chakra Dutta have included in
their treatises both herbal and mineral preparations. Even today in cer
tain parts of India, like Punjab, treatment with mineral preparations are
more common than herbs and in other parts like Kerala herbal preparations
arc more popular.
1
3.
After the country became independent the State Governments which
were till then supplying large quantities of Ayurvedic drugs to Government
dispensaries by buying the same from the open market, themselves opened
many new Ayurvedic pharmacies. Of these the State Ayurvedic Pharmacy,
Lucknow, seems to be the biggest. Further they also encouraged co-opera
tive bodies to establish such pharmacies in the State. The over-all result
was that the number of pharmacies after Independence considerably increa
sed in the country’—(See Map. 3). The progress of Ayurvedic pharmacies is
shown in Figure 5.
A'^AIE^s
O
o.
op
P^ARAIACIES
Q
o
c
M
<A
CM
C>
CM
4^
o
O S
0
o2
-n o
I
Z $
s
K o ^^s^ssssssssss^
c
o
7 m
< O S .
—
—L _
> n *
X -
5?
Si\§ :'SSSS? S^SSS^ ^^sS; 3------
5D
WS
5 s
3
ri
tn
‘W
n
f j?
*
?
MV 5 o
U<tS
!.
<e
i ';J\
- >
I,
S.
.5
i? I
n p .
I
ir-
'1/^'
Co
I
c
iih!
o
i
* L°i.
>! U
' ;i
i
<!
‘
,
\
•s
I
/-Xr^—r!
L € .r
I
!'l
.’
°>
to
r x
>
I
r*
o
5
i
•
a I
i £
-
5. "H
£
:0 >*.2
?.
m
!
y
♦
*
,
axxAviAiui Anipoi caul iculluc ui uic progress 01 Ayurvedic pharmacy in
our country is that formerly all the medicines were prepared by manual
labour, but lately manual labour has been replaced by machinery with the
result that large scale manufacturing sections have been started with
comparatively minimum costand maximum production. By adopting this
measure, Ayurvedic pharmacies are making satisfactory progress in the
country.
TERMS OF REFERENCE TO THE COMMITTEE
>
One of the terms of reference to the Committee was to assess the
nature, volume and standards of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical products
in the country. For this purpose a questionnaire (No. 4-B vide
Appendix I) was issued to a number of private pharmaceutical concerns
and pharmacies attached to Government hospitals or run independentlv
by Government.
r
z
It may be mentioned that there a
.o reliable statistics about the
names and numbers of pharmaceutical concerns dealing with Ayurvedic
median^ In a State, like Kerala, for instance, there are innumerable
Vaidyashalas (Pharmacies) engaged in production of Ayurvedic medicines
In fact Ayurveda is so popular m that State that each Vaidya has generally
got his own Vaidyashala (Pharmacy) which not only caters to his ow'n
patients but also sells such medicines to the public in large quantities
S t tr Km°St aVhe ?ta,“ the traditi°nal Vaidyas have lheir own
f°' u"ir p-
pr.p.S’btiS
I
“x
balance-sheets. 7
I
m
r“‘
' a‘d> ashalas or pharmacies can be had from their
review of replies to questionnaire
»ncerns andGotverXeTtTharmacL rhferred t0 arbove> 37 pharmaceutical
tabulated and may Z see,? in A
a\eE‘ven figures. These have been
from, the average anm X APPcnrdlx VH. As will be observed thercnumber of stiff emXAn7 of,med,c‘ncs und<tr ‘he various heads,
Preparations, the tests ff anv
,"7 °f man,ufacture. the basis of the
Hons, etc., have been indicated
°nnd T/ the purity of the Preparatnate idea of the p™ sin,, J
T0 arrive at an aPProxi■tandard of Ayurvedfc nrX? t
rTrd ‘0 the V°lume’ nature and
/urveaic preparations in the country.
^fionpoMds3^^111-'0113 'Vh° haVC furnished replies roughly four
‘eoountthenume ® ‘b'neS P?r
tO be Prepared. Taking into
JuamiG^ which °t« Pharmacies in States like Kerala and Punjab and the
>f the traditional type^n
h
prePared by individual Vaidyas
gure and say thatMJ?
m-Untry’ one can Perhaps double the'
‘re consumed in India pX yea^ mi 10n Pounds of Ayurvedic medicines
-
1
9.
Again the gross income oi tlie pharmacies ano pnarmaceuticai
concerns mentioned in the appendix comes to about Rs. 2.6 crores.
Allowing for the concerns unaccounted for, we can perhaps say that the
annual sales of Ayurvedic medicines in the country may be of the order of
Rs. 6 crores.
..
10. Incidentally it may not be fair to derive conclusions from a compari
son of the sale figures of Ayurvedic medicines with those of modern
medicines. There is an obvious difference in prices between the home
made Ayurvedic medicines and the imported modern medicine. It will
be clear that a very large amount of Ayurvedic medicines are in current
use by people of India. We need not emphasise the obvious conclusion that
Ayurvedic treatment is very popular among the people in spite of the heavy
consumption of modern drugs.
11. Another conclusion that may be drawn from the appendix is.that
now-a-days the majority of pharmacies and pharmaceutical concerns are
resorting to mechanical means of production adapted to the needs of
Ayurvedic science. Particular mention may be^made of the Co-operative
Pharmaceutical concern at Adyar (Madras). This is a definite advance
ment in the manufacture of Ayurvedic preparations, apart from helping
the Ayurvedic practitioners with ready-made medicines of a good
quality. It may be recalled that the preparation by hand by individual
Vaidyas was one of the serious handicaps that made the Ayurvedic
practitioner and Ayurvedic treatment less popular to the modern minded
people.
Figure 6 below will indicate the steady progress made by the Adyar
Pharmacy and the enormous amount of medicines supplied by them to the
Ayurvedic practitioners.
12. Again Chooranas (Powders) and Asavas and Arishtas arc commonly
used by the entire country, while bhasmas, vatis, etc., arc more popular
in the North and Thailas in the South and West of India.
13. Appendix VI shows that every one of the concerns producing Ayur
vedic medicines follows the Ayurvedic texts. It should, however, be re
marked that the reference books are not always the same, nor are the
prescriptions mentioned in them identical. It is well known that
in many Ayurvedic preparations, differences are observed even in physical
appearance apart from the disparities in the components of the same
medicine. It is understood the formula lor the preparation of a medicine
of the same name differs according to different authors. This is explained
by the fact that a medicine by the same nomenclature is used for different
maladies with slight variations of composition.
PRESENT POSITION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS, GARDENS, MUSEUMS, ETC.
14.
Closely connected with the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines is
the problem of supply of raw materials which at present are being obtained
from the open market. An ideal situation would be to have large drug
farms in the various regions apart from medicinal plant gardens, museums
etc. in the training institutions. The present position regarding medicinal
plant gardens, museums, etc., in the various States has been indicated in
the table below. We have mentioned this already in the Chapter on
“ Training ”,
11
W WW
TABLE IX
Present Position
Ji arm of SlaU
They are developing a big plot of land for laying out a
and drug farm at Hyderabad.
Andhra
herbarium
The Government Ayurvedic College, Gauhati, proposes to dc\ clop
Assam
a herbarium in their new premises.
The Poona Ayuneda Mahavidyalaya . has a well de'eloped
Poona Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya ‘ has
herbarium under the charge of an able V aidya.
Bombay
10
Bombay
■■
of medicinal plants and drugs in their college.
Jlunmu & Ka.hmlr . The
smaller
course.
The College of Integrated Medicine, Madras,
farm.
Madhya Pradesh ..
The Madhya Pradesh. Government propo« g,
“eliding ccnueT ‘"at’kchmarht and
Amarkantak
respectively.
The Gopabandu Ayurveda Vidyapith Puri, have made a
m Ayun-edic garden and
commendable effort in developing an
been prepared.
museum. A number of monograms have
1-
Orissa
3
The Rishikul Ayurvedic College at Hardwar arc devetoping a
Uttar Pradesh
herbarium.
The Ayurvedic College at Banaras Hindu
rood herbarium and a museum u
useful and
and , ex
extensive
work in the
Singh, who has done very useful
ter
identification of Ayun-edic plants and drugs.
1
YEARS
have a large drug
Madras.
Si-Si
E—£SSS&—
S2-SS 5i-SH 5^-55
SALE OF MEDICINES FROM THE CO-Cp£RATIV£
PHARMACY, AOYAR , MADRAS.
..
West Bengal
l2-
Director on scientific lines.
In west Bengal it was understood tW there was ? big Go«n>ment
developed
which is
is p.wpos
proposed
herbarium at Mongpu which
—
further.
Fxg. 6
so far and the progress is not satisfactory.
v
j ■
DRAWBACKS LN THE EXISTING CONDITIONS
16. ’' •
•
■
^l^All^-^
be listed as follows :
(1) There has been no proper and full survey of Ayurvedic medici, p a2?ts so £ar; £T° doubt the Forest Research Institute
Dehra Dun and the Botanical Survey of India have done some
work in this direction but these surveys have not been parti
cularly directed towards medicinal plants used in Ayurveda.
(2) There is no method of identification of raw herbs. At present
identification of raw herbs is done by sheer experience. The
scope lor imitation of raw drugs and adulteration by sellers
has thus increased. The absence of a standard and compre
hensive Ayun’edic Pharmacognosy has led to this confusion.
(-3) Nor is there any Central or Regional herbarium containing
properly identified preseiwed specimens of herbs and drugs.
(4) Similarly museums, of drugs and herbs and other medicines ‘
both of pure variety and adulterated varieties are con
spicuous by their absence.
(5) The present system of collecting Ayurvedic drugs and plants
om forests and lulls through non-technical contractors and
local men is not at all satisfactory. One serious result of this
unsystematic collection has been that forests and hills are being
denuded of very valuable medicinal plants.
b
(6) There is at present no control on drug vendors nor is there a
licensing system.
(7) As in everything else, adulteration and imitation is common
in Ayurvedic Drugsand herbs. The contractors arc uncontrolcd and the wholesale firms dealing in Ayurvedic diugs do as
* n cy 11 k c •
(8) There is no uniform Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and iicnce
no
standardisation of Ayurvedic preparations.
(9) Ayurvedic medicines in the various pharmacies
arc not always
prepared under the direction of Ayurvedic experts. Further
there are no trained pharmacists of Ayurved a in these places,
In fact enough attention has not ’been paid to the training of
Ayurvedic Pharmacists so far.
(10) There arc no ‘standards of weights and measures.
(11) There are no definite standards ir
m regard to the minimum number of technical personnel to be2 employed in a pharmacy of a
particular size.
(12) Absence
of legislatio:
,
y
'f1 to control the manufacture of Ayurvedic
drugs is another serious drawback.
i
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
17.
The above mentioned drawbacks may now be dealt with in detail
and appropriate solutions suggested.
Sy,
country. There are certain herbs which are found in abundance in
certain places whereas in other places they are non-existent. Thus, for
example, “Pashan Bhedi”, a common Ayurvedic medicine, is found in
abundance in the Himalayas whereas in other places it is seen rarely.
Similarly, the best quality of‘Amla’ is found in large quantities in Madhya
Pradesh on the banks of the river Narmada, whereas in other places, though
found in a sufficient quantity it is not of such a good quality.
thC PreSCnt StatC of A>’urvedic pharmaceutics may
'r^ of Medicinal Plants
18.
f °f herb,s d°nf’ there “ an urgent necessity to
c°nduct a freshh suney pf these medicinal plants in the various regions of the
Hence a survey will have to be carried out in the whole country to assess both
quantitatively and qualitatively the availability of all the drugs used in the Ayurvedic
medicine. This can be done in cooperation with the botanical survey of India and
forest authorities. A survey team will have to be constituted to survey and assess the
demand and supply position of all the herbs in the country.
/
•
i
I
Since this is our natural wealth, the same team may also advise the
Government to cultivate certain herbs, in case demand is greater than
supply. Such a cultivation will have to be carried out by taking into
consideration the soil, altitude, climate and other factors required -for
growing.
‘ j reserve forests for certain
IVe also suggest that just like the system of having
the■ f
forests
purposes, e.g., teak reserve, reservation of areas in t'
■“ for medicinal plants will
be of great usefor Ayurvedic medicine.
Since the Regional Drug Research Laboratory, Jammu has done
some special studies on the problem, the proposed work can be cairicd out
in close cooperation and collaboration with the above Laboratory.
19.
In this connection it may be mentioned that sometime back the
Indian Council of Medical Research, the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research put thenheads together and formulated a scheme for the development of Indian
drugs, their cultivation, prevention of indiscriminate exploitation, stand
ardisation and certification, correct identification etc., and for the formation
of a body called the Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation (CIMPO).
We do not know the present position in this regard.
It, how
ever, appears that the CIMPO may be duplicating all the work done by the
Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, and thus wasting valuable time. The
CIMPO can perhaps take over the work where it has been left by the Forest
Research Institute, Dehra Dun. The Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research have plenty of funds for research and they can certainly help in
regard to the survey, identification and standardisation of Ayurvedic plants
and drugs.
i
j
Ji
IDENTITICATION OF PLANTS AND HERBS
Valuable work had been done in the past for identification of plants
20.
and herbs by eminent men like Kirtikar and Basu and many others.
21.
A great deal of work has also been done by the Forest Research
Institute, Dehra Dun. In fact that Institute has already established a subcommiitee under Shri Bhadwar, the Economic Botanist of the Institute.
The aim of the sub-Committee was to make India as self-sufficient as
possible in medicinal plants. They have prepared lists of some of the more
important medicinal plants in India under the following categories .
(1) Medicinal plants growing wild.
(2) Plants growing wild as well as cultivated.
■
(3) Medicinal plants growing wild but which require to be
cultivated.
(4) Exotic medicinal plants which are imported at present and
are cultivated.jn a very small scale now but which could be
cultivated on a large scale.
(5) Medicinal plants already being cultivated on a large scale.
These lists will show the botanical name, the trade or Indian name,
the various parts of the plants useful in medicine, viz., roots, leaves, barks^
etc., and the natural habitat of each plant. It is also understood that
monographs of all such plants are either already prepared or are under
preparation.
22.
Valuable work on Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic medicines has already
been attempted under the auspices of Department of the Botany, Kerala
University, who have published three monograms so far. This has already
been, referred to in the Chapter on Research.
23.
Similar work is being attempted at the Bombay Board of Research in
Ayurveda, Bombay and the Indian Drugs Research Association, Poona
on scientific lines.
24. There is, however, a need for coordinating the work by various persons
and institutions in regard to identification of plants and herbs in order to
avoid duplication and to finalise the preparation of a uniform Ayurvedic
Pharmacognosy and publication of monograplis at an early date.
COLLABORATION WITH FOREST AUTHORITIES
25. We are certain that if the Inspector General of Forests is approached and a
conference of forest authorities, Ayurvedic scholars, research workers, etc., is held
immediately, a plan could be drawn up for identification of herbs, preparation of the
Ayurvedic pharmacognosy etc. This should be one of the first items of work which the
Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should tackle.
26.
In this connection it may be mentioned that in States like Assam
where there is such an abundance of natural flora, large quantities of plants
and drugs are imported from other places.
If regional centres were established in such places they could collaborate with
the forest authorities and begin work on survey, identification, collection, storage, etc.,
of drugs, plants and herbs used in Ayurveda.
IT
The Forest Departments can also help through their organisations to
make correct identification of many of these drugs. In addition, they, with the
help of the local tribes, can arrange to study the new herbs which might not
have been described in the Ayurvedic texts and which might have been
clinically used with good results by the people living in the forests. Such
herbs should then be properly studied by the Vaidyas in collaboration with
the drug research institutions. In case of short supply, they can also under
take or advise cultivation of these herbs so that there is a constant supply of
them in good quantity and quality. Thus for correct ‘identification’ of
known herbs and for exploring the utility of newer drugs, cooperation of the
Forest Departments is of utmost importance.
28.
In order to decide the correct identification of the herbs, as a first
step a team should be constituted including Ayurvedic experts interested in
Avurveidc herbs and Botanists who have done some work on medicinal
plants. Identification of the herbs can be carried out well if a scientific
Lnroach is made to the whole problem. In Ayurveda while describing
^■nonyms of various herbs the ancient authors gave such a name which
accorded with their physical character or their clinical action. Sometimes
This has caused confusion. In order to overcome this confus.on we will have
o take
many indirect evidences or some of the important ones After
take many
the identification is made according to the Ayurvedic methods, they wil
have to be sent to the Botanist who will then identify them according
to the botanical terminology and describe all about the physical and
microscopical character of the plant. Then coloured plates should1 be
prepared so that it may be easier for the other persons to identify them
Subsequently. Work will first be done on the undisputed plants
and then on the disputed ones. Once a final decision is arrive
at regarding identification etc., a full description along with the prepara
tion of coloured plates will settle the issue once for all. If fund
permit, all these can be printed for the benefit of all the practitioners
and the students. While doing so every care should be taken to keep t e
view of the Ayurvedic physicians foremost.
DRUG
FARMS
Not only should there be coloured illustrations of medicinal plants,
29.
but also a large number of drug farms for the proper .identification in their
living condition. We have already suggested that there should be a drug
farm or medicinal plants garden in each of the teaching institutions.
We suteest that the State Governments and other agencies should startt as
identify
many drug farms as possible for the purpose of educating the people on correct
i.
cation and also enable them to meet the needs of the various pharmacies.
In this connection, we would like to recall the views of our Bhoodan
Leader, Shri Vinobha Bhave, who once suggested that there should be a d ug
farm in every village so that they can become self-sufficient so far as the
medicinal plants arc concerned.
30.
In the past it was thought that the Botanical Gardens established by
the Government in various parts would serve the purpose and no sc para e
medicinal plant gardens will be required. W e are of the opinion that v h e
the work of the Botanical Survey of India is of tremendous importance, i
the interests of the development of Ayurveda it is every essential that separ
ate gardens and farms of Ayurvedic plants and drugs should be established
as many regional centres as possible. We have mentioned regional, centres
forXfous°reasons. Certain plants and drugs are peculiar to certain loca
lities. It is also possible to cultivate in such herbaria other than local^spec mens, so as to reduce the dependency for such plants and drugs on other parts
of India. Such herbaria should be developed by the Ayurvedic m titutions
and Research Departments of States in collaboration with the Forest DcP
ment and Botanists. Government should come forward with ample finan
cial help. It should net be forgotten that apart from helping to s.an_..di e
the drugs in question, a medicinal plants garden and herbarium are most
essential for the practical teaching of Ayurvedic medicine in institution.
I
MUSEUMS
Similarly each teaching institution and each Research Centre should
31.
develop a museum of Ayurvedic plants, herbs, mineral drugs and so on.
.
f1
■rf
The museum should, as has already been stated in this report, have both
the genuine and the adulterated samples of all drugs and medich?«
correct' druc^
bc hc,Ped ’n ^entif^ng the
TbCrei S-h^Uld
b? Prl,‘gS Muscums> at least one, in each State In
these, the dried medicinal herbs should be kept, especially those parts which
are used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines alorw with their detailed
description and uses. This will enable everybody to identify, recode and
compare the genuineness of the herbs commonly available n th F market
I is surprising to note that some of the costly medicines like Saffron Musk
etc., vary considerably in their price that there is always a doubt about thth
genuineness. Therefore, opening of Herbaria and Museums will greatly
35. Once proper identification is done, a pharmacognosy prepared and
illustrated monograms published, the standardisation of raw herbs and
drugs can be achieved. The standardisation of crude drugs (medicinal
herbs and drugs) by their chemical and physical characteristics has also been
undertaken by the Bombay Board of Research, who have established a labo
ratory for this purpose. A number of drugs commonly used in Ayurvedic
preparations are being studied this way and monographs are under prepara
tion. The Board are using modern techniques e.g. chromatography. In
this manner the Board hopes to evolve W’orking standards of as many Ayur
vedic drugs as possible.
36.
As has already been mentioned in the Chapter on “ Research ” thc
Government of Bombay has set up at Committee for the standardisation of
Ayurvedic drugs and herles. The Committee have been studying thc avail
ability of genuine medicinal drugs and herbs throughout India. (See
Appendix X)
COLLECTION OF HERBS
STANDARDISATION
33.
Standardisation is the most important aspect of Ayurvedic medicine
which needs the immediate attention of the Government. This is neccssarv
in view of the recent mechanisation and the lanre scale nrnHnr t • ?[y
Th\tr\ in
n1 thcr? is always a possibility of losing sight o^qualit^
This is especially so, m view of the fact that there « • 9 1 l/J
demand horn the public for Ayurvedic medicine. Taking advantage
of this the. pharmacies arc attempting to increase the mnnT
of production without considering the quality
So far nn o t j
has been laid down for these drugs a^d henc" indVvidua? firms are manuflc
afirefi hC-d',C)mP.accordlnS t0 thclr own methods and standards.
-nu^^
The over-
there is always a possibility of getting spurious drugs in the market widiTh1’
result that instead of helping to popularise Ayurvedic treatment thev
C
tTOr.e jarm* Tf?IS has aIso resulted in criticism by educated public ? One
of the indirect results of uncontrolled and large scale manufach^na k tk ♦
many indigenous alcoholic preparations are sold tn the ma^
name of Ayurvedic medicines in the areas where prohibition h^d k
reason
dc^?ting thc Yery Purpose of prohibition. This is another
fixincr £ ?re^rl^ing standards for the manufacturing methods and (3)
g standards for the testing of prepared medicines.
STANDARDISATION FOR RAW MATERIALS
L
e ”°StcaCOm^On “aterVaIS inC,Ua<:d in the Aymrvedic m^kinJand
^nufacturing'medkini.6 '
t0
torrect “at^ls are used while
.......
WSWl
' 37.
What part of the drugs should be collected is another aspect to be
taken into consideration, since all parts of a herb are not used in medicine in
view of the presence of high potency in certain parts or due to other con
ditions. In exceptional circumstances thc entire herb is used. In ‘ Chitraka'
or * Rauwolfia Serpentina ’ only roots are used in medicine. Leaves of
Vasaka, fruits of Triphala, flowers of ‘ Dhalaki ’ and bark of Kurchi are
other examples. In Bilva roots are used for some purposes, fruits for other
purposes and leaves arc used for entirely different purposes. In thc case of
Bhallatak, the fruit has entirely contrary properties in its different parts ;
skin, flesh and internal pulp have high food value, while thc shell of thc fruit is
extremely corrosive. On thc whole thc Ayurvedic texts have described not
only thc plants but have also defined thc parts to bc used. Thus it is not
sufficient to identify thc drugs only ; but one will have to fix a standard as to
what portion of thc drug is used for thc purpose of medicine. Hence this
aspect will have to be considered while laying down standards.
38.
The time of collection of raw drugs is an important factor in Ayurve
dic medicine. In this connection, Charaka has said, ‘ Of them such drugs
should be collected as were put forth in their proper season and have attained
their fullness of growth, taste, potency and smell etc.” From this one can
derive that the ancients had thought over this problem and had laid down
certain principles as to when one should collect the various type of herbs.
However, it is now observed that no such rules are strictly followed with the
result that herbs of sub-standard quality are used many a time. There
fore, even this aspect of herb collection should be standardised. Modern
Pharmacists lay certain general principles on the subject which can be fol
lowed by all.
“ All herbs should be gathered on a dry day, never directly after rain.
Leaves should be gathered before the flowers are fully open. Flowers arc
at their best when they first open fully. Roots on the other hand are best
gathered in the autumn when the leaves wither away. Fruits require pick
ing when fully ripe, but not over-ripe.” These are some of the general prin
ciples to be remembered while collecting the herbs. The main ideas behind
laying down such rules are that they contain maximum amount of medici
nal properties in them.
WIK^W
Prnervation
39.
Preservation is an important point to be discussed since proper colle
ction and storage will preserve their medicinal properties for a longer period.
After collecting the herbs, most of them are dried. Only a few of them are
used in medicine as green herbs. The general principle is that drugs should
be used dry and new. By drying, they lose about 80 % of their weight and
hence one should collect the fresh herbs on that basis only. The roots should
be properly washed before drying since they contain a lot of soil adhering to
them. Herbs are dried either under the sun or by giving artificial heat at
90°F. to 100°F. for about 24 hours or so. Some of the herbs are to be dried
only by air. When these are dried, they lose entirely their water content
and hence they become brittle. They are then properly stored either by
packing loosely in gunny bags or they can be stored in wooden boxes and be
transported to the customers in the same container.
Storage
’ Thcre^orc’ inimediate"Kt?yUi§^8>oS(Kbe given to tackle all these problems
sirnultaneously by entrusting sqfni of these problems to the well established
laboratories experienced in ca^ying out such work.
w I
Commercial Concerns
j
44.
So far as commercial coh^n-ns atipresent engaged in the supply of raw
herbs and drugs, the only way^o.checj; any nefarious activities and ensure
genuine supplies seems to be tdji&nce|them and impose appropriate condi
tions for identification, collection at proper seasons, testing in laboratories
where possible, preservation at® ‘storage under controlled conditions, price
structure, method of packing et^JThei| should be a statutory, provision not
only to check all the above mejuonedjthings but also to get periodical re
turns of stocks of such licensed^irms.
45.
It is also essential to hav|aiCent al Testing Laboratory for Ayurvedic
drugs, whose opinions can be obtained on controversial drugs, on drugs sus
pected of adulteration. This jjaboratfry will be useful for analysing all
drugs and giving standard cheiftical compositions wherever necessary. Such
__ be__establishegph
’ ” ’
a laboratory can
the’ lines of Central Drugs Laboratory,
Calcutta. The location may perhaps me at Bombay where some work is
already being attempted.
40. While discussing the subject of ‘ Storage ’ it Inay be mentioned that
the only place where some systematic storage of medicinal plants is done is
the Forest Department ofJammu and Kashmir State at Baramula. Various
indigenous medical plants and drugs were stored in that Depot. There
was a sample room. Sales of these medicinal plants and drugs excepting
a few were made to anyone who called for them. In the past large quan
tities of some of these drugs have been supplied to Russia, America and other
places abroad. At present the godowns stock about 30 Indian medicinal
drugs, although the forests of Kashmir yield a larger number of these.
The collection is made by the contractors who do this according to the speci
fications laid down by the Forest authorities. The drugs and plants collec
ted arc delivered at godowns of the Forest Department at Baramula where
they are sorted, cleaned and preserved.
46.
This Central Laboratory^hpuld >e in addition to the properly equip
ped laboratories in all pharmaceutical concerns. It should be made a condition precedent that all pharmacies and pharmaceutical concerns shall
by them as also mineral
have a laboratory where raw het.bs and drugs
„ used
,
* drugs can be tested according t^ ccrtai i prescribed standards.
Il is felt that similar storage depots should be planned at regional centres in
collaboration with the Forest authorities so that the Ajurvedic 'practitioners, the
Government Pharmacies and Pharmaceutical concerns need not depend upon the unre
liable quality supplied by certain dealers in India at present.
STANDARDISATION OF PREPARATION OF AYURVEDIC
MEDICINES—STANDARD PHARMACOPOEIA
I
41.
As regards laying down of standards for mineral products, it is not so
difficult since the variability is comparatively less. However, one will have .
to analyse physically and chemically all those raw materials commonly used '
for the preparation of these drugs and lay a certain standard. Thus, for
example, if a raw mineral like “ Mandura is to be used for preparing some
medicine, it must contain so much percentage of iron and other inorganic
materials in it. If it contains more or less than the limit prescribed it should
not be used for the purpose. A systematic study will have to be carried
out on all these minerals commonly’ used in Ayurveda for laying down
standards.
42.
Similarly, the organic materials used in the preparation of Ayurvedic
medicines also need some standardisation. Thus honey, musk, Gorochan,
etc., are some of the products in which a lot of adulteration is prevalent. In
order to lay down standards one may have to adopt the latest chemical
methods like Chromatography, etc., as they are trying to do in Bombay
under the auspices of the Board of Research in Ayurveda.
43.
Unless standards are laid down for all the components of the drugs,
one cannot insist upon introduction of the standardisation of prepared drugs.
47.
It is presumed that the Central Qouncil of Ayurvedic Research will in
due course fix these standards Spr the raw material after pharmacognosical
research has been completed. X.
48.
Wc now come to the preparation of medicines. Every pharmacy,
Government or private, says t^it. it is following the formula contained in
Ayurvedic texts. However, th^ftexts followed for the same standard medi
cine are more than one and thlSformulae sometimes differ greatly.
49.
There are in all more titan thirty varieties of Ayurvedic medicines
commonly used by physicians. SSnongst them, powders, decoctions, tablets,
medicated oils and ghees, hqui^ycxtracts, Asavas and Arishtas. Bhasmas.
etc., are some of the important groups of preparations. The methods of
their preparations are all desci^ocd inJ the texts.
50.
Two factors are inhercn^y/espbnsible for the great variations in the
methods of preparations. The|e?F.re
(a) Difference in the ^gred^nts and
(b) Difference in weig|gszandj measures.
I ;
|
s
51.
It is a well known fact Ihat different ingredients are described by
different authors for preparing a medicine of the same name. Thus for
example, if ‘Lohasay’ has Io qc'prepared according to Bhav Prakash it
Difference in Ingredients
■
!1
might need twenty drugs, ’whereas if the same preparation has to be prepared
according to Sharangadhar it might need only ten drugs and so on. This
anamoly had been noticed by everybody. But so far there is no method by
which wc can identify these things distinctly. Probably both the ty’pes arc
good for different purposes. At present if one goes to the market and
demands Lohasav, he gets one without the name of the author according to
whose formularly the same has been prepared and the names of the diseases
for which that ‘Lohasav’ is meant. Therefore, it should be ensured that if
one prepares the medicine, he must quote the author and the names of the
diseases to which they are meant in the label so that people would come to
know’ about their constituents and efficacy correctly. In order to overcome
such difficulties, ultimately one will have to adopt some uniform methods.
T- machinery for preparing medicines, except in certain cases (like Swarna
jjhasma), where slow hand grounding is necessary to attain the required
potency.. In many cases, the machinery employed was so imitative of man
ual grinding or powdering and the material used for the mortar or pestle
vas the same as those used in hand grinding etc., that we were assured
that the character or quality of medicine will not be lost. In one of the
pharmacies viz. Government Pharmacy, Puri, even temperature control is
being tried in such an ingenious way that the ideal conditions prescribed in
the A^rvedic science would not be lost. There is thus a great scope for
improvement such as the use of electric power instead of firewood. These
are questions to be investigated by Pharmaceutical research units established
jn some of the big commercial concerns.
Every attempt should, therefore, be made to standardise the formulary for each
prepared medicine. For this, the preparation of a standard pharmacopoeia of Ayurveda
is immediately needed.
56.
H e recommend that in order to make Ayurvedic medicines more popular and
. mere standardised, machine manufacture should be resorted to as far as possible.
Allowance can be made for different formulae in certain cases if found
necessary. For instance if Kutajarishta can be prepared in different ways
based on ancient authorities for different disease symptoms, the manufac
turer should be compelled to say on the label the name of the text followed
e.g. Kutajarishta-Sarangadhara’. Here again we are aware that certain
Ayurvedic experts have compiled text books on Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia.
It is, however, felt that a comprehensive publication on Ayurvedic Pharma
copoeia covering all the text-books and the practices in all parts of the
country is necessary.
.
52.
In any case clinical tests will be necessary before any particular
formula is specified. W e found that the Bombay Board of Research arc
already working on this basis. It is hoped that the future Council of
Ayurvedic Research will give due attention to this subject.
At Gwalior and Indore the Vaidya in charge of the Pharmacy was,
so to
, an inventive genius and had established a workshop where he was
trying to manufacture machinery of all types to be used in the Ayurvedic
pharmaceutical industry. Wc feel that the efforts of such people will go a
long way to stop many a criticism of the opponents of Ayurveda to the eflcct
that A)uneda insists upon a fixed number of hand movements for a
specified number of days and so on. Even the problem of“ Puta ” which
requires slow fire for specified periods will, wc hope, be solved by the intro
duction of suitable electrical machinery with temperature control, cooling
arrangements, etc. 7 he introduction of machinery is badly needed to make
the hie of the Ayurvedic Practitioner less exacting and more attractive and
more profitable.
57.
Ji hie on this subject, the committee feel that it will be advantageous to have
co-cperahte pharmacies of the (Madras) Adyar type, so that m dicines of proper
standards are easily available to the practitioners and the public.
Weights and measures
There is a great deal of controversy regarding the weights and
measures that ha\c been described in Ayurveda. While preparing medi
cines, herbs arc to be taken in a certain proportion onlv. Hence there
should be a uniform standard for weights and measures also. Though these
have been mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts, varying standards arc actually
followed.
{n lhti corl.nfction
sfioufd be mentioned that every manufacturing concern
should have the minimum essential Itchnical staff if it has to be recognised, and the
slafi should apart from the Ay urvedic experts, Ayurvedic pharmacists, mechanical staff,
de., have a Botanist and a chemist.
Efforts must, therefore, be made to lay down certain uniform standards cf
weights and measures to be followed throughout the country. This point should be
kept m mind while preparing the new Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of Indian medicine
so that everybody follows the same method throughout the country.
59.
The ether important thing to be insisted u£on in the manufacture of Ayurvedic
preparations is that each bottle or package should bear a record oj the dale of prepu.u^on, time limit of potency, text followed etc., if ncccscary in code words so that the
public are ensured of effective medicines.
54.
Already there are a few’ Pharmacopoeias in the country prepared by
the various State Governments and institutions. Amongst them, the one
prepared by the Government College of Indian Medicine, Madras, seems
to be of a good standard. All these Pharmacopoeias should be taken
into consideration while preparing a new Pharmacopoeia for the whole
country’.
This condition will also enable the future Ayurvedic Drugs Inspectors
to see to the destruction of time-barred medicines. ' The dosage and the mode
ol administration must also be mentioned on each phial so that the patients
strictly follow the instructions accordingly. It
It is
is gratifying to note’that
seme cl t^c recently started Ayurvedic pharmacies on modern lines have
Degun to follow these methods and it is expected that all the remaining
•‘.’m Hxso adopt these newer methods.
53.
Mechanisation cf AyUTvedic phannacus
55j t>^S haS h^6" Poimed-out “rli"'» this chapter, most of the pharmacies
2nd Pharmaceutical concerns in the country have begun using modern
This point again should be carefully considered by the Council of
Ayurvedic Research.
I
t
i
STAND rkRD IS ATI ON OF PREPARED ^DI ONES
1
60If the raw materials to be used in a medicine and the method of preparation
Me oth standardised, the final outcome, ihc -prcpaied■' medicine, will - normally be
SUMMARY
exacted to be ofgood standard. But there might stUlbe variations in the mdtgiduSff
technique. Another important purpose of laying down standards for the Pffa&fy
medicines is to ensure that all components are correctly put m while PTePannS V^ CJ
medicine.
I
We have been told that certain firms do not actually put the costiy;:> .1
intn'edients such as gold, musk, saffron, etc., in sufficient quanuty with
1
motive of making greater profit. Such tendencies of cheating the pubbc - J
must be stopped as soon as possible, so that the people may not benuslgfA j
regarding the efficacy of these medicines. Hence in order to get certaia^. ’
amount of uniformity, standards will have to be prescribed for prepar^
medicines thorughout the country. Apart from other things this Mill ena^ :
one to detect and eliminate spurious medicines from the market. A gre^
deal of work needs to be done by the modern pharmaceutical chemists bef^
such standards can be laid down.
DRUGS ACT I'
ri
To summarise what has been dealt with in this chapter it may be
.Tted that Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ayurveda which was well-developed
•n the olden days fell on evil times and left.the practitioner at the mercy of a
few unreliable collectors of drugs and a number of Ayurvedic pharmaceuti
cal firms whose manufacture was m no way standardised. The V aidya is ho
^imnally prepared his own medicines could not meet the oemands of his
Orients and had, therefore, to rely on the open market. Barring a few good
firms and cooperative concerns like the one at Adyar (Madras), there was no
authentic supplier of Ayurvedic medicines. All the same nearly eight
million pounds of such medicines, costing approximately Rs. 6 crores are
being consumed every year in the country.
■i
65
We have shown that the drawbacks in the present state of Ayurvedic
nharmaceutics are that no systematic botanical survey of medicinal plants
rv- has been conducted, that no standard methods of identification and
collection of herbs and drugs have been evolved, that medicinal plants
0; wardens, herbaria, museums, etc., do not exist tit central places to help in
A- correct identification, that comprehensive Ayurvedic Pharmacognosy and
Pharmacopoeia have not been prepared, that there is no control oyer the
r'
contractors engaged in collection of raw drugs from forest areas, thus leading
r to adulteration and that trained pharmacists and efficient Vaidyas are not
employed in the manufacture of medicines.
66
Wc have, therefore, recommended that immediate steps should be
taken to arrange for botanical surveys in the various forest legions in
collaboration with forest authorities, so that an Ayurvedic Pharmacognosy
can be compiled. The creation of Drug Farms and Museums by Govern
ment is the first essential step for the standardisation of crude drugs and
minerals. Arrangements should be made for systematic collection and
storage of standard raw materials through Forest authorities enabling the
practitioner and the manufacturing firms to get their supplies of gcnunic
and good quality drugs for manufacture of medicines. Efforts should lx?
made to standardise the formulary of each medicine and to compile a proper
Pharmacopoeia. Standards will have to be laid down for prepared
medicines also in order to ensure correct admixture of components.
We have in the end suggested that to implement these suggestions and to put
Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics on a sound basis the appointment by Governments
of Technical Advisers and Advisory Bodies and the passing of necessary
legislation by the Centre are urgently needed.
K■i
hl
INDIAN MEDICINES
61.
This leads us to the necessity of enacting a Drugs Act for Indites
Medicines on the analogy of the Drugs Act of 1940 through which the ru^
and regulations for the preparation and sale of medicines can be stncd^
enforced and the defaulters punished. The total cost of the Ayurvedi^.?.
medicines manufactured in the country is almost the same as the total co^^
of the modern medicines. There are several organisations for controlling
the manufacture and sale of modern medicines. It is high time, therefore)
that similar organisations arc established for the Ayurvedic medicines also,|v
The possibility of enacting an Ayurvedic Drugs Act, of establishing a Pharmac^
Council, Drugs Advisory Body, Drugs Controller, preparation of pharmacopoeia,^,
reference laboratory, etc., should be seriously considered. The earlier it is done tv
better Jor the people. Otherwise this uncontrolled growth of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical
industries will lead to gross misuse of public money.
62.
It may be pointed out that under Section 3(b) of the Diugs Act, 1940|£
the definition of “Drug” excludes “Medicines and substances exclusively
used for or prepared for use in accordance with the Ayurvedic or Unanfg
Systems of Medicine.”As in the case of the Drugs Act 1940, provision ^
should be made in the Ayurvedic Drugs Act 1940 for standards of
quality, proper labelling of Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, controlled
import of drugs necessary in the preparation qf such medicines.....a
prevention of colourful imitations, analysis of the medicines, mspectioriLg
of pharmaceutical concerns, granting or cancelling licences to hrn^
engaged in the manufacture of medicines, proper analytical facilities.in each concern, a Central Ayurvedic Drugs Laboratory,^;. It
presumed that this matter will be looked into at an early date.
63.
While on the question of enacting a Drugs Act for Ayurveda, it majfci
be mentioned that the Central Government do not at present have an«^
technical person who has detailed knowledge of Ayurvedic Drugs. .Therms
are, however, a large number of Ayurvedic, scholars on the, pharmacy
whose help can be taken in drafting the necessary Bill. It is suggested tha|<?
an Adviser on Ayurvedic Drugs should be appointed for this purpos
immediately, who should have under him an Ayurvedic Drug? Advisor^;:,
Committee. This will not only facilitate the drafting of the legislation w^~
have in mind but will also help Government to decide disputed pomtj^
about Ayurvedic drugs and medicines which are now cropping up u'p.
quently.
t?/
■ 1^9 mi
1
I
-r- •
-w/
CHAPTER VH
STATUS OF PRACTICE
___ “_1— in
‘_i our country was controlled
In ancient times, the practice of medicine
from the saying of
and patronised by the kings. This
— can
---- be
-- deduced
Sushruta:
♦“Having studied the science, having fully grasped the meaning,
having abilities to teach the science, having secured king s permission to practice, one should undertake a medical practice.
History show that only a strong State patronage can sustain and
develop the indigenous arts and sciences including medicine. Even in the
recent past in our country there was strong StatTsupport for Ayurveda in
certain forme? Indian States, such as Travancore-Cochin, Mysore, Jaipur
etc During our tour, we could notice a striking difference in the position of
Ayurveda in these States with that of neighbouring Provinces previously
administered by the Britishers.
2
In England as early as 1858, the General Medical Council was establi
shed to control the practice of medicine in that country. By adopting the
same principles, various Acts were passed in this country for regulating the
modern system of medicine between the years 1912-20. So far as control
of the practitioners of Indian system of medicine was concerned, Acts
were p£sed only from 1937 onwards. At present all the States except
Mysore, Orissa and Jammu and Kashmir maintain Registers to register
them through Boards of Indian Medicine. Even in the latter States, efforts
arc being made to introduce the necessary legislation for the regulation of
Practice so that they could fall in line with the rest of the country in the
matter of Ayurvedic system of Medicine. In a way, therefore, indigenous
systems of medicine by now have been legalised by State Governments.
3
It may be stated at this stage that the status of the Ayurvedic practi’tioner depends upon the Government administration and the facilities it
affords for the practitioner, and the Boards of Indian Medicine which are
supposed to control the practitioners.. We have to look into the privilege
that ought to be given to it in all fairness and justice. It also depend upon
the wav the Ayurvedic practitioner is conducting himself medically and
ethically. Thus for the uplift of the status of Ayui veda, action may be
needed at the administrative level and also among the rank and file of the
Ayurvedic practitioners themselves. We propose to. discuss these points in
the rest of the chapter and make appropriate suggestions.
administrative organisation
According to the present administrative set. up almost all medical
4.
are administered by
aind public health subjecU including Indian medicine
I1
g.
3-
the State Governments. The Central Government has responsibilities only
to advise, coordinate and assist the State Governments in these matters. Uptill 1955, though the Central Government was actively taking part in
development of Ayurvedic System of Medicine, it had no separate technical
staff to carry on this work or to advise the Government. The Directorate
General of Health Services was carrying on this task without any help from
technical persons.
In 1956, one Honorary Adviser on Indigenous
Systems of Medicine was appointed under the Ministry of Health. This
was a great step forward in the right direction. We would, however,
suggest that the Central Government should have a team of experts to
advise the Government in all aspects of development of Indian Systems of
Medicines in the country.
5.
There are separate Directors, Joint or Assistant Directors of Ayurveda
in ten States. In some of them the Directors of Ayurveda deal directly with
the subject without the intermediate stage of Director of Health Services.
Take for example Kerala, M'adhya Pradesh, Bombay, Rajasthan and Punjab.
Maximum attention is being devoted to the schemes of Ayurvedic education
and research in these States, while in West Bengal and Madras, the control
mainly vests with Directors of the modern medicine who are naturally in
clined to look down upon Ayurveda and to give it a step-motherly treat
ment. In some States like Bihar 'and Orissa the subordinates in charge
of Ayurveda are able to carry through their schemes because of their vigour
and enthusiasm in spite of the over all control of modern medical men.
6. An Assistant Director of Ayurveda who is tame and ineffective is
• likely to succumb to the over-riding influence of the Director of Health
Services. Sometimes it is not only the tameness of the individual that is the
cause but the lack of any status at all in such a person. He is not paid
enough to keep up his dignity in the ranks of scientists. Very often an
Assistant Director of Ayurveda is found to lack drive, initiative and
efficiency.
Budget
7.
Take again the provision of funds in the State budgets for the develop
ment of indigenous systems of medicine. It will be seen from the table
on Page 136 that this provision which varies between 0.08% and 13%
is very meagre and clearly reflects the treatment given to Indian Medicine.
For the purpose of comparing the amounts provided in the budgets
of States for Ayurveda vis a vis modern medicine, the example of the U.P.
Budget may be given. This will show the great disparity between the
budget provision for the two systems of medicine. Uttar Pradesh has been
chosen because it is one of the States where the Indian Systems of Medicine
have been in vogue continuously and where Ayurveda is supposed to have
consistently been encouraged. Please see Figures 7 and 8:—
Accommodation
8.
Very often we find a modern medical Institution housed in imposing
structures while the Ayurvedic institution is located in hutments or out
houses ill-built, ill-equipped and ill-cared for. Similarly the modern
hospital and dispensary is well provided for, while the Ayur/edic hospital
or dispensary is badly housed and badly equipped. The man in-charge and
the location of these Ayurvedic institutions can hardly impress even the
illiterate villager who sees squalor side by side with grandeur. The
Name of
State
Popu
lation
(in
millions)
--- --
Number of patients
treated annually in
millions under
BUDGET (in
Ayurveda
Modern
T
Tc^k
% Of
Ayurveda
tq Total
31.26
9.0
38.7
48.3
4.1
0.2
3.0
N.A.
12.8
2.0
6.1
N.A.
19.8
4.3
4.4
38.8
248.0
747.7
25?ir
4.4
13.6
0.9
3.5
2.0
6.4
5.0
26.5
54.0
199.3
59it)^
2G.1
30.0
19.4
14.G5
16.1
1G.0
0.2
0.5
4.1
0.8
2.4
8.9
N.A.
21.0
N.A.
5.8
10.1
N.A.
18.3
14.1
12.3
4.8
19.0
30.1
230.9
403.7
257.6
73.0
211.4
185.3
63.2
17.0
N.A.
42.4
2G.3
1.7
0.9
0.5
0.2
8.5
0.02
0.65
1.1
289.9
309^.<
"T""
111
786^*:
24^^
:;1
Slftj
|6.39
J3.86
jl.74
4.93
Z AiiAAi.
8.47
0.72
A.AQMA.A'r'
7.34
3.37
4.54
a.
3| ^IHA ff
L
6 KEGA LA
J5.24
l
23o;|i
2273. :
18.25
13.24
7 EA -P
3G3.7
40cl^
lO.44
0.5
574.1
574A. ’
>0.087
0.0G
15.82
u—wwflwtacti»<me^cf>rawweH»9ac<aM«H>an>wcWOT|
3 /My^qr
u
iwtte'fKOT'evnvHjgMxaMi I
;0.37
U.PUW#
-----r
\illagcr in his utter simplicity falls a prey to the
the grandeur
grandeur of
6F flic
fl modern
medical dispensary even in preference to an efficient treatmcnLat thc^iands
of the Ayurvedic physician. It is high time that these leaned men of
science are given a chance to prove their merit.
Economic Status
BK.
13 U.P.
□
So
9. , If we are to have good Vaidyas, we must ensure to tl&) respect in
society and economic security, which is only their proper due,because they
have pledged themselves to fight disease and death in tb^-service
"
of
humanity. We should also place at their disposal all possible facilities
impartially.
4’^ J
1.^ I
Therefore, the first
/ andforemost thing to be done is to establish^ independent
department of
rf Indian medicine
....^with
a fullfledged director qualified iffyfic in^gdnous
system oj medicine. Unless it is done, we are convinced that no real ^bgress\ can be
achieved.
10-
T
I
Ayurveda Modern
AndhraPradesh
Assam
Bihar
Bombay
Jammu &
Kashmir
Kerala
Madhya
Pradesh
Madras
Mysore
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar
Pradesh
West
Bengal
Delhi
Tripura
Manipur
Himachal
Pradesh
-
10O ISO
200
2S0 300 3S0 A00
ASO
SOO
SfO
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF BUDGETARY
ALLOTMENTS IN LAKHS FOR THE YEAR 1958-5y
AYURVEDIC
EZ3 MODERN MEDICINE
Fig. 7
11.
Under the Directors of Indian Medicine in a few Stater 7they have
Deputy or Assistant Directors to assist them in their day to dal’ administra
tion. In most of the States under the Directorates, there arcllnspcctors of
f1
J
Ayurveda either division-wise or district-wise who are responsible for
inspecting all the hospitals and dispensaries. The administrative officer-incharge of Indian Medicine at the district level is generally the Civil Surgeon
in most of the States. There are varying numbers of Ayurvedic physicians
with one compounder, one peon and one sweeper. But the number
of staff varies from State to State and sometimes from dispensary
to dispensary within the same State according to the volume of work
involved.
Ayurvedic Hospitals and Dispensaries
(
s
^oo
c
v»
5
<
1
30o
-
£
12.
In all, there are about 5,473 Ayurvedic Hospitals and Dispensaries
in the country, the details of which are given in the following table. It
will be noticed that there are 101 Ayurvedic hospitals and 5372 rural
dispensaries. In-the State of Kerala, there is one Ayurvedic institution for
every 100 sq. miles and in U.P. one for every 102 sq. miles. These are the
two States where the number of Ayurvedic institutions is the maximum. On
the other hand, West Bengal has the least number of Government Ayurvedic
institutions with only one dispensary for 3765 sq. miles. This reflects the
amount of State patronage that has been received by the Ayurvedic system
of medicine. Similarly, population-wise also, we can say that West Bengal
has the minimum with one Ayurvedic institution per 2.912 million whereas
in Rajasthan they have the maximum with one Ayurvedic dispensary for
about every 25,759 people.
TABLE XI
A 'erage Area and Population seirvccl by each Hospital and Dispensary
UJ
-
0
Name of Slate
<
lu
o
Q
□
£
Number of
hospitals
Total
I-
JOO
ro
Y£ARS
Number of
dispensaries
in the State
1929
1959
LWJ
1,
1949
i9S8-S9
EXPENDITURE ON DEPTS, of AYURVEDA & MODERN
MEDICINE IN THE STATE OF U.P.
O AYURVEDA
□ MODERN MEDICINES
Fig. 8
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Bombay
Jammu and Kashmir
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Madras
Mysore
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Himachal Pradesh .
Manipur
Tripura
Andaman
581
16
349
701
156
123
754
27
509
132
236
616
1,085
6
80
nil
1
1
1
3
20
26
5
1
6
1
2
4
27
3
nil
Average
Average
area served population
by each hos- served by
each
pi al and
* hos
’
dispensary
pital and
(Sq. miles)
dispensary
582
17
352
721
156
149
759
28
515
133
238
620
1,112
9
182
5,004
191
264
550
100
226
1,792
145
453
198
213
102
3,765
80
nil
137
53,711
5,31,982
1,10,181
66,942
28,269
90,934
34,350
10,70,533
37,672
1,10,120
67,794
, 25,759
rr o « n
29,22,487
1
13. If we compare the position of Ayurvedic hospitals and dispensaries
to similar institutions in modern medicine, it will be found that there are
9833 modern hospitals and dispensaries in the whole of the country.
Amongst them, area-wise, Kerala and Madras have one institution for
every 62 to 63 square miles whereas in Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and
Rajasthan the areas served by the individual/institution are the largest.
Population-wise, Mysore, and Jammu and Kashmir have more facilities
than the rest. The details of these statistics are given in the Figures 9&10.
1
■
;
-■"W. Is
-
Li
14. It becomes clear that the variation with regard to the modern medical
institutions is minimum between the States throughout the country, but the
variation with regard to the Ayurvedic institutions is enormous from one
State to another. This is because of the lack of uniform policy regarding
Ayurveda throughout the country.
*
We, therefore, suggest that some uniform policy should be adopted so that the
status of Ayurveda in providing medical relief especially to the people of rural areas
may be considerably (
iced.
8
I
Expenditure on medical relief
15. In the case of modern medicine the country as a whole spends Rs.
80 crores per annum (Rs. 50 crores on medical side and Rs. 30 crores on
Public Health side). On the other hand, the Central and State Governments
together spend about Rs. 2.5 crores only for provision of medical
relicfunder all Indian systems of medicine which comes to about 5% of the
total budget on the medical side of modern medicine.
i
3
19. On the whole, we come to the conclusion that even without giving
giving
much encouragement to this system, it is not only doing verywithout
useful service,
7
T
T
6
L_
ii 7
F
§
f
T
■
16. It will be observed that in the whole country the per capita expendi
ture on modern medicine is in the neighbourhood of Rs. 1.38, whereas the
per capita expenditure on Ayurvedic system of medicine is about 7.78 n.p.
°J}ly. Again if the expenditure figures arc compared with the total number
of patients treated, further light is thrown on the differential treatment
given to the Indian Systems of medicine. Thus in about 10,000 modern
medical institutions about 12 crores of patients arc treated every year.
Surprisingly enough it was found that in about five thousand Ayurvedic
institutions about six crores of patients are treated in a year. Thus the
number of patients who rccievc the treatment in all the institutions both
modern medical and Ayurvedic is proportionately the same. Another
important difference to be noted is that the patients treated in the modern
medical institutions include both indoor and outdoor and they belong mostly
to urban areas, whereas the patients treated in the Ayurvedic dispensaries
are mostly,out-door and belong to rural areas. We may add that no
will ever go to an Ayurvedic hospital or dispensary, unless he gets
relief from it. All the six crores of people cannot be deceived every year nor
can they sacrifice their health for the sake of sentiment.
Again if the per capita expenditure on Indian systems of medicine in
states is compared, we will find that in Kerala and Rajasthan where the
^yurx’edic system of medicine is still in the hands of progressive people, the
i 1 CaPta £gurc *s about 19 n.p. whereas in West Bengal the per capita
xpenditure on Indian medicine is negligible. (Vide Figure 11)
t Area-wise Bombay, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh spend the maximum
and West Bengal and Orissa the minimum.
—n I
Vi
I•
4
&
2
I
1
fc
I
±
1958-59
1947-A 8
NUMBER OF AYURVltHt & MODERN MEDICAL HOSPITALS
& DISPENSARIES in the COUNTRY
*
XrVRVEDIC
^3 MODERN MEDICAL
r
.i<T.
4«. ’
fc 4-
. 9
;Z. .-
’3-.cr-
1
!
I
fe jI
-j.r---
1 ‘
!1
»
copccxany in ruiai areas. 1 o hna out the popularity
of Ayurvedic treatment, the Committee had issued a questionanirc to a cross
section of the country’s population, through certain social organisations.
Unfortunately however, the response to this questionnaire was not complete,
first because this questionnaire was not in regional languages and next be
cause the only replies we got was from Government employees, higher paid
people, etc., residing in certain urban areas only. It is unfortunate that there
are still some medical administrators who say that no modern civilised
Government ought to foster any scheme for the advancement of Indian
system of medicine in our country. Some of them even feel that it is quite
wrong to allot any public funds to encourage any of the Indian systems of
medicine.
20.
With regard to the professional standing of the Ayurvedic Practi
tioner, one of the Directors of Health Sendees remarked in a recent meeting
of the Central Council of Health that “Professional knowledge of the students
who come out of the college of Ayurveda was very poor. Their diagnosis
which was the main thing was wrong................ It would be disastro’’
herefore, to post them to rural areas.” . Another Director of Health Sen. cs said,
There is absolutely no justification for giving a sub-standard medical asistance in the rural areas.”
21.
It will be apparent that the above statements are contrary’ to facts.
More than one-third of the total patient population in our country mostly
comes from the rural areas and arc still treated under the Indian system by
spending only 5% of the total medical budget. Although a meagre amount
is allotted to Ayurvedic treatment, it is obvious that the people still resort
to this treatment because they find it more beneficial and economical. We
may be permitted to say that quacks may exist in all systems of medicine.
There arc people in all systems who have greater interest in earning more
* money at the cost of suflering humanity. There arc also inefficient medical
practitioners in all systems of medicine. Wc would urge, therefore, that it
is unfair to attribute the personal drawbacks of the practitioner to the system
of medicine he represents. In this connection it wil be interesting to quote
the remarks of Major-General Sir Patrick Hepir* in his book on Medical
Profession in India. He says, “ I feel that our attitude of indifference and
hostility has hitherto not been altogether wise ; it has generated much
sympathy on the part of many of the people in favour of the Kavirajas and
Hakims, whom they look upon as being down-trodden and repressed........ t
Were the Kaviraj or Vaid and Hakim to do harm and afford no relief, their
systems would not’have acquired the confidence they enjoy at present, the
Hindu system could net have survived for over 2000 years nor the Arabic
system many centuries if they did nothing but harm. I entertain doubts
as to the political wisdom of ignoring the holds these oriental systems have
on the people and I am quite sure that adopting an attitude of contempt is
not the way to meet them................I am not disposed to assume this attitude
of lofty aloofness and antagonism. I prefer endeavouring to make these
' systems instruments to serve the people of India in a highly practical way
......... .From all one has seen and heard during the last few years of
one s service in India, there seem to be a desire on the part of Ayurvedic and
. Unani practitioners to bring their system into more intimate relation with
modern scientific-miedicines and I feel strongly that this spirit should be in
every way encouraged. It is highly probable that with greater sympathy
from us we shall ourselves be benefitted bv acquiring the useful parts of their
knowledge.”
Major-General Sir Patrick Hchir’s “The Medical Profession in India (1923)” page 117.
jIt is, therefore, futile to condemn the A^rvedic system and to say
that it is useful neither to the urban nor to the rural areas, when crores of
patients are taking the benefits from it every day all over the country.
.-■Si
-S?--
2$.
Jire do not believe, on the other hand in saying that there is no defect- in the
present practice of Indian Medicine or that the practitioners of the system are up-todate in their knowledge. But since its utility is well established, it is our duty and
abo the duty of the Slate to approach the problem with sympathy and encourage and
recognise the system so that it can become more useful to the public. For'carrying out
al^ these programmes including research, a large number of men, money and material
isino doubt needed. Let us give a full-fledged support and see the results, instead of
blindly following and copying the methods followed by the United Kingdom qnd the
United States of America.
j
They have developed modern systems as its suits their country. Let
u$, therefore, develop our own system in the same spirit and thus make it
suitable tothe needs of our country/of course, maintainingthescientificaspects
completely in tact but merging with it the humanitarian aspect also to a
Izy-ge extent.
,
Medical Relief under the Ayurvedic System
£F;:
■e
ft:
?
23.
The details of the Ayurvedic practitioners in the country have been
given in the Table XII below. Roughly speaking, there are about 1,15,000
registered Ayurvedic practitioners in the country and another 30,000 un
registered practitioners in certain parts of the country. The latter figure
is’by no means accurate, since in three of the States registration has not yet
been started and in another four States it is not compulsory.
Table XII
i
Details of Ayurvedic Practitioners in the Various States
Name of State
fSR'
Andhra Pradesh
.Assam
Bihar
Bombay
Jammu and Kashmir
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Madras
Mysore
Orissa
Plinjab
Rajasthan
I ns^x->
£■
Uitar Pradesh
\\Jcst Bengal
D£lhi ;
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur' ..
Tripura
K-r Andaman ..
I !
--------------
Approximate number
of Vaidyas
Estimated number of
population served by one
Vaidya
1,365
881
14.311
13,455
600
10,159
5,855
9,066
3,000 (approx.)
900 (approx.)
25,043
9,148
32,137
14,287
1,858
300 (approx.)
200 (approx.)
226 (approx.)
10,911
10,265
2,710
3,587
7,350
1,334
4,453
3,306
• 6,258
8,136
644
1,845
1,967
1,779
1,362
2,774
2,888
2,828
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24.
On the whole, there is roughly one Vaidya for every 2500 people
in the country, compared to one modern physician for every 5000 people.
25. Among the States, Punjab has the maximum number of registered
practitioners with about one practitioner for 644 people. Next comes
Kerala with about one Ayurvedic Physician per 1334 people. Assam
has the least number of registered Ayurvedic practitioners with one
per 10,911 population. \\ e do not have correct figures in respect of Mysore
and Orissa, but it is estimated that their figure is in the neighbourhood of
one per 6000 to 8000 people or so. (see Map 4).
w
Is
i
*.
/
.y
$
'■'.
(
<
r*
f'
-A ?
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i,
1
no ^ason why the Ayurvedic graduate should not be but in
f
prl'oaTy heaIlh ccntres mder lhe ^mtmity development programme In
Jact these graduates are more competent to give medical relief in the rural areas
far 'belter™^™ mfdKa men iecause
know the life and customs of the villager
BOARD OF INDIAN MEDICINE
'-'*
opiciTo oi iviedicine.
oome of the Boards have been set up
.^,4 others
up under
under Gnvpmmpnt
Government orri^
orders and
constituted under an Act of the Legislat
ture. Table XIII below will indicate
the date of starting these boards,
"
the number of Members, number of registered practitioners, etc.
.
•o.. o
oi QQn-eSti
has the maximum number of medical practitioners with
21,830 in the register ; or in other words one doctor for every 1250 popu
lation. Next comes Madras and Assam with one doctor for 3000 people
In Bombay there is one doctor for every 4000 people.
27. Another important point that we have to mention is that, while
the services of modern medical practitioners are profitably utilised in the
nation budding activities, the sendees of Vaidyas are not being profitably
utilised in many programmes for the development of rural areas like the
Community Development Projects, National Extension Sen-ice Programmes
etc. In fact the attitude of the authorities concerned towards the registered
Ayurvedic practioners is indifferent and apathetic. We all know that many
of these nanon budding activities arc held up for want of trained technical
personnel. We understand that this matter was inter alia discussed in one of
the meetings of the Central Health Council, but was summarily
iJ-ll'Sin?i CXamP!?’ tlc Pr°cecdings of the Central Council of
Ilcalth held in 1957 says.
Taking into consideration the functions of the
officer in-charge of Primary Health Centre who is a keyman to develop the
health services, who is to coordinate the work of other workers, the con
sensus of opinion at the conference was that the doctors trained at the
Prin^ OA/In/!/CSral<;d \\ed'.c‘nclf,,0'lld f’01 be appointed as officers in-char^ of the
^Ca, ' Cmlre{' ' V\e- have’ ln the cllaPtcr on “ Training ” said
that the integrated Ayurvedic graduate has adequate training in modern
^untn"6 and Capab e °f contribu‘ing equally to the medical relief of the
'
<5 •
26. It will be appropriate here to mention briefly the statistical aspect of
reg^tered modern medical practitioners for the sake of comparison. In the
whole of the country, there are about 75,000 registered medical practitioners
m modern medicine. Please see Figure 12
T>R L,.,.
0540E
LIBRARY
0^
(
AND
>£
■M- \ DOCUMENTATION J r7
I
X.
UNIT
CJ 4 hir>
J.
c T...
J
u
3
Tabl> XIII
NUMBEtWEGISTERED AYURVEDIC &
Boards of Indian Medicine—Registration of Practitioners
MODERN medical PRACTITIONERS
II
I
O
z
1OO
<
(
0
□ SO
o
I
I-
Sumber of fnactitionas
Date of 3 .Number
of
spring upd
members
registered
zXndhra Pradesh
11
1,365
11
281
29
4,311
14
13,455
10
5,159
un
registered
Is Regis,
Any
tration
grouping
compul*
for
sory ?
traditional
p-cctiti >r ers
No
No
600
Yes
Yes. for
people
seeking
Govt,
employ
ment
10,000
No
No
Yes
Ytsi In
urban
areas
Yes
«Yes
Yes
Ya
N.A.
I
. .r3 =9-9-495
Assam
I
I
Bihar
Bombay
•4
. fc !
i
Jammu and Kashmir
— j
...?14-10-53
Kerala
-----
z
a
w
S
r
©
j
Name of State
Madhya Pradesh
%
40
Madras
Mysore
U1
3
z
■
’59
1Q47- Ag
TRADITIONAL AYURVtDIC PRACTITIONER---------INSTITUTIONALLY TRAINED AYURVEDIC PRACTinONERSjS
MODERN
MEDICAV PRACTITIONER--.
Fig. 12
15
9,066*
•• Fl
..?Notyet
^tUP!
Punjab
..i.50-10-50
11
25.043
Rajasthan
..t- 1954
n
6.649
Uttar Pradesh
..M1917
21
1937
7
..|.:1951
West Bengal
VtAftS
5,855
Orissa
ft
2c
.. dsixut yet
.^rcorga-’
•snized
Tz
• • j~"1932.
Delhi
5,000
t-
No
Yes
Yrs
2,500
Yes
Ya
31,937
2€>0
No
No
7
7,287
7,000
No
No
II
1,658
200
Yes
Yes
; —(* Includes Unarg. &. Siddha).
29.
Historically Speaking, the first Board of Indian Medicine was estab
lished in U. P. in ©25, by the order of the U. P. Government, thou^?‘
actually started functioning in the year 1931. _ Later on, a Bill was passed m
the year 1939, butfdue td political reasons, it did not take effect till 194 .
in the year 1932 with 15 elected members and a nominated ^dent
Thereafter, the West Bengal Government also set up a Board oi India
Medicine in the ye£ir 1937 by Government order.
1
LhJ Th- St.ate'vhlc^ constituted a Board by means of an enactment was
™ba>;, Th,s Ac.‘ was ^nown as the Bombay Medical Practitioners Att
1J38 and was put into operation in the year 1940. It is a model Act and
many of the States later on followed this. The provisions under this Ae^
were \ep liberal and gave the registered Ayurvedic practitioners many of
tionersh We^15™ egeS Wn
enP°ycd by the m°dern mcdica> Practi-
PROGRESS OF REGISTRATION OF AYURVEDIC
PHYSICIANS IN THE WHOLE COUNTRY.
Pradesh11 p110'11" seven States, viz., Assam, Andhra, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya
mted
Tb And RaJaTsthan> Boards of Indian Medicine have been consti
120
£
soon.
tt2s?ss&
'
vn
0 loo
z
Jammu and Kashmir have not finally decided about it.
I
<
33.
When all these States enact legislation to control the nractiee of
Ayurveda on a uniform pattern, there is bound to be a cood future for th1
the Boards^f Indhan Sdn/dSg !“
I
I I
□ So
. . -•
0
34.
The main aim of these Acts is to improve the status of these nrarii
tioners and regulate their practice. Under these Acts certain J
Pracn’
granted to qualified andrcgistered practitioners. ’ CCr,ain PnvllcS« arc
I
h
do
Smtes ?C Boards .ofIndian Medicine, as at present constituted in individual
28 The d a.n?rain?tcd prelected President and members varying from 6 to
I
Z
H
e ucation, inspection of the examinations conducted by the various'inst^
u°ps, exercise of disciplinary control over the Ayurvedic practitioners and
dusmg the State Governments generally in all matters ofIndian mediri
especially with regard to the recognition of various Ayurvedic qualification’
given by the different institutions in the country. In some9States Xv
c£
u
£|
Ao
o
2
20
2
to
Ka
YEARS 1935"
1940
o
the advice of the Boards of Indian Nfedirinc where necec^arv’ rv
t?^C
hand the Boards should be primarily in charge of the control if pTactKe oriy?
194^
1950
k
METHOD OF REGISTRATION
37.
There were a lot of initial difficulties to start
yurvedic practitioners in the country because, this being a^tradidonal
niedicine of our country, many eminent professional people though very
Fig. 13
44
We recommend that the names of registered ayurvedic practitioners should be
regularly printed and published every year and strict action taken against persons who
are guilty of professional misconduct, after giving them a previous warning.
successlul in their practice did not have recognised institutional qualifications.
Thus in order to bring all of them together under one register, the Government
had to take arbitrary decisions. The registers included the names of persons
holding qualifications awarded by any of the Universities established by
law in India and also the names on the rolls of the recognised Ayurvedic
institutions in the country.
38.
45.
The Boards should insist on the proper conduct of practitioners, For
instance they should impress on their registered practitioners that
(1) They must not issue a certificate that is misleading, untrue or
improper;
(2) They should not associate professionally with any of the ’un
registered Ayurvedic practitioners, especially with regard to
the sale of certain types of poisonous drugs or issuing certain
certificates;
(3) A registered practitioner may not advertise directly or indirectly
for the purpose of obtaining more patients or for increasing his
income unduly. In this respect, he should also see that he
never associates himself with the business of manufacturing or
selling of any secret remedies, the contents of which are not
disclosed to the public or authorities concerned.
Incidentally each Board has its own schedule of recognised institutions.
It is high time that a comprehensive list of recognised institutions for the whole
of the country is prepared and published so that a person passing out of the institutions
of one state is automatically registered in the other states.
39.
With regard to the traditional Vaidyas, Governments have adopted a
measure by which the name of person who is in practice for about ten
years or so and who produces satisfactory evidence from a Magistrate to this
effect is entered in the register. Those who have not yet completed the
prescribed period of practice have also their names enlisted in the register and
then get the full registration certificates at the completion of the fuff period i.
40.
In many of the States, all these three categories of people have been
scheduled under “A”, “B” and “C” groups, for institutionally qualified,
traditional and enlisted types of practitioners respectively. In certain States
there is no such grouping system. The practice in certain States of grouping
the. institutionally qualified and the traditional Vaidyas together in one
register is causing resentment in the minds of younger generation.
AYURVEDIC PRACTITIONERS
46.
In reply the Committee’s Questionnaire (No. 2) certain information
and suggestions from individual practitioners of Aymrvcda were
received. There are in all about 25000 Ayurvedic physicians in the country
who are institutionally qualified. Thus only about 22% of the total number
of registered Ayurvedic
practitioners have received , jnsUtutional
training and the remaining 78% arc traditionally trained Vaidyas. Most
of the rxirsons who received institutional training utilise both the modern
and ancient methods that are taught to them for the purpose of establishing
the diagnosis. For the purpose of giving treatment, older graduates mostly
used Avurvedic medicines and rarely modern medicines. Recently since
the emphasis during the training period has shifted more towards modern
medicine in some of the colleges, the recent graduates coming out of these
colleges seemed to show a preference for the practice of more ol modern
medicine. We have already dealt with the reasons for this lapse on the part
of Ayurvedic practitioners in sufficient detail in the chapter on Framing .
41. We feel that there should be some method by which one can easily differentiate
between institutionally qualified and traditional practitioners. Not only this, we also
feel that there should be separate arrangements for registration for those who attended the
integrated courses and those who attended the Shudha Ayurvedic Courses. Only
when all facilities for ayurvedic training have become unified, can there be a
common registerfor all of them.
42.
The Boards of Indian Medicine have the same powers as the State
Medical Councils. Their main function is to register the names of the
properly qualified Ayurvedic practitioners. They arc also entrusted with
the function of removing from the Register the name of any practitioner who
by reason of crime or misconduct is declared unworthy to remain on it.
43.
Thus one of the Acts of the Board of Indian Medicine says,
•
(i) The Council may prohibit the entry in or order the removal from
'the register the name of any Vaidyas or Hakim or Surgeon—
(c) who has been sentenced by a criminal court in any of the States
of India to imprisonment for the offence declared by the State
Government to involve such moral turpitude as would render
the entry or continuance of his name in the register undesirable;
(6) whom the Council after enquiry has found guilty of professional
misconduct or other infamous conduct by a majority of at least
two-thirds of the members present and voting in the meeting
specially convened for the purpose provided that the Council
may entrust such enquiry to a special committee which shall
submit a report to the council regarding the conduct of the
X'aidya, Hakim or Surgeon.”
From the above it becomes clear that enormous power has been vested
with the Board to supervise and control the conduct of these practitioners
but we rarely see that such power has been exercised by any Board.
3
47
Even amongst the traditionally trained 90,000 Vaidyas about 50%
of them utilise some of the modern diagnostic facilities, such as stethoscopes, t
modern clinical methods of urine, stool and blood examinations.
I he
remaining 50% use only the prescribed Ayurvedic,methods, of diagnosis,
«urh as previous historv. determination of ‘ Prakriti , Nadi examinatioi
etc. Amongst these Vaidyas roughly 90% of them use only Ayurvedic
medicines and about 10% supplement their medicines with some oi the
essential modern chemotherapeutic drugs in exceptional circumstances.
48.
Here we might again point out that non-availability of ready-made
Avurvedic medicines is one of the causes for the lapse on the part of the
practitioners. The demand on the Ayurvedic practitioner is so great that
he cannot cope it by the old method of manufacturing medicines himseh.
Nor are genuine medicines available from the pharmaceutical hrms. 1 his
was the reason why the Cooperative Ayurvedic Pharmacy of Adyar (Madras)
was started some years ago by the advocates of Ayurveda.
We urge that there is a great need for opening similar co-operative Ayurvedic
Pharmacies throughout the country.
Specialisation
AYURVEDIC PRACrmONERS
49.
The present practice of Ayurveda is in the main limited only to the
general practice, though in Ayurveda eight branches of specialisation have
been described. . The remaining seven branches of specialities are not
prevalent in most of the State owing to historical and other reasons. During
our tour, however, we found amongst the Ayurvedic practitioners a great
desire to revive Ayurveda and its specialities on the basis of “Ashtanga” or
eight branches. We have dealt with this aspect of the question in detail in
the chapter on “Research”. Suffice it to say here that the future Council of
oj Indian Medicine and Council of Ayurvedic Research should take early steps for ex
ploring and encouraging these specialised branches and for making them subjects of
post-graduate studies in training institutions.
53.
Having mentioned earlier in this chapter that Government arc not
giving the Ayurvedic practitioners whole-hearted recognition and support
and are not utilising their services to the fullest possible extent, we may refer
to some of the other disabilities standing in the way of these practitioners
proving themselves to be respectable and useful members of the society.
Reimbursement ofexpenses io Government servant taking Ayurvedic treatment
54.
One of the important things, arising out of non-recognition of this
system, is the refusal on the part of Central and certain State Governments
to reimburse the money spent on Ayurvedic medicines by the Government
employees. Such employees, per force, go to the modern medical
practitioners, although left to themselves they would prefer Ayun’edic
treatment.
Secret Remedies
5°’ . TJ?e1cxistence of several so-called “Secret Remedies” is one important
aspect of the present status of practice in Ayurveda. The subject of using
certain secret remedies by some of the Ayurvedic physicians for getting
spectacular results has aroused great interest in the country recently. Not
only the people in general but also the responsible people in the Government
have started thinking as to how best to make use of these remedies for the
science
thC Pe°P 6 ln gCneral and incidentally enrichment of Ayurvedic
55.
This half-hearted sup\ jrt is an injustice to the Ayurvedic system of
medicine and its practitioners. In fact one of the topmost practitioners
criticised this action of Government as “Economic Blockade” of
Ayurvedic Practitioners. In our view either we recognise the system and
support it completely as any other system of medicine or not recognise it
and ban its practice. It may be relevant to mention that it is understood
that even in some of the foreign firms located in India, Ayurvedic treatment
of their employees is recognised and fully reimbursed.
51.
These secret remedies are not peculiar to our country alone,
though we havc-perhaps greater number of such secret remedies. The
British Medical Association in 1909 published a booklet called “Secret
Remedies , in which the results of the analysis of these remedies done on
scientihc lines have been brought out along with the claim of the persons
prescribing it.
1
Employment Statistics
56.
Approximately about 6% of the registered Ayurvedic practitioners or
about 7200 are in employment in cither Government, Government aided or
municipal etc., institutions. But during our tour it was observed that
the grades.of pay and status were very poor indeed. Some of the States have,
however, revised these grades to bring them in a grade comparable to
the grades given to the modern medical graduates. The details of scales of
pay are given in Appendix V. It becomes clear therefrom that in most
of the States the minimum starting grade varied from Rs. 60 to Rs. 80 and
the maximum varied tremendously from Rs. 120 to Rs. 375. In com
parison to this, the average initial pay scale of the modern medical graduate
is about Rs. 200 and if he is taken up in a gazetted grade, he will be given a
start of Rs. 250/- The maximum for non-gazetted is Rs. 400 and for the
gazetted it varies from Rs. 500 ranging upto 1150. Apart from this differential
treatment given by Government it seems that no organised attempt has
. been made by the members of the Ayurvedic profession themselves to
approach ‘Government to revise their status. Needless to say that
if an Ayurvedic physician with the same basic qualification and with an
equally long duration of medical studies as the modern medical graduate
is offered a job of Rs. 60 per month, he cannot be expected to maintain
himself decently and to render conscientious and efficient service.’
In our country also, it is high time for an official or non-official organisation
to go into the question of these secret remedies immediately.
52.
Professional opinion has always been adverse to the use of secret re
medies in the absence of analytical proof. In the United Kingdom a
practitioner who is interested in the manufacture or sale of a secret remedy is
ffnn "tl
/ thC GcnT
eTal Medical Council to have his na™e erased
rom the Melical Register. Use of such secret remedies is treated as an
unethical practice, because it does not keep the interest of the welfare of the
patients in the forefront, but gives more importance to the financial and other
sains ox the practitioner In India some of these secret remedies are very
popular. The unethical practitioner takes advantage of the weakness in
the human nature and tries to impress the patients by saying that many
secret lngred!ents collected from the remotest jungles of the world have
seciet properties and that the virtues of these remedies have been revealed
or thm dr.?^6 SlSCS' /gain
the People believe that this
or that drug has been discovered by chemical research and is produced bv
to^yCOStJyprOC“S- ^ople suffering from chronic diseases are anxious
O get cured somehow and are caught up by such propaganda.
ZS stug£este'd that1 in the
interest Government should take steps to collect
J™™1'.0!1 aboul these remedies and encourage scientific studies thereon. They
an entrust this responsibility to the proposed Ayurvedic Research Council.
al!
Thk question has already been dealt with in the chapter on “Research”.
I
JVe, therefore, recommend that the pay scales of Ayurvedic Practitioners in service
should be the same as that of modern medical practitioners. The title holders or those
who have undergone four years training after matriculation should be given the grade of
licentiates, and those degree holders who have undergone five years course after inter
mediate {science) should be given the same grade as that of medical graduates. Thus
the diploma holders' grade should be. Rs. 150-71-300 and the degree holders should be
given the grade of Rs. 200-10-400 and Rs. 250-550, as the case may be. Thereafter
■■■■■i■■■■
Il is our eamesi nope uiai au inm impcaunetas wai ue lemuuea soon ana i/uy
will be kept at par with the modem medical practitioners.
iL-hile holding specific posts e. g. lecturers, professors, ete., their grades should be the same
as those in the medical colleges.
63.
There are restrictions and heavy import duties on some of the
essentially required raw materials like Mercury, Vanshlochan, etc. for
manufacturing Ayurvedic products. Another impediment is the inclusion
of certain Asavas and Arishtas in the list of taxable articles under the
Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1955 passed by the
Central Government. There are instances in which while doing spot checks,
the Excise Department have seized the Asavas and Arishtas of many pharma
cies. Since these Asavas and Arishtas are some of the basic requirements of
Ayurvedic Practitioners, the Central Government should see that such
’ unnecessary impediments put on the Aymrvedic Practitioners arc removed
immediately’. For this purpose, the Ayurvedic Drug Advisor and Ayuiyedic
Drug Advisory Body as proposed by us may go into the question in detail and
settle them once for all.
Privileges of Ayurvedic Physicians
57.
While a sending questionnaire to the State Governments, we precisely
asked them to indicate the various privileges which have been given to these
registered practitioners in their States. In this connection please see
Appendix \ III We find that conditions in this regard differ in different
States.
Use of Modern Drugs
58.
Thus with regard to the question whether the Ayurvedic practitioners
are legally allow'ed to keep and use the modern drugs or not, seven States,
gave replies in the affirmative; two stated that they have not issued any
definite orders in this regard; and the remaining five States namely, Assam,
Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal stated that there are definite
orders against Ayurveds keeping or‘using any modern medicines. This
has, produced a lot of agitation and dispute in the minds of the Vaidyas.
63.
On the whole, it is our moral duty, after the recognition of the system
to safeguard all their rights and privileges. Then only they wall have full
freedom to develop their own system of medicine for the betterment of
humanity.
Suggestions and Recommendations
59.
Here we may reproduce the quotation from the British Encyclopaedia
of Medical Practice Vol. 5 page 205 given by the Travancore-Cochin
Committee of 1956, “the medical practitioner is a freeman with right and
with the duty to use whatever method of treatment he judges to be in the
intcrestsofhis patient. No code or college or council pretends to compel him
to statutory or orthodox method or standard. The needs of the bed side must
be juAged by the practitioner himself and he alone can conclude what these require.
This he isfree to da and u:ilh thefreedom goes in corresponding measure and burden
of responsibilityy
was informed that except Assam. Bihar, Kerala and
West Bengal, all the other States have not disallowed them to do minor
surgery. But as w’c all know, the definition of minor surgery itself is vague
and hence, those who are confident of doing any’ surgery in the clinic, will
do so and those who do not have confidence or who arc not properly qualified
will not attempt it. Even in the case of modern medical men. not all the
practitioners take to surgery in their everyday* practice.
.
our °Pin^oni there should not be any such restriction and those who are capable
of aoing any surgery should be allowed to do so provided they have received adequate
training in the college.
I
Medical Certificates
61. . Unnecessary restriction on the issue of medical certificates by Ayurvedic
practitioners is a great handicap and very often leads to corrupt practice.
Excepting W est Bengal and Orissa, all other States have permitted registered
Ayurvedic practitioners to
meHJral
iiie insurance, etc. The former two States might also revise their decision
soon in favour of permitting them to issue these certificates for leave and life
,insurance purposes only.
62.
In /Xndhra, Bombay, Madras and Punjab, Ayurvedic practitioners are
allowed to issue medico-legal certificates and attend the law courts as expert
witnesses. In all other States, their certificates are not accepted.
I
64.
We have already discussed in the previous sections as to how to renve
Ayurveda and standardise its practice. Here we propose to discuss these
problems in three groups, namely, the aspects on which the action should be
taken by the povernment, those to be taken by the Boards of Indian Medicine
and lastly those to be taken by the individual registered medical practitioners.
We feel that it is the joint action of all of them which will revive Ayurveda.
Thus Dr. Radhakrishnan says,* “Thus unfortunately as in many other spheres
of activity' our development got arrested. It came to a stand-still. People
who w’ere practising these things were content with merely repeating what
had been handed dowm to them, but were not making any progress with
the result Ayurveda fell on evil days. Today we arc having revived interest
in the development of science of Ayairveda. It is good to know we arc estab
lishing in different parts of our country institutions like this. The Govern
ment will do its duty, but the practitioners of Ayurveda owe a responsibility
to the country’ and to themselves... .They must find out what is living and
what is dead, discard what is dead, keep up what is alive and make Ayurveda
into a live system. It is the duty which they owe to themselves and to the
science which they practise. If Ayurveda is to receive due recognition,
if we are to make advances in the sy'stem it will not do merely for the Govern
ment to come forward and give you some kind of patronage. There is great
responsibility on those who practice the system...............So, if a system has
to endure it must be perpetually young, and ready to change. In other
words, it must be capable of accepting new ideas, have the resilience of mind
which the young have, have the openness, flexibility and spirit of adventure
by which they accept what is given to them and transform it out of recogni
tion.”
r
Action by Government
65.
Thus the first and the foremost thing for both the Central and, the
State Governments is to separate the departments of Indian Medicine irom
1.
Occasional Speeches and Writings—2—p. 89,
'
kJ
mu
OA IA1U AVAcuicdA vepanmuas ana give mum adequate and eiiicient
staff. The head of this Department should be called Director of Ayurveda
or Indian Medicine and he should have direct approach to the Government
the Central and the States. He will be jn-charge of all the activities of the
Indian medicine including all the hospitals and dispensaries in the State
Government should make an unequivocal declaration of policy in regard to
the place of Ayurveda in the country’s medical relief. They should make
ample provision in the annual budgets and Five Year Development Plans for
the improvement of Ayurveda in general and Ayurvedic practice in parti
cular. Government should take steps to raise the social status of Ayurvedic
practmoners e. g. eminent Ayurvedic practitioners should be nominated to
public bodies like Universities or Upper Houses of Legislatures.
Ayurvedic Hospitals and Dispensaries.
66.
It is the duty of the State to provide all treatment facilities in all the
places. The Government should try to open as many Ayurvedic hospitals
as possible at the provincial, district and tehsil level. Wl
this is not
unmediately possible, Ayurvedic wards with Out-Patiei.^-Department
. Sections should be opened in all the existing modern hospitals,
where all those specific cases which are amenable to the Ayurvedic
treatment will get the necessary treatment. Vaidyas should be given
full cooperation by the modern medical authorities in the hospital
Such a system of working has been adopted in some of the medical college
hospitals in Bombay State. Ayurvedic departments must be provided with
well-trained Ayurvedic physicians. Where necessary the honorary system
may be introduced and the well-known Vaidyas of the region may be asked
to serve the people for the benefit of the poor people. The number of dispensane*, in the rural areas is not at all sufficient to meet the demand which
should be one for 20,000 population or one per 50 sq. miles, as the
case may be. Whereas for opening a modern dispensary they insist on a
good building and nice furniture, for the opening of Ayurvedic dispensaries
they provide small and badly-equipped hutments. We suggest that an
Ayurvedic dispensary should not be made a cheap affair and that there
should be up-to-date buildings and good equipment. It will be better if
philanthropists are encouraged to donate buildings on a standard plan to
house such rural dispensaries, such as they have done in Rajasthan, and
Government provide all the up-to-date furniture and other equipments and
sufficient Ayurvedic medicines of good quality. The dispensary should be
provided with raw herbs wherever possible for preparing the common
decoctions, powders and other medicines. If these facilities are given, they
can function efficiently and meet most of the demands of the rural people,
further, the staff working m these dispensaries must be provided with a
good quarter or a rent-free accommodation.
Refresher Courses
67. Aymrvedic physicians in Government hospitals and dispensaries should
De given a periodical refresher or post-graduate course of short duration so
that they can brush up their knowledge and make it up-to-date. It is
common knowledge that a general practitioner is so busy in his work that
- e can hardly keep abreast with the latest ideas and techniques. Thus the
Goodenough Report of U, K. says,* ‘'One of the greatest disadvantages of
1944—pagc^’o GoodcnOU6h RcP°rt of Inter-Departmental Committee on Medical Schools
I 1
5^ .
present day general practice is that most practitioners nave neither the
time nor the opportunity for post-graduate study. The knowledge they
once possessed grows rusty, their outlook becomes restricted, and they are
unable to keep abreast of new discoveries and new techniques. What
opportunities there are for post-graduate work are too few and too centralised,
the courses do not always give the practitioner what he most needs and the
instruction is frequently given by teachers who are not experienced in general
practice and lack of understanding of general practitioners’ outlook and
difficulties. Post-graduate study should be a regular and recognised feature
of general practice and adequate and suitable facilities should be provided.”
Therefore, short refresher courses should be arranged at suitable centres,
either in the district or at the provincial level periodically and all the Govern
ment Ayurvedic practitioners must be sent out to attend these courses
compulsorily after every five years or so. Sufficient propaganda must be
given to these refresher courses.. Every private practitioner may be invited
to attend the courses and some concession should be given to them for this
purpose.
Action by Boards of Indian Medicine
I
68. As has already been stated, Boards of Indian Medicine should take
steps to exercise greater control over the Registered Ayurvedic practitioners.
Steps should be taken by them to prepare and publish comprehensive lists
of recognised training institutions, to register all practitioners of Ayurveda
according to strict rules and group them in distinct categories and to take
drastic action against practitioners who arc guilty of professional misconduct.
Where there arc separate Faculties of Ayurveda under Universities, the
Boards should only give them advice when required.
Action of Individual Practitioners
69.
The duties and obligations of the individual practitioners in connection
with the raising of the status of Ayurvedic Practice are very onerous. We
have already mentioned that in the interests of the science the practitioner
should strive to divulge to the technical authorities full details of any secret
or proprictry remedies, and to cherish the rights and privileges accorded to
them by sticking to the moral codes prescribed by our ancient authors so
that he becomes a respectable member of the society capable of serving the
suffering humanity. The Ayurvedic practitioner should at all times be
ready to refresh his knowledge and to widen it by having an open mind and
a respect for the scientific advancements made in allied fields.
Professional Ethics
70.
A word on medical ethics may not be out of place in a chapter dealing
with status of Ayurvedic practice. We have mentioned earlier that tliis
should form part of the curriculum of studies. In their report, the Dave
Committee have included a chapter on medical ethics. Stevenson’s classic
says,* “There are men and classes of men that stand above the common
hvAvi the soldier, the sailor and shepherd not infrequently, the artist rarely,
rarer still the clergyman, the physician almost as a rule, he is the flower of
our civilisation.......................... Generosity he has, such as is possible to
- those that practice an art, never to those who drive a trade; discretion tested
by a hundred secrets; tact tried in a thousand embarrassments; and what
•Quoted by Sir William Osler in “Acquanimitas” 1906.
T
tioners themselves emulate fhXe precepts aM Upless Aj-urxedi'c practi-
esery physician.
standards, no amount of Government natronX
correct ethical
to raise their status. Charak has said :P
" °| d’ ‘n 3ny "ay’ hclP
Tiius Charaka says:
'
f He who practices medicine neither for gain nor
— O"^ n nor for gratification
of the senses b‘ut1 movedjiby compassion
for humanity surpasses
all.”
“X
Any attempt on the part of the medical man to commercialise his
profession will, therefore, be unethical.
71.
In spite of this, there is an great tendgicy amongst the registered
Ayurvedic physicians to advertise u, <_
and
press
about themselves
eis; :°f this proSonrandCst
m°^^ndard
-J and
|UblCS. of tblS. Profession and should
In U. K.
it
says, inte^e “or ^tl^wWch"'?^0 ^‘^rS °T insPires an
icil.
report,
7 noThus
^e,
inspires any notice,
75.
The physician’s personal character plays a large part in his practice
particularly with his relationship with women patients.
P
.h«.
i
is calculated i:
76.
Whenever a patient or his relative demands or even requires another
consultation he should think over the problem and if necessary he must •
airra??C
*he samf’ .7hc consulting physician, under no circumstances
should criticise the family physician in thc presence of the patient nor do
in 'Se"fa^physkian0" '
the C°nfidencC °f the Patient
sr sagj^sasa»CC I rx
w&**,0”
11 . .
J
»“
1
•
• '
77. It is thc duty of every registered practitioner to see that his dem-ees or
d‘p'°ma are Wfrectly mentioned in his clinic and in the register. Fadure to
do so makes him liable to be punished. This is an important aspect which
^d^b^rrf-A>rU-rVed‘.C Profc“'on should bcar in ™nd if the status of Ayurvedic medicine is to be raised in the eyes of the public. Certain so-called
academic bodies distribute degrees in Ayurvedic system of medicine without
the“rimv thr3t Candldates hav= undergone all the training required. It is
the duty of every registered Ayurvedic practitioner to sec that such halfbaked professional degrees are neither awarded nor received.
a
patients with a third party without the ^on3gK pa'iStT’"'5
S me^^on^?" Jpro^ 7"’t 3 .gooi^,adonshiP nnt only with
.7h.‘ A rhcsc arc some. ?r ,Ile important ethical standards by following which
the Aynin-ed.c practmoner can attain a high status not only among't the
^h?r-.?f
pr?fe?sions but also in Public. Those who follow these
ethical standards strictly are always found to have an exceptionallv rood
practice throughout their career.
exceptionally good
medical systems. The tendency to cL H S°
coVcaSucs of other
should be stopped because this is not Ildcmn^oIJcgoes in other system
It does great harm to tilt profession
bUt aIs° unctI“cal.
Osler, may be recalled. Thus he savs “\Vhb
t'1CC glVCn by Sir WiIIiani
ments and hopes, there is little room for ‘ChaSn??0’*’ tradlt!?r?’ achicveopen mind, the free spirit of science the j W
ln rncdl(?inc- The
any and every source the attitude nF
^CCcptimce oft he best from
antagonism to new ideas liberal and
1r;ccPt.IOI.,,sm .rathcr than
different nations, and different se-ti-»r
n
relationship between
feeling which should chamcreri^
r01 tn^F^e nation> thc brotherly
and universal guild that the nr?
oIdesb most beneficient
Conlinuingon^ela^X^ii’wiS'l"
ALL-IND1A ORGANISATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
*
we develop the spirit of tolerance
CI emPbasiscd that unless
systems of medicine oririnadnrfrnr^^11 t^-I)ra<Ltiti’oners of different
any progress.
or^naung from different|ountp«, there cannot be
aimHhcUdica! profession is
dt weffX'of humaS-T^1!
the physician
** swrarfa
“urfXrhe
’
^CaiUrC- No doubt
itfcquately
remunerated and
—- . J
To (To <J, £3.
1
S.lr
^slcr has said “a well conducted society may be of
gr.c"t”t
™ stimulating the practitioner to keep up the habits of
scientific study.” One of the most effective methods by^hich the standara
of professional activities can tie raised is through a well-organised represen
tative assocation of an all-India nature. It should have State and District
branches. At present the Ayurvedic profession in the country is represented
n? a7,organjaV°” called All-India Ayurvedic Congress. Though this is
d“‘aand
largest m the country, it does not include the different
types or Ayurvedic practitioners, especially the modernised or intern-'-^
type of practitioners. The latter group has established quite recenth’^a
separate organisation called the National Medical Association of India
^uany, there are many such separate.organisations at the State level It
is high time that all these different organisations are'combined to form o-e
organisation for the common good of the Ayurvedic profession which should
f firqpf trrfk Tirrw-r '.TaTtr srfn i
'ifld
tffi'l Ned IU i ?T dUU frWHJ
II
1*
I
f )
devote attention towards the promotion of scientific aspect of the profession
rather than indulge in politics as seems to be the case now.
80.
This organisation should have first class reference libraries where
members of the profession can come and study the books and journals.
They can also have a circulating library which can issue certain types of
books and journals on loan to the practitioners.
CHAPTER VIII
FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS
-
81.
The organisation can publish a first class journal containing articles
on the advancements in medical science not only in Ayurveda but also in
other allied sciences, the knowledge of which may help to raise the standard
of the profession.
82. Arrangements can be made by this all-India organisation for scientific
lectures and clinical demonstrations. All these lectures should be properly
recorded and published in the journal for the benefit of those who did not
attend the lectures and demonstrations. The organisation should also have
a first calss museum dcpictig all ♦u-' aspects of Ayurvedic medicine.
TRAINING
• 2.
In the interests of the resuscitation of the science of Ayurveda, an in
tegration of the old and new will be necessary and as much of modern
medical subjects as will be necessary to explain the gaps left in Ayurveda
should be taught in Ayurvedic institutions, prominence being given to the
the principles of Ayuiwcda.
SUMMARY
83. In this chapter we have shown how the Ayurvedic practitioner was
well patronised in the olden days and under the erstwhile Indian Princes
and how and why his status has declined considerably later on. This decline
has been attributed to the indifferent administrative set up, to the shortage of
funds provided by Government, the lack of building and other facilities,
tlic shortage of Ayurvedic hospitals and dispensaries and the failure of the
authorities to recognise and recompense adequately the services of the
Vaidyas.
3.
The Shudh Ayurvedic type of training should also continue, at least
for some time to come, subject to the condition that ample provision is made
in the institutions concerned for practical training.
4. , The Integrated and Shudh Ayurvedic Physicians and the traditional
Vaidyas have a definite place in providing the much-needed medical relief
to the country, particularly in rural areas. By properly canalising the train
ing of the Shudh Ayurvedic Physicians and by rncoinaging all the existing
Vaidyas of known reputation, medical relief can be improved considerably’
84.
We have pointed out that Government should revise their present
policy and utilise fully the Ayurvedic practitioners in implementing the
nation building activities. The slowness on the part of the Boards of Indian
Medicine in not registering all qualified Vaidyas in the country and tlicir
failure to exercise full control over the registered practitioners has also been
mentioned. It has been shown how the Vaidya himself is partly responsible
for his low status, because of his sccretivcncss and the adoption of unethical
methods in his profession.
85. To cure all the above-mentioned defects and to restore the practice
of Ayurveda to its pristine glory, wc have recommended that there should be
separate and high-powered Directorates in States for Indian Medicine who
should see to it that an adequate number of hospitals and dispensaries,
properly housed and well-equipped, are opened and that the Vaidyas
in-charge of such institutions are properly paid. We have suggested that
the Boards of Indian Medicine should register all Ayurvedic practitioners
in distinct categories and exercise proper control over them. We have also
said that the practitioner himself should strive to stick to the moral codes
. enjoined by the ancient authors of this science and also to make continuous
efforts to bring his knowledge of medicine up to date. Finally wC have
suggested that there should be a non-ofhcial All-India Organisation of
Ayurvedic Practitioners whose aim should be to promote the welfare of its
members and also of the science. This organisation should initiate libraries
and journals of good standard which wall help the practitioners ter know what
is happening not only in the Ayurvedic field but also in the allied field of
modern medicine.
I'"....-"‘•■-t.. r-.... —
... -
Tor the benefit of all concerned, we may now summarise and brincr
out the important portions of the recommendations made at relevant places
in the preceding chapters, so that necessary action may be taken and the
present position of Ayurveda in all its aspects enhanced.
5.
The Central and State Governments should mavc an unequivocal
declaration of policy recognising the training and practice of Ayurveda.
6.
A Central Council of Indian Medicine should be set up as the very
first measure of reform. The suggestions made in the Chapter on Training
regarding the constitution and functions of this Central Council may be
implemented at an early date. .There should be an Executive Committee
of the Central Council.
7.
Governments have the main responsibility for providing adequate
finances to improve the present unsatisfactory position in A^airvcdic training.
Apart from proper provision and maintenance of institutions, Governments
should sec to it that a sufficient number of freeships. scholarships and other
financial concessions arc given in order to attract the proper t\-pc of students.
8.
Attempts should be made immediately to affiliate all Ayurvedic training
institutions to Universities with separate Faculties for Ayurvedic Medicine.
This will tone up the standard of teaching, and examinations and improve
the buildings, laboratories, equipment, practical facilities, etc. Beside?
tlus, the status of teaching staff will improve.
i
9.
For providing adequate number of efficient teachers at an early date,
the Central Government should, in addition to the Post-Graduate Training
Centre at Jamnagar, establish three more model Post-Graduate Training
Centres to cover the Northern and Eastern, Central and Southern Zones res
pectively at Banaras, Poona and Trivandrum. In these four Post-Graduate
1 raining Centres, a threc-ycar training course should be instituted for
»
Integrated Degree Holders, Shudh Ayurvedic Title.holders.and modern
medical graduates. In addition there should be special training courses of
one year’s duration for all existing teachers of Ayurveda. Modern medical
colleges should give facilities to suitable integrated graduates to undergo
post-graduate courses in modern subjects so that such graduates may teach
modern subjects in Ayuivedic teaching institutions. Pending such a step,
only top men in the modern medical field holding M. D., M.S., etc., should
be appointed as Professors in integrated teaching institutions. The Central
Council of Indian Medicine should work out the details of these teachers’
training programmes on a uniform basis.
The qualifications of admission to the Shudh Ayurvedic course should be
Matriculation with Sanskrit or equivalent qualification. Some of the other
conditions that will encourage students to take up Ayurveda are that they
are assured of equal prospects in the profession as their compatriots in
modern medicine and that their privileges are the same as the modern
medical practitioners. Finally Governments should encourage girl students
to take up Ayurveda particularly because Gynaecology and Obstetrics,
Paediatrics, etc., have still to be re-introduced scientifically in the
Ayurvedic system. Scholarships and other financial help arc necessary for
this purpose.
10.
Teaching methods require a great deal of improvement. Two-fifths
of the time should be devoted to lectures and three-fifths to practical by
students themselves. The philosophical aspects of Ayurveda should be
emphasised throughout the under-graduate training. Greater attention
than at present should be paid to the teaching of Ayurvedic subjects. Each
group of subjects should be constituted into a separate department and one
subject should be taught by one professor, who should invariably have a
lecturer and a demonstrator attached to him. The suggestions made in the
Training Chapter regarding teaching of individual subjects, may be con
sidered by the Central Council, Universities, Boards and teaching institutions
when working out the details of the curriculum of studies. The following
further suggestions for improving the teaching methods may also, be con
sidered, as they have been adopted with success in foreign institutions, like
the tutorial system, a journal club and weekly or fortnightly staff rounds in
every teaching hospital.
14.
Immediate attention may be given to the writing up of subject-wise
text books in Ayurveda on a uniform basis and annotations of original texts,
as part of the Literary Research Programme. Existing text-books may be
reviewed and whatever is suitable may be accepted. A few concise text
books on modern medical subjects may also be prepared for use in Ayurvedic
institutions. Govern)
l should encourage the publication of text-books
by giving financial assistance, prizes, etc. All text-books should be revised
from time to time as science progresses. Every Ayurvedic institution should
maintain a proper library under the charge of a trained medical librarian.
Professors should induce students to make full use of libraries.
In regard to the curriculum of studies, the present Integrated system
11.
should continue. A broad-based curriculum for a five-year course excluding
an appropriate period of internship has been suggested in the chapter on
“draining.” The Shudh Ayurvedic system should also continue for some
time to come, but with the addition of a certain amount of modern subjects
and increased facilities for practical training. In due course it is anticipated
that one uniform course of training in Ayurveda can be prescribed. Persons
successfully completing the Integrated training should be given a Bachelor s
Degree and those successfully completing the Shudh Ayurvedic training
should be awarded the Title of Ayurvedacharya or Pravina. The Degree
and Title should, however, be uniform in the whole country. The Central
Council of Indian Medicine should work out the details of the two curricula
on the basis of the suggestions made by this Committee. The curricula
should be somewhat elastic and should be adopted by the authorities
concerned to suit local conditions in consultation with the Central Council.
12. As regards the. status of Principals, Professors, Lecturers, etc., in
Ayurvedic Training institutions, the Central Council of Indian Medicine
should take appropriate steps at a very early date to bring them on a par
Avith corresponding posts in modern medical colleges.
13. The basic qualifications for admission of students into Ayurvedic
institutions should be so fixed that they will be well-equipped to understand
the Ayurvedic subjects taught and that they will know from the very begin
ning that they will be future practitioners of Ayurveda. It should be
ensured that the students admitted have interest in the ancient science and
aptitude for research and that they are not joining the course merely as a
last resort. The basic qualifications for admission to the Integrated course
should be Intermediate with Physics, Chemistry and Biology and Sanskrit.
15.
In order to create a suitable atmosphere in Ayurvedic studies, it is
necessary to have proper buildings with adequate pratical facilities like a
medicinal plants garden, museum, pharmacy and hospital (with at least 150
beds for a student-strength of 50). The student of Ayurveda should also be.
given public health training in order to enable him to render public health
services to the villager. Students* hostel and recreational facilities should
be provided in ample measure in all teaching centres.
1G.
Every Ayurvedic teaching institution or at least one institution in each
State should provide for post-graduate courses in Ayurvedic as well as in
modern subjects, as part of the development programmes of the State concer
ned. The Shudh Ayurvcd may take up post-graduate training in Ayurvedic
subjects only, whereas the Integrated Ayurvcd may take up both Ayurvedic
and modern subjects. The modern medical graduate can take up post
graduate courses in Ayurvedic subjects, provided he has an aptitude for it and
has undergone some training under established Ayurvedic preceptors and
passes a preliminary test.
17. State Governments should pursue the question of establishing Chairs
‘of Indian Medicine in modern medical colleges, both for the under
graduate and post-graduate. In addition there may be an Ayurvedic ward
in each of the medical college hospitals, so that the principles of Ayurvedic
treatment are better comprehended by the modern men. This will help
to remove the bias in their minds, if any.
18. Research Departments should become part and parcel of A^n edic
teaching institutions. The two problems of post-graduate and research
facilities should be examined by a central body and steps should be taken
to combine in the same teaching institution a wing for post-graduate train
ing and another for research work.
19.
Preparation of medicine and practice should be separated if the
Ayurvedic Practitioner’s status is to be improved. Special courses like 13.
Pharm (Ayurveda) should be instituted.
I
RESEARCH
30.
(1) Both diagnosis and treatment strictly according to Ayurvedic
principles ;
(2) Diagnosis under Ayurvedic principles and treatment in ac
cordance with modern medicine ;
(3) Diagnosis under modern medical principles and treatment
in accordance with the doctrines of Ayurveda ; and
(4) Both diagnosis and treatment in modern medical methods 35
a control measure.
20. At the Central Institute of Research in Ind'genous Systems of Medicine,
Jamnagar there seems to be a certain amount of lack of close collaboration
between the Ayurvedic and modern teams, which has resulted in an accu
mulation of a large amount of uncompared and uncoordinated data on either,
side. There should, therefore, be more cooperation beween the two teams
and the modern team instead of working behind the curtain should closely
follow the Ayurvedic treatment at every stage. Productive clinical research
can be done only by intensive study of carefully selected cases, rather than
the study of a large number of cases. Moreover such research should be
undertaken on chronic cases endemic in that area.
The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research may consider this new'
approach to clinical research and put it into practice at suitable centres of
research.
21.
The Jamnagar Research Centre should start other types of research,
e.g. literary, pharmacological, etc., on a planned basis.
31.
22.
Research work at Jamnagar will be placed on an ideal footing if the
Post-Graduate Tra ning Centre and the under-Graduate training institution
of the Gulab KumVarba Society in the same premises are amalgamated with
it in order to form one single unit.
33.
The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should plan and coordi
nate literary research in various States, establish a Central Library and also
start an Indian Journal of Ayurvedic Research.
25.
State Governments should establish Boards of Research, which may
follow closely the various lines of research chalked out by the Bombay Board
of Research.
26.
It is recommended that in the first instance research work in
Ayurveda should be done under the following seven heads:—
28.
In addition to being carried out at various^rescarch centres, clinical
research may be advantagenously done in a separate wing of a
modern hospital by Vaidyas in complete collaboration with the modern
physicians there. The modern team should closely observe and keep a re
cord of the Ayurvedic treatment and condition of the patient at every stage.
29. The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should set up a Joint
Committee of Vaidyas and modern scientists for the purpose of planning
schemes of clinical research on a uniform basis.
* of
32.
State Boards of Research should give Literary Research an important
place in their programmes and establish well-equipped libraries and start
Research journals.
24. The Central Government should also establish three more Research
Centres on the analogy of the Jamnagar Institute, and these should be
amalgamated with the thrcc-Post-Graduate Training Centres referred to
in the chapter on “ Training
27.
Clinical Research should precede every other type of research. The
other items of work can be done simultaneously after the effectiveness of an
Ayurvedic drug has been clinically proved.
Literary Research may be taken up under the following heads:—
(a) Collection and review of old manuscripts and public:'.
the more important ones ;
(b) Translation of old texts ;
(c) Preparation of suitable text-books ; and
(d) Establishment of reference libraries.
23.
As a first step for the improvement of research in Ayurveda, it is re
commended that a Central Council oj Ayurvedic Research be established on the
lines mentioned in the chapter on u Research.”
(1) Clinical;
(2) Literary ;
(3) Chemical;
(4) Botanical ;
(5) Pharmacognosical ;
(6) Pharmacological ; and
(7) Basic principles of Ayurveda.
Clinical Research can be done in four directions viz.,
1
34.
Modern scientists should take up Chemical Research on indigenous drugs
whose efficacy has been proved clinically. Team work is essential in such
investigations. So the active help of Vaidyas of repute should be taken by
them. The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research should plan and allot
this work to selected modern scientists etc. and help them financially.
35.
In the field of Botanical Researchi steps should be taken by the Central
Council of Ayurvedic Research to get surveys of medicinal plants in different
regions in India carried out by Stale Governments in collaboration with
Forest Departments. Detailed maps of each area showing quantities
available should be pi epared and circulated to all Stale Governments and
institutions. The Central Council should then plan an extensive cultiva
tion programme on a scientific basis with the advice of the Botanical experts
in the country. In this connection the treatises on Vrikshayurveda may be
studied with advantage.
36.
Pharmacognosical Research on plants and herbs used in Ayurveda is
going on in many centres, but the work is of a time-consuming nature and
also requires careful coordination. The Central Council of Ayurvedic
Research should repare a plan for carrying out these studies
by 12 to 15 separate units, each consisting of a Botanist, a Vaidya and
a Photo-Artist, and should aim at completing the work on the known herbs
and plants in about ten years’ time.
37.
Pharmacological Research on indigenous drugs should be planned and
financed by the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research in consultation with
expert \ aiayas. l|^~AVQrk^nouid-y^^
limited number of
places where there are PliarmacbiogisLs fntlrVchFFntefcst in Ayurveda and
where special facilities for the. work are available. To these pharmacologists
should be attached Ayurvedic scholars, chemists/botanists, pharmacists,
siatisticians and research fellows to the extent necessary. It is very essential
that in all this work the basic principles and recogniscjd practice of Ayurveda
should be adhered to.
J;
vj -■/
i
*
38.
rXs far as Research in Basic Principles of Ayurredd'ss concerned, it is re
commended that the theories about Panchabhuta, Tridosha, -Mind, Wisdom,
Atma, etc. should be investigated by learned Ayurvedic scholars. Similarly
research on the various methods of diagnosis and treatment mentioned in
Ayurveda should be studied and adopted. For thjis purpose a suitable
standard proforma may be evolved by the CentralrCouncil. The results
of these scientific studies should be compiled and st^istically evaluated, so
that a standard and easy method of examination of persons in health and in
disease may be adopted.
\
’jV ■■
'
39. . I| is also recommended that the Central Council may plan research
in the following branches of Ayurveda, which are ^ow in vogue among
traditional Vaidyas:—
I
ji
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(0
(g)
(h)
(i)
U)
Sr?
Dietetics ;
Panchkarma ;
Bala Chikitsa (Paediatrics) ;
Treatment of Mental Diseases ;
Treatment of eye diseases ;
Marmachikitsa (Orthopaedics) ;
Visha Chikitsa (Toxicology) ;
Dentistry ;
Preventive medicine, including Yoga J
and
Oil and massage treatmcnl.
■
45.
Correct identification of plants and drugs will be helped if State
Governments and other agencies including teaching institutions and research
centres start as many drug farms as possible. These drug farms will meet
the needs of pharmacies, practitioners, etc. apart from helping in the training
of Ayurvedic students.
46.
In addition to drug farms, teaching institutions and research centres
should develop museums of plants, drugs, etc., where both the genuine and
adulterated specimens should be kept for helping in correct identification.
47.
Central Government should give financial assistance for the setting
up of such drug farms and museums.
48.
Standardisation of raw materials, mineral drugs and other organic
materials for preparation of Ayurvedic medicine should/ undertaken by
the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research. ‘ Modern techniques like
Chromatography may be used if necessary. The part or parts of raw herbs
to be used in medicine and the time of collection should be taken into
consideration in such standardisation.
49.
Standardisation of tlic process of manufacture is urgently needed.
For this purpose the compilation of a standard Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
should be taken up immediately. -A uniform formulary for each standard
medicine should be laid down.
■
w
40. 'The present methods of research followed in teaching institutions and
by individuals under the Central1 or State schemes are not very systematic.
Adequate facilities do not exist in many places. Tlxere is a duplication
in the diseases chosen for investigation. The time has come when the
Central Council of .Ayurvedic Research should systematise the work of these
■ institutions and individuals on a planned basis.
XV:
PHARMACEUTICAL
44.
A team of expert Vaidyas, modern botanists who have done work on
medicinal plants, and research workers should be established for this pur
pose.
PRODUCTS .
*.—
41.
A survey will have to be carried out in all thdTforest regions of the
country, in collaboration with the Forest Department and the Botanical
Survey of India, to assess both quantitatively and qualitatively the availa
bility of raw herbs and drugs used in Ayuivedic medipne.
42.
Forest authorities should keep certain areas & hills reserved for
improving the cultivation and preservation of medicinal plants etc.
43.
The Central Council of Ayurvedic Research Jibuld coordinate the
work of various persons and institutions in regard to; the identification of
plants and drugs and to the preparation of a uniform Tharmacognosy and
publication of reliable monographs.
I
Efforts should be made to lay down uniform weights and measures
50.
for preparation of Ayurvedic medicines in accordance with Ayurvedic
texts.
Standards for prepared medicines should be laid down in order to
51.
avoid variations in individual techniques and to ensure that all the. ingre
dients in a medicinal preparation, particularly the costly ones like gold,
saffron, musk, etc., arc added in correct proportions.
52.
Storage depots on the model of the Forest Department Depot at
Baramula (Jammu and Kashmir State.) should be opened on a regional basis
in collaboration with Forest authorities, so that Government Pharmacies,
Pharmaceutical concerns and individual Ayurvedic practitioners may place
their demands on them and get genuine material.
53.
There should be a Central Laboratory on the analogy of the Central
Drugs Laboratory, Calcutta, for testing Ayurvedic drugs and medicines,
for deciding the standard chemical composition of prepared medicines where
possible and for giving their opinion in disputed cases. This Central
Laboratory should preferably be located at Bombay where facilities appear
to exist.
54.
Apart from this Central Laboratory, every pharmaceutical concern
and every recognised pharmacy should have a well-equipped laboratory
where the raw herbs, mineral drugs and other ingredients used in the pre
paration of Ayurvedic medicines can be tested according to standards pre
scribed.
55.
In order to make Ayurvedic medicines more popular and more
standardised, manual labour in pharmacies and pharmaceutical concerns
H
should be replaced by modern machinery adapted to the needs of Ayurvedic
science.
56.
r ............
b5advanJageous t0
in every State Co-operative Pharmacies
of the
... Adyar
’"T. (Madras)
-. ,
' type
* .• so that medicines of recognised standards are
readily available to practitioners and the public.
68. Governments should open as many more Ayurvedic hospitals and
dispensaries as possible at the State, District and Tchsil levels. WTere this
is not possible, wards with Ayurvedic Out-Patient departments should be
•set up in modern hospitals and the modern medical authorities in such hospi
tals should give full and willing cooperation to the Vaidyas in charge of
these wards.
5
57.
Every recognised pharmacy or pharmaceutical concern should have
a specified minimum essential technical staff.
This should include
Ayurvedic experts, Ayurvedic Pharmacists, mechanical ’staff, modern
botanists and chemists.
58.
C
Governments should start training courses for Ayurvedic Pharmacists
immediately.
'
»
69. For popularising Ayurvedic treatment and giving medical relief to a
larger section of people than at present, philanthropists should be encoura
ged to donate hospital or dispensary buildings (as is done in Rajasthan),
Governments bearing the other non-recurring and recurring expenditure of
such institutions.
70. Governments should arrange Refresher Courses of short duration to
Ayurvedic physicians under their control so that their knowledge is brought
I9**
f°r Ay,urvedic Medicine on the analogy of the Drugs
Act, 1940 should be passed at an early date in order to enforce the various
suggestions for standardisation mentioned in the above paragraphs.
60.
The Central Government should immediately appoint an Ayurvedic
Drugs Adviser and also set up a Drugs Advisory Body (Ayurveda) and a
Pharmacy Council (Ayurveda).
71. There should be no restriction on Ayurvedic practitioners under
taking surgical, obstetrical or medico-legal cases provided they have had
adequate training in their collegiate courses.
72- Ayurvedic practitioners should be given the same privileges as the
modern medical practitioners in the matter of issuing medical certificates of
all types.
STATUS OF PRACTICE
61. The Central Government should in addition to the Adviser in Indi
genous Systems of Medicines, have a team of experts to advise them in all
aspects of the development of Indian systems of medicine in the country.
62.. f A uniform Policy should be adopted so that the provision of medical
relief under the modern medical and Ayurvedic systems, especially in the
rural areas of the country, may be considerably augmented.
63.
The utility of Ayurveda having been established, it is the duty of
Government to approach the problem with sympathy and to unequivocally
recognise and encourage the system.
7
73. The imposition of heavy import duties on some of the essential re
quirements of Ayurvedic practitioners like mercury, Vanshlochan and the
taxing of Asavas and Aristas, which are basically needed for the prepara
tion of Ayurvedic medicines, under the Medicinal and Toilet Preparations
(Excise Duties) Act of 1955, arc putting serious impediments in the practice
of Ayurveda. These impediments should be removed by Government at
an early date.
64
The Ayurvedic Degree Holders should be put in charge of primary
health centres under the Community Development Programme. In fact
they are better fitted than the modern medical men to give medical relief
better3
bcCaUSe thcy know thc
and cusloms of
villagers far
75. Boards of Indian Medicine should be primarily in charge of the
control of practice only, the educational aspect of Ayurveda being dealt with
by Universities, who may, if necessary, take the advice of these Boards.
65
The first and foremost thing to be done is for State Governments to
establish an independent department of Indian Medicine, where this has
not already been done, with a full-fledged Director of Indian Medicine.
76. A comprehensive list of recognised Ayurvedic institutions and practitioners in the whole country, should be prepared and published by the
Gcntral Council of Indian Medicine in consultation with the various Boards
of Indian Medicine so that a person passing out of the institutions in one
State is automatically registered in the other States.
74.
Boards of Indian Medicine should be established in the remaining
three States viz., Mysore, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir.
66.
The Central and State Governments should recognise Ayurvedic
treatment for purposes of reimbursement of medical charges incurred bv
their employees.
*
'
77. Registration of Ayurvedic Practitioners should be enforced
enforced and
and
completed in all States. The registration should be done categorv-wistviz., institutionally qualified, traditional and others. Among the institu
tionally qualified a distinction should be made between the Integrated and
Shudh type of practitioners.
67. The pay scales of Ayurvedic Practitioners in Government or semi
government servtce should be the same as those applicable to modern medical
med>t,|°nerSj the DeSr” Holders being paid the same grade as the
dical graduate, viz., Rs. 200—500 p.m. and the Diploma and Title
Holders being paid the same grade as Licentiates of Modern Medicine,
at’, i5°—30U P'.m- Ayurvedic.Graduates should be paid the same extra
r,riO'drtCe p .the.lr compartriots in modern medicine when they hold special
imtilutPrlnC1Pak’ Pr0feSSOrS> Lecturers> etc., in Ayurvedic teaching
78. Boards of Indian Medicine should publish the names of Re<ristered
Ayurvedic Practitioners regularly every year and use the powers vested in
them to remove from the lists those who are guilty of professional mis
conduct, after giving them due warning.
79.
For improving the status of Ayurvedic practice, steps should be taken
to encourage the practice of all the eight branches of Ayurveda and to make
them subjects of post-graduate study.
w
J
80.
The so-called “Secret remedies” prevalent among some of the
traditional Vaidyas should be scientifically investigated in the interest of
Ayurvedic practice and in the interest of the public.
J
CHAPTER—IX
81.
Ayurvedic practitioners should strive to keep up the dignity of the
profession by strict observance of the ethical codes prescribed by the
ancient authorities in Ayurveda.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
82. An all-India Ayurvedic Organisation, representing all types of
Ayurvedic practitioners should be formed with the object of safeguarding the
rights and obligations of the professionals and thus enhancing the status of
practice. This organisation should have a first class library of Ayurvedic
books and should initiate the publication of a technical journal for the
propagation of scientific ideas.
In the earlier chapters we have tried to probe into the present status
of Ayurvedic Training, Research, Pharmaceutical Products and Practition
ers and also to indicate the possible steps to improve the existing unsatisfactory
conditions. In Chapter VIII we have summarised our suggestions and
recommendations.
r
2.
In all this task we have taken into considration not only the infor
mation furnished to us on paper but also the views expressed to us during
personal discussions. No evidence was to be collected by the Committee
and so we only had informal conversations with a cross section of the people
handling the various aspects of the question. It may be that at som£ places
we may have exceeded the terms of reference, but we feel that an appraisal
of the present position will not be complete if the remedies are not suggested,
as otherwise it will only be a drab statement of facts.
(
3.
We will be failing in our duty if we did not acknowledge that a num
ber of the suggestions and recommendations we have made, have already
been covered by the conclusions arrived at by the previous Committees
set up by the Central or State Governments. In the process of studying
the various problems involved, however, certain new ideas have come
to our mind which wc have frankly expressed. We have also tried
to give more informative statistics, figures and tables, which we feel will
be useful to the Government and to others in any future action they may
wish to take.
4.
As has been stated earlier our task was to enquire why the previous
recommendations had not been put into effect. In this connection wc feel
that the authorities concerned have not tackled the problem in its entirely .
and viewed the previous suggestions as a comprehensive whole, thus leaving
the deadlock in the development of indigenous systems of medicine unsolved.
Wc now hope that earnest and sincere efforts will lx? made by all concerned
to implement our suggestions to the full extent. The Central Government,
the State Governments, the Boards of Indian Medicine and the practitioners
themselves should squarely face the huge task ahead of them and make
honest attempts to recognise the Ayuivedic system of medicine and to raise
it to the high status it deserves.
5.
Our aim has been to find out ways and means of resuscitating the
ancient system of medicine in order that it may benefit not only science bpt
also the suffering humanity. In this task we have expressed our views very
frankly, the spirit of which, we hope, will be appreciated.
I
6.
We are confident that an Independent India striving to revive all our
ancient culture will not fall behind in restoring Ayurveda to its pristine glory
and by trying to absorb the best in other systems of medicine will produce
. one integrated system of Indian Medicine as early as possible.
7.
Our remarks about the ways and means of improving the method
of training, research, etc., in Ayurveda wall apply generally to other
indigenous systems of medicine like Siddha and Unani also.
f
u
8.
Our grateful thanks are due to the Ministers of Health in States, the
State Government authorities, some of the Principlals and Professors in
modern medical colleges and the scholars of Ayurveda both in teaching
institutions and outside who have shown great sympathy in the work under
taken by us and helped us considerably with their wisdom.
»
9.
We are very thankful to the Directorate General of Health Services
for allowing us to use their Library and for helping us to get a good many
references in connection with the writing of our Report.
10. We are also thankful to the staff attached to us namely, Sarvashri
K.D. Nair (Statistician), V. Gopalakrishnan, A.K. Bhatia and O.P.
Malhotra for their untiring work in seeing to the successful completion of
our report.
K.N. UDUPA (Chairman)
K. PARAMESWARAN PILMI (Member)
R. N/^RASIMHAN (Member-Secretary)
J’"
V
APPENDICES
Appendix I
—Questionnaires
Appendix II
—Details of degrees awarded etc. in
Ayurvedic Colleges
Appendix
III
—Staff and other facilities in Ayurvedic
Colleges
Appendix
IV
—Sanskrit Colleges teaching Ayurveda
Appendix
V
—Grades of pay of Government Ayur
vedic Physicians, etc.
Appendix
VI
—Pharmacology and other Research
departments in modern
medical
colleges.
Appendix
VII
—Pharmaceutical concerns
Appendix
VIII
—Rights and privileges of Registered
Ayurvedic Practitioners
Appendix
IX
—Memorandum submitted by the
Board of Research in Ayurveda,
Bombay.
Appendix X
—Recommendations of the Government
of Bombay Committee for standard
genuine Ayurvedic herbs and drugs.
A/ /
8.
Is there separate Department of Pharma
8.
cognosy ? What is its set up ?
APPENDIX I
9.
9. Course of Study:
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 1
(i) What is the duration of the course ?
(0
(n) When does the academic year com
mence and when does it end ?
(»)
FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Part A—College
Note:
If the space allotted for replies is insufficient, kindly write on a
separate sheet of paper and then attach to this.
10.
10. Subjects of Study:
Teaching in years Practical
Tear of Exam. Remarks,
Subjects
Questions
Answers
i (a) Pre-medical
1.
Name and Location of the Institute
1.
Physics
2.
Year when it was started
2.
Chemistry
3.
Rim by Government, by Government
aid or privately run
3.
Sanskrit ..
Building accommodation :
4.
(b) Pre-clinical:
4.
Biology
(i'} Lecture rooms
(0
(:7) Laboratory facilities
(»)
(Hi) Equipment
(n7)
Physiology
Pharmacology:
5i
Furniture
'In Is the building accommodation
sufficient ?
6.
7.
Has a Pharmacy been attached to the
College ?
(<)
5.
(c) Clinical:
Is there a garden for growing Ayurvedic
herbs ? If so what herbs are grown
6.
there ?
Is there a Herbarial Museum ?
give details thereof
<-fcrr-f=t *i 14
"fasi in
(c) Details of programme, if any, for
further expansion
5.
..
Anatomy
(o') Please give details of—
i'zc)
..
Medicine
Pathology
If so
7.
Surgery ..
---
Midwifery & Gynaecology
13. Students':
Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat
Year
Medical Jurisprudence
1st year ..
Hygiene ..
n
13.
Men
Women
; i
Total
2nd year
3rd year..
Th! fam
4th year
5th year
6th year
A-,
^fl-Tfa-fa^l H
other type of
students
14. Basic requirements for Admission :
Men
11. Details of any arrangement for im
parting Post-graduate training
14.
Women
Total
(a) Matriculation.
1 I.
(b) Intermediate
with Science &
Arts.
Duration of the course of study—
(fl) for Ayurvedic graduates or diploma
holders
(c) .Any Sanskrit
Examination.
lb) for graduates for modern medicine
N.B.—Please attach the curriculum.
12. Staf of the College:
(fl) No. of Ayunedic practitioners
(b) No. of allopathic doctors
fa) No. v.-ith both training
(d) Professors of Science having M.Sc.
or D.Sc. etc.
12.
fa)
fa)
(f)
!
15. Text Buok’i prescribed:
(a) For Ayurvedic Subject* : . .
15.
• *• ■ • .;
(?) Standard Ayurvedic Books
fa) •
(0
(n) Other Books
fa) No. of Sanskrit Teachers
w
fa)
(/) No. of other instructors
(/)
(b) Allopathic subject
(»)
(b)
(i) Standard Text Books
(i)
(ii) Any other books .,
(H)
I
1BV
]
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 1
16.
16. Medium of Instruction’•
Sanskrit, English, Hindi, etc.
Part B—Hospitals
Note:
17. Total No. of Graduates passed out each
year during the past five years.
•
From 1953 to 1958.
17.
18. Financial Position.
18.
(^)
(b) Other sources of income
(b)
(c) Annual expenditure
(c)
(d) No. of Scholarships givfcn and the
amount and duration
1. (a) Name of the Hospital ..
..
I- (a)
(b) Run by Government, Government
aid or Private-aid
(b)
2. (a) Particulars of Building accommodation 2. (a)
(d)
19. Details of Degree or Diploma awarded
19.
20. Facilities for Internships and its duration
20.
21. Deuils of Hostel accommodation
21.
22. Research
22.
(b) Is it sufficient ? If not what addi
tional accommodation is required?
3. Details of Departments functioning
(a) O.P.D.
(b)
3.
Ayurvedic Allopathic
(i) Medical
(ii) Surgical
Do you have facilities to do Research in the
following:
(a) Literary & Text Book Research ..
Answers
Questions
(a) The amount of fees levied
..
If the space allotted for replies is insufficient, kindly write on a
separate sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
(iii) Gynaecological
(iv) Eye & E.N.T.
(a)
..
(y) Dental
(b) Herbarium & collections of rare
herbs
(b)
(c) Pharmacy Research to improve the
quality of preparations
-••
(c)
(d) Pharmacological Research
—
(e) Clinical Research...
23. Name and Qualifications of the head of
..
the Institution
(vi) Radiology
(vii) Pathology
(viii) Bacteriology
-(d)
■
(ix) Biochemistry
(e)
23.
(x) Other Departments, if any
(b) Indoor Department
No. of
No. ol
Ayurvedic Allopathic Both
Beds
Beds
(i) Male Medical
(ii) Female Medical ..
n
u
(iii) Male Surgical : ..
T
(iv) female Surgical . .
(v) Gynaecological
8. Students
(a) How many years of their training
they work in the Hospital?
(vi) Midwifery
(viii) E.N.T.
(ix) Children
(x) Any other
4.
(b)
(c) No. of Graduates of Combined
course
(iii) Gynaecology
(vi)
(vii)
•
.
’
5.
9. Annual Total Expenditure of the Hospital:
(a) Ayurvedic trained
(a)
(b) Allopathic trained
(b)
(c) Nurses with mixed training
(c)
(d) Total
(d)
6.
(a) Ayurvedic
(a)
(b) Allopathic
(b)
(c) With mixed training
(c)
(d) Total
(c) Mixed
(d)
(v) Kaya chikitsa
(d)
5. No. of Nursing Staff
(b) Allopathic
(d) How many clinical demonstration
and lectures are given to students
in the following subjects :
(iv) E.N.T. & Eye
(c)
(d) Total No. of Medical Staff
(a) Ayurvedic
i1
(a)
(b) No. of Allopathic Graduates
<• Qualifications of Staff
<c)
(ii) Medicine ’
(a) No. of Ayurvedic Graduates
*
(b)
(c) Is internship compulsory? If yes for
how long.
'
(i) Surgery
4. Staff
6. No. of Compounders : Technicians etc.
(a)
(b) How many hours per day?
(vii) T.B. ..
>-
8.
(d)
7.
(a)
(b)
I
I
(a) Approximately on Allopathic
medicine
(a)
(b) Approximately on Ayurvedic
medicine
(b)
10. Do you have facilities for giving post
graduate training in the Hospital
10.
11. Do you have facilities for doing Clinical
Research in Ayurvedic medicine.
11.
12. Any other information useful for the promotion of Ayurveda.
12.
13. Do you have any facilities for the re
search in Ayurvedic Dieteticananagement.
6
13.
14. Naiuc of the Superintendent
1 A
(c)
!•
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 2. •t
FOR THE USE OF AYURVEDIC MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.^-
f
i
Ansuers
Questions
J
!
1. Name and Full Address
1.
2. Year in which you have started your
practice
2.
3. Full Qualifications
3.
!
>
(a) Basic qualifications
(a)
(b) Ayurvedic degree or diploma
(4)
(c) Name of the institution from where
you graduated
(c)
(d) Year in which you have passed
(d)
i
I
JJ i
r
..
4. Details of dispensary accommodation
and practice chambers.
4.
5. Method of examination of patients :
5.
(a) According to Ayur\’cdic texts—
History of case, Symptoms, pulse
reading etc.
(a)
(b) According to modern methods—
History, Physical examination,
Laboratory Examination (by using
stethoscope, Blood Pressure appratus, etc.)
(b)
(c) Use both the methods
(C)
6. What types of Medicine you use
(a) Only Ayurvedic Medicines
State source from which such
medicines are obtained
6.
IF
F’.’
i
I.
I-
(a)
.4--
{Uj ivioaexn metueme
(c) Both ; then give proportion. Give
details regarding Ayurvedic Medi
cine as required at (a) above.
7. Details of branches of Medicine in which
ipecialised.
(C)
7.
(a) What special medicine you use in
those cases and with what result.
(a)
(b) Are these medicines prepared
according to the Standard Ayur
vedic Text Books. If so give par
ticulars of the texts.
(b)
(c) Any other useful information with
regard to your speciality.
•
8. How many people, Technical &. Non
technical personnel, do you employ as
(c)
8.
(a) compounders
(a)
(b) dispensers
(b)
(c) attendants
(c)
(d) nurses
(d)
(c) other personnel
(e)
9. Arc you prepared to impart training in
your speciality to a small number of
Vaidyas for the welfare of the suffering
humanity? If yes, how many can you
train at a time and for how long ?
Do you expect any remuneration for
imparting such training and if so,
state approximate amount expec
ted.
9.
10. (a) What is the approximate monthly
income from the profession?
10. (a)
(b) What is the total expenditure of
your clinic.
(b)
(i) by own preparation
G)
11.
(ii) from Ayurvedic Pharmacies, if
so details ol particular phar
macies from which purchased.
11. Have you done any research in any
branch of Ayurvedic medicine?
(b)
12. Do you have any suggestion to make to
improve the status of practising Ayur
vedic physicians?
12.
13. Are you a member of any Ayurvedic
13.
(iii) both, if so, approximate percen
tage of medicines purchased
from pharmacies to those pre
pared by you.
(iii)
!
Society?
I
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 3-A
. lleivc >OU 1CCLCAVCU <4U)
FOR THE BOARDS OF INDIAN MEDICINES IN THE STATES
Note .—If the space allotted for replies is insufficient kindiv write on a
separate sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
13. If so. Do you comiemplatc in the
*13.
near future to introduce any amend- •
ments in the existing Act.
i
Questions
Ansitcrs
1. Name of the State
1.
2. (a) Date of starting of the Board
2. (a)
(b) No. of members
(c) Name of the Chairman
14. Any other suggestions to improve the’
efficiency in the working of these practioners.
14.
,(b)
(
' (c)
I
(d) Name of the Registrar
I
num
the Ayurvedic Practitioners uith re
gard to the operation of Legislatures on
Board of Indian Medicine?
(d)
3. Total Number of Practitioners registered
3.
4. Please give the numbers of practitioners
registered year-wise from its inception.
4. Year
No.
5. Arc all the registered practitioners
grouped together or separately.
5.
6. If registered separately please give the
numbers of institutionally trained Vaidyas and traditional Vaidyas.
6.
7. Is registration compulsory in your State
for doing Practice?
7.
8. If not how many approximately arc not
registered and also ratio between regis
tered to non-rcgistcred ones.
8.
9.
Dlan.y registered practitioners are in
the services of Government or local
bodies and how many are in private
practice.
9.
10. Uhat percentage of the practitioners
manufacture their own drugs, and how
many of them buy from the manufac
turing concerns.
10.
11- Are they legally allowed to keep and use
modern chemotherapeutic and poison
ous drugs?
11.
Already Newly
regisregis
tered
tercd
I
1
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 3-B
FOR ALL THE STATE GOVERNMENTS (ADMINISTRATIVE
HEADS OF MEDICAL DEPTT.)
Note:—If the space allotted for replies is insufficient kindly UTite on ;a
separate sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
!
Ansuers
Questions
i
1. Name of the State
1.
2. Total Population
2.
3. Total No. of Ayurvedic Medical Practi
tioners
3.
(a)
(b) Registered (Traditional Vaidyas)
(b)
..
(c)
(d) What type of legislation you have
for regulation of their praptice?
(d)
4. Total No. of Medical Practilionets regis
tered in Modern medicine
4.
5. Total No. of Ayurvedic Colleges in the
State
5.
(a) Government
(a)
(b) Government-aided
(b)
(c) Private
(c)
6. Total No. of Ayurvedic Hospitals and
dispensaries in the State
9.
10. Total No. of patients treated in the Ayu:
vedic Hospitals and Dispensaries in the
State
10.
11.
11. Are these Ayurvedic Physicians of the
Government dispensaries allowed to
keep and use modern drugs like Sulphanomides, Antibiotics, Vitamins?
12. (a) Are they allowed to do minor
surgery?
(a) Registered (institutionally trained)
(c) Non-Registcred Vaidyas, if any
9. Total No. of patients treated in the
modern allopathic Hospitals and Dis
pensaries in the State.
6.
12. (a)
- (
(b)
(b) If so, are they provided with the
necessary equipments?
13. Are they officially allowed to issue Medi
cal Certificates for Government servants
for leave etc?
13.
14. Are they allowed to give certificates for
Medico legal purposes?
14.
15. From where they get their supplies of
Ayurvedic Medicines?
15.
16. How do you ensure that they are stand
ardised pure medicines?
16.
17. (a) What is the total medical budget of
State?
17. (a)
(b) How much has been allotted for
modern medical institutions?
(b)
(c)
(a) Hospitals with In
door beds
Government
Private
(a)
(c) How much for Ayurvedic institu
tions ?
(b) Ayurvedic Dispen
saries
Government
Private
(b)
18. Do you have any programme for starting 18.
or improving the status of the following ’.
7. What are the stafi* given to Government
Ayurvedic Dispensaries and what are
their grades?
7.
8. Are they allowed to do private practice?
If yes, what are the fees they are offi
cially allowed to charge from patients?
8.
(a) Teaching of Ayurvedic Medicine
(b) Practice of Ayurvedic Medicine
(c) Research in Ayurvedic Medicine
19. Any other information or suggestion
relevant to the subject?
19.
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 4-A
FOR AYURVEDIC INSTITUTIONS
>
Note :—If the space allotted is insufficient kindly write on a separate
sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
• i
Questions
Answers
6. Has any member of the staff written any
articles on Ayurvedic medicine? If yes,
please give the reference. If possible,
please attach a reprint of the same
7. Please give your suggestions with regard
to Literary research by way of writing
Text Books for Ayurvedic students and
also writing books on Ayurvedic.Prin
ciples for the modern medical practi
tioners
6.
7.
LITERAR Y RESEARCH:
1. Do you have Library in your institution?
I.
2. How many books in all—
2.
i
(a) Modern Medicine
(a)
(b) Ayurvedic Medicine ..
(b)
(i) Sanskrit—Printed
(i)
(ii) Manuscript in Sanskrit
(ii)
(iii) Regional language
(iii)
(iv) In English
(iv)
3. Have you collected any rare Ayurvedic
books recently? If yes, please give
their names
J
3.
(a) Printed publications . .
(a'J
(b) Manuscripts
(b)
4. Has any of the members of the staff
written, translated or edited any Ayur
vedic books? If yes, please give the
names of the books, Author and
Publisher
4.
5. How many medical journals you receive
in your institute?
5.
(a) Foreign—Modern medicine
(a)
(b) Indian—Modern medicine
(b)
(c) Indian in Ayun’edic Medicine
Please give the names of these journals
. (9)
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 4-B
FOR PHARMACEUTICAL CONCERNS
Note :—If the space allotted for replies is insufficient kindly write on a
separate sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
Questions
Answers
1.
1. Name of the institution
• i
2. The date when it was started
2.
3. Government, Government aided or Pri
vate
3.
4. What is the total budget?
4.
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii) For preparing medicines
(iii)
5. The total quantity of Ayurvedic drugs
prepared during the last five years
(Please give them in pounds).
1957
•I1: •<?)
(b)
Do you have any proposal for standarditionof thesedrugs?
at--:;
J
11. From where do you get all the raw
materials required?
(ii) Equipments
1956
8.:
9.‘
W 11
3.
(b)
(i) For the staff
1955
'W •
8. No. of staff you have employed
(a) Trained Technicians
(b) Unskilled labourers ..
(a)
(ii) other sources
1954
7. Are you preparing these drugs with the^dp 71
of manual labours alone, or with mecfi£F :
anical means or both?
. .is r
(i)
1953
■
10. What Ayurvedic Texts you usually follo^l 10.|
for the preparationof these m^^ne?;*r£’ }
(i) by sale of medicine
(b) Expenditure
f
■
f
(a) Income
Year |
6. Can you jneet all the demandsYnad@^^^5.
you? If not, how do you propose tpS^
meet the demands?
-t'
|
| 3^^ |
V
4/
ii"■
12. I low can you judge that the particular
.12.
raw materials supplied arc pure and of| •
correct type?
13. Do you think it will be necessary to havc-ju.
a few approved firms for the supply of 4
Ayurvedic herbs etc.?
5.
|
| Szt | Others
14. Do you have any suggestion to improve ■?< 14.
the identification, collection, storage of£;l\
these drugs?
-fe
15. Please give all suggestions relevant to tha; ’15.
subject.
Sr’
■
■
b
t5
s.
- r■
!1
QUESTIONNAIRE No. 4-C
FOR THE PHARMACOLOGY & OTHER RESEARCH
DEPARTMENTS
Note :—If the space allotted for replies is insufficient kindly write on a
separate sheet of paper and then attach it to this.
Questions
10.
11. Do you have facilities for carrying on
clinical trials on the drugs proved use
ful by the Pharmacological investiga
tions?
11.
12. If yes, how many beds y <ou can set apart
for this purpose.
12.
13. Can you provide more Clinical beds for
the purpose, if all the incidental
charges arc borne by the Government
by \uay of allotting funds for the staff
and medicine?
13.
14. Do you think there is any need for start
ing a separate Research body to con
trol and co-ordinate all the research
work in Ayurvedic medicines?
14.
15. Do you think there is any need for start
ing one or more separate Research
institutions for this purpose?
16.
Answers
1. Name of the Institution or Deptt:
1.
2. Name of the Head of the Institution or
Department
(
2.
3. No. of other staff
10. If yes, please inform how many research
fellows you can engage, and how much
money is needed for each Research
Fellow ?
3.
(a) Seniors with Post-graduate qualifi
cations
(b) Juniors with or without Post-gra
duate qualifications
(c) Technicians
4. No. of Research Fellows or Post-graduate
students actually working
4.
5. Undergraduate teaching Facilities ; for
how many students?
5.
16. In order to compile all such materials to
gether do you feel there is any necessity
of starting a separate journal.
16.
6. Do you have all facilities to do Pharma
cological Research of all types?
6.
17. What will be your suggestions for doing
the research on
17.
7. Have you got experience in doing research in Indigenous drugs?
7.
(1) Pure Single Herbs
(1)
8. If yes, please give briefly
8.
(2) Compound Ayurvedic Herbal preparations
(2)
(3) Bhasmas
(3)
(4) Compound Bhasmic preparations
(4)
(5) Oils and other preparations
(5)
(6) The rest'of the medicines
(6)
(a) the names and number of drugs
you have investigated.
(a)
(b) No. of papers you have published
on these subjects. Please-give the
reference of these papers. If avail
able please attach the reprints.
(b)
9. Can you supervise and - direct the
Pharmacological research in indigenous
drugs if the funds and personnel are
kept at your disposal?
9.
18. Have you found any necessity of a re
ference book which will give you the
scientific details of all the important
Ayurvedic preparations?
18.
QUESTIONNAIRE-5
Modern Medical graduates in Ayur
veda?
:=
. — -tr
If yes, give your suggestions with regard
to duration etc.
20. Will it be feasible to attacl} an Ayurvedic 20.
Clinic in all the large teaching and
non-teaching Hospitals of the country?
ft
Note :—I he Questionnaire duly filled in mayy fplease
*
’be
______
sent to the Chairman,
Ayurvedic Research Evaluation Committee,, Ministry of
Health, New Delhi.
Questions
21. Please give your opinion regarding giving 21.
a few voluntary lectures in Ayurvedic
Medicine to all the medical graduates
of the country in the final year.
22. Any other suggestions to promote |he
scientific studies of Ayurvedic Medi
cine.
TO NON-TECHNICAL PERSONS
Answers
1. Name of the person with full permanent
address.
1.
2. The type of physician consulted for ordi
nary ailments—
2,
Ayurvedic
22.
'.. M
I
t-".-
1■
Allopathic
Unani
Homoeopathic
Any other system
3. Have you found such consultations—
3.
(a) Beneficial
(a)
(b) Satisfactory
(b)
(c) If unsatisfactory what improvements
would you recommend.
(c)
!
4. If consulting physician other than Allo
pathic, did you have an occasion to
consult Allopathic doctors for—
F
i
I
R
1
4.
(a) Physical ailments
(a)
(b) Surgical cases
(b)
(c) No. of occasions in a year
(C)
5. If consulting Ayurvedic doctors, do you
obtain the medicines.
5.
(a) From Ayurvedic Doctors
(a)
(b) From recognised Ayurvedic
Pharmacist
(b)
6. Arc you satisfied with the standard of
Ayurvedic medicines obtained by you ?
If not have you any suggestions to offer
to improve the standards.
6.
7. Why have you preferred the particular
system for treatment of your ailments?
7.
I
11
APPENDIX
DETAILS OF DEGREE AWARDED ETC.
II
IN AYURVEDIC COLLEGES
>
Name of the College
S. No.
Degree/Diploma awarded
Date of-----------------------starting Admi- Academic control
nistered
by
Title of Degree or
Diploma
Duration of
the
course
...
Minimum Annual
qualification admisfor admission
sion
Total strength of the
College
Male
Female
Total
47
233
-Number
of
students
passed
out
during
1957
ANDHRA (5)
1.
Government Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad.
1941
2.
Vcnkateswara Ayurvedic Kalasala,
Vijayawada.
3.
Anantha Lakshmi Ayurvedic, College,
Warangal.
1956
4.
Ram Mohan Ayurvedic College, Guntur.
1936
5.
Mrs. Radhabhai Palnitakar Medical
School, Hyderabad.
N.A.
Govt.
Board of Indian
Medicine.
Ayurved Visharad.
4
Matric
65
186
-do-
4
Matric
29
75
Ayurveda Pravccna.
4
SSLC
17
50
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Private
>>
N.A.
N.A.
19
75
1
N.A.
51
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
21
2
ASSAM (1)
6.
Government Ayurvedic College, Gauhati.
1948
Govt.
D.A.M.S.
4
Matric
9
21
G.A.M.S.
5
Matric
43
187
14
201
17
Diploma.
3
23
37
1
38
N.A.
G.A.M.S.
5
10
62
62
12
BIHAR (5)
7.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Patna
1926
8.
Shivaganga Ayurved Mahavidyalaya,
Madhubani, Dharbanga.
1948
Ayodhya Shivakumari Ayurvedic College,
Bcgusarai.
1946
10.
S.Y.N. Ayurvedic College, Bhagalpur.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Ayurvedic College, Motihari.
N.A.
N.A.
11.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
230
109
339
N.A.
9.
Private
>>
BOMBAY (18)
12.
R.A. Podar Medical College, Worli
1942
13.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Nanded.
1958
14.
Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Poona
1933
15.
Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Ahmcdnagar
1917
.16.
O.H. Nazar Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Surat
1946
Govt.
Private
Faculty of Ayurvedic
& Unani System
of medicine
G.F.A.M.
4£ Int. Science
60
N.A.
Ayur.’ed Visharad.
4
Matric
■10
NT A
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Poona University
B.A.M.S.
4|
Int. Science
60
361
73
434
Faculty of Ay. &
Unani System of
Med.
86
G.F.A.M.
4J
Int. Science
(B)
30
47
5
152
14
G.F.A.M.
4J
Int. Science
40
211
61
272
45
■
S. No.
Name of the College
■
Total strength of the
College
Dcgrcc/Diploma awarded
Date of-------------------------;-------------starting Admi- Academic control
nistcrcd
by
^7’^7—Title of Degree oiC^ULXtraDiploma.•
of
Diploma
Minimum .-Annual
qualification admisfor admis
sion
sion
Mair
Female
Total
Number
of
students
passed
out
during
1957
I? ” "
iurse
I
i •
17.
I
Shuddha Ayurved Mabavidyalaya, Baroda
1956
»
Committee for
Shuddha Ayurvedic
Course
Ayurved Pravin.
Maine
20
69
4
73
N.A.
Matric
39
164
6
170
N.A.
Matric
20
59
15
74
N.A.
Matric
20
81
15
96
N.A.
Matric
40
190
8
198
29
Int. Science
40
202
30
232
N.A.
Matric
40
79
10
89
N.A.
4
Matric
25
38
2
40
N.A.
41
Int. Sc.
30
128
8
136
7
4
Matric
20
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4
Matric
50
N.A.
N.A.
4J
Int. Sc.
50
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
3A
Matric
20
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5 b years
yrs.
5
Int. Sc.
73
243
56
299
26
Matric
21
54
7
61
N.A.
19
60
1
51
10
N.A.
58
160
8
168
32
N.A.
33
166
7
173
15
Inter Sei.
5
70
N.A.
ft
18.
A^’urved Mahandyalaya, Nagpur
N.A.
Board of Indian
Medicine.
B.A.M.S.
19.
Punarvasu Ayurved Mabavidyalaya,
Bombay.
1954
Committee for
Shuddha Ayurvedic
Counc
Ay. Pravin.
20.
Shuddha Ayurved Mabavidyalaya, Nasik.
1954
21.
Vidharbha Ayurved Mabavidyalaya,
Amravati.
1931
Board of Indian
Medicine.
B.A.M.S.
22. J.S.M.J. Ayurvedic Medical College,
Nadiad.
1938
Faculty of Ayurvedic
& Unani System of
Medicine
G.F.A.M.
Board of Indian
Medicine.
B.A.M.S.
Committee for
Shuddha Ayurvedic
Course,
A>*urvcd Pravin.
I
I
IT
>>
Ay. Pravin. •
S
4-;
4l
r- 4
28.
Radha Krishna Toshnival Ayurved
Mabavidyalaya, Akola.
1955
24.
Marathwada Shuddha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Jalna.
1957
25.
Aryangala Vaidyak Mabavidyalaya,
Satara.
N.A.
>>
Faculty of .Ayurvedic
& Unani System of
Medicine.
G.F.A.M.
26.
Ashtang Ayurved Mabavidyalaya, Poona.
N.A.
>»
Ayurved Pravin.
27.
Shuddha Ayuned Mabavidyalaya, Sion.
N.A.
Committee for
Shuddha Ayurvedic
Course.
-do-
28.
Aymrved Mabavidyalaya, Jamnagar.
N.A."
Gujrat University.
B.A.M.S.
29.
Seth J.P. Ayun-cd Mabavidyalaya,
Bhavanagar.
N.A.
Indian Medicine.
-do-
t1
E
Diploma.
3
•
N.A.
1
KERALA (4)
1889
Govt.
Kerala University.
B.A.M. & D.A.M.
31. Kcraleeya /Ayurveda Vidyalaya, Shoranur.
1946
Private
Managing Board.
Vaidya Padan.
Madhava Memorial Ayurvedic College,
Cannanore.
1943
Arya Vaidya Patasala, Kottakal.
1917
n
30.
32.
33.
Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum.
!
‘I 41
Vaidya Vibhooshana.
■
Arya Vaidyan.
MADIR'A PRADESH (4;
34.
N.P. Avasti Govt. Ayur. College, Raipur.
1955
Govt.
Saugor University.
35.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Gwalior.
1916
Govt.
Board of Indian
Medicine.
II
I•
4
G.A.M.S.
Ayurved Vigyanacharyi
A.M.S.
5
Name of the College
S.No.
Degrce/Diploma
Date of
starting Admi
nistered
by
36.
Rajkumar Singh Ayurvedic College, Indore’
1933
37.
Ashtang Ayurvedic College, Indore.
N.A.
awarded
Title of Degree or Dura
Diploma
tion of
the
course
Academic control
Private
5
Aymrved Vigyanacharya, A.M.B.S.
N.A.
N.A.
Total strength of the
College
Minimum Annual
qualification admis- Male
for admis
sion
sion
&
Total
students
passed
out
during
1957
6
105
3
108
17
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Int. Science
120
592
55
647
N.A.
11
N.A.
Inter Sci.
N.A.
N.A.
Number
Female
MADRAS (2)
33.
Govt. College of Integrated Medicine,
Madras.
39.
Venkataramana Ayurvedic College,
Mylaporc.
1947
(up
grad
ed)
1905
Govt.
Board of Indian
Medicine.
G.C.I.M.
Private
Madras University.
Ayurved Siromani
4
Matric or
Sanskrit
entrance
examination
4
11
Matric
(Int. Science
(or Pre
University)
Matric or
Madhyama
50
230
17
247
42
40
65
8
73
N.A.
MYSORE (8)
40.
Govt. College of Indian Medicine, Mysore.
1908
Govt.
Faculty of Indian
Medicine.
L.A.M.S.
G.C.A.M.
4
5
41.
Shuddha Ayurved Vidyalaya. Bijapur.
1955
Private
Committee for
Shuddha Ayurvedic
Course.
Ayurved Pravin.
4
42.
Suddha Ayurved Vidyalaya, Hubli.
1954
D.S.A.C.
4
-do-
19
51
6
57
7
43.
Kankanwadi Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya,
Bclgaum.
1954
Ayurved Pravin.
4
-do-
45
116
7
123
3
44.
Taranath Ayurved Vidya Pccth, Bcllary.
1947
L.A.M.S.
G.C.A.M.
4
5
Matric
Int. Science
36
146
5
151
27
45.
Ayurvedic College, Padigar, Udipi.
1958
-do-
D.S.A.C.
4
Matric
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
46.
Ayurvedic College, Kustagi.
1958
-do-
Ayurved Pravin
4
Matric
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
47.
Shuddha Ayurvedic College, Bangalore.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4
Matric
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
-do-do-
ORISSA (1)
4R
Gopa-bandhu Ayurved Vidya Peeth, Puri.
PUNJAB (3)
49.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Patiala.
N.A.
Govt.
50.
Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jullundur.
N.A.
Private
51.
Mastanath Ayurvedic College, Rolitak.
1 nr. t
Board of Indian
Medicine.
N.A.
N.A.
-do-
Vaidya Vachaspati.
4
Matric
GO
130
8
138
11
-do-
G.A.M.S.
5
Matric
73
153
9
162
N.A.
RAJASTHAN (7)
52.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Jaipur
1946
Govt.
53.
Govt. Ayurvedic College, Udaipur
1933
Govt.
Board of Indian
Medicine
I
I
Bbhagwar
Bishagacharya
3
5
Madhyama
or Prathama
65
75
37
112
17
N.A.
5
Upadhya or
Madhyama
13
53
2
55
10
Name of the College
S. No.
i
Date of starting
Dcgree.'Diploma
awarded by
Administered by
Academic contiol
Title of Degree Duration of -^MfjHnuim .i . Annual Total strength
or Diploma, the course qualification admission of the College
for admission
Male Female Total
■ • ’Hi IX
iS
■
I
54.
Shri Sanatan Dharm Ayurved
Mahavidyalaya, Bikaner.
1945
55.
Shri Parasu Rampuriya Ayurvedic
College, Sikar.
1942
56.
Ayurved Viswa Bhara'ti Gram Jyoti,
Kundra (Sardarshahar).
1956
57.
I
I
(
1935
ji
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
59.
Government Ayurvedic College, Lucknow
60.
Banaras University Ayun ed College,
Banaras.
1927
Arjun Darshananad Ayurved College,
Varanasi.
N.A.
Arjun Ayurvedic College, Varanasi
1917
61.
N.A.
Banaras University
N.A.
Private Board of
Indian Medicine
Baldev .Ayurvedic College, Varanasi
N.A.
64.
Lalit I lari Ayurvedic College, Pilihhit
1899
Private Board of
Indian Medicine
65.
Rishikul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar
1919
-do-
66.
Gurukul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar
1922
-do-
67.
Bundelkhand Ayurvedic College, Jhansi
1934
-do-
68.
Ayurvedic College, Meerut
N.A.
69.
Ayurvedic College, Dehradun
N.A.
Ayurvedic College, Atara Bandea
N.A.
n.a.
3
F
30
N.A.
32
32
N.A.
13
23
23
N.A.
21
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
10
28
5
2
Acharya
I 6
10
21
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
A.B.M.S.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
nh
F-
N.A.
'J'
1916
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Idpor
Madhyama
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
■*
N.A.
N.A.
N.A. •
N.A.
N.A.
7
15
11
26
2
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
28
222
10
232
28
23
309
5
314
35
11
117
117
N.A.
14
240
14
254
23
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
25
N.A.
N.A...
N.A.
5
A.M.B.S.
5
-do-
5
-do-
5
I-
In(>r
;
Madhvama
■
.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
25
8
134
12
146
N.A.
17
30
1
31
.8
O’
2
8
8
2
4
Maffie
1
3
3
N.A.
4
|do-
4
21
21
N.A.
N.K,
N.A.
N.A.
5
Ayttn-ed Tirth
M.A.S.F.
4
5
Int^or
MaHhyama
■ft
73.
Viswanath Ayun ed Mahavidyalaya,
Calcutta.
1931-
-do-
74.
Arya Vaidya Prati stan, Calcutla-26
1935
-do-
75.
Vaidyak Pathshala, Midnaporc
1949
-do-
I
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Ayurved Tirth
-do
DELHI
N.A.
N.A.
■<
2
A.M.B.S.
Private
-do- .
N.A.
N.A.
y
5
.Aynrvedacharya
N.A.
Private Board of
Indian Medicine.
1958
1921
Tibbia Ayurved College, Delhi
-do-
N.A.
:
Shyamadas Vaidya Shastra Pitha Parishad,
Calcutta.
76.
3
t -
Pra^ito or'
Ma^iyama
N.A. •
72.
i! ’
Bhishagsvar
.Aynrvedacharya
WEST BENGAL (5)
71. Jamini Bhushan Ashtang Ayurved
Vidyalaya, Calcutta.
5
■
N\A.
Govt.
63.
70.
N.A.
i'
!
UTTAR PRADESH (12)
62.
n
Birla San«^-it Ayurved College, Pilani
58. • Ayun-ea^ College, Ratgngarh
Private
I Ji
Number of students
passed out during
1957.
Tft
■
N.A.
N.A. " N.A.
1
APPENDIX
STAFF AND OTHER FACILITIES
S. No.
Collcges
III
IN AYURVEDIC COLLEGES
Total Number Facili' of
ties
Hospi
for
tal
’ dis
tai L..
beds
avail
section
able
Other
Labo
ratory
facili
ties
suffi
cient
Phar
macy
exists
Medi
cinal
garden
attach
ed
2
25
94
Yes
Yes
Yes/
Yes
2
10
6
No
»
15
Yes
Yes
Pure
Ayur
vedic
and in
tegrated
lec
turers
Allo
pathic
lec
turers
Other
lec
turers
15
8
G
2
HarLibrary FaciHostel
barium facili
lilies
accomexists
ties
for
modasuffi
Clinical tion
cient
Re
search
ANDHRA (5)
1.
‘ 2.
Government Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Venkateswara Ayurvedic Kalasala, Vijayawada
3.
Ram Mohan Ayurvedic College, Guntur
4.
Anantha Lakshmi Ayuivcdic College, Warrangal
5.
Mrs. Radhabhai Palnitkar Medical School, Hyderabad
4
2
1
7
4
3
1
6
5
2
9
44
Yes
ASSAM (1)
6.
Government Ayurvedic College, Guahati
..
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
BIHAR (5)
7.
Government Ayurvedic College, Patna
6
1
8.
Shivaganga Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Madhubani,
Dharbanga
6
1
9.
Ayodhya Shivakumari Ayurvedic College, Bcgusarai
10.
S.Y.N. Ayurvedic College, Bhagalpur
11.
Ayurvedic College, Motihari
7
2
7
>>
Yes
»>
9
16
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
BOMBAY (18)
12.
R.A. Podar Medical College, Worli
16
13
2
31
90
13.
Government Ayurvedic College, Nanded
17
3
1
21
50
14.
Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya, Poona
17
23
3
43
175
15.
Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar
11
10
2
23
16.
O.H. Nazar Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Surat
17.
Shuddha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya. Baroda . .
18.
Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur
10
19.
Punarvasu Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Bombay
20.
Shuddha Ayun’ed Mahavidyalaya, Nasik ..
21.
Vidarbha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Amravati
20 \
11
Yes
Yes
»»
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
91
No
No
No
No
1
35
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5
21
4n
TU
No
jj
No
No
1
12
20
Yes
17
1
18
17
1
18
30
24
23
14
20
16
I
4
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
H
Colleges
S.No.
Pure
AlloOther
Ayur
pathic lecvedic
lecturers
and in turers
tegrated
lec
turers
Total
Number Faciliof
litia
for
Hospi
distal beds
section
avail
able
Other Phar- MediLabo- macy cinal
ratory exists garden
faciliattachties
ed
suffi
cient
12
14
1
27 ’
120
23.
8
8
5
21
27
»
No
No
1
15
6
No
Yes
Yes
2
24
77
Yes
24.
Marathwada Shudha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Jalna ..
14
25.
Aryangala Vaidyak Mahavidyalaya, Satara
9
26.
Ashtang Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Poona
27.
Suddha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Sion
28.
Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Jamnagar
29.
Sheth J.P. Ayurved Vidyalaya, Bhavanagar
13
-
g-',
B
r.
»
22. J.S.M.J. Ayurvedic Medical College, Nadiad
Radhakrishna Toshnival Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Akola
Hoste)
HarLibrary Fact- ..Hoste)
farili. 7 litiVc
barium facilililies _acccnt
exists
ties
suffiClinical* fwn I
cient ReJ ,
search y -v?. ; .
No
No
” .■ '.ili,0 V;
„.
»
- F
Ya
i
..
— (
T--
-
KERALA (4)
Is
W ’
j'
30.
Ayurvedic College, Trivandrum
21
31.
Keraleeya Ayurveda Vidyalaya, Shornoor ..
4
32.
Madhava Memorial Ayurvedic College, Cannanore
6
33.
Arya Vaidya Patasala, Kottakal
4
No
42
60
Ya
Ya
Ya
Yes
4
24
No
No
»»
No
No
9
15
10
Ya
•>
Yes
Ya
1
3
8
60
No
19
2
No
Ya
No
■
I i]
4^
MADHYA PRADESH (4)
34.
N.P. Avasti Government Ayurvedic College, Raipur
8
2
2
12
15
35.
Government Ayurvedic College, Gwalior
20
3
3
26
16
36.
Raj Kumar Singh Ayurvedic College, Indore
12
7
9
28
37.
Ashtang Ayurvedic College, Indore
Ya
Ya
Ya
Ya
Ya
No
»»
Yes
Ya
Ya
No
No
| Ye,'-
if
I
Ya
”
f.
I
MADRAS (2)
38.
Government College of Integrated Medicine; Madras
21
30
10
61
39.
Venkataramana Ayurvedic College, Mylapore
3
1
2
11
260
Yes
Ya
Ya
Ya
No
No
»>
»>
Ya
No
No
-
MYSORE (8)
■i
-i
t
H'
40.
4
Government College of Indian Medicine, Mysore
100
Ya
20
7
2
9
20
No
3
1
16
61
Ya
6‘
1
17
10
Shuddha Ayurved Vidyalaya, Hubli •
43.
Kankanwadi Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya, Bclgaum
12
44.
Saranath. .Ayurved Vidya Peeth, Bellary
10
45.
Ayurvedic College, Padigar, Udipi
46.
Ayurvedic College, Kustagi
47.
Shuddha Ayurvedic College, Bangalore
..
..
No
No
»>
Ya
>»
»»
»»
>>
Yes
Yes
No
»
No
»>
No
Yes
No
.
No
Ya
12
42.
..
25
1
Shuddha Ayurved Vidyalaya, Bijapur
9 ..
8.
11
41.
..
13
Yes
No
Ya
No
Ya
fi' I
ft-L
is: ;
iYes ;
I
Colleges
S.No.
Pure
Ayur
vedic
and in
tegrated
lec
turers
Allo
pathic
lec
turers
Other
lec
turers
Total Number
of
Hospi
tal beds
avail
able
Facili Other
ties
Labo
for
ratory
dis
facili
section ties
suffi
cient
Phar
macy
exists
Medi
cinal
garden
attach
ed
Har- Library*
barium facilicxists ties
suffi
cient
Faci
Hostel
lities
accomfor
modaClinical tion
Re
search
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
»>
No
ORISSA (1)
48.
Gopabandhu Ayurved Vidyapecth, Puri
PUNJAB (3)
49.
Government Ayurvedic College, Patiala
50.
Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jullundur
4
2
2
51.
Mastanath Ayun-edic College, Rohtak
8
I
2
»
RAJASTHAN (7)
52.
Government Ayurvedic College, Jaipur
53.
Government Ayurvedic College, Udaipur
54.
Shri Sanatan Dharm Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Bikaner
55.
Shri Parasu Rampuriya Ayurvedic College, Sikar
5G.
Ayurved Viswa Bharati Gram Jyoti Kendra, Sardarshar
7
1
2
57.
Birla Sanskrit Ayurved College, Pilani
..
6
2
3
58.
Ayurvedic College, Ratangarh. ..
..
..
8
10
H
200
14
3
I
15
3
10
18
70
8
2
7
28
30
17.
25
Yes
10
No
10
Yes
»»
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
15
11
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yrs
»»
No
No
UTTAR PRADESH (12,
59.
Government Ayurvedic College,’Lucknow ..
60.
Banaras University Ayurvedic College, Banaras
61.
Arjun Darshanand Ayurvedic College, Varanasi
62.
Arjun Ayurvedic College, Varanasi
63.
Baldcv Ayurvedic College, Varanasi
64.
Lalit Hari Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit
12
1
2
65.
Rishikul Ayunedic College, Hardwar
13
3
8
66.
Gurukul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar
9
3
8
67.
Bundelkhand Ayurvedic College, Jhansi
68.
Ayurvedic College, Meerut
69.
Ayun-edic College, Dehradun
70.
Ayurvedic College, Attara Banda
18
15
16
5
21
7.,
I
175
Yrs
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yrs
Yes
36
32
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yrs
Yes
Yes
Yes
15
66
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
24
43
20
56
Yes
Yes
29
85
1
*;
3
7
11
Yes
4
WEST BENGAL (5)
71,- Jamanibhushan .Ashtang Ayurved Vidyalaya, Calcutta
38
20
6
15
32
202
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
I
j
‘--■•S • 1 I • ;
’
■
213
212
-4g-.. ’ ’
.
5. No.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Colleges
Shyam Das Vaidya Shastra Pitha Parishad, Calcutta
Vishwa Nath Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Calcutta
Arya Vaidya Pratisthan, Calcutta-26
Vaidyak Pathshala, Midnaporc
DELHI (1)
76.
..
Allo
Pure
Ayur
pathic
Jecvedic
and in- turers
tegrated
lec
turers
Other
lec
turers
5
9
23
18
6 *
10
3
2
Total Number-tFacili-' Other
of J .LaboI.a:>0Hospi- |£for ? -ratory
tai beds^iabeds ^dis- ♦f "facili-Taciliavail- -745ct.
J^^ctiofi
ties
evail:Q$
able
I suffidjfct '2?den«
* 'r';:__*
Pharmacy
exists
Medi Harcinal
barium
garden exists
attach
ed
Library FaciHostel
facililitics
accomties
for
modasuffi
Clinical tion
cient
Re
search
Yes
Yes
Yes
■*
7
3
4
37
75
35
59
9
Mos ? 4 Yes
'^c
ip--'
I
lii—
9
is
Tibbia Ayurved and Unani College, Delhi
■ vf
•Fa
g
%
if
I
A -•
< -s
g
IS
i'"
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
t
APPENDIX IV
SANSKRIT COLLEGES TEACHING AYURVEDA
S.
No.
Date of
starting
Name of the College
Government
aided or
Private
I
1
Details of
Degree or
Diploma
awarded
Duration
of course
Years
Total strength of College
Male
Female
Total
Shrimad Bhuvanendra Sanskrit College, Karkala,
Mysore.
1927
Aided
Ayurveda
Siromani
4
2
2
2
Sanskrit College, Puri, Orissa.
1918
Government Acharya
4
33
33
3
Sanskrit College, Bolangir, Orissa.
1948
Government
Acharya
4
8
8
4
Sanskrit College, Parlakimcdi, Orissa.
1915
Aided
Acharya
4
53
53
5
Dharma Samaj Sanskrit College Musafarpur, Bihar
—Information not
available
6
Government Sanskrit College, Tripunithura,
Kerala.
—Information not
available
!
-in
I
APPENDIX V
Grades of pay of Government Ayurvedic Physicians, source of supply of Ayurvedic medicines to Government dispensaries
(including aided) and number of patients treated in all the Ayurvedic Hospitals and Dispensaries
S. No.
1.
STATE
ANDHRA
Grades of Pay of Ayurvedic Physicians (in Rs.)
(t) 176—375
in all city dispensaries and
some district dispensaries
(n) 130—202
in other district dispensaries.
(For Government subsidised
Ayunxdic dispensaries)
2.
ASSAM
Rs. 80 p.m. sub
sidy plus Rs. 500
annual grant for
medicines.
3.
BIHAR
(,0—2—80—EB— 2— 100
4.
BOMBAY
Old Rombay State
(:) 80—5—100—EB—6—160 EB—8—240 '
for D.A.S.F. or Equivalent qualification
(ii) 55—3—85—EB—4—125—5—130
Maralhwada
Three Grades
(«) 105—140 (n) 130—202 (m) !7C> 375
(i) 90—220 for qualified \ aidyas.
(n) 60—120 for others.
for others
Saurashtra
Number of
patients
treated
Source of supply of Ayurvedic
medicines
41,15,491
Government Ayun’cdic Pharmacy
Hyderabad, Centra! Ayurvedic
Pharmacies at Guntur, Vijaya
wada District Board drug and
Medical Stores at Nellore and
from Adayar Pharmacy.
20,00.000
Partly from Government Ayurve
dic Pharmacy-Mostly self-pre
paration by Vaidyas.
1,56,196
Partly manufactured by Vaidyas
themselves and partly purchased
from market.
► Not
available
Mostly from Private Pharmacies.
In Marathwada one government
Ayurvedic Pharmacy has been
stated which will be supplying
medicines in that area from
this year.
r*
S. N.
STATE
5.
'K12RALA
6.
MADIIYA PRADESH
II
I
I
St1
Grades of Pay of Ayurvedic Physicians (in Rs.)
80—180
Madhya Bharat Region
Bhopal Region
Vindhya Pradesh Region
(0 80—200 (h-) 60—100
100—200
(i) 100—200 (h) 75—100 (m7) 40—50
7.
MuVDRAS
8.
MYSOPE
Old Hyderabad Region
Old Bombay Region
Old Mysore Slate
(0 215—415 (ii) 176—375 (Hi) 130—202
80—5— 100—6— 160—8—240
100—5—150— 10—250
9.
ORISSA
for D.A.M.S.
for graduates of
Banaras University
and other degrees,
for Ayurvcdacharya
(0 120—250
(u) 100—180
10.
S. N.
PUNJAB:
Number of
patients
treated
100—5 ■200
For Vaidyas
For up-Vaidyas
Grades of pay of Ayurvedic Physicians (in Rs.)
11.
UTTAR PRADESH
12.
RAJASTHAN for Class A Practi4
tioners
for Class B
,,
for Class C
13.
WEST BENGAL
14.
JAMMU & KASHMIR
35,33,050
Government Pharmacy Trichur.
Not available
Government Ayurvedic Pharmacy.
46,00,000
Partly manufactured by themselves
and partly obtained from stand
ard Pharmacies like the one at
Adayar;
40,96,754
Subsidised Medical Practitioners
Centres and
Rural Medical
Practitioner Centres
obtain
medicines from Private phar
macies and two Government
institutions at Mysore and
Bangalore prepare themselves.
8,07,420
Government Pharmcics and open
market.
24,43,248
Govt. Central Pharmacy and open
market.
(in) 60—110
80—5—105/5—137/7—170
55—3—70/4—90
STATE
Source of supply of Ayurvedic
medicines
Number of
patients
treated
120—4— 160—ED—8—200
1,70,66,082
Source of supply of Ayurvedic
medicines
'
-— ----- nf
Government Ayurvedic Pharmacy. H''-.!
(:) 150—300
89,63,496
(„) 110-225
(m) 60—140
Government Ayurvedic Pharmacy.
No Government Disj->rn«ary in the State.
,,,
(A ♦70
—6—
'0—
—130 for <
1
Univetsibes;
■ i*
15.
HD4ACHAL PRADESH
16.
MANIPUR
17.
TRIPURA
80—170
I
..
• *
..........
4
M •> ...
;• ’ -'V
No Government dispensary
100—5—120—8—200
20,802
From reputed firms.
I
J
■
Not available
(
I
■.
j
•
i
•
V
u
Pharmaceutical Concerns
Name of concern
Date of Nature of Ayurvedic medicines manufactured
Estabper year and average Qnty in lbs.
lishment--------------------Churna AsavAvraThail
Bhasm
Vatti
na
arist
leha
1.
Calcutta Chemical Co.
Ltd.
1916
293
1597
619
119
2.
Govt. Ayunedic Phar
macy, Hyderabad
1948
2691
4063
45
956
3.
Govt. Ayurvedic College,
Gauhati
1948
4.
State Pharmacy, Patna
1947
5.
Dhootapapeshwar Indus
tries Ltd. Panwal,
Bombay
6.
327
Emp
loyed
Unskilled
Both
2
21
8986 Both
5
2635
7
. 367
Staff
Skilled
Total
Other
537
Machine
or
Manual
Labour
•Valued at Rs. 42,355/400
Whether
Ayur
vedic
Texts
follow
Tes
Arc they
tested &
standard
Local market
Tested in
Lab.
26 Yes
By calling tenders
Yes
10
Yes
Local market
Yes
1361
241
165
66
91
1345 J
.3670
Manual
5
10
Yes
Yes
1872
15643 312,786
65582
14185
1789
1027
20555
431067
Both
7
265
Yes
Rasashala Aushadashram
Gondol
1910
1054
4910
970
493
1172
1950
10549
Mostly
manual
labour
23
30 Yes
Raw but collection Yes
from round about
places. Purchase
from other sources
in India
Collection from
forests & hills
7.
Zandu Pharmaceutical
works, Bombay
1910
166726 401580
99007
32861
2082
39566
55142
796964 Both
39
439 Yes
Ixical purchase &
imports
8.
Ayurvcdashia Pharmacy,
Ahmednagar
1933
12731
283653
28671
14188
1532
1954
1545G
358185 Both
10
234
Yes
Collection and
local purchase
9.
Ayurveda Rasashala,
Poona
1935
6917
67462
6258
1272
1108
1145
265G1
110723 Both
3
63
Yes
Local purchase
and imports
10.
Gujerat Ayurvedic
Pharmacy, Ahmednagar
1890
2381
375
2740
267
2276
500
1615
10154
Both
4
24
Yes
Collection from
jungles
11.
Kerala Yarma Govt.
Ayun cda Pharmacy,
Trichur
Arya Vaidya Sala,
Kottakkal
1942
9432
8702
4915
20929
33
100
3320
.47431
Both
3
37
Yes
By competitive
tenders
Both
18
237
Yes
Purchase & col
lection
52304
Machines
17
58
Yes
By tenders
239397
Both
8
57
Yes
Local Purchase
By Expci
ience
Manual
Labour
mostly
Both
3
29
Yrs
By tenders
X
15
150 Yes
By purchase
Committee
of Inspection
2
12
Purchase and col
lection from hills
Experience
I
■
12.
13.
Govt. Avurvedic Phar
macy, Gwalior
14.
Baidyanath Ayuncd
Bhavan, Nagpur
15.
16.
17.
JU
Sources of raw
material
■Not available-
1902
1920
34637
1353
267
213
6134
4315
5385
1942-43
9916
177620
13404
5942
1142
3420
27903
Govt. Ayurvedic College
Pharmacy,. Raipur
1953
2499
7272
1005
585
563
1447
13371
Indian Medical Practi
tioner Coop. Pharmacy,
Adyar•
Nikhila Karnetika Ay.
Pharmacy, Adyar
1944
21974
89150
19934
19080
1579
1651
6511
159879
1942
437
6719
1910
978
196
Tolas
1202
Tolas
I
I
11378
Manual
Labour
above
Yes
Remarks
Should have ap
proved firms or
rawmaterials
Two pharmacopia
Committees appoin
ted by Govcrnmen:
Physical chemical
& occasionally
^microscopic tests
Physical verifica
tion according to
Shastras
Laljoratory
Test
Own me
thods of
judging
purity
By experience
Supervising per
sonnel able to
identify
Experience
Committee appro'. cd & purchased
Committee appro'
Hi:
Name of concern
Date of Nature of Ayurvedic medicines manufactured
Estabper year and average Qnty in lbs.
lishment---------------------Churna AsavAvaThail Bhasm
Vatti
leha
arist
Other
Total
Machine
or
Manual
Labour
.r
Utkal Ayurvedic Corp.
Pharmacy, Aska, Orissa
1952
19.
Govt. Ayurvedic Phar
macy, Jogindernagar
1953’
20.
Punjab Ayurvedic Phar
macy Amritsar
1919
21.
Ramkrishna Rajputana
Aushadhalaya J inehra
(Rajasthan)
1930
22.
Govt. Ayurvedic Phar
macy, Udaipur
1944
18.
I
I
I!
hl
!'
11G01
7296
3025
166
12490
1253
2921
1630
818
406
248
904
3550
872
2704
304
168
712
432
768
663
10400
823
1180
1143
327
408
1712
528
2688
354
601
1600
26.
Govt. Ayurvedic Phar
macy, Jaipur
1945
7339
1187
1026
374
295
2403
,1424
27.
Rajkiya Ayurvcd Rasayansala, Bharatpur
1921
1921
3644
936
24
339
723
843
28.
Gurukul Kangri Pharmacy,
Hard war
’
B.H.U. Ayurvedic Phar
macy
1925
Rishikul Ayurvedic
College, Hard war
1919
Coop. Drugs ^Factory,
Ranikhet
1954
Paharpur Aushadhalaya,
Calcutta
1927
Sadhana Aushadhalaya,
Calcutta
1917
Baidyanath Aymrved
Pharmacy, Calcutta
1918
35.
Arya Aushadhalaya, Cal
cutta
1900
1595 lbs
86.
K.A. Samajan Phar
macy, Shoranur Kcraia
1916
•not available
Dabur (S.K. Burman)
&. W Calcutta
1884
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
37.
42949
6988
517
5818
2212
1896
2635
289
13406
10-0
533
76* Yes
Local purchase
10477
3
40
Yes
5960
Boil)
4
5
Yes
Local herbs
purchase from
markets
Market
Manual
labour only
2
62
Yes
By tenders
4319
Both
79
37
Yes
Purchase
18108
Both
1
40
Yes
Tender
14008
Both
2239
Manual
Labour
Both
5
73
Yes
Market
Both
4
14
Yes
Market
Experience
Both
4
20
Yes
Local market
Experts test
Both
8
38
Yes
Collection from
hills
Trained
Supervisions
3402
116
2212
Mainly
24
38
Yes
Market
Experience
labour
Both
40
123
Yes
Market
Experience
Both
101
450
Yes
Both
1
2
Yes
. Market also col
lection from various
places
Local market
Experience
r>_ .l
2
28 Yes
Both
7
232
357
5227
177
3363
20398
3580
23410
Tyy o rt» « o 1
Rs. 6 to 7 lakhs worth
■not available
1595
i
46571
639811
51636
16337
1380
3313
24697
Are they
tested &
standard
72
•Rs. 3 lakhs worth
716
Sources of raw
material
Manual
Iqbour
only
Both
I
23. Krishan Gopal Aushadhalaya 1930
Ajmer
24. Dhanwantari Sewa Samiti, 1922
Jaipur
1946
25,i. Govt. Ayurvedic Phar
macy, Jodhpur
■ I'
I -<
7118
Staff
EmpWhether
Skiilcd loved
AyurUnskil- vcdic
led
Texts
follow
ed
I
783745
Yes
Tested ex
pert*
Ayurveds
Experience
Ii
Ferr.a
Excluding
wages
Experience
Experience
stores
purchase
committee
Experience
Local hills
and market
Experience
Market
Experience
For 5 No
i
k
11
i
■
VH
appendix
PHARMACOLOGY AND OTHER
Il S. No.
Name of the Institute
^jduates
Seniors Juniors
with
post
gradu
ates
qualifi
cations
1.
Department of Phannacoloev Guntur,
Medical College.
Dr. V.S. Vcnkatasubboi•n
M.B.B.S.,
M.Sc.
1
4.
5.
LHbru °f |Pha: Assam Nlcd«cal College,
Dr. R. Goswani,
M.B.B.S. Ph. D.
2
Dr. G. Achari.
1
i
6.
University Department of Pharmacies.
Nagpur
7.
Dept, of Pharma. Haffkine,
Institute, Bombay.
8.
I
9.
Dept of Pharmacology-, H.P. Shah
Medical College, Jamnagar.
Dr. N.\ . Rajapurkar
M.B. M.Sc.
1
Pharmacology- Department. B.J.
Medical College. Poona.
Dr. Ranita Aiman
1
Dept, of Pharmacology, Gandhi
T 12. Medical College, Bhopal.
Department of Pharmacology- &
Therapculico, Medical College.
Jabalpur.
13.
14.
Department of PharmacoluKy, G.H
Medical College, Gwalior.
^LG.M. Medical College, Indore
Dcjjartmcnt of Pharmacology.
2
*■
2
5
Yes/No
105
130
100
2
1
4
(Not dassifird i
4
Pharmacology Dept.
11.
Dr. Gopal K.
Kharandikar.
M.B.B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
Dr. K. Dutta
M.B.B.S. D. Phil
(O.xon).
.'i io. Seth G.S. Medical College
I
2
M.D.
Seth U.P. R. Unit Medical College,
Baroda Department of Pharmacies.’
Resear
ch of
Post
gradu
ates
stu
dents
Pharma
cological
Research
facilities
Yes
Experience Number
in Indiof Drugs
ginous
investi
drug
gated
Research
Yes/No
Yes
2
I
Medical College, Visakhapatnam.
Dcptt. of Pharmacology, Patna
University.
Tech.
1
I 2. Department of Pharmacology Andhra, Dr. A.V Ramaliagam
3.
Under
ST.4FF
Name of the Head
of the Department
research departments
C
5
13
60
4
Number
Willing to Number Facilities
of Pa.Py5, undertake of Research for Clini If yes
number of
published Pharma fellows
cal trials
beds that
cological
Yes/No
can be set
Research
a part
in indiginous drugs
available
Y’es/No
7
Can other
to pies
Yes
2
Yes
6
Yes
2
No
No
Ya
Yu
Limited
2
1
Yes
J
No
Yes
Yes
2
4
Yes
3
No
Yes
Yes
•6
1
Yrs
Yes
Yes
10
13
Yrs
10 or more >
2
Y’es
6-12
(with background in
Pharmacology)
1
No
MBBS
DuN.K.Seth.
M.D.
3
Dr. S.S. Gupta
M.D.
3
Dr. S.L. Goswami
M.D.
1
Dr. S.L. Agarwal
M.D.
2
Dr. B.C. Bose
M.D. D.Sc.
2
J
1
4
1
5
2
2
60
3
100
6
70
2
100
1
75
2
2
2
2
1
2
100
3
4
2
100
No
Yes
Yrs
Yes
11
Y’es
6
Yes
No
Y’e.x
1
Yes
G
51
Yes
o
Yes
No definite
beds attach
ed.
11
7
Yes
2
Yes
10
Yes
5
3
Y'es
5
Y’es
15
Y'cj
Yes
4
Y’es
2
No
Y>s
Yes
Y’es
2
Y’es
Yes
Yes
Y’es
30
’
10
il
I
„ to> Number Facilities
Pharma- Experience Number Number Willing
Under
of Drugs of papei undertake of Research for Clini
cological in Indigrraduates
1-'
cal trials
’
„
invest i- published Pharma- fellows
Research
genous5
Yes'No
cological
gated
facilities "drug
Research
Research
Yes'No
in indige
nous drugs
available
Yes/No
STAFF
S. No.
i
Name of Institute
Name of the Head
of the Department
Senion Juniors
with
post
gradu
ates
qualifi
cations
■
1
Tech.
Resear,
ch of
Post
gradu.
ates
stu- •
dents
5
3
3
1
1
4
Yes
5
3
2
Yes
2
Yes
7
32
Yes
G
Yes
Yes
4
100
Yes
Yrs
7
50 '
to some
extent.
Yrs
50
Yrs
Yrs
1
Yrs
100
Yes
Yes
100
Yes
Yrs
Yes
75—100
15.
Madras Medical College Madras-3.
Dr. A.V. Govinda Rao
M.B.B.S. M.S.
(Yale).
16.
Madurai Medical College, Madurai
Madras.
Dr. M.N. Govinda
Swami.
17.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
Mysore.
Dr. M. Sirsi.
1
1
3
6
18.
S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack.
Dr. K.N. Ojha M.D.
Ph.D.
2
2
3
1
19.
Dept, of Pharmacology Amritsar.
Dr. Mohan Singh Sethi.
1
1
6
4
ll!
20.
Dept, of Pharmacology Christian
Medical College, Ludhiana.
Dr. K.N. Sinha.
3
2
1
■
21.
Government Medical College, Patiala,
Punjab.
Dr. Mohinder Singh
Grcwal.
1
4
6
22.
Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow.
Dr. B. Mukcrji.
40
40
23.
Pharmacology’ & Therapeutics, Dcptt.
Lucknow, University.
Dr. M.L. Gujral.
6
4
9
9
IGO
Dept, of Pharmacology, S.N. Medical
College, Agra.
Dr. N.K. Chaudhry.
2
3
3
3
75
24.
25.
School ofTropical Medicine, Dept, of
Pharmacology and Chem. Calcutta.
Dr. M.L. Chatterji.
26.
Dept, of Pharmacology & Therapeu
tics, Cal. National Medical Institute.
Dr. P.K. Chakravarty,
M.D.D.PH.
27.
Regional Research Laboratory’Jammu
& Kashmir.
Dr. I.C. Chopra.
Pharmacology' Department A.1.1.M.S.
New Delhi.
Dr. R.S. Arora
M.D. (Pharm)
M.D. (Med)
I
rV
I
!•
L
1
3
28.
2
2
1
4
3
5
9
No
Yes
3
(incl. one chemist)
\res
3
Yes
Yes
1
. No
1
Yes
3
Yes
45
3G
Yes if
C.S.J.R.
approves
4 Juniors
4 Seniors
124
1C.
Yrs
8
10
«
6
3
\’es
There is
proposal
upgrading
the Unit.
In co
operation
with Hosp.
Madras.
I
1
T
No
If yes
number of
beds that
can be set
a part
to some
extent
Yrs
Yrs
73
No
Yes
4
Yrs
—
Yes
(More apparatus required)
15
100
50
6
I
1
Yes
Yes
11
5
No can be carried out
with collaboration with
department of
Medicine.
1
No
F
Yrs
2
Yes
!
Yes
2
No
Yes
2
No
Yrs
2 to 3
Yrs
2
S’es
No can be done in
4 Jun !
4 Senior col)al>oration with
local hospitals.
No
r
r1
I
APPENDIX VHI
APPENDIX IX
Rights and Privileges
BOARD OF RESEARCH IN AYURVED, BOMBAY.
of
Registered Ayurvedic Practitioners
ip
Name of State
"J
I
I
•
p • •
Permission'IPermission
to use
to do
modern
minor
drugs
surgery
T’Phone: 253750
T’Gram : ‘ RESAYURVED ’
Medical
certi
ficates for
leave etc.
MedicoLegal
certifica
tes
Remarks
Ref. No. 18/1485-87/58.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Assam
No
No
Yes
No
.
Bihar
Not
clarified
No
Yes
Bombay
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
To,
Jammu and Kashmir
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Kerala
No
No
Yes
No
Not
clarified
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Madras
Mysore
Yes
Yes
Yes (for
A class
only)
Yes
Orissa
Yes
Yes
No
No
Punjab
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rajasthan
No
Yes
Yes
No
Uttar Pradesh
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
West Bengal
No
No
No
No
Date: 19th September, 1958.
memorandum.
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Mustafa Building, 4th floor,
Sir Pherozshah Mehta Road’
Fort, BOMBAY~1.
Me^
hm submitted by the Board of Research in Ayurved, to the chairman
Comm'“ee‘ GoKrn^t of India, Ministry of Health,
The Chairman,
Ayurvedic Research Evaluation Committee
Ministry of Health,
Government of India,
NEW DELHI.
Dear Sir.
We,
Board of
of Research
Research in Avun’cd, take this
we, the
the members
members of
of the
the Board
opportunity to welcome the appointment of your Committee as it shows a
keen desire on the part of Government to acquaint themselves to the fullest
at°S present0351110
RcSearch in A>’urvcda go^g on in our country
“ .
.The appointment of your Committee also indicates the increasing
attention the Central Ministry of Health is paying in the improvement of
vedain^generll UnedlC ReSearch and consequently the practice of Ayur-
Delhi
31 •
arr ako hapPy .t0 find that the members entrusted with this res
ponsible work are known in their field and we are confident that under the
able guidance of a person like you, who has had the fortune to learn Avuiwed
as also the modern Medical Science, the Committee would be able'to sti
mulate by its recommendations Ayurvedic Research all over the country
and make it a better organised and useful feature.
Himachal Pradesh
I
Manipur
Tripura
Andaman
I
i.
} o^x Committee has been entrusted with an important work of
As your
evaluation of the research work in Ayurveda conducted all over the country, •
your recommendations will have a far-reaching importance, of historical
significance in the progress and development of the Science of Ayurved.
1
J
inr
5.
W e have, therefore, pleasure in placing before you, in a comprehensive
manner, our views on the subject of Research in Ayurved-.
L-
IV.
1
THE BOARD AND ITS CONSTITUTION
Before placing the views of the Board on the question of Ayurvedic
6.
Research, we would like to give a brief introduction of our Board and its
activities.
Vd. G.V. Puranik,
'
M.Sc. (Chemistry),
M.Sc. (Botany), Secretary
3
Vd. N.H. Joshi,
Ayurved-Visharad,
4
Vd. R.N. Desai,
Ayurvcdacharya, Apirvedalankar,
5
Vd. R.S. Dwivedi,
Ayurvcdacharya,
6
Vd. N.V. Joshi, B.A.,
Ayitrvrda-Visharnd,
7
The Director of Ayurved,
Bombay, State,
Bombay (cx-oflicio)
n
Vd. G.M. Vaidya,
Ayurvrdtecrlh,
9
Vd. V.B. Joshi,
Ayurvcdacharya,
I.
I
STUDIES IN THE PHARMACOGNOSY OF AYURVEDIC
DRUG PLANTS
List of Monographs
The Board has four Sections for the convenience of work with two
members being allotted to each Section as follows:—
Section for standardization of Ayurvedic Drugs.
1. Vd. G.V. Puranik,
M.Sc. (Chemistry),
2. Shri A.N. Namjoshi,
M.Sc. (Botany).
II.
Section for Ayurvedic Literary Research and Preparation of Ayurvedic
Test-Books.
3. Vd. N.H. Joshi,
Ayurved-Visharad,
4. Vd. R.N. Desai,
Ayurvcdacharya,
Ayurved a lankar.
, hi. Section for Ayurvedic Clinical Research.
5.
6.
Vd. R.S. Dwivedi,
Vd, N.V, Joshi, B.A.,
Ayut vedacharya,
Ayurvedya-Visharad,
Section for Standardization of Ayurvedic Drugs.
The work of standardization ol
of Ayuivcdic
Ayut vcdic Drugs has a two fold
importance. One is the academic and the other as a pre-requisite for clinical
of drugs
research. IStandardization
____ .
_ again has to be considered at three
stages :
(i) Standardization of the crude drugs (the raw drugs) ;
(ii) standardization of the processes of manufacture ; and
(iii) standardization ol the prepared or compound medicines.
The first work includes the removal of controversy about the identity of
Ayurvedic herbs and drpgs. Their pharmacognosical study, laying down
of their phvsical, chemical and in short, their pharmacognosical spccitications. This work has been first undertaken by this Section of the Board.
The Board has its Research Laboratory Unit housed at the R.A. lodar
Medical College Worli, and has taken up the studies in the pharmacognosy
of Ayurvedic drugs. So far, monographs of the following Ayurvedic drugs
have been prepared and the same arc under print.
The Board while its reconstitution was provided with an Advisory
Committee consisting of Vaidya-Bhushan Ganeshashastri Joshi, Rajvaidya
Jervaram Kalidas Shastri, and X’aidya Hari Datt Shastri, Director of
Ayurved. Bombay, of which the last one has now been nominated an exoflicio member of the Board.
I.
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BOARD.
of the Board m
in a Seclionwisc maimer explain
cxplain-
8.
A note on the activities oi
ing the dincrcnt points in their proper context and sequence would enable
you to get an idea of the working plan of the Board and its views
icv. s on the
subject of Ayurvedic Research on the diflcrcnt points.
Chairman,
2. Shri A.N. Namjoshi,
Ii
The fouith section was added only recently. 'Hie Director of Ayurved
is not attached to any particular Section.
7.
The Board of Research in Ayurveda, Bombay, was first constituted
in 1951 as per Government Resolution, Local Self-Government and Public
Health Department, No. 6238/33 dated 8th August, 1951 and subsequently
reconstituted as per Government Resolution, Local Self-Government and
Public Health Department, No. ADR-1155 dated 29th September, 1955
and Government Resolution, Local Self-Government and Public Health
Department, No. ADR-1155/H, dated 30th July, 1958. The Board consists
of the following 9 members:
1.
Section for Research in Ayurvedic Regimen and Prevention of Di
seases by Ayurvedic methods.
Ayurvcdtccrth,
7. Vd. G.M. Vaidva,
Ayurvcdacharya,
8. Vd. V.B. Joshi,
I
i
i
—Menispermaccae
(:) Tinospora cordifolia, Miers
—
Capparidaceae
(ii) Crateeva religiosa, Forst
—Anacardiaccae
(h'z) Pistacia integerrima, Stew
—Papijionaceac
(/v) Tephrosia purpurea, Pers.
—Apocynaccac
(r) Holarrhcna antidysenterica, Wall
—Solanaccac
(ri) Solarnum Xanthocarpum, Schl.
—
Solanaccac
(rn) Splanum indicum, L.
—Solanaccac
(viii) Withania somnifera, Dun.
—Vcrbcnaccac’
(z.v) Gmclina arborea, R.
The section
section has
has under
undei taken
taken the
the study
study oi
of inc
the lonowmg
following uuuimwixi/
commonly used
9.
The
wow
Avurvcdic drugs (and also their adulterants where they arc known) with a
view to evolve their so to say, working standards which arc of immediate
use to the Vaidya in the selection and use of his drugs. It is expected tha
the same would be of considerable use in Ayurvedic pharmacy to the indi
vidual vaidya as also to the commercial Ayurvedic pharmacies who do
manufacture on a large scale.
t
10.
In this pursuit, we are trying to use all available modern appliance^
and techniques that could be applied with advantage. The chromatogra
phic technique for example, has been developed for this purpose with great
success in case of certain drugs like Saffron, etc. The work is in progress.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
11.
Considering the huge bulk of work facing us and the resources at our
disposal, it appears it would take a number of years to complete the work
of evolving the working standards of all the Ayurvedic drugs. And the
earlier the work is completed, the better it is for the other branches of re
search to progress. It is therefore felt that the work need be expanded con
siderably by making available to the Board larger grants for extending the
same.
12. This section is also conducting an Ayurvedic Pharmacy Unit. This
unit is meant to cater Ayurvedic medicines to the Ayurvedic Clinical Re
search units working under the Board. Here, the raw drugs are first exa
mined by the Research Laboratory Unit and then subjected to a uniform
process of manufacture so as to result into a medicine of uniform constitution
and quality. This is, so to say, an intermediary stage, before our standardi
zation work is finalised and ensures that at the different Ayurvedic clinical
Research units working under the Board, we use medicines prepared from
pre-examined Ayurvedic crude drugs subjected to a uniform process of
manufacture and hence, possessing a uniform composition.
13.
The second stage of standardization viz. the standardization of the
processes of manufacture has been started under a joint effort of the Research
Laboratory Unit and the Ayurvedic Pharmacy Unit and the process of
Shuddhi of opium and Cannabis are in progress. Here also is a case for
expansion of the work held up for want of greater funds.
14. The third stage of standardization is logically a later stage and should
be taken up when the first two arc fully on their way. Yet a beginning has
been made in this direction also. For the present, some of the Asawas and
Arishtas have been taken up for their investigation by a specialised chromato
graphic technique and the results have been found to be encouraging...
There is scope for expansion of this branch of research in future, especially
from the point of view of regulation of the manufacture and trade of Ayur
vedic medicines on a commercial scale.
II—Section for Ayurvedic Literary Research & for Preparation
of Ayurvedic Text-Books
15.
With a change-over from the old traditional method of teaching of
Ayurveda, to the modern method of subject-wise teaching by expert and
specialists of each subject in colleges, the necessity of text-books written in
a subject-wise manner and giving all important information from the old
authentic texts arranged in a logical sequence and intelligently explained,
was very acutely felt. The Board therefore decided to publish Ayurvedic
Text-Books on the following subjects :—
Ayurveda Darshana.
Ayurvedeeya Shareeram.
3. ' Pratyaksha Rachana Shareer.
4. Dosha-Dhatu-Mal Vidnyana.
5. Rasadi Vidnyana.
6. Pratidravya Vidnyana
7. Bheshaja Nirmana.
1.
o
13.
14.
15.
■’16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
to
Rasa-Shastra.
Vyadhividnyana.
Roga Parceksha.
Kayachikitsa.
Rasayana Vajikarana.
Shalya-Shalakya Tantra.
Koumar-Bhritya.
Strec Roga Vidnyana.
Manovidnyana tatha Masasaroga.
Vyavaharayurved.
Ayurvedaka Itihasa.
Agadatantra.
Ayurvediya Yogasangraha (Ayurvediya Pharmacopoeia)
Swastha Vritta.
In addition, the Board has decided to publish the following books useful
•vedic students.
22.
23.
Ayurvediya Shabdakosha.
Sanskrit Pathyapustaka (Ayurvedopayogi).
16.
The previous Board had published two books! (1) Ayurvediya
Padarth-Vidnyan and (2) Swastha-Vrittam Vol. I & II. After reconstitution
the Board has published the third book viz. “Ayurvediya Sharirum”. Out of
these the first and the third books have been recognised as text books for
students undergoing courses of training under the Faculty of Ayurvedic and
Unani Systems of Medicine, Bombay, and the Shuddha Ayurvedic Course
Committee of the Government of Bombay. The second book has been re
commended by the said two examining bodies as a reference book. The re
constituted Board however, feels that in the second edition of these books
some radical changes arc necessary and attempts are being made towards
this end. The Section has prepared its own outlines for the proposed 23
book, and has published the intention of the Board to get these books written
in a subject-wise manner by Ayurvedic scholars and invited applications for
the same.
17.
From among the eminent scholars of Ayurveda all over India, the
Board has selected some competent Vaidyas who have been requested to
prepare their specimen chapters of their respective subjects and submit them
to the Board. On approval of these specimen chapters the work of writing of
the whole books, on the plan of the Board and in a manner in which the
Board wants, would be entrusted to the author or authors finally selected
for each su eject. Some of these authors have started writing the manus
cripts and the Section is examining the same, chapter, and the work is
in progress. The subject of writing books is one which takes a longer
initial time and considering the far-reaching influence, the text books are
going to have on the futu e Ayurvedic education, the Board has been
taking every care to make them as comprehensive and useful as possible..
It is expected that the Board would be able to bring forth a good number
of books for students by 1960.
18.
The question oi unilorm Ayurvedic Terminology to be used in the
books by the authors, and by the 'teachers and the taught, has been the
chronic difficulty in the publication of Ayurvedic Text-books all these years.
The Board had called a ‘Sharir-Samdnya-Parishad’ of some of the promi
nent Ayurvedic scholars from all over India, specifically to standardize the
v
PI
i
*
Sharir Terminology and the same has taken decisions which would be of
immense use in the writing of Ayurvedic text-books.
Ayurvedic Literary Reference Unit
19. The Board of Research in Ayurveda has realised that research in every
branch of Ayurveda is considerably affected if not totally held up, due to the
time taken in the collection of relevant references.
20.
The sources of information for Ayurvedic Research arc varied. They
are scattered not only in the Ayurvedic books but in the Vedas, Samhitas,
Puranas, Jyotish-Grantha, the Scriptures of Hindus, Budhas and Jains and
in the scientific and literary works, in Sanskrit, Pali, Ardha-Magadhi etc.
21. It becomes extremely difficult therefore for a single Ayurvedic scholar
go through all the voluminous literature. In fact most of his time is consumed
in searching out the refere’''* s leading to his research and very little time is
left out for him ta pursue * o main problem of research. This becomes ironi
cally true especially when he is conducting clinical research or research in
drugs or in dietetics etc. In the present times, the specialisation in scholarship
has gone to such an extent that it is always found academically and economi
cally desirable to allot the different works, connected with each problem to
different units of experts one complementary to the other. So that, under
ideal condition, for example, a scholar specialised in Clinical Research need
focus his attention on the clinical work itself. He should be able to get all
the references he wants, collected and supplied to him by a unit, specialised
for collection of references only. He would then be able to work upon the
reference material supplied to him in the shortest possible time and more
efficiently and effectively.
It is therefore desirable to establish an “Ayurvedic Literary Reference
Unit” with the Board. When a research worker individually takes to col
lection of references pertaining to his own subject he has to go .hrough all the
50 books, let us say for example, just to pick out a page or 2 in each. While
doing so he might come across a thousand other important references not
connected with his problem and he leaves them.
22.
i-
23.
Another research worker goes through the sa me 50 books for example,
for his own subject of research leaving all the references unwanted for him.
Thus each research worker, goes through a full ordeal of scanning 50 books.
If, instead, the Ayurvedic Literary Reference Unit allots a books in turn to
each of its staff members and prepares cards for references on each topic
described therein soon a card index of all the topics in all the books would get
ready, which would save the wasteful labour of a generation of specialised
scholars and add to the actual output of research work on the principle of
division of labour. The aforesaid card-index, would be ever-growing and
becoming wider, more mature and consequently more useful. This is the
ultimate aim of the proposed unit.
staff manyfold so that by the end of 5 years, the whole work scheduled to be
completed 15 years hence would be ready. This means our scholars and
publications made by them would get the benefit of the references so collec
ted by the Unit in the first or second edition, which they would otherwise
have perhaps in the fifth or sixth edition.
26.
It is therefore necessary to liberally finance this scheme and implement
the whole plan of 15 years in the next 5 years. It is gratifying to note that
the Gpvernmcnt of Bombay has approved of the scheme and the Unit may
start in a very near future, though on a small scale.
i
*
HI—The Ayurvedic Clinical Research Section
27.
This Section has been entrusted with 20 beds at each of the following
Ayurvedic Clinical Research Units, viz:
1.
'2.
3.
Universal Health Institute, Bombay. (20 beds).
Sassoon Hospital Poona (20 beds).
Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. (20 beds).
The Board has also established the following 10 beds Ayurvedic Clinical
Research Units out of the grants from the Government of India :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ayurvidya Prasarak Mandal, Sion.
Ayurved Seva. Sangh, Nasik.
Shrcc O.H. Nazar Ayurvedic Hospital, Surat.
Seth Sakharam Ncmchand Ayurvedic Rungnalaya, Sholapur.
Two more centres arc to be started soon, viz :
1. Tarachand Ramnath Ayurvedic Hospital, Poona.
2. Jorabhai Shankerbhai Maha-Gujrat Ayurvedic Medical College
at Nadiad.
28.
The conducting of Ayurvedic Clinical Research Units at different
places with different climatic and other peculiarities has also a significance
from the Ayurvedic point of view which could be explained when sufficient
comparative data would be available.
/
According to Ayurveda, the human body is made of the Doshas,
Dhatus and Maias. (
) A study of their inter-rela
tions and inter-dependence is important. The physiology and pathology of
Ayurveda could only be explained if the inter-relations arc properly under
stood.
29.
The basic ideas underlying the plan of Ayurvedic Clinical Research
could be explained as follows:—
24.
The Board has submitted a scheme to the Stale Government for
creation of this unit, which is so cost about Rs. 33,000/- per year on
an average.
(i) Due to certain known causes the Doshas get abnormally
imbalanced (
) and a stage called Dosha-Prakopa (
)
is reached.
23.
Considering the unfathomable literary resources in'the Indian liter
ature, there is sufficient work for this unit of the size proposed, for a period of
some 15 years at least. But this being a work of primary necessity and urszenev. should be expedited in as short a time as possible by increasing the
(ff) These abnormally imbalanced Doshas affect some of the specific
paths of circulation of the Dosha-Dhatu and Maias called the Srotas, distri
buted all over the body which cease to function partly or wholly and result
in a stage called the “Sroto-Vaigunum”. (
)
!
■
3— Aam Vat.
4—Asthi-Majjagata-Vata.
5— Sandhi-gat-vata.
6— Jwara ^(Eddoshaja, Dwidoshaja, Sannipataja, Vishama-Jwara,
(in) These abnormally imbalanced Doshas affect the Dusyyas viz.
the Dhatus and Maias and a stage of Dosha-Dushya-Sammurchand
is set in.
(iv) The abnormally imbalanced Doshas and Dushyas which are in
circulation throughout the body through their specific Srotas find their
abode in the organs which are physiologically weak or defective. This
is called Viguna-Sthana-Samsraya—and become manifest by specific
symptoms.
•
i
7— Atisara, Prevahika.
8— Grahani Roga.
9— Shwasa Roga.
10— Amlapitta.
11— Shool (Annadravashool, Parinamshool, Hrudayashool Parshwashool).
'
’
~
12— Kamala (Ruddhapathakamala, Koshthasha-khashrit-kamala
Kumbhakamala).
9
13— Malavashthambha.
(v) Thus the abnormal imbalance of Doshas (Vikrit Doshas), affecting
the Dushyas viz. Dhatus and Maias and manifesting itself in the deranged
functions of the specific Srotas and the deranged organs constitutes a full
picture of a disease according to Ayurved.
j
(uV) The purpose of the Ayurvedic Clinical Research is to check up
the units of the chaim of causative factors of a disease and trace them back
to the proportionate share of responsibility (Aussshamsh Kalpana) of ir!
vidual Doshas as the ultimate primary cause of disease.
34. This has been done with a view to give maximum choice of diseases
to the Research units and to ensure the availability of patients for Clinical
Research. However, in actual practice, each Ayurvedic Clinical Research
Unit selects some 2-3 diseases of its specialisation out of the above ones and
attends to them intensively.
30.
Thus having got a correct insight into the causative factors of the
disease, to select and give a treatment consisting of Shodana and/or Shamana
based on the consideration of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipak and Prabhav and
to ascertain from the results thereof the correctness of the finer details of dia
gnosis is the main work before the clinician.
35. With a view to maintain uniformity in diagnosis, recording of svmptoms, progress and treatment of the patients, the Board has prepared
the following forms and literature which arc uniformly used at all the A\urvedic Clinical Research Centres under the Boards
31.
From the study of a number of cases of the different diseases in this
manner it is proposed to verify and rationally understand the fundamentals
of Ayurveda and to explain the same. It is also intended to systematise
the Ayurvedic treatment on the basis of the above knowledge and results.
✓
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32. The subject for research selected by the Board is the accurate under
standing and interpretation of the fundamental conceptions of Ayurveda by
the study of clinical data collected purely on the basis of Ayurvedic diagno
sis and treatment and also their interpretation in modern terminology, if
possible, based on modern observations. This being the goal of research,
the Board has decided to collect Ayurvedic Clinical Research data on hospi
talised patients who arc diagnosed and treated exclusively according to Ayur
vedic procedure. It is intended that the patients being diagnosed on the
basis of the fundamental conceptions of Ayurveda, like Tridosha taking into
account its Aumshamsha stage and then treated as indicated according to
the Ayurvedic concepts the data so collected would give a clear insight into
the chain of factors according to the Ayurvedic conceptions that results into
the disease. Side by side, when the Research patient is under Ayurvedic
diagnosis and strict Ayurvedic treatment, a systematic case record of the
patient according to modern methods is kept, “behind the curtain” so as
not to prejudice the Ayurvedic physicians in their diagnosis etc.
After
sufficient results have been collected and compiled, it would make a very
useful material for study.
33.
For this purpose, the Board has selected the following 13 diseases out
of which patients are chosen fur the Ayurvedic Clinical Research.
1— Udar Roga (Vatodara, Pittodara, Kaphodara, Sannipatodara,
Plihodara, Yakridudara, Jalodara).
2— Shotha (Bataja Shotha, Pittaja Shotha, Kaphaja Shotha, Sannipataja Shotha).
’
' ,
1—Rugna-Patrakas ;
2 Dainik Lakshana Sarani for all the 13 diseases.
3— Dosha-Dhatu-Mala Lakshan Sarani ;
4— Case-Record (Modern) ;
5— Clinical Research Methodology.
6— Rogopakrama-Vivarana-Patraka.
7— Rugna Santapadi Patraka.
These have been given at the end as Appendix (A\
i
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*
36. Recently, there has been experienced a growing tendency especially
among the new graduates to take recourse to drug-wise treatment and lose
insight of the disease-wise aspect of the same, whereas the whole emphasis
ofAyurveua has been on the disease-wise study, and understanding of the
subject. On the other hand, the students’ difficulty has been that they
neither get training nor are provided with facilities for a disease-wise study
u enC^ CaS-e in .most
th6 teaching institutions. The work undertaken by
the Board in this field would go a long way in removing the difficulty of the
students and graduates of Ayurved.
o7.
It should however be made clear that the Board does not under-esti
mate the importance of drug-wise research. This method has its own scope
ot work and would make its own contribution to human knowledge. But
so far as the immediate necessity of the Ayurvedists for the proper under
standing and proper teaching of Ayurveda, and for the general advancement
of Ayurveda, is concerned, primary place has to be given to the disease-wise
research and next the drug-wise one.
»
38.
The Board is aware of the importance of drug-wise research in Ayur
veda and has already moved in this matter and proposes to start a unit or
two lor drug-wise Clinical Research as soon as necessary funds become
available.
II
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]\’—Section for Research in Ayurvedic Regimen and Preven
tion of Diseases by Ayui;vedic Methods.
(i) The Board has submitted a novel plan of construction of a 100-bcd
Ayurvedic Research Hospital at Nagpur, in which there are separate
building for the Kapha Ward, the Pitta Ward and the Vata Ward construc
ted with the requirements of each in mind having its own plan of structural
and environmental peculiarities. The same has been appended as Appen
dix “C”.
r
(ui) The following are the schemes so far prepared by the Board and
submitted to the Government of Bombay.
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This Board also proposes to take up the study of Prakriti Vinischaya,
for which a detailed scheme called “Research on Prakriti Vinischaya or
Swasthya Pariksha” has been submitted to Government and included herein
in Appendix “0”.
41.
The Board has visualised great many fields for Ayurvedic research for
future and has therefore prepared schemes for covering the same.
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40.
The general outline of Ayurvedic research, entitled “The Ayurvedic
Research—a Blue-Print’’ was written by Shri A.N. Namjoshi in 1955 and
the same was adopted by the Board to laydown the general principles on
which Ayurvedic Research be conducted. The same has been appended
as Appendix “B’’.
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39. This section has been only recently added to the Board and proposes
to undertake investigation on the subjects of dietetics, the balanced diet
according to Ayurveda, its relation with the constitution of individuals
(Prakriti), the effects or certain diets on the constitution of individuals,
the conceptions of metabolism of different diets according to Ayurveda,
and Dinacharya and Rhytucharya ; its importance in maintenance
of public health, the epidemic diseases and their prevention by Ayurvedic
methods.
The Board also proposes to publish booklet of some 25-30 pages each
written in simple popular language for the masses including the school
going children on subjects of public interest like Ayurvedic conception of
diet, Ayurvedic hygiene, Ayurvedic conception of diseases and how to pre
vent them, the Ayurvedic Regimen according to individual constitution,
the history of Ayurveda, the common ailment and their treatment, consti
pation and its cure by Ayurvedic treatment according to individual consti
tution and so on. These could be translated and published in different langu
ages of the State and if Centrally aided, into different languages required
by them and freely distributed among the masses and the schools. This
spread of Ayurvedic ideas and thoughts in the masses and their inculcation
in the younger minds would go a long way in removing the prejudices about
Ayurved in the educated class of the public, and help in creating an atmos
phere congenial for the progress of Ayurved in all its aspects. This work
has .also been entrusted to this section.
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With a view to give a fuller idea oi the sigmticance and hnanciai impli
cations of the schemes, they have been appended herewith as Appendix ‘D’.
Alic luncuoiib oi uic council m general snail uc;__
(:) To chalk out an all-India plan for research in Ayurveda
42. Sir, after acquainting you with the present activities and future plans
of the Board, together with the scientific and academic background of the
same, we would turn to the question of planning and developing of Ayurvedic
Research all over the country.
(17) To distribute the different plans of research to the State
Boards.
(m) To supervise the research work in the States
as well as
in its own institutions.
(fy) To evaluate research work done and by other agencies and
encourage the guide for further research.
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF AYURVEDIC
RESEARCH
43.
There is a general awakening in the Governmental as well as public
circles for the revival of Ayurveda which has suffered from neglect in the pre
independence period. The revival of Ayurveda presents a peculiar case in
asmuch as the three aspects, education, practice and research, are inter
woven and inter-dependent. So, any attempt to revive this Science need
take a grip of them altogether and find ways and means to improve one inclu
sive of the other and not exclusive of others. Research activity in Ayur
veda should form an indispensable compliment in the improvement of Ayur
vedic education and Ayurvedic practice. Looking to the many problems
in the teaching and practice of Ayurveda, the Board had reasons to believe
that at least for many years to come, Ayurvedic Research should form the
hub of any scheme of teaching and development of Ayurveda.
(i/) To co-ordinate the research work at different levels.
(vi) To advise the Central Government in the distribution
of grants for Ayurvedic research.
(w7) To establish a journal of Ayurvedic Research giving the
plans and results of Ayurvedic research work so as to
acquaint the workers themselves as well as scientists all
over.
I
(w:7) To encourage and advise the State Boards to run the follow
ing activities:—
(a) Establishment of gardens of genuine drug plants for
teaching institutions.
(6) To run Ayurvedic drug farms at State level which
would grow drug plants on commercial scale, and
exploit the drug resources of local forests so as to
increase the availability of genuine Ayurvedic drugs.
(c) To establish State Ayurvedic Pharmacies which would
provide genuine Ayurvedic medicines for research
for theS.M.P. Centres as well as for the State insurance
schemes or the like.
44.
The present set-up of Ayurvedic Research in the country is not an
outcome of uniform planning and co-ordinated endeavour. Individual
States have sponsored Ayurvedic Research out of their own interest in Ayur
veda and the Central Government has been doing the same on its own,
without sufficient planning and directive. This has resulted in a lob-sided
development without corresponding turn-over of research work. We
take this opportunity to suggest that the time has come when research in
Ayurveda should be started in a broad-based manner with a clcar-phascd
plan for 10 years to come in the first instance.
45.
While planning research, it should be seen that advantage is taken
of the existing scholarly talent in the different States and it should be
planned at the State level and co-ordinated centrally. This implies the
creation of a network of research centres in all the States to be organically
connected with the Central Research organisation which is to co-ordinate
the work done in the States in different ways. With this conception of pro
motion of research actively in the country, we have to make the following
suggestions:—
•
(1) There should be a Central Directorate of Ayurveda which may
be located in a suitable place and the Director should be a very
able Vaidya.
(2) All central schemes of Aymrved should be implemented by him.
(3) Each State should have a Board of Research in Ayurveda on the
lines we have one for the State of Bombay.
(4) There should be a Central Council of Ayurvedic Research on
which each State Board should be able to send two representa
tives and of which the Central Director of Ayurved should
be the Chairman. This Council should also have some per
sons nominated by Government so as to ensure the co-opera
tion of scientists in particular.
46.Such a network of Ayurvedic Research Boards with a number of
active centres under each, with proper direction and co-ordination from the
Centre would really simplify the task, avoid duplication of labour, and eco
nomically utilize all the available resources for a greater turnover of research
work.
1
■I
1
47.
This leads us to the consideration of grants for Ayurvedic Research
set aside by the States as well as the Central Government. It is a discourag
ing picture that even in those States like Bombay where research activity
has been started, sufficient grants have not been provided for. In the same
way, the grants available for distribution to the States at the Centre are not
adequate. Considering the fact that Ayurvedic Research is just beginning
to grow, more initial grants need be made available to the States, irrespec
tive of the fact whether the States are in a position to provide matching grants
or not. As stated in paragraph No. 41 the Board of Research in Ayurveda
has in mind to implement the following 13 schemes as part of its research
actixnty, and has submitted the same to the Government of Bombay but the
finances at its disposal are too meagre to implement even one scheme imme
diately.
1
1
1.
2.
3.
Ayun-edic Literary' Reference Unit.
Research on Prakriti Vinischaya or Swasthya Pariksha.
Compilation of Ayun’edic Pharmacopoeia of India.
4.
Drug-wise Ayurvedic Clinical Research on a few selected mrclicines with high therpeutic claims.
5.
6.
Study of the Ayurvedic Regimen.
Treatment of insane by Ayurvedic methods.
Prevention and cure of epidemic diseases by Apinedic met
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
hods.
Study of secret remedies in possession of persons and their col
lection.
Studies in Arista Lakshanas.
Scheme for Ayurvedic Drug Farm and Pharmacy.
Scheme for expansion of Shuddha Ayurvedic Clinical Research.
Scheme for collection of data for Prakriti \
Vinischaya
inischaya from
Ayr”-- die Teaching Institutions.
Sche.ae for Pharmacy Storage of Ayurvedic Herbs and Drugs.
13.
11U. becomes a discouraging handicap to the enthusiastic research
This
workers and we are taking this opportunity to point out that no useful
scheme of research activity should be allowed to be delayed in implement,
tion for want of financial assistance.
48. In the end, we wish to suggest that if the Central Directorate of Ayurved
is to be established, Bombay is one of the best suited cities which, we belies e,
would provide a suitable venue for the same. Bombay has the unique po r
tion iiMhis respect on account of the fact that in this City, we have 3 Asm-
vedic Colleges viz:
(i) R.A. Podar Medical College, (Ayurvedic.) Worli, Bombay.
(zz) Shuddha Ayurvedic Vidyalaya, Sion, Bombay.
(z7z) The Punarvasu Ayurved Mahavidyalaya at Gowalia Tank Rond,
Bombay-26.
There are some 5 Ayurvedic Hospitals including the:
(z) M.A. Podar Hospital, Bombay.
(n) Ayurveda Prasarak Mandal’s Hospital, Sion. Bombay.
(Hi) ‘Maharashtra Ayurved Hospital, Girgaum. Bombay.
ij’r'j Universal Health Institute, Bombay and
(r'i Panclikarma Chikitsalayn, Bombay.
•
There are the following Ayurvedic Libraries:—
The Research Library of the Board of Research in Ayurved.
1.
2.
n
4.
5.
The Library of the Shuddha Ayurvedic Course Committee.
The Library of the R.A. Podar Medical-College.
The Library of the Podar Ayurvedic Research Institute.
The Library of the Shuddha Ayurvedic Vidyalaya, Sion.
In addition, there are the personal collections of rare books possessed
■
by:
1.
2.
The late Vd. Hariprapannaji.
The late Vd. Jadavji Tricumji Acharya.
Then there are the libraries rich in Sanskrit literature like:
1. The Library’ of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan.
2.
3.
The Asiatic Society’s Library.
The Library- of the University of Bombay.
Further, there are very’ useful libraries possessing scientific books and
literature including the following:—
(t) The1 Library of the Department of Chemical Technology of the
*
University of Bombay.
(it) The Library of the Haffkine Institute of Science.
(nz) The Library of the Institute of Science. In Bombay, the co
operation of the following research institutions is available :—
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
r'
The Haffkine Institute, Bombay,
The Tata Cancer Research Institute,
The Department of Chemical Technology, of the University
of Bombay. *
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
The Research Department of the Institute of Science.
Podar Ayurvedic Research Institute, Worli, (Under construc
tion).
Also the co-operation of the Bio-Chemistry and the Pharmacology
Departments of the three Medical Colleges is available. In addition to the
five Ayurvedic Hospitals metioned above, there arc over a dozen most
modern general hospitals including:—
1—TheJ.J. Group of Hospitals,
2—The K.E.M. Hospital.
3— The Nair Hospital,
4— The G.T. Hospital,
5— The St. George’s Hospital,
6— The Bhatia General Hospital,
7— The Bombay Hospital,
8— The Nanavati Hospital,
9—The Sion General Hospital,
10— The Arthur Road Hospital,
11— The Masina Hospital,
12— The T.B. Hospital at-Sewri,
13— The Cama Hospital for women and Children.
i
There are two Dental Colleges and Dental Hospitals and a Mental
Hospital, a Leper Asylum and a Veterinary Hospital. Further there are
facilities available for research in dietetics etc. at the different jails, hostels
etc. All these above-mentioned institions and many others would be
always ready to co-operate in tackling the research problems in so far as it
is within their powers to do. In addition to this, there is a considerable
number of research talent in Ayurved, modern medicine and science avail
able and taking interest in Ayurveda. Further there are the best Herbaria
including the Father Blatter Herbarium and the Herbarium of the Institute
of Science.
Iff
H
organisations of the Government of Bombay directly or indirectly concerned
with Ayurvedic Research, viz.
APPENDIX X
1— Board of Research in Ayurved.
2— Podar Ayurvedic Research Institute which is under construc
tion.
3— Committee for Standard Ayurvedic Herbs and Drug.
4—Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee,
a
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR STANDARD AND GENUINE
AYURVEDIC HERBS AND DRUGS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERN
MENT OF BOMBAY AS PER GOVERNMENT RESOLUTION, LOCAL
SELF-GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT
NO. ADR/1053 DATED 2-5-1955.
have been working in Bombay and they constitute a team of enthusiastic
and sincere research workers and scholars with adequately trained adminis
trative and technical staff which could lend all their co-operation to the pro
posed Central Directorate of Ayurved and the Central Council of Ayurvedic
Research, if venued at Bombay.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
During the tenure of the Committee it considered the replies received
from the various questionnaires issued by it and studied the situation by
conducting the survey tours in the Forests of the State. It also had oppor
tunities to study most of the replies to the questionnaires and of the resources
of Ayurvedic Drugs in the State as also some outside the State.
49.
Under the Government of Bombay scheme, a clinical research unit
exists at the Universal Health Institute and under the Central Government
Scheme, a clinical research unit has been started at the Ayurvedya Prasarak
Mandal’s Hospital, Sion. In addition, research ward i.b. an Ayurvedic*
Clinical Research ward, is soon to be startedat the M.A. Podar Ayurvedic
Hospital.
After making a comprehensive study of the replies to the questionnaires
. and of the resources of Ayurvedic Drugs and demand for the genuine drugs
the Committee desires to make the following recommendations to Govern
ment.
50. All these potentialities of the City may be taken into consideration
while deciding the venue for the establishment of the Central Directorate of
Ayurveda and the Central Council of Ayurvedic Research suggested by
us.
A BOOK OF COLOURED PLATES OF AYURVEDIC PLANTS
1.
The Committee has realized that a lot of ignorance about the identity
of Ayurvedic plants prevails among the Vaidyas as well as the students of
Ayurveda except a few senior Vaidyas, most of the rest of them who belong
to the generation under 40, who had no opportunity to be practically intro
duced to the plants with a scientific approach of recognising them. Further,
perhaps due to lack of enthusiasm among them, they have not got acquainted
with drug plants from diflerent part of the country and find greatly handi
capped when plants know under diflerent names in diflerent parts of the land,
happens to be supplied to them.
51.
Before concluding the Memorandum, we wish to suggest also that
with a view to create a liking for research and an incentive to the young
research talents there should be some provision for Post-Graduate Degree
in Ayurvcd by research for the students of Ayurvcd undergoing training
in the different Ayurvedic courses.
52.
While submitting this Memorandum, Sir, wc believe, the suggestions
we have made therein, and wc would be making in the personal discussion
with you, would be helpful to you in making yout recommendations to
Government. The recommendations of your Committee, we trust, arc
going to very largely influence and shape the future of Ayurvcd in general
and Ayurvedic Research in particular. We therefore hope that the ideas
and spirit of our suggestions may find place in your report and recommen
dations.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
G. V. Puranik,
—Chairman
N. H. Joshi,
—Member
R. N. Desai,
—Member
R. S. Dwivedi
—Member
N. V. Joshi,
—Member
Hari Dutt Shasiri,
—Member
G. M. Vaidya,
—Member
V. B. Joshi,
—Member
A. M. Namjoshi,
—Member-Secre
tary.
I
I
.The difficulty of the students who have undergone or are undergoing
training in the modern Ayurvedic Colleges is in no way diflerent from that
of the elders mentioned above. The Committee therefore thought it fit
to suggest to Government that they should publish a volume of coloured
plates of Ayurvedic Drug plants in popular use as well as the controversial
drug plants for which the Committee has arrived at a decision. The total
number of such three coloured plates should be about 250 and each plate
should be accompanied by a page giving a short description of each with
identifying characteristics and references from Ayurvedic texts as
regards their properties and uses.
The Committee has already submitted this recommendation in the
form of an interim report. This proposal has been greatly appreciated by
all including the Vaidyas the pharmacies the Pharmacists as well as teachers
and students of Ayurveda.
1
AYURVEDIC DRUG FARM
The Committee feels that the supply of Ayurvedic Drugs are not all
satisfactory and
_ 1 in the absence of any of the drugs, it is necessary to make
iJb A ABJLlbtiMhJN A Ut A
: o
Ayurvedic herbs and drugs.
For this purpose, the Committee recommends that Government
should establish an Ayurvedic Drugs Farm and Pharmacy at a suitable
central place which would undertake the following activities :—
I
1=
G
(i) To cultivate on a commercial farming scale such plants which
are in short supply, such as some of the Dash Moolas etc. and
other plants which are difficult to procure in the genuine form
and still those which are required in large quantities in fresh
condition.
(ii) To cultivate at more than one place, according to suitability of
soil, altitude, climate and rainfall Ayurvedic Drug plants,
reap their crop in the proper maturing season and made them
available in a fresh or dried and preserved from under hygenic
conditions, to the Vaidyas and Pharmacies.
(iii) To exploit the existing forest resources for the collection of drug
plants through the forest contractors and collectors and make
the Ayurvedic forest products available to the Vaidyas and
Pharmacies and Dealers as in No. (ii).
(iv) To advice the Forest Department in intensive cultivation of some
of the suitable and successful species of medicinal plants so as
to enrich the forest resources mentioned in No. (iii).
(v) To encourage the public in general, the farmers and gardeners
in particular and the private suppliers to grow more forest
plants by supplying them seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc. at the •
proper season.
The Committee, therefore, recommends to Government that they
should take steps to establish a Museum of Ayurvedic Drugs and a
Herbarium of Ayurvedic Plants which would serve as a reference centre
for collectors, dealers, teachers and students of Ayurvedic Drugs for purposes
of identification of drugs and drug plants.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AYURVEDIC PHARMACOGNOSICAL LABORATORY
The Committee made a study of the conditions prevailing in the trade
of the Crude Ayurvedic Drugs and in the Ayurvedic Pharmacies so far as
arrangements for the detection of adulteration in the Ayurvedic Drugs
was concerned. The Committee found that in general none of the dealers
or pharmacies in Ayurveda had any such arrangement. 1 his was due to
two reasons. One was that very little pharmacognosical data of Ayurvedic
Drugs was available today and secondly the individual concern were not
bin enough to maintain a separate department for the same. In these
ciicumstanccs the Committee felt it unjustifiable to recommend that each
concern should have its own laboratory for the pharmacognosical work.
The Committee however, cannot under-estimate, the. importance of this use
ful technique in the field of pharmacy and therefore recommends that Govern
ment should establish a Pharmacognosical laboratory in a place like Bombay
which should carry on the work of pharmacognosical investigation of Ayurvedic Drugs and its main work and make the data available to the public,
at the same time this laboratory should-serve as a central testing house for
Ayurvedic Drugs. The dealers in Ayurvedic Drugs as well as the Ayurvedic
Pharmacies and Vaidyas in general who intend to take advantage of this
laboratory can send their samples for testing and report. The laboratory
would provide all facilities for the testing work, advise the clients as regards
the extent of purity and adulterations of the drugs referred to them on payment of certain charges.
B
3.
The Committee is convinced that large resources of Ayurvedic Drugs
do exist with the Forest Department which arc not exploited at present.
The reasons being firstly that most of the forests are looked upon as sources
of timber and fuel alone. Some minor products like myrambolam etc.
mentioned in Appendix “D” arc being collected but that is in the form of a
side activities. Secondly, most of the collection work is being done through
the contractors who are not interested in the drug plants as they arc not in
the know of an immediate buyer. The Committee has noted with regret
that most of the drug plants are at present being collected as fuel wood and
lost. Thirdly, good number of the drug plants are herbs and shrubs and
are totally neglected.
The Committee therefore, recommends that Government should set
up a machinery like the one suggested in recommendation No. 2 viz. the
Ayurvedic Drugs Farm which should act as an agency between the Forest
Department and the consumers and undertake to store and distribute’ the
Drugs. Then the Forest Department should be told as to the specific Drugs,
plants (and their parts) that they should arrange to collect through their
staff or through the contractors or by auction for collection as the case may
be and direct their collections to the Drug Farm, which should undertake
to test the same and process it for storage and distribute to the consumers and
under suitable packing and form as necessary.
2-kavax-
4.
While discussing with several Vaidyas and Dealers and Pharmacists
the Committee realized that there is an acute necessity of an Ayurvedic
Drug Museum and a Herbarium of Ayurvedic Plants. The dealers in pi ticular seem to be eager to know for their own knowledge whether a particular
drug they were buying, was genuine or not. For this purpose they need a
Museum and Herbarium of Ayurvedic Drugs. The students of the Ayur
vedic Colleges in particular arc likely to derive an immense benefit if such a
__ _______________
Museum were
establihed. The Museum can also supply genuine samples
Museums and private Institutions and Colleges.
to other
<
UTILIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCES OF AYURVEDIC DRUG
PLANTS
■
ox
VEDIC DRUGS AND HERBARIUM OF AYURVEDIC
PLANTS
SIMILAR WORK BE UNDERTAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA ON AN ALL INDIA SCALE
J
■i
During its tours and discussions which have ultimatelv ied the Commit
tee to certain conclusions which have been presented to the State Governmen
in the form of a Report, the Committee always felt that a major part of inc
subject entrusted to the Committee deserves to be tackled on an all
. basis so as to give fuller picture of the resources than.what could be done o
a State-wise scale which would always suffer from limitations of the boundai y
4
J
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246
of the State. This is a subject of an all India character and unless it is
investigated in the wider context the data so collected would not yield the
real fruit which it is otherwise capable of giving.
The Committee, therefore, recommends that the work undertaken by
the Committee within the limitation of the State deserves to be handled on
an all India scale and the Central Government be moved to appoint a similar
Committee to collect data on a country-wide basis and submit its recommen
dations so that they could be implemented in different States simultaneously.
The experience of tills Committee, the data collected and the recom
mendations would be of use to such a central Committee.
(
i
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Position: 2370 (2 views)