ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No. 10-OCTOBER-1995
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ISSN 03774910
ICMR
BULLETIN
Vol. 25, No. 10
October, 1995
PROSPECTS OF INCORPORATING BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
IN VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAMMES
Vector-borne diseases are major causes ofmorbidity and
mortality in trq)ical countries. In many instances vector
control remains the main, sometimes the only, tool for the
prevention/elimination of outbreaks of vector-borne dis
eases. For several years, chemical pesticides have been used
successfully for this purpose. Unfortunately, several species
of vector mosquitoes have developed resistance to many
pesticides1. Highly potent but more expensive chemical
compounds are being developed as replacements — which
may also 自il with the emergence of resistance. As a result,
the cost of vector control has become very high. Also the
Government as well as the public are becoming increasingly
concerned about contamination of the environment from the
use of chemical insecticides. Nevertheless, chemical insec
ticides will continue to be used in vector control programmes
until elective alternative tools are developed.
The biological control of vebtors through regulation of
vector proliferation is one of the alternative vector control
strat^ies2. In the past, a number of candidates have been
studied for vector control potential, including fungi, bacte
ria, protozoa, nematodes, invertebrate predators and fishes
and sufficient infbnnation has been gathered wi由 reference
to the range of activity of all these oiganisms as well as their
limitations. For various reasons, many of them have proved
to be of little practical use and only a few have reached the
stage of q)erational use. Under this category two spore
forming bacteria viz. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
and A sphaericus can be included.
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis produces highly
specific toxins against Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and
blackflies3. Different formulations of
var. israelensis
such as water dispersible powder (WDP), wettable powder
(WP), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), flowable concentrate(FC), granules and dust have been used for the control of
anophelines effectively4. However, the residual activity of
these formulations was found to be limited to 24-48 h post
treatment suggesting the need for weekly applications
to prevent pupal production. Certain slow release formula
tions such as briquettes, polypropylene pellets, alginate
beads and microgels have been r印orted to provide
significant level of control with residual activity extending
to 2 to 8 weeks. The mosquito species tested include,
An. albimanus, An. arabiensis, An. crucians, An.
culicifacies, An. franciscanus, An. freebomi, An. gambiae,
An. punctipennis, An. quadrimaculatus, An. sinensis, An.
subpictus, An. sundaicus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Ae.
tarsalis, Ae. vexans, C工 nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus
and Culiseta inomata.
B.t. var israelensis is widely used against nuisance
mosquitoes and blackflies in Europe and North America and
is considered as the key larvicide for blackfly (Simulium
damnosum) control operations in the Onchocerciasis
Division of Publication & Information, ICMR, New Delhi - 1 10 029
Control Programme in West Africa5. Without B.t. var.
israelensis it would have been almost impossible to manage
resistance to diemical pesticides in tiie S. damnosum com
plex.
reduction in density of man biting adults, 38 per cent reduc
tion in the density of indoor resting adults and 37 per cent
reduction in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis could
be achieved (VCRC unpublished data).
Another spore-forming bacterium. Bacillus sphaericus
is now considered as the most promising organism for the
control of Culex mosquitoes6. Culex species are important
vectors of lymphatic filariasis in tropical countries and a
nuisance in many temperate countries. As in the case ofB.t.
var. israelensis, application of formulations like WDP, WP,
EC, FC, granules and dust causes significant level ofcontrol
with residual activity limited to 24-48 h only4. Use of
formulations such as briquettes, polyprq)ylene pellets, algi
nate beads and microgels resulted in appreciable level of
control for 2-8 weeks. The mosquito species tested with
these Simulations include,%，, gambiae, An. subpictus, Cx.
stigma tosoma, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Mansonia spp. and Psorophora columbiae.
Several issues should be considered before deciding the
strategy for using or incorporating biocides in control op
erations. Biotic and abiotic Actors ofbreeding sites limit the
wide use of selective and specific biocontrol agents. For
example, open water bodies without heavy cover of vegeta
tion can be readily treated with the WDP as well as granular
formulations. Breeding habitats covered with thick vegeta
tion, however, require the application of granular or floating
formulation which can easily penetrate the plant canopy11.
Similarly, floating formulations are not suitable for use in
large expanses of breeding sources unless they are pegged
at different places.
<
The primary tai^et of currently available formulations
of biocontrol agents being aquatic stages of vectors, the
existing knowledge of larviciding with chemicals must be
taken into account. Being larvicides, the direct effect ofthese
biocontrol agents on disease control is often difficult to
demonstrate. So far, only a few reports have correlated the
effectiveness of biocontrol agents with adult density and
disease control.
Treatment of a dust formulation of
var. israelensis
over an area of283 ha of rice fields to control
sinensis.
at 8 day intervals, resulted in significant reduction in malaria
cases7. Application of a granular formulation of B.
sphaericus in rice fields at 15 day interval (10 cycles) to
controlgambiae, brought about 13.6 per cent decrease
in human biting density8. Treatment of rivers, ponds, dams
and pits with a liquid formulation of B. sphaericus resulted
in significant reduction in the number of Cx.
quinquefasciatus adults landing on human baits9. A demon
stration project in Cameroon (in a city with 200 hectares of
breeding surface) showed that by applying B. sphaericus
every three months the population of Cx quinquefasciatus
female mosquitoes could be brought down by 41-55 per
cent10. A study concluded recently in Mayiladuturai, in
Tamilnadu, has shown that by treating the breeding sites of
Cx. quinquefasciatus with a slow release formulation ofB.
sphaericus at bimonthly interval, a maximum of 41 per cent
98
The breeding habitats of Cx. quinquefasciatus are
generally more polluted and hence the formulations need to
be 呼plied at a higher dose for effective control12 than what
is used in less polluted waters as in the case of chemical
larvicides13. An. stephensi mostly breeds in potable water
sources like wells and overhead tanks and therefore suffi
cient caution must be exercised while using formulations of
microbial origin. In such situations formulations cemtaining
non-viable spores of bacteria or prepared from asporogenic
forms14 can be used as they are unlikely to pose health
hazards. The feeding behaviour of aquatic stages of vectors
should also be considered. For anopheline targets, floating
bait formulations ofB.t. var. israelensis have been found to
be highly effective15.
If biocontrol is to go beyond the stage of novelty, the(
general public and the authorities have to be so convinced.
In spite of the biosafety oflarvicidal formulations ofB.f. var.
israelensis and B. sphaericus having been thoroughly veri
fied3-6, environmentalists are sceptical about introducing
them into the environment and they must be convinced.
Chemical insecticides have been used for more 也an four
decades and biocontrol agents could replace them in
certain situations. This is not being done in operational
activities as the control managers are unwilling to change
the control strategy due to cost considerations. In USA
and Germany, B.t. var. israelensis is used against non
vector mosquitoes and in those countries cost is not a very
important factor. But, from the point of view of developing
countries cost-efifectiveness of any technology is an impor
tant 自ctor.
The cost-effectiveness of using biocontrol agents for
it has been estimated that the cost of control of Cx.
quinquefasciatus in a breeding area of 0.62 ha for a period
ofone year witti a slow release formulation ofB. sphaericus
is Rs.9180 (Rs.l4807/ha).
vector control has been worked out in only a few studies
(Table I). A study conducted in Tanzania indicates that it
has been observed in a field population of Cx.
costs US $ 738 (US $ 14760/ha) for one year's control of
quinquefasciatus18. However, there are definite indications
Cx, quinquefasciatus in a breeding area of 0.05 ha with B.
from data from studies undertaken so 自r tiiat 也e biocontrol
sphaericus as against a cost of US $ 1188 (US $ 23760/ha)
if chloropyrifbs is used 叱 Another report states that the cost
of larval control in unpolluted breeding grounds using bri
quette formulations ofB.t. var. israelensis and 8 sphaericus
is more or less comparable to the cost of control if fenthion
is used17. In yet another study (VCRC unpublished data)
Table 1. Cost of control of Culex quinquefasciatus
Particulars
R sphaericus
Chloropyrifos
Studies conducted in Tanzania1*
Recently, the development of resistance to 3. sphaericus
agents like B. thuringiensis var. israelensis and
B. sphaericus do have the potential to be incorporated in
certain situations of operational programmes. Some of the
breeding habitats of vectors where the formulations of the
two bacterial agents could possibly be used"，忆】失22 are given
in the Table II.
Table IL Major breeding habitats of mosquito vectors where K
thuringiensis var. israelensis and/or R sphaericus
could be used.
Area
Disease
Vector
Nature of breeding
source
Urban/
rural
areas .
Bancroftian
filariasis
Culex
quinque
fasciatus
Cess pits, cess pools,
drains, disused wells
Urban
areas
Malaria
Anopheles
stephensi
Overtiead tanks and
wells
Rural
areas
Japanese^
encephalitis
Culex
vishnui gr.
Transient pools
Coastal
areas and
islands eg
Tamilnadu
Malaria
Anopheles
culicifacies
Water-holes in
coconut and
casuarina
plantations
CoastM
areas eg
Kerala
Malayan
filariasis
Mansonia spp. Weed infested ponds
and canals
Conditions
Formulation
Dosage
Frequency of treatment
Area of breeding surface
BSP-1 (12%)
12 kg/ha
9 rounds/year
0.05 ha
EC (480 g/1)
4.8 kg/ha
24 rounds/year
0.05 ha
Cost of control
Staff and equipment
Larvicide'
US $ 378
US $ 360
Total
US $ 738
US $ 1188
(US $ 14760/ha) (US $ 23760/ha)
US $ 1008
US $ 180
Studies condutted in India (VCRC's unpublished data)
Conditions
Formulation
Dosage.
Frequency of treatment
Area of breeding surface
Spherifix (95%)
15 kg/ha
6 rounds/year
0.62 ha
References:
Cost of control
Staff and equipment
Larvicide
Rs.1680
Rs.7500
1.
Resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides: Fifth Report
of the WHO Expert Committee on Vector Biology and Con
trol. WHO Tech Rep Ser 656: 8, 1980.
Total
Rs.9180
(Rs.l4807/ha)
2.
Biological control of vectors of disease: Sixth Report of the
WHO Expert Committee on Vector Biology and Control.
WHO Tech Rep Ser 679: 5, 1982.
3.
Data sheet on the biological control agent, Bacillus thuringiensis
serotype H-14 (de Baijac 1978). WHO Mimeographed Docu
ment. WHO/VBC/79.750 Rev.2 VBC/BCDS/79/79.01: 1979,
p.46.
Superscript no. refos to the sl.no. in the reference list
VCRC - Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry
EC - Emulsifiable concentrate
99
4.
Balaraman, K. Mosquito control potential of Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus. ICMR Bulletin 25:
45, 1995.
14. Ybusten, A. A. Isolation and characterization of oligosporogenic
paraspore ibnning mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis var.
israelensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 33: 59, 1986.
5.
Eleventh Programme Report, 1991-92. UNDP/Wbrid Bank/
WHO Special Pro gramme for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases, 1993, p.134.
6.
Data sheet on the biological control agent, Bacillus sphaericus
strain 1593. WHO Mimeogaraphed Document. WHO/VBC/
80.777, VBC/BCDS/80.10, 1980, p.16.
15. Aly, C., Mulla, M.S., Schnetter, W. and Bo-Zhao Xu. Floating
bait formulations increase effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis
var. israelensis against Anopheles larvae. J Am Mosq Cont
Assoc. 3: 583, 1987.
7.
Yu, Z.N. and Yu, L.S. Large scale field evaluation of larvicidal preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis H14 for mosquito
control in town and rural environment in China. Bull Soc
Vector Ecol I5.T89, 1990.
8.
Karch, S., Monteny, N., Julien, J.L., Sincgre,G. and Coz,
T. Control of Culex pipiens by Bacillus sphaericus and role
of non-target anthropodes in its recycling. J Am Mosq Cont
Assoc 6: 47, 1990.
9.
Lago, G.M., Perez, M.D., Figueroa, A.M. and Sonzalcz,
F.A.C. Results of the pilot application of the biolarvicide.
Bacillus sphaericus 2362 to larval habitats of mosquitoes in
Sata Cruz del Norte municipality (La Habana province).
Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 43: 39, 1991.
10. Hougard, J.M., Moentengam, R., Lochouarn, L., Escaffre,
H., Darriet, F., Barbazan, R and Quillevere, D. Campaign
against Culex quinquefasciatus using Bacillus sphaericus:
Results of a pilot project in a large urban area of equatorial
Africa. Bull WHO 71: 367, 1993.
16. WHO Mimeographed Document on the Proceedings of Infor
mal Consultation on the Development of Bacillus sphaericus
as a Microbial Larvicide, Geneva, October, 7-11, 1985, p.24.
17. Balaraman, K. and Hoti, S.L. Comparative costs of mosquito
control with larvicidal bacilli and insecticides.Environmentalists
8.T23, 1988.
18. Rao, D.R., Mani,T.R., Rajendran, R., Joseph, A.S., Gajanana,
A. and Reuben, R. Development of a high level of resistance
to Bacillus sphaericus in a field population of Culex
quinquefasciatus from Kochi, India. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc
11: 1, 1995.
19. Balaraman, K., Gunasekaran, K., Pillai, P.K.G.K. and
Manonmani, A.M. Field trial with different formulations of
Bacillus sphaericus for mosquito control. Indian J Med Res
85: 620, 1987.
20. Kuppusamy, M.» Hoti, S.L. and Balaraman, K. Residual
activity of briquette and alginate formulation of Bacillus
sphaericus against mosquito larvae. Indian J Med Res 866:
591, 1987.
11. Pradeepkumar, NSabesan,S., Kuppusamy, M. and Balaraman,
K. Effect of controlled release formulation of Bacillus sphaericus
on Mansonia breeding. Indian J Med Res 87: 15, 1988.
21. Rajendran, G.» Sabesan, S., Kuppusamy, M. and Balaraman,
K. Evaluation ofa Bacillussphaericus formulation, spherifixTM for the control of mansonioides larvae. Entomon 26: 213,
1991.
12. Arunachalam, N.» Reddy, C.M.R., Hoti, S.L., Kuppusamy,
M. and Balaraman, K. Evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus
formulations against the vector of bancroftian filariasis. Southeast
Asian J Trop Med Publ HUh 22: 160, 1991.
22. Arunachalam, N., Somachary, N., Hoti, S.L., Kuppusamy,
M. and Balaraman, K. Evaluation of a slow release fonnulation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against vector ofbancroftian
filariasis in Bangalore, India. Trop Biomed 8: 67, 1991.
13. Chemical Methods for the Control of Arthropod Sectors and
Pests of Public Health Importance. Ed. A. Smith. Division
of Vector Biology and Control. Wbrld Health Organisation,
Geneva, 1984, p.29.
This write-up is contributed by Dr. K. Balaraman, Deputy
Director, Dr. K. Gunasekaran and Dr. S.L. Hoti, Senior Research
Officers , Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance
of tumour markers in tongue cancer.
A prospective study was carried out on 90 patients with
squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and 5 with
leukoplakia, and 5 autopsy specimens (as controls) to evalu
ate the prognostic significance of various tumour markers
100
in tongue cancer. The determinants studied were prolactin
(PRL) and bioactive prolactin in blood samples and prolac
tin mRNA, cathepsin D mRNA and membrane bound epi
dermal growth &ctor receptor (EGFR) in primary rumours.
Hyperprolactinaemia was observed in 31 of the 90
(34%) patients with advanced tongue cancer. PRL levels
were significantly higher in tobacco chewers/smokers. PRL
levels decreased in patients who responded to various treat
ment modalities compared to pretherapeutic levels. On the
other hand it increased with disease progression. Estimation
of bioactive PRL using Nb2 lymphoma cell lines revealed
that of the 90 patients, good correlation between Nb2 bioas
say and immunoradiometric assay was observed in 80 per
cent patients with hyperprolactinaemia. The bioactive PRL
levels were significantly lower in 50 per cent patients than
the immunoradiometric PRL levels.
All the 5 (100%) autopsied tongue specimens showed
the presence of cellular RNA while this was seen only in
3 of 5 (60%) patients with precancerous lesions and 40 of
the 90 (44%) patients with tongue cancer. PRL mRNA was
detected in only 10 of 40 (25%) patients with tongue car
cinomas but in none of the autopsied tongue specimens or
patients with precancerous lesion. Cathepsin D mRNA was
expressed in all 5 (100%) autopsied tongue specimens, none
ofthe patients with precancerous lesions and all 40 patients
(100%) with tongue carcinomas who were studied.
Out of 90 patients, 83 (92%) had EGFR positive
tumours and 7 (8%) EGFR negative tumours.
It is thus concluded that presence of PRL mRNA con
firms its ectopic production by tongue tumours. This
ectopically produced prolactin might be acting as one of the
major growth promoters via autocrine/paracrine mecha
nism. Immunoreactive prolactin is a better marker than
bioactive prolactin for monitoring disease course. High lev
els of EGFR is an unfavourable prognosis. Overexpression
of cathepsin D mRNA is probably an indicator of tumour
aggressiveness. Hyperprolactinaemia clearly differentiates
patients with aggressive tumours.
radiographers. For chronic exposure rats were exposed to
chronic intermittent low dose X-radiation at the dose rate of
0.015 cGy/sec/day (7 days irradiation akemating wrfi 7
days rest) for periods of 90, 180, 270, 360, 540 and 720
days. For acute effect the rats were exposed to 7Gy Xradiation (1.211 Gy/minute).
Structural (transmission electron microscopy; scanning
electron microscopy and light microscqiy) and trace metal
(atomic absorption spectrometry) studies revealed that
chronic low dose X-radiation afifectedthe structural int^rity
of the skin and induced imbalance in the trace metal
homeostasis of the integumentaiy system. Transmission
electron microscopy revealed increase in apoptosis in the
epidermal cells and giant fibrocytes and hyalinization of
collagen ^lich started after 6 months of irradiation and
became extensive after 24 months. Atomic absorption spec
trometry revealed depletion in magnesium and zinc levels
and zinc to iron ratio and increase in iron and copper
concentrations.
Acute exposure study reconfirmed the damaging effects
of chronic low dose exposure to X-irradiatioiL However, the
trace metals did not show any definite pattern of change in
their tissue concentrations over the post inadiation period.
Study of human scalp hair and nail samples of medical
radiographers and non-radiographers (controls) matched for
age and food habits, revealed increase in zinc, copper and
iron concentrations along with varied types of cuticular
damage in the radiographers compared to non
radiographers. These findings possibly confirm the hazard
ous effects of long-term exposure to X-rays. It also indicate
that the integumentary system (scalp hair and nails) may act
as an useful biogenic indicator of radiation hazard.
A.K. Das
Dq)artment of Chemistry
University of Burdwan
Burdwan.
J.M. Bhatavdekar
Giijarat Cancer and Research Institute
Ahmedabad.
Effect of X-irradiation on structural and trace element
content in integumentary system.
The study was carried out on CF strain albino rats to
determine the histological and histochemical changes in the
integumentary system and estimate the changes in trace
element contents in tissues caused by chronic low dose and
acute exposure to X-irradiation. An attempt was also made
to determine the occupational radiation hazards to
Publications:
I.
Chatteijee, J., De, K., Das, A.K., Mondal, B., Basu, S.K.,
Basu, D. and Baneijce, R Detection of structural and trace
metal changes in scalp hair of radiographen. Hhh Phy 65:
35, 1992.
2.
Chatteijee, J., De, K., Basu, S.K. and Das, A.K. Collagen,
zinc and iron contents of rat skin irradiated with chronic low
dose X-ray. Indian J Med Res 98: 243, 1993.
101
ICMR NEWS
Shri A.R. Antule, Hon. Union Minister for Health and
Family Welfare presented the ICMR Awards and Prizes to
Outstanding Biomedical Scientists on September 30, 1995
at the Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
****
****
****
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Meetings of the Expert Groups (EGs)/Task Forces
(TFs)ZProject Review Committees (PRCs) held at New
Delhi:
TF on Venoms and Toxins
September 19, 1995
TF on Monitoring of Adverse
Drug Reactions in India
Sq)tember 20, 1995
TF on Hospital-based Case —
Control Study on Long-term
Health Consequences of
Vasectomy
Sq)tember 20, 1995
EG on Traditional Remedies
for Cancer
S印tsiber 20, 1995
EG on Traditional Medicine
Research
September 20, 1995
TF on Quality of Community
Life
Sq)tember 21-22, 1995
PRC on HIV Infection
SqHember 25, 1995
PRC on Microbiology and
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sqjtember 26, 1995
VII Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Biochemistry at
Bangkok (September 17-22, 1995).
Dr. V Kumaraswami, Assistant Director, Tuberculosis
Research Centre, Madras, participated in the meeting of the
Task Force for Filariasis Field Trials of the WHO Special
Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
at Geneva (Sqjtember 18-21, 1995).
Dr. VP. Sharma, Director, and Dr. R.S. Yadav, Senior
Research OfiRcer, Malaria Research Centre, Delhi, partici
pated in the Annual Malaria Meeting of the British Society
of Parasitology at London (September 19-22, 1995).
Dr. G.V. Satyavati, Director-General, ICMR, delivered
the inaugural address at a Symposium on Women and Health
at Bangalore (October 1, 1995). She also delivered the
inaugural address at the I International Conference on Viral
Hepatitis E Virus at New Delhi (October 13, 1995).
Shri Byomkesh Mannna, Research Officer, National
Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Calcutta, partici
pated in the International Workshop in Research Methodol
ogy at Dhaka (October 8-19, 1995).
Dr. Ikram Khatkhatay, Research Officer, IRR, Bombay,
participated in Immunoanalysis — A European Symposium
at Lille, France (October 9-13, 1995).
Dr. B.N. Saxena, Senior Deputy Director-General,
ICMR, participated in a Symposium on Reproductive
Health: A Human Right and a Pillar of Human Dignity at
Szeged, Hungary (October 9-19, 1995).
Dr. Kalyan Baneijee, Director, National Institute of
Virology Pune, participated in the Regional Consultation on
Strategy for Prevention and Control of Dengue/Dengue
Haemoiiiagic Fever at New Delhi (October 10-13, 1995).
****
****
****
Dr. R. Prabhakar, reliquished charge as Director, Tuber
culosis Research Centre, Madras w.e.f September 30,1995.
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. U.M. Donde, Dy. Director, Institute for Research
in Reproduction QRR), Bombay, participated in the
102
Dr. C.R Ramachandran, relinquished charge as Chief
Division ofNon-communicable Diseases, ICMR Headquar
ters, New Delhi, w.e.f September 30, 1995.
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARSAVORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/SeminarAVorkshop/
Coune/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
Symposium on Prevention and Control of Goitre
Endemism in Tribal Population through Education and
Mass Communication.
October 2-3,1995:
(at Bhopal)
Dr. D.K. Belsare, Director, Institute for Natural
Resources and Human Environment, Bhopal.
Cytology Update - 1995.
October 14^15, 1995;
(at Chandigarh)
Dr. A. Rajwanshi, Organising Secretary of
Update, Department of Cytology and Gynaecologic Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of
Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh.
XXVI Annual Conference of the Endocrine Society of
India.
December 1-3, 1995;
(at Ahmedabad)
Dr. J.M. Bhatavdekar, Organising Secretary,
ESICON-1995, Division of Molecular Endo
crinology, The Gujarat Cancer Society,
Ahmedabad.
International Symposium on RadiomodiGers in Human
Health.
December 28-31,
1995;
(at Manipal)
Prof P. Uma Devi, Convenor, ISRHH, Depart
ment of RadiobiologyJCasturba Medical College,
Manipal.
COUNCILS TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Reproductive Biology
Occupational Health
At the Institute far Research in Reproduction, Bombay:
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
•
Training Course on Techniques in Immunology, Cell
Biology and Molecular Biology (November 5-25,1995).
•
Training Course on Techniques in Neuroendocrine Re
search (February 6-10, 1996).
•
Orientation Course on Occupational Health for
Industrial Medical j Officers (November 13-24,
1995).
•
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and
Risk Assessment (December 13-19, 1995).
Nutrition
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the National Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad:
At the Laboratory Animal Information Services Centre,
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1995 - February 28, 1996).
•
Training Course for Laboratoiy Animal Supervisors
(September 4 - November 30, 1995).
ICMR PUBLICATIONS
Price (Rs.)
Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (1985), by C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastri and S.C. Balasubramaniam,
Revised and Updated (1989), by B.S. Narasinga Rao, K.C. Pant and Y.G. Deosthale (Reprinted 1995)
25.00
Growth & Physical Development of Indian Infants and Children (1972, Reprinted 1989)
10.00
Studies on Weaning & Supplementary Foods (1974, Reprinted 1986)
6.00
ITY
library
* L docum—tion
\ y
UNIT
既/ *
103
Studies on Pre-School Children (1974, Reprinted 1984)
6.00
A Manual of Nutrition (Second Edition 1974, Reprinted 1992)
4.50
Low Cost Nutritious Supplements (Second Edition 1975, Reprinted 1994)
4.00
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable for South India
(Third Edition 1977, Reprinted 1991)
4.50
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable for North India
(Second Edition 1977, Reprinted 1994)
4.50
Some Common Indian Recipes and their Nutritive Value (Fourth Edition 1977, Reprinted 1991)
by Swaran Pasricha & L.M. Rebello
10.00
Nutrition for Mother & Child (Third Edition 19S 8, Reprinted 1991) by P.S. Venkatachalam &
L.M. Rebello
9.00
Japanese Encephalitis in India (Revised Edition 1980)
5.00
Some Therapeutic Diets (Fourth Edition 1988, Reprinted 1995) by Swaran Pasricha
4.50
Nutrient Requirements & Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (1990, Reprinted 1994)
14.00
Fruits (1983, Reprinted 1992) by Indira Gopalan & M. Mohan Ram
7.00
Count What You Eat (1989, Reprinted 1991) by Swaran Pasricha
9.00
Diet & Diabetes (Second Edition 1993) by T.C. Raghuram, Swaran Pasricha & R.D. Sharma
18.00
Dietary Tips for the Elderly (1992, by Swaran Pasricha & B.V.S. Thimmayamma
3.50
Diet and Heart Disease (1994) by Ghafoorunissa and Kamala Krishnaswamy
26.00
♦Depressive Disease '(1986) by A. Venkoba Rao
58.00
♦♦Medicinal Plants of India Vol.2 (1987)
136.00
**The Anophelines of India (Revised Edition 1984) by T. Ramachandra Rao
150.00
♦ 10 per cent discount allowed to individuals.
** 25 per cent discount allowed to individuals.
These publications are available on prepayment of cost by cheque, bank draft or postal order (bank and postal charges
will be extra) in favour of the Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Money orders are not
acceptable. All correspondence in this regard should be addressed to the Chief, Division of Publication and Information,
Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Box No.4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029 (India).
Editorial Board
Chairperson
Member
Dr. G.V. Satyavati
Dr. Badri N. Saxena
Director-General
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110029
R.N. 21813/71
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