Asian Institute of Technology
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- Title
- Asian Institute of Technology
- extracted text
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J
*
(7'2,/
AIT
Asian Institute of Technology
Bangkok
Thailand
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INCOME - HOUSING - OCCUPATION LINKAGES
A CASE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
(■>.
City, India)
v
m
s Shivakumar
HSB 888 308
February 3989
CONTENTS
Page £
1 .0
Introduction
1
2.0
Statement of the Problem
3
3.0
Construction Workers :
An Overview
4
3.1
Hou sing : Ch ar a c t erJ sties
5
3.2.
Tlabour M i gra ti on i n Tndi a
5
3.3
Theories on Housing Expenditures
6
4.0
Rati on a1e of the S tudy
8
5.1
Genera] Objective
9
5.2.
Speci f i c Objecti ves
9
6.0
Te n ta t i ve Propos i t i on s
10
.6.1
Assumptions
10
7.0
Need for focusing on
Construction Workers
10
8.0
Scope of the Study
11
8.1
Tiimitations of the Study
12
9.0
Proposed Methodology
13
9.1
Tools for Data Collection
13
9.2
Universe and Sample
13
9.3
Qualification of a Respondent
14
9.4
Interview Schedule
14
9.5
Proposed Data Analysis
14
9.6
Time Schedule
16
10.0
Expected Application of the Results
16
11.0
References
18
List of Maps, Figures and Plates
01
Map of India and Karnataka State
02
Map of Bangalore City Area
03
Demographic and Area Details on Bangalore City
04
Rural-Urban Continuum
05
Dimensions of Housing Deprivation
06
Migrant Worker Housing Access Modes
07
Housing : Mobility/Decision Matrix
08
Diagram of the Study Framework
09
Various Indicators Proposed for the
Survey of Households
Introduct i on
1.0
Bangalore has emerged
metropolis
major
a
as
that in
in
a nd
The city’s growth has
belonging to the modern industrial era.
been so rapid
born
the decade 1971-81
populat i on increase of 61 .74 per cent.
Bangalore recorded
Tn
the
1981
a
Census,
Bangalore stood fifth in functional ranking among various cities
in
Tt has firms using modern industrial
India.
characterised by
technology
high capital intensity as well as sophisticated
product!on capabi1ity.
Today, the city has a structure and form
which is unique in many respects.
Unti 1
1 941 ,
Bangalore was a smal1,
urban area with a population
of 407,000 persons which increased to 1,422,000 persons in 1971
Tn the industrial boom
and jumped to 2,300,000 persons in 1981.
that
th e
covered
forty
year
experienced phenomenal growth pattern.
The
c i ty’s popu1a t i on
growth
"push" factor of depleting rural
factor of
assured
urban
(1941-81) ,
period
was
the
city
(Refer Plate No. 3).
largely attributed to
incomes rather than the "pull”
employment.
The disturbing aspect
is
that the city is not generating jobs fast enough to keep pace
with
the
inflow of migrants,
unemployment,
1 ow per capita
as
is
incomes
population categorised as urban poor.
urban maladies.
1
evident
and
from increasing
sizeable
segments
of
which are at the core of
Me >
■J
riBET
PAKISTAN
DELHP
CALCUTTA
INDIA
BURMA
IBOMbAY
KARNATAKA
STATE
MADRAS
sr • tanka
i'AP
OF INDIA
BANGA.ORE
MAP OF KARNATAKA STATE
\
/
/
ii
r‘
!TH
ft
SI'
IRA'
I .
MAP OF BANG?’,phi. CITY
Mo * (
«
Statue and demographic pattern o-F
Bangalore
city between 1901
1
and 2001^
■ catim
t eat
Area it*
eq.mi 1es
Population
(’000s>
7. change
in pop”
1 ation
Dcc.<ipati on
densi ty/
act a**
12.00
190?
City
Cantt.
20.70
159
City + Cantt.
24.40
40?
lStl.97
26.00
1941
Corporati on area
46.00
779
91.40
26.46
1951
Corporat i on area
46.00
906
16.30
30.7 7
1961
Corporation area
60.00
1,422 *
56.95
37.0 5
1971
Metropolitan area
102.00
2,300
61.74
35. 2
1981
Metropolitan area
102.00
3,100
65.28
47-88
2001 »
__ „ __ _ M
Cannt. means Cai'itonment area
Projected are-3
I
1 cAcre
0.40 ha.
I*
1 eq-ntle =2.59 km.
♦*I
Source :
mb .n •»
^c. sx ix. aS: 2A
El •*- il-:i£
iu: ---
(including d.fsflee
t|Ubted in
bangaiorfe.. iSEB
Fmerginq Metropolisj i bangalore.,
9h
i
v
akumar (19§3).
I i s I-1 n a. “i ur t h y a n d C
j
Job
creation
key
issue
at
an accelerated pace therefore. emerges as the
in planning
for
India’s
urbanisation
if
the
full
benefit from the process itself is to be realised in the larger
context of national economic and social development.
jobs in the formal sector is difficult.
”informal
sector”
Creation of
the emergence of
Hence,
in the urban areas 1
The ’’informal ’’ sector includes a wide range of actlvities,
household to personal
from
and from commercial to non -
services,
commercial services, involving firms, households and individuals.
Two important features to be noted here are:
up
of
activities
attention.
Second,
people
s tu d y
who
which
to
pays
governmen t
and possibly more
e con om i c
activi ti es
first,
it is made
little,
importantly,
in
urban
if
any,
a 1 though
area s
ti 11
recently did not consider these activities as an integral part of
Indeed,
many
case
signi f i can t place of
the
informal
the
city.
stud i es
the city as a socio-economic system
sector
have
in
e s t ab1 i sh ed
the
the maintenance of
(Sethuraman,
1981).
Most of
the people 1nvolved i n in forma1 sector activities are rural
mi grants.
Most of these migrants are handicapped in terms of
ski Ils and education.
This is where the informal sector is
instrumental in defusing
the buildup of frustration among these
ca tegorles of people,
employment.
This
by providing a source of
informal
sector.
therefore,
helps
fresh migrants, by cushioning their economic plight.
2
transitional
to absorb
2.0
The
■
?.L olu Un-
between
relationship
industrial
and the
t ransformation
living standards of the working class in the urban areas has
interested many researchers.
this interest had
Until recently.
remained largely confined to the experience of workers in
advanced
countries
(Taylor,
1977) .
In
recent
years,
however,
focused on the developing countries, particularly
attention is
those that have been experiencing rapid industrial growth
(Weeks
1985; Wells J, 1983).
Among
the urban poor th e c o n c e p t of
dimensi ons.
shelter has
several
For some it is a vital factor of production in their
economic pursuits; while for some others it is merely a barricade
for privacy in a highly congested urban environment.
There is
also another category of urban poor who live and earn their
living with no form of shelter whatsoever
(J a g a n n a t h a n an d
Halder, 1988) .
So far the focus of housing studies were on
"income of
the
Given the magnitude of income variations among the
household".
poor households. it is now evident that income cannot be the sole
basis for housing policies.
Hence the introduction of a new
concept attempting to assess the relationship between occupation
and housing needs.
Occupation
is
a
di f ferential
parameter
between
households,
and
character of housing which is determined by household occupation.
This occupation-housing linkage has not been studied so far.
3.0
Cons true Li on Workers z_ An Overview
The
construction
industry
country’s economy.
occupies
an important place in any
It provides an appreciable share of the GDP
and generates a high proportion of Gross Fixed Capital Formation.
The construction
industry has
government can use
as
a
always been vi ewed as one which
form of economi c regu1a tor.
particularly so i n relation to employment.
Given
This
is
that
the
industry, by its nature, requires a large casual labour force. it
is clear that investments in construction can be used to create
short term and often seasonal employment.
employment
Moreover,
in this sector is considered to be transitory.
Th u s,
this industry mostly recruits "casual
who are
labourers"
locally recruited for the completion of the construction works.
Their wages are calculated on a daily
only for the days on which they
social
basis ie.
work.
actually
security or benefits and c a n
they
paid
They enjoy no
laid off
be
are
when
their
services are no longer required and this is understood in terms
of local conventions.
A recent study of the National Buildings Organisation
(1987)
indicates that 80 per cent of the labour force involved in the
construeti on
industry con s i s t s
of
"wage
casual
or
labourers".
Thi s means that the major economic contributor is sustained by
casual labourers whose income and social securities are unstable.
Further,
the
recen t
s tud i e s
indicate
tha t
t here
is
no
"transitory" phase in the informal sector activities, especially
in
t h e construction works.
Most of
the
activities are now need not be transitional.
in forma 1
sector
(Harold Lubell, 1977).
3.1
nousi ng
Housing
QuoacUi' J st >' <.-n
has
a
crucial role
social well-being.
in
any strategy of economic and
Adequate shelter is one of the basic needs.
The construction of housing has a major priority in any nation’s
allocation of resources and const!lutes an
But
employment opportunities.
to build
expensive,
invariably costing many
earnings.
Thus,
important source of
conventional
times
a
house
worker 1 s
the poor rarely have adequate
is
annual
"access"
to
housing and what housing services they do enjoy are of 1 ow
quailty.
In addition. despite the strenuous nature of their
work, construction workers are among the lowest paid,
developing countries.
Thus,
in the
the cons truction workers
const!tute the large labour force in the construction
who
industry
usually do not own a ’’decent’’ shelter of their own.
3.2
Labour Migration in India
The empirical literature on internal migration has typically
found that propensity to migrate decreases with age and with
distance between points of origin and destination.
with education or skill.
and increases
Distance is assumed to serve as a proxy
for both the psychic costs of movement and the availability of
information.
Also, migration studies find income at the point of
origin to be negatively related to the propensity to migrate and
income at the point of destination is positively related.
5
Ko -
W/IL U^BAN CONTINUUM
Rural
Ml Cy RATI OH
> URBAN
____ _
h/ORK|
Construction
^ELRCfiPHOKlJ
_______ 4*
Seasonal]
transitional
Construction a/or*J
employment]
No nore
Because of nen , t^ootRH
seasonal
T*CHNOIO$V
QVbPosocoh
AAli
Co AiTf NO BUS
INSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES
------------ -- ^.r,.. _ J
no
more
transitional
T
Increasing
opportunities
DECLINING
!
INCKtKSING,
|
dzmano Tor
'SPtMALIZA-TtbN
ZURAl JOUS
Mo Ms
D/M£NSI0NS OF HOUSING DEP^/VAT/C.N
i. Substandurd. striidures, materials & Services
i. Insufficient floor Jlrea
a IJnsatisfoflory Neighbourhood. Environment
t. Excessive Housing Expense ‘Relative to Jncome
s. Eajck of choice op Tenure
t. Social Discrimination in Ownership. Hental,
r. dxaitytiate burnishings
s. Restricted Vocational Choice
t Excessive Housing Expenditure Relative
to Qualitg and Size of Duelling
lo.Eack of Secuntu Of Occupancy
n. Stigmatizing uag in uhtth Housing
Services are Delivered
n. Housing related Problems of Health.
Eduration
Scott
(1970)
has reviewed
the literature
and ci tes
reasons for migration for highly-skilled
differentials; professional opportuni ties;
working conditions.
3.3
income
labourers
living conditions and
The labour migration
confirm these reasons.
four major
in
studies
India
(Jetley, 1987; Gill, 1984).
Theor j es on Housing Expend!Lures
The relationship between housing expenditures and income was
first analysed by Ernst Engel
three
formulated
"laws”.
(1895).
first
Engel ’ s
is
He
law
reputed
said
expenditures rise with income. but at a slower rate.
to have
that
food
The second
1 aw stated that clothing expenditures rise continuously at the
same rate a s
law
The third
income.
expenditures remained constant,
stated
that housing
regardless of income.
first has stood the test of time.
Only the
Housing expenditure law was
remodified by Schwabe as 'housing expenditures rise with income
but at a slower rate (Stigler, 1954).
Cross-sectional research has shown that the relationship between
income and housing expenditures varies greatly.
Factors
Influencing such relationshix) include regional markets, movements
in housing.
education
of
movements in housing prices.
the
Roistacher, 1974).
head of household
family size.
and
(Rapkin, 1957; Reid, .1962;
Cross-sectional research was not particularly
useful for analysing some
i mportant
expenditures and Income.
Tn particular, cross-sectional data are
inappropriate
because
changes
6
in
relations
housing
between
housing
expendi tures
are
hypothesised to result from changes in Income.
responses
income
In
to changes
t en d
families and anticipated by others.
very misleading.
to
be
Because t h e
delayed
by
some
cross-sectional data can be
Factors associated with the timing of increases
in income and housing expenditures cannot be captured in orosssectional analysis.
Tiongi tudi nal data are required to relate the
changes to one another.
undertaken.
Long11 u d i na 1
s t u d i e s are rarely
there are enormous technical problems in
Moreover,
gathering and analysing longitudinal data.
Roistacher (1974) found that the expenditures on housing of house
owners were above those of renters in every income class and by a
He provided three explanations for this
substantial margin.
viz. ,
(i)
a portion of house owners’
expenditures represent
investment; appreciating value of the unit was also borne in mind
while expending;
owner-occupied dwellings may be of higher
(ii)
quality than renter-occupied dwellings; and (iii)
people may be
willing to pay more for a dwelling they own than they are for a
rented dwelling of otherwise similar quality.
Vi ewed
in
thi s context,
the last explanation
seems to be most
probable in case of households deriving income from informal
sector activities.
Most urban poor households do not
ownership because they expect it to be profitable.
seek
Rather, they
seek it for its own sake (Rapat, 1987).
Tradi tional 1 y.
affordability of the lower-income households
housing have b e e n
stated
7
to be
"low” .
for
This rudimentary
HOUSING HISTORY OF
HHORANT MOWERS
Housing, tei/vERy System of
Construction nor Kers
hJlTH EMPLOYER.
+ Staying
Ry
in
A Place
* COMSTRUCTiOM
indicated
♦ CONYERTEb
SITE
SUMS
HOUSES
EMPLOYER
Staying unn frienos/relatmes
♦ S^uattim^
i
. a
STREETSI HuS STANDS...........
...................
ANb
YOUTH
ESPECIALLY
GELOh)
.....
C-HILBREN
Illegal sus-oiv/S/oAf Amo
Ruild/kCi
RO YEARS
-7o
1
HOUSING : MO&ILny/DEClSION
HOUSING
No
Situation
pressure
TO
MATRIX
HOUSiNGt
SATISF^TO/Zy
Situation
Pressure
MOVE
UMS AT ISP ACTOR?
TO
move
LAHovr/ INCoMt
PoSSlfSlLITY
Situation
HMH
Dwelling
of
MARKET
Within
labour
Probability
AREA ; LOW
I
s
DWELLING!
CHANGE
CHAa*^£
5A7rsFACT0«y
PRO&AHILJTy OF
OTHER
For
AREAS
V
Moderate
LABOUR /INCOME
Low
PRESSURE
TO
pressure
move
Dwelling
Possibiltry
OF
WlTh-in
LABOUR
1
Situation
U NSAT'.SFACT'i&y
change
MARKET
MOVE
HIGH
Pros ability
of
CHANGE
Within
LABOUR
Area
i AREA
to
Ano
OTHSR
dwelling
MARKET
areas
I
s
i
Q)
classification does not offer an adequate basis for developing
strategies for improving
the low-income settlements.
Further,
poor households are classified as a homogeneous category and
policies and programmes are formulated.
Wi th
the emerging discussions on
the var i ous dimensi ons
poverty in the developing countries,
of
is necessary to modify
it
and develop a framework that would allow the characteristics of
differential residential situations to be dealt with while also
permitting a general , cross-sectoral analysis of appropriate
For this purpose.
housing strategies.
level
neither the more general
of analysis which ignores differences between various
categories of poor households,
nor the detailed level which
addresses the particular circumstances of each area. provides an
adequate basis for a comprehensive discussion on the housing
affordability issue.
requ ired ,
wh i ch
An
would
i ntermediate
1 evel
be
the
based
mos t
analysis
to broader conclusions on
is
significant
employment-sectors bu t sti 11
characteristics of indi vidual
us
on
of
1 ead
the income-housing linkages among
the lower-income households.
4.0
Rationale tor the Study
Th e
housing
situation
in
B a n g a1 ore
City
is
gradually
deteriorating and is heading towards a critical condition.
urban poor i n
system and
However,
The
the city are generally priced out in the market
the response of
the Government
is not encouraging.
the poor households have found shelter for themselves
8
using many informal strategies.
This section of the population
is also willing to pay for the shelter; the problem arises with
respect to the ability and willingness to pay for its use.
supply-side
factors
be com e important
f or
analysis
Thus,
which
is
crucial for an element like housing.
5.0
Objectives of the Study
5.1
General Objective
To study and understand the present status of the construction
workers
in
Bangalore
ci ty ,
in
terms
of
t heir
housing
conditions.
5.2
Speci fic Objectives
a.
To
identify the
strategies
adopted
by
construction
workers to get access to a dwelling unit;
b.
To estimate the amount of money allocated by the household
for housing expenditures and to study the determinants
for
the allocation;
c.
To simultaneously identify the
ability and willingness to
pay for housing;
d.
To trace and link occupational pattern to housing needs and
affordabi1i ty.
9
T e r11a live Proposi ti ons
6.0
This study would focus on the extent to which following factors
are linked to Construction Workers housing
need ;
(i)
choi ce;
(i i )
affordability to ::
(iii)
Duration of Stay
Linkages with Place of Origin
Changes in Income Earned
6.1
Assumptions
a.
Housing
Dec i s i on s
changes
i e. location, household size. level of skill, type
are
determined
by
spatio-socio-economic
of employment, duration of stay and income.
b.
equal emphasis on both qualitative
Households lay
(non-
financial) and financial objectives of their decision-making
Thus,
financial
factors
are
not
the
only
factors
th a t
motivate housing choice.
c.
Construct!on
Workers make rational decisions regarding
housing.
7.0
Need for focusing on Construction Workers
a.
Construction Workers are generally fi rst-generati on
migrants to the city.
b.
c.
constituent of the informal sector population
A
major
in
the urban areas.
Skill
and ability to involve
in
self-help housing
schemes.
d.
This is also an indicator of rural-urban relations and
provides evidence on rural-urban continuum.
10
This group is also representative of poor households.
A.
The study will focus on the target groups' :
behaviour and attitude towards housing choice. location
i.
etc;
f a c tor s 1e a d i ng to
ii.
uncertainty and final decisions
regarding housing.
is
iii .
income a crucial
factor
in housing
related
decisions?
8.0
;
Thus, the study
Spatially, this study covers one city in India.
is area-speci fic and occupati on-speci f i c .
horizon,
the current wage rates and
considered.
As
for
the
ti me
income levels are to be
The preference coverage of this study aims to link
rural-urban relations,
choice of location.
re1 ated
to
type of tenure which
h ou s i n g - ch o i c e - d e c i s i on s .
are
di rectiy
These,
parameters and variables also determine social-structural
factors affecting housing choice.
The focus on housing expenditures of the household and locational
choices i s
i n t end ed
to reflect
comparative
responses of
households on financial and other qualitative aspects of housing.
OI/iO6
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
47/L (Hirst Flportst. Marks Road
BANqAiiOaE - 5G0 G01
Tndependen t/Self-employment
Participation in Community Activities
Urbane Ways of Living
Education of Children
Income Sources (Assured/Unassured)
Risks undertaken (occupation,
investments, housing)
Diversifying Occupational range
Innovative Actions
Residential Preferences
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Qualitative Aspects
Quantitative Aspects
An "Observation Sheet” would supplement the information collected
through the interview schedule.
This sheet is to be completed by
th e i nves t i gator.
8.1
Limitations of the Study
Given the magnitude of the problem and complexity of the issues
involved it would be difficult to cover all the aspects emerging
out of the si tua t i on.
Following critical limitations of the
study are to be borne in mind :
a.
Limited availability of time and resources.
b.
Th i s
study is proposed to be micro-level, area-specific and
occupation-speci fi c.
Hence it need not be representative of
other areas and occupations existing under different conditions.
c.
Income
earning opportunities vary and this variation is may
not be reflected in the quantitative analysis of the study.
d.
There is lack of time-series data.
12
9.0
Proposed Methodology
9.1
TTic pruposi
ion are :
n
i.
Interview Schedule
ii.
Discussions with builders.
contractors and formal/informal
developers.
9.2
ill.
Discussion with officials.
iv.
Published
Sources.
Un i verse and Sample
Construction
Karnataka
Workers
Union
is
an apex body of
construct!on workers jn the State of Karnataka focusing on the
issues concerning this occupational -group .
This union has a
register of the present residential locations of the construction
workers.
This will serve as the Universe of the study.
purposes of
this study.
picked and a
sample
randomly drawn.
proportional
a ward from the City will
be randomly
from the members under that ward would be
The size of the sample
to number of
in
each
ward will
be
construction workers living in that
To complete a sample,
ward.
For the
fixed spread over a
a minimum number of respondents
specific number of
wards
in
the
woul d
be
city.
Tn order to cover dropouts. a replacement sample will also
be drawn.
13
9.3
Qualification of a Respondent for the present study
i.
should be an adult
ii.
should
employed in
a
person
been
h i s /h er
as
construction activities
work
construction
iii .
hi mse]f/herself
consider
should
ha ve
occupation for the last 240 days
in
the
year
date of Interview.
preceding the
Pref erably, be a first-generation migrant.
9.4
Questions pertaining to Respondents’
Part One
Bio-data and general profile.
Questions pertaining to Housing, their
Part Two
Residential Choice, Mobility and Economic
Profile.
Part Three ::
An ’’Observation Sheet” to be completed at the
end of the interview by the investigator
The
schedule
into K a n n a d a,
will
be
prepared in English and then translated
language.
the local
for easy reference and
convenience.
9.5
Proposed Data Analysi s
Following Techniques
would
be
used,
where
appropriate for
data analysis, depending upon the need and data on hand.
14
the
Qualitative Coding Techniques to describe facts and figures
a.
(indices where necessary).
\naiytica] Part
b.
1.
Mi cro level Model
Income; employment opportunities; household size;
kind of housing tenure; level of expenses; number of
working days in a year; savings and investments,
(at household level)
IT.
Occupational Category
A
highly skilled; skilled; unskilled; .
*
type of employer (government, private,
ITT.
composition of housing in
Sectoral
....)
a
spa t i a 1
per spec tri ve
i.e.
TV.
City Centre; Transport to Work Place;
Space-Job Relationships.
Descriptive spatio-economi c sectoral model
linking
i n com e
data
and
descri ptive
reaching
housi ng
and
at
and
statistical
the conclusions
statisti cs like arithroetic mean,
methods
qual1tati ve data.
the
analysing
the
for
would be used.
standard devi a tion,
and analysis of variance would al so be used.
for
and
Descriptive
range
and
Various tests like chi-square. t-test
correlation would be used.
constructed
household
levels.
occupational
Vari ous
Nature of
quantitative
These analyses
Indices will
i nterpretation
together with
of
be
th e
important
i ndices are expected to provide the degree of affordability to
ascertain the relative importance of house ownership. as well as
the willingness
to pay
for
worker households.
15
the
shelter among
the construction
9.6
Time Schedule
01
Preliminary work (literature review.
10 weeks
preparation of schema etc)
02
Field Work
8 weeks
03
Data Analysis
10 weeks
04
Draft preparation
6 weeks
05
Final Write-ups
6 weeks
40 weeks
Total
Expected Application of the Results
10.0
This proposed study is expected to contribute towards the
emerging knowledge-base on
adequate,
the issue of
’’providing
affordable,
legal shelter to the low-income households’’ in the
urban areas by basing itself on the description of the present
status of the construction worker households
and
in Bangalore city
quantify the extent of their willingness to pay for shelter.
Tt would also trace the nature of relationship between income and
housing expenditures among the low-income households.
16
Specifically, the results of the study are expected to contribute
A.
To
■ s
Housing-Choice Decisions depend not only at the government level
but also on each Individual
households.
Thus,
planners need to
properly conceive and understand various factors that influence
the housing-choice-decisions of households.
the proposed study
is expected to contribute to the merging knowledge-base about the
housing choice from the micro-level
to gain the sup[port of the
poor households for the successful implementation of the housing
schemes.
B.
Scholars
A continued debate is on over the rationality of housing choice
proc e s s
deci s1on
by
social
any
or
economi c
group.
By
rationality, we mean household decisions are targeted to the
felt
needs
preferences/affordability.
this
maximisation
light on
this
of
debate
and
changes
in
housing
study would aim to throw some
to i d en t i f y wh e t h e r
construct! on
workers
make rational decisions or not.
C.
To NGOs
A proper perception of
the housing
choicer decision making
process would help NGOs to understand the adoption pattern which
aims from cumulation of decision making processes undertaken by
househol ds.
17
Mo-(Jr
Dim OF 77/£ JW mmK
NEH
PRO-POOR
Housing Police
Government
o
<4
n
3
o
2
____
Housing neeos &■
Perceptions os
Construction Norkers
Compaq f
HOOStHOlD
Income.
^kklvus
PweMvcE PirntN
Enttrinti
housing
conoitisns
I
.
i '
1
■
Gonstruction
KB <u
- Actors
Siu
Industry
I
■
...
...
j i
j!
■
'
a
J ..
•
..
■I-
!|-I
Bi! iId er s / D ^velope rs
Con tractors
Employers' SupervisorG bn tractors !
J r
i
I
■■
.
j
Self- Employe d
.
■
■
■
rt'’1
aw
Workers i .Highly Skilled
i ...f1
•hlwP'
•hum
' '
li
.
'■ •" 1
■
'
:.. I
■
■
J !L|OR
iSkilied/Semi - skilled
jj
Unskilled/Manual
•w.-. I
I
i
.
Repairs/^Maintenance
■
1 ,
■
’'JI-15'
i • '■
4
is
I
I-
i. 1
(Q;
■
|
...
'
;
-'I
;
‘
■
Building Materials
Manufacturers
Dealers
iH
&
>41 CJliXs?V lb
I own Planners
.ncjjiasi
Various Govt. Agencies
Types
Residential
of Work.
Non - Residentiai
Public Infrastructure
Furnishing & Services
Repairs
p-
Maintenance
»
(VO
*
4
Soc/al Indicators
l
Education
(N ?n^ro\fenient tn skills after ntiyratu
(Ci) Skills
OTAA/DA/?Z>
acyiuveel
DET£HMlNMT6
OF LIVING,
(a.) StNing machine
(^) TtadiojTaft recorper
(e) TV
(p) ^efrijeroPor
(ej Seootor/ Motbr Cycle
(f) Ncns^o/vo/Jbarnets
($) fi)cyclic
value/ it^m
3. Contacts
(a) Co-viUfiflers
Ur)
(c)
PAR.) ICIPATION
tc-f^ovince
Cxty ReuPeiots
(a.) Memberskif> xn
(b) Political Parly
(t) Others
JlssoCLodDMs
ICMOMIC
INDICATORS
A
employment
/31Q
DEVELOPER
CONTRACTOR.
Supervisor - Contractor
self - employed
Others
income
HOUSEHOLD
INCOME
■'V
EXPENDITURE
Food
CLOTHING
EDUCATION
HOUSINCi
TRANSPORT
^£CR£ATION
Others
INVESTMENT
C/ry
village
purpose
HOUSING INDICATORS
Occupmcx Status
OMTied
Rental
Leased.
E mpla^rs
SQMttino
4
Rwttction Ik
MoTltkLy
Expend/rupi.
Occupancy status Sought
STATUS
LOCATION
kMWNJ HILLING TO PA7
Ownership
REA/TAL
Lease
CO;
Serial No.
OBSERVATION SHEET
1.
Dress:
1:1
TO BE COMPLETED BY INTERVIEWER
HIMSELF AT THE COMPLETION OF
INTERVIEW
MEN
1:2
1’OMEN
1:3
< IILDREN
2.
WAY OF EXPRESSION
(i .e. WAS THE RESPONDENT
USING ENGLISH PHRASES
IN BETWEEN)
3.
HOUSING
3.1. INTERIOR
1 IRNITUR3
O/ERALL ARRANGEMENT
•e. WAS IT PROPERLY ARRANGED
>R JUST HAPHAZARD)
3.2. HOUSE TYPE
BUILD 9G
MATER t; L
COMPOUND WALL(HOUSE WALL
ROOF
FLOOR
WINDOWS / DOOR
• >,
USED
1. CONCRETE/ 1.CONCRETE 1.CONCRETE 1.CEMENT l.ONLY WOOD
(PLEASE CHECK CEMENT/BAKED /CEMENT/BA /CEMENT/BA PLASTE?
THE RELEVANT
BRICKS
-KED BRICK -KED BRICK
IN EACH
COLUMN)
2.STONE IN
2.STONE IN 2.BAKED
2.TILES 2>HOOD AND
MUD
MUD
TILES
GLASS
3.EARTH
4.O.I./Z.-BES
-TOS SHEETS
5. WOO'^
6.BAMBO ,
THATCH.,i)
3.EARTH
j.G.I/ASBE 3. MUD
-STOfi SHEE PLASTER
4. G.I/ASBE -TS
4. ROUGH
-STOS SHEE
SURFACE
-TS
5. WOOD
4.WOOD
5.OTHER
(PLEASE
6.BAMBOO/ 6 BAMBOO/ SPECIFY)
THATCHED
THATCHED
■OTHER
7.OTHER
6. MUD
PLEASE SPE PLEASE SPE 7.OTHER
CIFY
- CIFY
PLEASE SPE
CIFY
3.STEEL
4.OTHER
(PLEASE
BPECIFY )
SERIAL NO.
4.
IF NOTICED LIVESTOCK/CHICKENS RAISED
IN THE HOUTT:
5.
REMARK
PLEASE ALS( MENTION HOW RESPONDENT MENTIONED
ABOUT LIFE N CITY,(i.e. WITH HOSTILITY,
SATTSFACTK I, OR CONTENT)
NAME OF INTERVIEWER
1] .0
01
ices
<
Bapat M, Rehabi 1 i Lat ion of Bh i wandi SIumdweIlers ;
. crit ical
revi ewf Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 20, No. 14, April 21,
1987; pp. 543-567.
02
Engel E, Di e Lebenkosten bel gi sher Arbi eter-Farnil ien, Dresden
: C Heinrich, 1 895, as quoted in Morris and Winter, HousJ ng .
Family and Society, Iowa, 1987.
of India,
03 Government
Natlona 1
Hous1 ng Sla tistjcs,
19 8 5,
National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi, 1987.
04
Government of India, The Na tional Commission on Urbanisation,
Volume II, August 1988.
05
Harold Lubell, Urbanisation and Employment : Insights from a
ser i es of case studies of Third World metropolitan Cities in S
Kannappan (ed),
"Studies of Urban Labour Market Behaviour in
Developing Areas",
International
Insti tute
for
Labour
Studies,
Geneva, 1977.
06
Gill,
I, M[grant Labour
A Mirror Survey of Jul landur and
East Champa ran, Economic and Political Weekly, June 16-23, 1984,
Vol. 19, No. 2; pp. 961-964.
07
Jagannathan and Halder, Income and Housing Linkages
A Case
8 t u d y o f P .i v e m e n L D w e 11 e r s i n C a 1 c u t L a City, Economic and
Political Weekly, June 04, 1988; pp. 1175-1179.
08
Rapkin C,
Ren t-Income
ratio.
Journal
1 957, as quoted in Morris and Winter ibid.
18
of Housing 14:8-12,
09
Reid M Gf Housi ng and Tncomec Chicago, Un 1versity of Chi cago
Press, 1962.
10
Roistacher, E, Hous i ng
and Homeownership in 5,000 American
famil1es _ Pa 11eins of Economi c Progress, Vol. 2, Morgan JN (ed),
PP- 1-40.
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan,
as quoted in Morris and Winter.
11
Scott, The Bra In Drain j_ Is Human Cap i tai Approach Jud tc ial ?
in W Lee Hassen
(ed)
"Education,
Income and Human Capital",
Colombia University Press, NY 1970; pp. 241-284.
12
Sethuraman SV, The
Urban Informa1
?olicy in Sethuraman SV (ed),
"The Informal Sector in Developing
53, TL.O, Geneva, 1981 .
Countries", pp.
13
Sec tor and Developmen t
Stigler GJ,
The Early
Consumer Behaviour,
Hi story
Journal
of
Empi r ical
of Political
Economy,
S tud i es
62
of
95-113,
1954, as quoted in Jagannathan and Halder.
14
Surinder Jetley,
Impact of Male Migration on Women, Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol. 22, No.
44, October 31,
1987; pp. WS
47 to 54.
15
Taylor J
(ed) ,
The
Standard
of
M vi ng
in Britain
in
the
Industr1 a1 Revolution, London, Methuen, 1977.
16. Wells J, Industrial
Accumulation and Living Standards in the
The Sao Paul o I nd us tri al Worki ng Class,
1930-1970 in
Journal of Development Studies, January-April 1983.
&
Long R u n
17. Weeks
J,
I. i m i t s
to
Capi ta 1 i st
Developmen t
Th e
Tndus 1rial i sa L i on of peru 1950-80, Boulder, Westview Press, 1985.
19
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