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Join the Campaign
Against Child Labour
Central Secretariat, C/o RLHP, Udayagiri P.O, Mysore - 570 019.
Karnataka
Join the Campaign
Against Child Labour
Central Secretariat, C/o RLHP, Udayagiri P.O, Mysore ■570019.
A booklet on child labour and CACL prepared by Central Secretariat.
Publication: January 2003
Published By:
Campaign Against Child Labour (CACL),
Central Secretariat,
C/o RLHP, No.5, Gayathripuram,
Udayagiri P.O, Mysore - 570 019.
Karnataka
Phone: 0821 -452094
email: caclcs@sanchamet.in
Website: www.caclindia.org
Child labour-the national scenario
Child labour is an existing and growing phenomenon.
You will find a child working near you, wherever you are.
You may cite several reasons for their economic
exploitation and abuse. But the fact remains that the
rights of the child are violated every moment. Children
are not only tomorrow's citizens; they are today's citizens
too! Child labour cannot be justified in any manner as it
is a crime committed against a.child. Child labour includes
children prematurely leading adult lives, working with o.r
without wages, under conditions damaging to their
physical, mental, social, emotional and spiritual
development, denying them their basic rights to
education, health and development. Any child out of
school is a potential child labourer.
India has got the dubious distinction of employing the
largest number of children in the world. According to the
NSS survey (NSSO 55th Round) results there are around
10.23 million child labourers in India. CACL does not
consider this figure to be accurate due to definitional
problems like the exclusion of children's work in the age
group below five and between fifteen and eighteen. Again,
children engaged in household activities are not
adequately enumerated. Multiplicity of definitions, no
uniformity of age of child, different sources of data and
exclusion of several sectors like domestic work and
agriculture amount to the reduced number of child
labourers rather than the actual number.
About 77.2% of the 402 million workers in India are in
rural areas and more than 73% engage in agriculture
and related activities. It is an established fact that the
structure of production is indeed a good indicator of child
labour; the greater the weight of traditional agriculture in
the economy, the higher the incidence of child labour.
This structural characteristic is overwhelmingly true for
child workers because in the organized manufacturing
enterprises child labour does not exist.
The context is observed in agriculture and related
activities, household work, construction, beedi making,
mining and quarrying, brick kilns etc. This constitutes
the largest chunk.
India promulgated the Child Labour (Prohibition &
Regulation) Act in 1986. Despite strong interventions by
the Supreme Court, convictions have taken place only
in a very few cases based on violations of the provisions
of the Act. CACL considers the provisions of the Act
inadequate because it makes an artificial distinction
between hazardous and non-hazardous sectors and
legally permits child labour in so called non-hazardous
sectors.
India is a signatory to the CRC and the laws should be
framed keeping in mind the best interests of the child. A
child is defined as anyone below the age of 18 years in
the CRC. From field experiences, CACL has come to
the conclusion that all children have the right to equal
education in regular schools. Non - formal education or
alternative schools suffer from poor quality, discrimination
in the provision of opportunities, and reinforce prejudices
and value judgements. When practiced by the State,
non-formal and alternative schools become easy ways
to escape responsibilities.
Budget allocation is a
measure of any government's commitment to education.
Government of India allocates only 3% of its budget to
education and .3% to primary education.
Child labour is denial of childhood. It is denial of child
rights too! Children are eligible for the right to protection,
right to survival, right to development, right to participation
as the United Nations guarantees in its convention on
the rights of child in 1989. These little ones undergo the
worst conditions during their working life. It is applied to
almost all the sectors. They are found in large numbers
in sectors like diamond cutting, gem polishing,
powerloom, carpet weaving, lock making, brassware,
match and fireworks, glass, sericulture, garments, silk
weaving, zari, handlooms and handicrafts, cotton, hosiery,
hotels, garages, slate, slate pencil, beedi, circus, rope
making, construction etc. Some of the pernicious
characteristics of toiling children are: opportunity for the
formal education is completely negated; Children as
young as six years work; Employers/agents often pay
3
an advance to the parents of these children which is
adjusted against their nominal wages or not paid at all.
Often their conditions are that of bonded labour and even
technically they are covered by the definition of Bonded
Labour under Section 2(g) of the Bonded Labour System
(Abolition) Act, 1976; Large number of children are known
to be trafficked; They are forced to work for low wages or
no wages; The hours of work are never regulated as a
result of which these children have to start work as early
as 5.00 in the. morning and continue to work beyond
11.00 at night; They hardly get rest hours and holidays;
They hardly get time and opportunity for recreation and
play; Children are under the control of the employer. All
through the 24 hours, everyday of their working life, they
are at the employers' beck and call; These children are
forced to live with extremely deplorable and congested
inhuman conditions with no basic amenities like toilet,
drinking water and sleeping facilities and no provision for
adequate food and health care; The lack of hygiene at
the work place (which is same as living place) results in
multiple health hazards to the children; They are targets
of torture and objects of extreme physical violence; These
children are subjected to sexual
molestation,
harassment and rape; The girl children are more
vulnerable to such abuses.
The health risks for child labourers are chronic bronchitis,
tuberculosis, asthma, eye defects, burns, stunted growth,
spinal problems, accidents, silicosis, infectious
diseases, skin diseases, dermatitis, sexually transmitted
diseases etc. Many deaths (murders!) of child labourers
have been reported in several parts of the country for
4
menial causes. But punishment of the employers is a
rare phenomenon. The range of employers includes
doctors, engineers, teachers, professors, lawyers, highranking officials, police officials and politicians! The
children are employed in their houses to do the domestic
chores without having any specified working hours for a
■
win
nominal sum. During the working hours, the child does
undergo the torture, harassment and abuse by the
employer or the members of the family. Since domestic
sector does not come under the prohibition part of the
law, it is considered as child protection in public! But,
the government employees are prohibited from employing
children under the age of 14 as domestic workers as per
the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1967. Any violation
of this rule will attract penalty on the employees. Though
this is a ray of hope, it is hardly implemented and
monitored.
About Campaign Against Child Labour
Campaign Against Child Labour is a national network
launched in 1992, initially with a few organizations.
It
grew over the years and presently consists of over 6000
anti -child labour groups spread over 16 states in India.
CACL has established state units in 13 states and the
networking process is in various stages in 4 other states.
Active women's groups, trade unions, academic
institutions, media agencies, child rights and human
rights organizations, research bodies, corporate houses,
student volunteers and eminent citizens constitute an
integral part of the campaign.
The ultimate goal is to
broadbase the campaign to include various concerned
groups and individuals and make it a people's campaign.
CACL is against all manifestations of child labour, in any
occupation or processes of all sectors of work including
the formal, informal, organized, unorganized, with or
without wages, within or outside the family. CACL does
not accept the classification of hazardous and non
hazardous sectors in the CLPRA 1986, as all forms of
labour are hazardous and detrimental to their
development.
CACL aims to bring together groups, individuals and
organizations to work collectively towards eradication of
child labour and restoration of child rights.Initially, the
focus of CACL was solely on the eradication of child
labour. But over the years the scope of CACL activities
has broadened to address the issue of child rights and
human rights.
Aims & Objectives of CACL
• CACL aims at immediate and total eradication of child
labour and ensuring fundamental right to education for
all children up to 18 years.
• Create mass awareness and mobilize public opinion
against child labour.
• Pressurise the Government to evolve a comprehensive
policy for eradication of child labour.
• Ensure that the Government introduces and passes
legislations in the spirit of the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child.
• Reviewing national policies and legislations on child
labour, ensuring strict implementation of existing child
labour laws
• Direct intervention in cases of violations of child rights
and abuse of child labourers, in the form of fact finding
and litigation
• Putting forth strategies and alternatives for rehabilitation
of working children.
Structure of CACL
CACL is a national network with a presence in over 16
states. The organizational hierarchy of CACL is loosely
structured to avoid bureaucratic impediments.
The Executive Committee consists of the Convenors of
the State Secretariat. The EC is responsible for carrying
on the programmes and policies of CACL. The EC meets
once in six months and reviews implementation of
programmes and policies
National Coordination Committee: The National
Coordination Committee (NCC) consists of the State
Convenor, State Coordinator and 4 active members of
State CACL. The NCC is the supreme authority to decide
the policies and programmes of CACL. The NCC meets
once in 9 months and decides on the policies and
programmes and devises an action plan for the current
year.
Central Secretariat: The coordination of national
programmes and activities is the responsibility of the
Central Secretariat. The Central Secretariat implements
the mandate given by the National Coordination
Committee. The Central Secretariat is hosted by a CACL
member organization and is shifted every three years.
Advocacy Unit: The Advocacy Unit is responsible for
advocacy and lobbying at the national level. The Advocacy
Unit is also shifted once in three years.
Advisory Board: CACL also has an advisory Board, which
consists of eminent persons from different walks of life
who offer advice from time to time on broader issues and
provide direction to the campaign.
State Secretariat: Each state has a core committee
which elects the State Convenor. A co-convenor can also
be elected. The state can have a separate advocacy
unit or it can be combined with the State secretariat.
The State Core Committee consists of the Convenors
from the District Secretariats of the State.
CACL activities and interventions
CACL has submitted recommendations and influenced
policy decisions of the Government.
II National Labour Commission: Recommendations on
the measures to eliminate child labour were formulated
and submitted to the II National Labour Commission at
the national level.
State secretariats in some of the
states also submitted state recommendations.
Planning Commission : CACL conducted two
consultations - southern and northern on "Vulnerable
children - Approach paper to the Tenth Five Year Plan".
The consultations helped in evolving a set of
recommendations to be included in the Tenth Five Year
Plan, which was submitted to the Planning Commission.
ILO : CACL, in partnership with trade unions intends to
participate and express its views on child labour in the
International Labour Conference. This will influence the
policies of the Government. A social audit on 15 years
of interventions on child labour was organized by CACL
C
and other Trade unions in November 2001 at New Delhi,
in this regard.
• At the state level, CACL state secretariats have
influenced state government policies.
The Karnataka
Government launched the Action Plan for elimination of
child labour, the formulation of which was assisted by
CACL-K. Tamil Nadu submitted a Children's Manifesto
to all the electoral candidates during the assembly
elections, demanding their rights. CACL-Bihar also
submitted its recommendations to the National Labour
Commission. Children's Parliament was organized by
CACL-Orissa
• CACL organized a national consultation on the
proposed 93rd Amendment Bill, 2001 in which major
networks, NGOs and child rights groups from various
parts of the country took part. A common position and
an alternate Bill evolved, which will form the basis of our
advocacy efforts. CACL has mounted a strong campaign
to influence the MPs and ensure that the Bill is passed
with positive changes. Now, the Bill has received the
President's assent and CACL will take an active role in
monitoring the implementation and influencing legislations
by the States.
• CACL organized a national consultation on child labour
in
9
hotel
and domestic sectors and submitted
recommendations to the Ministry of Labour and Dept of
Women and Child Development to prohibit child labour
in both the sectors.
r
ZE5121
CACL has intervened directly in a number of individual
cases of child rights violations
• Sivamurugan was beaten to death at Vani, Maharashtra
in 1993. CACL fought this case and his employer paid a
compensation of Rs. 1,00,000/- to his family.
• 4 children died in a fire in Arun Kumar Match factory in
Tamil Nadu. The employer was forced to pay a
compensation of Rs.50,000/- to each victim's family.
• Sumitra was made to work as a domestic help by the
Mrs. Vimlabhai Deshmukh, a former minister in the
Karnataka State Government.
She was taken from
Sumangali Ashram in Bangalore on the assurance that
she would be adopted. CACL intervened and released
the girl.
• A small girl working in a Tirupur hosiery unit had her
scalp peeled off when her hair caught in an overlooking
machine. CACL helped in filing a case and the Court
ordered the employer to pay a compensation of over
Rs.2,00,000/- to the family.
Interventions in various sectors where child labour is
endemic include,
• Public Interest Litigation was filed to release and
rehabilitate the children in cotton and sericulture industry
in Karnataka
• Campaign against fireworks to highlight the plight of
children in the fireworks manufacturing industry in
Sivakasi.
SEBSEffiS
*
• Campaign against the textile industry to expose the
employment of child labourers in Tirupur of Tamil Nadu.
Some of our interventions have evoked tremendous
response within the community and have proved
successful. See some Instances:
• CACL - Bihar campaigned actively against child labour
in Bihar and this led to the establishment of Child Labour
Commission. This is a joint initiative of CACL and the
Women and Child Welfare department.
•The Karnataka government launched an Action Plan
for elimination of child labour, which was formulated with
the assistance of CACL - Karnataka.
• Because of CACL's lobbying, many state government
schemes have been launched to prevent child labour.
• CACL is motivating the Government to remove the
distinction between hazardous and non-hazardous
sectors and ban employment of children in all sectors.
• CACL's advocacy has resulted in 25% reservation in
all Government hostels for released child labourers. This
facility was very essential in the rehabilitation of the
released child labourers.
• According to Supreme Court ruling in 1996 special
schools for child labourers was set up. A special task
force was formed to release the child labourers. After
CACL's intervention, the task force recommended that
the district officers be conferred the powers of a Labour
Inspector.
International treaties and Conventions
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)- 1989:
India signed for CRC in 1992 and became one among
the 192 signatory countries to CRC. CACL subscribes
to all the articles of CRC and considers it as a major
international initiative in order to protect the rights of
millions of marginalized children. CACL recognizes this
as one of the most important tools for lobbying and
advocacy with Government.
Although India ratified the CRC, the unfortunate fact is
that attempts have not been made by the government to
implement the provisions of it in the country. Seven
alternate country reports by different NGOs and networks
including CACL were submitted to the UN in 1997. Every
country that has ratified CRC has to submit the country
report once in five years. There is a provision for the
NGOs to submit their alternate reports to the UN. CACL
had submitted the first alternate report to the UN and is
planning to submit the second alternate report after the
India Country report is presented to the UN. CACL in its
campaign to eradicate child labour, popularizes the CRC
in its working areas. Whenever the documents or
recommendations are submitted to the Government, CRC
provisions are quoted to make it obligatory to the cause
of children.
12
Conventions 138 and 182 of ILO
International Labour Organisation, which is a tripartite
body consisting of governments, employers and trade
unions, has come up with major conventions in order to
&
eradicate child labour. India has till now ratified only six
conventions. Convention 138 which has made
recommendations on minimum wage and Convention 182
which is on worst forms of child labour have not yet been
ratified by India. CACL intends to intensely lobby and
pressurize the Government to sign these conventions
relating to child labour.
Nai Subah - National event on girl child labour
CACL is now putting effort to bring the national focus on
the plight of girl children by organizing a national event
on girl child labour named as "Nai Subah" on March 5-7,
2003 at Mysore, Karnataka.
CACL had organized the
National convention of child labourers and Public hearing
earlier in 1994 at Chennai and in 1997 at Delhi. The Mysore
event will be the third in the series. 1200 girl child labourers
working in various sectors from 20 states will be
participating in this event. A national event focusing on
girl child labour is an attempt to provide a common
platform to share the experiences of persons involved
with these children at the grassroots level and also let
the children speak up for themselves. It is the constant
endeavour of CACL member organizations to eradicate
child labour and restore rights to every child in the country.
The issues of the girl child are critical and central to any
child rights restoration. Many issues and concerns like
infanticide, foeticide, declining sex ratio, health and
education for the girl child, gender disparities, etc. have
assumed alarming proportions. The plight of the girl child
labourer, especially in hidden sectors like the domestic
sector, needs our immediate intervention. These events
helped in'creating awareness among the public and also
exerting pressure on the Government to form policies
and programmes to tackle the problem. The event
presently planned will help keep up the pressure on the
Government to immediately implement programmes for
the rehabilitation of girl child labourers.
Why don't you join us?
It is our collective responsibility to take care of the other
children as we care for our own children. Despite the
fact that there are 120 schemes and programmes
attached to 12 ministries and departments for the welfare
of the children in this country, it is impossible to point
out at least one successful venture. Though there are a
variety of laws at the national and international levels,
abuse and economic exploitation of children continue to
be a constant phenomenon. The nexus of bureaucrats
and employers conniving with the local politicians does
enough harm to the proper implementation of existing
laws on child protection. Our constitutional guarantees
remain in the dusty shelves of judiciary, never reach to
the toiling children.
Therefore campaigning against child labour is imperative
both at the individual and organizational levels. It is to
14
be done at the local as well as the national level. It is a
struggle for regaining the rights of the child who has been
denied them for all these years. While campaigning
against child labour, we will have to address several other
issues related to children. Since child is an integral part
of the society, an integrated approach that encompasses
all the aspects needs to be adopted to remove the
children from labour and ensure their rights. The
Campaign Against Child Labour precisely does it in 16
states of the country and relentlessly works for a better
tomorrow for the working children. You can join this
campaign and strengthen it with your contributions in
terms of cash, kind, time and skills.
15
OURTOOLS
Laws:
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
O
Constitution of India
Supreme Court/High Court Judgments
Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986
Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Act, 2000
Shops & Establishments Act
Indian Penal Code (IPC)
Criminal Procedure Code
All India Services (Conduct) Rules
The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
The Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act
Policies:
O
O
O
O
O
National Policy for children 1974
National Health Policy
National Policy on Education, 1986
National Policy on child labour (1987)
National Nutrition Policy
International bindings:
O
UN Declaration on the rights of the child, 1959
O
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989
O
ILO Conventions
O
World Conference on education for all, 1990
O
UN Millennium Declaration, 2000
On the Anvil:
O
Policy charter on children
O
National Commission on children
O
Fundamental Right to Education
O
Law Commission recommendations
O
Domestic Workers Bill, 2001
SOME SCHEMES FOR CHILD PROTECTION
O National Child Labour Project (NCLP)
O International Programme on the Elimination of Child
Labour (IPEC)
O Child Labour Cell
O National Authority for Elimination of Child Labour, 1994
O Grants to voluntary Agencies
(Schemes of Ministry of Labour)
O Central Adoption Resource Agency
O Scheme for assistance to Homes for infants and young
children for promoting in- country adoption.
O Scheme of prevention and control of Juvenile Social
maladjustment
O Integrated Programme for Street Children
O Services to children in need of care and protection
(Schemes of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment)
Education Schemes
Elementary & Secondary
0 DPEP-1994
0 Midday Meat Scheme August 15,1995
0 Operation Black Board 1987 - 88
(Expanded in 1993-94)
0 NFE-1979-80 (25states)
0 Lok Jumbish -Rajasthan 1991-92
(People's movement for Education for all)
0 Shiksha Kami Project 1987 - Rajasthan
0 Mahila Samakhya -1989
0 National BalBhavan
0 Integrated Education for the Disabled 1974
0 Education Technology Program
0 Scheme on Education Concession for children of parents killed/ disabled
in armed conflict.
0 Education concession for Tibetan Refugee children.
0 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan
HEALTH RISKS FOR
CHILD LABOURERS - General
Beedi Rolling
:
Chronic bronchitis, TB
Glass Industry
:
Asthma, bronchitis, TB,
Handloom & Carpet
:
Zari & Embroidery
:
Eye defects
Gem polishing &
:
Eye defects, injuries
Construction
:
Accidents, stunted
Rag picking
:
Skin diseases, infectious
Pottery
:
Asthma, chronic
Stone & Slate
:
Silicosis
Sex work
:
STD, AIDS
Agriculture
:
eye defects, burns
Asthma, bronchitis, TP, $
spinal problems
diamond Cutting
growth
diseases, tetanus
bronchitis, TB
Hazards related to farm
Machinery and
pesticides
18
Domestic work
:
Stunted growth,
Dermatitis, Abuse
Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986
PART A Occupations
Any Occupation connected with
(1)
Transport of passengers, goods or mails by railway;
(2)
Cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building
operation in the railway premises;
(3)
Work in a catering establishment at a railway station,
involving the movemnt of a vendor or any other employee
of the establishment from one platform to another or into
or out of a moving train;
(4)
Work relating to the construction of a railway station
or with any other work where such work is done in close
proximity to or between the railway lines;
(5)
A port authority within the limits of any port.
(6)
Work relating to selling of crackers, and fire works in
shops with temporary licences
(7)
Abattoirs / Slaughter Houses
(8)
Automobile workshops and garages;
(9)
Foundries;
(10)
Handling of toxic or inflammable substances or
explosives;
(11) Handloom and powerloom industry;
(12)
Mines (underground and underwater) and collieries;
(13)
Plastic units and fiberglass workshops.
(1)
Bidi- making
(2)
Carpet weaving including preparatory and incidental
PARTS Processes
process thereof
(3)
Cement Manufacture, including bagging of cement.
(4)
Cloth printing, dyeing and weaving, including
processes preparatory and incidental thereto.
(5) Manufacture of matches, explosives and fire-works.
(6)
Mica cutting and splitting
(7)
Shellac Manufacture
(8)
Soap manufacture
(9)
Tanning
(10)
Wool - cleaning
(11)
Building and Construction industry, including
processing and polishing of granite stones;
(12)
Manufacture of slate pencils (including packing)
(13)
Manufacture of products from agate.
(14)
Manufacturing processes using toxic metals and
substances such as lead, mercury, manganese,
chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and asbestos.
(15)
'Hazardous processes' as defined in Section 2(cb)
and 'dangerous operations' as notified in rules made
under Section 87 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)
(16)
Printing as defined in Section 2(k)(iv) of the Factories
Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)
(17)
Cashew and cashewnut descaling and processing
(18)
Soldering processes in electronic industries.
(19)
Agarbatti manufacturing
(20)
Automobile repairs and maintenance including
processes incidental thereto, namely welding, lathe work,
dent beating and painting.
(21)
Brick kilns and Roof tiles units
(22)
Cotton ginning and processing and production of
hosiery goods.
(23)
Detergent manufacturing.
(24)
Fabrication workshops (ferrous and non-ferrous)
(25)
Gem cutting and polishing.
(26)
Handling of chromite and manganese ores.
(27)
Jute textile manufacture and coir making.
(28)
Lime kilns and Manufacture of Lime
(29)
Lock making.
(30)
Manufacturing processed having exposure to lead
such as primar and secondary smelting, welding and
cutting of lead-painted metal constructions, welding or
galvanized or zinc silicate, polyvinyl chloride, mixing (by
hand) of crystal glass mass, sanding or scrapping of led
paint, burning of lead in enamelling workshops, lead
mining, plumbing, cable making, wire patenting, lead
casting, type founding in printing shops. Store type
setting, assembling of cars, shot making and lead glass
blowing.
(31)
Manufacture of cement pipes, cement products and
other related work.
(32)
Manufacturing of glass, glassware including bangles,
florescent tubes, bulbs and other similar glass products.
(33)
Manufacturing of dyes and dye stuff.
(34)
Manufacturing or handling of pesticides and
insecticides.
(35)
Manufacturing or processing and handling of corrosive
and toxic substances, metal cleaning and photo
engraving and soldering processes in electronic industry.
21
(36)
Manufacturing of burning coal and coal briquettes.
(37)
Manufacturing of sports goods involving exposure
to synthetic'materials, chemicals and leather.
(38)
Moulding and processing of fiberglass and plastic.
(39)
Oil expelling and refinery.
(40 Paper making.
(41)
Potteries and ceramic industry
(42)
Polishing, moulding, cutting, welding and
manufacture of brass goods in all forms.
(43)
Processes in agriculture where tractors, threshing
and harvesting machines are used and chaff cutting.
(44)
Saw mill - all processes
(45)
Sericulture processing
(46)
Skinning, dying and processes for manufacturing
leather and leather products.
(47) Stone breaking and stone crushing
(48) Tobacco processing including manufacturing of
tobacco, tobacco paste and handling of tobacco in any
form
(49) Tyre making, repairing, retreading and graphite
benefication
22
(50)
(51)
Utensils making, polishing and metal buffing
(52)
(53)
(54)
Electroplating
Graphite powdering and incidental processing
Grinding or glazing of metals
(55)
Diamond cutting and polishing
(56)
Extraction of slate from mines
(57)
Rag picking and scavenging
Zari making (all processes)
□
CACL State Contacts
New Delhi
Bihar
Mr.J.John
Mr.Arun Das
Convenor, CACL Advocacy Unit
C/o Centre for Education &
Convenor, CACL-Bihar
Bal Mazdoori Virodhi Abhiyan
Communication (CEC)
C/o Vishwanath Yadav
No.173A, Khirki Village,
Near Ranch Mandir Road,
Malviya Nagar, New Delhi -17
Tel: 011 26686841
No.10, Alkapuri Post,
Fax: 01126286842
Patna - 800 002
06122257176/2259035
cec@nda.vsnl.net.in
caclbihar@sify.com
Orissa
Kerala
Mr.Ranjan Mohanty
Mr.Baby Paul
CACL-Orissa C/o PECUC,
Convenor, CACL-Kerala,
VII-H/26, Sailashree Vihar
Mandad Post,
Bhubhaneshwar - 751021
Tel: 0674 2440432
Kalpetta North-673122
Tel: 0493603574
Fax: 0674 2441845
jvala@rediffmail.com
pecuc@ hotmail.com
Karnataka
Gujarat
Mr.Lakshapathi
Mr.Falgun Sheth
Convenor, CACL-Kamataka
Convenor, CACL- Gujarat
C/oAPSA,
C/o Shaishav, A-2/T-34,
Nammane, No.34,
Adinath Apartment,
Annasandra Palya,
Opp.Virbhadra Akhada,
Vimanapura
Ambavadi, Bhavnagar - 364 001
Bangalore-560 017.
Tel: 0278-2428560
Ph: 080 5232749/5231719
Fax:0278-2422908
apsa@bgl.vsnl.net.in
shaishav@ad1 .vsnl.net.in
Maharashtra
Mr.Hemant Bhamre
Convenor, CACL -Maharashtra
C/o Lokvikas Samjik Sanstha,
West Bengal
Mr.Prabir Basu
Convenor, CACL -West Bengal
B-1, Sai Aashish Apartment,
C/o SPAN
(Society for People's Awareness),
D'Souza Colony,
87/11, A.K.Mukherjee Road,
Nashik-422 005
Kolkata-700 090
Tel: 0253 518419
Tel: 0335319856/531 6484
lokvikas® hotmail.com
Mobile: 98300 37818
span® cal.vsnl.net.in
Andhra Pradesh
Mr.Shiva Reddy
Convenor, CACL-Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
C/o CHRD, 2/287, Balajinagar,
Mrs.Radha
Convenor, CACL -Tamil Nadu,
Cuddapah-516 003
C/o LEAD-League for Education &
Ph:08562 46026
Development, No.40,
I Street, RayarThoppu,
Mobile: 9849161091
centhrd @ rediffmail.com
Goa
Shanti Maria Fonseca
Convenor, CACL-Goa
C/o Child Rights Cell-AITUC
2nd Floor, Velhos Building,Panaji.
Ph: 0832431133/438263
Srirampuram, Srirangam,
Tiruch irapalli- 620 004
Ph: 0431 432803/432521
radhaJead @ hotmail .com
Rajasthan
Dr.Virendra Vidrohi
Convenor, CACL-Rajasthan
Jharkhand
Matsya Mewat Shiksha Evam
Mr.Vinod Kumar
Vikas Sansthan (MMSVS),
Convenor, CACL-Jharkhand
2/519, Aravali Vihar,
Sampuma Gram Vikas Kendra,
Alwar-301001
Redma Panki Road,
Ph: 0144 2701548
Fax: 0144 2345225
Email: mmsvs@rediffmail.com
Daltongang, Dist. Palamu - 822101
Tel: 06562 24275 Fax: 06562 22210
Mobile: 9431077871
sgvkdtj @ rediffmail.com
Centra! Secretariat:
C/o RLHP, No.5, Gayathripuram,
Udayagiri P.O, Mysore - 570 019.
Karnataka
Phone: 0821-452094
email; caclcs@sancharnet.in
Website: www.caclindia.org
Advocacy Unit:
C/o Centre for Communication and Education (CEC)
No.173A, Khirki Village,
Malviya Nagar, New Delhi -17
Tel: 011 26686841
Fax : 011 26286842
cec@nda.vsnl.net.in
?
PeaceQuest Karnataka Foundation
WORKSHOP ON
HUMAN RIGHTS
TOPICS
DOWRY SYSTEM
LITERACY
CHILD LABOUR
Saturday 3rd December 1994
THE MYTHIC SOCIETY HALL
NRUPATHUNGA RD. BANGALORE - 560002
PROGRAMME : Saturday 3rd December '94
8.50 am
Registration of Participants
9.30 am
Invocation by Ujjval Vidyalaya Students
9.35 am
Welcome address
by the President of PeaceQwejt Karnataka
Ms. Hemalata Mahishi
9.40 am
Keynote address by Justice H.G. Balakrishna
(Retd. Judge, Karnataka High Court)
TEA BREAK
10.15 am
10.30 am
Dowry System
Speaker: Ms. Donna Fernandes from
VIMOCHANA
10.50 am
11.00 am
A real life experience
Literacy
Speaker: Dr. A.S. Seetharamu from
I.S.E.C.
11.30 am
Child Labour
Speaker: Ms. Caroline Wesley from (CWC)
CONCERNED FOR WORKING CHILDREN
11.50 am
A real life experience
12 noon
Slide Show on Child Labour by
Dr Vasundhra
*****************************************
12.15 - 1.15 pm
LUNCH BREAK
*****************************************
1.15 pm
Skit on Child Labour by M.E.S. Teachers College
Quest Club representatives
1.30 pm
GROUP DISCUSSION
Separate Group Discussion on
the three different topics.
TEA BREAK
2.30 pm
2.45 pm
Presentation of Group discussion :
Dowry, Child Labour and Literacy
3.45 pm
Vote of Thanks.
SPONSORS
The Management of Peacegues/ Karnataka Foundation thanks the
following for their very generous contributions made towards sponsoring
this Workshop
Mr. D.K Chowta, Managing Director of PC Exports Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Rajesh Jain.
M/s Professional Communications.
Mr. R.N. Mani of Dot-Line Process.
Addresses :
Peacegwesr/Karnataka, 102, Royal Residency, Block II, No.8 Brunton Rd.,
Bangalore - 560025. Ph. 5582127 Fax : 5582772
PeaceQue^t/Sweden, Lundagatan 56, 117 27 Stockholm,
10+46 8 6697520, Fax+46 8 849 016
PeaceQuest International
The Global Quest Club project aims to empower students and
educators to work for a healthy and peaceful future. By promoting the youth to
Act Locally and Think Globally, it gives an opportunity to change one's
surroundings in a global context. Quest Clubs seek to cooperate actively with
partner Clubs in different countries giving their grassroots initiative a truly
international character.
The Head office was set up in Stockholm (Sweden) in 1983 and as the
Movement grew, offices were set up in Washington DC(USA), Riga (Latvia),
Bangalore (India) and in the near future an office will be set up in Lusaka
(Zambia)
The first Peaceguesr Tour was conducted in 1988 with participants
from Sweden, Russia and the United States. The Tour visited the decision
makers in all the three countries with the message of peace and cooperation in
the ongoing Cold War.
PeaceQuest Karnataka
In May 1994 Mr Valentin Sevens one of the founders of Peacegwej/
(established in Sweden in 1983) came to Bangalore to set up the first Peacegi/err
office in India. Thus the Peace<2«e.rt Karnataka Trust was formed. Mrs Hemalata
Mahishi, a leading advocate, is its Founder President.
The Quest Movement in Karnataka has focussed on six colleges. These
are: Acharya Women’s 1st Grade College (Gauribidanur). Al-Ameen College,
M.E.S. Teacher's College, St Joseph’s College of Commerce. Ujjval Vidhyalaya
(Whitefield) and Vidya Vardhaka Sangha. Various activities such as debates,
quiz, skits, discussions, surveys and poster campaigns have been conducted by
these Clubs.
The progress of the movement will be evaluated regularly and further
expansion will then be planned.
The organisation has a newsletter called Shanthi Quest, the first
edition of which was published in November 1994.
-Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change
his rehgjon or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion
or belief in teaching, practice, worship and ObservanceArticle 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions
without interference and to seek, rccieve and inpart information and ideas through any media and regardless af frontiers.
Article 20.
A) Everyone has the right to freedom af peaceful assembly and'association. B) No one may be compelled
to belong to an association.
Article 21.
A) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen
representatives. B) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
C) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and
genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting
procedures.
^Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through
^national effort and international co-operation with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and
cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23.
A) Everyone has the right to wor, to free choice of employment, to just and favouable conditions of work
and to protection against unemployment B) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
C) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence
worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by' other means of social protection. D) Everyone has the right to
form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic
holidays with pay.
Article 25.
A) Everyone has the tight to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his
family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event
of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control
B) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. AH children, whether bom in or out of wedlock,
shall enjoy the same social protection.
zUticle 26.
A) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental
stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. B) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human
personality and to the strengthning of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom. It shall promote understanding,
tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for
the maintnance of peace. C) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27.
A) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to
share in scientific advancement and its benifits. B) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material
interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.
A) Everyone has duties to tire community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is
possible. B) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined
by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting
the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. C) These rights and freedoms
may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for airy State, group or person any right to
engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed st the destruction of any' of the rights and freedoms set forth in herein.
Extract of the Universal declaration of Human Rights,
Article 1.
Al human beings is bom free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to al the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distiction of any
kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other
status.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to a life, liberty and security of a person.
Article 4.
forms.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
AU are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.
S
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by the law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbritary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in
the determination of his rights and obligations and of airy criminal charge against him.
Article 11.
A, Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to the law in a public trial
B) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal
offence, under national or international law at the time when it was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbritrary interferance with his privacy, family home or correspondence, nor to
attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of tire law against such interference or
attacks.
Article 13.
A) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. B)
Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14.
A) Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
B) This right
may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.
A) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
B) No one shall be arbritrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16.
A) Men and Women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to
marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and its dissolution. B)
Marriage shall be enterend into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. C) The family is the natural and
fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17.
A) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
shall be arbritrary deprived of his property.
B) No one
Summary of the Key-note address of Justice H.G Balakrishna,
Human Rights
Human Rights have been described as tbe Gadfly of International law. Today, they have
acquired an air of legitimacy and compulsion not only in International affairs but also in the relations
between the State and its citizens especially in countries which believe in Rule of Law, democracy
and self government Human Rights have moved on to the centre-stage today in Global relations,
stressing the need to emphasise and encourage the effective exercise of civil, political, economic,
social, cultural and other rights and freedoms.
Human rights emanate from the Natural Law Concept that the rights are universal, inalienable
possessions of the individuals everywhere as expressed by great thinkers like John Locke,
Montesquieu, the authors of the Magna Carta and the famous declaration of independence by Thomas
Jefferson.
The urgency and relevance of human rights was keenly felt after the end of World War II as
the war revealed the horrors inflicted by Nazi GermanybiTutiefly helpTesS’civirianpopulationand’ttie
mass genocide of innocent people.
"
‘
World-wide support grew for the formulation of human rights standards. America took the
initiative for inclusion in its foreign policy, for the first time in itsrelationsi with other nations. Even
before America entered into World War H, president Roosevelt delivered his Four Freedoms Speech
on 6-1-1941 and defined the four basic rights essential to tire restoration of World Order. They are:
1. Freedom of Speech and Expression.
—
2/Freedom ofReligion.
3. Freedom from Want
4. Freedom from fear everywhere in the world.
These ideas of human rigfiswere reflected in the Atlantic Charter announced on 14-8-1941 by
the Big Two namely President Roosevelt and Sir Winston Churchill.
Later, in the U.N declaration of 1942 which paved the way for U.N’s establishment in 1945,
the signatory countries solemnly promised adherence to the Atlantic Charter. Article 55 and 56.of
U.N Charter predicate the assurance that U.N would promote " Human rights, and fundamental
freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language orreligion11 aridwoulcTfeguire all
member nations to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the U.N.
On 10 th December l948, the U.N General Assembly baptised the Universal Declaration of
Human RightsT India signed Atlantic Charter before independence and signed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights after Independence. Let it be known that the Declaration was formed by
the principles of the American Bill of Rights, the British Magna Carta, and the French Declaration of
the rights of men.
Besides the convenants drawn up by the Human Rights Commission, the U.N and its
specialised agencies have written several other human rights conventions which include one on
Genocide adopted by the U.N General Assembly on 9-12-1948 and one on the political rights of
women adopted in 1950.
The largest Human rights organisation is Amnesty International which is an independent body
funded by subscriptions and donations from its more than 500,000 members world-wide, and being
based in London, it claima to haye more than 3000 local groups in more than 50 countries including
Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America and Middle East in order to monitor human rights
practices.
Amnesty International bases its assessments on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and other international declarations. It is the chief source of information for the U.S State
Department’s annual country practises Reports.
There are three categories of human rights.
1. The right to be free from governmental violations of the integrity of the person. Suchviolations
include, torture, cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, arbitrary arrest, or
imprisonment, deni aloffair public trial and invasion of home or privacy————2. The right to the fulfilment of such vital needs as food,shelter, medicare(Health care) and education
3. The right to enjoy civil liberties and political liberties like freedom of thought, of religion, of
assembly,ofBpeech,ofthe press, freedom of movement both within and outside one's own country
and freedom to take.part in government Recognised by the U.N, the list of human rights includes the _
rights of the Child, vacations with pay for workers, maternity leave, full employment and free
medicare.
Child Labour
Our Constitution prohibits Child labour but the practise persists. Ineffectiveness of the
constitution in this regard needs analysis. The constitution is not self/executing instrument It is the
people who should be vigilant and ensure that tire constitution is honoured. How, is the question.
I. By creating public awareness.
2. By educating the child about its constitutional righto.
3. By taking the bureaucrats to task for not implementing the law.
4. By educating and pressurising die political parties.
5. By educating the parents.
6. By encouraging the children to go to schools in order to avail themselves of the right to free and
compulsory education
~~—-------------- >
7. By renewing the laws in order to eradicate the defects in the legislations.
8. By forming a consortium of social actiyiste, voluntary agencies, lawyers and judicial officers as
well as Legislators to put their heads together for revising the laws relating to prohibition of child
labour.
—=>
9rBy~initiating public interest litigation before the courts for enforcement of the law.
10. By introducing the Child Rights Convention in the curriculum of studies at appropriate level of
education.
’■
*
11. By coordinating and centralising the work of various governmental departments to improve the lot
of children.
12. By fixing accountability on thepower-wielders by legislation for non-implementatipnof child
labour laws.
Dowry system
This evil has been dogging our society and has taken a heavy toll of innocent and helpless
women. The fault lies with the men who are after money and who use the wife as the lever. Though
there is a law prohibiting dowry, it has not been effectiyeJWhy is it so?
1. Man has become half monkey and half beast The moral, ethical and spiritual values have been
brushed aside. He regards marriage as sale of the bride. To him, the marriage is neither a sacramental
tie nor a social contract To him, it is a sale agreement This mental attitude must change. A
psychological revolution has to be started to educate the male and transform the animal in man into a
divine man. The horrors of dowry practise have to be driven home, may be, at the early stages of
.education and that to demand and take dowry is a sin must be driven home. Tender age is the best
stage to enlighten the boy and girl ofthe evils of dowry system What would he do if it happens to his
sister?
2. By effective-enforcement of-law.
3. Bybelping the court with sufficient-evidence.
4. By educating tiie prosecutors, police-officers, judicial officers an lawyers ofthe spirit ofthe
legislation.
-
5. By awarding punishment commensurate with the gravity of the offence.
6. By not compromising with the evil by refusing to accept compensation from the accused and by
refusing to witfadrawlhecase or by not indulging in overt or covert sabotage of the case for the sake
of money.
7. By shifting the burden ofproof on the accused.
8. By speedy disposal of cases.
9. By the Bar extending free legal aid to the victim's parents.
Compulsory education
Free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years has been made afimdamental.right..
by the Supreme Court Education imparts knowledge and knowledge is power. The primary duty of
every state is to give free and compulsory education to all up to the age of 14 years as seen from
Article 45 of our constitution.
The child has the right to be educated. The parents are duty-bound to send the children to
school. The constitution envisaged the total implementation of the right within 10 years from the date
of commencement of the constitution. But 45 years have elapsed. The job has not been completed.
What is the remedy?
1. Create awareness among the parents and the children.
2. Byhaving primary schools in every village in accordance with the child population apart from
Urban areas.
37 By enlisting the help of Big business houses and charitable foundations and philantrophers
including political parties in the establishment and maintenance of primary schools apart from the
obligation of the state in doing so.
4. By locating the schools at convenient distance from the village.
5. By providing sufficient teachers and.properconditions for teaching.
6. By providing free mid-day meals to children in order to ease the burden on the poor parents,
having due regard for nutrition.
7. By changing the pattern and nature of education so that it is productive and profitable to the child
and its family, witlfemphasis onself-employment
8. To fix accountability on the officials for not implementing the constitutional obligation.
9. To revise the pattern and nature of education to be imparted to the children up to the age of 14.
10. By paying due attention especially to the streebchildren in educating and rehabilitating them.
11. By giving due importance to good teaching.
12. By ensuring that die standards set up by CRC are adhered to in the matter of educating the child.
13. To popularise social, legal or judicial activism to respond to the specific needs of the girl child
regarding her right to survival development, protection and participation.
14. To introduce more stringent laws prohibiting female foeticide, compulsory registration of births
and deaths of all female children in particular andprovide equal opportunity for girls and boys to
participate in all social sector schemes dealing with health, nutrition and ectocation.
15^By conununity awareness campaign through mass media and door to door approach regarding the
values of Primary education in a more vigorous and effective manner.
16. By liberating the child from bonded labour.
17. In the establishment of primary schools, the simple, utilitarian and economical structures as found
in Kerala state_iy worthy of emulation,, in preference to concrete or brick-made buildings.
18. To build lobby and pressure groups to get the work done.
19. There is an alarming increase in school-dropouts and it is necessary to examine the causes and to
devise the remedies.
20. There is gender bias against girl-child especially in rural areas thereby affecting their education
and steps should be taken to remove the misconception of the parents.
Conclusion
Human rights vanish into thin air when they are in the vortex of international power politics
when principles are compromised and the real champions of human rights are confined to the wheel
chair helplessly watching murders being committed on the other side of the street
The cause of human rights flashed across the international scene like the shooting star, bright,
amazing and fleeting. Suddenly the sky is empty and it seems as if the event is remembered only by
academic astronomers busily engaged in analysing their findings. The motely crowd ofhuman right
exponents are engaged in an endless struggle and Human rights has become a relatively low cost
enterprise and a twentieth century novelty according to some critics.
Pascal exclaimed three centuries ago that what is truth on one side of the Pyrenees is false on
the other. Today, it is no less true. Human rights are looked at differently in Totalitarian States as
well as Theocratic States though what is good for the goose ought to be good for the gander.
There is a strange co-existence of good and evil in all societies and so in the human beings.
The effort is to minimise the evil and not to totally eliminate it But one thing is certain to my mind
and that is, man's inhumanity to man can be stemmed if in the mind of man, the seeds of compassion,
Dharam, truth, morality, and justice and fair-play germinate. There is much to learn from the law of
nature. I repeat the words of William Wordsworth.
"One impulse from the vernal wood, may teach you more of man, of moral, evil and good than
all the sages can.”
What the concept of human rights ultimately means is the transformation of man and the system
into a divine force.
Beautiful Thoughts
One of the articles^ of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights is that all men areborn_
equal. The preamble to our constitution proclaims dignity of the individual and unity of the nation.
Our society has not given up social hierarchy and fragmentation on the basis of high and low. There is
an undeniable division of our society with graded inequality in social life. How can we expect unity
of the nation with a divided society? The social evil is still persisting despite constitutional
declaration. There should be a confluence of the philosophy of our constitution and the social,
philosophy. Is it not time to break out of this artificial barrier which has seriously damaged the
integrity of our country?
The flower of freedom and democracy can only flourish in a virtuous garden, is a vision
which should not allude us.
There must be a passion and capacity for the enjoyment of liberty. There must be a sense of
personality in each and respect for a personality in all, generally spread through the whole community
of human beings, if a truly democratic state can be fully achieved. This is possible only in a
community which has achieved a sufficient standard of material existence and a sufficient degree of
homogeneity to devote itself to an ideal of liberty which has to be worked out in each by the common
effort of all. Achievement of quality of life is an ideal dream of all freedom-loving people.
If the problem ofnational homogeneity is still insistent and there is no common feeling of
fellowship, if some sections of the community are regarded by others as essentially alien and
heterogeneous either on ground oftheir inferior education or on ground of their inferior stock or
descent or on any other ground, the ideal of common life of freedom will be an illusioa
The Global Quest Club project
“ Empowering students and educators
to work for a healthy and peaceful future
Promoting Democracy, Human Rights and
peaceful Management of conflicts
all over the World
Pcacc(2«erf International
1994
Longing for Peace
is part of Humankind's quest for a better life. War and
violence in the 1990s still plague many parts of our world.
We are all threatened by the prevailing risks of the failure to
dismantle nuclear arsenals.
The Peaceguest movement believes in the need and
opportunity to empower youth, students and educators to be
able to work for a healthy and peaceful future. Our
programmes and activities are designed to provide an initiative
to youngsters and adults to support positive change through
education, tolerance and communication. We like to believe
that we humans can develop the skills essential to the
realization of lasting peace and sustainable development on
Earth.
Think Globally
Most problems facing the world today can only be solved at the
international level. Issues such as global warming,
disarmament, and trade regulations affect people across
national borders. National and international decisions must be
favourable for all humanity.
Honour Differences
People hold many different beliefs and values.Honouring these
differences, cultural and otherwise, is essential for peace. We
can learn to cooperate as much with people and nations with
different values as we do with our closest friends.
Recognize Similarities
By focusing on our common beliefs, problems and goals,
instead of our differences, we shift attention to action which is
both supportive and constructive. The common bond of our
humanity provides a potential for unity that by far exceeds the
limits of our respective value systems.
Accept Opportunities
Peace-making is everyone's business. Each and every
individual can make a difference in one way or another. We
must strive to seize opportunities to improve life at all levels persona], local, regional and global. Peaceguesr offers
opportumtes to meet this challenge through a variety oj*
creative activities.
Programmes and Activities
gzzesZCIubs. The Global Quest Club project invites students
and educators from all continents to contribute to the planning
of their future through a practical and constructive approach.
This exercise in "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally" gives the
opportunity to organize seminars and activities in schools and
communities around themes including Democracy, Human
Rights, Conflict Management, Environment Awareness and
Sustainable Development.
Quest Clubs cooperate actively with partner Clubs in different
countries, giving their grassroots initiative a truly international
character.
Peacegz/esZ Tours. In this unique student-diplomat
exchange programme, young qucstcrs from different
backgrounds tour together in search of knowledge and
approaches for creating peace between peoples. Since 1988,
PeaceguesZ Tours have brought together young people from
East and West Europe, North America and Asia. On tour,
PeaceguesZers discuss politics, economics and history with
diplomats and fellow-students, professors and grandmothers,
scientists and steelworkers. They sample the arts, appear on
TV and learn about local culture. From Ministries to family
^kitchens, PeacegwesZers experience both political and everyday
ffife.
International Youth Camps. Each year, young people from
around the world come together to form a "global village" in
the countryside, learning about each other's culture and
government, hopes and fears. They argue, play sports, and
above all become friends. "Enemy" stereotypes shatter,
assumptions change and together they plan their future.
Peace Seminars. In week-long seminars in capital cities
stretching from Washington to New Delhi, students from
different countries are introduced to the theory and practice of
international peace-making. They attend lectures, do creative
exercises and question diplomats, politicians and activists on
current events.
Education Campaigns. Information campaigns on issues of
global concern are initiated year-round by members of the
PeaceguesZ network. For current and future decision-makers,
/■formation on such issues as Human Rights and Sustainable
^velopment is the key to empowerment for change.
PeaceQuest
is a non-profit, nonpartisan organization dedicated to peace
education and citizen diplomacy. Its activities embraces a
growing number of countries.
Guided by a vision of a future world defined by lasting,
positive peace, sustainable development, democracy and
human rights, PeaceQuest members have been innovators of
unique peace education programmess for over 10 years.
Your participation in PeaceQuest can influence the fate of the
Earth!
The Global Quest Club Project
in brief
To empower students and teachers to work for a
healthy and peaceful future
* Clubs associated with schools and colleges promote
participatory democracy, awareness of and respect for
human rights and conflict management through education
and training, supporting a transition towards peace.
* First clubs in Latvia 1993,activities 1994 in Karnataka,
Zambia and Chile, from 1995 in more countries.
(fl
* Development of Club models concentrated to Bangalore
(from June 94); well functioning models and materials
then to be used initially in Karnataka, Zambia and Chile.
* Initiation of and continous support to Quest Club
activities through regional PeaccOue.?/ Centers.
* Longer term goal: Well established global network of
Quest Clubs , making a significant, sustainable
contribution to the cause of peace. Growing number of
decision-makers with Quest Club background will support
peace education and contribute to conflict management
resources in their countries and well as globally.
* International coordination work is presently done by
PeaceQuest International board members, Alan Frisk
(USA/Latvia), Valentin Seveus (Sweden), and Jakob Strom
(Sweden). Evolving partner organizations (Peacegues/
/Karnataka, PcaceOuest/Zambia etc) in different areas to
successively involved in evaluation and consultations.
Join the Quest!
(
) I would like to be part of the Peaceguest network
( ) as a member of a Quest Club in my school,
college or community
( ) As an individual member associated directly with
a Peaccgues/ center or PcaccQuest International
( ) as an organizational/corporate member
(
) 1 would like to form or support the formation of a Quest
Club in my school, college or community
) I would like to support the Global Quest Club project by
( ) a monetary donation ( ) otherwise
(
BLOCK LETTERS OR TYPE PLEASE!
______
Surname
First name
__
Address
Post code
State/Country
Phone
Fax
Occupation
Schoo 1/Institution
Quest Club
If student, grade
Year of Birth
Other info
(
) I have enclosed my membership fce/contribution of
(amount/currcncy)
Please, contribute as much as you can. (No fixed fee).
(I wish to qualify as a non-paying member
Please make cheques payable to Peaccguest. - Send or give
this form to a Pcaccgues/ representative or a center.
Peacegz/ert/Karnataka
is the newest regional Peaceguesr organization, established in
June 1994 at Bangalore, the capital of the South Indian stale of
Karnataka. The Bangalore Center coordinates the
international work of the Global Quest Club project in
coordination with the center in Stockholm.
The Board of Trustees consists of Hemalata Mahishi,
President, S Ramesh, Treasurer, B M Muddaiya, Secretary,
Shanta Diwakar and Rajcsh Jain.
Peacegz/erf International
is registered in Washington, DC, as a non-profit organization.
The Board of Directors is presently constituted by.
Valentin Sevcus, President, Franklin Lee, Vice-President,
Alan E Frisk, Executive Secretary, Michael Brown, Olaf
Egcbcrg, Patrik Englund. Nancy Iskcndcrian, Fredrik Jonsson.
Marsha Stithem. Jakob Strom and Jamie Wcllik.
The Advisory Board consists of: Alexander Bazarov
(Ukraine), Alexei Beltyukov (Russia), Robert Bussow
(Germany), Mohammed Darawshe (Israel), Nikolai
Doroshenko (Russia), Ina Dubovik (Ukraine), Shirley Farlingcr (Canada), Suntan Khanna (India), Jan Lonn (Sweden
/Switzerland), Reward Simbcye (Tanzania), Bill Stilwagen
(USA), Marcin Talwik (Poland) and Igors Tipans (Latvia). V
Addresses
Peace(J«e.s7
Samarbcte for Fred, Fjallg 23 A, 116 28 Stockholm
Sweden - Tel +46 8 6401441 - Fax +46 8 6422521
Peace^wesZ
4201 Mass. Ave., NW, Suite 3026, Washington, DC 20016
USA - Tel + 1 202 885 6742 - Fax +1 202 862 9762
Peace(?«es/
Baltic Int'i Center of Human Education
Azcncs iela 16-239, LV-I048 Riga
Latvia-Tel +371 2 617787 - Fax+371 2 212206
PeacefOuesz
102 Royal Residency, Block 2
8 Brunton Road, Bangalore 560025, Karnataka
India-Tel+91 80 5582127 - Fax+91 80 5582127
/June 94/pqifold4/
SHANTHI QUEST
Vol:l No: 1, November 1994
Quest Clubs in Bangalore:
Indeed a Need
Exciting Seminar in Sight:
The right to be human '
Painting Competition:
Peace Components:
What is happening tn schools
Sharing our thoughts.
on the 9th ofNovember?
Ma hila Samakhya:
The Club Page:
The Quest has started. ( bub by
/I report from the fields
Club
Peace(?«fcs//K.arnataka
(Bangalore < ’enter)
Quest C'lubi in Bangaloreindeed a need?
11 is r strange twin! of late
dial Io the land of YOGA.
AlIIMSAfblon-Violence)
and
SPIRITUALISM, a cool breeze of
Peace education blows from far of
Sweden. This is the land oi Buddha
and Gandhi, yet ironically, it is a
land where the need for an
education to achieve Peace in all its
nch hues, not only exists, but is
also an urgent necessity
Usually
in
India,
an
individual's major preoccupation is
that of making a living through a
dependable form of employment.
Thus one's priorities tend to
converge on the three main
essentials as we see it and
colloquially put as "Roti, Kapda
and Makaan" which literally means
"Bread, Clothing and Shelter” The
need to link up issues greater than
oneself requires to be emphasised
Here is where the Quest Clubs
come in.
The creal loss suffered bv
humanity due to the progressive
deterioration of the flora and fauna
of the country is now making
people sit up and think There is a
need to act now so that succeeding
generations benefit from our efforts
mid the world remains green and
beautiful
Quest Clubs
could
participate actively Io achieve
some results in this field too
Illiteracy and Poverty are
characteristic
companions
in
developing countries. These are
problems that take a long time to
overcome. Particularly so when
there is a population explosion
One of the evils of this situation is
child labour. One sees children
trying to earn a living at work all
day. when they should actually have
been a! school They have lost their
childhood Quest Clubs could
contribute significantly by teaching
such children in the evenings or at
suitable hours during the weekend.
The theme "Think GloballyAct
Locally"
sounds
very
encouraging to pursue. One could
learn to take one’s first steps to
grow into a full fledged citizen of
die world by die initial progress
made in one's own neighbourhood
[he movement can thus slowly and
surely grow into a force to reckon
widi
- B.M.Muddaiya
by
CT1VITIES
Quest ers
SHANTin QUEST
is a newsletter for the members of PeaccQusst I
Karnataka. Opinions published are not necessarily those of the organisation.
Editors fa this brae: Anna Lenneby and Ssagecta Csvale.
Addrw. Peaca^wsst/J^mstako, 102 Royal Residency, Block 2,
No.8 Brunton Road, Bangalore-540023, Ph.+81 80 5582127 Fax. +91 80 5582772
(sttnPcsccpucrt)
Here are some thoughts on three of the major components of PEACE that
we have been tntrodectng to the Quest Clubs in Karnataka
('enflict Management— Live and let live
Dif f ' 1 3 (j
t ens ion
1 onflict is a part of lite it is as naturaJ as living itself it exists in
v'8no<ff forms and in varying intensity in almost every sphere of human
activity I Hi- concern is to seek ways and means of managing conflicts which.
if left unattended to or imsmanaged, could lead to violence or even largescale bloodshed.
Prejudices exist in the mind of a person or a group of persons These
are the nurseries where conflict takes root Prejudices are often based on
mistaken concepts. The key to overcoming such a state is "conanunicatiotT.
A dialogue on the areas of conflict is an essential tool for its management It
could lead to a clear identification of the stands of the pwties concerned, and
the specific issues get defined. The next stage would be an acceptance of
these positions Thereafter come the negotiations, where the altitude of giveand-take plays a significant role The conflict would thus be narrowed down
and hopefully a solution found
Democracy- "Information is the currency of democracy”
Democracy is an age-old concept. Most people would probably agree
that it is a Rood tiling to have But what is more important is that we need to
cherish democracy, learn to defend it and strengthen it Democratic thinking
also has to be incorporated into everyday life- a! the home, school/college,
work etc
Democracy should be made to work in a peaceful manner Tolerance,
cooperation, respect for human rights, civic responsibility and awareness of
one's duties, are some of the key factors upon which democracy depends. A
free flow of unbiased information, plenty of open dialogue and negotiation,
and the ever vigilant 'watchdog' citizen- all this is needed if democracy is to
flower and flourish So let's work together to make it really work for us'
Human Rights— For a kinder world
*
The inequalities in nature's creations are called to one’s notice by the
proverbial reference to the human fingers being of different sizes. The anima)
world has a law of its own and there is no unnecessary harassment, torture or
genocide The law of the jungle aims at a balance in natural existence.
The human being unfortunately does not seem to be so governed. Each
day one hears of reports of atrocities committed against some people or other.
The greater tragedy here is that the victims themselves are rareiy guilty
individually or collectively of any crime that has been adjudged in a court of
law This state of affairs gave rise to the creation of the Hunan Rights Bill of
the UN.
It is now necessary to draw the attention of those who lead
comfortable lives, that persecution in varying degrees may exist even in one's
own neighborhood. Child labour, dowry System, female infanticide, the ill
treatment of the girl child are some of the instances which highlight that the
UN Bill needs to be further publicised. Quest Clubs intend to take up these
issues to spread awareness among people so that the victimisation of the
innocent could bo roducod progressively end stopped finally
The Quest Club Page!
StJoseph’s College of
■nd Burineii Administration
Peace^Xiexr
Karnataka is part of
the Global Quest Club Project This
is what the different colleges in
Bangalore have done so far. Club by
Club. For the next edition of
SHANTHI
QUEST we hope the
Clubs themselves will contribute to
this page.
The 1st meeting was bold on 2nd
September, and Ketan Gupta was
nominated President Mr Jerome
Nirmalraj is the Coordinator.
A
P(7K sponsored poster campaign on
burning issues like child labour,
environment the girl child etc is now
the major project The posters will
be exhibited al different college
festivals- an excellent way of
promoting PeaceQuert. The Club is
also planning a donation campaign of
the excess food from five star hotels
to orphanages and old age homes.
Ujtval Vldhyalaya
The Club members here are 16-17
years old. The first Club meeting
was held on the 8th of August The
college premises are very green and
peacetul-an ideal place to start a
Quest
Club The members have
decided to embark upon an "Each
One, teach one" Campaign This is a
project where students donate some
time for teaching a child or even an
adult, or atleast motivating him/her to
study The Club members will also
observe one day as "Cleanliness
Day'" in the college. So far they have
presented a discussion and skit about
the Hindu - Muslim conflict a very
relevant theme in Bangalore today.
The elected President here is
V Srimvas Chari
Mr M
L
Ramesha is Club Coordinaloi
MJE.S Teachers College
The first Club meeting was held on
the 25th of August PQK iiad,
anticipated 15 volunteers but 34
showed up and the very enthusiastic
response came as a pleasant
snprieel
Group
leaders were
chosen.
Sunny
Augustine
was
unanimously nominated President
The Coordinator here is Mr A N
Vijaya Murthy The Club has been
very active inspite of a hectic
academic schedule So far thev have
put up r presentation on the bus
svstein in Bangalore, a programme
on child labour including a moving
skit and a very organised and well
planned discussion on the caste
system
(Cl
Vidya Vardhaka Sangha 1st Grade
College
We established a Club on the 30th of
August.
Office-bearers
were
nominated unanimously The students
seem to be really interested in the
Movement and are led by Ms
Jasantha Dorairaj The
President
here is B.V. Sandhya
Al-Ameen College
Peaceguexf staff adressed the Class
representatives on the 8th of
September The response from the
students has been very enthusiastic
We are yet to form a Club al this
college, but we are very eager to do
so. Al-Ameen is a predominantly
Muslim college and is for men only
Mr. Mirza Ali Abbas and Mr.
Shabeed Khan will spearhead the
Movement
Acharya Women's College
This college is situated in a small
town called Gauribidanur in Kolai
district We set up a Club here on the
20th of Septembei
Ihe response
from these "rural" voting women has
been overwhelming fhe President ot
the Club. Miss Roopa. was elected
by a secret ballot The Principal, Mi
'
K Varaha Murthy, himself is Club
Cooidmatoi
lhere aic seventy-six
members ns of date1
The Chzertfor an emblem
Our organization it looking
for a mark of idetitification-sn
Emblem. We plan to bold a
competition in colleges where we
have Quest Clubs. Students have
been asked to draw an attractive,
innovative and eyecatching emblem
which can also be reproduced on a
small badge. The deadline for this
competition is 31st October in
order to have it ready for the
seminar.
Painting Competition
On the next page Sangeeta
has written an article on Children's
Day To commemorate this day, we
are
arranging
a
painting
competition under the aegies of
Peace Quest Karnataka The theme
will be the Dangers of Violence/
War School children of M.ES,
Ujjval Vidhyalaya and Vidya
Vardhaka
in
Bangalore
and
Acharya Women's College in
Gaimbidanur shall participate The
paricipants are divided into two
groups, one group with children
from the 1st to the 4th class and the
other group consisting of children
from 5th class upto the 10th. The
competition is to take place on the
9th of November and the winners'
names are to be announced on
Children's Day- 14th November
The Quest Club in the school will
select the ton best and send them to
the P(7K office where a panel of
judges will select the two best in
each category
The right to be Human!
We are planning to
conduct a seminar/ workshop on
Dec. 3rd, 1994 on some of the
socio/ecooouiic aspects of Human
Rights viz. Dowry system. Child
Labour and Literacy. This will be
our first opportunity to have
representatives of all our Clubs
under ooe roof for st least a few
hours. It is an exciting prospect We
see Club members making new
friends, learning of Club activities
and practices at other colleges. To
us it would seem like a large family
eet-tocether
To ensure that
we
capitalize on such a meet, we plan
to organise a programme where
every member will be encouraged
to participate. It ia intended to
have a formal opening seasiou of
about 90 minutes . In this, a key
note address on Human Rights will
be delivered by a prominent
speaker, the other invited speakers
will each deal wth one of the
three subjects chosen.
This is to be followed by
group discussions. Three groups
are to be formed. Student members
are
expected
to
lead
the
discussions
finally,
chosen
representatives of each group will
be called upon to address the
audience on the subject They may
propose a plan of action for Quest
Clubs to pursue* to act locally and
contribute in their own way
towurds the progress of humanity
Invitations
for
this
seminar will be sent to the Clubs,
when al) the necessary details
haw been worked out
Shashi Rjunachaadra
Children's Day
In India, the
14th of
November is a special day II is the
birth anniversary of our first Prime
Minister.
Jawaharlal
Nehru
Chacha (Uncle) Nehru
loved
children
and
celebrating
his
birthday as Children’s Day is one
way of paying tribute to this jovial,
humane and almost child- like side
of his personality.
Personally, I never made
much of Children's Day as a kid It
was a school holiday and that meant
a day off and wow, that seemed like
so much fun1 No school, no studies
Great!
Today, my perceptions have
changed.
Children's
Day
has
assumed a new significance As I
emerged from the blissful ignorance
of childhood to those "difficult"
teenage years and then moved on to
early adulthood, and finally am an
adult (Thank Goodness), I am
saddened Saddened by scenes of
poverty,
hunger.
exploitation.
sorrow and despair And when I
see children suffer for no fault of
theirs. I realise how fortunate 1 was
to have had a "good” childhood
Children's Day receives
much media coverage. The P M
and the President felicitate a select
few on this day Sweets and candy
is distributed and there is much
gaiety in the air. That's it The day
is over and the sun goes down. It
rises again the next day and life
moves on.
I believe we should think
about the stale of children all over
the world Children are our treasure
and they shall inherit the Earth.
They are our future and our hope
Children's Day is here to remind us
that we need to learn more about
young people, their hopes and
aspiration*, their dreams
and
desires,
their
problems
and
difficulties. We need to take
children seriously, respect them as
individuals and allow them to
grow. They need SPACE and
tenderness, love and affection, and
discipline but not harshness.
I think children should enjoy
themselves everyday and more so
on Children's Day. 1 really hope
that teachers, educators, parents and
all ’grownups' make this day a
memorable one. Children need to
feel really special and cherished.
My teachers didn't really do that for
me But 1 hope kids today are made
to feel very good, especially on
Children's Day.
- Sangeeta Cavale
Rooted in Realty -reaching for
the stars
As 3 volunteer tor
Pcscc
{huu Karnataka, I have come in
contact with another NGO (Non
Governmental Org) called Mxhila
Samakhyi M.S Karnataka is a
women's organisation and works in
rural areas rbe idea ts to lorm groupsSanghas in villages MSK behoves that
the most important task ts to enable
rural women to arbeufate their feelings
and experiences and to allow
themselves personal space.
Tbe sangha brrigs together
women belonging to various religions,
castes, classes and soda) backgrounds.
This makes it develop a strength and a
chxractcr of its own.
Sanghas
organise themselves into committees
at the village, tahik, district and state
levels There are committees for
literacy, environment, health and
economic development programmes
One or rwo women of each
committee get tunning tn a district
workshop and when they go back to
die sangha tn then village, they will
share their knowledge with the others
A Swede in the Fiddi
I left for Bijapur on the 27 th
of September, the nde for 10 hours
was an adventure tn itself Bumpy and
with loud Hindi music for several
hours. It was early tn the morning
when 1 reached the MSK house
outside Bijapur I bad come to observe
a Sahayogini meeting A Sahsyogini is
like i tutor for about 10 villages Ln
Bijapur
district there arc
20
Sahayogjms and I was about to attend
their monthly meeting. Tbe meeting
goes on for three days and it is the
forum for the Sahoyogjnis to talk
about the present problems facing the
sanghas as wefl as discussing different
topics bke leadership and the future
of Maida Samakhyi.
The day started with taigmg a
song and then lighting a candle and
quietly concentrating about the topic
for the day before ckscussng a. 1 was
thrilled to see and fed the intensity
of tbe discussioasfunfbrturateiy I
didn't understand aO of it rince my
knowledge of languagei doei not
include Kannada, but I understood the
context, and was most impressed.)
In the evenings 1 was happy
whenever there was a power shutdown
mice that meant entertainment tn the
form of singing and dancing in the light
of s gas lamp- exotic for a Swede!
A health semmar had been
arranged by the Rotary Club in
Bijapur All the Sahsyogmis were
present as weD as around 100 sangha
women. The MSK coordinator in
Bijapur. Ms. Nirmali Shiraguppi was
invited to talk and the Rotary Club
wanted me to speak about what I was
doing in India and what I thought
about their seminar Although I was
very nervous. I managed to speak
bcaunfiilly about the Pcace(?uesr
Movement and thinked them for
inviting me
One of the most
memorable moments was when
a
sangha woman told those gathered at
the auditorium- This is not a drama.
this is our reality So go out to your
villages and WORK!
On the last day of my stay.
Nirmala took me mto the fields. We
went to visit a Lambani village. There
the sangha women were sewing and
selling bcautifiil minorwork shawls and
garments. In the other village we
visited, a sangha house had just been
constnictcd. This was a unique
expcnencc for me. as it was the first
time I had seen a small village with
mudhuts.
The womenfolk were
working in the cottonficlds when we
came-but most of the men were idle!
This was dear proof for me that there
is a need for organizations like MSK
and Sanghas in India.
I was rcaBy ad leaving
Bijapur. as I had such a good time
there and learnt so much about Indian
culture. My heart is filled with respect,
love and admiration for these women
trying to change a suppressive society
which has it's roots tn centuries of
tradition
Thsnk You MSK for a
lovely stay!
Aram Lraneby
*
PeaceQuest Network-
Peace Quest
102 Royal Residency, Block 2\*No 8 Brunton Road, Bangalore- 560025
India Ph+91 80 '582127 Fax +91 80 <>58 2772 (attn Pcacc^ueir)
Peace Quest
Saraarbete for Fred, Lundagaian 56, 117 28 Stockholm, Sweden,
Ph +46 8 6697520. Fax +46 8 849016
Peace Quest
4 201 Maas Ave . NW, Suite 3026 Washington. IX'20016 USA
Ph * 1 202 88' 6742 Fa* • I 202 862 976?
Pence Qu est
Baltic Lnt'l t enter o! Human Education A.ones iela ) 6-2 39
I .V/1048 Riga, lurfvia I'll • 371 ? f, | 77X |-w < )7| 2 212206
*
CHILD LABOUR IN THE HOSIERY INDUSTRY OF TIRUPPUR
BY
C.NAMBI
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO:
Widespread employment of child labour has become a common
feature of many of the third world countries to which India is
not an exception.
The condition is so bad that there is no need
to go anywherja to see the child labour - just open up your eyes fhe picture will start running in front of you.
From primitive
agriculture to modern industry we witness the employment of
children
between
employed
in
most
the
ages
of
hazardous
5
and
14.
occupations.
Children
are
work
They
also
under
humiliating conditions without haying any freedom to express the
torture
undergo
they
childhood.
and
fact
in
they
are
deprived
of
their
It is estimated that around 200 million children all
over the world go through this ordeal of torture,
suffering and
depreviation.
SCENARIO AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL:
Several
estimates
have
been
made
about
the- magnitude
of
child workers in India.
*
According
to Global
every fifth child
Labour Force
Estimates
of
the
I.L.O,
the age group of 10 - 14 years was
in
part of the country's active labour force.
The number of
child workers in India was estimated at 15.1 million in 1975.
1
*
The NSS 32nd round (1977-78) estimated child workers in the
age group 5-14 at 16.25 million in 1978.
*
1981 census 13.6 million children are in the
According to
labour force (11.2 million as main workers and 2.4 million
as marginal workers).
In 1983, the Planning Commission had projected the number of
*
child workers at 17.36 million.
The findings of the
*
Operations Research group,
Baroda
(Published in 1983 ) came up with an estimate of 44 million
working children in India.
This number is widely accepted
as being closest to reality.
*
The
Balai
Bank,
Data
child workers.
Manila
estimates
111
about
million
If nearly half of India's (over 800 million)
population lives in poverty, the number of working children
in India is likely to be over 100 million.
The Labour Minister while announcing a plan to liberate 2
*
million working children in August,
1994,
said that there
are 20 million child workers.
1/3
Labourers
of
the
are
world
found
Child
in
are
in
like
1.
Labourers
occupations
India.
Agriculture
Plantations 3. Mining and quarrying 4. Bidi 5. Match
works
6.
Hosiery
and
other
allied
7.
industries
bangles 8. Zari and embroidery 9. Machine tools
Child
2.
and fire
Glass
and
repair shops 10.
Gem cutting and polishing 11. Cashew processing and manufacturing
of
coir products
12.
Handloom and carpet-weaving
2
13.
Domestic
workers 14. Helpers in hotels, restaurants, canteens, tea-stalls,
shops
and
wayside
15.
establishments.
Construction 17. Hawkers,
Rag-picking
16.
Vendors, newspaper sellers 18. Coolies
etc....
SCENARIO IN TAMIL NADU:
In Tamil Nadu there were 9,75,055
marginal workers)
(871313 main and 103742
working children below the age of
15 during
1981.
Working children formed about 5% of the total workforce in
Tamil
Nadu.
The
of
incidence
child
workers
varies
Apart from the well
districts of Tamil Nadu.
employment in Sivakasi. area in the match and fire
across
the
known child
industries,
large concentration of child labour exist in the Beedi industries
in North Arcot - Ambedkar,
Trichy and Nellai - Kattabomman
districts, Tanneries in Dindigul and in the hosiery industry of
Tiruppur.
Besides
unorganised sectors
these,
like agriculture
hotels, workshops of different
and unloading,
children
are
also
and being
employed
employed in
kinds, construction work, loading
shoe-polishing and rag-picking.
We can say that
there is no activity without the employment of child labour.
3
in
Several thousand children (between the age of 5 - 14)
reported to be
in
employed
various
of
operations
the
are
hosiery
A rough estimate shows that around 25,000 children are
industry.
employed in the knit-wear industry of Tiruppur.
the
Tirupur,
district of Tamilnadu is an important
hosiery town in Coimbatore
centre dealing with cotton and cotton products for a very long
time.
Today Tiruppur
cotton
kint-wear
remains as one of the principal centre of
industry
in
the
country.
Approximately,
it
accounts for about 35% of the domestic production in the country.
The other two major centres are located in Calcutta and Delhi
account
for
30
and
10
percent
respectively.
The
rest
is
contributed by the secondary centres distributed throughout the
country.
Since
1980s,
this
industry witnessed a production boom.
From a producer producing solely for the domestic market,
the
knit-wear industry of Tiruppur became one of the largest exporter
of hosiery products and a net foreign exchange earner.
Tiruppur
knit-wear exporters who started out with Rs.18.60 crores worth of
direct exports in 1985, reached Rs.400 crores in 1989 and very
recently it touched around Rs.1,200
crores.
In
1993-94
this
industry fetched Rs.2,200 crores in foreign exchange.
The
ultimate target is "BILLION DOLLAR EXPORTS"
But at what and whose
Tiruppur can boost of such things.
cost?
It must be
noted
here
that
the
fashion
current
in
boom
western Europe and North America for all kinds of cotton knitted
clothes
contributed
significantly
to
this.
the
Moreover,
domestic market for the hosiery products expanded considerably.
This development was made possible by the structural adjustment
policy adopted by the
government
since
the
80s,
during which
period we see the proliferation of hosiery units in every noo>(
and corner of the Tiruppur town as also the
surrounding areas.
While on the one hand the expansion of the knitwear industry
of Tiruppur has resulted in the creation of more employment,
the other hand,
the labour force participation in the industry
has undergone a substantial change.
almost
all
numbers.
production
This
on
process
is maily as
a
It is quite evident that in
children
are
result
of
employed
the
in
change
large
in
the
organisation of production in these units that now most of the
production is done on job work basis.
Job work refers to an interactive relationship between and
also within firms.
It is also used to describe the divisions of
labour which exist within firms.
6
Above
all,
this
system also
of
fragmentation
allows
the
production structure - both spatially and organisationally.
However, from workers perspective this perpetuates the existence
of numerous small units of production and allows owners to flout
or
ignore questions
laws.
In
related
other words,
this
to
conditions
kind
of
work
of
job working
labour
and
enabled
many
owners to employ children between the ages of 5-14 in operations
which involve only a small period of training for acquiring the
skill.
Largely,
the children
are
drawn
from
the
neighbouring
villages which are located along the roads that connect them with
Tiruppur town. Children from interior villages are also employed
in Tiruppur units who
either walk or
use
cycle
nearest bus route form where they reach Tiruppur.
to
reach
the
Thus, we see
children coming to the banian companies from 30 kilometers radius
of
Tiruppur
town.
We
districts like Tiruchi,
do
see
Madurai,
working
children
from
far
Tirunelveli and Ramnad.
off
They
are mostly settled in the newly emerging slums of Tiruppur town.
Thus
children
form
an
important
labour
segment
in
the
production process of Hosiery Industry and this state is likely
to intensify and draw more and more children into the workforce
depriving children of their childhood and future development.
7
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS OF THE STUDY UNDERTAKEN AT TIRUPPUR AREA BY
OUR ORGANISATION :
Totally
survey.
18424
households
are
covered
under
household
the
(4533 in Avinashi block, 9555 in Tiruppur block and 4336
in Tiruppur Municipality).
Total population covered under the
survey is 73278 (52% males and 48% females).
Children constitute
32% of this population (children below 15 years of age).
Population covered (as per 1991 census) under the household
survey is 15% in Avinashi Block, 27% in Tiruppur block and it is
8% in Tiruppur Municipality.
Of the 4533 households covered in Avinashi block households
with child workers constitute 17% and it is 21% in Tiruppur block
and 26% in Tiruppur Municipality.
This reveals that households
with child workers are more concentrated in Tiruppur slums
every fourth household sends its children for work.
where
Next cc^s
Tiruppur block with every fifth household sending its children
for work.
Villages in Tiruppur block are close to Tiruppur town.
Backward
caste
households
accounts
for
the
highest
proportion in the three areas surveyed and among these households
19% of the households have working children.
the most backward
It is highest among
castes with 27% of households with working
8
children.
Proportion of households with working children among
SC & ST communities is 25%
WORKFORCE:
Total workers (37427) constitute 51% of the total population
covered.
Of this male adults account for 63%, female adults 23%
and children constitute 14% (7% males and 7% females).
While the state average in terms of child workforce to total
workforce is only about 5%, it is much higher in the hosiery belt
than the
state
average.
This
children in hosiery industry.
indicates
higher
employment of
This is clear from the figures
available on the number of children employed in Hosiery units.
HOSIERY WORKERS:
In the three areas covered there are 11243 workers involved
in knitwear industry.
workers.
This accounts for about 31% of the total
Thus it shows that next to agriculture hosiery industry
is the main occupation for about one third of the population.
Of
the total hosiery workers there are 4554 children below the age
of 15 Accounting for 41% of the total work force in the industry.
9
Given that the door to door survey represents the overall
trend, it reveals that about 40% of the workers supplied to the
industry from these areas are Children below the age of 15.
Of the total workers in Hosiery male adults account for 55%,
female adults 4%„ male children 20% and female children 21%.
In the three areas surveyed Tiruppur Municipality accounts
for highest proportion of child workers with 62% of the total
workers involved in Hosiery work. It is 36% in Tiruppur block and
32% in Avinashi block.
Unlike in the match and Fireworks and beedi industry,
here
both boys and girls are working in equal numbers.
There is also
not much difference
out
in
the
operations
carried
by
male
children and female children and also in terms of wages.
Of the children involved in hosiery industry 22% of them ar
in the age group of 6-11 and the remaining in 12-14 years.
Among the population surveyed there are
15441 children in
the age gorup of 6-14 years and of these 35% of the children are
already in the workforce.
10
WORKING CONDITIONS AND WAGES:
where children work
Sivakasi,
Unlike
in
factories
the
as
well as in the home, in Tiruppur the children will have to work
alongside adults in factories for long hours of work.
normal
scene
to
see the buses
It is a
packed with thousands of
young
children with the tiffin carrier in their hand going to their
work
spot
evening.
in
the
early
hours
of
day
the
Again inside the factory,
well
as
as
in
the
they have to work
like a
machine since wages are paid on piece-rate for the adults.
Since
the children are helpers to the adults they have to cope with the
speed of
the
daily wages.
(children)
paid
only
They are also wooed by overtime incentives.
So,
adults
eventhough
they
are
most of the children work for 12-16 hours per day.
Comparatively
the wages paid to adults as well as to the child labour is better
than Sivakasi.
per day.
A child labourer in Tiruppur starts with Rs.10/-
The wages slowly increases as she/he grows physically
and getting experience in a company.
helpers to the adults.
upon
(i)
Mostly these children are
Learning of a particular skill depends
Style of functioning of a company
rapport built between the
adult worker
(iii) physical growth of a child.
and
(ii)
the
the kind of
child- worker.
A boy or girl from this area
is better appreciated for his/her earning
capacities than
his/her performance in class rooms. There is a general tendencies
among the parents that let our children find their own way of
11
living than thinking of sending them to a school or continuing
their education.
school vocation
School
children who go
for work during the
(especially during summer holidays)
back to school again.
never come
They are sucked into the industry.
things have led to decrease in enrolment in schools and
These
increase
in school drop-o,ut rates, recently.
HEALTH HAZARDOUS
Eventhough there is no scientific study on these, it is told
that 10 to 15 new cases of T.B.
Govt.
Hospital in a day.
Thanthi newspaper
is being admitted at Tiruppur
There was a shocking news in Daily
dt.24.6.94.
Dr.
the Chief Eye
Karuppannan,
Specialist in Tiruppur Govt. Hospital has revealed the fact that
80%
of
hosiery workers
affected.
units.
related
diseases
in
He specifically mentions that child workers are also
Tiruppur.
industry,
are having eye
While
it
is
inside the hosiery
the cotton dust
it is the chemical dust in the dyeing and bleaching
The Doctor warns that until and unless the workers go for
treatment on time, they will become blind over a period of time.
through which
A river
is usually the lifeline of
passes.
But this is not the case with Noyyal, a tributory of the
any area
Cauvery which
passes
through
Tiruppur.
through
river.
It
only
this
not
affects
neighbouring areas in Periyar district.
12
Toxic
effluents
Tiruppur
but
flow
also
This
diseases.
leads
to
skin
widespread
ailments
and
pulnological
The main reasons are the chemicals used in processing
the cotton - i.e.
Sodium hydroxide, Sodium hypochloride, Sodium
Sulphide, Hydrochloric acid and a number of dyes based on a toxic
benzidine structure.
Our present study undertaken by us will
bring
lot of
in
information in this regard.
Tiruppur
town
has
become
congested,
dirty
dust.
and
The
entire area is being polluted because of the dyeing and bleaching
factories in and around Tiruppur.
The damage is such that if you
dig a well or put up a bore-well,
water.
you will get only coloured
The social life is also polluted in the sense that more
and more people are getting into habit of drinking and using all
other kinds of indoxicating things.
ENFORCEMENT OF LAW:
The Consititution of
supposed
to
Assemblies,
India is the basic
law.
is
It
not
by
the
Government,
parliament;
State
administration
or
citizens.
Act.24
the
be
violated
of
Constitution gives a fundamental right that 'no child below the
age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or
mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment'.
13
There is another view viz that all employment of children
below fourteen is hazardous
education
denies
and
their
since it
interferes with their
opportunities
support for this argument is derived
Legal
principles
the Constitution
of
(which are
for
healthy
from the
growth.
directive
fundamentals
in
the
governance of the country) especially Article 45 which guarantee
for free and Compulsory education till 14 years.
At the world Summit for Children on 30th September 1990 the
world leaders declared that 'we have gathered at the World Summit
for
children
to
undertake
a
joint
commitment
and
to
make
an
urgent universal appeal - to give every child a better future.
The children of the world are innocent, vulnerable and dependent.
They also curious active and full of hope.
Their time should be
one of joy and peace, of playing, learning and growing.
future should be shaped
should mature,
Their
in harmony and co-operation. Their lives
as they broaden their perspectives and gain new
fl
experiences.
But the enforcement of these principles, visions and hopes
have faded away.
labour
related
As anywhere in India enforcement of factory and
laws
are
flouted
around
in Tiruppur,
too.
My
informal talk with the Inspector of Factories reveals that if he
books
any case against anyone he will be punished as any
Government employee
honest
is being punished.Atleast in Sivakasi, some
14
noise is being made about child labour.
Even that is not being
Child labour is not at all seen as
done in Tiruppur, till date.
a problem either by the parents or teachers or trade unionists'
or the general public or by the enforcing authorities.
become an accepted norm and become part of life.
It has
No one bothers
about it.
STATUS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION:
A quick
reveal
of
data
the
schools
analysis
that most of
facililties in
collected
from
lack adequate
terms of building,
adequate
teaching and learning equipments and so on.
schools reveal
that
in
the
high
child
primary
schools
infrastructural
learning space,
Our sample survey of
labour
drop-out at the primary level is as high as 50%.
incidence
areas
In most of the
schools teacher-student ratio is also very unfavourable.
ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS:
In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore District is the place where Trade
Unions are active in Textile and other allied industries.-
is the case in Tiruppur too.
AITUC,
INTUC,
Leading Trade Unions
Same
are CITU,
Hindu Mazoor Sabha and all other State level
political parties Trade Unions.
The unions are powerful and they
have their own voice and strength.
15
They are in a position to
dictate and decide on things with the management.
The situation
is such that the hosiery manufacturers have to take into account
the possible Trade Union's strike (reaction) whenever they go for
an agreement with the
while taking bulk orders.
importers
But,
it is unfortunate and sad that the child labour issue hasn't come
under the purview of Trade Unions,
They
date.
till
are
just
blind to this issue. Having got so much of power, if Trade Unions
are able to take up this issue of child labour in Tiruppur, they
will be able to succeed in solving some of the problems of child
labour.
STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO ERADICATE CHILD LABOUR
1.
Since
should be made to
Labour
and
has
Labour
Child
the
bureaucrats,
create
need
child labourers,
become
to
an
awareness
protect
employers,
efforts
about
evils
of
childhood
among
parents,
teachers,
administrators,
norm,
accepted
child
trade
unionists,
legislators,
lawyers,
enforcement authorities, media persons and general public.
2.
Compulsory,
free,
quality
strictly implemented.
primary
education
should
be
Learning should be made interesting
and the infrastructure facilities of the schools should be
developed.
More
fund
allocation
strengthening the primary education.
16
should
be
made
for
3.
Child
Labour
replaced
be
should
adult
by
labour.
Implementation of Minimum Wages Act is very essential.
Adult wages should be raised to a reasonable level.
4.
More and more employment opportunities should be generated
for adults.
Employment Guarantee Scheme
should be
(EGS)
implemented,throughout the country.
5.
Special
be
made
financial assistance and Government schemes should
available
with
working
related
laws
families
for
children
to
increase the family income level.
6.
ENFORCEMENT
OF
LAW:
Labour
such
as
child
labour (prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986, Factories Act,
1948 and Minimum Wages Act 1986 should be strictly adhered
to
i.
Enforcement Authorities should be given more power
ii.
Labour Department should be stregthened with more
manpower.
iii. Amendments have
to be made
in the
Child Labour
(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 in order to
make it more effective.
a.
Some of the suggestions
All employment of children below fourteen
years should be declared hazardous since it
interferes
denies
with
their
growth.
17
children's
opportunities
education
for
and
healthy
b.
Onus proof of date of birth/age should be on
As in the case of
the employer.
Act,
should
it
to
employers
be
have
made
mandatory
birth
a
for
all
certificate
and
the need
maintain registers,
authority to certify
Factories
for
a medical
should be
dispensed
with.
c.
Regulation of employment of young persons
between 15-18 years of age should be made.
d.
'Joint
consisting
eminent
of
district
level
citizens,
social
at
Forces'
Task
workers and concerned officials of the Labour
Department should be formed.
e.
Setting up of 'flying squards' consisting of
officials
factory-inpectors,
departments and members
powers
to
collect
spot
other
of
of the public with
fines
and
impose
punishments.
f.
|
Unions
Trade
organisations
and
should
be
Non-governmental
empowered
to
carry
out inspections and call for records. ■
7.
N.G.Os
should
be
invited
to
participate
in
programmes and decision-making at the district,
National levels.
18
policy,
state and
8.
Government should come forward to give more concessions and
loan facilities to the units run without Child Labour.
If
there is a need these units should be supported with subsidy
facilities etc..
9.
like AEPC
(Apparel
Export Promotion
Council)
promote
more
more
orders
from
foreign
even
for
Institutions
should
countries,
and
smaller
direct
units.
This
will
stop
the
contract system and the profit level will go up which will
enable the unit owners to employ adults.
This does n't suit
to the greedy employers.
10.
All
political
parties
should take
up
the
issue
of
Child
Labour in their agenda and work towards eradication of child
labour.
11.
People should vote for parties which promise to take up the
issue of child labour and eradicate it.
12.
The media of this country should give utmost importance for
the issue of child labour to protect the childhood and put
an end to the shrinkage of human resources.
19
Late
scientists
Prime Minister Jawaharlal
and
educators
in
New
Nehru told a gathering of
Delhi
a
little
while
before
death.
"Some people seem to think education is not so important as
putting up a factory.
I may sacrifice any number of factories,
but I will not sacrifice human beings and their education because
it is the human who sets up factories and produces the things we
want".
fl
"CHILD RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS"
SAY NO TO CHILD LABOUR
IMPLEMENT FREE, QUALITATIVE COMPULSORY
PRIMARY EDUCATION
SAVE AND PROTECT CHILDHOOD
JOIN HANDS TO ERADICATE CHILD LABOUR.
C. NAMBI
fl
DIRECTOR
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL EDUCATION
AND DEVELOPMENT (CSED)
38, NARASA STREET
AVINASHI 641 654
COIMBATORE DISTRICT
TAMIL NADU S. INDIA.
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