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HANSENS DiSEASE
(LEPROSY)
' CPHL
S. MASILA MANI,
CPHE
HANSEN'S DISEASE
FOREWORD
I am very glad to write about this little book on Leprosy,
which, I am sure, will greatly contribute to awaken the
public to their important role and responsibility in freeing
our Motherland from this disease, and from the social
stigma attached to it.
This little book is the effort of a common man for com
mon men. The author, a young, enthusiastic, creative man
has been won over to the cause of those suffering from Lep
rosy. Through his own experience he has learnt that what
makes Leprosy a dreadful disease is not its causing pathog
enic agent, the so-called Mycobacterium Leprae.
It is,
instead, the fear, the ignorance, the false beliefs and super
stitions which surround this disease and make it something
which has to be concealed, covered up, and a cause
for
shame.
The booklet is very simple in its language, so that every
one, even a primary school student, can understand it. It is
sufficiently authoritative in its contents to enable everyone
who reads it to get rid of all useless fears and superstitions
and join hands in the common cause. It is also very pleasant
in its presentation with its useful diagrams and
beautiful
photos.
I myself have been working in the Leprosy field for
many years. I am convinced that whatever effort we may
put into detecting all those suffering from Leprosy
and
giving them adequate treatment will never succeed unless
the fear is dispelled from the mind o. society.
Only after
the darkness of ignorance
is banished and the light of
knowledge shines out, no dark cover where people
may
conceal their disease will be left.
I hope that this little book will cast
light into all the
still existing dark corners and that new positive
human
attitudes may be cultivated as a result of its message.
—Sr. Dr. GIOVANNA LUSSU
1
PREFACE
"Health for all by the year 2000 A.D." is the main goal
of W. H. O. (World Health Organisation).
Keeping in
clear perspective the objectives of W. H. O., and our late
Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, I have compiled this
book.
The youth of today is responsible for creating the
channels of opportunity for an India free from Hansen's
Disease. (Leprosy is more correctly referred to as Hansen's
Disease, after the Norwegian Scientist, who first dis
covered the causative bacillus.) I believe very strongly in
the power of this sector of society. I have in my own
personal experience seen a lot of potential, understanding,
and love among them. I find that youth is the period of life
where one is challenged in every form of social motivation,
therefore it is ma inly to Our youth of today that I will speak.
I wish to share with them a little of the knowledge and
experience that I have acquired in the field of my work for
H.D. Patients. I hope this will abolish the prejudices that
exist, and give a proper understanding of the manifestations
of the disease, enabling them to teach others effectively.
Then the stigma will be removed from our Society and all
people afflicted by H.D. will be recognised as human beings
and allowed to live normal lives.
Fired by the enthusiasm I feel, and with great opti
mism for the future and the above goal which we can all
surely work to bring about, I propose with this booklet
that (H.D.) Hansen's Disease is everyone's concern.
My
heartfelt
thanks
to
"AMICI
DI
RAOUL
FOLLEREAU”,
Bologna, Italy for their encouragement,
support and financial help which have enabled me to
bring out this booklet.
I
—S. MASILA MANI
2
Historical Background of Leprosy
or Hansen's Disease
Scientists ROGERS and MUIR stated in their books that
Leprosy is mentioned as 'KUSTAM'
in Religious books
in the year 1 400 B.C.
In the year 1411 B.C. our ancestors found a China clay
statue which resembled the face of a
man
affected by
Leprosy
The disease is supposed to have originated in
Central
Asia or Central Africa and then spread all over the world.
In his book ' ’Susrutha Samhita'', The Indian Surgeon
Susrutha described the clinical manifestations of Leprosy.
When we browse through
the pages of the Bible,
we find that Jesus cured many
people affected with
leprosy.
In the year 150 A.D. GALEN and ARATOUS stated that
Leprosy is a disease
identified
as
"ELEPHANTIASIS
GRECORUM".
All the above points bring us to one conclusion : that
leprosy is an ancient disease, knowing no boundaries of
caste, colour, creed, sex or age.
From the 11 th to the 1 5th century A.D. the prevalence
of leprosy was very high in Europe. Though it is not yet
completely eradicated, most of the developed countries no
longer have a leprosy problem.
The present distribution of leprosy is spread through
out Asia, Africa and the Latin-American countries.
In India it can be found in all the states, but more so in
Tamil
Nadu,
Andhra
Pradesh, West
Bengal,
and
Orissa, and to a lesser extent in Uttar Pradesh, Madya
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, JammuKashmir etc.
In the sub-Himalayan regions of Punjab,
3
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, there may be pockets where
the disease may be highly prevalent. However in the plains
of the Punjab and Rajasthan, there are very few cases.
Certified records show that there are nearly 11 0 lakhs of
leprosy patients in the world : out of which around 40 lakhs
of patients are in India. In Karnataka there areabout 2 lakhs
of patients, and in Bangalore City alone, there may be
about 15,000 to 18,000 leprosy patients.
Prevalence of Leprosy in the World
Names of Countries
Prevalent Rate
per 1000
Canada, Panama, USA, Japan, Israel,
Greece, Spain, USSR.
0.0
to
0.5
Mexico, Jamaica, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka
Iran, Iraq, Maidive Islands, Turkey
0.5
to
0.9
South Africa, South West Africa,
UAR, Argentina, Cuba, China, Korea,
Pakistan, Philppines, Figi, Tonga
1.5
to
4.9
Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Bhutan,
Cambodia, India, Nepal, Vietnam
5.0
to
9.9
Angola, Nigeria, Uganda, Surinam
10.0
to
19.0
Senegal, Burma
20.0
to
29.0
Chad, Congo, Mali
30.0
to
39.0
Gaban, Zambia, Spanish,
Equatorial Region
40.0
to
49.9
Central African Republics, French Guiana
above
4
50.0
Prevalence of Leprosy in India
Name of the States
Prevalence Rate
per 1000
Punjab, Madya Pradesh, Hariyana,
Rajasthan, Assam, Meghalaya
Below
Jammu-Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat,
Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Kerala
1
to
4
Bihar, Manipur, Tripura, Maharashtra,
Karnataka
5
to
8
West Bengal, Orissa, Nagaland, Sikkim
9
to
12
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
13 and above
1
Prevalence of Leprosy in Karnataka
Name of the Districts
Prevalence Rate
per 1000
Shimoga, Chikmangalur, Kodagu, Hassan
Below
Bangalore (Rural), Bangalore (Urban),
Chitradurga, Kolar, Tumkur, Belgaum,
Dharwar, Uttar Kannada,
Dakshina Kannada, Mandya
1
to
4
Bijapur, Bidar, Gulbarga, Mysore
5
to
8
Bellary, Raichur
9 and above
5
1
Definition of Disease
"State of the body or the mind which has gone out of
normal function because of various reasons."
—Dr
CAUSES OF DISEASES:
Nilakanta Rao
1
Hereditary
2.
Congenital
3.
Metabolic
4
Physical & Chemical Agents
0
5.
Endocrinal
6.
Infection by......
i) Bacteria
ii) Virus
iii) Fungus
iv) Protozoa
v) Rickettsia
vi) Spirocheates.
Causative Organism
Diseases (Examples)
Virus
Smallpox, Measles, Chickenpox,
Influenza. Common Cold.
Protozoa
Malaria, Leishmaniasis,
Amoebiasis.
Helminths
Round Worm, Hook Worm.
Worm, Filaria.
1
Tape
Bacteria
Tuberculosis. Typhoid, Leprosy,
Diptheria,
Spirocheates
Syphylis, Yaws, Venereal disease.
Gonorrhea.
Mycosis
Ring worm.
Rickettsia
Typhus group of fevers.
&
Leprosy is just one among the many infectious diseases
6
What is Immunity?
Immunity means the Resistance offered by the body
against the invasion of pathogenic micro-organisms.
Immunity is also an individual's ability of resistance to
a particular disease and it may be complete or partial.
A good environment, good nutritious food, a good
climate and good habits are favourable to the increase of
the immunity power of a person. Heredity also counts to a
certain extent in measuring immunity. On the contrary, any
lack in the above factors will also result in a lack of
Immunity.
Nobody's
immunity can be measured, as it is relative,
but it can be said that if a person is not strong in immunity
to a particular disease he may be affected by that disease,
if there is exposure to the same. In the same way LEPROSY
is also a disease which affects a person who has no immunity
against it.
7
The human body responds to the germs or the chemicals
produced by them with the production of neutralising sub
stances. The germs and the materials produced by them are
known as "ANTIGENS." The neutralising substances that
the human body produces are known as "ANTIBODIES."
Therefore, when a germ enters a human body by any route
for the tirst time, the human body produces Antibodies.
Later these Antibodies react with the Antigens of the germs
and make them ineffective and harmless. The germs are
killed in the process. Sometimes they get killed by
the
"defence" cells. That is usually how an early
bacterial
infection is overcome by a patient, without his even being
conscious of it.
In some other diseases, the formation of such antibodies
does not appear to be sufficient to destroy the germs. In a
sense, the germs seem to be a tough lot. The Anti-bodies
have to overcome the infection and prevent the development
of the disease. If by chance, there is weakness in these
defence cells, then the patient will develop the disease
because the germs get the upper hand.
Immunity can be
acquired by Vaccination (passive immunity).
Is There any Vaccination against Leprosy?
Scientists in the field of leprosy think that at
least
another ten years will be required after the start of trials
before something definite can be said about the value and
utility of a vaccine for leprosy.
There are many reasons for this :
1.
The tests have to be carefully planned and conducted
according to the highest scientific standards.
2.
The populations involved in such tests will be large,
making it difficult to follow them up month after month
and year after year.
3r
Workers required to carry out such tests are
available.
8
not easily
4.
Resources, especially in terms of money, are limited.
5.
Leprosy has a long incubation period, which makes the
research itself very difficult.
Therefore, it can be safely assumed that no vaccine
leprosy will be available for twelve to fifteen years.
for
We hope the day will soon dawn when scientists
discover a suitable vaccine for leprosy.
will
Leprosy Bacillus (or Lepra Bacilli)
The Bacterium which carries Leprosy is called MYCO
BACTERIUM LEPRAE.
Dr. G. HANSEN, a Norwegian physician, discovered this
myco-bacterium leprae, and today the disease is often
called "HANSEN'S DISEASE", after its discoverer.
The causative organisms were seen by him as
small
rods in H.D. nodules, in 1873. It was the 1st to be disco
vered among all germs, and is found in human beings only.
It is also very difficult to grow outside the human body.
It affects the skin,
internal organs.
nerves,
mucous membranes,
and
Even though it was the first organism producing disease
to be discovered, H. D. has only rather recently been
treated as a normal and curable illness.
Types of Leprosy
There are two types of H.D., INFECTIOUS (OR LEPROMATOUS) and NON-INFECTIOUS (OR NON-LEPROMATOUS)
Untreated infectious patients spread the disease
and they are called "SOURCES" of infection.
Fortunately more than 80% of our patients are of the
non-infectious type. Infectious patients, once under treat
ment, do not spread the infection any more.
9
Incubation Period
The time interval from the entry of the infectious agent
to the appearance of the first symptom of
the disease is
referred to as the "Incubation Period."
Examples :
Diseases
Incubation period
Cholera
Chickenpox
Smallpox
D iphtheria
Typhoid
a few hours to 5 days
14-15 days
17-16 days
02 - 06 days
12-14 days
The Incubation period for leprosy is usually 2 - 5 years.
In rare cases, it may even last upto 20 years. In other cases,
especially in children, it can be a few months only.
Leprosy has often been mentioned as the LEAST INFEC
TIOUS OF ALL DISEASES.
Epidemiological Aspects
* Leprosy is found in all strata of society. Poverty encoura
ges the spread of all infections, because of an overcrowded,
unclean and unhealthy environment, andof malnutrition. We
find more people suffering from leprosy amongst the poor.
Leprosy can occur at any age. About 55% of the cases are
found below the age of 20 years, and 45% of the cases were
more than 20 years old at the time of the onset of the disease.
More than 80% of the patients are non-infectious. More
than 95% of healthy persons coming into
contact
with
leprosy patients do not get leprosy, due to their
natural
immunity. Therefore, it is meaningless and even ridiculous
to be afraid of leprosy.
Although leprosy is a very common disease
in
our
country, the majority of people think that it is not common
amongst the general public.
Workers in the leprosy field have a great deal of contact
with both infectious and non-infectious patients every day,
but very few of them develop leprosy.
10
Even though leprosy is a disease which
attacks
both
males and females, it is proved that males are more prone
than females, roughly in the proportion of
2 : 1 or
1.5:1. The reason for this is still under study. The same
pattern is also seen among male and female children.
Transmission
As has been said, leprosy is a disease which
affects
human beings only, and in India no animal at all. In South
America there is one animal known as an armadillo, which
has been found infected with the leprosy bacillus. Infection
is transmitted from an untreated, infectious patient
to
a
healthy person who lacks immunity.
Leprosy is mainly transmitted through the air, being an
airborne infection, just like tuberculosis. Untreated, infec
tious patients eject a large number of bacilli into the sur
rounding environment when they cough, sneeze or spit.
These bacilli are not only infective for the healthy com
munity in the immediate vicinity, but can be
sources of
infection to people at a great distance, as the dried sputum,
nasal mucus or saliva are automatically carried far away by
humans or other means.
Leprosy is not caused by climate, food habits, soil con
ditions or environment but nevertheless, all these may play
a role in the immunity pattern of the population.
It is a common belief that beggars spread leprosy, but
the majority of beggars suffering from leprosy belong to the
non-infectious type, and many of them are burnt-out cases.
Furthermore the public has no direct contact with them.
An occasional contact with a beggar leprosy patient is not
enough for transmission of infection, and besides, we keep
them at a distance.
Superstitions and Prejudices Surrounding Leprosy
What Some People Say.
Leprosy is the Result of Sin I
This idea doesn't hold good, as we know
11
that God
is
loving and forgiving and he does
disease as a sign of his cnger
not
curse
people
with
Leprosy is Hereditary
If it were so, every generation in a leprosy
patient's
family would have had leprosy. But this is not the case.
Just as T.B. or typhoid or cholera ara not inborn diseases.
and just as they require some medium for the transmission
of infection, such is the case with leprosy.
Therefore, no
child is ever born with leprosy.
There are families where both or one of the parents
are suffering from leprosy and where all the children are
healthy.
In fact, a majority of cases have been detected
in families where there is no previous case of leprosy.
Leprosy is due to Venereal Disease 1
Veneral Diseases are now grouped together as"sexually
transmitted diseases.” They include (1) Venereal Syphilis.
(2) Gonorrhea (3) Chancroid or soft sore (4) Lymphogranu
loma Venereum (5) Granuloma inguinable or donovansosis
From the public health point of view, syphilis and gonorrhea
are very important. Syphilis is a dreadful disease, which
may result in neonatal deaths, mental disease and cardio
vascular abnormalities, while gonorrhea may lead to salpin
gitis and even sterility in women.
According to W.H.O .
the spread of these diseases is due to the
rapid environ
mental, social and behavioural changes that the world is
undergoing. Syphilis is caused by Tryponema
pallidum,
while gonorrhea is due to Nisseria Gonorrhea.
Venereal diseases are mainly a social danger for teenagers
because of their ignorance about sex. All these diseases are
transmitted by sexual contact, while syphilis is also trans
mitted congenitally.
The idea that leprosy is a venereal disease has
been
medically proved to be wrong .
The causative
organism
for leprosy is a bacterium called Myco-Bacterium Leprae
12
Leprosy is due to a Snake or Rat or Monkey Bitel
In the rural areas people bitten by snakes
monkeys do not get leprosy.
or
rats
or
If so all the people who consume fish would have
leprosy. But we know that it is not true.
got
Leprosy is due to Consumption of Fish I
Are All Patches Caused By Leprosy ?
Different type of patches which can appear on the skin
are enumerated below :
X
SO ALL PATCHES ARE NOT A SIGN OF LEPROSY; AT
THE SAME TIME ADEQUATE CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN
THAT A LEPROSY PATCH IS NOT MISTAKEN FOR SOME
OTHER KIND OF PATCH, ATTRIBUTABLE
TO CAUSES
SUCH AS THOSE MENTIONED.
13
IT IS HIGHLY ADVISABLE TO SEE A DOCTOR IMME
DIATELY WE DETECT A PATCH ON OUR BODY.
If a leprosy patch on the body is not taken care of at an
early stage the nerves will be affected after some months or
years, as a result, deformities will develop. Due to nerve in
volvement, sensation will be lost. The absence of pain makes
leprosy patients prone to repeated injuries which may cause
ulcers and mutilations. Besides, the nerve damage causes
paralysis and contractures (Claw hands). The presence of
deformities does not mean that a person is an active leprosy
patient.
The cure of the disease implies the destruction of the
bacteria. Deformities which have already developed may
remain as scars, like the blind eye or the pock marks that
remain in a person even after recovering from smallpox.
So, deformity by itself is not a sign of infectiousness.
*
Hence, we may find infectious and non-infectious patients both with and without deformities.
Deformities will
be the consequence of nerve involvement.
TREATMENT AT THE INITIAL STAGES WILL CURE
THE DISEASE FASTER, AND PREVENT DEFORMITY AS
WELL.
Generally speaking, the public recognise leprosy pati
ents with deformities and think that the deformities are •
sign of infectiousness.
Deformities
appear in the later
stages of the disease, and usually such patients are noninfectious.
Leprosy is basically a disease of the nerves and
skin.
Nerve damage in leprosy leads to complications, such
as
loss of sensation and paralysis of the extremities. Deformi
ties in leprosy can be prevented.
DEFORMITY IS NOT A
SIGN OF INFECTIOUSNESS. It indicates neglected treat
ment at the early stages, and perhaps an attempt to conceal
the disease from others.
14
So, beggar leprosy patients are not
responsible
for
spreading infection; besides, the problem of leprosy is not
limited to beggar leprosy patients. Their severe deformities
and mutilations are unsightly, thus causing
great fear in
public mind. Therefore it is our duty to know the signs and
symptoms of leprosy.
Early Signs and Symptoms oF Leprosy
It is very easy to identify leprosy in any individual
knowing the following signs and symptoms.
by
1.
Change in colour and texture of the skin (smooth, oily
shiny, reddish skin)
2.
Non-itching patch or patches on the skin with loss of
sensation to touch, pain, or temperature
can appear
in any part of the body. (Ses photos 4,5,6)
3.
De velopment of loss of sensation in some part
body.
4
The nerves of the face and limbs may become thickened.
tender and painful.
of
the
If any one notices any of the above signs on his/her
body it is advisable to approach any Government Centre or
Private Leprosy Institution or one's family doctor, or any
skin s eecialist.
Treatment for Leprosy
In "854 Dr. Mouat, a British Surgeon, while
working
with ti e Indian Medical Service found on oil named "Chaulmoogra.’ (hydnocarpus) which was used for the treatment
of leorosy.
Later, in the year 1903, Engel Bay produced a medicine
calle i "Anti-Leprol,'' and it was used for the treatment of
leprosy.
15
In 1909 a American Scientist
Dypheny I-Sulphone"
synthesized
Different derivatives were prepared by Dr.
America and others.
"Diamino-
Faget
of
The successful use of the sulphone derivative (promine)
was first reported in 1947 from'the leprosarium in CARVILLE
in the United States of America.
Soon after Dr. Cochrane and Dr. Dharmendra began to
use DDS in India.
It is also known as "Dapsone" and is
available in the form of tablets, which are very cheap and
have to be taken orally. This drug takes a long time to cure
the disease (i.e. for non-infectious type it takes 3 to 5 years
and for infectious types it takes more than 10 years.)
Multi-Drug Treatment Regimen (MDT - Regimen)
The Multi-drug treatment of leprosy was recently intro
duced-under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme in
India in 1 982.
At present M.D.T. is being given in 50 Districts.
Thanks to the advance of medical science new drugs such
as Rifampicin and Clofazimine have been introduced in the
treatment of leprosy. These Drugs are more effective and
give faster results. With the M.D.T. - Regimen, infectious
patients take about 3 to 4 years to achieve a cure and noninfectious patients only about 6 to 12 months.
Thus the advantages of approaching a doctor in the
early stages of detection are as follows :
i.
A fast and complete cure of the disease.
(See photos 9 and 10)
ii.
The prevention of deformities.
iii.
Infectious patients will become non-infectious in
the shortest possible period, and the spread of the
disease will be stopped.
iv.
Non-infectious patients will be stopped from be
coming infectious.
16
ONCE A PERSON HAS CONTACTED A DOCTOR, THE
CURE OF THE DISEASE DOES NOT DEPEND ONLY ON
THE DOCTOR, BUT ON THE PATIENT, WHO HAS TO
TAKE THE PRESCRIBED DRUGS REGULARLY OVER THE
PRESCRIBED PERIOD.
A LARGE NUMBER OF CENTRES, BOTH PRIVATE
AND GOVERNMENTAL, PROVIDE FREE MEDICINES FOR
NEEDY PEOPLE. (See photo 8)
THE
GOVERNMENT
AND
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS
CONTRIBUTION IN LEPROSY CONTROL WORK
The National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP) was
launched in our country in 1955. Thanks to our late Prime
Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s determination to eradicate
leprosy from our country and the availability of M.D.T., it
was changed into a national Leprosy Eradication Programme
(NLEP) in the year 1982.
Different activities carried out by NLEP are :
i.
Conducting surveys in order to detect leprosy patients
and giving free treatment. (See photos 2 and 3)
ii.
As there is a greater tendency for children around the age
of 15 years to get leprosy they conduct special surveys
in the schools.
iii.
Giving Health Education by aids, such as Audio-Visuals
posters, films, slide shows,’ booklets, leaflets, flash
cards, exhibitions, etc. (See photo 7)
iv.
The use of the Multi-Drug Treatment (MDT) in treating
the patients, so that the disease will be cured fast and
the spread of infection will be stopped.
v.
Homes for deformed leprosy patients started in order to
rehabilitate and train them in different trades.
The following table will give us an idea about the work
done during the past years ;
17
For Medical Practioners
The regimens of MDT followed under the National
Leprosy Eradication Programme are given here for general
information and guidance.
MULTI-DRUG TREATMENT REGIMENS
1-
Multibacilliary cases :
(i)
Two weeks intensive treatement at the clinic with
daily doses of :
Rifampicin
Clofazimine
Dapsone
(ii)
15 Yrs+
10-14 Yrs
6-9 Yrs
600 mg
100 mg
100 mg
450 mg
50 mg
50 mg
300 mg
50 mg
25 mg
Continuation phase of multibacillary treatment
regimen :
(a)
One dose a month for 24 months at the clinic :
600 mg
300 mg
1 00 mg
Rifampicin
Clofazimine
Dapsone
(b)
300 mg
1 00 mg
25 mg
Daily domiciliary dose for 24 months :
Clofazimine
50 mg
(daily)
Dapsone
1 00 mg
2.
450 mg
1 50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
(alternate
days)
50 mg
50 mg
(twice
weekly)
25 mg
Paucibacillary cases ■
(a)
Rifampicin
Dapsone
(b)
Dapsone
One dose a month for 6 months at the clinic :
15 Yrs +
10-14 Yrs
6-9 Yrs
1-5 Yrs
600 mg
1 00 mg
450 mg
50 mg
300 mg
25 mg
1 50 mg
1 0 mg
Daily domiciliary dose for 6 months :
1 00 mg
50 mg
18
25 mg
1 0 mg
Statistics of National Leprosy Programme, Bangalore
Urban District, from 1987-88 to 1989-90
(upto end of February)
1987--88
SURVEY
EDUCATION
TREAT
MENT
•
1988 '89
1989-90
Population Enumerated
459291
271742
555289
Population Examined
271945
227240
387431
1158
New Cases Detected
1475
1560
Exhibitions
117
157
86
Film Shows
274
256
350
Group Discussions
Other Activities
and Health Talks
1534
2498
2196
935
12328
11281
New Cases put under
Treatment
1475
1560
1158
Skin Smears Taken
625
1273
1364
Positive cases confirmed
80
132
80
No. of cases released from
Treatment after cure
795
1319
936
Cases under Treatment
At the end of the year
3631
3433
2910
Total No of cases
At the end of the year
4765
4053
3289
Leprosy - Society's Attitude
In society today people often reject leprosy patients as
untouchable, thus keeping them at a distance.
They
are
treated as social outcasts.
Many a time we see people avoiding even looking at
leprosy patients. In fact, we find people condemning or
scorning them. As a result of the way they are shunned,
quite a few leprosy patients decide to desert their families
and resort to begging.
We see all this plainly but nevertheless ignore it. Often,
the patients are willing to take treatment, but the fear of
rejection by society holds them back and they avoid treat-
19
Special Surverys are Conducted in Schools
Leprosy Starts as a Patch on any part of the Body
Health Education is the Master Key for Leprosy Eradication Work
Early Treatment Cares the Disease Faster and Prevents Deformities
ment, concealing the disease. Thus, they are unnecessarily
penalised because of our ignorance.
Let us, therefore, create an atmosphere of understanding.
in which leprosy patients are motivated to take treatment.
Let us feel responsible for getting infected people to take
treatment and for wiping out the prejudices regarding their
condition.
Kindness is absolutely essential in the interest of the
general public itself, since harshness to patients will lead
to concealment and the consequent spread of the disease.
Education is also necessary, so that people will understand
the problems of leprosy patients.
Leprosy - Patients’ View
As soon as a person comes to know that he is suffering
from leprosy, he gets extremely depressed and hides himself
away, thinking that society does not want him or will reject
him as a human being.
Many people who are affected by leprosy even segregate
themselves from their families for fear that it will bring dis
grace to them.
A few of them resort to suicide, thinking that this is the
best solution to what they see as a situation with no other
way out.
As people do not allow deformed leprosy patients to
move among them freely, such patients often end up sitting
on the foot-paths, which ultimately become their only
dwelling place.
Why does this Happen ?
It is because of our mistaken approach, our ill-treatment,
our social discrimination, our lack of love and compassion,
etc. We are to be blamed to some extent for their pitiable
position in society.
This is due to lack of scientific knowledge about the
disease or unwillingness to put this knowledge into practice
20
Leprosy prevails today not only because of infected
people, but on account of the uninfected majority, who take
a passive role and continue to harbour misconceptions.
ON THE WHOLE, THE PROBLEMS WHICH THE LEPROSY
PATIENT HAS TO FACE
IN
SOCIETY ARE
WORSE
THAN HIS DISEASE.
How to take Care of Persons Afflicted with Leprosy ?
1.
As leprosy, irrespective of the stage and the type of the
disease, is certainly curable, with modern treatment,
which is given free of cost, encourage the patient to
take the treatment regularly till the Doctor advises him
or her to stop.
2.
Adequate care should be taken to help leprosy patients
to learn to avoid injuries. These will lead to deformity
in those parts of the body where there is no sensation.
3.
Special attention must be paid to infectious cases, so
that none may be missed or lost.
Our Role—What we Can do
The role of the public in ERADICATING LEPROSY is of
the highest importance. Since we are a part of that society
where infection exists, we should wake up to our responsi
bilities and come to grips with them. A great Indian Leprologist, Dr. R. V, Wardekar, has rightly stated.
"LEPROSY IS EVERYONE'S CONCERN"
Here are some Effective Ways we can all Contribute
to the Eradication of Leprosy
i.
We must discard the superstitious beliefs about H.D. and
help others to get rid of them, too, spreading the true
facts wherever and whenever and to whoever we can.
ii.
If we should happen to see patches on our body, on our
friends or relations, we should immediately approach
any Government Centre or private Leprosy Institution,
or our family doctor, or any skin specialist.
21
iii.
Government and voluntary organisations do make field
visits (surveys) throughout the country. On these occa
sions, we should entertain them and cooperate in their
work as much as possible. For example, if we come
across anyone with the symptoms anywhere, we should
inform them. This will be a great help to them in detecting
cases, and so the paramedical workers can also suggest
further action at an early stage of the disease.
iv.
We must NEVER use the word "leper”, which is very
offensive and hurtful to these people. They are simply
to be called 'leprosy patients'—as we might refer to
'polio patients’ or 'T.B. patients'.—We will politely
correct anyone we hear use the insulting term leper'.
v.
We must be kind and compassionate towards people who
have leprosy, making them feel they are wanted and
offering our support to them.
LET US JOIN HANDS IN THE CAMPAIGN TO
ERADICATE LEPROSY FROM OUR MOTHERLAND BY
THE YEAR 2000 A D BY CO-OPERATION, PARTICI
PATION AND BROAD-MINDEDNESS.
The Answer Lies in our Hands
*
The eradication of leprosy from India is "Today’s Chal
lenge,” and it lies in our hands.
*
A massive social awareness compaign is the need of the
hour, and it lies in our hands.
*
The effective Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT)
should
given to all who need it, and it lies in our hands.
*
The personal acceptance of a person
leprosy is the basic condition for the
leprosy and it also lies in our hands.
*
It is possible to free our motherland from this eradic
ate disease, provided all of us join hands.
*
It lies’in our own hands to immortalise our lives
by
doing good to mankind.
"WHY DON'T YOU TAKE UP THIS
CHALLENGE
WHICH LIES IN YOUR HANDS?”
be
afflicted
with
Eradication
of
"How they look at leprosy"
Mahatma Gandhi :
Leprosy work is not merely medical relief. It is trans
forming frustration in life into the job of dedication, perso
nal ambition into selfless service.
Mother Theresa :
The problem is not one of leprosy.
inhumanity against man—
It is one of man s
Smt. Indira Gandhi :
A major obstacle is the general public ignorance and
superstition regarding leprosy. People tend to evade inves
tigation and hesitate to admit to the disease at the early
stages when a cure could be complete and
easier. This
sense of shame is out-dated and dangerous.
Dr. R. V. Wardekar :
In changing our attitude towards leprosy patients we
will not be obliging anybody - we will be doing it only to
make the environment safe for us.
Fr. Claude D'Souza, S. J.
Rector, St. Joseph's College, Bangalore-560 001 .
It is a disgrace for every educated person in India that
in an age of advanced technology and electronic communi
sations we have nearly 4 million leprosy patients (15 million
in the world).
It shows the insensitivity of medical profescionals and social workers and the lack of political will of
our government. All the educated should take this deeply
human problem of justice to heart and through common,
concerted and planned effort force the government to
evolve adequate policies and concrete action plans to wipe
out this curse, affecting mostly the poor. All of us need to
know more about this disease and its causes, and show our
concern for these helplesss victims through concrete indivi
dual and group action. We can no longer be callous with
out forfeiting our own humanity.
24
Dr. M.S. Nilakanta Rao, B.Sc., M.B.B.S.
WHO. Consultant to the Government of India
ANUPAMA'. No. 4. XI Main Road.
'V Block East. Jayanagar, Bangalore-560 011
30-10-1987
Leprosy was a much dreaded disease 50
years
ago.
There was no definite treatment. Society shunned the pati
ents, and had its own ideas.
25 years ago, the National Leprosy Control Programme
was already in operation for 7 years. Large numbers of
patients were benefiting from treatment - specific and corr
ective. Programmes were being planned to remove the fear
and ignorance of society.
In the last 7 years, a sea-change has come over the field
of leprosy. Lakhs and lakhs of patients are being declared
CURED of the disease. Very few cases, newly detected,
show deformity. Society's understanding of leprosy is en
hanced. It is felt that leprosy can be ERADICATED.
Leprosy has become the touch-stone or a parameter to
evaluate Society's responses and the Government's response
to the health problems of the people :
i.
So long as large islands of Society remain ignorant o^
the true nature of leprosy, it can be assumed
society has not been conscious of its health.
ii.
that
So long as there is deformity in a case of leprosy,
especially in a young patient, it can be said that the
health services are still at a considerable distance from
optimum performance.
The sting of Leprosy has been removed.
mingling into the mainstream of Medicine.
Leprosy is
Leprosy has become an eminently and easily CURABLE
DISEASE.
25
S P TARE:
DIRECTOR. GANDHI MEMORIAL LEPROSY FOUNDATION,
HINDI NAGAR, WARDHA, MAHARASHTRA.
There is no other disease, except leprosy, which has
been with mankind for so long and is still so grossly mis
understood and feared. And there is no other disease which
gives rise to so great physical devastation as leprosy
Finally, there is no other disease which gives rise to so
much mental anguish, psychological disturbance and social
dislocation as compared to so little physical discomfort in
its early phase.
Leprosy is a simple disease from a medical point of view:
easy to diagnose and easy to treat. But its ramifications
and aftermath have been extremely severe : not because of
what it really is medically, but because of what people
consider it to be.
The war against leprosy has therefore to be fought
medically as well as in social areas. A leprosy worker can, by
his integrity and sincere dedicated work, dispel more of the
fear and prejudices than by a water-fall of words and aids.
A worker should use no adjective while using the term
'leprosy' and make no emotional exaggerations to compel
people to listen or co-operate.
Fear psychosis is the
last thing we need to change society's attitude.
Fr. Cyriac Njayarkulam, C-M F.
Director, Sumana Halli Society, Bangalore.
Jesus Christ looked at the man afflicted with leprosy
with compassion, and made him experience his healing
touch. When a group of people suffering from
leprosy
approached him, he had pity on them and
cured
them.
Miraculous healing is not expected from each one of
us
But are'we not able to give to these people who belong to
the lowest strata of the society in our Mother Country even
what is possible on our part : human respect and love.
care, treatment and follow-up, rehabilitation and job oppor
tunities. Let us consider these brothers and sisters afflicted
26
with leprosy as our fellow human beings.
created
by
God in His own image and likeness. Let us do whatever is
possible on our part to alleviate their sorrows and reinstate
them into society.
May I take this opportunity to congratulate Mr. Masiiamani wholeheartedly for his booklet on Hansen's Disease
which he is bringing out with the financial assistance of
Amici di Raoul Follereau.' Bologna. Italy
Sr. Dr. Giovanna Lussu
"Sisters of the Redemption", Italy.
Leprosy is a Challenge 1
It is a challenge to a professional person and to the
common man as well - It is a curable disease, and strategies
to cure everyone suffering from Leprosy in the world are
also available - So why does a minority only receive treat
ment, while so many do not? Because we simply do not care
enough. Leprosy is not yet everyone's concern as it ought
to be, so let us join hands and help to bridge the gap
by
making resources available to those who are in need of them
Thomas Mathew
Administrator, Sumanahalli, L.R.T C &
working President, K.S A L.C , Bangalore.
Down through the centuries the indomitable
human
spirit has overcome various challenges.
Every challenge
posed to the human race, be it in the social, political
or scientific sphere, has been overcome
successfully. For
example, during the more recent times we have seen quite a
few nations coming out of political domination and oppres
sive regimes.
Today our society is in need of a similar reform
and
awakening to bring the universally accepted
princip
les of equality, fraternity and liberty to all
citizens,
including the disabled, those afflicted with leprosy and
27
other under privileged persons
Therefore, THE NEED Of
THE MOMENT AND THE CHALLENGE OF THIS DECADE
IS NOT THE REHABILITATION OF THE HANDICAPPED
BUT IT IS THE REHABILITATION OF SOCIETY in the
principles of equality of opportunities for work, recognition
and ultimately for the right to live a decent life for the dis
abled as well as all the others.
Dr. K. Naga^aj Rao
No. 843, 9th'A' Main, Sroenagars, Bangalore-50
Leprosy is just like any other disease affecting human
beings. It is also caused by a germ, as any other disease
and it is also curable. Early Leprosy is silent Treatment is
simple and cheap, lasting for one to three years. Like any
other communicable disease, it can be treated in General
Hospitals and General Practitioners' Clinics.
With the
introduction of the Multidrug Regimen an infectious patient
can be rendered non-infectious in a very short time
The
early detection of all cases and ensuring regular and ade
quate treatment is the main tool in the Control Programme.
The greatest enemy of Leprosy Control is Social-Stigma
This can be removed by Health Education. This is a necessary
component of any organised activities directed at detecting
and treating Leprosy of any form in patients of any age
M- Aschhoff, m.d.
St Thomas Hospital & Leprosy Centre.
Chetpet, P. O., (via) Polur, 606801, N. A. Dist., Tamilnadu
When I came to India 28 years ago. I knew very little
about Leprosy and much less still about the problems this
disease causes to those men, women and children afflicted
with it. With Dr. Hemerijck, we started an integrated project
of leprosy control and general medical care. We look at
leprosy as a disease like any other chronic, only mildly
28
infective disease
Leprosy patients are people like you and
me, who wish to live like you and me, and who want to be
happy. I appreciate very much the initiative, the efforts
and the concern of a young man, the editor of this booklet.
who devotes himself to the service of ourpaiients. Let us
all contribute according to our capacity to eradicate leprosy
in our beautiful country, India.
Jayne Bunbury
C/o SKIP, 161 , Bricade Road, Bangalore-560 025
I work for the rehabilitation of Leprosy patients, and I
see this disease as the needless cause of terrible tragedy and
suffering, not physical, as we know that with prompt treat
ment there will be no deformity or
disfigurement of any
sort, but psychological. When any of us fall ill, we generally
receive loving attention and care from our near ones
and
dear ones, but not so in the case of Leprosy Patients who, on
the contrary, are frequently driven away or
abandonedhusbands by wives, wives by husbands, and even children
by their parents. Shunned, ostracized, cast out by their
families and friends and by society in general, what deep
wounds and frightful cruelty are inflicted on these unfortu
nate people, as a result of unfounded fears and
appalling
ignorance !
In every century and continent the story has been the
same - one of shocking injustice and inhumanity meted out
.to the innocent victims of a sickness believed to be a curse.
In the 20th Century, in our so-called enlightened age, when
we pride ourselves on our progress and humanity, is it not
a cause for profound shame that any human being should
actually be persecuted and rejected simply for having con
tracted a disease which is easily curable, which presents a
lesser threat than many other sicknesses, and which, with
good will, could be eradicated from the face of the earth ?
29
Sr, Mary Mascarenhas- S.J.T
St. Joseph's Convent,
Social Worker 8 Placement Officer
Frazer Town, Bangalore-560 005
Health Education is the
"Master Key"
for Leprosy
Control, and Eradication Work.
In the modern world of Science and Technology,
Leprosy presents no medical problem.
It has become
a
major social problem Before, during and after treatment,
what the leprosy patient needs is the support of the family
and community. For this, both family and community need
special education regarding leprosy. The aim of Health
Education is to impart correct knowledge about leprosy to
all types of people, in order to create a deeper awareness
and to wipe out fear and ignorance from their minds.
The Social stigma attached to this disease is a long
standing one. Hence, proper health education is the most
important and only means which can achieve the end of
wiping out unhealthy fear from people's minds.
Competent people with good knowledge of this disease
can be invited to schools and colleges to clear the doubts
about leprosy. This can be done through talks, film and
slide shows.
The objective (slogan) set before the world community
is "Health for all by 2000 A.D." Still, I am convinced
that eradication of Leprosy will remain only a dream unless
and until proper health education is provided for people in
all walks of life.
Permit me to use this opportunity to congratulate
Mr. Masila Mani, who is a selfless Health Educator, for his
efforts in bringing out this booklet for the benefit of the
general public. I wish the author every success.
30
i
Dr. M. H. Sreekantiah. m.b.b.s.. d.v.d . d.ac t
Retd Deputy Surgeon, Bangalore
Equating Leprosy with deformity is the root cause of
Stigma, the darkest aspect of Leprosy. To spread
the
message "that leprosy is curable with modern medicines in
a short period of time, ranging from 6 months to 3 years,
not resulting in any deformities, provided the treatment is
started early and taken regularly" is the need of the hour.
Here comes the importance of health education. If
health education is supported by solid, efficient services to
the patient, eradication of leprosy, though a
challenging
task, may be achieved at least by 2025 AD, if not by 2000
A.D.
Ravi Narayan, mo., otph (Lond)., dih (ukj
Community Health Cell,
47/1, Sf. Marks Road, Bangalore-560 C01
Leprosy is more than just a communicable, disabling,
disease.
It is a multi-dimensional human problem,
com
pounded by the fear complex and gross misinformation that
pervades the community as well as the health
services
system itself.
While the detection, treatment and care of the patient,
the prevention of disabilities, the providing of health educa
tion, motivation of patients and the provision of disability
aids are important, they represent mainly a
'medical'
response to the problem.
We are increasingly called upon today, to
a
larger
'societal' response, which includes economic, social and
emotional rehabilitation, humanising education, and an
empowering conscientization of the persons with Hansen's
disease. In addition there is an urgent need for an active,
awareness building and sensitization process in the larger
community, so that people with this problem are accepted
31
primarily as human beings with their inalienable rights
human dignity.
and
Our present knowledge about this problem calls for a
radically new understanding that moves away from the 'cha
ritable approaches' of the past to a courageous social policy,
recognising the person with this problem as a citizen in his
own right. The relevant contributions of Baba Amte
of
Anandavan and Dr. Patwardan of Tapovan, among
many
others are forerunners to such efforts.
However for this process to be initiated, the
starting
point for reorientation and sensitization will be the health
team members and the training centres where they receive
their education.
Health for all people with Hansen's disease can be a
reality by 2000 AD only if we are able to move beyond the
orthodox 'medical paradigm' to a 'social' vision in
our
understanding of this disease. This is the challenge of the
1990s.
Sr. Laurent-Marie
“Daughters of Wisdom”, Bangalore
"ARISE AND REST NOT TILL THE GOAL IS ACHIEVED!"
Health for all by the year 2000 !
Eradication of leprosy before the year of 2000 I
This goal is undoubtedly a great hope for the whole of
humanity. Is it feasible? How? When? By whom?
The love of those affected by leprosy has awakened the
greatest of dedication, but how can this dedication, the
combined efforts of thousands working in the leprosy field
be fully efficient
—to detect, treat and eradicate the disease,
—to rehabilitate, to restore human dignity and equality
of rights to all those unjustly rejected?
A groundless, irrational fear of this "dreaded" disease
has inflicted a stigma on the victims and on society.
Education and knowledge have already removad a lot of
32
eroneous ideas and beliefs but there is still a long way to
go before the goal is achieved.
"Arise and rest not" until all people become aware and
educated. LEPROSY IS CURABLE. "Arise and Rest not"
until all leprosy bearers are
detected and
treated,
until leprosy is eradicated, until all leprosy patients have
their full human dignity and respect. Every human being
is responsible in some way or other for his fellow human
beings. What is your contribution in this human network?
This booklet is an awakening.
"ARISE AND REST NOT TILL THE GOAL IS
N
ACHIEVED"
P Swamy,
President, Karnataka Slumdwellers Federation, Bangalore
Leprosy is curable! It is like any other illnesses which
need proper care and attention.
It involves regular treat
ment. Even in the modern world, people are still afraid of
this disease and see much stigma attached to it. Even if they
are arrested cases, neither the community nor the
public
treat them as Human Persons.
So far the approach has been one of looking
at the
patients as the recipients of state welfare; instead, they need
to be addressed as rightful citizens of this country
and
treated with respect and dignity.
In one of the slum communities where I work, an arres
ted patient, a woman named Yashodamma. has been treated
& given respect as a person, (it was never done before), and
she is today one of the leaders in the forefront to take up
the cause of other Leprosy patients and is working towards
achieving dignity for women in the community.
We need to promote community awareness at a massive
level: giving right information, providing supportive
ser
vices; motivating general practitioners to treat Hansen's
patients like other patients in their clinics are vital steps in
ameliorating the present condition of
Hansen's patients.
33
Mr. Alphonso J,
General Secretary,
Goodwill International Association,
72/2, Bazar Street Cross,
Neelasandra,
BANGALORE-47.
Leprosy is a common disease. In a country like India
leprosy may effect any common person irrespective of social.
cultural and economical status.
We hear people saying that because of one's illdoings
either in the past or present "Genma" leprosy has embrased him or her. In my opinion we should give a deaf ear to
such irresponsible and irrelevant statements; instead we
should try to chase leprosy from everywhere and eradicate
if totally.
HOW DO YOU LOOK AT LEPROSY ?
34
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF THE RIGHTS OF LEPROSY PATIENTS
By : Raoul Follereau
Founder of World Leprosy Day
1.
Leprosy is only a disease, and those suffering from it
are subject to the same laws as other people and
are protected by those same laws.
2.
No-none has the right to deprive them of their freedom,
nor to restrict it in any way whatsoever, if they are
suffering from a non-contagious form of H.D. or are in
possession of a medical certificate showing that they
have followed treatment and that there is now a negli
gible risk of contagion.
3.
In general, patients are treated at home, this being
the only system which shows real consideration and
respect for the patients' basic human rights.
4.
When the patient's condition necessitates temporary
hospitalization, this should as far as possible in a
general medical institution, as would be the case for
patients suffering from any other disease.
Cases who are temporarily contagious will therefore be
cared for in special wards, as is customary, and the
patients reassured that their segregation will not last
one day longer than is deemed necessary by the doctor.
Patients should receive social assistance during their
treatment, without any restriction and in accordance
with the laws of their country. Should hospitalization
be prolonged, and if such arrangements are provided
for by the government, patients should be placed on
'lengthy sickness' leave and be eligible for the corres
ponding assistance and professional safeguards.
5.
Any action of a discriminatory nature or tending to
deprive a present or former H.D. patient of employment
or residence, and more generally any form or coercion
directed against them because of the present or past
illness, shall be prosecuted and punished by law.
Any malicious reference to their illness, past or present,
shall be considered defamatory and be dealt with as
such.
35
BOOKS ON LEPROSY
1
Leprosy in Theory and Practice, by Dr. R. G. Cochrane
and Sons Ltd., Bristol.
2.
Hand book of Leprosy, Dr. W. H. Jopling, Heineman
Medical Books. Ltd., London.
3
HINTS ON DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF LEPROSY
By Dr. R. V. Wardekar, Gandhi Memorial Leprosy
Foundation Hindinagar, Warda Maharashtra 442 103
4.
LEPROSY: A Text book by Dr. Dharmendra,Vol. I, 1979
The Kothari Book Dept, Acharya Donde Marg,
Parel
Bombay - 400 01 2
5.
WINDOW ON LEPROSY, Ed. Dr. B. R.
Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation,
Wardhan, 443 103
6
EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR LEPROSY WORKERS by V. Ekambaram, (2nd Edition) National Leprosy Organisation,
Hindinagar, Wardha, Maharashtra 442 103
7.
BACTERIOLOGY OF LEPROSY, by V. Periaswami,
National Leprosy Organisation, Hindinagar, Wardha,
442 103
8.
The Diagnosis and Management of Early Leprosy, by
Dr. Stanley G. Browne, The
Leprosy Mission, 7
Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C.I.
9.
Guide to Leprosy Er Leprosy Control, by Dr. P. Kapoor,
Poona Dist., Leprosy Committee, 16-B1 Dr. Ambbdkar
Road, Poona 411 001.
10.
MODERN CONCEPT by Dr. Harry L. Arnold,
Charles
C. Thomas, Bannerstone House 301,327 East Lawrence
Avenue Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.
11.
SOME FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY by Dr. Dharmendra,
Hindu Kusht Nivaran Sangh, 1 Red Cross Road,
New Delhi - 110 001
12.
LEPROSY - DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT by Drs. Job,
Selvapandian & Kurian, HKNS, New Delhi
36
Chatterjee,
13
Text Book of Leprosy for Students and PMWs, by
Dr. R. H. Thangaraj, Philadelpheia Leprosy Hospital,
Salur, Dist. Srikakulam A.P.
14.
PHYSICAL THERAPY IN LEPROSY FOR PARAMEDI
CALS by Ellen Davis Kelly Ph. D., American Leprosy
Mission 1 262 Broad Street, Bloom Field, New Jersey
07003, USA.
15.
THE BOOK OF OUTLINES by Shri S. Hassan. Hind
Kusht Nivaran Sangh, 1 Red Cross Road, New Delhi110 001,
16.
HANDBOOK ON LEPROSY by M. K. Balakrishna
Menon, Tripunitura Leprosy Welfare Committee. Tripunitura-632 301 Dist. Ernakulam, Kerala.
17.
ESSENTIALS OF LEPROSY, .Edited by JMH Pearson
8 AW Wheate, All Africa Leprosy & Rehabilitation
Training Centre, (ALERT) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3rd
Edition, 1979.
18.
A Guide to Haalth Education in Leprosy,by P J. Neville,
ALERT 3rd Edition 1979.
19
A Practical Guide to the Diagonosis & Treatment of
Leprosy in the Basic Health Unit, by AW Wheate &
JMH Pearson, ALERT 1979.
20
A FOOTWEAR MANNUAL FOR LEPROSY CONTROL
PROGRAMMES, Part, I P. J. Neville, ALERT, 1977,
1st Edition.
21.
GANDHI LOOKS AT
LEPROSY:
1971; Gandhi
Memorial Leprosy Foundation,
Hindinagar Wardha
442 103, Maharashtra.
22.
TEACHING GUIDE FOR PMWs in Leprosy, Vol. I & II
by Dr. D. S. Chaudhury, GRECALTES, 35/1/A, Old
Ballygunde. 1st Lane, Calcutta-700 019.
37
List of Voluntary Organisations Engaged
Work in Karnataka
in
Leprosy
Names and Address of the Voluntary Organisations :
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21
22.
23.
Sumanahalli Society, 99, Residency Road, Bangalore-25
Navajeevana Nilaya, Doddanakundi Post, Bangalore-37
Church of South India Hospital, Col. Hill Road,
Bangalore-52
Baptist Mission Hospital, Bellary Road, Bangalore-24
Katharina Kasper Leprosy Control Centre, No. 35/4,
Hutchins Road, Bangalore - 560 005
Belgaum Leprosy Hospital, Hindalga, Belgaum.
Shantha Jeeva Jyothi, 24-1, M.M. Street, A. T. Ha 11 i,
Shanthinagar, Bangalore-27
District Anti-Leprosy Committee, Bijapur
Gandhi Centenary Leprosy Hospital, Kondaji,
Chittadurga District
St. Joseph Leprosy Hospital, and Asylum Kanakanadi,
Dakshina Kannada District
Cheshire Home (India), Bangalore Unit, Tower's Lane,
Bangalore-560 002
Oluvinahally Project, lluya Post, Someshwar,
Uchile - 574 156, D. K. District
Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh, D.K. Dist Branch, Melrose'
(Palnir) Mangalore -575 001
Hubli Hospital for Handicapped, Swiss Emmaus
Organisation, Karwar Road, Hubli - 580 021,
Dharwar Dist
Leprosy Mission Hospital, Gadag, Dharward District
ETCM Hospital, P.B. No. 4, Kolar - 563 101
CSI Hospital, Chikkaballapur, Kolar Dist.
Holdsworth Memorial Hospital (Mary Culvert), Mysore
Mysore City Hansen's Patients Welfare Association,
Sarvodaya Kustha Kalyan Kitira, Nilgiris Road, Mysore
Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation, 'T' Narasipur,
Mysore Dist.
. Janatha Trust, Yadagir, Gulbarga District
Bijapur Leprosy & Community Welfare Centre, Bijapur
Goodnews Society, Biddar
38
REFERENCES
1.
"SOME FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY”
—by Dr. Nilakanta Rao.
1.
"Outline of Leprosy"-- by S. Hassan.
3.
NLO Diary.
4.
Leprosy :
5.
Challenge before Youth—published by GMLF.
6.
Vaccination, Drug Resistance, Culture of Leprosy
Bacilli--by Dr. M. S. Nilakanta Rao.
7.
Silent Features of the Epidemiology of Leprosy
— by Dr. M. S. Nilakanta Rao.
8.
Report of Katharina Kasper Leprosy Control Scheme.
Bangalore, Aug. 1980
9.
18th Annual Statistical Report—For Year Ending
31-12-1 979- Leprosy Relief Rural Centre, Chettipathi
Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu.
1.0.
—Lep. in India 52 (i) :
10.
A guide book for Para-Medical Staff—published by
CARE, Government of Kerala.
11.
Guidelines for the Compaign against leprosy—Publish
ed by ILEP
(International
Federation of Anti
Leprosy Association).
12.
Leprosy—for Medical Practitioners and Paramedical
workers—by R. H. Thangaraj and S. J. Yawalkar.
Questions Er Answers—by GMLF Wandha.
104 ...113.
39
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am deeply grateful to the people who have expressed
their views on :
“HOW I LOOK AT LEPROSY”
and the following people who have been my inspiration and
strength, ever willing to sactifice time and energy to
bring out this booklet.
1.
Dr. Pupulin
— Ex. President, Amici Di.
R. Follereau, Italy
2.
Prof. Fava
— Professor in Psychology
Italy
3.
Mr. Wele
— Asst. Director (Health
Education)GMLF,Wardha
4.
Dr. Vasant R. Hooli
— District Leprosy Officer
Bangalore (urban)
5.
Mr. Nelson D'Souza
— Ph.D., Scholar,
Tata Institute of Social
Sciences, Bombay
6.
Miss. Barbara Naidu
— English Prof. St.Joseph's
College, Bangalore
7.
Rev. V. Farias S. J.
— Warden, St. Joseph's
College Hostel, B'lore
8.
Mr. Joseph Gerard Philip
—
9.
Mr. Magi
— C.H.C., Bangalore
10.
11.
12.
Sr. Maria Recchia
Sr. Jean
Sr. Alicia
— Daughters of Wisdom
Bangalore
13.
Dr. Ekambaram
— Leprologist, Madras
14.
Dr. Daisy Kandathil
— Medical Officer, Bombay
15.
Mr. Meermeier
— Project Officer,
K.K.L.C.S.,
Secretary, K.S.A.L.C.
16.
Sr. Pillar
— F.S.I., Bangalore
Final year M.B.B.S.
Student, Bangalore
After Treatment
ItiU lN U A 'Ic l
Position: 328 (10 views)