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THE MEDIA AND CITY SUMMIT REGIONAL SEMINAR
Cairo, March 15-16, 1995
REGIONAL SUPPORT OFFICE
URBAN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME - ARAB STATES
3B, Bahgat Ali Street, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt
Tel: 3400052, 3408284, Fax: 3413331
Introduction
The Media and City Summit Regional Seminar was held in Cairo from March 15-16, 1995. The
seminar was organized by the Society of Writers on Environment and Development (SWED),
a newly founded Egyptian association, in cooperation with the Urban Management Programme
(UMP) Regional Support Office for the Arab States, the United Nations Centre for Human
Settlements (Habitat), and Al Ahram, Egypt’s leading Newspaper. The seminar was attended by
representatives of a number of international organizations, and by forty-eight writers, journalists
and members of the media from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Dubai, and
Yemen. Participants discussed issues pertaining to human settlements and the related
environmental problems, as well as the key issues of the City Summit to be held in Istanbul,
Turkey, in 1996. The role of the media in publicizing this summit and its effective participation
in promoting widespread concern with its themes, was also discussed.
The opening ceremony was presided over by Mr. Salama Ahmed Salama, a well known
Egyptian journalist and President of SWED; Mr. Seif El Din Abaro, Deputy for Representative
of the UNDP-Cairo; Mr. Ali Shabou, Representative of the Secretary-General of the Habitat II
conference; and Dr. Mounir Neamatalla, UMP Regional Coordinator for the Arab States.
Participants at the seminar enthusiastically welcomed the new society, SWED, expressing their
deeply-felt conviction that the media could play a crucial role in the domain of development and
the environment. Following is a summary of the papers presented and the discussions that took
place during the seminar, together with the conclusions and recommendations made.
Session 1:
The seminar was opened by Mr. Seif El Din Abaro, Acting Representative of the UNDP in
Egypt, who stated that the launch of the Society of Writers on Environment and Development
in Egypt was a pioneer move, and expressed die view that SWED would prove to be an effective
member of the environment and development movement in Egypt. Mr. Abaro added that the
City Summit, to be held in Istanbul in 1996, could be considered a landmark in the campaign
to rouse world interest in the problems of cities and the negative aspects which obstruct the basic
human right to a decent, civilized life.
Mr. Ali Shabou, Representative of the Secretary-General of Habitat II, then gave a presentation
on Habitat II, the reasons for organizing it, ano the most important issues to be discussed during
this forthcoming conference. Mr. Shabou reminded participants that since Habitat I was held in
Vancouver, Canada, in 1976, the world had witnessed a number of major regional and
international events which had impacted considerably on the development of human settlements.
The most important of these was the adoption of the year 1988 as an international year for
providing shelter for the homeless; and the decision of the United Nations General Assembly to
adopt a worldwide strategy for shelter until the year 2000. He added that there were several
important truths underlying the decision to hold the City Summit in Istanbul in 1996, amongst
which was the fact that more than ten million people worldwide live in sub-standard conditions.
1
He stressed that governments could not be expected to deal with this problem single-handed;
rather, self-help strategies for the poor should be drawn up to enable them to effectively exploit
their own resources; in addition to which all parties engaged in the domain of development at
the national level should join forces, particularly NGOs, community leaders, and the private
sector, together with the central government. Mr. Shabou then went on to discuss Habitat II and
its main concern, namely the development of human settlements and the provision of shelter for
all. He also gave an overview of the activities scheduled to take place during the conference,
including audio-visual presentations, an exhibition on shelters and human settlements, and round
table meetings.
Dr. Mounir Neamatalla, UMP Regional Coordinator for the Arab States Region, focused his
address to the seminar on the means by which urban development could be achieved and
concepts related to environment and development conveyed to the general public. He added that
it was necessary to come to terms with the new realities that had come into being; and to be
capable of shaping - and being shaped by - these developments. The problems of cities had to
be viewed from a new perspective, far from the methods traditionally adopted. Amongst the
most pressing of these problems was the problem of curbing rural/urban emigration: cities, said
Dr. Neamatalla, had come to mean more than mere edifices of concrete and stone; they
constituted the dreams and hopes of millions of people striving towards a more civilized life, and
trying to put a stop to this surge towards th^ cities could well put a stop to urban civilization
itself. Dr. Neamatalla added that by the year 2000, around 70% of the inhabitants of developed
countries would be city dwellers, while two-thirds of the world’s population would reside in
cities.
Dr. Neamatalla concluded by calling upon all national forces (governments, universities, local
administrations, political parties, and commumty organizations) to work together in the interests
of development, and to continue to collaborate until the concept of development and the related
issues had become integrated into the thoughts and ideas of the average citizen.
Ms. Randa Fouad, UMP Regional Information Advisor and member of SWED, addressed the
seminar on the role of the media in enhancing environmental awareness, stating that the media
had a vital role to play in this domain. By highlighting environmental and development problems
and placing them before the general public and decision-makers, the media enabled a first step
to be taken towards a cleaner, pollution-free environment, and towards the achievement of
comprehensive development.
Ms. Fouad explained that the UMP focused on a number of issues within the framework of
urban development: the development of cities and all related elements such as land management;
infrastructure management; municipal finance, and administration; the development of the urban
economy; the protection of the urban environment; poverty alleviation; and heritage protection.
Ms. Fouad added that the UMP was administered through four regional offices worldwide; in
the Arab region, seven countries participated, namely Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan,
2
Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, and shortly, Palestine. Ms. Fouad then announced that a competition
was to be sponsored by SWED for the best three media contributions on the urban environment
in 1995 (press, radio, and television).
The session concluded with a discussion during which Mr. Salama Ahmed Salama (Egypt), Ms.
Sanaa El Haraka (Lebanon), and Mr. Mohamed El Khattabia (Jordan) spoke of the role of the
media in highlighting environmental and development issues and the problems hindering this
role. The importance of well-constructed and effective media strategies to enhance environmental
awareness amongst the general public in developing countries was discussed.
Session 2
The second session spotlighted two successful ventures undertaken by Egyptian NGOs, which
were selected as the two best practices to be presented to the City Summit.
Dr. Laila Kamel spoke first of the project conducted by the Association for the Protection of the
Environment (APE) to upgrade the inhabitants of the Moqattam area in Cairo, a shanty town
with poor social, educational and health conditions. The Association succeeded in creating
trained technical cadres from amongst the garoage-collectors who inhabit the area, thus ensuring
sustained development. Dr. Kamel then gave an overview of the efforts of the Association for
the Welfare of Garbage-Collectors’ Families, which was able to bring about a considerable
improvement in their living conditions. The Association’s recycling programme generated extra
income for these families, while ridding the settlement of large amounts of solid waste. The
success of this initiative earned it worldwide acclaim and several international awards.
Mr. Nabil El Shami, representing the Alexandria Businessmen’s Association (ABA), then gave
a presentation of the Small and Micro Enterprises (SME) project launched by the ABA, which
reflects the important role that can be played by NGOs in the development process. The SME
project provides small entrepreneurs with leans to enable them to expand and develop their
businesses, and the ABA currently disburses around 1500 loans a month, totaling L.E. four
million. Beneficiaries are carefully selected, and the ABA maintains a close follow-up of each
project. So far, the SME has generated 39620 employment opportunities, in addition to its
economic and social benefits. Mr. El Shami added that the SME project provided a good
example of the potential of NGOs, and could serve as a role model for other specialized
organizations to replicate.
Session 3
Mr. Salama Ahmed Salama, President of SWED, gave an address entitled “An Arab Media
Network for the Development of the Urban Environment”. Speaking of Habitat II, Mr. Salama
said that its basic objective was to focus on methods and strategies for the development of cities
and villages, rendering them better places to live in. The media had a vital role to play in this
3
context, by enhancing the public’s awareness of environmental problems, and arousing in them
the interest and the will to take positive action towards addressing unfavorable environmental
conditions.
The establishment of the Arab Network for the Development of the Urban Environment would
serve to facilitate the interchange of experiences and information on environmental problems and
potential hazards amongst Arab countries, and could play a vital role in improving the
environment. Mr. Salama stressed that the Network was not intended as a mere passive observer
and recorder of events, but rather as an active partner in the development process.
Mr. Wagdy Riyad, Head of the Environment Department at Al Ahram newspaper, and VicePresident of SWED, then gave an address on “The Press as a Partner at the City Summit”. Mr.
Riyad spoke of the steadily-worsening prob’ems faced by urban communities, such as shanty
towns, unemployment, increasing poverty, and hazardous pollution levels. Mr. Riyad said that
there was no “magic wand” that could be waved to solve these problems, and stressed that the
participation of the public was an essential factor in the planning process, in which domain the
press had a vital role to play by keeping the public informed and prompting them to take action.
The press also serves to highlight the role of NGOs as an effective force that can put pressure
on planners and decision-makers, and oppose any random, unstudied planning. Finally, the press
can firmly oppose administrative corruption in the implementing agencies and local
administrations in cities and districts. Mr. Riyad cited several incidents where the press had
revealed such cases by an objective stating of facts, rousing public opinion and forcing the
administrations controlling these “projects” to withdraw.
Dr. Omayma Kamel, General Manager of Cultural Programmes at the Egyptian Broadcasting
Corporation, spoke of the power and influence of the media and the pressing need for a
comprehensive environmental data base to which radio and television staff could resort. Such
a data base would provide them with a thorough knowledge of environmental problems and the
hazards involved, and would enable them to define strategies for conveying effective
environmental messages to the public. Dr. Kamel pointed out that such messages could be
incorporated into dramas or competition programmes. She added that medical programmes
should have a more effective impact on the habits and behavior of the public.
Mr. Omar Shaaban, cartoonist at Rose Al Youssef, an Egyptian magazine, stressed that
cartoonists should be placed amongst the foremost ranks of media people fighting for the cause
of the environment, due to their considerable influence with the public. The importance of
cartoons, said Mr. Shaaban, stems from their appeal to a wide spectrum of readers of varying
backgrounds and education. Cartoons, he said, can present the most complex of issues in the
simplest of ways, and are therefore the best vehicle for addressing simple people in a language
they can understand and relate to.
A discussion then took place between Mr. Mohamed El Khattabia (Jordan); Mr. Salah Oweiss
(Dubai); Mr. Mohamed Abdel Salam, Mr. Abdel Fattah Anani, Mr. Hani El Banna, Mr. Fayez
Farah, Ms. Laila Marmoush, Mr. Samer El Mufti, Ms. Nahed Hamza, Mr. Fawzy Abdel Halim
4
(Egypt); Ms. Habiba El Magiry (Tunisia); Ms. Sanaa El Haraka (Lebanon); Mr. Larabi Essakali
(Morocco); and Mr. Ahmed El Siyaghy (Yemen). The discussion focused on the following
points:
*
The relationship between the authorities and environmental information dissemination.
*
The constraints impeding the realization of the principle of participation between Arab
people and environmental information dissemination in their countries.
*
The importance of training environmental information dissemination cadres in the Arab
states.
*
The importance of issuing and implementing environmental laws, and the role of the media
in achieving this.
*
The adoption by the media of positive modalities of environmental behavior, and the
dissemination of environmental awareness.
*
The importance of directing environmental information dissemination to children.
5
THE RECOMMENDATIONS
The seminar concluded with the following recommendations:
1.
The establishment of an Arab Information Network for the Development of the
Urban Environment, to facilitate and maintain contact between Arab members of
the media concerned with environmental issues. The network will also establish a
data base for its members. The Society of Writers on Environment and
Development will be responsible for coordination, together with the Urban
Management Programme and UNCHS Habitat. Participants also recommended that
full support be given to the Societies of Writers on Environment and Development
both in Egypt and Jordan, and called upon Arab members of the media, particularly
those attending the current seminar, to establish similar societies in their own
countries, conditions permitting.
2.
An Arab seminar, to be held for media persons involved in the national preparatory
committees for Habitat II. The purpose of the seminar would be to achieve
coordination of effort and an interchange of experiences and ideas. It was proposed
that the seminar be held during the Third Arab Preparatory Meeting for Habitat II,
scheduled to convene in Morocco from 24-27 October, 1995. The conclusions of
this seminar would be conveyed by UNCHS Habitat and the UMP to the Arab
societies and organizations engaged in the domain of urban development and the
environment.
3.
The upgrading of media performance in the domain of development and the
environment, by holding training sessions, group discussions and workshops for
members of the media, thus creating media cadres specializing in this domain.
Participants called upon UNCHS Habitat and the UMP to sponsor this idea.
4.
The standardization of terminology used in the domain of human settlements and
urban development, selecting phrases acceptable to all Arab states. This would be
achieved through UNCHS Habitat, the Arab League and similar organizations.
5.
National, regional and international agencies organizing conferences and seminars
related to environmental and urban development issues are to include Arab
members of the media concerned with these issues in their activities, particularly
the national preparatory committees for Habitat II.
6
Getting the message across
A step by step guide to making health service noticeboards and displays interesting and effective
Sarah Siddall
Page
Where to put your notices and displays
- What sort of display space are you
us i ng?
- Lighting
- Permanent not i ces
- What kind <of display surface is
available?
- Background colour for the board
- Reading heights
A step by step guide
to making health service
notice boards and
displays interesting
and effective.
How to plan your notice board
- Classifying notices
- Arranging sections under headings
- The clearly divided board
- Subjects
5
5
5
5
6
Head i ngs
- Guidelines for making headings
- Ideas for decorative lettering for
head i ngs
6
6
How to arrange your notices
1 1
Arranging posters
13
Developing a display on a health theme
combining printed and hand-made
mater i a 1
- How to use the illustrations from
printed material you have
- Ways to get new images (for shy
-
Lettering foryour display
Colour and legibility
Layout of a display
Impact
Conclusion.
Append i ces
8
14
14
15
16
17
17
17
18
A Photocopiers
B Transfer techniques
C Gluing and mounting
D Align!ng notices
E Typesheet for tracing
Wei 1, are your boards
interesting and
19
19
20
20
21
come up with to these
quest ions.
1. Would a vi s1 tor to
your building find your
notice boards and
displays attractive
and informative?
2. Are any of the
notices hidden under
others or hanging from
a single pin?
Getting the message across
3. Are any of them
getting faded and tatty?
k. WouId it be easy for
the people with special
needs such as the
elderly, thedisabled or
mums-to-be, to see the
notices specially aimed
at them?
7. If someone d1d
actually stop to study
one of your notices
would they be blocking
the passage?
8. How many of the
notices are out of date1
Well? Full marks?
5. If the notices or
displays are in a
waiting room, is the
pri nt too smal1 to be
comfortably read from
the seats?
weU, I...
If you d i d less than
perfect 1y, th i s book 1et
will help you to make
your displays eye-catching
and communicative.
bU'uU Ws be
Not at all.
6. Are the urgent notices
the easy ones to
spot?
The suggestions are
simple, cheap and wi11
bring quick results.
'01
’6
/A-ii-----------| TO DAY
"wk
jtzJ?A
-------------—
J
MMruVdr •
Every building will have different areas
that can be used for displays; the three
usual ones are, the entrance, the waiting
rooms, and the corridors.
Each of these
places is an ideal setting for a
particular sort of notice.
The entrance should get short term not i ces
- the ones that are quickly out of date,
such as clinic events, urgent notices and
timetables. You can then be sure that
everybody sees them. They should be
clearly visible as you go into the
building and never hidden behind the door.
In the waiting room, displays can be left
up slightly longer, because the information
isn't out of date so quickly.
The notices
can be more detailed because people will
have time to read them; for this reason it
is the best place to put displays on Health
Education themes and non-clinic notices,
such as community events.
The corridor is
the place to put up posters with large
easily read captions.
Detailed notices
will only cause congestion.
If you have any choice ...
is unreliable
<*
LI&HTIAVS- CZtoJ Be DULL
SUlA ky not"ICQ S,
fro/vn scvic. angles Luty
MvCjfavf fat.
fl!J2C)rfc>l€-.
A separate place should be found for
permanent notices and emergency
i nstructions.
The type of display surface available is
not important.
With ingenuity, a blank
wall can be as good as a board.
Just fix a
rectangle of coloured paper or card to the
wall and pretend it's a board.
This scheme
even has the advantage that you can choose
exactly what shape your board will be. The
easiest way to fix the paper to the wall is
with blu-tak.
Don't let any fears of
marking the walls stop you from making good ••
use of such an ideal place to get your
message across.
You can use the shape of your display to
sugqest the theme, e.g.
yy
■A
••J
Many clinics will have easy to use pin
boards on walls or free-standing boards
If you have an ugly peg-board you can
ignore the holes, by covering the board
with coloured paper.
Then treat it as a
plain board.
.
.....j a
.J..y.-.’.-. A '7T.' •..
Remember that the average eye level for
adults when standing is just over 5 feet
and when sitting the eye level is between
3-i* feet.
It is important that notices with lots of
print be put at the eye level of the
audience who will read them. Test this by
pinning some notices up and invi ting someone
not familiar with them to try to read them
from different positions.
When the audience is stand i ng, deta i 1 ed
notices will be at the top of the board,
bold brief notices at the bottom. Vice
versa for a seated audience.
Because notices are on so many different
subjects, it is best to divide them up under
section headings.
In this way people can
easily spot what is relevant to them.
If you are dividing up the notices
according to subject, the sections must
be clearly differentiated.
Here are some ideas:
A simple way to divide a board or notice
area into clear sect i ons is to put the
headings at the top.
So for instance
1 heading
1 board
2 head i ngs
1 board
ToOAY
IW‘5 CKaiC
3 headings
I board
Sub-sections can
fol low eas i1y
TBd<*V
TO.6AY
rrr.» i. "J "
-paint areas of the board different
colours, ask colleagues for left over
paint.
Alternatively use pieces of
differently coloured paper, one per
subject, next to each other - fixed
with blu-tak or pins.
-use insulating tape to mark the
dividing lines (bought cheaply from
market stalls).
-cut strips out of coloured paper, one
per subject, next to each other - fixed
with blu-tak or pins.
-use ribbon or bias binding (cheaper from
markets) pinned or blu-tacked up.
£
-tack up strips of wooden beading
^0°-—_
Some subjects are best su i ted to certa i n
Some ideas are g i ven below:
locat i ons.
Entrance
^Urgent
’'Today
h*Th i s week
^Timetables
"Current classes
"What's on in
the clinic this
week
<
Corridor
S i ze
The words must be large enough to be read
by the audience, but can be larger than
necessary for impact.
*Large quickly
read posters.
Detai 1ed not ices
shouldn't go here.
EEEEEeeeee
Waiting
Room
"Leaflets
*HeaIth Education
displays
*Cocnmunity notices
*What's on
MoW
wife
‘Parents and children
*HeaI th taiks
*Adult classes
Weight
The weight of the letters usually depends
on thei r colour.
Simply by changing this
you can alter the emphasis of some words.
When you have grouped your notices into
sections, these will need to be put under
simple headings.
Single-stroke letters
With every size pen there will be an upper
and lower limit to the letter size it can
draw and still be legible and attractive.
Headings are also necessary for displays
op any health theme. As you can see
Jjow, headings can be made interesting
With this peA, no la.rger tkiftzi this,
as well as clear.
Always draw a line to keep your lettering
straight - unless you want it otherwise.
Fat felt-tip pens are the easiest medium
for hand lettered head i ngs.
EASY + BOLD
-ike.
weak
iviU look: '
If you want to use a narrow pen for large
letters, draw two lines instead.
WtAAll©£®
How to space letters
Do not try to leave equal distances
between the extremities of the letters like
this;
nor allow equal squares for each letter
like this;
flSWI
Instead leave equal areas between the
letters Ii ke this:
Some letters can be placed very close
together because they interlock.
At/Wn/LT^.OYO'Ya TeWo etc.
CAPITAL or small letters?
These are also called UPPER CASE (U/C) and
lower case (1/c).
For short headings of
one or two words, either is fine.
For
longer ones and sentences, a mixture of
both is most legible, rn
T”:
Took TOOK;'
Space between words
The space you should leave between words
should be approximately the width of a
small letter 'c' of the size alphabet you
are using.
If you want to make the lines
the same length, you can change the spaces
between the words.
. = onesiemaking»displays
can»be»great«fun
making»»displays
can»be»great»fun
Don't change them too much, or they will
look full of gaps.
Shape of letters
Maintain oblong proportions for the most
legible lettering.
AB. CT
You can of course extend or condense your
letters for fun, especially if the subject
matter lends itself.
©r Normal
Oftedra]; ■SATHED/?AL;
Words have a distinctive shape when
capitals and small letters are used
together. They don't when only capitals
are used.
HILLBILLY COFFEE
hillbilly
coffee
OBESITY slimming
Q®©(T Hit
When tilting letters
tilt up not down
and s imi1 ar 1y when arching words.
Ang1es
Upright lettering is most legible.
E
R
T
•
c
A
Lettering is difficult to read and so I s
■ .o'
R\ > Wax.
Itsianting letters should only be used
X
occasionally to imply movement.
difficult to read and write.
;
How to s-er Hr ffisT'.
Ty.\S \s
to 'jicL'ob
They are
x> o
c«,o2x?'.
•|0^^
slit! mm® w tefl®
Because there are only a few words to
produce, headings are the ideal place to
experiment with your lettering.
1.
With your felt tip pen just letter
boldly and quickly.
Fill in the centres with patterns, crayons,
colours...
2.
Childish handwriting may often be
effective for a message about children.
Write with your left hand if you're right
handed (and vice versa).
PC /V /pMg
a
Hand drawn lettering can be decorated
to make it say even more than the word
does.
* Letters wi th
things added
or taken away
R
4.
Cut-lettering can tie in with the
decorative ideas above - for you can cut
your letters out of a relevant picture or
packet.
CANCER
TUBERCULOSIS
i
rs x s.... < w'
s
sr .Ai
WHOLCGRAIN
5.
Cut-lettering can also be made out of
coloured magazines, newspaper, wrapping
papers.
^Pictures m
i nto words
, with width .
's-a’-is
1980 edition
* Letters drawn to
imply something
* Words made
into pictures
THE
bIRTHX
CONTROLS
ARTHRITIS
GRIPPED
ch fu« signs of
j shoes
nes and
>s will
leel an
front.
3 VVhei
ek of P
mistak'
has mao.
ip to replace the s
■<epend on
good way to make neat letters
for headings is using the sheet
Qi
of letters in this booklet.
(Appendix E)
Do not cut out these letters.
Use them to
trace from.
The traced letters can then
be transferred onto self-adhesive paper or
plastic such as "Fablon11 and cut out.
They will then be easy to fix to your
board.
Letters cut from paper work
equally well, but you will have to glue
these.
Action-
When you cut out the letters, don't worry
about it being perfect.
Using this method,
the guidelines will all be on the back.
To cut a letter out of self-adhesive
plastic or paper:
trace letter from
typesheet
2. turn over
tracing and
trace through so
it's in reverse
lay reversed
letter on carbon
paper and then on
the back of the
Fablon.
if. draw over the
reversed letter
aga i n
) EFDEFAciAaB b
Always draw a base line for the letters to
rest on.
Large stencils with each letter
on an individual sheet can be filled in
with paint.
Ones in strips are difficult
because the paint runs into the next letter.
Instead of using a paintbrush to fill them
in you can very quickly make one of these
paint dabbing gadgets.
doth
cut out letter
6. peel off backing
with sharp sc i ssors
and turn over!
or a sea 1pe1.
-cadi
blacK-
You dip this into the paint and dab over
the stencil, building up the colour.
You
can also use an old toothbrush filled with
paint and flicked with your finger.
6. A variety of inexpensive stencils can
be bought and are good for short headings.
They take too long for long headings or
text.
Felt-tip pens are easiest to fill
them in with.
There is no need to pencil
them first, use them immediately with the
pen.
You need not colour them in
completely, try zig-zag shading.
Cut stencils - you can cut your own
stenc i1s if you want to repeat a word
several times.
Either draw the letters or
trace them from the typesheet enclosed onto
card.
Cut out, leaving bridges across the
You can colour
centres of the o's etc.
You need not
over these afterwards.
colour them in completely, try zig-zag
shading before you lift up the stencil.
ft
7. It is not necessary for anyone to buy
instant lettering, which is difficult to
use, slow and very expensive.
However,
the makers of instant lettering do produce
large catalogues with examples of all the
typefaces they stock.
If you can buy a
catalogue it will be a source of
inspiration to you.
You can also eas i1y
trace from the complete alphabets shown and
then enlarge your words on a photocopier
(Appendix A) and colour them in.The letter
lines will become attractively chunky when
enlarged.
The headings in this booklet
have been traced from a catalogue.
£
123456^o
Another source of inspiration is the
library, where books of copyright-free
alphabets from many different historical
periods can be found.
These are mostly
produced by Dover, New York Ltd.
Ask for
books of decorative lettering.
o
aaj T
iBCDE
not been laid out.
The notices have
accumulated in a haphazard way.
We all
know the sort of thing, notices layers
thick, overlapping or hanging off the edge!
A few guidelines can be followed to avoid a
scruffy board.
should be no need to completely rearrange
it each time a new notice arrives.
There
will either be space vacant for it or you
can be ruthless and take an old notice
down.
Better this than putting a new one
on top of another.
Try to organise some system for displaying
new notices - for example establish a
collecting point for new notices and
organise a rota for doing the noticeboards
and displays in the building.
If the margins are too big the notices will
look unrelated, and the background may look
more important.
<
Rule: Make sure no space between the
notices exceeds half the width of the
smal1est not i ce.
.Cons i der:
Outer margins
Always leave a margin, even if very narrow,
all the way around the edge of the board.
Never have notices touching or overhang i ng
the edge.
Inner margins-------M^<e these quite narrow, and have as many
W possible the same width,
Ordering notices in series
You can arrange your notices in an order
that people are likely to read them in;
normal
<>
Tilting not i ces
They have been designed to be read
horizontally.
Difficult to read notices
are annoying.
BEWARE OV
Centreing notices
If you put a notice in the middle of a
display, at the top, it will be the most
important.
Unless you want this, arrange
your notices to the right side or left
side against the margin and have a space
on the other side, not a small space on
both.
teaigil Mgta*
Posters are usually quickly read and are
ideally suited to corridors (page 3).
Group posters whenever poss i bl e into
subjects or styles.
Align the top or
bottom edges or imagine an invisible
border to place them within.
TOP
centred
to the left
to the right
BEWARE of
Symmetrical layout
A too carefully symmetrical layout is
boring.
________________
BOTTObA
□nn°D
BEWARE of
■
Filling up spare space
If you try to keep all of the inner
margins narrow and of the same sort of
width, you might find you have a large
space left over.
Don't spread your
notices out to fill it.
Leave it empty,
ready for new notices; put a poster in the
gap, or perhaps an attractive picture. The
tight neat group will have maximum impact
If your posters are dull or of a similar
colour to the wall, mount them on paper,
leaving only a narrow margin of colour
showing; or mount two together if they are
related.
Alternatively, why not decorate
them yourself with felt-tip pens?
.
•
To begin with you will have to decide on a
theme for a display, and a location.
• Waiting rooms are best.
Collect all the
leaflets, posters, magazine articles and
pictures you can on the subject.
Next try
to write out and plan your display so that
you know clearly what you want to say.
Try
? to split it up into short sections under
: headings.
t
From the material you've got you may have a
variety of different approaches, such as
fcffl ft «tte WRftK
If you want to use illustrations from the
printed material you have, but need them
larger or smaller, you can enlarge or
reduce them by:
using a photocopier (see Appendix A),
drawing it larger or smaller freehand,
in an exaggeratedly childish style
perhaps,
3. the squares method:
• if the original
image cannot be
damaged -
Trace the
original picture
onto greaseproof
paper, and then
treat as an
original that
can be damaged.
factual, opinions, humorous or serious.
You will have to choose which ones you want
for your display.
Next decide what kind of images you want in
your display and check if any can be used
from the materials you have.
Home made
things on it can make it more eye-catching
and therefore effective.
Hang corn-dollies
on a wholemeal bread display, toothbrushes
on a dental display, food packets on a diet
display, and so on.
pWM
O If the original image
can be damaged Cut out the picture
and cut a similar
shaped piece of
paper to the size you
want the finished
image to be.
Fold each an equal
number of times
(at least 3).
Copy the image square
by square.
Finally transfer the
image onto whatever
you want by scribbling
on the back wi th a
penc iI, by us i ng a
carbon paper or
tracing through, (see
techn iques append i x &),
(far
a/r^lSfe) I
* draw with felt tips, wax crayons etc.,
in a childish style .. stick men and
so on.
If you need to create new images
for the display, the following suggestions
are quick, cheap, easy and fun.
* cut out silhouettes from magazines,
newspapers, coloured paper - try paper
chain images.
mta
sBio
* cut a stencil of an object and fill in
with paint, felt tips, splashed paints,
sponge etc. and repeat the image many
t imes.
b
* potato-cut or felt-shape printing
Draw a simple shape onto a
pi ctures:
potato or some felt with a felt tip pen.
Then cut your potato to leave the image
to be printed raised.
Cut the rest
away.
For the felt shape printing, cut
your image out of sewing felt or spongy
kitchen cloths and glue onto a piece of
wood or matchbox.
For both sorts of printing, apply the
paint thickly (any children's paintbox
will do) with a brush.
Don't dip the
shape into the paint.
:*
* use copyright-free picture books wh i ch
can be found in main libraries.
They
are mostly produced by Dover, New York
Ltd.
Enlarge the etchings and wood
cuts on an enlarging photocopier.
They
are usually in black and white and easy
to photocopy.
To add colour, tint them
yourself with paint or coloured crayons,
or photocopy onto coloured paper.
(see
Appendix A).
Ask the librarian for
books of engravings.
WB »■
For text draw guidelines as shown below
allow for this line
but it is not used
Small letters are 2/3rds height of capital
1etters.
There are two kinds of lettering on a
display
- large lettering for headings,
- smaller lettering for text.
When you have written a line or two, using
five guidelines, you can then drop down to
three guidelines.
You can do this because
so few letters fall below the fourth line.
wThe ideas mentioned in the previous section
on lettering for headings (pages 6-11) on
notice boards can be used for displays on a
: theme - especially some of the decorated
; lettering.
2. By typewriter and photocopier
Lettering for text, however,
d ifferent.
is completely
Since the heading catches the eye of the
audience, the text has only to follow up
with the details.
The text must be
sufficiently large to be read by the
ee
aud ience.
Do test this by asking someone who hasn't
seen some examples before to sit down and
jj^ry to read them.
You can type out your text on an ordinary
typewriter in whatever width column you
choose. Then repeatedly enlarge what
you've typed on a photocopier to a legible
size.
(Append ix A.)
“fofOf
There are two ways to produce text
letter!ng:
The
lettering will be
spindly if done with a ball-point pen,
This
try to use a thick felt-tip pen.
will be clearer.
When doing text, write
the letters as clearly as you can.
If
you try to write in a too different style
it will take much longer and be tiresome.
You will have to experiment with your own
lettering and decide what space between the
lines doesn't leave the text looking full
of gaps or crushed.
These lines
are spread
Out.
These, lines
are crushed
together
These lines
are clearly
spaced.
Mw It
Text with gocd colour contrast (where the
letters stand out against the background)
is more legible than where the letters and
background are of a similar tone.
In a very bright setting black letters on
cream cuts down the glare.
The most clashing colours are the
complementary colours which are opposite
to each other on a colour circle. They
can make a heading very striking.
Red
The most legible lettering colours,
especially for text are:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
blue
Black letters on white
Navy letters on white
Yellow letters on black
Dark green letters on white
i®tf rtgiDi
You must organise your material in the
order you want people to read it:
introduction - details - conclusion
and/or action to be taken.
Your display may be on a board or you can
put up several large sheets of paper on a
wall to unify the display. Many of the
points about layout within a notice board
(pages 11-13) apply also to arranging your
material on a theme within the confines of
your board or sheets of paper.
Purple
□el low)
Green
IMPACT
In a display on a single theme, impat is
important.
Some parts of your display
should be emphasised, while other parts
are given less prominence.
Too many similar items of a uniform size
are confusing and boring.
£
contk^P
mcUce. some things
large,
cU'spkxxy and
a-KnarS srvncul I.
variations in colour and scale are yo
, ur
means of giving appropriate weight to t^e
different parts of the display.
Most photocopiers produce copies the some
size as the original. Many printing/
copying shops and some offices now have
photocopieis that enlarge or reduce.
They usually enlarge or reduce in one
stage from one 'A' size down to the next;
reduced to A5, A^ enlarged to A3You
can occasionally find a photocopier that
does not go from an 'A' size to another
'A' size, some work by percentages - ask
them for deta i1s.
Therefore, on many photocopiers you can
enlarge or reduce an image again and
again until it is much bigger or smaller.
Always squeeze as many things as you can
on the original piece of paper so as to
get more done for your money.
Do shop
around for copying as prices vary
enormous Iy.
Very few photocopiers enlarge above A3Any places that do, may charge far more
than the price for doing each naif of an
image up to A3 then joining them
together.
Many printing shops can photocopy onto
differently coloured sheets of paper: so
a black on white poster can become black
on green and so on.
There are four simple methods of
transferring an image. Methods 1-3 damage
the original.
This can be avoided by
tracing the image first on greaseproof
paper and then following the instructions
using the traced image as an original.
The fourth method can only be used if your
paper with the original Image on it can be
fixed to a window to let the light through
The paper on which you want the image must
be light in colour. When you can use this
method, it is the quickest.
1.
Scribbling on the back
Scribble over the back of the image that
you want to transfer with a pencil (HB or
softer).
Turn it over and lay it onto the
paper on which you want the image. Draw
over the outline of your image with a biro,
press i ng ha rd.
2.
Carbon paper
Lay the original (image up) on a sheet of
carbon (ink side dewn) and lay these on the
paper on which you want the image.
Draw
over the outline of your image with a biro,
pressing hard.
3
Pressing hard with a biro
Lay the original (image up) on the paper on
which you want the image.
Lay these on a
magazine or pile of papers and draw over the
outline of the image with a biro pressing
as hard as possible.
k. T rac i ng
If the paper on which you want the image is
fairly thin and light in colour you can tape
the original onj.o a window in daylight and
put your paper over it.
Trace the image
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2. Window mount
cut out
original
to be
mounted
s1ightly
larger than
wanted.
Take a piece of
background paper
and cut the hole
the size you want
the original to be.
Turn paper and
original over. Place
original so the
right piece shows
through on other
side and tape
across the back
to hold in place.
3.
I. Rubber cement. The advantage of rubber
cement is that it will not leave i'.'ic paper
wrinkled or creased.
It is fast drying and
econom ica I .
Apply rubber cement to either one or both
surfaces (use a piece of thick card as a
spreader).
If you apply it to one it can
be repositioned, but it will be sticky to
handle.
If you apply a thin coating to
both surfaces and let them dry for a few
seconds, they can still be repositioned,
and yet not messy. Wipe up any remaining
dried glue with a plastic rubber.
2. Paper glues.
These are sometimes
useful, especially for small jobs, but they
tend to be watery and leave the paper
wrinkled and creased.
3. Stick glue.
This glue is ideal for small
and easy to use but is very
Adhesive tape
Clear adhesive tape is unsightly when it
can be seen.
However, there are two
methods of mounting where the tape is'
hidden.
1 . Sticky parcels
de
roll tape backwardsfold over the ends
at an angle and
to make a completely
stick it to itself.
sticky parcel.
Use like a blob of blu-tak.
Double-sided tape.
This tape is sticky
on both sides, easy to use, but very
expens i ve.
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This guide has been written for those health workers and anyone else who, on
top of being specialists, managers, psychologists and counsellors, are also
called upon to show artistic and design talents.
It is for all those who
have noticeboards to arrange, posters and leaflets to put up or a display to
do - with only limited money, time and skills.
The guide, which is full of simple, cheap and effective ways of achieving the
best results, developed out of a series of courses run by the Health Education
Service in Avon. 'From the research done before and the feedback during the
courses, the tutor and author of this book, Sarah Siddall, has taken into
account the needs and limitations of health staff and suggests many ways of
overcoming the difficulties.
The guide is full of illustrations and the design and artwork-are done in such
a way as to reinforce and demonstrate the messages given.
Written and illustrated by
Sarah Siddall (B.A. Hons. Graphic Design).
produced and published by
Cecilia Platts, Health Education Officer
in conjunction with
the Health Education Service, Avon,
Room A8, Central Health Clinic, Tower Hill, Bristol BS2 OJD.
©
Sarah Siddall S Cecilia Platts 1982.
Position: 1798 (3 views)