WEALTH FROM THE PALMS
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DIRECTORATE OF PUBLICITY 8 PEOPLE'S EDUCATION PROGRAMME
■G.-’modaya' IrlcuRoad, Vile PariecfcM&M), Bombay-4 00056,
('
p
modaya' Irla. Road, Vile
Smt. Indin . Gandhi, Prime Minister, appreciating the artistic and utility value o£
Palm Leaf Products.
UEAITU r.FLL
COMMUNITY HEALTH CEIL
St ft n ** I\, / India- '
• .,
- 'RO 001
“Neera can be converted into jaggery, sweet as honey itself.
This jaggery is superior to cane jaggery. Cane jaggery is sweet,
but palm jaggery is sweet and delicious ; it can be produced worth
crores of rupees. Palm gur gives mineral salts too. Where there
are palm trees, this jaggery can be easily produced. This is the
way of banishing poverty from our land. This also is an antidote
to poverty.”
— MAHATMA GANDHI
Tapping of Palmyra Palm
A
11 o
FOREWORD
Sugar yielding palms are known for their economic
potentialities. We have in India, four varieties of such
palms namely palmyrah Palm, Date Palm, Coconut Palm
and Sago Palm. Eversince organised efforts to tap the
resources of these palms were initiated in 1947 by the
National Government, much have been achieved in terms
of organisational progress, technical developments and
employment potentialities. The booklet “Wealth From
Palms”, is a short resume of the various developments
achieved under the Palm Gur Industry so far. It also
brings to the readers some of the potential characteristics
of the various Palm products and their value to the society.
The development schemes mentioned in the booklet could
find use for the implementing agencies in formulating their
programmes.
Bombay
18-2-1975
N. Gopinathan
DIRECTOR
(PALM GUR)
WEALTH FROM THE PALMS
Don t you remember how much did you love eating a piece of
jaggery when you were a naughty child? Or don’t you drink neera to
quench your thirst? The sweetness and nutritive values in these have
a fascinating story behind them. It is not merely fun crunching a
piece of jaggery or bibulously drinking a cup of neera, but it is good
for your health too. So better know the sweet tale of tad gud, i. e„
palm gur.
EXPERIMENTS WITH NATURE
We are all children of nature. But how many of us realise this
fact? Nature is kind and helpful to us provided we do not go against
some of its fundamental laws. Gandhiji had great faith in this fact
and did many experiments with nature, like truth, with great success.
His secretary, Shri Pyarelal, narrated an incident where palm gur
came to the rescue of the village children and that was GandhijFs last
experiment performed in Sevagram.
“Dr. G. L. Batra, a retired deputy director of public health,
Bengal, coming to Sevagram to stay with Gandhiji, found that
nearly. 60 per cent of the children of the village suffered from Kerato
malacia — a deficiency disease due to lack of vitamin A. He men
tioned it to Gandhiji. A pharmaceutical firm had sent Gandhiji a
canister of red palm oil as a substitute for cod liver oil. He placed
1
it, with skim milk from a small dairy that he had started in the
Ashram, at Dr. Batra’s disposal. Dr. Batra collected all the children
in the village and began to give six ounces of skim milk with palm
gur and a tea spoon of red palm oil to each child. In a few weeks’
time there was not a case of keratomalacia left in the village”.
(From “Gandhiji’s Last Experiment: Sevagram Ashram”, by Pyarelal,
published in the Illustrated Weekly of India, December 2, 1962).
KALPA VR1KSHA — THE PALM TREE.
This wish-fulfilling tree is as useful as it is miraculous. She is the
mother of a versatile industry, tlrat is, the palm gur and palm product
industry.
Palm gur is a sweet food obtained by boiling the unfermented
juice of sugar yielding palms like date, palmyra, coconut and sago. These
are known since time immemorial as potential sources for supplying
sweetening agents like gur, sugar and a host of subsidiary products
for our day to day use. That’s why palm, especially coconut palm tree,
is known as the Kalpa Vriksha. the wish-fulfilling tree.
The palm belt in the world roughly extends from 44'’ south lati
tude to 45° north latitude, abundantly spreading in tropical countries
like Congo, Burma, Ceylon, India, Indochina, Indonesia and Malaya.
India undoubtedly is one of the most Palm-rich countries of the belt.
With its rich natural palm wealth India can today boast of 19
crores of palm trees. Nearly 5 crores of these are available for tapp
ing. There are again four major varities of palm trees:
(1)
PALMYRA PALM (Borassus flabellijer).
It is known for its gur and sugar yielding potential. These arc
mainly prepared from the sweet sap of this palm in the states of
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. Kerala, West Bengal and
Mysore.
(Season for extraction: December to February for male trees and
February to March for female trees. Total season — Six to Seven
months).
2
(2)
DATE PALM (Phoenix sylvestries)
Though found in all parts of the country, gur and sugar are pre
pared from time immemorial in Bengal out of this palm. Uulike other
palms, the trunk below the crown of this palm is tapped for extraction
of juices. (Season: Winter, October-March. Total season — six months).
(3)
COCONUT PALM (Cocos nncifera)
The gur and sugar prepared out of the sap of this palm is highly
nutritive. As this palm is abundantly cultivated on the coast line, the
industry is mainly concentrated in Kerala, Mysore and Tamil Nadu
States. (This palm is tapped all round the years as a new spathe is put
forth every month).
(4)
SAGO PALM (Caryotci wens')
It is grown mostly in the Western strip of India and the sap is
used in Kerala for gur production (operated throughout the year).
In India palm gur industry dates back to about 4000 years and
practiced as an essential village industry. The use of palms for extract
ing sugar, however, was known since the 17th century, but then it was
just a cottage industry. With the installation of the first palm sugar
manufacturing factory in 1837 at Dhoba, near Burdwan in Bengal by
Mr. Blake, opened a new chapter in industrialising it in the modern
sense. For nearly a century thereafter the industry had a staggering
growth. In spite of suggestions from the Indian sugar committee in
1920 to exploit palm for sugar manufacture, the industry could
not make much headway for lack of official encouragement and scien
tific approach. This resulted in steady decline of a potential industry.
Gandhiji initiated revitalising this industry even during our inde
pendence struggle by including it in the purview of the All India Village
Industries Association at Wardha. After independence the industry was
brought under the Union Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and en
couraged under the Grow More Food Programme. At present the
industry is progressing with the organised efforts of the Khadi and
Village Industries Commission.
o
INTERESTING VILLAGE INDUSTRY
The palm gur industry in itself is an interesting and rewarding ac
tivity. It has its glamour and problems both of which make "it quite
exacting. Yet another advantage of the industry is that it keeps the
whole family, even women and children, engaged throughout the year.
There are many problems too in manufacturing, preserving and
storing palm gur. Experiments are, however, being carried on to over
come these problems and youngmen are trained in making a scientific
approach to the industry.
Basic operation of the industry begins with the tapping which is
known in India for ages. The methods and instruments used for tapp
ing differ according to the place and variety of palm. In date palm for
example three methods are prevalent. They are Surti, Karnataki and
Bengali.
Tapping is an art as well as a science. The tapper has to climb
twice a day and with the traditional method of climbing, one is able
to tap as many as 30 date palm trees per day depending upon the
method and individual experience.
Improved methods such as aerial rope ways (for palmyra and
coconut) and bamboo ways (for date palms), are devised to increase
the efficiency of a tapper from 30 to 50 palms.
AERIAL ROPE-WAYS
In this method, palmyra palms are connected by tying thick
ropes. One rope is tied to the trunk of the tree and another in parallel
just below the crown portion. A bamboo with notches is then tied
vertically to the trunks of the first and last trees which are connected
with aerial rope ways. The tapper can climb the first tree using the
bamboo notches as steps, complete the operation on that tree and
move to the second one with the rope-way instead of coming down
and climb all again.
BAMBOO—WAYS
In place of ropes, bamboos are used in tapping date palms.
4
Generally the distance between each' palm tree is 15 to 20 feet and
this could be easily connected either by ropes or bamboos according
to the covenience. Yet another advantage is that both bamboos and
ropes are locally available. Ropes can be even, prepared by palm
fibre in the off-season leisure hours of the villagers.
In tapping also, considerable improvements have been made, es
pecially in date palms. The method known as “dainik chhedan” is an
improvement over the traditional Bengal method where two intermittent
rest days to each tree were given. In the new method, the tapping
portion of date palm — the crown base — is sliced into three parts
and the tender portion is exposed. Every day one portion is tapped
giving rest to the other two. By adopting this method, the tapper
could save 2/3 of tree rent (e.g. 30 trees instead of 90) as he gives
rest to the tapped portion rather than the entire tree itself. Further
improvements are planned and new methods are experimented upon
to improve tapping techniques. They are hygienic collection of neera,
vacuum tapping etc.,
*
Tapping the infloresence in case of palmyra, coconut and sago
palms and the crown base in case of date palm, a sweet juice trickles
down into the pots attached for collection. This is the popular drink
neera.
EDIBLE AND SUBSIDIARY PRODUCTS
Edible products of palm are neera, jaggery, palm sugar, palm
candy and palmolates. There are also many subsidiary products of
palms (some are made out of the by-products). These are sufficient
enough to keep the tapper families employed round the year. Manu
facturing of the subsidiary products will keep these families busy dur
ing the four to six months of the off season period. These are pre
paring palm fibre, palm leaf naar and various other articles from them.
Thus the palms have great potential in giving a substantial footing to
the tapper families to make a living.
5
PALMYRA PALM
Palmyra palm is yielding edible and non-edible products through
out the year.
January to June
June to August
August to October
October to December
Neera
Tender fruits
Fruits
Edible roots
Uses of the different parts of Palmyra Palm
Part of the Palm
Uses
1. Root
2. Bottom of the Trunk
3. Timber •
Basket making
Cattle feeding
House construction, cot
making, walking stick
Brush making
Fencing of gardens
4. Spathe Cower. (Kolanji.)
5. Petiole of the young tree
(Karukka mattai)
6. Petiole
a) Frond
b) Karukku
c) Agani
Fibre extraction
Rope for bundling
Cot weaving, basket
making
Basket making
Roofing, packing
Fancy leaf articles
Brush making. Basket
making, Sinnow making
etc.
d) Purani
e) Tender leaf
f) Matured leaf
7. Eark
Potentiality of a Single Palmyra Palm
Name of the
raw material
Quantity
available
Finished
product_______
Value
realisable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ISO Litres
1 Kg.
2.5 Kgs.
8 Nos.
16 Nos.
Gur
24 Kgs.
Basket 2 Nos.
Brush 12 Nos.
Mats
6 Nos.
Basket I No.
40-00
6-00
7-20
4-80
3-00
Neera
Fibre
Eark
Leaf
Naar
Total Rs.
6
61-00
Potentiality of Single Date Palm
Value of
finished
product
Name of the
material
Quantity
available
Finished
product
1. Neera
2. Leaf
3. Petiole
120 Litres
15 Kgs.
20 Nos.
Gur
15 Kgs.
Rope 130 Ft.
.......
Total Rs.
37-50
7-50
I-00
46-00
Date Palms yield Neera and also non-edible products as leaves.
The leaves can be used as such for thatching or for the extraction of
fibre.
NEERA — THE NECTAR
Neera the delicious drink extracted from the sap of palm, is fast
becoming popular in rural and urban areas of India. Refreshing as it
is, the drink has agreeable flavour, high nutritive value and medicinal
properties. It is wholesome, cool and good for improvement of general
health, specially as a supplement to those who have iron and vitamin
deficiency. The popularity of the drink is due to its several advantages.
It builds the body, keeps our system cool, improves appetite and diges
tion. It can be consumed in fairly large quantity without causing any
harm to the system. As a good tonic to the asthamatic, anaemic and
leprosy patients, neera has acted miraculously. It has also cured diges
tive troubles.
Besides drinking fresh neera it can also be used for preparing gur,
syrup, rab, sugar, candy, confectionery, icecream and various sweets.
Since palm gur industry was included in the programme of the AH
India Village Industries Association, founded by Mahatma Gandhi at
Wardha in 1934, the drink neera, got a boost. It was later scientifically
analysed by many scientific workers including Dr. Kamal Sohonie (who
was both qualified and experienced in the field). The nutrition surveys,
scientific analysis and experimental tests carried out by her team in 1959
brought in new light regarding its nutritional and food values ;
7
Figure s below show how nutritive neera is. Eight ounces of Neera
contain:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ph
Total Sugar/gm.
Calcium/mgms.
Iron/mgms.
Phosphorous / mgms.
Thiamihe/mg.
Ribofiavin/mg.
Ascorbic acid/mgms.
Nicotinic acid/mg.
Protein/mgms.
Calories
7.2
28.8
35.4
5.5
32.4
83.3
83.3
12.2
674.1
49.7
113.3
Chemical analysis of 100 cc. of neera has shown the following
result:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Specific gravity
Ph
Nitrogen
Protein
Reducing Sugars
Ash (Minerals)
Calcium
Phosphorous
Iron
Titrable
Vitamin C
1.07
6.1 to 6.9
0.056 gm.
0.35
0.96
0.54
Traces
0.14
0.04
8.75 cc. of N/10 alkali
13.25 mgms.
In addition neera contains 3.9 international units of vitamin B-l
per 100 cc. and probably other members of vitamin B complex in negli
gible quantities.
In what high esteem Gandhiji held this industry is known from
his speech made 30 years back in Bihar at the village industry exhibi
tion. Said Gandhiji “This is the way to banish poverty from our land.
This also is an antidote to poverty.”
8
Palm Leaf Mat Weaving Loom
Aerial Rope ways
Lacquered Pots for Hygienic Collection of Necra
PALM. GUR
Also known as jaggery, it is prepared by boiling sweet juice of paim.
It is generally prepared and consumed in the states of Madras, Andhra
Pradesh, Bengal and Mysore.
The method of preparing improved variety of gur is quite in
teresting. Limed juice is collected, slightly healed, clarified by adding
superphosphate of phosphoric acid, strained to eliminate the added
lime and other impurities. The clear juice is then further boiled upto
nearly U6°C to U8°C and moulded in different shapes. And Io!
The sweet palm gur is ready for consumption. It has thus all the pro
perties of fresh palm juice, delicious taste and pleasing colour.
COMPOSITION OF PALM GUR
Palmyra
Gur
Date Palm
Gur
Coconut
Palm Gur
Sago Palm
Gur
8.61
76.86
1.66
0.19
1.04
3.15
0.861
0.052
9.16
72.01
1.48
0.26
1.46
2.60
0.363
0.52
10.32
71.89
3.70
0.15
0.96
5.04
1.638
0.062
9.16
84.31
0.53
0.11
2.28
3.66
1.352
1.372
The nutritive values of palm gur are given below based on an
analysis (out of 100 gms.) of the Nutritional Research Laboratories,
Indian Council of Medical Research.
1.
2.
3.
Thiamine (Vit. B) 21 mgm.
Riboflavin (Vit. B) 432 mgm.
Nicotinic Acid
(Antipallagra Vitamin) 5.24 mgm.
4.
Ascorbic Acid (Vit C.) 11 mgm.
9
Like Neera, jaggery has also some rare medicinal values as testified
by Dr. Naidoo of Nagadcoil, Tamil Nadu. Accordingly palm gur solu
tion proved excellent food for typhoid both at early and advanced
stages.
The rate of sale of palm gur in India is equal to that of cane and
gur and in some cases the former fetches higher rate.
PALM SUGAR
Manufacture of palm sugar is also a traditional industry of our
villages. The vitamin values of palm sugar are:
1.
Thiamine Microgram (100 gm.) 160
2.
Riboflavin Microgram (100 gm.) 429
3.
Nicotinic acid Microgram (100 gm.) 1.98
The words of Prof. Gundu Rao, Director, National Sugar Institute.
Kanpur at the Palm Sugar Symposium are apt in the light of present
day acute sugar scarcity situation. He said:
“The brown sugar should be preferred to white sugar and gur
to brown sugar. Unfortunately, we go the other way and try 1o
purify. It is surprising that we go on paying through our nose for
refining and getting eliminated the extra bit of nutrition that the
sugar may have and ultimately come back to pay again for adding
to our diet, some of these nutritional things. This is a wrong way."
About eight per cent of palm sugar can be recovered from Neera
on weight basis. Improved methods like the ‘film evaporators’ are still
in experimental stages.
Unlike the cane sugar industry, the problem of disposal of molasses
is overcome in palm sugar industry by utilising molasses by converting
them into various edible products like the golden syrup, confactionery
syrup, madhu prash, etc. It is also used in preparation of palmolates,
fruit preservation and cattle feed. Further experiment are successfully
completed for producing vinegar out of molasses and to decolourize
molasses for utilization in various other products.
10
PALM CANDY
This sweet candy is produced directly from neera. The high
medicinal and nutritive values of neera are ‘moulded’ into sugar can
dies. This traditional industry is practised specially in Tamil Nadu
and Bengal with good income.
The improved method of candy preparation out of palm juice is
simple. The clarified juice is boiled to 107°C to 108°C and poured
into insulated crystallisers to promote crystal growth and the candy is
made available within 30 days. This method is used in Ayurvedic
medicines and has high curative values.
There is one more method wherein candy is obtained within ten
days from boiling palm sugar. Today many improvements have been
done in crystallisers, insulation methods, boiling and in hangers used
in crystallisers to get good quality candy.
The period of crystallisation has also been shortened considerably
by adopting improved techniques.
Here arc the results of nutritional analysis of different types of
candies done by Nutritional Research Laboratories, Indian Council of
Medical Research:
NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PALM CANDIES
1. Moisture %
2. Protein %
3. Fat % (Ether Extraction)
4. Minerals
5. Carbohydrates
6. Calcium (Ca) mg%
7. Phosphorous (P) mg %
8. Iron (FC) mg %
9. Caloric Value for 100 gms.
10. Riboflavin mg/100 gm.
Pal
Pal-.
myra
myra
Neera sugar
Date
Palm
Date
Palm
sugar
0.7
0.2
0.04
0.3
98.76
58.7
5.4
1.4
396
8.2
0.8
0.2
0.30
0.5
98.42
55.6
6.2
20.2
395
18.4
0.03
0.08
0.05
0.1
99.74
32.6
1.4
11.6
400
nil
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.06
99.76
18.9
1.9
5.2
400
nil
On separation of candy, the residue (the mother liquor) can be
reboiled for making sugar. It can also be boiled and variously flavoured
and bottled for consumption. This sharbat (Squash) is a pleas.u.t,
nutritious beverage that can be consumed after diluting with water.
PALMOLATES
These are indigenous sweets and confections prepared from palm
sugar or gur. A variety of confectionery articles and Indian sweets
are prepared today to popularize the use of palm sugar and gur.
Also prepared are bakery products like biscuits, nankhatai, cakes, etc,
They are quite popular among the consumers.
MADHU PRASH
Aerated beverages are consumed in large quantities in India. It
was heartening to note that these could be prepared from palm
sugar or palm molasses. These delicious drinks are known as Madhu
Prash. They not only quench our thirst but also add to the nutri
tional values. Madhu Prash can also be prepared out of fruit pulps
from papaya, guava and chikoo. They are then more delicious, nutri
tious and palatable. All over India Madhu Prash has become popular
today.
Analysis of Madhu Prash has shown the following food values:
1. Total solids
2. Proteins
3. Total sugar
4. Ash
5. Calcium (Ca)
6. Phosphorous (P)
7. Iron (FC)
8. Vitamin B
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin C
11. Niacin
12.984 '%■
0.186 !%■
9.632 %'
0.560:%'
0.0731%' nw/vol.
0.0037 gms.
1.05 mgm.
6.0
mgm.
0.34
75.5
12
mgm.
mgm.
WEALTH OUT OF WASTE
Subsidiary Products
Our village industries, though not sophisticated, have such a po
tent that even from waste we can produce untility articles. Every part
of palmyra is useful in one way or the other.
The by-products of village industries are capable enough to keep
the artisans employed during the off-season period. Palm Industry is
no exception to this and many subsidiary industries have been de
veloped to utilize their by-products.
PALM FIBRE
Extracting fibre from the palmyra trees is an ancient industry
of India. This has today great export potential.
The process of fibre extraction is done by a wooden hammer to
separate the fibres. It is then passed through the comb closely fixed on
a board to separate and remove additional fibre.hairs. The fibre is
then dried, sorted and bundled and is ready for export or other uses.
A variety of articles like brushes, foot rugs and mats are prepared
out of this fibre. This industry keeps the tapper occupied when he is
free from tapping and fetches him about Rs. 3 to Rs. 4 per day. Fibre
can be extracted even from young trees.
COST STRUCTURE OF PROCESSED FIBRE
Raw material
43%'
Wages
45%'
Sundry expenses
7J%i
3¥%
Transport
Govt., cess
i'%‘
Total
100%
(From Madras State Palm Gur Federation)
PALM LEAF AND EARK
A variety of fancy and utility articles can be made from palmyra
leaf and its mid-rib called ‘eark’, Especially in South India, women and
13
I
children are busy making such articles. There is no limit to this creative
genius of the village artisans and articles like fans, bags, garlands, mats,
wall mats and many decorative materials are made.
DATE PALM FIBRE
Yet there is another subsidiary industry in which fibre is extracted
from leaves through carding machines. This fibre is then dried, coloured
and used in weaving door mats, foot rugs and cot tapes. They are
also directly twisted for rope making which has many uses in a village.
Even the middle rib of the date palm leaf and its base are used for
making ‘Chicks’. This fetches an earning of Rs. 2 and Re. 1 per day
to male and female members respectively. A small scale fibre industry
could be started with an investment of Rs. 3,000.
NAAR
The word Naar originated from Tamil language. Outer and inner
skins of petiole arc known as purani and agarni respectively. Naar
peeled with the help of a sharp knife, the fibrous portion is sliced
and is used for weaving cots and chairs, in place of cane. Naar is also
used for making baskets of different shapes, mats, etc., Even the waste
fibrous material is coloured and used for door mat, drops and other
decorative purposes. This is a household industry in Madras and an
artisan can earn Rs. 2 to Rs. 3 per day.
BRIGHT FUTURE
Thus, in India if all the five crore tappable palms arc used for
manufacturing neera, gur, sugar and other subsidiary products, the
potential industry, which is still not fully developed, can help more
families stand to gain much from the natural hidden wealth.
There is also a ready market for palm products throughout India
and abroad. New vistas could be explored with intensive research
programme, experiments and hard work. The dream of ‘gramrajya”,
cherished by the Father of the Nation could thus be fulfilled.
REVIVAL
It was Mahatma Gandhi who believed in the upliftment of indus
tries as the potential centres for the nation's welfare, and who reviewed,
14
among others, the palm gur industry as a cottage industry with his
guidance and inspiration, the AU India Khadi and Village Industries
Association, Wardha opened a separate Palm Gur Department through
which the provincial ministries were approached for starting work in
different states. The Ministry of Agriculture then opened the Palm
Gur Section in 1974 for its development with official status and aid.
Later on the programme was enlarged by the erstwhile All India
Khadi and Village Industries Board in 1954-55 and continues under
the aegis of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission since
1957—58.
The industry was put on a scientific footing by starting a Research
and Training Institute, the first of its kind, in Moodbidri (South
Kanara, Mysore State) in 1948 and later shifted to Cuddalore (South
Arcot, Tamil Nadu) where it worked as a training cum recruit centre
till 1954. Later in 1.955 it was renamed as Bharatiya Tad Gud shilpa
Bhavan and was located at Dahanu, Thana, Maharashtra.
To put this conventional industry on modern line research work
is being conducted at the Central Research Laboratory for palm gur
industry under the auspices of the Bhavan. Apart from this, funda
mental research is also carried out in other laboratories on different
aspects of the industry.
Also attached to the laboratory is a reference library and a techni
cal show room. These serve both the research workers and act as an
informotion bureau to the palm gur workers all over the country.
The scientific investigations conducted at the library have helped im
prove the yield of neera by planned pruning of leaves finding out
alternative techniques for preserving neera with silica get instead of
lime and evaluation of simple technique for preserving gur and sugar.
There is also a techno-industrial museum of palm products where
in are displayed a range of samples of many palm products from all
over India, the different types of tapping tools, past and present models
of furnaces and a wide variety of charts, flow diagram, etc. This store
house of information is a monument to the industry. It is an inspira
15
lion to the palm gur workers and an interesting and educative centre
for the public.
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
The development programmes of the industry are implemented
at the central level by the palm gur section and its allied branches
under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission and at the state
level by the State Khadi and Village Industries Board.
In 1972-73 there were 3,558 Cooperative Societies with a
membership of 4.17 lakhs. Of these 1198 Cooperative Societies and
49 Institutions were reported to be working. As many as 168 lakh
palm trees were tapped. The total production of Palm Gur, Palm
Sugar, Candy, Neera and edible and non-edible products was worth
Rs. 632.31 lakhs. The total sales amounted to Rs. 738.10 lakhs.
During the period 2.92 lakh persons were provided employment.
Undoubtedly palm gur and its allied industries will change the
life of our village folk for better. The industry has a heritage, a
great potential and bright future and the days are not far ahead when
the dream of Gandhiji to make the gramarajya into a Rama Rajya
is fulfilled.
16
COST STRUCTURE OF PALM GUR
Kind of
Tree Rent
Fuel
Chemicals
Palm
%
/O
%
Date
♦♦
6.00
2
7
6.5
43
57
Palmyra
15.5
11
3
7
4
29
71
8
52
48
9
75
25
Depreciation
0/
/O
Sago
32
6
1
5
Coconut
44
10
3
9
Overheads
%
Total
o/
ZO
As worked out in the study conducted by the Ec, R while conducting Palm Gur price fixation enquiry.
Earnings
%
Technological Improvements Introduced in Palm Gur Industry
Sr. No.
Subject
1
2
1. Palm Agronomy
Research
undertaken
Object
4
3
obtained
Results
5
Remarks
6
plantations Successful. 98% sur
a) Transplantation of Regular
young plants aged can be made by trans vived when watered
4 to 6 years was planting the scattered regularly with addi
tried in the case of palms and thus reduce tion of phosphates
the area of operation and Nitrogen.
date palm.
of the tapper.
It has served as a
useful demonstration
to Co-operative so
cieties.
To find out whether In the case of Date
systematic pruning can Palm a removal of
enchancc the yield of 30% leaves at the rate
of 10% in a phased
neera.
manner, the yield of
Neera increased by
about 35%. In the
case of Palmyra the
increase in yield with
a 20% removal of
Leaves at start was
about 70%.
These findings have
propogated
been
through artisans tra
ining course.
b) Pruning
foilage.
of
the
c) Effect of manures
on the quality &
quantity of Necra.
To increase the qua
lity and quantity of
Neera.
An increase of about
1% in the yield of
Gur is observed in
. No.
Subject
1
2
Research
undertaken
3
Object
4
Results
obtained
5
Remarks
6
the case of Neera
from the treated
palms.
2. Climbing
a) Aerial rope ways. To increase the effici Tapping capacity in
Two
ropes were ency of the tapper & creased by 50%.
tied parallel to each reduce exhaustion and
other from tree to difficulty.
tree (Palmyra) so
that the tapper can
cover the distance
quickly by walking
on one rope and
balancing
himself
on the other.
3. Tapping
a) The trees were sub To improve the tech
ject to four methods nique of tapping.
of tapping.
1. Original
Bengali
method.
2. Dainik Paddhati.
3. Half Bangali me
thod.
4. Surti Method.
-do-
While the
original These findings have
Bengali
method
is been
propogated
found to be the best through artisans tra
in respect of the qua ining course.
lity of juice and the
Surti method is found
to yield the maximum
quality, the new me
thod of daily tapping
No.
Subject
1
2
l ;' ;
Research
undertaken
3
Results
Object
4
5
Remarks
6
proved more advant
ageous in respect of
yield and quality.
-
c) Effect of tapping on
the yield and qua
lity of nut in co
conut.
To establish the popu
lar belief that tapping
is beneficial for nut
yield of poor yielders.
Tapping for a period
of 6 months is found
to
invigorate
nut
yield in poor yielders.
-do-
d) Effect of tapping on
disease and pests of
coconut.
To contradict the po
pular belief that the
incidence of pests is
more when trees are
tapped.
It could be proved to
certain extent that
tapping Joes not in
crease the incidence of
disease.
-do-
e) Improvements
in
implements & tools
used for tapping.
To improve
efficiency.
tapping
High carbon steel with
oil tampering improv
ed the quality of tapp
ing tools.
-do-
a) Treatment of pots
l.Wax Coating
2. Lacquering
To stop tree top for Lacquering of pots
was found to be good.
mation.
The pots become nonporous and can be
easily washed.
-do-
.. f •
4. Collection of
juice
obtained
Sr. No.
Subject
1
2
5. Preservation
of juice
undertaken
Research
3
a) Physical method.
like partial heating,
chilling etc.
b) Chemical
method
various
chemical
preservatives
were
studied.
Neera catering using
cooler, deep freezers
and insulated boxes.
6. Furnance &
Pans.
Object
4
Results
obtained
5
Remarks
6
Preservation alter col Heating, chilling pre
serves Neera for 72
lection.
hours. Frezing preser
ves the juice for a
week.
-do-
SO2 method evolved,
preserves the Neera
for 18 hrs. on tree
tops.
-do-
To avoid deteriorating Flesh chilling process The methods are in
of Neera after collec for immediate chilling use for commercial
tion.
was evolved. Chilled Neera catering.
Neera preserves well
for over 12 hrs. When
kept under insulated
condition.
a) Different type of To economise fuel
fumance were tried consumption.
i) Primitive furnace
ii) Standard Bhatti
iii)Salamat Bhatti
iv) Kifayat Bhatti
v) Mufecd Bhatti
2. Sahakari Bhatti
i) Wastage of fuel Already in use with
and time.
Co-operative Society.
ii) 80 to 90% on the
weight of the juice.
iii) Fuel consumption
was reduced to 60
to 70% on raw
juice.
S. No.
Subject
Research undertaken
Object
Results obtained
Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
vi)Coal furnace
b) Solar heat utilisa
tion.
iv)
Fuel consumption
is brought down to
35 to 60% on raw
juice and better
quality gur. The
circular pan now
yielded place to
thin N.S. or G.I.
rectangular pan.
v)
1. Fuel consump
tion was 30 to 35%
on weight of raw
juice.
2. This is for 400
to 500 Kgs. of
Neera. The furn
ace consumes 27
to 30% fuel on
the weight of juice.
vi)
The consumption
of coal ’ on raw
Neera is 18 to 20%
b) Still under study.
No.
i
Subject
2
Research undertaken
Object
Results obtained
Remarks
3
4
5
6
7. Clarification of a) Double deliming
process.
juice for syrup &
b) Carbonation pro
Gur making.
cess.
To remove the lime
from the Neera so
that the final product
will have a better
quality.
a) For preservation
humidity control
method.
To prevent melting of
gur.
8. Storage of Gur
b) Wax coating gur To stop melting and
■ slabs were covered to keep the original
with tissue papers flavour, .colour and
and then
coated texture.
with wax.
a) The double delim Widely used in gur
ing process of cla sugar
and
candy
rifying Neera using boiling.
either
superphos
phate or phospho
ric acid gave very
high rise in purity
for the clarified
juice, low mud vo
lume thus mini
mising sugar losses
and also quick and
efficient
settling.
The process has
been standardised.
Gur can be pre
served well when
R.H. is less than "
60%.
Satisfactory
pro
cess in the mar
keting of gur.
1
S. No.
1
Subject
2
Research undertaken
Object
Results obtained
Remarks
3
4
5
6
9. Sugar boiling
For making good qua While open pan me A few units have al
a) Open pan method.
b) Vacuum boiling.
lity sugar with better thod is found to give ready been put up in
very small crystals the field. They are
c)Use of film eva yield.
with a low yield va- yet to attain viabi
porator for syrup
cum boiling ensures lity.
making.
better crystals with
higher yield. Work is
still in progress for
improving the effici
ency of both methods.
10. Candy making
a) ‘U’ shaped crystallisers with parallel
thread hangers were
introduced.
recovery The method is prac
a) To obtain higher a) Higher
and better and re tised in the field.
recovery by giving
gular shaped cry
more space for cry
stals
were
ob-.
stallisation and to
tained.
eliminate ‘Korandy’
for crystallisation.
11. Confectionery
and aerated
beverage.
a) Using Palm Sugar
and palm gur for
making
gur
for
making popular
confectionery.
a) To diversify the
use of Palm Gur
and Palm Sugar.
a) By adopting simple The method is adoptpurification method ed by Co-operatives.
for
sugar
and
changing the for
mula of the con
stituents,
quality
products could be
obtained.
S. No.
1
Subject
Research undertaken
Object
Results obtained
Remarks
3
4
5
6
2
b) A standard quality
of aerated bever
age could be ob
tained using either
inferior
quality
Palm
Sugar or
first quality Palm
Molasses.
-
X
12. Brush making
Simple power operat For producing various Increased production
ed machinery has been designs of utility bru efficiency & opened
up channels for use of
shes.
used.
Palm fibers.
13. Palm leaf pro Using Palm Fibre ex
tracted
from
Date
ducts.
palm leaves treating
palmyra leaves.
Utilisation of Date
palm leaf. Improve
ment in the quality of
palmyra leaf by che
mical treatments.
The method is adopt
ed by Co-operatives.
Different
types
of The method is adopt
mats could be produc ed by Co-operatives.
ed from date Palm.
The quality of pal
myra leaf products
could be improved by
bleaching and other
techniques.
Neera Catering Scheme
Daily Sale :
1,500 Bottles (300 Litres of Neera)
I. Equipment (Non-recurring)
1. Bottle at Rs. 0.55 per bottle
2. Chilling Unit or Freezer
3. Bottle Cooler (Ice type)
4. Bottle Washing Machine
5. Delivery Vehicle
(Scooter with Insulator)
6. Crates
7. Neera Cans
8. Insulated Boxes
9. Push Cart
10. Neera Cabins
Rs.
Ps.
Nos.
4,000
1
3
1
2,200-00
18,000-00
6,000-00
3,000-00
1
50
8
4
1
3
20,000-00
1,000-00
1,600-00
1,200-00
2,000-00
15,000-00
70,000-00
II. Establishment
Rs.
1. Manager 1 No. at Rs. 300/- p.m.
for 12 months
2. Supervisor 1 No. at Rs. 200/- p.m.
for 6 months
3. Accounts Clerk 1 No. at Rs. 200/- p.m.
for 6 months
4. Processing expert 2 Nos. (150 x 6 x 2)
5. Driver 1 No. at Rs. 200/- p.m.
x
for 6 months
6. Watchman 1 No. at Rs. 150 x 12
7. Salesman 4 Nos. (4 x 150 x 6)
8. Rent of Processing Centre (200 x 12)
9. Rent of Land for Neera Cabins
Ps.
3,600-00
1,200-00
1,200-00
1,800-00
1,200-00
1,800-00
3,600-00
2,400-00
900-00
17,700-00
26
III. Processing and Catering
Rs.
Purchase of 50,000 liters of
Neera at Rs. 0.25 per litre
2. Straw Pipe 500 Boxes at Rs. 2/- per box
3. Books and Forms
4. Local Taxes
5. Repair and Replacement
6. Electric Charges
7. Petrol at Rs. 65/- per day for 6 months
8. Ice and Miscellaneous
Ps.
1.
12,500-00
1,000-00
100-00
200-00
2,000-00
1,000-00
11,400-00
2,000-00
. 30,200-00
IV. Working Capital: Rs. 12,000/Recovery
1. Neera Purchased
50,000 litres.
2. Less wastage & sediment 10%
5,000
3. Total Neera for sale
(1 litre — 5 bottles)
2,25,000 bottles.
45,000 x 5
4. Sale price at Rs. 0.30
Rs. 67,500
per bottle of Neera
ABSTRACT
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs.
1.
Ps.
By sale Rs. 67,500-00
1. Establishment
17,700-00
2. Processing and
Catering
30,200-00
3. Depreciation on .
equipment as per
10,353-00
Appendix ‘A’
4. Interest on equip
ment at 6% on
Rs. 70,000 for
4,200-00
1 year
5. Interest on Working
Capital of Rs. 12,000
for 6 months at 6%
360-00
6. Anticipated Profit
4,687-00
67,500-00
67,500-00
APPEND IX ‘A’
Depreciation of Equipments (Non-Recurring)
Sr. No.
Particulars
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bottle
Chilling Unit or Freezer
Bottle Cooler (Ice type)
Bottle washing machine
Deliver Vehicle
Crates
Neera Cans
Insulated Boxes
Push Cart
Neera Cabins
Cost of
equipment
Year of
service
Depreciation
Rs. Ps.
Rs.
2,200
18,000
6,000
3,000
20,000
1,000
1,600
1,200
2.000
15,000
3
10
6
6
10
5
5
4
4
5
733-00
1,800-00
1,000-00
500-00
2,000-00
200-00
320-00
300-00
500-00
3,000-00
10,353-00
70,000
•- - _
Neera Catering Scheme
Daily Sale — 3,000 Bottles
I. Squipmet (Non-recurring)
1. Bottle at 0.55 per bottle
2. Chilling Unit
Pre-Chiller —■ 1 No.
|
Walk-in-Cooler—1 No. J
3. Bottle Cooler
Electric Type
Ice Type
4. Bottle Washing Machine
5. Delivery Van (Jeep Van)
6. Crates
7. Neera Cans
8. Insulated Box
9. Neera Cabins
Big —2 Nos. (Rs. 10.000) ISmall —6 Nos. (Rs. 12,000)
Nos.
8,000
Rs. Ps.
4,400-00
2
50,000-00
2
6
2
1
100
20
8
12,000-00
12,000-00
6,000-00
40,000-00
2,200-00
4,000-00
2,400-00
8
22,000-00
1,55,000-00
28
*
•
II. Establishment
Rs.
1. Manager 1 No. at Rs. 400/- p.m.
for 12 months
2. Supervisor 1 No. at Rs. 300/- p.m.
for 6 months
3. Accounts Clerk 1 No. at Rs. 300/- p.m.
for 6 months
4. Processing Experts 6 Nos. at Rs. 200/- p.m.
for 6 months
5. Driver 1 No. at Rs. 300/- p.m.
for 6 months
6. Watchman 1 No. at 150/- p.m.
for 12 months
7.. Rent of Processing Centre at Rs. 300/- p.m.
for 12 months
8. Salesman 8 Nos. at Rs. 150/- p.m.
for 6 months
9. Rent of Land for Neera Cabins
Ps.
4,800-00
1,800-00
1,800-00
7,200-00
1,800-00
1,800-00
3,600-00
7,200-00
2,000-00
32,000-00
III. Processing and Catering
Rs.
1. Purchase of 10,000 litres of
Neera at Rs. 0.25 per Litre
2. Straw Pipe 1000 boxes at Rs. 2/- per box
3. Books & Forms
4. Local Taxes
5. Repair and Replacement
6. Electric Charges
7. Petrol at Rs. 100/- per day for 6 months
8. Ice and Miscellaneous
Ps.
25,000-00
2,000-00
200-00
400-00
5,000-00
2,000-00
18,000-00
5,000-00
57,600-00
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koram«ngala
29
Bangalore-560034
India
IV. Working Capital: Rs. 20,000/v. :Recovery
1. Neera Purchased
2. Less Wastage & Sediment
3. Total Neera for sale
90,000 Litres.
(1 Litre = 5 Bottles)
4. Sale Price at 0.30 per bottle
Receipt
Rs. 1,35,000-00
;
:
1,00,000 Litres.
10,000 Litres.
;
4,50,000 Bottles.
:
Rs. 1,35,000-00
ABSTRACT
Expenditure
1. Establishment
2. Processing & Catering
3. Depreciation on equip
ment as per
Appendix ‘A’
4. Interest on equipment
at 6%' on Rs. 1,55,000
for 1 year.
5. Interest at 6%< on
Working Capital of
Rs. 20,000 for 6 months
6. Anticipated Profit
20,907-00
9,300-00
600-00
14,593-00
1,35,000-00
1,35,000-00
Sr. No.
Rs. Ps.
32,000-00
57,600-00
APPENDIX ‘A J
Cost of
Year of Depreciation
Rs. Ps.
equipment service
Particulars
4,400
50,000
3
10
1,467-00
5,000-00
12,000
12,000
6,000
40.000
2,200
4,000
2,400
22,000
10
6
6
10
5
5
4
5
1,200-00
2,000-00
1,000-00
4,000-00
400-00
800-00
600-00
4,400-00
1,55,000
_ ___ - • '
20,907-00
. 1. Bottle
2. Chilling Unit
3. Bottle Cooler
Electric Type
Ice Type
4. Bottle Washing Machine
5. Delivery Van
6. Crates
7. Neera Cans
8. Insulated Box
9. Neera Cabins
30
Palmyra Neera Candy Production Model Scheme
Season — 6 months
I. Non-Recurring (Equipment)
Qty.
Cost.
Rs. Ps.
1. Pan
2. Gratings
3. Chimney
4. Furnace
5. Buckets
6. Scrapper & Strainer
7. Litter Measure
8. Spring Balance
9. Filter Cloth
10. Thermometer 150"C
11. Cans
12. Candy Crystallizer
at Rs. 40/- per Crystallizer
13. Trays for Drying
14. Sprayer •
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
4 Nos.
2 Nos.
1 Set
I No.
4 Nos.
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
400-00
80-00
100-00
400-00
100-00
■ 20-00
50-00
50-00
100-00
100-00
200-00
200 Nos.
10 Nos.
1 No.
8,000-00
500-00
400-00
10,500-00
II. Recurring
Rs. Ps.
1. Cost of Neera 1,50,000 litres
at Rs. 0.25 per litre
2. Feul at 40% on Neera 60 Tons
at Rs. 70/- per ton
3. Superphosphate (at | Kg. per 100 Litres)
for 1,50,000 Litres — 750 Kgs. of Super
Phosphate at Re. 1/- per Kg.
4. B.T.B. Paper
5. Miscellaneous
37,500-00
4,200-00
750-00
20-00
500-00
42,970-00
•* • — .
31
st r.
'•"'••it
J J.
III. Establishment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rs. Ps.
Manager-cum-Accountant
Candy Boiler at Rs. 150 P.M. for 6 months
Asst. Candy Boiler at Rs. 125 P.M. for 6 months
Watchman at Rs. 100 for 12 months
Building Rent, Candy boiling shed etc., (200 x 12)
2,400-00
900-00
750-00
1,200-00
2,400-00
7,650-00
IV. Working Capital:
V. Recovery
Rs. 10,000
1. Total Neera:
Less wastage 2% on Neera
1,50,000 Litres
3,000 Litres
1,47,000 Litres
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recovery of Candy at 5% on Neera
7,350 Kg.
Molasses at 3% on Neera
4,410 Kg.
Cost of 7,350 Kg. of Candy at Rs. 7.50 per Kg. Rs. 55,125
Cost of 4,410 Kg. of Molasses at Rs. 60 per Ton
264
VI.
ABSTRACT
Receipt
Expenditure
Value of Candy :
Value of Molasses
:
1. Recurring expenditure 42,970-00
2. Depreciation on
264-00
equipment as per
1,785-00
Appendix “A”
3. Interest on Non-recur
ring amount of
Rs. 10,500 at 6%
630-00
per annum.
4. Interest on working
capital of Rs. 10,000
300-00
at 6% for 6 months
5. Establishment and other
expenditure
7,650-00
2,050-00
6. Anticipated profit
Rs. 55,125-00
Rs.
55,389-00
55,389-00
32
APPENDIX ‘A’
Sr. No,
Particulars
Qty.
Cost
1. Pan
2 Nos.
Rs. Ps.
400-00
2
Rs. Ps.
200-00
2. Grating
2 „
2 „
80-00
2
40-00
3. Chimney
100-00
2
50-00
4. Furnace
2 „
400-00
4
100-00
5. Buckets
4
100-00
4
25-00
6. Scrapper & Strainer
7. Litter Measure
2 „
1 Set
20-00
2
10-00
50-00
5
10-00
8. Spring Balance
1 No.
50-00
2
25-00
9. Filter Cloth
4 Nos.
10. Thermometer 150°C 2 „
11. Cans
2 „
12. Candy Crystallizer 200 „
100-00
2
50-00
100-00
4
200-00
8,000-00
8
25-00
100-00
1,000-00
Year of Depreciation
Service
2
13. Trays for Drying
10 „
500-00
5
100-00
14. Sprayer
1
..
400-00
8
50-00
<:
10,500-00
33
7
1,785-00
PALM FIBRE PROCESSING SCHEME (at Society level)
12 artisans will process 6,000 Kgs. of raw fibre per months. The
recovery of finished fibre from 72 tons of raw fibre will be 57.5 tons
per year.
I. Non-Recurring Expenses
Rs. Ps.
1. Cleaning Combs 25 Nos. at Rs. 20 each
500-00
2. Cutting Knife 10 Nos. at Rs. 10/- each
100-00
3. Wooden Anvil 10 Nos. at Rs. 20/- each
200-00
4. Platform Balance 1
1,000-00
1,800-00
IL Recurring
Rs. Ps.
1. Cost of 72 tons of raw fibre at Rs. 1,500/- per ton 1,08,000-00
1,080-00
2. Transport charge at Rs. 15/- per ton
3. Processing charges at Rs. 22/- 100 Kgs.
of finished fibre
12,650-00
600-00
4. Rent for workshed at Rs. 50/- p.m.
5. Rent for godown
600-06
6. Other miscellaneous expenses as stuonery
500-00
washing charges etc..
1,23,430-00
III. Establishment
1. Supervisor (1) at Rs. 250/- p.m.
2. Store Keeper Cum Clerk at Rs. 200/- p.m.
3. Watchman at Rs. 100/-
Rs. Ps.
3,000-00
2,400-00
1,200-00
6,600-00
IV. Depreciation on Equipment
Items
"
Year of Life
4
1, 2, 3,
3 years
1° years
Depreciation
Rs. Ps.
100-00
270-00
370-00
V.
Working capital :
Rs. 30,000/-
34
ABSTRACT
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs.
Sale price of 57.6 tons
2,350/per ton of processed
fibre Rs. 1,35,125.
Depreciation on
equipment
Recurring
Expenditure
Establishment
Interest on Working
Capital of Rs. 30,000
Anticipated
Profit
.
Ps.
370-00
1,23,430-00
6,600-00
1,800-00
2,925-00
1,35,125-00
1,35,125.00
The Society will purchase raw fibre from artisan clean it and sell
it to the exporters. Only the first process is envisaged at the society
level since the exporter will undertake the 2nd process according to
his requirement.
35
MODEL SCHEME
BRUSH MAKING UNITS
Production: 650 Dozen of Floor Washing —- II
Period
:
1 Month
I. Equipments Non-Recurring
1. Drilling Machine with 3/8 H.P. Motor 1 No.
2. Trimming Machine with 3/4 H.P. Motor 1 No.
3. Bench Saw Machine with Motor. 1 No.
4. Fret Work Machine with 3/8 H.J. Motor 1 No.
5. Shearing Machine 1 No.
6. Hammer Big. 2 Nos.
7. Hammer Small. 30 Nos.
8. Forks 30 Nos.
9. Filling Nails 40 Nos.
10. Chisel 4” 2 Nos.
11. Fibre Cones 3 Nos.
12. Horseshee Magnet 1 No.
13. Dyeing Vessel 1 No.
14. Working Table. 1 No.
15. Benches 4 Nos.
16. Stools 2 Nos.
17. Scissors - 2 Nos.
18. Folding Scale. - 1 No.
19. Installation charges
20. Other accessories
21. Table for erection of Machine
22. Racks 4 Nos.
23. Almirah
24. Carpenters Tool Set.
25. Wood Turning Lathe
Rs. Ps.
1,000-00
700-00
1,800-00
1,400-00
450-00
40-00
60-00
60-00
80-00
20-00
60-00
10-00
100-00
500-00
500-00
50-00 30-00
10-00 .
1,000-00
50-00
400-00
500-00
300-00
200-00
800-00
10,120-00
n. Recurring
(A) Establishment
1. Fibre Expert-cum-Manager 1 No. at Rs. 200/2. Carpenter - 2 Nos. at Rs. 150/3. Artisans 20 Nos. at Rs. 125/- P.M.
200-00
300-00
2,500-00
3,000-00
36
B
Rs. Ps.
652-00
1,200-00
200-00 50-00
98-00
(B) Ra\v Materials
1. Fibre 326 Kgs. at Rs. 2 per Kg.
2. Planks
3. Pins
4. Polish & sand paper
5. Miscellaneous
2,200-00
(C) Other Expenditure
1. Building Rent
2. Electirc charges
3. Stationery
4. Miscellaneous
200-00
100-00
20-00
30-00
•
*
Total A, B, & C.
III. Working Capital Loan
IV. Production
Floor Washing Brush — II
at Q Dozen per Artisan
per day (26 days.)
350-00
5,550-00
650 Dozen (7800)
Nos. at Rs. 0.80 Rs. 6,240-00
per Brush
ABSTRACT (Per Month)
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
1. Sales 6,240-00
1. Recurring (A, B & C)
2. Depreciation at 10%
for one month on
equipments (Rs. 10,120)
3. Interest on equipment
at 6% on Rs. 10,120/for one month
4. Interest on Working
Capital of Rs. 10,000/at 6%
5. Anticipated Profit
per month
6,240-00
Rs. Ps.
5,550-00
84-30
f
50-60
50-00
505-10
6,240-00
37
-
1
i■
1
ABSTRACT ’(For one year)
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
1. Sales 74,880-00
t
74,880-00
Rs. Ps.
1. Recurring
66,600-00
2. Depreciation at 10%
for 12 Months one
equipment
1,012-00
• 3. Interest on equipment
at 6%
607-20
4. Interest on Working
Capital at 6%
600-00
5. Anticipated profit
6,060-80
- --1 ■
74,880-00
Model Scheme for Date Palm Gur Manufacture for a Tapper Family
200 trees in two groups
90 litres per tree
per season
6 Months
1. No. of trees
2. Yield of Neera
3. Season
Rs.
' I. Non-Recurring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ps.
90-00
90-00
40-00
100-00
60-00
90-00
130-00
Pan set
Furnace
Tapping Tooks
Work Shed
Moulds
Pots 150 Nos. at 60 paise per pot
Ropes for Rerial Rope ways
600-00
Rs. Ps.
II. Recurring.
1. Tree rent for 200 trees @ Rs. 5/per tree per season
2. Lime for preservation
3. Fuel 7,200 kgs. @ 40% on
Neera of 18,000 litres at
Rs: 80 per ton
4. Superphosphate
5. Filter cloth
6. Miscellaneous
1,000-00
60-00
576-00
220-00
29-00
65-00
1,950-00
800-00
III. Working Capital
IV. Recovery
1. Recovery of Neera from 200 trees
at 90 liters per tree per season
2. Wastage, sediment etc. 10% of
18,000 liters of Neera
3. Neera for Gur making
4. Gur at 10% on Neera 16,200 liters
@ Rs. 2/- per kg.
5. Cost of 1,620 kgs. of Gur
39
Rs.
18,000 litres
1,800 litres
16,200 litres
1.620 kss.
3,240
ABSTRACT
Receipts
Expenditure
1. By sale of Gur Rs. 3,240-00
1. Recurring
2. Depreciation
value on
equipments
Rs.
1,950-00
242-00
3. Interest on work
ing capital of
Rs. 800/- @ 6%
for 1 year
4. Anticipated in
come for 6
months
48-00
1,000-00
3,240-00
Total 3,240-OQ
Sr. No.
Ps.
Depreciation of Non-Recurring Items (Equipments)
Cost of
Year of Depreciation
Particulars
per year
equipment
service
Rs. Ps.
90-00
3
Rs. Ps.
30-00
90-00
3
30-00
Tapping Tools
40-00
3
13-00
4.
Work Shed
100-00
2
50-00
. 5.
6.
Moulds
Pots
60-00
2
30-00
90-00
2
45-00
7.
Ropes
130-00
3
44-00
1.
Pan Set
2.
Furnace
3.
*
242-00
Finance
1. Capital Expenditure
Rs.
600/-
2. Working Capital
Rs.
800/-
40
Model Scheme for Palmyra Gur Manufacture for a Tapper Family
80 Trees
1. No. of trees
2. Yield of Neera 120 litres per tree per season
•
I. Non-Recurring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pan set
Furnace
Tapping tools
Work Shed
Moulds
Pots 150 Nos. @ 40 paise per pot
Rope for Aerial Rope ways
Rs. Ps.
90-00
90-00
40-00
100-00
60-00
90-00
130-00
600-00
II. Recurring
Rs. Ps.
1. Tree rent for 80 trees at Rs. 5/per tree per season
2. Lime for preservation
3. Fuel 40% for 9,600 litres
of Neera @ Rs. 80/- per ton
4. Superphosphate
5. Miscellaneous
6. Filter cloth
400-00
30-00
307-00
100-00
50-00
30-00
917-00
in. Recovery
1. Recovery of Neera from
80 trees at 120 litres per
tree per season
2. Wastage, sediment etc. at 10% of
9.600 litres
3. Neera for gur making
4. Gur @ 12%' on 8,640 litres •
5. Cost of Gur at Rs. 2/- per kg.
IV. Working Capital
9,600 litres
960 litres
8,640 litres
1,037 Kgs.
Rs. 2,074
Rs.
41
500-00
Palm Sugar by Centrifugal Machine
Model Scheme Cor Palmyra Gur Manufacture for a Tapper Family
1. No. of trees
80 Trees
2. Yield of Neera 120 litres per tree per season
*
I. Non-Recurring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pan set
Furnace
Tapping tools
Work Shed
Moulds
Pots 150 Nos. @ 40 paise per pot
Rope for Aerial Rope ways
Rs. Ps.
90-00
90-00
40-00
100-00
60-00
90-00
130-00
600-00
II. Recurring
Rs. Ps.
1. Tree rent for 80 trees at Rs. 5/per tree per season
2. Lime for preservation
3. Fuel 40% for 9,600 litres
of Neera @ Rs. 80/- per ton
4. Superphosphate
5. Miscellaneous
6. Filter cloth
400-00
30-00
307-00
100-00
50-00
30-00
917-00
111. Recovery
1. Recovery of Neera from
80 trees at 120 litres per
tree per season
2. Wastage, sediment etc. at 10% of
9.600 litres
3. Neera for gur making
4. Gur @ 12%' on 8,640 litres ■
5. Cost of Gur at Rs. 2/- per kg.
960 litres
8,640 litres
1,037 Kgs.
Rs. 2,074
IV. Working Capital
Rs.
41
9,600 litres
500-00
ABSTRACT
Receipts
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
1. By sale of gur 1,037 kgs.
Rs. 2074-00
917.00
1. Recurring ’
2. Depreciation on
equipments
242-00
3. Interest on
working capital
of Rs. 500/- @ 6% 30-00
4. Anticipated in
come for
6 months
Total
Rs.
2,074-00
885-00
2,074-00
Depreciation of Non-Rccovery Items (Equipments)
Sr. No.
Particulars
Cost of
equipment
Rs.
Service
Depreciation
per year
Rs. Ps.
Ps.
1. Pan set
90.00
3
30-00
2. Furnace
90-00
3
30-00
3. Tapping tools
40-00
3
2
50-00
13-00
4. Work Shed
100-00
5. Moulds
60-00
2
30-00
6. Pots
90-00
2
45-00
7. Ropes
130-00
3
44-00
Total
242-00
42
1.
2.
I.
1.
2.
4.
5.
Scheme for the Extraction of Palmyra Palm Fibre by the
Artisan and his Family
Period of Production of Fibre :
8 Months
An artisan & his wife can extract Fibre
from 100 Full Pathals per day.
Non-Recurring Expenses
Rs. Ps.
Cutting knife
2 Nos.
20-00
Mallet
2 Nos.
40-00
Wooden Anvil
2 Nos.
60-00
Cleaning Combs
2 Nos.
50-00
Beam Balance
I No.
59-90
220-00
IL Recurring
1. Cost of 24,000 Pathals for 8 months
2. Transport & other Miscellaneous
Rs. Ps.
720-00
100-00
820-00
Rs. Ps.
III. Recovery
1. Raw Fibre from 24,000- Pathals at the
rate of 6 kg. of Kora Fibre from 100 Pathals
1,440 kg.
2. Value of 1,440 kg. of Kora fibre at Rs. 1.50 per kg. 2,160-00
500-00
IV. Working Capital
ABSTRACT
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
Rs. Ps.
2,160-00
1. Recurring
Sales price
2. Depreciation
Kora Fibre
820-00
on equipment
as per Appendix ‘A’
3. Interest on work
ing capital of
44-00
Rs. 500/- at 6%
for 1 year
4. Anticipated income
1,268-00
for 8 months
2,160-00
2,160-00
43
APPENDIX ‘A’
Depreciation of Equipments (Non-recurring)
Sr. No.
Particulars
1. Cutting knife
2. Mallet
3. Wooden Anvil
4. Cleaning comb
5. Beam balance
Cost of
equipment
Year of
service
Rs. Ps.
20-00
40-00
60-00
50-00
50-00
5
5
5
5
5
Depreciation
Rs. Ps.
4-00
8-00
12-00
10-00
10-00
40-00
Finance
1. Capital Expenditure
2. Working capital
Rs.
Rs.
220
500
Scheme for Palmyra Palm Leaf Mat Weaving for an Artisan Family
1. Period
8 Months
2. An artisan & his wife make 6 sitting Mats
of Size 20" x 20" per day
I. Non-Recurring
1. Cutting knife
2. Sizing Tool
3. Alluminium Vessel
4. Stove
5. G.L Tray
6. Needle & others
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
1 No.
1 No.
Rs. Ps.
20-00
20-00
50-00
50-00
40-00
20-00
200-00
II. Recurring
1. 3840 Palmyra Leaves (16 leaves per day)
for 240 days at 10 paise per Leaf
2. Colour at the rate of 3 paise per mat
Total 1.440 Mats
3. Miscellaneous
Rs. Ps.
384-00
43-00
25-00
452-00
III.
IV.
Working Capital
Recovery
1,440 Mats at Re. 1/- per mat Rs.
44
1,440/-
ABSTRACT
Receipt
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
By sale of Mats
1,440-00
Rs. Ps.
1. Recurring
452-00
2. Depreciation on
equipment.
45-00
3. Interest on
working capital
of Rs. 300/- at
18-00
6% for 1 year
4. Anticipated income
in 8 months
925-00
1,440-00
1,440-00
Depreciation of Equipments (Non-recurring)
Sr. No.
Particulars
1.
' 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cutting knife
Sizing tool
Alluminium Vessel
Stove
G.I. Tray
Needle & others
Cost of
equipment
Year of
service
Rs. Ps.
20-00
20-00
50-00
50-00
40-00
20-00
4
4
5
5
5
4
Depreciation
Rs. Ps.
5-00
5-00
10-00
10-00
10-00
5-00
45-00
Finance
1. Capital Expenditure
2. Working Capital
Rs.
Rs.
45
200/300/-
Scheme for Palmyra Palm Candy Manufacture by a Tapper
and his Family
1. Season
2. No. of Palmyra Palms
3. Yield of Neera
6 months
80
120 liters per tree per season
I. Non-Recurring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Pan set
Furnace
Tapping tools
Work Shed
Pots 150 Nos. at Rs. 0/40 paise per pot
Rope of Aerial Rope ways
Thermometer 1500
Cans 2 Nos.
Candy crystalliser at Rs. 50/- per crystallisers 20 nos.
Tray for drying
Syringe
Total
Rs. Ps.
90-00
90-00
40-00
120-00
60-00
130-00
50-00
200-00
100-00
80-00
70-00
11,900-00
II. Recurring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tree rent for 80 trees at Rs. 5/- per tree per season
Lime for preservation
Fuel at 60% for 9,600 liters of Neera
Superphosphate
Filter Cloth
Miscellaneous
Rs. Ps.
400-00
30-00
480-00
100-00
30-00
50-00
Total
1,070-00
III. Recovery
1. Recovery of Neera from 80 trees at 120 litres
per tree per season
9,600 litres
2. Wastage, sediment etc., at 10% of 9,600 litres
960 litres
3. Neera for candy making
8,640 litres
4. Candy at 4.5% on 8,640 litres of Neera
396 kgs.
5. Cost of 389 kgs. of candy at Rs. 8/- per kg. Rs. 3,112-UO
Rs.
IV. Working Capital
46
500-00
ABSTRACT
Receipt
1. By sale of candy
Rs. Ps.
3,112-00
1.
2.
3.
4.
Expenditure
Rs. Ps.
Recurring
1,070
Depreciation
value on
468-00
equipments
Interest on
working capi30-00
tai of Rs. 500/at 6% per
1 year
Anticipated
income for
1,541.00
6 months
3,112-00
3,112-00
Sr. No.
Particulars
1. Pan set
2. Furnace
Tapping tools
4. Work shed
5. Pots
6. Ropes
7. Themometer
8. Cans
9. Candy Crystalliser
10. Trays
11. Syringe
Cost of
equipment
Depreciation
Year of
service
Rs. Ps.
90-00
90-00
40-00
120-00
60-00
130-00
50-00
200-00
1.000-00
50-00
70-00
Rs. Ps.
30-00
30-00
13-00
40-00
30-00
44-00
10-00
50-00
200-00
10-00
14-00
3
3
3
3
2
3
5
4
5
5
5
Total
Finance
1. Capital Expenditure
2. Working Capital
471-00
Rs.
Rs.
1,900-00
500-00
Grand Total Rs.
2,400-00
, .
47
(Sd/-)
.DIRECTOR (PALM GUR)
!
cOMMU\>ity l>c.,
326' V Msh ”“trH CELL
ko'«mi.nE=la '
“lock
S°'*’£C003<
Design and Lay out by U. G. Bhise
Printed and Published by J. N. Verma, Director of Publicity, Khadi and
Village Industries Commission, “Gramodaya", Irla Road-, Vile Parle (West),
Bombay 400 056. Printed at Sirur Printing Press, Parvati Industrial Estate,
Unit No. 7, 1st Floor, Sun Mill Compound, Lower Parel, Bombay 400 013.
February 1975
5,000 Copies
Neera Clarification and Juice Boiling
Improved Furnace
i
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
326, V Main, I Block
Koramongala
Bangalore-5 6 0034
India
- Media
505.pdf
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