RF-CH-6.3 SUDHA.pdf
Media
- extracted text
-
UNICEF
IN INDIA
1999-2002
Challenges and Opportunities
Sources
Annual Report 1999-2000, Department of Education, MOHRD
Census of India, 2001
Multiple Indicator Survey, 2000
National Family Health Survey (NFHS 2), 1998 - 99
SRS Based Abridged Life Tables 1992 - 96 & 1993 - 97
SRS Bulletin, April 2001
The State of the World’s Children Report 2001 of UNICEF
Economic ICDS
Indicators^
Drinking Water Child Labour and Special h ducation
and Sanitation Protection Issues
i(
Gender
Disparity
Nutrition
Demographic
Health indicators
Basic
indicators
Q
Under-five Mortality Rate 1998-99
Jammu & Kashmir
>’ Uttaranchal
Arunachal Pradesh
.Uttar Pradesh ’
Rajasthan
vV
Assam Nagaland
■Bihar
■ Madhya Pradesh
ir
□ujarat
JharkhandTnplira <,
. _ West Bengal
Mizoram
Chhattisgarh
Oriss
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Goa
\ Karnataka
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Tamil Nadu
\ I
.j
Kerala-
Lakshadweep
j
. ,,
Deaths per 1,000 live births
<70
70-95
95-110
>110
Missing Data
.'I
Note : The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by
the United Nations.
■E
a <6
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Basic Indicators
India
4
Infant mortality rate: (1999)
70
Under-5 mortality rate: (1999)
95
Total population '000s (2001)
1,027,015
Annual number of births '000s (2001 estimate)
26,805
Annual number of under-5 deaths '000s (2001 estimate)
2,546
Life expectancy at birth (1993-97)
61.1
5
J» .
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Demographic
indicators
India: Social and Economic Statistics.
Demographic Indicators
India
1.027,015
Total Population '000s (2001)
Population under 5 yrs '000s (2001 estimate)
118,107
Annual rate population growth (1991-2001)
2.13%
Crude birth rate (1999)
26.1
Crude death rate (1999)
8.7
Life expectancy at birth (1993-97)
61.1
Total fertility rate (2000)
3.3
25.7%
Population urbanized (1991)
Average annual growth rate of
3.1%
urban population (1981-91)
7
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Health
India
Percentage of children 12-23 months (2000)
receiving
• BCG
67.5
DPT 3
46.4
• Polio 3
58.8
• Measles
50.2
• Fully immunized
37.8
•
Percentage of children < 3 years (1999)
•
Had diarrhoea during last 2 weeks
19.2
•
Used ORS during diarrhoea
26.8
• Given ORT during diarrhoea
47.7
Percentage of pregnant women (2000)
•
Had antenatal check-up
61.8
•
Blood pressure measured
43.8
•
Given TT injections
60.2
•
Received IFA Tablets
53.8
•
Delivered at institutions
34.5
•
Delivery attended by health professional
42.5
Precent pregnant women experienced night
12.1
blindness during pregnancy (1999)
9
India: Social and Economic Statistics
MHIM
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Nutrition
India
Infants with low birth weight (1999)
23%
Breast feeding (1999)
•
Exclusive breast-feeding 0-3 months
55.2%
•
Breastmilk with complementary
33.5%
feeding 6-9 months
•
88.9%
Breastmilk continued 12-15 months
Children 0-3 years underweight (1999)
•
Moderate and severe (below-2 SD)
47.0%
•
Severe (below-3 SD)
18.0%
Children 0-3 years (1999)
•
Moderate and severe wasting (below-2 SD)
15.5%
•
Moderate and severe stunting (below-2 SD)
45.5%
13.4%
Population living in food insecurity
(less than 1890 Kcal/day) (1993-94)
35.8%
Chronic energy deficiency in women
15-49 gms (BMK18.5 Kg/m2) (1999)
Anaemia (1999)
10
•
Women 15-49 years
51.8%
•
Children <3 years
74.3%
Use of adequately iodised salt by households (1999)
49.3%
Children 12-35 months who received at
least one dose of Vitamin A (1999)
29.7%
11
....................
Economic ICDS
Indicators /
Drinking Water child Labour and Special ji Fduratinn
and Sanitation protection Issues
ff
Gender
Disparity
Missing Girls: Where are they missing from?
Gender Disparity
India
2001
Total
Population
Child Population
(0-6)
Sex Ratio
933
927
Missing Women
'
............... ■■■■
India
Infant expectancy, females as a percentage of
5,979,506
35,595,564
°/oof
Total
16.8
102.3
males (1993-97)
Literacy rate, females as a percentage of
71.4
males (2001)
Mortality Rates
Enrolment ratios, girls as a percentage of
India (1999)
Male
Female
Infant Mortality Rate
69.8
70.8
Primary
82.2
105
Secondary
75.2
Under 5 Mortality Rate
98
boys(1999-2000)
Percent ever married women (1999)
Sex Ratio Trends: Implications for Girls
1991
2001
Total Population
927
933
Child Population (0-6)
945
927
Population aged 7 and above
923
935
•
Need permission to visit friends/relatives
75.6
•
Beaten or physically mistreated since age 15
21.0
Maternal mortality ratio (1999)
540
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Education
India
Literacy rate (2001)
•
Total
65.38%
•
Male
75.85%
•
Female
54.16%
c
o
Primary school gross enrolment ratio (1999-2000)
•
Boys
100.9%
8
Girls
82.9%
■o
IU
76
'u
<u
Q.
V)
Secondary school gross enrolment ratio (1999-2000)
•
•
5-
Boys
65.3%
Girls
49.1%
(A
i- «
□W
o c
Child Lat
Protectio
•
-inking W<
id Sanitat
1.2
Q ra
w
Q
U
14
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Child Labour and Special Protection Issues
11.3 million
Official figures for child labour (1991)
44 to 100 million
Unofficial estimates for child labour
Out-of-school children in the age of 6-14
Estimated No. of women and child victims of commercial sex
100 million
100,000
Inducted into commercial sex exploitation when they
40%
were less than 18 years of age
0.5 million
17
Economic
16
Indicators
yens
Estimated No. of children living and working on city streets
Drinking Water child Labour and Special
and Sanitation protection Issues
exploitation in 6 metropolitan cities (1998)
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities
National coverage
Access
Usage
(%)
(%)
98
77
- Urban
95
93
- Total
97
80
- Rural
20
12
- Urban
85
80
- Total
38
36
of households
Improved Water Supply - Rural
Home Toilets
18
19
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
ICDS
Coverage (December 2000)
Target
Functional
•
•
•
4,498
567,422
4,384
504,353
5,834
27,947
567,422
4,501
19,366
519,009
Number of Projects (blocks)
Number of AWCs
Number of Functionaries
■ CDPOs/ACDPOs
■ LS
■ AWW
Number of beneficiaries (Centre based supplementary
feeding)
Pregnant and lactating mothers
Children under 3 years
Children 3-6 years
Children 0-6 years
4,923,975
10,757,055
12,388,946
23,146,001
21
Economic
20
Indicators
ic D S
•
•
•
•
India: Social and Economic Statistics
India: Social and Economic Statistics
Economic Indicators
GNP per capita (1999)
US $ 450
GNP per capita annual growth rate (%)
•
1965-80
1.5
•
1990-99
3.9
9.0
Average annual rate of inflation (%) (1990 - 98)
44.0%
Population below $ 1 a day (1990-98)
Percent of household share income (1990-97)
•
Lowest 40%
•
Highest 20%
22%
39%
Percentage of population in poverty
•
Total
1977-87
1987-88
1993-94
48.4
39.2
36.0
32.4
37.3
•
Urban
40.5
36.2
®
Rural
50.6
38.5
Percentage of central government expenditure allocated to:
2
•
Health
•
Education
3
•
Defence
16
•
Official development assistance inflow (1998)
•
ODA inflow as % of recipient GNP (1998)
US$ 1595 million
0%
1970
22.0
•
1980
11.9
•
1990
25.0
•
1998
19.0
23
Indicators
22
•
Economic
Debt service as % of exports of goods and services
The Situation of Children and Women
l__ The Situation of Children and Women____________
• Significant achievements include the steady reduction of infant and
child death rates, provision of safe drinking water to over 85 per
cent of rural settlements, increase in foodgrain production, a
continuous decrease in vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood,
and the expansion of health care and child development services
and the primary and elementary school infrastructure.
• Policy commitment to the rights and needs of children is enshrined
in the Constitution of India. Reaffirmed in India's accession to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), it is supported by
national policies on issues such as nutrition, health, education and
child labour.
• A gap persists between policy and the reality of the Indian child.
■ Mortality in the first month of life remains high
■ A disproportionate number of children, less than one year old, die
each year
■ Nearly half the children below the age of 3 are malnourished
The Situation
India has made notable progress towards ensuring
all children their rights to survival, protection and
development over the past fifty years.
■ Girl children and women continue to suffer discrimination.
• India and UNICEF see this situation as one demanding change.
Commitment to change is reflected in national action plans for the
Year 2000 Goals for Children, and forward-looking strategies to fulfil
the Convention obligations.
However, a gap persists between policy and the reality
of the Indian child. India and UNICEF see this situation
as one demanding change.
2
3
The Situation of Children and Women
__ The_Situation^oLChildren-andW\/omen____________
While both government programmes and family and community care
have combined to reduce mortality and improve development
supports, major challenges remain:
• Adequate nutrition, care and shelter are still not guaranteed for
every child. Many children still do not manage to enroll in school,
and many more drop out of the school system. Girls remain
disproportionately deprived in all sectors of development.
• One of the world's largest child development networks—the ICDS
Programme—offers early learning opportunities. But for older
children who should be in school, the picture is less positive.
• There are daily violations of the child's right to a secure childhood.
Progressive law and policy have to still contend with adverse
traditions and social attitudes. Extreme rights violations include
bonded child labour, sale and trafficking of children for prostitution,
and female foeticide and infanticide. India has outlawed such
abuses, but they have not been eliminated.
Child Rights
India's constitution, legislation and policies offer extensive safeguards
to the human rights of children. The country's 1992 accession to the
• The child's civil rights—to identity, birth registration, freedom of
expression and association, privacy and physical integrity—need to
be better recognised and respected, and fulfilled in law and practice.
CRC has enlarged the range of national obligations. Recent policies and
programmes, as well as judicial measures, have further strengthened
prospects for realizing the full range of children's rights. The
government has declared its commitment to "every child."
In reality, however, the country's 398 million children continue to face
sizeable challenges in their effort to survive, develop, and prosper to
their full potential in a secure and nurturing/caring environment.
4
5
The Situation of Children and Women
I__ The Situation of Children and Women____________
• A number of female births are consciously prevented. Indian laws
now curb the use of amniocentesis and sonogram tests for sex
determination, but they continue to be used, with consequent
foeticide of unborn girls. Female infanticide persists in some rural
Gender
Discrimination
The following facts give an idea of prevailing gender discrimination:
• The skewed sex ratio — reflected in the national average of 933
females per 1000 males — is evidence of continuing discriminatory
u _
Health
areas.
• The social pressure to provide girls with a dowry, at the time of
marriage, undermines the effectiveness of anti-dowry laws. The
ensuing economic burden influences parents' perception of
daughters as liabilities. Dowry-related violence, sometimes resulting
in the death of young brides, is common. Girls continue to be
married off well before they reach the legal minimum age of 18,
Nutrition and Child
Development
practices.
100,000 live births. Contributing factors include poor nutrition and
Serious gender discrimination arises from the persistent traditional
lack of general health care for girls, early and unsafe motherhood,
and poor care during pregnancy. Negative social practices still inhibit
preference for sons over daughters. The government has launched
bold new policies to promote and encourage families to value the girl
health care services and family planning education efforts. Women
Girls are more disadvantaged than boys from birth, receive less care
and fewer opportunities, and are more rigorously socialised to accept a
secondary status in the home and society.
6
often lack both the knowledge and the confidence to take better
care of themselves.
• Lack of education, coupled with lack of opportunity for conscious
social choice, continues to undermine the rights of Indian girls and
women, and perpetuate a low self-image.
7
Child
Protection
child, and invest in educating her as a person.
Water, Sanitation and
the Child's Environment
• Maternal mortality in India is still very high, estimated to be 540 per
Gender Discrimination
Education
especially in northern India.
The Situation of Children and Women
• The primary health care system continues to be a major source of
preventive and promotive care. However 70 per cent of curative
care is delivered by the private sector.
Health
•
One in three children afflicted with acute respiratory infections
seek no treatment. 15 to 20 per cent of infant deaths are due to
infections of the lower respiratory system.
•
Deaths due to diarrhoeal dehydration have decreased — but only
62.4 per cent of mothers know about Oral Rehydration Therapy
(ORT), and only 26 per cent report ever having used Oral
Rehydration Salts (ORS).
•
Around 100,000 women die from pregnancy or pregnancy-related
causes each year. Maternal mortality is estimated to be in the
range of 428-653 per 100,000 live births.
•
HIV prevalence in India doubled over the last four years, resulting
in India having the highest number of HIV infections in the world
- 3.6 million Indians.
India has made major strides in increasing access to health services
across the country. Guineaworm disease has been certified as
eradicated and polio is on the verge of eradication. The physical health
care infrastructure has expanded. National health programmes to
control communicable diseases have been strengthened. The risk and
burden of other communicable diseases like neo-natal tetanus and
measles have greatly reduced.
One fourth of babies born are underweight, one half of
women are anaemic.
8
9
Education
With the successful implementation of the universal immunisation
programmes deaths due to diphtheria, pertussis and measles have
reduced by 70-80 per cent. However, immunisation reach and
coverage remains a challenge with around 26 per cent of children
born every year not being vaccinated at all.
Water, Sanitation and
the Child's Environment
•
i
Nearly 23 per cent of babies are born with low birth weight caused
by maternal factors such as inadequate care and nutrition during
pregnancy and chronic nutritional and health care deprivation
throughout a woman's life. Fifty two per cent of women are
anaemic.
i
•
Protection
Infant mortality rates have declined from 110 per 1000 live births
in 1981 to 70 per 1000 lb in 1999. But wide disparities persist
between states and among different sections of the population.
IMR is 14/1000 lb in Kerala and 97/1000 lb in Orissa. The IMR for
India in rural areas is 31 points higher than that of urban areas.
IMR has stagnated at around 70 per 1000 live births for the past
five years. About 60 per cent of all infant deaths occur in the first
month of life.
Child
•
Nutrition and Child
Development
The Situation of Children and Women
The Situation of Children and Women
_The Situation of Children and Women
• Forty seven per cent of India's children under 3 years of age are
malnourished. These children comprise one third of the world total
of children suffering from malnutrition. The rate of malnutrition is
declining much too slowly—at less than 1 per cent per year.
• Micro-nutrient deficiencies continue to compromise the health and
development of Indian children and women.
• Nutritional anaemia affects 74 per cent of young children and over 50
per cent adolescent girls and women in the reproductive age group.
result a large number of children are vulnerable to the threat of
mental retardation and other iodine deficiency disorders.
One third of the world's children suffering from malnutrition are in
India. Micro-nutrient deficiencies such as nutritional anaemia, Vitamin
A deficiency, Iodine deficiency are still widely prevalent.
available, the information is rarely used to promote growth.
• Only one third of children are fed complementary foods between the
ages of 6 and 9 months, when breast-feeding should be
supplemented. Awareness is low among families and health/
nutrition workers alike.
Growth monitoring and awareness about breastfeeding and
complementary feeding need to be strengthened.
• Care given to children favours boys. A first daughter may get good
care, but second and third daughters are vulnerable and at risk of
Less than 37% put the baby to the breast within one day after
childbirth.
deprivation and denial as they are progressively less welcomed by
their families.
Water, Sanitation and
the Child's Environment
Nutrition and Child Development
Education
• Growth monitoring—the only way to measure malnutrition—is not
widely used, and not focussed on the youngest children. When
• Thirty six per cent of children between 3-6 years attend some form
of pre-school.
10
11
Protection
• Fifty one per cent of households do not consume iodised salt. As a
Nutrition and Child
Development
• Vitamin A deficiency disorders lies behind much of the mortality and
morbidity among children and pregnant women.
Child
■■■■I
The Situation of Children and Women
The Situation of Children and Women
•
With this massive expansion in provision of schools, about 95 per
cent of the population now has a primary school within a walking
distance of one kilometer.
•
Universal Elementary Education has not been attained. About 100
million Indian children are not in school, and many are at work. A
large proportion of them belong to marginalized/deprived families
like schedule casts and schedule tribes.
•
37 per cent of children who join school drop out before completing
even the 5 years of primary schooling. Girls are denied equal
opportunities to attend and complete primary education.
•
About 460 million Indians cannot read and write including nearly 58
per cent of women.
•
There is a growing demand for primary education for children, even
among the poorest communities. Evidence suggests that poverty of
•
Unmet challenges include the improvement of the quality of
compulsory schooling for every child up to 14 years of age within the
schooling. Key areas for investment are teacher training and
first decade of its enactment (1950-1960). While the spread of school
empowerment, improved learning achievement and quality, a better
classroom environment for learning and teaching, increased
services has steadily increased, this promise is yet to be realised.
attendance and reduction in the high dropout rate.
Quality of schooling, teacher training and empowerment, learning
achievement and a better classroom environment still remain
challenges.
12
13
Water, Sanitation and
the Child's Environment
India's Constitution directs the State to try and ensure free and
school, or keep them there.
Protection
Education
Education
income is not the reason why parents fail to enrol their children in
Child
—
The Situation of Children and Women
The Situation of Children and Women
• Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene practices contribute significantly to
malnutrition, which impairs the growth of some 58 million children. Over
70 per cent of the health problems faced by children in primary schools
are attributable to inadequate hygiene.
• Low social awareness of the importance of hygiene and a clean
environment persists.
• Less than half of the country's 600,000 primary schools have an improved
water supply, while less than ten per cent have toilets. Among schools
with toilets, few manage to use and maintain their toilets properly.
• The percentage of rural households with a home toilet is 20 per cent only,
increasing at a rate of about one per cent per annum. Among urban
households, coverage is 85 per cent, but much lower among the low-
income population.
• While 85 per cent of rural settlements have access to improved water
supply (a handpump or a piped water scheme), actual use is only 72 per
cent. The 28 per cent of rural population which is not using water from an
dugwells.
• In India, agriculture is the largest user of ground water.
Unsustainable
facilities. In rural areas this is even lower, at 19 per cent. One in five women
pumping for irrigation is lowering ground water levels in many areas, thus
reportedly wash their hands before serving food, although 75 per cent say
threatening the sustainability of domestic water supplies, which depend largely
they do wash their hands before eating. One in two women report washing
on the use of ground water.
India due to diarrhoea, which could be prevented and managed better with
• Water quality is deteriorating as a result of pollution from industry,
domestic sewage and the widespread use of fertilisers and pesticides.
good sanitation, hand washing, food hygiene practices and family's
Fluoride and arsenic, occuring naturally in the ground, are found in excess
knowledge of Oral Rehydraiton Therapy (ORT). UNICEF promotes and
measure in many areas. Iron and salinity deter people from using water
supports programmes for sanitation and handwashing through schools and
Anganwadi Centres where children learn early in life the benefits of clean
environment and sanitation.
from otherwise safe supplies.
• In 2000 and 2001, millions of children and women were severely affected
by droughts and floods.
• In February 2000, after a visit by the International Commission on
Household access to proper sanitation has risen to 85 per cent in urban
areas, but access to rural households remains at 20 percent.
14
Water, Sanitation and
the Child's Environment
hands after using toilet facilities. Annually 400,000 under-5 children die in
Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication of the World Health
Organization, WHO certified India as guineaworm free.
15
Protection
In India it is estimated that about 37 per cent households are using toilet
improved source, mostly use traditional, convenient, but polluted open
Child
Water, Sanitation, and the Child's Environment
The Situation of Children and Women
__ The.Situation of Children and Women____________
• Bonded child labour persists due to parents' indebtedness and old
feudal attitudes.
• Several industries and occupations have been declared hazardous
for child workers. Following a Supreme Court ruling backing a
Parliament Act, government is acting to halt child employment in
these spheres of work.
• Domestic child labour and home-based work are the least visible
and among the most difficult to detect and curb.
• Estimates indicate that girls outnumber boys in many areas of child
labour.
• Policy recognises that provision of good quality school education
opportunities could bring children out of the work force and
progressively prevent child labour. The Indian Constitution is in the
process of being amended, to set primary education as a
fundamental right.
India continues to have the world's largest number of child labourers.
Following a Supreme Court judgement, the government is acting to
halt child employment in hazardous industries. However, attitudinal
change is slow, enforcement is difficult, and young children continue to
be placed in dangerous situations.
• India has an estimated 500,000 street children, vulnerable to
violence and abuse, struggling through their childhood years in the
poorest slums or on the pavements, often without any family
support. Their work includes rag-picking or peddling on the streets.
They are hard to reach through conventional service systems.
16
17
Child
• Disabled children seldom get the opportunities and supports to help
them develop to their full potential. Some of these children,
including those deliberately maimed, are still put to work as
beggars.
Protection
Child Protection
• Child prostitution and trafficking are known to be occurring on a
large scale. Girls are trafficked from rural to urban areas. Child
traffickers capitalise on adverse traditions in some areas, and on
poverty. Apart from intra-country movement of children to urban
brothels, inter-country trafficking in parts of the sub-continent is
also rising. The SAARC nations have made a joint commitment to
curbing this form of child abuse, but efforts to prevent it, or
rehabilitate rescued children, have not yet proved effective.
achievements, Challenges,
jms and Strategies
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies__
Children
child remains illiterate, hungry, or lacks medical care. We will take measures
to eliminate child labour.
Education for All
Achievements
We will present a National Charter for Children. Our aim is to ensure that no
We are committed to a total eradication of illiteracy. We will formulate and
implement plans to gradually increase the government and non
governmental spending on education up to 6% of the GDP; this to provide
education for all. We will implement the constitutional provision of making
primary education free and compulsory up to 5th standard. Our aim is to
move towards equal access to and opportunity of educational standards up
to the school-leaving stage. We shall strive to improve the quality of
education at all levels—from primary schools to our universities.
State Assemblies for women; also institute plans for providing free education
for girls up to college level, including professional courses, so as to better
empower women. We will also set up a Development Bank for women
Challenges
Empowerment of Women
We will legislate for the reservation of 33% of the seats in Parliament and
entrepreneurs in the small scale and tiny sectors.
|
Govt, of India, January 1998
Aims
National Agenda for Governance
2
3
Strategies
I
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
—Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
• India has been certified to have eradicated the guineaworm disease. No
case of guineaworm has been reported since 1997, the first year of zero
incidence.
• India has evolved extensive constitutional and statutory safeguards for
meeting the human rights of children. Recent policies and programmes,
as well as judicial activism, have further strengthened the prospects for
realising the full range of children's rights.
• On the policy front, India's commitment to the Year 2000 Goals for
Children is backed by its National Plan of Action and several state-level
action plans. It acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC) in 1992.
• Building on its acceptance of the 1990 mandate of Education for All, India
joined the E-9 group of populous countries pledged to special efforts to
attain education goals for all their children.
Achievements
• India has made a policy commitment to equal opportunity for the girl child
• The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) has declined from 110 deaths per 1000
and reaffirmed this with a 1998 allocation of resources for girls' education.
live births in 1981 to 70 in 1999. Deaths from diphtheria, pertussis and
measles are now as much as 70-80% less than pre-immunization levels.
Deaths from neonatal tetanus have fallen.
• Following a Supreme Court ruling, some hazardous industries have been
notified as unacceptable workplaces for children, and national measures
to rescue children from these dangerous kinds of labour have been
• In 2000, 30 million children in West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh and Bihar received two doses of Vitamin A.
• Approximately 95% of the country's population has a primary school
initiated. Some more industries have been added to the hazardous list.
• Echoing its massive all-out national action to achieve the Universal Child
Immunization (UCI) in 1990, India is sustaining a country-wide initiative to
within walking distance of one kilometre. India has over 150 million
wipe out polio. The "fixed-day" drives of the Pulse Polio Immunization
children being taught by 2.9 million teachers in 760,000 elementary
campaign are covering 127 to 129 million children on single day sessions
schools.
twice a year.
• About 97 per cent of the population had access to safe water. This has
• Continuing the focus on Early Childhood Care and the life-cycle approach
effectively reduced the time and energy spent, particularly by women and
initiative in 1999, year 2000 saw significant progress in building
young girls in obtaining water for the household.
commitment and developing capacity at state and national levels to
improve childhood care for survival, growth and development.
• Concerned about the over-dependence on government to sustain rural
water supplies, government started a major sector reforms initiative in
1999, aiming to base water and sanitation improvements on the needs of
communities with their commensurate responsibilities for funding,
planning, implementation, operation and maintenance.
4
5
Achievements, Challenges,.Aims and Strategies
__ Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
• India accounts for one-third of the world's children who suffer from
malnutrition. About 23 per cent of all births in India are low birth weight.
• Despite significant expansion of early education services, nearly two in
every three women and one in every three men, some 460 million in all
are illiterate. Girls are consistently denied equal opportunities to attend
and complete primary schooling. The primary school system needs major
improvements in quality of education.
„
I
• The continued neglect of the environment in urban slums poses one of
the greatest threats to progress on infant and child mortality and
improving the nutritional status of children living in disadvantaged areas.
• India continues to have the highest numbers of child labourers globally,
the official figure remaining at 11.3 million children and estimates from
• Child prostitution is growing in scale. Hundreds of thousands of girls are
trafficked and forced into prostitution in city brothels.
Challenges
Challenges
non-governmental sources ranging from 44-100 million children.
• There are an estimated 500,000 street children nationwide exposed to
violence and exploitation.
• Since 1993, the national IMR has been stagnating around 70 per 1000 live
births, pointing to a slowdown in the momentum of child survival. In 1992,
• The challenge to establish child rights as mandated by the CRC will
• Throughout childhood the mortality rate among girls continues to be 20
require sustained effort and commitment.
per cent higher than among boys.
• The maternal mortality rate, estimated to be 540 per 100,000 live births,
remains unacceptably high. Close to 100,000 women die from pregnancy
or pregnancy-related causes every year.
• In spite of the universal salt iodisation programme being in place for over
Aims
• Disabled children are exploited as beggars.
66 per cent of infant deaths occurred in the first month of life.
• School sanitation is increasingly emerging as a priority in Andhra Pradesh,
,,
1
y
Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka, Orissa, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. UNICEF and Government of
India are participating in a global school sanitation programme with
technical support from IRC in the Netherlands.
6
7
Strategies
15 years, half of the population do not use adequately iodised salt.
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
;
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
Child protection
Ensure that every child is protected from exploitation and abuse, within the
home and in the wider community.
Health of children and women
Ensure every child's right to survival and good health, by improving women's
health and strengthening the health care delivery system.
Nutrition and child development
Help achieve every child's right to adequate nutrition, by addressing all
aspects of early childhood care and development.
Water, sanitation and hygiene
Assure every child the right to safe water and a clean environment, by
increasing the use of home toilets, improving personal and community
hygiene practices and using drinking water from a protected source.
Primary education
Ensure and fulfill education rights of all children.
Aims
Strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation
Convergent Community Action (CCA)
Assist governments, civil society and communities, to work together to
Ensure children's rights are at the heart of all development plans and
programmes.
Aims
achieve child development goals and uphold children's rights.
Child rights
Ensure the primacy of the child's right to first call on national resources.
•
Overcome discrimination against the girl child and gender disparity
•
Address the needs of children not accessible through family contact or
conventional services.
8
9
Strategies
•
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
Achievements, Challenges, Aims and Strategies
• The Country Programme strategy will rest upon the potential for people to
initiate, sustain and support local action for children. This potential for
local action can be effectively tapped by providing communities with
critical inputs for decision making, and by establishing inter-sectoral
linkages. The aim will be to support training initiatives to equip panchayat
and nagar palika members, especially women, with skills to lead,
implement and monitor local programmes and initiatives for children.
• The programme strategy will retain and reinforce the emphasis on
expanding women's capabilities as vitally necessary for the fulfillment of
child rights. UNICEF will provide flexible support for the involvement of
women In social development projects in both rural and urban areas, as
well as orientation and support to newly elected members of local
governance bodies. It will support efforts to improve collection of and
access to gender disaggregated socio-economic data.
• UNICEF sees Convergent Community Action (CCA)—support for capacity
building to bring government service providers into a closer and more
responsive working relationship with an informed and actively participating
community—as an effective strategy for social development and social
Strategies
change directed at satisfying the rights of deprived children and women in
a context of persistent disparities.
Four basic strategies will be pursued during the programme:
• A key element is to promote and channel action through women's
awareness to change mind-sets and attitudes, influence behaviour, and
prevent violations of child rights. Alliance for child rights will require
strengthening partnerships with central, state and local governments.
Wide partnerships with non-governmental organisations, the corporate
sector, trade unions, human rights commissions, police, legal bodies and
political rights, media and academic bodies will be mobilised for advocacy
and delivering critical messages for children.
10
leadership and participation in development, with conscious advocacy for
the centrality of gender in all aspects of the Country Programme.
• Action in states and territories where UNICEF has no direct presence will
focus on planning and technical support to the development of new
models for child-related programming, and the encouragement of child-
centred investment in development.
11
Strategies
• Forging pro-active rights alliances for children that promote public
Children
"Investment on child development will be viewed not only as a desirable
societal investment for the nation's future but also as fulfilment of the rights
of every child to 'survival, protection and development' so as to achieve their
full potential. In this context, the challenges are to correct the adverse sex
ratio at birth and to reach every child without gender bias or any other social
discrimination.
"Following universalization of ICDS and ensured availability of basic minium
services for the overall development of the child, emphasis will be consolida
tion and contents enrichment of ICDS through adequate nutrition, supple
mented with necessary health check-ups, immunization and referral services.
In this respect, priority will be accorded to focus attention on the child below
2 years. To achieve this, ICDS will continue to be the mainstay of the Ninth
Plan to promote all-round development of the young child."
Approach Paper to The Ninth Five Year Plan
"Unless the life of the child in the family and community improves, all
development efforts would be meaningless. There is, therefore, a need to
raise awareness and create an ethos of respect for the rights of the child in
society to meet his or her basic development needs. Advocacy and social
mobilization are two crucial processes which are being emphasized to achieve
this end. With India's ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child, the 'rights approach' to child development is gradually gaining
importance and will henceforth form the basis of Government's strategy
towards child development."
- India Country Report on the Convention
on the Rights of the Child (1997)
The UNICEF
Country Programme
in India, 1999-2002
Empowering Women
The design and development of inter-sectoral approaches with indicators to
measure progress will be focused in 50 districts. CCA will be an integral part of
each sectoral programme. UNICEF will support CCA both by helping to empower
communities and by improving government responsiveness to community
demands.
Convergent
Community Action
IJNTCFF Country Programme in India
IJNTCFF Country Programme in India
Development, Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment. The Ministry of Urban
Affairs and Employment and the Department of Women and Child Development
Child
Rights
The rural CCA Programme will be the responsibility of the Department of Rural
Projects include:
•
Expand and Strengthen Cross-Sectoral Processes: This project aims to
mobilize the poorest rural communities (including at least half the women)
and assist the formation of community and women's self-help groups. The
project will operate in both urban and rural areas but will have different goals
in each region. In rural areas, the project will work in 50 districts spread over
15 states.
Convergent Community Action (CCA)
In urban areas, the project will aim to mobilize the poorest communities in at
least one city or town in each of the major states. It will support the
establishment of effective community structures for improving delivery of
Goal: Assisting governments, civil society and communities, to work together to
achieve child development goals and uphold child rights.
4
•
Build Capacity of Panchayats and Nagar Palikas to Fulfil Children's
Rights: This project will train and work with 500,000 elected women
members of panchayats and nagar palikas, to assess the situation of
children in their constituencies and to take action to fulfil children's rights.
Primary
Education
studies.
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
Resources Required: US $16.3 million [Supplementary Funds: US $ 7.5
million],
Water Sanitation
an(J Hygjene
basic social services for impoverished communities. To better understand the
specific needs of the urban poor, the project will initiate action research
UNICEF advocates that communities should be the main actors of the
development process, receiving support from the various government agencies
and NGOs. This 'convergent community action' (CCA) strategy decisively moves
the focus of attention to the community or sub-district level. This strategy
reflects the decentralization of governance through the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments and empowering women to join and lead the process
of local self-government.
Health of Children
and Women
provision has been made for programme support.
Nutrition and Child
Development
While CCA is the strategy on which every UNICEF programme will be run,
Child
Protection
will coordinate the urban Programme.
UNTCFF Country Programme in India
Advocacy through Communications
■ z:n
UNICEF Country Programme in India
The advocacy strategy will focus on establishing the concept of the ’caring
community' for children, aiming to change attitudes at policy, societal and
service levels.
Projects:
Promoting the Rights of Specially Disadvantaged Children: Focus on the
rights of children with disability and those affected by violence either within the
home or in the wider community. Special attention will be given to promoting
Child
Protection
Establish a Special Constituency for the Girl Child: Work towards changing
attitudes about gender and childhood, and heighten public awareness of
violations of girl child rights. Public communication media/mediums will utilise
the MEENA communication initiative to draw attention to the right to equality.
Health of Children I
and Women
Networks: The project will aim to create strong, committed and articulate
networks of government institutions, individuals, NGOs and other civil society
organizations. Special attention will be given to mobilising communicators who
will advocate and monitor progress on child rights, and enrich media channels.
Child
Rights
Creating Constituencies around the CRC through Alliances and
Goal: Ensure the primacy of children's right to first call on national resources.
Resources Required: US $ 10 million (Supplementary Funds: US $ 4 million).
India's accession to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1992
gave fresh impetus to the fulfilment of children's rights. UNICEF will support the
Government of India's efforts to address all the rights of children, but will give
extra weight to a child's right to primary education; adequate nutrition; child
6
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
Primary
Education
protection against abuse, neglect and exploitation; survival—the survival of
female babies; street children and the girl child.
Wate Sanitation
and Hygjene
eastern states.
Nutrition and Child
Development
government and civil society linkages in Jammu and Kashmir and the north
Child Rights
UNICEF Country Programme in India
Combating Abuse
i__ UNICEF Country Programme in India____________
Projects include:
•
Elimination of Child Labour: Advocate for the enforcement of child
labour legislation, and implementation of compulsory primary education.
Support efforts to monitor the extent and range of child labour. Work with
the corporate sector and building civil society networks, which can act as
watchdogs. In at least 25 districts, across India the project will support
elements of the National Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour.
Links will be established with micro-finance initiatives to reduce family
Goal: Ensure that every child is protected from exploitation and abuse, within
the home and in the wider community.
Children at greatest risk of abuse and exploitation tend to be from socially
disadvantaged groups. Girls particularly in need of protection are children in
institutions, victims of armed conflict and those affected by HIV/AIDS. The
strategy for child protection recognizes that many child rights violations are
closely linked to entrenched social, cultural and economic systems. Programme
will attempt to change public attitudes: shifting opinions from 'denial' to
'willingness to debate' to 'social and legal responses' to 'societal norms' and
finally to 'concerted action'.
UNICEF will support the Government of India's efforts to eliminate child labour,
child prostitution and child trafficking. The programme will develop city-level
actions to address the rights of street children, including those who come into
conflict with the law.
8
region.
•
City-level Actions for Street Children and Juvenile Justice: The
Juvenile Justice Act will be reviewed and its implementation strengthened in
line with the CRC. The project will explore non-institutional ways to protect and
rehabilitate children in conflict with the law and develop an improved data
base. Concentrating on urban areas, the project will develop training strategies
for public officials who deal with children in conflict with the law: Police,
Judiciary and NGOs. While trying to protect children already on the streets, this
project will aim to prevent the family disintegration which forces children out of
their homes.
Health of Children
and Women
Public campaigns to mobilize opinion against child trafficking and prostitution
will be supported. For local communities complementary training materials,
which inform and suggest possible child-friendly actions, will be developed.
In at least 10 districts, principles of convergent community action will be
used to develop prevention strategies. Since trafficking is a cross-border
issue, UNICEF will support SAARC initiatives to curb the practice, and
collaborate with UNIFEM to assist inter-country efforts within the SAARC
Child Protection
Resources Required: US $17 Million (Supplementary Funds: US $10 million).
Collective Action to Eliminate Child Trafficking and Prostitution:
Nutrition and Child
Development
•
Water, Sanitation
and hygiene
preparation of India's second report, due in 2000.
Child
Reviewing and Adapting Legislation and Policy:
(i) Laws for the protection of children are enforced;
(ii) National and state laws are in harmony with the Convention on the Rights
of the Child. While supporting implementation of the CRC country report
recommendations, the project will establish a participatory process for the
Primary
Education
•
Protection
indebtedness, a factor leading to child labour.
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
■------- ■
UNTCFF Country Programme in India
Ensuring Right to Survival and Good Health
■~j__ UNICEF Country Programme in India
health care sub-centre through a programme of closer cooperation with the
community and local elected representatives on the one hand. On the other hand
an intensive programme of strengthening the sub-centres through re-training of
workers, improving the availability of drugs and making the referral process
more effective will be taken up during this programme cycle.
UNICEF has traditionally concentrated attention on improving health care in rural
areas. The 1999-2002 programme cycle will pay increased attention to effects of
urbanization, highlighting the need for an integrated approach to health care in
urban slums—given their serious environmental problems.
Projects include:
•
Integrating Child Health and Survival: Improving primary health care
Health of Children and Women
•
Community Action for Health: Based on the principles of convergent
community action, the project will strengthen linkages between the primary
health care sub-centres, the ICDS, and safe water use.
•
Enhancing Supply Management for Primary Health Care: In
collaboration with UNFPA this project will pilot in selected districts an
improved system for drugs management—including greater use of less
expensive, generic drugs.
•
Participatory Training and Communication: To support community
action for health, the project will develop effective training packages and
communications materials on reproductive and child health.
•
Nutrition and Health of Adolescent Girls and Women: The programme
will make special efforts to improve adolescent girls' knowledge of good
health habits and of the nutrition they deserve.
•
Monitoring the National Health System: Aimed at improving the quality
of decision-making at the local level, the programme will build capacity for
data gathering and analysis that enables communities to monitor health care
Goal: Ensure every child's right to survival and good health, by improving child
care and women's health, and strengthening the health care delivery system.
Resources Required: US $99 million (Supplementary Funds: US $83 million).
For Indian children, the most dangerous year is their first year of life. Child
health depends critically on the health of mothers. The poor levels of health and
nutrition of many Indian women mean that both mothers and children remain at
severe risk.
The programme has prioritized the reduction of high maternal mortality,
especially in the northern and eastern states. In addition, UNICEF will continue
its support to the national immunization programme and will focus on eradicating
polio.
UNICEF's health cooperation with the Government of India will be primarily
through the Reproductive and Child Health Programme—concentrating efforts at
the community level to try and ensure that local demands for health care receive
a rapid and effective response. Primary focus will be on revitalization of the
10
service delivery.
11
Nutrition and Child
Development
approach to women's health, the project will try to empower communities to
demand more effective health services for women and adolescent girls.
Water Sanjtation
and H ' giene
Safe Motherhood and Women's Health: Aiming at a more integrated
Primary
Education
•
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
principal aim of the project.
Health of Children
and Women
services—making them more responsive to the community will be the
UNICEF Country Programme in India
■__ UNICEF. Country Programme in India____________
A Crucial Investment for Progress
UNICEF is strongly advocating an integrated approach to Early Childhood Care
for Survival, Growth and Development (ECC-SGD). The focus is on promoting
best caring practices, early stimulation and the nurturing role of fathers, who
share responsibility for ensuring the survival, maximum development and
protection of children from conception onwards. This is an important strategy for
arresting growth faltering in children below 3 years.
UNICEF's advocacy efforts will also focus on ensuring that the care and
development of children in their earliest years is recognized as a crucial
investment for social development and economic progress.
Projects include:
•
Community Action for Nutrition: Aiming to mobilize communities to
prevent malnutrition in adolescence, pregnancy and early infancy, pilot
projects have been initiated in each major state. The universal registration
of pregnancies as the basis for antenatal care is a priority. The project also
addresses reduction of anemia in adolescent girls, elimination of Iodine
Deficiency Disorders through Universal Salt Iodisation and elimination of
improve the quality of care young children receive, the project collaborates
with NGOs, and local self-governing bodies to ensure field-level convergence
of services that a child below the age of three requires.
Goal: Achieve every child's right to adequate nutrition, by addressing all aspects
of early childhood care for survival, growth and development.
The Country Programme will help achieve every child's right to adequate nutrition
by addressing all aspects of early childhood development. This programme will
aim to reduce malnutrition among young children, adolescents and women.
UNICEF supports the ICDS network's ability to reach out to children in the most
vulnerable age group, from 0 to 3 years. The programme takes a life-cycle
approach—intervening at each stage of a child's development, focusing on
difficult to reach communities and girls.
12
Advocacy and Communication for Nutrition Rights: Encouraging
policy makers from different sectors to prioritize the right to adequate
nutrition as a basic right of every child and woman is the goal of this
project. The effort is to place nutrition and early childhood care and
development high on both national and state agendas.
Primary
Education
•
Resources Required: US $43.5 million (Supplementary funds: US $22 million).
Water Sanjtation
and Hygiene
Early Childhood Development: Using community-based approaches to
13
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
•
Nutrition and Child Development
Nutrition and Child
Development
Vitamin A deficiency disorders.
UNTCFF Country Programme in India
■
Improving the Child's Environment
UNICEF Country Programme in India____________
In this programme, UNICEF will work in partnership with the Ministry of Urban
Affairs and Employment and through the Technology Missions of the Ministry of
Rural Areas and Employment, the World-wide Fund for Nature and other UN and
bilateral agencies.
Key to the success of the programme will be cooperation with children,
particularly in support of the Government initiative to promote hygiene through
schools. This provides an opportunity to influence the attitudes and long-term
behaviour patterns of over 100 million young Indians.
Projects include:
•
Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene: Sanitation promotion in 13
major states through government and NGOs, will be the principal activity.
The project will work with students in one-fourth of all primary schools to
improve hygiene practices. Research into new technologies and rural
sanitation programme monitoring will be supported.
•
Rural Water Supply: Developing sustainable technologies and community
based approaches for the most difficult to reach communities in 6 focus
states will be the priority. To improve and protect water quality, the project
will aim to develop systems for community water surveillance and water
treatment by panchayats in at least three districts in each of the 13 major
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
states.
Goal: Assure every child the right to safe water and a clean environment, by
increasing sanitation coverage and improving community hygiene practices.
conservation and water quality monitoring.
The maturing of the water well drilling sector allows UNICEF to phase out
support in this area, allowing attention to shift to water quality, sustainability and
the management of fresh water resources. In this programme cycle, UNICEF
will make a strategic shift, moving beyond expansion of drinking water supply to
focus more intensively on sanitation and hygiene. Around 45% of UNICEF
resources will flow to the 6 major states that have the lowest indicators for child
survival and development rights—Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Another 30% is allocated for 7 other states, with
25% earmarked for the remaining states and for national activities.
•
Management Information Systems and Surveillance: In each of the
six states, the project will establish an effective community-based system to
monitor water use and environmental sanitation. This system will be pilot-
Primary
Education
Resources Required: US $48 million [Supplementary Funds: US $28 million].
Urban Environment: The project will help develop child-friendly city plans
for water and sanitation. It will also gather data on the situation of the urban
poor and disseminate best practices on community management, water
tested in at least three districts in each state.
•
Guinea Worm Eradication Project: India was certified as guineaworm
free in February 2000, by the International Commission on Certification of
Dracunculiais Eradication of the World Health Organization
14
Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene
•
•
15
_______I
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
"
UNTCFF Country Programme in India
Upholding Every Child's Right to Education
i
UNICEF Country Programme in India____________
Projects include:
Support for Primary Education Renewal (SUPER) project: Implemented in
102 districts, the project aims at promoting teacher motivation, empowerment
and learning achievement. It also aims at establishing replicable models of
schools with joyful learning strategies which can be adopted across the country.
It will be progressively expanded during the programme cycle.
A major sub-component will be support for the Joint UN Education Initiative.
With the aim of making primary education more decentralised, accessible and
involving the community in school management, the project will develop and
advocate use of child-centred and gender-sensitive teaching methods in multi
grade schools. The Government of India is pursuing the initiative with five UN
agencies: UNICEF, UNDP, UNFPA, UNESCO and ILO.
Schooling for the Urban Poor: Extending the activities of SUPER to urban
disadvantaged areas, the project will focus attention on addressing the
educational needs of the poorest children, especially those living in illegal
colonies. By focusing on improving enrolment and retention it will complement
efforts towards elimination of child labour and rehabilitation of street children.
Bihar Education Project: Since 1991, UNICEF has been working with the
District Primary Education Programme (DPEP).
Goal: Ensure and fulfill education rights of all children.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan: The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan aims to provide useful and
Resources Required: US $48 million (Supplementary Funds: US $28 million)
relevant elementary education for all children in the 6 to 14 age group by 2010.
There is also another goal to bridge social and gender gaps, with the active
participation of the community in the management of schools.
The programme will collaborate with the Government to make elementary
education a fundamental right with the focus on universalization of quality
primary education. The Programme will attempt to improve quality of student
teacher interaction in the classroom. Closing the gender gap and reducing caste
and class disparities in educational achievements will be a priority.
The challenge which needs to be faced is to bring about a change in the mind
Useful and relevant education signifies a quest for an education system that is
not alienating and that draws on community solidarity. Its aim is to allow
children to learn about and master their natural environment in a manner that
allows the fullest harnessing of their human potential both spiritually and
materially. This quest must also be a process of value based learning that
allows children an opportunity to work for each others well being rather than to
sets of people with regard to elimination of child labour as a necessary
prerequisite to promotion of elementary education.
permit mere selfish pursuits.
UNICEF will support strengthening the District Information System on Education
(DISE), improving the collection of data on such variables as enrolment,
to establish linkages with ICDS to better prepare children for entry into primary
schools and with water supply, sanitation programmes to introduce life skills in
primary classes. Emphasis will be placed on linking with programmes aimed at
Linkages with other programmes: The programme will make special efforts
attendance, dropout rates, especially of girls and other marginalised groups, and
essential levels of learning achievement.
16
elimination of child labour.
17
Strategic Planning,
Monitoring and Evaluation
Primary Education
Primary
Education
Bihar government to accelerate efforts to reach and retain every child in school
at least until Class five. The coverage extended from 7 to T7 districts under the
i
_
.
UNTCFF Country Programme in India____________ .
'£«■■■__ UNICEF Country Programme in India
Measuring Progress
Projects include:
•
Strategic Planning: A strong information base is central to long-term goal
setting and strategic planning to achieve the goals. Preparation of the
national situation analysis for children and women and the companion state
specific analyses will be critical outputs. In addition, UNICEF along with
Government and civil society organizations, will prepare analytical papers on
issues such as violence against women, child prostitution and child abuse.
The review of state plans of action for children, to sharpen their focus on
rights will be part of this.
•
Monitoring: Indicators will be developed at all levels for each programme
and its objectives. This will include support for Management Information
Systems; Multiple Indicator Surveys; and the development of community
based monitoring systems in partnership with NGOs, panchayats and nagar
pa/ikas.
The Programme Knowledge Network—an electronic database of UNICEF's
learnings based on studies, evaluations and assessments—will be developed
for use by Government, NGO partners and other civil society organizations.
Strategic Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
The annual and midterm reviews of the Country Programme will be part of
this project. Other activities planned include specific programme and project
evaluations based on the Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Plan.
Goal: Ensure children's rights are at the heart of all development plans and
programmes.
r
•
Resources Required: US $4.4 million [ Supplementary Funds: US $0.5
c
million].
To measure and analyse the effort to promote child rights, planning, monitoring
and evaluation are built into the Country Programme. UNICEF will work with the
Government and the Planning Commission to monitor goals set out for the
years 2000 and 2002. The programme will focus on (i) Social policy analysis; (ii)
Evaluation: Technical support will be given to ensure quality and
consistency of project and programme evaluations at state and national
levels. Programmes and their components will be assessed in order to draw
lessons from successes and failures. Methodologies will be developed to
evaluate changes in attitudes and behaviours.
Strengthening evaluation component of the programme and (iii) Expanding the
use of monitoring, and enhancing its quality, at national and sub-national levels.
19
18
UNICEF India Country Programme, 1999-2002
A Reminder of Key Challenges in India - 1999
40%
World
India
Developing World
398
1858
21
Population under 5
12%
115
534
21
Annual No. of births
26 per
1000 population
24
116
21
Infant deaths
70 per 1000
live births
1.7
7.3
23
Child deaths (under 5)
95 per 1000
live births
2.4
10.5
23
Malnourished children
47%
54
177
30
Low birth weight babies
23%
5.5
20
27
Child labourers
25%
100
250
40
Illiterate adult women (15+)
56%
170
544
31
Births not attended by
trained health personnel
66%
16
57
28
Level of Birth Registration
35%
8
40
20
No access to sanitation
62%
619
2400
26
In absolute poverty
44%
439
1242
35
ited al New Model Impex Fax 3610838
Population under 18
India as % of
developing
Absolute numbers
(millions)
Status
Position: 775 (6 views)