ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No. 12-DECEMBER-1995
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- ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No. 12-DECEMBER-1995
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ISSN 0377-4910
ICMR
■ BULLETIN
Vol. 25, No. 12
December, 1995
THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC: SHARED RIGHTS, SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES
This year the World AIDS Day will be observed on 1st
December 1995, under the banner "Shared Rights, Shared
Responsibilities".
from persons with high risk behaviour to others and from
urban centres to rural populations. It is estimated that 1.6
million people are currently infected with HIV in India6.
"Like every other epidemic AIDS develops in the cracks
and crevices of society*s inequalities. We cannot face the
epidemic if we try to hide the contradictions and conflicts
which it exposes” - Herbert Daniel, Brazil.
Certain aspects of HIV infection need to be stressed .
HIV infection is primarily a femily disease, rather than a
disease affecting many single people. Although it may enter
the family through one parent, or member, it also affects the
health, social and psychological, economic and spiritual well
being of the^other members of the nuclear family and often
those of the extended &mily and often those ofthe extended
family as well. There are three social forces that are driving
the spread of HIV and blocking effective prevention
and care — denial, discrimination and disempowerment7.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is conceptually complex. It
is both a crisis and an endemic condition, at once a specific
issue and a penneating one1. Since the start of the pandemic
nearly 20 million people including 1.5 million children have
been infected with HIV and an estimated 4.5 million people
had developed AIDS by the end of 19942. Africa has
suffered the heaviest burden ofthe disease. There is a recent
growth of the mostly heterosexual epidemic in South and
SoQth East Asia. In Thailand, HTV in&ction was first
detected in 1985 and in India in 19863<.
In India the first reported cases of HIV infection
diagnosed were among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in
Madras in May 19865. By early 1987, the Indian Council
of Medical Research (ICMR) began to set up a national
network of HIV screening centres. The available data
indicate that India is experiencing a major 印idemic of HIV
transmission in persons with hi^ risk behaviour wz. com
mercial sex woikers, sexually transmitted disease clinic
patients, intravenous drug users and commercial blood
donors. There is evidence of a recent spread of the epidemic
Human Rights and HIV
Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, Director General ofWHO states
that 'The HIV/AIDS pandemic can be addressed effectively
only if rights and responsibilities are shared equally across
the globe".
As Justice Michael Kiiby has said “Human rights
matter most when they are most under threat8. It is therefore
important to put people who are susceptible to or are affected
by HIV at the centre ofany analysis for incorporating special
needs of human rights concerns to HIV policy.
The global burden of HIV infection will now be borne
overwhelmingly by people in developing countries. Increas
ingly inequalities of gender, race and wealth are eme里ing
This issue commemorates the World AIDS Day (December 1, 1995)
in the demography ofHIV infection vdiere infection rates are
increasing disproportionately among women and even more
so among poor women. Hence when discussing human
rights in the context of the HIV epidemic and important fact
that needs to be kept in mind is that the people most
afiected by the epidemic are those already in a socially
disadvantaged position.
Everyone — men, women, children, the poor, minori
ties, migrants, refugees, sex workers, drug injectors, gay
men — has the following rights:
•
The right to be able to avoid infection
•
The right to health care
•
The right to be treated with dignity and without
discrimination when sick with AIDS and to die with
dignity.
Regardless of the HIV status, shared rights include the
right to liberty, freedom of movement, to employment and
to seek asylum.
It is also important to reiterate that there should be no
conflict between individual rights and public health.
To uphold these rights it is necessary to create a sup
portive legal environment which can involve both negative
and positive legal interventions. One ofthe primary reasons
why law reform has the potential to be effective in this way
is that law in any form is an important egression of social
and cultural values and can therefore be used to change these
values9.
Issues of Human Rights for People Infected/Affected
by the Epidemic
When HIV first surfaced in the 1980s it was known as
the Gay plague. Gays had to face discrimination and blame.
In India, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code considers
homosexuality as a crime and this has acted as a barrier in
intervention efforts among homosexuals, prison inmates,
occupants of police barracks, etc10. Laws that criminalize
homosexuality hinder efiforts to reach homosexuals with
information and education.
The next wave of the HIV epid^nic was in intravenous
drug users. In India, the HIV prevalence in injecting drug
users in Manipur is between 60 and 70 per cent. In this
connection, as drug abuse is unlawfiil, interventions like
needle exchange or methadone maintenance programmes for
drug users may be regarded as abetment or even promotion
of these activities.
114
AIDS is a disease that aHbcts everybody — those
infected with the virus, their Emilies, and friends. It also
afiects those who could be at risk of infection through blood
ie recipients of blood transfusion/blood products and health
care woricers. Therefore, everyone has a right to receive safe
blood and blood products. Health care workers have the
right to be instructed in universal safety precautions, and to
be provided with the essentials to follow these precautions.
The link between powerlessness and the risk ofexposure
to HTV provides the key to understanding the source of
women*s vulnerability to HIV infection. The HTV epidemic
has taken the sexual, economic and cultural subordination
of women and translated it into a death sentence11.
Many societies define social and cultural identity of
women primarily through their role as child bearers and child
rearers and now as transmitters ofHIV in their reproductive
role, they are deprived of the power to determine the basis
upon which their sexual relationships with men takes place.
For many women, sexual intercourse is not a question of
choice but rather a question of survival.
Women's access to cash economy other than through
prostitution is often limited by land ownership, by their
limited access to education, training, employment and
through their cultural restricted mobility.
Prevention strategies will only be effective in protecting
women from the effects ofHTV ifthey recognize and actively
promote the human rights of women9,11*13.
Women's social and economic position needs to be
improved if women are to protect themselves against HTV
• Women have a right to knowledge about how to
prevent infection. A woman's right to use vaginal
microbicides will give her a choice when her partner refuses
to use a condom.
• The right to health care for treatment of sexually
transmitted diseases and the right that women's diseases that
signify the onset of HTV related conditions and AIDS in
women including cervical cancer and vaginal candidiasis;
are included in the AIDS case definitioii, so that women
could get immediate* treatment.
• Women infected with HTV have the right of freedom
of reproductive choice and the right to know the &cts about
perinatal transmission through breast feeding so that she can
make an informed and responsible choice.
• Women have the right to confidentiality and free
dom from discrimination when her child is found infected.
The most effective preventive strategy for women is
behaviour change in men. There is a link between human
rights and efiective HIV/AIDS prevention for women
through international law and through domestic human
rights, codes and diarter.
The removal of barriers to economic independence for
women may be a first step towards enabling women to
control the circumstances that give rise to HIV transmission
risk. The law can be used to enhance the status of women
within marriage or sexual relationships.
Among women, those who are commercial sex woricers
are especially discriminated against as reservoirs of infec
tion. These women deserve all the human rights that would
enable them to protect themselves and the right for treatment
of infection of all STDs.
The Declarations on Women, Children and AIDS, is
sued on the 30th November 1989, reinforces the view that
women issues in relaticxi to HIV/AIDS are essentially those
that also affect children14.
Most ofthe world's children live in developing countries
where their right to protection from sexual exploitaticm and
abuse under article 34 of the UN convention on the Rights
of Child is far more vulnerable to infhngence than in the case
for children from affluent countries. Cultural 自ctors that
increase the risk of a child's exposure to STD have been
described. A well known example is the belief reported from
countries in Africa and in India that a male with urethritis
can be cured by sexual contact with a vii^in or prqpubertal
girl. Of particular concern recently are reports of an in
creased demand for sex with children by clients who believe
that sex with children carries a lower risk of acquiring HIV
In India, sexual abuse of girls is uniquely linked to religious
ritual in the devadasi system whereby girls from poor fami
lies are dedicated to the goddess Yellama at an early age and
later channelized into prostitution15.
Hence the rights of children to education, especially sex
education in schools and also for out-of-school children, is
important.
Wth 8000 people being infected with the virus every
day, every business vdiether it anploys 10 or 10,000 will
soon have to confront the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Many
businesses call for movement of people eg transportation,
seasonal jobs, etc. All Mobile groups of people also have
the right for education because to know AIDS could be No
AIDS.
All persons infected should have freedom from discrimi
nation, freedom of liberty and freedom to work. The right
to confidentiality is necessary. The law can and must be used
to establish a protective and supportive framework for
people afiected by the epidemic and not a punitive one.
The Emilies ofpersons living with HTV/AIDS (PWAs)
should have the freedom from discrimination. They should
also have the right for care and support. AIDS patients
should also have tiie right to benefit from newer research and
drugs which should be aSbrdable. They should have the
right to take part in trials but not be used as gunieapigs.
The association between AIDS and tuberculosis is likely
to present as a major problem in Asia ther曲y emphasizing
the need for preventive strategies for both infections. Tu
berculosis is now the most common life-threatening oppor
tunistic infection associated with HIV; 82 per cent ofpatients
with AIDS in Myanmar, 56 per cent in India, 52 per cent
in Thailand have tuberculosis16. To address this potentially
serious crisis, there is an urgent need of Government com
mitment and enhanced collaboration between the National
AIDS and Tuberculosis Programmes both in the area of
prevention and care.
Shared Responsibilities
But Rights are not without Responsibilities and these
are to be shared among individuals, Emilies, Governments,
communities, societies and cultures.
The Paris AIDS Summit held on 1st December 1994
had 42 heads or representatives of Governments who de
clared a number of the following responsibilities and obli
gations:
• To make tiie fight against HIV/AIDS a priority.
• To fight poverty,stigmatization and discrimination.
• To ensure that all persons with HIV/AIDS are able
to realize the full and equal enjoyment of their fundamental
rights and freedoms without distinction and under all cir
cumstances.
• To mobilize all societies, public and private sectors,
community based oi^anisations and people living with HTV/
AH)S in a spirit of true partnership.
• National policies to protect and promote the rights of
individuals in particular those living with or those most
vulnerable to HTV/AIDS through the l^al and social
environment. To ensure equal protection imder the law for
115
persons living with HIV/AIDS witii regard to access to
health care, employment, education, travel, housing and
social welfere.
• To intensify the following range of essential ap
proaches for the prevention of HIV/AIDS.
-
Promotion of and research on effective vaccines, as
also access to tiiem and effective drags for AIDS:
treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and other
opportunistic infections; culturally acceptable pre
vention strategies and products including condoms.
-
Promotion of appropriate preventive education in
cluding sex and gender education for youth in
school and out of school. Educational planners will
need to develop policies and programmes regarding
issues related to sex education, job discrimination
and human rights violations including screening and
confidentiality information on HIV status.' Educa
tion systems should place a stronger emphasis on
ethical issues, and will require the development of
better teacher guides and manuals.
and need to be carefully used as they may mean to some just
shifting responsibilities continuously to others. One impor
tant aspect of care is the potential for prevention. Compre
hensive care facilities help this to happen and the continuuin
ensures this to be sustained.
AIDS was dubbed 'The first media disease” because
the media played a large part both in neglecting it at first and
later sensationalizing it But journalists cannot be blamed
as AIDS needs to be understood in all its aspects and
journalists have the right to be given proper information to
understand not just the disease but the world it affects. The
responsibility of the media is in accurate and sensitive
dissemination of information, which could influence cotain
attitudes and bdiaviour. The media could be a resource in
mobilizing efforts against AIDS. The media should try and
lead society towards meaningful behaviour dianges at all
levels.
It is fitting that in 1995, the United Nations International
Year of Tolerance, the theme of World AIDS Day is
"Shared Rights; Shared Responsibilities".
-
Improvement ofwomen's status, education and liv
ing conditions.
-
Specific risk reduction activities for and in collabo
ration with the most vulnerable population, such as
groups at high risk of sexual transmission and
migrant populations.
'We need to reach out to each other as one human being
to another. There can be no them and us if this epidemic
is to be overcome. We are engaged upon a voyage of sharing,
the sharing of a sense of mystery, of a burden of sadness,
of the pain of care, ofthe laughter of life. It will be a voyage
through pain, through the dark side of the epidemic, with
hope^, - E Reid.
-
The safety of blood and blood products
References:
-
Strengthening of primaiy health care systems as a
basis for prevoition and care and integrating HIV/
AIDS prevention activities eg awareness
programmes, into these systems, so as to ensure
equitable access to comprdiensive care.
1.
Reid E. Sharing the challenge of the HFV epidemic. HIV and
United Nations Development Programme, Issue paper no.5,
November. 1993.
2.
World Health Organisation Global Programme on AIDS. The
HIV/AIDS pandemic 1994. An Overview. WHO/GPA /TCO/
SEF/94.4, 1994.
Individuals have a responsibility to protect themselves
and other from infection. Men, in particular, because oftheir
dominant status in many societies have the responsibility to
practice safe sex. Families and communities are responsible
to educate their members in AIDS prevention and to care for
those affected by HIV.
It is important to broaden responsibilities for care to a
wider range of existing health and social stafi^ pastoral
workers and PWAs, partners and &miiy members. Broad
ening responsibilities will spare cost, reduce stigma and
eventually make AIDS a concern for all. Int^ration,
networking and coordination are buzz words now-a-days
116
3.
Weniger; B.G., Ikkebe, Y., Ou, C.Y. and Yamazaki, S. The
molecular epidemiology of HIV in Asia. AIDS 8 (Suppl.2):
S61, 1994.
4.
Jain, M.K., Jacob John, T. and Keusch, G.T. Epidemiology
of HIV and AIDS in India. AIDS 8 (SuppL2): S61, 1994.
5.
Somoes, E.A.F., Babu P.G., Jacob John T., Nirmala, S.,
Sbloman, S., Lakshminarayana, C.S. and Quinn, T.C. Evi
dence for HTEV III infection in prostitutes in Ikmil Nadu
(India). Indian J Med Res 85: 335, 1987.
6.
Bollinger, R.C., Tripathy, S.P. and Quinn, T.C. The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic in India: Current magni
tude and future projections. Medicine 74: 97, 1995.
7.
Merson, M. Making AIDS prevention a national priority.
Integration. 42: 2, 1994.
13. Triple Jeopardy: Mbmen and AIDS. Panos Institute, Rmos
Publication Ltd., Washington, 1990, p.73.
8.
Hamblinr J. People living with HIV, the law, ethics and
discrimination. HIV and United Nations Dcvdopment Programme,
Issue Paper No. 4, November 1993.
14. W3rld. Health Organisation Global Programme on AIDS.
Statement on Health of Mother and Children in the Context
of HIV/AIDS. Geneva, November 1989.
9.
Hamblin, J and Reid, E. VSfomcn, the HIV epidemic and
human rights. A tragic imperative. HFV and United Nations
Development Programme. Issue Paper No.8t November 1993.
10. Lal, S., Thakur, B.B., and Salil, P. HIV law and law
refonns — A case study of India. CARC Calling 8(1): 18,
1995.
11. Sabatier, R. Wsmen and AIDS.
Proceedings ofthe Meeting on
Ottawa, Canada, 1990.
Strategies for the future.
and HIV/AIDS. CIDA,
12. Carovano, K. More than mothers and whores:Redefining the
AIDS prevention needs of women. Int J Health Serv 21:131,
1991.
15. Ove Narvesan: The Sexual exploitation of children in devel
oping countries. 1989. Quoted in USexually transmitted dis
eases in Children in developing countries" - J. Rickens.
Genitourinary Medicine 70: 278, 1994.
16. Narain, J.R, Raviglione, M.C. and Kochi, A. HIV associated
tuberculosis in developing countries: Epidemiology and strat
egies for prevention. Tubercle Lung Dis 73: 311, 1992.
This write-up is contributed by Dr. J. J. Rodrigues, Directorin-Charge, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune.
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Meetings ofthe Scientific Advisory Committees (SACs)/
Project Review Groups (PRGs)ZTask Forces (TFs)
held:
SAC of the Centre for
Advanced Pharmacological
Research in Selected
Traditional Remedies, Lucknow
PRG of the Division of
of Reproductive Health
and Nutrition
November 13, 1995
(at Lucknow)
November 15-16, 1995
(at New Delhi)
TF qd Epidemiology
of Glaucoma
November 28, 1995
(at New Delhi)
TF on Male Contraception
November 30, 1995
(at New Delhi)
Participation ofthe ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. U. Sengupta, Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy,
Agra, participated in a meeting on Immunology of
Tuberculosis and also in a meeting regarding the project
"Epitope Specificity and Function of T Cell Repertoire in
Lq)rosy" at London (November 2 and 3, 1995, respec
tively).
Dr. Leela Raman, Dy. Director (Sr. Grade), National
Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad, participated in the XXVII
International Congress on Pathophysiology of Pregnancy at
Manila (November 5-7, 1995).
Dr. S.K. Kashyap, Director, National Institute of Oc
cupational Health, Ahmedabad, participated in the II Inter
national Conference on Heatlh of Miners at Pittsburgh
(November 11-13, 1995).
Dr. G.V. Satyavati, Director-Oeneral, ICMR, delivered
the Inaugural Address of the Annual Conference of Indian
Society for Medical Statistics and Symposium on Measure
ment of Change in Maternal and Child Health at Madras
(November 22, 1995).
Dr. Swarup Saricar, Asstt. Director, ICMR Unit for
Research on AIDS in North Eastern States of India,
Calcutta, participated in the National Workshop on Drug
Treatment, Rehabilitation, Community Involvement, Re
search Methodology and Transmission of Drug Related
Diseases by IUDs at Yangon (November 27-29, 1995).
Appointments:
Dr. U. Sengupta has taken over as Director of the
Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy, Agra, w.e.f Novem
ber 13, 1995.
"
117
85th Anniversary Celebrations of ICMR:
The Indian Council ofMedical Research has entered 85
years of its existence in November 1995. To mark the
occasion the Council and its Permanent Institutes/Caitres
located in different parts of India have planned various
scientific programmes spread over a year (till November
1996) with the aim of disseminating to scientists and the
common man, the various contnbutions of ICMR. In tiiis
connection the Council's National Institute ofnutrition highlighted the Nutrition theme on November 28, 1995.
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARSAVORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Course/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
XXVI Annual Conference of the Endocrine Society of
India.
December 1-3, 1995;
(at Ahmedabad)
Dr. J.M. Bhatavdekar, Organising Secretary,
ESICON-1995, Division of Molecular Endo
crinology, The Gujarat Cancer Society,
Ahmedabad.
International Symposium on Prospects of Zona
Pellucida Glycoproteins for Immunocontraception and
VH Annual Meeting of&idian Society for the Study of
Reproducton and Fertility.
December!, 1995;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. S.K. Basu, Director, National Institute of
Immunology, New Delhi.
International Symposium on Trends in Microbiology.
December 5-8, 1995;
(at Calcutta)
Prof T.B. Samanta, Organising Secretary of the
Symposium, Bose Institute, Calcutta.
International Symposium on Radiomodifiers in Human
Health.
December 28-31,
1995;
(at Manipal)
Prof P. Uma Devi, Convenor, ISRHH, Depart
ment of Radiobiology^Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal.
Symposium on Casava in Nutrition and Health.
February 10-11, 1996;
(at
Thiruvanantapuram)
Dr. K.T. Shenoy, Organising Secretary of the
Symposium, Department of Gastroenterology,
Medical College, Thiruvanantapuram.
V National Conference of Biomechanics
Febmary 22-24, 1996
(at Madras)
Dr. S. Radhakrishna, Organising Secretary of
5NCB, Department of Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.
International Conference on Current Status and
Challenges in Medical and Veterinary Microbiological
Research, Particularly in Third World Countries.
February 26-28; 1996
(at Jabalpur)
Prof S.M. Singh, Organising Secretary of the
Conference, Department of Biological Sciences,
R.D. University, Jabalpur.
COUNCILS TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Reproductive Biology
•
At the Institute for Research in Reproduction, Bombay:
•
Training Course on Techniques in Neuroendocrine Re
search (February 6-10, 1996).
Nutrition
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
•
At the National Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad:
118
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1995 - February 28, 1996).
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and Risk
Assessment (December 13-19, 1995).
ICMR PUBLICATIONS
Price (Rs.)
Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (1985), by C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastri and S.C. Balasubramaniam,
Revised and Updated (1989), by B.S. Narasinga Rao, K.C. Pant and Y.G. Deosthale (Reprinted 1995)
23.00
Growth & Physical Development of Indian Infants and Children (1972, Reprinted 1989)
10.00
Studies on Weaning & Supplementary Foods (1974, Reprinted 1986)
6.00
Studies on Pre-School Children (1974, Reprinted 1984)
6.00
A Manual of Nutrition (Second Edition 1974, Reprinted 1992)
4.50
Low Cost Nutritious Supplements (Second Edition 1975, Reprinted 1994)
4.00
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable for South India
(Third Edition 1977, Reprinted 1991)
4.50
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable for North India
(Second Edition 1977, Reprinted 1994)
4.50
Some Common Indian Recipes and their Nutritive Value (Fourth Edition 1977, Reprinted 1991)
by Swaran Pasricha & L.M. Rebello
10.00
Nutrition for Mother & Child (Third Edition 1978, Reprinted 1991) by P.S. Venkatachalam &
L.M. Rebello
9.00
Japanese Encephalitis in India (Revised Edition 1980)
5.00
Some Therapeutic Diets (Fourth Edition 1988, Reprinted 1995) by Swaran Pasricha
4.50
Nutrient Requirements & Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (1990, Reprinted 1994)
14.00
Fruits (1983, Reprinted 1992) by Indira Gopalan & M. Mohan Ram
7.00
Count What You Eat (1989, Reprinted 1991) by Swaran Pasricha
9.00
Diet & Diabetes (Second Edition 1993) by T.C. Raghuram, Swaran Pasricha & R.D. Shanna
18.00
Dietary Tips for the Elderly (1992, by Swaran Pasricha & B.V.S. Thimmayamma
3.50
Diet and Heart Disease (1994) by Ghafoorunissa and Kamala Krishnaswamy
26.00
*Depressive Disease (1986) by A. Venkoba Rao
58.00
**Medicinal Plants of India Vol.2 (1987)
136.00
♦♦The Anophelines of India (Revised Edition 1984) by T. Ramachandra Rao
150.00
• 10 per cent discount allowed to individuals.
**' 25 per cent discount allowed to individuals.
These publications arc available on prepayment of cost by cheque, bank draft or postal order (bank and postal charges will be extra) in favour of
the Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Money orders are not acceptable. All coireBpondence in this regard should
be addressed to the Chief, Division of Publication and Information, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box No.4911, Ansari Nagar, New
Delhi-110029 (India).
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Grant-in-aid for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops
The Council provides partial financial assistance for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops. Applications for grant
of financial assistance (complete in all respects in the prescribed proforma), will be considered only if furnished at least
four months before the date of commencement of the Seminar/Symposium/Workshop, etc..
119
ICMR BUELKTIN INDEX
V)l・25, 1995
Page No.
Month
Controlled Release Formulations of Larvicides
in Mosquito Control Programmes
1
January
Zinc Status of Indian Children
13
February
BCG: Do We Have An Alternative?
33
March
Mosquito Control Potential of Bacillus thuringiensis
Subsp. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus
45
April
Economics Of Tobacco
55
May
Summary Report of the International Symposium on
Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases
65
June-July
Lactation — Current Concepts and Concerns
73
August
Malaria in the Thar Desert : A Critical Review
85
September
Prospects of Incorporating Biological Agents in
Vector Control Programmes
97
October
Studies on the Nature and Utilization of Carbohydrates
Contained in Pulses
105
November
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic : Shared Rights,
Shared Responsibilities
113
December
Main Feature
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. G.V. Satyavati
... Chairperson
Dr.Badri N. Saxena
... Member
Dr. N. Medappa
... Editor
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110029
R.N. 21813/71
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