RF_CH_8.3_SUDHA.pdf
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Illustration: An evicted child from Gautampuri slum. New Delhi.
'Halt! You cannot Bulldoze Our Houses!'
Understanding our
RIGHT TO ADEQUATE
^HOUSING in SOUTH ASIA
' THROUGH
• Our Voices and Perceptions
• Work Of Organizations In The Region
• International Legal Basis
SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL PROGRAMME
HOUSING AND LAND RIGHTS NETWORK
HABITAT INTERNATIONAL COALITION
Source: "Children's Declaration on Housing Rights" as adopted by the children of Nepal and Bhutan at a Workshop in February 2002, Jhapa, Nepal
i 2. We will have access to good
I health care and safe drinking water
I in our homes and in our communiI ties.
3. We will have nutritious food for
our proper growth and develop
ment.
4. We will have good waste disposal
systems in our communities so our
streets will not stink.
We must learn as much as we can about
our rights and how to secure them.
r
We have to be active in collecting and
sharing information on our housing
situation.
t
-.4 street child in Mumbai, India.
"We do not want an education that takes
us away from our parents and our
culture."
Si! IlflU
We must organize ourselves into gro
in different ways and share our dret
ideas, information, suggestionsana
F
t
-nunvesafe and sanitary
8. We will have s
we
%
7. We can live, learn and play
SfflSfiSR
- Sri Lankan children who were i.cpu rated from theirfamilies
in war-lorn Jaffna to attend schools Colombo at die oilier
end of the country for the sake of/idpiline the right to
5 We should nave
learning facilities near our homes.
education.
at home
and on the
| streets withI out being
| harassed
or harmed. .jQr
designing our homes, neighbourhocc
o
©
t
6
Li C'
in We will be able to proy to our
Sds“peooo""<i harmony and
expressing their da-sirt to In repatriated to Bhutan and seeking
9. We will h,aveQ,C^andother
11. We will not be ev
homes. If unavoidablew
be notified, consulted and
Respect each others religions.
play9r^2rQitionevenifweare
Nepalese citizens."
12. As refugee chi Idren'°ur
xx^&ed..
)d
given complete
resettlement.
/£
forms
physically
challenged.
CM
We have to actively build on our capaci r
skills and knowledge.
Youth leadership is crucial to repre ■
our voices and concerns in different
forms like panchayats and municipal! ■
This is how we can collectively voice..
opinions.
We should make sure that our voices'.
heard so that our housing and other
economic, social and cultural rights ar
not violated.
We must be able to talk freely to our pc= •
ents, NGOs and other caring adults who
are working for our housing rights abc^
our hopes and concerns.
3
<j ;
t
of housing rights reacted to the Bhutan childrens desire to be
repatriated in a joint workshop in Kathmandu.
t
6
t
- A child evictedfrom a slum settlement in Islamabad,
Pakistan.
CXJ
■3
co
- A girlfrom a squatter settlement in Nepal suffering from lack
"At the time of evictions, we children try
to save our things. I tried to save my
school bag. We were unable to go to
school. At least 6 to 7 days of school
were lost."
3
t
6
wrote to the UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing
"We are refugees in our own land being
£
t
- Bhutanese children living at ■i.fugcs < amps in eastern Nepal
help tn regain their land and housing rights.
We should get involved in planning
_ o;< “
bathrooms in o.
"We are not hepp- .' :• stay ir< the refugee
camps where our bnsic rights like our
social, economic and c i b :ra! rights as
children are not iWfmHitt and we are
very worried with our uncertain future.
We want your heip."
cerns.
6
"The human right to Ad
13.OUrporents»«9“W”°rknOT
our homes
and hence
will have
more time
and energy
equate Housing is t e t'9
„f every woman, man. youth
and chikt to gain and sustain
, asecu ehom’eand community
&to live in peace and
“3
CO
for us.
U
I dignity."
I Proposed by UN Special Rapporteur
1 on the Right to Adequate Housing.
6 I Mr. Miloon Kothari.
t
Illustrations'- Bindia Thaoar 2002
"Living in the streets, working everyday
Whatever we earn is taken away by the
police. Neither do we have a home, nor do
we have a bed.
All that we have is the earth and the
sky..."
1. We will have proper houses
with light and ventilation,
privacy and space for play.
T“HE INTERNATIONAL LE<5AL resources on
CHILDREN AND HOUSING RlCHTS
AllI governments of the world, except the United States of America
and Somaba have ratified the CRC - Convention on the Rights of the
Child. CRC reinforces the principles for every child to survival, devel
opment and protection-providing a holistic basis for the child's right
to adequate housing. However, there are other very relevant human
rights instruments, legal resources and international commitments.
Some of these are:
<hiversal declaration on Human Rights (1948) - Article 25
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- Articles 10.1 and 11.1
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- General Comments Nos. 4 and 7
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
discrimination Against Women (1979) - Article 14.2
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial discrimination (1965) - Article 5(e)
declaration on the Right to development(1986) - Article 8(1)
declaration on Social Progress and development (1969) - Part II,
Article 10
:tanbul declaration on Human Settlements(1996) - Paragraphs
xl5
Habitat Agenda (1996)- Paragraphs 3,27,39,40,46
United Nations Conference on Environment and development (1996)
- Agenda 21
Smirce: "Children and the Right to Adequate Housing"-A guide to International Legal Resources
by Habitat International Coalition and HAQ: Centre for Child Rights. 2002.
Message from the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate
Housing - Miloon Kothari:
c are faced today with a global reality where poverty and human rights violations
particularly of economic, social and cultural rights, arc increasing. In such a context
the clear, intuitive and persistent voices of children struggling fortheir rights is a reminder t<
us all to spare no efforts in designing a world where children can enjoy a secure place to live
learn and grow into healthy and happy individuals. The remarkable efforts of children it
South Asia mobilizing for their housing rights is a testimony to the relevance of their voice:
and ideas. It is critically important tor all to put into practice the principles and provisions o
the CRC and other international human rights instruments including policies that are in th<
•best interests of die child’, respect the ‘indivisibility of human rights’, ensure the utilisatioi
of the ‘maximum available resources’ and that, most importantly, take into account the view
W
of children in all matters impacting upon their lives.
THE PERCEPTIONS Or THE CHILDREN OE Tflt EVICTED
SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF GAUTAMPURI, NEW DELHI
Our families had to pay Rs.7000 for
resettlement plots in Bhalaswa
Wewere dumped in Bhalaswawithoutany
basic services-water, sanitation or even
plot allocation or security of tenure.
We took loans and built basic shelters with
temporary materials. So when the wind
blows hard and it rains-we have to hold on
to our houses or else they fly away.
We did not have any schools in Bhalaswa and were not ready to give up our educa
tion. So we met different political leaders including the Chief Minister of Delhi
demanding our education rights.
Illustrations: Evicted children of Guutampuri slum. Source: Ankur. New Delhi, India
-7^-This document has been prepared by:
Habitat International Coalition
- Housing and Land Rights Network
South Asia Regional Programme Team: Shivani Bhardwaj &
Sudeshna Chatterjee in collaboration with Lalitha lyer& Alpa Vora
C12. Niz.amuddin East, New Delhi-110013 India, email: hichrc@ndf.vsnl.net .in
This publication has been supported by
Plan International (India Chapter)
j
C 0/6 Safdarjung Development Area New Delhi-110016 India
email: piic@plim-interaational.org
Illustrations: BindiaThapar (unless otherwise mentioned)
Design: Sudeshna Chattetjee Production: WordSinithy
Pion
Be a part of it
A. Campaigns on Housing Rights
started in different countries in
South Asia in the late 80’s.
B. As a result, organizations
working with children in
South Asia actively focused
on children’s housing rights.
D. This work has led to the
documentation of children's
voices and perceptions such
as in the alternate India re&rt to the CRC committee in
1998. The committee made
very poignant concluding ob
servations on Children and
Housing in India and is begin
ning to focus more on these
issues for the other South
Asian countries.
C. Children demanded their right
to a secure home, food and water,
better education, health facilities,
sanitation, basic civic amenities
for play and recreation.
F. The process of regional ex
changes amongst children from
Afferent communities and na
tions have begun in parts of
South Asia and their voices are
being reached to the relevant
authorities.
The refugee children ofBhutan,
Street children and tribal chil
dren facing displacement by
damsfrom India, squatter settle G. Children from these nations
ment children from Nepal, chil are meeting at UNGASS in New
dren ravaged by war in Sri York in May 2002 to voice their
Lanka, today, are getting to know concerns about securing Hous
about each other’s dreams of ing Rights and also share and
rights to safe and secure hous gain from the experiences
children in other nations.
ing and living environment.
11
s
Illustration: Sudeshna Chatterjee 2002
E. The Indian experience of this alternate report was shared with
children in some South Asian countries (Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bang
ladesh) at a regional workshop in Nepal.The Declaration that
emerged from this workshop is now guiding efforts on children’s
housing rights across South Asia.
The evicted children of Gautampuri compelled the government to give
them their education rights - a New Delhi success story of children’s
advocacy on their housing and related rights.
When the dwellers of the squatter set
tlement of Gautampuri in New Delhi
were evicted without any proper re
settlement offer and proper notice,
the children empowered by the field
workers of Ankur put pressure on
political leaders, got media attention
and filed a court case.
This resulted in their getting ad
mitted to schools near the reset
tlement area, getting a plot allocated for a school, upgradation of a middle
school to a high school and securing state transport.
Empowered by the experience, the children continue their struggle to gain other
aspects of their housing rights - security of tenure, potable water, affordable l£is.
Children who lived on railway platforms participated in planning and de
signing their own village- Karam Gaon in Faridabad, India
Karam Marg - the NGO responsible for the project, envis
aged this village as a self-sufficient community. The children
completely generate their own income and participate in all
decision making. This complex has their residential quarters,
workshops for metal work, carpentry, pottery, paper products.
The children collaborated with architects, designers and artists
in a year long workshop to convert their perceptions of an ideal
housing and living environment into a plan for the complex.
Children’s Charter of Demands,
Mumbai, 2002.
. Every child must have rightful access
teahouse,from whereshe/hewill not
have to fear anybody evicting her/him,
irrespective of where she/he lives streets, pavements or slums.
. Our homes should have enough space
for all the family members to sit and
sleep comfortably.
• Our homes must have provision for
toilets, water supply and a place to
cook food.
• There should be some place around our
houses where we can plant trees, go
for walks and play.
• Government should provide street
children with group homes and employ
ment and shelter for small children
that will take care of their needs.
On 23rd February 2002, YUVa or
ganized the Rang Tarang Bal
Adhikar Mela where children
drafted their charter of demands
on four main issues - Education,
Housing, Basic Services and
Child Friendly Cities.
YUVA has been involved in provid
ing direct concrete services to realize
children’s housing rights by providing
shelters for street children, experi
menting with new forms of shelter
management by street children and
running open schools for children who
live on pavements. They actively in
volve the community in this work.
They coordinated the alternate India
report-C/iz7d in Search of the Stateto inform the Committee on the Rights
of the Child on the need to focus on
children’s housing rights in India.
Children in Nepal are actively participating in
activities for securing their Housing Rights. On
International Children’s Day Lumanti, an NGO
working in slums, organized a cycle rally lor the
children to meet with and submit a letter to the
Prime Minister demanding free primary educa
tion and right to secure housing for children.
Children became aware of the international legal
basis of their housing rights at a Kathmandu work
shop in November 2001 organized by CWIN.
They learnt from the exchange between organi
zations in India and Nepal working on children’s
housing rights.
One child leader from the cycle rally got invited by
the department of housing to present the case of
children’s housing rights. This sensitization led the
mavor to take positive steps on eviction issues.
Trefchildren on their own visited and shared knowledge of the right to adequate
housing with other children who are facing eviction threats. This interaction led the
community leaders to request the authorities to delay the eviction process till the
school vacations. The government responded positively and the evictions were
postponed.
A second workshop in February 2002 at Jhapa brought together children from the
streets and squatter settlements across Nepal including Bhutanese refugee chil
dren living in the UNHCR camps in Jhapa. The learnings from this were shared
with parents who negotiated with authorities and obtained rental homes while waiting
for the allocation of secure housing. This was a historic process where children
inspired NGO and government intervention in housing.
In Sri Lanka, more than 270,000 children have been displaced
by armed conflict since the early 80’s. Zones of peace-a physica^wace that both the LTTE and the Army pledged to treat
asWarea safe for children and their communities- resulted in
the campaign for creating a war free zone. This campaign
succeeded for some time, till violence took over.
An overwhelming majority of Children want peace. There
fore zones of peace are relevant not just for Sri Lanka but
for all war torn areas where children are not only harmed but
also used for armed conflict. The main solutions identified by
the Sri Lankan Children’s Parliament are to:
Ensure access to quality education
Provide economic relief and assistance
■
Protect children from abuse and stop discrimination
Ensure care and protection for children
Stop war and help people affected by conflict
Provide employment and vocational training opportunities.
Plan International had developed work to integrate children’s perceptions while
designing housing and habitat programs and linking them to education and health
concerns. There needs to be a much stronger recognition and representation of
children s aspirations on rehabilitation and repatriation issues today. Clearly, chal
lenges of developing work on housing rights for Sri Lankan children are still to be
taken up by all relevant actors.The children of Sri Lanka can, once again inspire
necessary action.
Over 100.000 Bhutanese of Nepali
origin live in United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees moni
tored camps in Jhapa, Nepal and
an estimated 20.000 live elsewhere
in Nepal and India. 45% of this
population is childen.
According to the results of a fact
finding mission by Habitat Inter
national Coalition to south Bhu
tan. northern Bhutanese are being resettled in the lands belonging to the refugees.
Both adults and children at the refugee camps want to go back to the land from
where they were evicted for regaining their housing rights and other human rights.
The children are contributing to the advocacy effort for dignified repatria
tion. They wrote to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate
Housing, the Chairperson of the Committee on the Rights of the Child
and the Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights in Ga^va
requesting them to ensure their repatriation to Bhutan and to discu^^he
land and housing rights issues with the government of Bhutan which had
ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Jad Davenport (WHO)
They took the message to the Housing Rights Workshop at Jhapa organized by
AHURA Bhutan in February 2002. The workshop encouraged the participating
children from Nepal and Bhutan to express their views on their right to adequate
housing. Their expressions were recorded in the form of a declaration that
these children are using to struggle for regaining their housing rights.
Such declarations are now being used by children across South Asia to express
their demands for housing and land rights.
Government of Bangladesh has
several rural poverty alleviation
programmes that are desiggfcl to
lower the rate of distress migra
tion to cities. However formal ef
forts at linking housing rights to land
rights need to be actively en
hanced to reduce inequality of land
and property ownership. 70% of
the land in Dhaka is privately
owned. The vast population of urban poor have no proof of residence.
58,296 children were evicted in Dhaka in 2000 without any protection or resettle
ment. Children need to organize themselves to develop their housing rights.
During a survey by UBLNIG. children of unskilled labourers living in Dhaka slumsJhilerpar and MCC Camp, expressed their desire for improved living condi
tions and proper education for a better future.
25 of the children in the age group of 7-12 years from these slums went to their native
villages during vacations and 9 of them did not return. They chose to remain in their
rural environment with their extended families and among abundance of fruit trees.
The children of the surveyed Dhaka slums have realized that their future
will not improve without their active participation. They have realized that
it is important to learn from the children’s advocacy work on housing and
land rights that is already taking place in other South Asian countries.
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Factors contributing for IMR
Biological
Birth weight, age of the mother, order of birth, interval between births, multiple births,
family size, high fertility.
Economic
Social anu cultural
Breast feeding, religion, illiteracy, ignorance, sex of the baby, broken family, illegitimacy,
brutal habits and customs, indigenous dai, lack of trained personnel, bad environmental
sanitation.
Causes of INFANT MORTALITY.
1. Immaturity
2. Birth injury and difficult labour
3. Congenital anomalies
4. Haemolytic diseases of new bom
5. Enteritis and other diarrhoeal diseases
6. Respiratory tract injection
7. Communicable diseases
8. Malnutrition
9. Accidents
10. Adverse environmental health hazards.
Preventive measures -
Efficient MCH services
Nutrition - pre-natal
Immunization
Growth monitoring
Breast feeding
Improvement of standard of living
Health education.
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
Article 24
1.
States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of
health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right
of access to such health care services.
2.
States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right, and in particular, shall take
appropriate measures:
a)
To diminish infant and child mortality;
b)
To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all
children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;
c)
To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary
health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and
through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water, taking
into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;
d)
To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;
e)
To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are
informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic
knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breast-feeding, hygiene
and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;
f)
To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning
education and services.
3.
States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to
abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.
4.
States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a
view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the
present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of
developing countries.
ANTENATAL CARE
OBJECTIVES
1. To promote, protect and maintain the health of the mother
during pregnancy;
2. To Jetect “high risk” cases and give them special attention;
3. To foresee complications and prevent them;
4. To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery;
5. To reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity;
6. To teach the mother elements of child care, nutrition, personal
hygiene arid environmental sanitation;
7. To sensitise the mother to the need for family planning
including advice to cases seeking medical termination of
pregnancy; and
8. To attend to the under-fives accompanying the mother.
POSTNATAL CARE
Care of the Mother
1. To prevent complications of the postpartal period;
2. To provide care for the rapid restoration of the nnther to
optimum health;
3. To check adequacy of breast feeding;
4. To provide family planning services;
5. To provide basic health education to mother/family.
SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE
Some Aspects of a school heaflth service are as follows:
1. health appraisal of school children and school personnel
2. Remedial measures and follow-up
3. Prevention of communicable diseases
4. Healthful school environment
5. Nutritional services
6. First aid and emergency care
7. Mental health
8. Dental health
9. Eye health
lO.Health education
11.Education of handicapped children
Proper
12.
maintenance and use of health records.
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS
The behaviour problems in children may be classified as below:
Problems Antisocial in Nature : Stealing, lying, gambling, cruelty,
sexual offenses, destructiveness.
Habit disorders : Thumb sucking, nail biting, bed-wetting,
masturbation.
Personality Disorders : Jealousy, temper-tantrums, timidity,
shyness, day-dreaming, fears and anxieties, unsociability,
hysterical manifestations.
Psychosomatic Complaints : Tremors,
depression, delusion, hallucinations.
headache,
asthma,
Educational Difficulties : Backwardness in studies, school phobia,
school failures, etc.
‘THE CONSTITUTION OF *INDIA
The State shall, in paricular, direct its policy towards securing:
(.) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age
of children are not abused and the citizens are not forced by economic necessity
to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;
(..) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy
manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and childhood and youth are
protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.
- Excerpt from Article 39,
Directive Prinicples of State Policy
The Government of
India acceded to
this convention on
11 December, 1992
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OFTHE CHILD
Adopted by the General Assembly of the
United Nations on 20 November 1989
PREAMBLE
The States Parties to the present Convention,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of
the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable
rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and
peace in the world,
Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed
their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human
person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of
life in larger freedom,
Recognising that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed
that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,
Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has
proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,
Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural
environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly
children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it
can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,
Recognising that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her
personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness,
love and understanding,
Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in
society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the
United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom,
equality and solidarity,
Bearing in mind that the need to extend particular care to the child has been stated
in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and in the Declaration
of the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1959
and recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (in particular in articles 23 and 24), in the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights (in particular in
article 10) and in the statutes and relevant instruments of specialized agencies
and international organizations concerned with welfare of children.
Bearing in mind that, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, “the
child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards
and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth”,
Recalling the provisions of the Declaration on Social and Legal Principles relating
to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster
Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally; the United Nations Standard
Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules); and
the Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed
Conflict,
Recognising that, in all countries in the world, there are children living in exceptionally
difficult conditions, and that such children need special consideration, Taking due
account of the importance of the traditions and cultural values of each people for
the protection and harmonious development of the child.
Recognising the importance of international co-operation for improving the living
conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries,
Have agreed as follows:
Part I
Article 1
For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being
below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is
attained earlier.
Article 2
1.
States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present
Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any
kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race
colour, sex, language, religion political or other opinion, national, ethnic or
social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.
2.
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is
protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the
status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal
guardians, or family members.
Article 3
1.
In all action concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private
social welfare institutions, courts of law. administrative authorities or legislative
bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
2.
States Parties undertake to ensure the child such protection and care as is
necessary for his or her well-being, taking into account the rights and duties
of his or her parents, legal guardians, or other individuals legally responsible
for him or her, and to this end, shall take all appropriate legislative and
administrative measures.
3.
States Parties shall ensure that the institutions, services and facilities
responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the
standards established by competent authorities, particularly in the areas of
safety, health, in the number and suitability of their staff as well as competent
supervision.
Article 4
States Parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other
measures for the implementation of the rights recognised in the present Convention.
With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, States Parties shall undertake
such measures to the maximum extent of the their available resources and, where
needed, within the framework of international co-operation.
Article 5
States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where
applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local
custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in
a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and
guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognised in the present Convention.
Article 6
1.
2.
States parties recognise that every child has the inherent right to life.
States Parties shall ensure to the maximum extent possible the survival and
development of the child.
Article 7
1.
The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from
birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to
know and be cared for by his or her parents.
2.
States Parties shall ensure the implementation of these rights in accordance with their
national law and their obligations under the relevant international instruments in this field,
in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless.
Article 8
1.
States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity,
including nationality, name and family relations as recognised by law without unlawful
interference.
2.
Where a child is illegally deprived of some or all of the elements of his identity, States
Parties shall provide appropriate assistance and protection, with a view to speedily re
establishing his or her identity.
Article 9
1. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated fro his or her parents
against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine,
in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary
for the best interests of the child. Such determination may be necessary in a particular
case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the
parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child’s place of
residence.
2. In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 of the present article, all interested parties
shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views
known.
3.
States Parties shall respect the right of the child who is separated from one or
both parents to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents
on a regular basis except if it is contrary to the child's best interests.
4.
Where such separation results from any action initiated by a State Party, such
as the detention, imprisonment, exile, deportation or death (including death
arising from any cause while the person is in the custody of the State) of one
or both parents or of the child, that State Party shall, upon request, provide the
parents, the child or, if appropriate, another member of the family with the
essential information concerning the whereabouts of the absent member(s)
of the family unless the provision of the information would be detrimental to the
well-being of the child. States Parties shall further ensure that the submission
of such a request shall of itself entail no adverse consequences for the
person(s) concerned.
Article 10
1.
In accordance with the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1,
applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State Party
for the purpose of family re-unification shall be dealt with by States Parties in
a positive, humane and expeditious manner. States Parties shall further ensure
that the submission of such a request shall entail no adverse consequences
for the applicants and for the members of their family.
2.
A child whose parents reside in different States shall have the right to maintain
on a regular basis, save in exceptional circumsances, personal relations and
direct contacts with both parents. Towards that end and in accordance with
the obligation of States Parties under article 9, paragraph 1, States Parties
shall respect the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country,
including their own, and to enter their own country. The right to leave any
country shall be subject only to such restrictions as are prescribed by law
and which are necessary to protect the national security, public order (ordre
public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others and are
consistent with the other rights recognised in the present Convention.
Article 11
1. States Parties shall take measures to combat the illicit transfer and non-return
of children abroad.
2. To this end, States Parties shall promote the conlusion of bilateral or multilateral
agreements or accession to existing agreements.
Article 12
1.
States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her
own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the
child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the
age and maturity of the child.
2.
For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard
in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or
through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the
procedural rules of national law.
Article 13
1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include
freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless
of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form or art, or through any other
media of the child's choice.
2. The exercise of this right may be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only
be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a)
(b)
For respect of the rights or reputations of others; or
For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of
public health or morals.
Article 14
1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience
and religion.
2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable,
legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in
a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.
3.
Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations
as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health
or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
Article 15
1. States Parties recognise the rights of the child to freedom of association and to
freedoms of peaceful assembly.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of these rights other than those
imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary in a democratic
society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre
public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and
freedoms of others.
Article 16
1.
No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her
privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor, to unlawful attacks on his or her
honour and reputation.
The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or
attacks.
2.
Article 17
States Parties recognise the important function performed by the mass media and shall
ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national
and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social,
spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health. To this end States
Parties shall;
(a)
Encourage the mass media to disseminate information and material of social and
cultural benefit to the child and in accordance with the spirit of article 29;
(b)
Encourage international co-operation in the production, exchange and dissemination
of such information and material from a diversity of cultural, national and international
sources;
(c)
(d)
Encourage the production and dissemination of children’s books;
Encourage the mass media to have particular regard to the linguistic needs of the
child who belongs to a minority group or who is indigenous;
Encourage
(e)
the development of appropriate guidelines for the protection of the
child from information and material injurious to his or her well-being, bearing in mind
the provisions of articles 13 and 18.
Article 18
1. States Parties shall use their best efforts to ensure recognition of the principle that
both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of
the child. Parents or, as the case may be. legal guardians, have the primary
responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests
of the child will be their basic concern.
2. For the purpose of guaranteeing and promoting the rights set forth in the present
Convention, States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal
guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and shall ensure
the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.
3.
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working
parents have the right to benefit from child-care services and facilities for which
they are eligible.
Article 19
1.
States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and
educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental
violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation
including sexual abuse, while in the care of parents(s), legal guardian(s) or any
other person who has the care of the child.
2.
Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures
for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for
the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other
forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation,
treatment, and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described
heretofore, and. as appropriate, for judicial involvement.
Article 20
1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment,
or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment.
shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.
2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative
care for such a child.
3.
Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement, Kafala of Islamic Law,
adoption or if necessary, placement in suitable institutions for the care of
children. When considering solutions, due regard shall be paid to the desirability
of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child's ethnic, religious, cultural
and linguistic background.
Article 21
States Parties which recognise and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure
that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they
shall:
(a)
Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities
who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the
basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in
view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians
and that, if required, the persons concerned had given their informed consent
to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary;
(b)
Recognise that inter-country adoption may be considered as an alternative
means of child’s care, if the child cannot be placed in a foster or an adoptive
family or cannot in any suitable manner be cared for in the child's country of
origin;
(c)
Ensure that the child concerned by inter-country adoption enjoys safeguards
and standards equivalent to those existing in the case of national adoption;
(d)
Take all appropriate measures to ensure that, in inter-country adoption, the
placement does not result in improper financial gain for those involved in it;
(e)
Promote, where appropriate, the objectives of the present article by concluding
bilateral or multilateral arrangements or agreements, and endeavour, within
this framework, to ensure that the placement of the child in another country is
carried out by competent authorities or organs.
Article 22
1. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is
seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with
applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether
unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person,
receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment
of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international
human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties.
2. For this purpose. States Parties shall provide, as they consider appropriate
co-operation in any efforts by the United Nations and other competent inter
governmental organizations or non-governmental organizations co-operating
with the United Nations to protect and assist such a child and to trace the
parents or other members of the family of any refugee child in order to obtain
information necessary for reunification with his or her family. In cases where
no parents or other members of the family can be found, the child shall be
accorded the same protection as any other child permanently or temporarily
deprived of his or her family environment for any reason, as set forth in the
present Convention.
Article 23
1. States Parties recognise that a mentally or physically disabled child should
enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote selfreliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community.
2. States Parties recognise the right of the disabled child to special care and
shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to
the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for
which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and
to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child.
3.
Recognising the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in
accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of
charge, wherever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the
parents or others caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the
disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health
care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and
recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the
fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or
her cultural and spiritual development.
4.
States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international co-operation, the
exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and
of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including
dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation,
education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to
improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these
areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing
countries.
Article 24
1. States Parties recognise the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and
rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is
deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services.
2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall
take appropriate measures:
(a)
To diminish infant and child mortality;
To
(b)
ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to
all children with emphasis on the development of primary health care;
(c)
To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary
health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology
and
through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking
water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental
pollution;
(d)
To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;
(e)
To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are
informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic
knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breast-feeding,
hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;
(f)
To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning
education and services.
3.
States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to
abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.
4.
States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation
with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognised
in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the
needs of developing countries.
Article 25
States Parties recognise the right of a child who has been placed by the competent
authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or
mental health, to a periodic review of the treatment provided to the child and all other
circumstances relevant to his or her placement.
Article 26
States Parties shall recognise for every child the right to benefit from social
security, including social insurance, and shall take the necessary measures to
achieve the full realization of this right in accordance with their national law.
The
2.
benefits should, where appropriate, be granted, taking into account the
resources and the circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility
for the maintenance of the child, as well as any other consideration relevant
to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child.
Article 27
1. States Parties recognise the right of every child to a standard of living adequate
for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
2. The parents(s) or others responsible for the child have the primary responsibility
to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities, the conditions of living
necessary for the child’s development.
3.
States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means,
shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for
the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material
assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition.
clothing and housing.
4.
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to secure the recovery of
maintenance for the child from the parents or other persons having financial
responsibility for the child, both within the State Party and from abroad. In
particular, where the person having financial responsibility for the child lives in
a State different from that of the child, States Parties shall promote the accession
to international agreements or the conclusion of such agreements, as well as
the making of other appropriate arrangements.
Article 28
1.
States Parties recognise the right of the child to education, and with a view to
achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they
shall, in particular:
(a)
Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;
(b)
Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education,
including general and vocational education, make them available and
accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the
introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of
need;
(c)
Make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every
appropriate means;
Make
(d)
education and vocational information and guidance available and
accessible to all children;
Take
(e)
measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the
reduction of drop-out rates.
2.
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school
discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity
and in conformity with the present Convention.
3.
States Parties shall promote and encourage international co-operation in
matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the
elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating
access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods.
In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing
countries.
Article 29
1. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to:
(a)
The development of the child's personality, talents and mental and physical
abilities to their fullest potential;
The
(b)
development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,
and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations;
(c)
The development of respect for the child’s parents, his or her own cultural
identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in
which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate,
and for civilizations different from his or her own;
The
(d)
preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the
spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship
among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of
indigenous origin;
(e)
The development of respect for the natural environment.
2. No part of the present article or article 28 shall be construed so as to interfere
with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational
institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in
paragraph 1 of the present article and to the requirements that the education
given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be
laid down by the State.
Article 30
In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of
indigenous origin exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous
shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group,
to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practice his or her own religion, or
to use his or her own language.
Article 31
1.
States Parties recognise the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play
and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate
freely in cultural life and the arts.
2 States Parties shall respect and promote the right of the child to participate fully
in cultural and artistic life and shall encourage the provision of appropriate and
equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity.
Article 32
1.
States Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic
exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to
interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical.
mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
2.
States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social and educational measures
to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and having regard
to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in
particular:
(a)
Provide for a minimum age or minimum ages for admissions to employment;
(b)
Provide for appropriate regulation of the hours and conditions of employment;
(c)
Provide for appropriate penalties or other sanctions to ensure the effective
enforcement of the present article.
Article 33
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures including legislative, administrative,
social and educational measures to protect children from the illicit use of narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances as defined in the relevant international treaties
and to prevent the use of children in the illicit production and trafficking of such
substances.
Article 34
States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and
sexual abuse. For these purposes. States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate
national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent;
(a)
The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual
activity;
The
(b)
exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual
practices;
(c)
The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.
Article 35
States Parties shall take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures
to prevent the abduction of. the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in
any form.
Article 36
States Parties shall protect the child against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial
to any aspects of the child's welfare.
Article 37
States Parties shall ensure that:
(a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment
without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by
persons below 18 years of age;
(b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The
arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law
and shall be used only as measure of last resort and for the shortest
appropriate period of time;
(c)
Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for
the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into
account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child
deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the
child's best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact
with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional
circumstances;
(d)
Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access
to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the
legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent.
independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt decision on any such
action.
Article 38
1. States Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for rules of
international humanitarian law applicable to them in armed conflicts which are
relevant to the child.
2.
States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that persons who
have not attained the age of 15 years do not take a direct part in hostilities.
3.
States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the
age of 15 years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons
who have attained the age of 15 years but who have not attained the age of 18
years, States Parties shall endeavour to give priority to those who are oldest.
4.
In accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law to
protect the civilian population in armed conflicts, States Parties shall take all
feasible measures to ensure protection and care of children who are affected
by an armed conflict.
Article 39
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote physical and
psychological recovery and social re-integration of a child victim of: any from of
neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts. Such recovery and re
integration shall take place in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect
and dignity of the child.
Article 40
1.
States Parties recognise the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or
recognised as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent
with the promotion of the child's sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces
the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others
and which takes into account the child's age and desirability of promoting the
child's re-integration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.
2. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of international
instruments, States Parties shall, in particular, ensure that(a)
No child shall be alleged as, be accused of, or recognised as having
infringed the penal law by reason of acts or omissions that were not
prohibited by national or international law at the time they were committed;
(b)
Every child alleged as or accused of having infringed the penal law has at
least the following guarantees:
(i)
To be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law;
(ii)
To be informed promptly and directly of the charges against him or her,
and if appropriate through his or her parents or legal guardian, and to
have legal or other appropriate assistance in the preparation and
presentation of his or her defence;
(iii)
To have the matter determined without delay by a competent
independent and impartial authority or judicial body in a fair hearing
according to law, in the presence of legal or other appropriate assistance
and, unless it is considered not to be in the best interest of the child, in
particular, taking into account his or her age or situation, his or her
parents or legal guardians;
3.
(iv)
Not to be compelled to give testimony or to confess guilt; to examine or
have examined adverse witnesses and to obtain the participation and
examination of witnesses on his or her behalf under conditions of
equality;
(v)
If considered to have infringed the penal law, to have this decision
and any measures imposed in consequence thereof reviewed by a
higher competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body
according to law;
(vi)
To have the free assistance of an interpreter if the child
understand or speak the language used;
To
(vii)
have his or her privacy fully respected at all stages of the
proceedings.
cannot
States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws, procedures,
authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children alleged as, accused
of, or recognised as having infringed the penal law, and in particular;
(a) The establishment of a minimum age below which children shall be presumed
not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law;
(b) Whenever appropriate and desirable, measures for dealing with such
children without resorting to judicial proceedings, providing that human
rights and legal safeguards are fully respected.
4.
A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and supervision orders;
counselling; probation; foster care; education and vocational training
programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to
ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being
and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.
Article 41
Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more
conducive to the realization of the rights of the child and which may be contained
in:
(a) The law of a State Party; or
(b) International law in force for that State.
Part II
Article 42
States Parties undertake to make the principles and provisions of the Convention
widely known, by appropriate and active means, to adults and children alike.
Article 43
1 .For the purpose of examining the progress made, by States Parties in achieving
the realization of the obligations undertaken in the present Convention, there
shall be established a Committee on the Rights of the Child, which shall carry
out the functions hereinafter provided.
The Committee shall consist of 10 experts of high moral standing and recognised
2.
competence in the field covered by this Convention. The members of the
Committee shall be elected by States Parties from among their nationals and
shall serve in their personal capacity, consideration being given to equitable
geographical distribution, as well as to the principal legal systems.
3.
The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of
persons nominated by States Parties. Each State Party may nominate one
person from among its own nationals.
4.
The initial election to the Committee shall be held no later than six months after
the date of the entry into force of the present Convention and thereafter every
second year. At least four months before the date of each election, the
Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to States Parties
inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The SecretaryGeneral shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all person
thus nominated, indicating States Parties which have nominated them, and
shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.
5.
The elections shall be held at meetings of States Parties convened by the
Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At those meetings, for
which two-thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons
elected to the committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of
votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States
Parties present and voting.
6.
The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They
shall be eligible for re-election if renominated. The term of five of the members
elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately
after the first election, the names of these five members shall be chosen by lot
by the Chairman of the meeting.
7.
If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other
cause he or she can no longer perform the duties of the Committee, the State
Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert from among
its nationals to serve for the remainder of the term, subject to the approval of
the Committee.
8.
The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.
9.
The Committee shall elect its officers for a period of two years.
1O.The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at the United Nations
Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.
The Committee shall normally meet annually. The duration of the meetings of
the Committee shall be determined, and reviewed, if necessary, by a meeting
of the States Parties to the present Convention, subject to the approval of the
General Assembly.
11.The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary
staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee
under the present Convention.
12.
With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee
established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from the
United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may
decide.
Article 44
1.
States Parties undertake to submit to the committee, through the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, reports on the measures they have adopted
which give effect to the rights recognised herein and on the progress made
on the enjoyment of those rights:
(a) Within two years of the entry into force of the convention for the State
Party Concerned;
(b) Thereafter every five years.
2.
Reports made under the present article shall indicate factors and difficulties,
if any. affecting the degree of fulfillment of the obligations under the present
Convention, Reports shall also contain sufficient information to provide the
Committee with a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the
Convention in the country concerned.
3.
A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the
Committee need not, in its subsequent reports submitted in accordance with
paragraph 1 (b) of the present article, repeat basic information previously
provided.
4.
The Committee may request from State Parties further information relevant to
the implementation of the Convention.
5.
The Committee shall submit to the General Assembly, through the Economic
and Social Council, every two years, reports on its activities.
6.
States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their
own countries.
Article 45
In order to foster the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage
international co-operation in the field covered by the Convention:
(a) The specialized agencies, United Nations Children's Fund and other United
Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the
implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the
scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies,
United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies as it may consider
appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention
in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee
may invite the specialized agencies, United Nations Children's Fund and other
United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention
in areas falling within the scope of their activities;
(b)The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized
agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and other competent bodies, any
reports from States Parties that contain a request, or indicate a need, for
technical advice or assistance, along with the Committee’s observations and
suggestions, if any, on these requests or indications;
The
(c)
Committee may recommend to the General Assembly to request the
Secretary-General to undertake on its behalf studies on specific issues relating
to the rights of the child;
(d)
The Committee may make suggestions and general recommendations based
on information received pursuant to articles 44 and 45 of the present
Convention. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be
transmitted to any State Party concerned and reported to the General Assembly,
together with comments, if any, from States Parties.
Part III
Article 46
The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States.
Article 47
The present Convention is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification shall
be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 48
The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The
instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
Article 49
1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the
date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the twentieth
instrument of ratification or accession.
2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the
twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter
into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument
of ratification or accession.
Article 50
I.Any State Party may propose an amendment and file it with the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall thereupon
communicate the proposed amendment to States Parties, with a request that
they indicate whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the
purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals. In the event that,
within four months from the date of such communication, at least one-third of
the States Parties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall
convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any
amendment adopted by a majority of States Parties present and voting at the
conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly for approval.
2. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of the present article
shall enter into force when it has been approved by the General Assembly of
the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of States Parties.
3.
When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States
Parties which have accepted it, other States Parties still being bound by the
provisions of the present Convention and any earlier amendments which they
have accepted.
Article 51
I.The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall receive and circulate to all
States the text of reservations made by States at the time of ratification or
accession.
2. A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present
Convention shall not be permitted.
3.
Reservations may be withdrawn at any time by notification to that effect
addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then
inform all States. Such notification shall take effect on the date on which it is
received by the Secretary-General.
Article 52
A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation becomes effective one
year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.
Article 53
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the depository of
the present Convention.
Article 54
The original of the present Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English,
French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic shall be deposited with
the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness thereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto
by their respective Governments, have signed the present Convention.
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aaartra dosaoaA.eoi)
fcp
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d'3'o*
Adoption
tsaD rfaadtf rtVa
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Sc a'aa'
asariaa
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2.
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aaart dedJdJ^&cd
wriwdonad
dOt=5adoriVo arart/a (dorbdd^ 3d^
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zart &raft Aracdeo r&aedtf8rt datfdk
ddooio ■adadoS aJdddadtSoa^eo
grtda&ra'&d d,dorWo.
3.
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22.
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t5cra§,3'da
Refugee Children
dad
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23.
woriOtfo dat^Va.
Disabled Children
wortddo da<<rt dSedarad «8,<5
oortddo dos^?rt §gra, 3>dde3,
dada, dgt=5 ddda da^doozDrivah
odoaert.D
decora
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&A
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6
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d’daatscfd,
rf^dd&od
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sbds^d
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c&c)&OiB.
24.
o&raerfj dgrf:
Health care
«3,o3
Zo«rtoia
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u&raeri,6
o
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2.
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ci
saaSoFtf'dartV
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ddoSjaeod.
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zsa8; esaabaa&oirod, docratsad
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d^edaah aSew datf^rt Seadod
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29.
Street rbB. trotted:
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30.
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Children of Minorities
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31.
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Child Labourers
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3.
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(Young Persons) cbaabuabusd
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33.
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0
Narcotics.
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1.
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Exploitation, sexual.
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Sale & Trafficking
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1.
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36.
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Exploitation, Others.
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(8)
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37.
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dii^ iicfn
do dd
Torture & Capital
punishment
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39.
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trad Arad8rtVj
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1.
Supremacy of Higher
Standards
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No.SWL 20 LBW, 92
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Karnotoka Govornriran't Seopstnrio t,
'Multistoreyed Building,
Bangalore, dated 10th Fe'bruary 1 995.1
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NOTIFICATION
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Whereas the
droft of tte Child Labour (Prohibition
enrJ Ke.gulfltionJ (Koinp tolcci) HuJ.es, 1 99 4 wos published es required by sub-aection( 1 ) of .Section 18 of the Child Labour (Pro
hibition & Regulation) .Act, 1 986 (Central Act No.61 of 1 986)
inPart IV-2c(i) of the Karnataka Gazette dated 30.7.1 994
inviting ob je cti ons/sug geg tions from, the persons likely to be
.of fe dte d the re by giving 15 days time from the date of publica
tion of the said Notification.
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And who to on the said Gazette woo mod,0 nvoiloblo to
the? public on 30.7.1,994,.
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And whero.es no objections or suggestions have boon.
roooivod on the a aid draft.
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Now, the le foie , in exercise of the powers conferred
by Sub-section (i) of Section 13 read with sub,_ soctio ii( 1 ) of
Sub-,sp cti on 18 of the iChild Labour (Prohibition & Rpgulntion)
Act, 1 986 (Central Act No. 61 of 1 986), the Government of Kar
nataka hereby makes the following Rules, namely,
RULES
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8hpTt_iiile_„.'-.in_d_ commonc°montl.
These Rules may be called
the Chi Id■ We Ifare (piohibition
Regulation) (Karnataka) Rules,
1 995.
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They shall b? applicable to the whole of tho Stoto of
Karnatoka.
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They shall come into force
in the official Gazette.
' Be f i n i t lone : In these
requires:
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(b)
( c)
' Feb. m’
mi one
from the
date
Rulorf., unless the
form appended to these
of publication
context otherwise
Rules
'lie pi it to r ' mo ,mr. .10 g 1 n to r maintained under Soction-11
of tie Acti
’Sc he d u le ' non ns th e c; cho du le a pp ended to the Act.
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i&322Jl_^^wprk_pfJ;ho_Child:
No' child . shall he required
ar allowed to (work in an . e s tabl ishment for more than 27 hours
' in a .wook ond .foi-’ mor e.'then f:i.ye hour a in a doy.
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£2.x±i£ic.£i±e_piL A£Oi-; The Cor tifi cote shell be issued -by
'the r
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' dicol-Off ioer pot. below the rank.of the Assis-'
Government.
tent Surge on%r- re rulor' Me dnoa-i' Director or e quivalent ’rank
employed m Employee ’ State Iris ur ancei.Dis pe ns er iee . o r • Hoe pi ~
tale .in Fozm-B .
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£Sth“H—particulars of the
mo. inte nonce
register
No child pliall' be re qulre.d'or ■ allowe d. to »wo rk . .in',’
eu-lablishmen t • other thanth <530. establishments .in
whi ch■ hazardouci occupa Lions' or processee men tionad
in Port-A on 6 Part-B1 of the Schedule to. .the Act is
carried on, fox more then 27 hours in any ..week' and
for mbio then'5 hours in a,, day.
( ii)
The re pis te r shall be maintain
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d’’ on a yearly basis,
but rirnll be retained by the employer for' a period
of 3 years ofter the. dote of'the loot entry mo do
tho rein..
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l]ojjlJLh_o n^,_.,s p fo ty_o f __tho_ ch ildre n in _the_Rs
ent,-a.11 tho inside walls of the
rooms ond all th 3 ceilings or tops of such rooms (whether
such walls ceiling or tops bo plastered or not) end-.all the
pesso pen. ...and steircases shall be lime washed at least once i n
each year doting from the period when last time, washed. A11
beams, rafters, doors, window fronfla and other wood work, with i
the exception on floorsshell bo either lime washed or colour i
washed o't least once a year doting from tho. period.,, when lost
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time washed or colour washed, or shall be painted or Varnished. '
‘when lost .pointed ■
shall bo kept in
' ' (ii) No rubbish, filth or debris nholl bo allowed to occuil
lot'
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or to remain on imy promisee in on establishment for
more than 12 hours ond shall bo disposed off in such manner
os approved by the Inspector.
(iii) Th° compound surrounding of every establishment
shall b-e maintained in a clean and sanitary .condition.
s , s tai
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hoists, e s t oblish mo nt . [
( iv ) The la I.Tine a, pm :n a
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grounds, in so far os the entrance of the said places is
d, shall during working hours, bo provided with such I
not close
an will ensure safety of movement or passage threugn J
light! ng
■ them .
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(v) Eve ry i bu i Id i ng of ■ more " th on ,'cpe ntoroy ehall bo
provided with nt lb ora t two »oto o f . h to 1 rb:' or? 0 top.B • jo'rmnwntly.,
f ixo d, e ithe r ineide -or outside ,.rthe ,-.bu ildj.ngj.'q e-oi' os/vto.; afford - '
direct and- uniperide d ;'e ccess from e veiy.Jip^rt/.'p^ ..th? ■ establish—
•ment, to ..the.- g.round. le vol.;; ■ Such .p. tdire''.eha.il'-' be;'Tpr.pvide a' with 0
suitable and sufficient handrail ox-.- othe r,'ccnven'ieh.t "supp ort.
In ee tobl iehinoptie mplpyinp.,-le epthan':40- psrppns
the Inspector ■
may oo.ce pt-.in lieu ..of,
ee cond- ee f. b f. s.t.pi.z'e/.or e t'eps sue h ; ■ ‘
other mo ens of‘ e s cap®., in... case of; .f irep a.e •. c an./ re as onabl® be "f- ’’y’’ •
■ njqui«4)<in;the 'eix cumetancee. of -e ach-c Qee
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’in(vi ; Every, window or door giving access to an external:. ■
staircase' shall bo so arranged ee to opon immediately from, in.sido,-.t^A«!-. >.
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- (.vii) • No persona' ehriLl enioko o.r ua o a'naked light or ":r
■ oeuBQ or po rrnit any' such light to be uaod in the imrno diatom 1’ ' .
' vicinity of any inflamable materiel in any establishment.?-.
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•''■'(viii) ' In -3vory:'e stabile him nt effective arrangement shall i-'
bo made to provide 'drinking water and maintains d at suitable '■
points conveniently situated eo as to give access for ell
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children employed therein.
Work on or near machinery in motion;
No child shall be
allowed in any establishment to clean lubricate or ad just ■ any ■
part of the machinery while that part is-in motion, or to work
between moving ports or between f’xed an
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moving port” of-any
machinery which ia 'in motion.. No child shall work in spy '
machine declared to be dangerous arising in conne «tion with the
machine and the precautions to be observed and has received
sufficient training1 in work at. tho machine or is under ade
quate supervision under o person who hoe thorough knowledge
and experience of the machine.
Prohibition of o itiployne n t of child near cottou oponsrs;
No child, shall be employed in any port of a factory for
pressing cotton in which a cotton opener ira at work.
BY ORDEFi AND IN THE NAME OF THE
GOVERNOR OF KARNATAKA
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To
(c.saroja)/
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Under Secret ary to d-ovornmont
Labour
pertinent ■
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The Ccimpi'J.o x , Kama taka Genette,
next ri xtrn-ordinn ry Gnnotto.
for publ 1 c a I, ion in
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Copy to:
■"1. Tho
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Conjuis b icne r for Labour, VlSL House , JiC.Roafli
Bcnf elore .
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2..- TheDeputy' Conmifloionera. of oil Districts ,
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3. The Chief Executive Officers of all Zilla Penohayate
4. All Deputy Labour Commieslone is/AsB istent Labour
Commissionsrs/Labour Officers in the Stets
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thicUfJh Labour Commissioner.
5. The Depoitmant of Low & Pmliemsntoiy Affairs (Draftin
6. Dress fcr -Dubli cation. ,
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Position: 1739 (3 views)