ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No. 1-JANUARY-1995
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- ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 25-No. 1-JANUARY-1995
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ISSN 0377-4910
ICMR
BULLETIN
Vbl. 25, No. 1
JANUARY, 1995
CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF LARVICIDES IN
MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAMMES
Mosquitoes are among the worst of human pests,
spreading diseases like malaria, filariasis, yellow fever,
dengue and Japanese encephalitis, besides being of
immense nuisance value. The management of mosqui
toes and mosquito-borne diseases through integrated
control strategies will continue to require selective use
of insecticides.
Modern pesticides have high intrinsic toxicity and
are relatively nonpersistent. During the past three decades,
tremendous efforts have been made in order to achieve
a substantial increase in selectivity and efficiency of
biologically active materials. Conventional application
of insecticides needs an initial dose far in excess of what
is required for immediate effects, so as to assure the
presence of sufficient chemical for a practical period.
Such overdosing wastes much of the chemical potential
and often cause toxicity to non-target organisms1.
During the last two decades, interest in controlled
release systems has increased in the search fbr safer,
more efficient and selective means of dispensing pest
control agents. As a result, the bioavailability of a
pesticide, mainly nonpersistent ones, can be maintained
at an appropriate level which is slightly above the
minimum effective level and well below the tolerance
limit for a prolonged period2-3. Controlled release
formulations were first used in agriculture fbr low
molecular weight fertilizers, pesticides and antifoulants
in 1950s. In 1960s this approach was extended to the
medical field.
Concepts of Controlled Release Systems
Controlled release is a permeation moderated trans
port of an active material from a reservoir to a target
area to maintain a predetermined concentration fbr a
specified period. When conventional formulations are
applied the pesticides dissipate from their application
sites due to leaching, evaporation and degradation. In
order to prolong the effective duration, exponentially
greater quantities of pesticides must be applied. On the
other hand when controlled release formulation is
considered, a minimum effective level of the pesticide
could be maintained by a continuous supply to com
pensate for the dissipated fraction from the controlled
release system4.
Advantages of Controlled Release Formulations of
Larvicides
The major advantages of controlled release formu
lations of mosquito larvicides are (i) extended duration
of activity; (ii) reduction in frequency of application;
(iii) protection of the nonpersistent larvicides from
environmental degradation; (iv) reduction of larvicide
Division of Publication & 1 nformation, ICMR, New Delhi -
contamination in the environment; (v) reduction of
toxicity to non-target organisms; (vi) improved economy
due to reduced nead of the active agent, less frequent
application and no need of spraying equipments; and
(vi) convenient for both application and handling.
Classification of Controlled Release Systems
Classification of the controlled release polymeric
systems is based on the mechanism controlling the
release rate of the incorporated active agent. The rate
limiting step of the release process may be pure active
agent diffusion (diffusion controlled system), chemical
reaction at the interface between the polymer and
dissolution medium (chemically controlled system) or
countercurrent diffusion of the dissolution medium at
a constant velocity into the polymer (swelling con
trolled system). Externally imposed controls may also
be responsible for release as in the magnetically con
trolled systems. Thus controlled release systems can be
classified as (i) diffusion controlled systems: (a) matrices
(monolithic devices) and (b) reservoirs (microencapsules),
(ii) chemically controlled systems: (a) erodible systems
and (b) pendant chain systems, (iii) solvent activated
systems: (a) osmotic systems, and (b) swelling con
trolled systems and (iv) release induced by external
forces.
Controlled Release Systems of Mosquito Larvicides
compounds of tributyltin, was incorporated in a rubber
base and the surface moecule of the toxicant underwent
gradual dissolution in water where they were toxic to
various aquatic fauna. In the fall of 1964, Cardarelli
and Mecier6, while seeking a rapid bioassay method for
determining the toxicity and release rate of organotins
from antifbuling elastomers by exposing mosquito larvae,
observed rapid culicine mosquito mortality.
Chloroprene based materials containing tributyl
tinoxide (TBTO) and other organotins were effective
against many mosquito species. Toxicity of such com
pounds to mosquito larvae was first shown by Cardarelli
and Mecier6. Later Cardarelli et al7 tested TBTO
impregnated neoprene rubber and found it to give good
larval kill for at least 4 months whereas Schultz and
Webb8 in laboratory tests conducted with TBTO im
pregnated neoprene rubber observed 100 per cent mortality
of second instar Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae
only after 72 hours.
A number of controlled release organotin mollus
cicides were evaluated against mosquito larvae as a part
of a broad environmental impact study. Cardarelli9
evaluated a number of controlled release organotin
molluscicides and their degradation products against
mosquito larvae and found them effective at dosages
considered to be practical for field application. Waid
et aZ10 synthesized a copolymer with pendant organotin
moieties which was reported to be effective for about
24 weeks against Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus.
An insecticide formulation which would allow
controlled release of larvicide into an aquatic environ
Formulations based on plastic matrices
ment at levels sufficient to effectively reduce or elimi
nate mosquitoe larvae without causing undue environ
The leading programme in the development of
mental effects would be a major contribution to mos
plastic based controlled release mosquito larvicides has
quito abatement programmes. The use of controlled
been conducted at the US Army Environmental Hy
release polymeric formulations of larvicides has gen
giene Agency. Initial work was on the development and
erated considerable interest and the WHO Expert
evaluation of temephos, chorpyrifbs, naled and mala
Committee on Insecticides5 recommended that such
thion larvicides impregnated in plastic pellets of poly
formulations are likely to extend the effectiveness of
amide, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane. These
less persistent larvicides and reduce environmental
formulations were found to be highly effective for
pollution. The controlled release of various larvicides -control of the larvae of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus
from a variety of polymer substrates has been inves
over an extended period in the laboratory11.
tigated by many workers6-26.
Wilkinson et aln conducted field tests with four
formulations of larvicides, temephos, chlorpyrifbs, fenthion
Formulations based on rubber matrices
and naled impregnated in PVC, chlorpyrifbs formulated
Tbxic rubber compounds were originally developed
with polyethylene (PE) and charcoal with a polymeric
by the B.F. Goodrich Company, USA as marine antibinder. Treatment with chlorpyrifbs in PE and chlorpyrifbs
fbuling materials. The toxic component, generally
in charcoal gave effective control fbr 20-26 weeks.
2
Fenthion in PVC at 2.5 ppm provided control for 20
weeks whereas other formulations did not exceed eight
weeks. The effectiveness of PE and PVC formulations
of chloq)yrifbs applied to artificial field pools was
studied by conducting bioassay against fourth instar
larvae of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus^. Single appli
cation of the water emulsion was effective fbr 1-2 weeks
whereas single application of each polymer formulation
provided effective control for about 24 weeks. Roberts
et alu conducted field trials with chlorpyrifbs formu
lated as a slow release polymer formulation against Cx.
pipiens quinquefasciatus and observed similar results.
Three formulations of chlorpyrifbs based on chlo
rinated polyethylene were evaluated to determine the
residue levels maintained in water under static labora
tory conditions during a 16 weeks period15. The average
weekly residues for all formulations and dosages showed
a peak by week 8, which then decreased and began to
increase again by week 16. One of the formulations was
considered to be suitable fbr field testing due to its
desirable toxicant to carrier ratio.
Dunn and Strong16 studied the long-term effective
ness of a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, Zoecon ZR515
formulated with polyurethane foam. They found that a
single application of the JH-mimic at the dosage of
1.0 ppm was effective for only 2-3 days, whereas ef
fective control for 60 days was achieved with the single
application of the JH-mimic slow release polymer.
Controlled release formulation of chlorpyrifbs in
pelletized chlorinated PE containing 10.6 per cent
active agent was found to be effective for 22 weeks in
in-pool bioassay17. Keeman18 evaluated a new formula
tion, Dursban 10CR, a controlled release formulation
of chlorpyrifbs. Excellent control was achieved in treated
sites at the application rate of 1.5 ppm for 12 to 18
weeks with no recorded effect on non-target organisms.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to
determine the effectiveness and persistence of two
formulations of temephos containing 6.3 and 7.2 pei
cent in PE pellets and a 10 per cent chlorpyrifbs in PVC
against Culex and Anopoheles mosquitoes19. In ponds,
chlorpyrifbs at the rate of 1 Ib/acre prevented mosquito
breeding for 35 days and temephos at 2 Ib/acre caused
considerable reduction in the population for 21 days.
Saleh et aP° studied the effectiveness of three
nonexpanded, expanded and foamed PVC formulations
made with both chlorpyrifbs and diflubenzuron on Cx.
pipienes quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. The effec
tiveness period which gave 90-100 per cent larval
mortality or emergence inhibition ranged between 314 days in the case of chlorpyrifos and 1-12 days with
diflubenzuron. In a small scale trial with a slow release
formulation of chlorpyrifbs against Cc. quinquefasciatus
larvae breeding in highly polluted drains, a dosage of
1.5 ppm was found to be effective for about four
weeks21.
Das et al22 prepared PE formulations of temephos
in the form of floating pellets by air suspension process.
The release rate of temephos from 1 per cent formu
lation applied at 5 ppm was just sufficient to control
mosquito larvae during a 24 week test period. Con
trolled release formulations of fenthion (10%) and
temephos (12.5%) in PVC were found to be effective
against Culex and Aedes mosquitoes breeding in cess
pits and cement tanks for more than 30 days at the
application rate of 10 ppm23.
Kassem et aF4 evaluated three controlled release
formulations of fenitrothion based on PVC, formulated
as non-expanded, expanded and foamed matrices. The
amount of fenitrothion released increased with the
increase in exposure time as well as the initial concen
tration. Saleh et al25 prepared and tested three PVC
formulations of fenitrothion against Ae. aegypti larvae
and reported that the non-expanded formulation was
more effective than either the expanded or the foamed
formulation. Saleh26 also prepared three controlled re
lease formulations each of chlorpyrifbs and fenitrothion
and tested them against the second instar larvae of Cx.
pipiens. Control (90-100%) was achieved for 85, 77
and 73 days after treatment with the nonexpanded,
expanded and foamed formulations respectively, of
chlorpyrifos. For fenitrothion formulations the respec
tive periods were 64, 54 and 48 days.
Problems inherent with the controlled release for
mulations obtained by the incorporation of the mosquito
larvicide into non-erodible, non-s well able or non-biodegrad°ble plastics (yiz. PVC and PE) and elastomers
are (i) they do not exhibit constant release rate; (ii) residual
insecticide loss within the matrix is observed when
the concentration of the active agent in the device
falls below its solubility limit in the polymer, thereby
discontinuing further release of the toxicant; (iii) such
non-biodegradable matrices may accumulate in the
3
environment and result in environmenta) pollution;
(iv) most of the plastic and elastomeric materials have
to be subjected to higher temperatures while processing
to incorporate the active agent and their application is
limited in the case of thermolabile compounds; and
(v) these matrices may have limited usefulness in the
case of active agents with low solubility in water as
the matrix neither erode nor swell in water.
Formulations based on biodegradable carriers
A few reports of controlled release formulations of
larvicides using biodegradable carrier materials are
available. Novak et aP1 evaluated the release properties
of slow release formulations of temephos on corncob
and dried coconut husk carriers, against Ae. aegypti
breeding. Temephos in the radial sections of corncob
and coconut husk chips gave control for 27-63 and 61134 days, respectively.
Nisha et al73 have developed controlled release
formulations of fenthion using powdered gummy parts
of plant material known as 'jiggieth', cork powder and
plaster of paris as carrier materials and evaluated the
formulation at the rate of 1 g ai/25 1 of water against
Cx. quinquefasciatus. This formulation was found to
be effective (br 32, 37 and 27 days in cess pits, soak
pits and septic tanks respectively, in controlling mos
quito breeding.
Controlled release formulations of mosquito larval
control agents, fenthion, temephos and diflubenzuron
were developed based on their entrapment in ionotropically
cross-linked matrices of carboxymethylcellulose29'33.
Laboratory evaluation of these formulations was con
ducted up to 55 weeks with appreciable release of the
incorporated active agent. Field evaluation of one of
the formulations of fenthion was carried out in husk
retting ponds infested with water plants, harbouring the
breeding of Mansonia mosquitoes. At the application
rate of .1 ppm of fenthion in the controlled release
formulation, absolute breeding control was noticed up
to 17 weeks whereas at 2 ppm, breeding control was
observed up to 25 weeks. The maximum level of
fenthion present in the habitat was well below the
tolerance limit of 0.09 ppm34.
These formulations are found effective for 17-25
weeks after a single application. Therefore the fre
quency of application can be restricted to twice or thrice
4
a year, minimizing the cost of control operations by
reducing the quantity of the insecticide and man power
required. Since the entrapping matrix used fbr the
preparation of the formulation is biodegradable, undue
environmental impact due to their application was
minimum.
In conclusion, this review clearly shows that con
trolled release formulations can be the most economic,
safe, acceptable and affordable solution for mosquito
larval control. The advancements in the development
of biodegradable controlled release formulations point
towards an ideal means of dispensing larvicides with
reduced environmental impact. It is suggested that these
formulations could be utilised for national programmes
aimed at control of mosquito-borne diseases viz. ma
laria and filariasis, involving larviciding operations.
References:
1.
Agnello. A.M. and Bradley Jr., J.R. Improved safety through
.reduction in existing chemicals. In: Safer Insecticides: De
velopment and Use. Eds. E. Hodgson and R.J. Kuhr. Marcel
Dekker Inc., New York, p, 509, 1990.
2.
Kydonieus, A.F. Fundamental concepts of controlled release.
In: ConircUed Release Technology: Methods, Theory and
Applications. (Vol.l), Ed. A.F. Kydonieus, CRC Press. Boca
Raton Fl., p. 1, 1980.
3.
Bahadir, M. and Korte, F. Formulation and application of
controlled release pesticides. In: Pesticide Science and Bio
technology. Eds. R. Greenhalgh and T.R. Roberts. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, U.K., p.265, 1987.
4.
Tsuji, K. Controlled release formulations. In: Pesticide Science and Biotechnology. Eds. R. Greenhalgh and T.R. Rob
erts. Blackwell Scientific Publications, U.K., p.223, 1987.
5.
World Health Organization. Expert Committee on Insecti
cides. WHO Tech Rep Ser 561: 1975.
6.
Cardarelli, N.F. and Mecier, R.K. Evaluation of toxic rubber
as a mosquito larvicide. B.F. Goodrich Aerospace and De
fence Products Report, 1965.
7.
Cardarelli, N.F., Keller, R.F. and Jackson, D.L. Biocidal
rubber theory, preparation and activity. B.F. Goodrich Aero
space and Defence Products Report, 1966.
8.
Schultz, H.A. and Webb, A.B. Laboratory bioassay of pes
ticides impregnated rubber as mosquito larvicide. Mosq News
29: 38, 1969.
9.
Cardarelli. N.F. Controlled release organotins as mosquito
larvicides. Mosq News 38: 328, 1978.
10. W&id, A.F.M., Hilmy, N.M. and El.Monairy, O.M. New
copolymer with pendant organotin moieties as controlled
release mosquito larvicide. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 15: 665,
1985.
11. Whitlaw Jr., J.T. and Evans Jr., E.S. Selected plastic formu
lations for use as mosquito larvicides. J Econ Entomol 61:
889, 1968.
23. Kalyanasundaram, M., Reddy, C.M.R., Mariappan, T. and
Das, P.K. Evaluation of controlled release formulations of
mosquito larvicides. Indian J Med Res 80: 649, 1984.
24. Kassem, S.M., Saleh, M.S., Ali, M.I. and Abdel-Latif, M.E.
Formulations for controlled relese of fenitrothion in water.
Insec Sci Appi 6: 613, 1985.
12. Wilkinson, R.N., Barnes, W.W., Gillogly, A.R. and Minnemeycr,
C.D. Field evaluation of slow release mosquito larvicides. J
Econ Entomol 64: 1, 1971.
25. Saleh, M.S., Gaaboub, I.A., Kassem, S.M. and Abdel-Latif,
M.E. Comparison of three fenitrothion controlled release
formulations as larvicides [or Ae aegypti. J Econ Entomol 78:
1187, 1985.
13. Miller, T.A., Nelson, L.L. and Young, WW. Polymer for
mulations of mosquito larvicides. IV. Larvicidal effectiveness
of polyethylene polyvinyl chloride formulations of chlorpyrifbs
during an 18 month field test. Mosq News 33: 172, 1973.
26. Saleh, M.S. Use of plastic formulations of chlorpyrifbs and
Sumithion mosquito larvicides and their delayed effects on the
basal follicle numbers developed by female survivors. Anze
Fur Schad Pflun Umw 61: 14, 1988.
14. Roberts, L.W., Roberts, D.R., Miller, T.A., Nelson, L.L. and
Young, W.W. Polymer formulations of mosquito larvicides.
II. Effects of a polyethylene formulation of chlorpyrifbs and
Culex populations naturally infesting artiGcial field pools.
Mosq News 33: 155, 1973.
27. Novak, R.J., Gubler, DJ. and Underwood, D. Evaluation of
slow release formulations of temephos (Abate®) and Bacillus
thuringiensis var. israelensis for the control of Ae. aegypti
in Puerto Rico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1: 449, 1985.
15. Lawson, M.A., Miller, T.A., Oakleaf, R.J. and Young, W.W.
Polymer formulations of mosquito larvicides. VIII. Labora
tory evaluations of selected polyethylene formulations of
chlorpyrifbs. Mosq News 33: 561, 1973.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Dunn, R.L. and Strong, F.E. Control of catch-basin mosqui
toes using Zoecon ZR515 formulated in a slow release poly
mer :A preliminary report. Mosq News 33: 110, 1973.
Evans, Jr.E.S., Nelson, J.H., Pennington, N.E. and Ybung,
W.W. Larvicidal effectiveness of a controlled release formu
lation of chlorpyrifbs in a woodland pool habitat. Mosq News
35: 343, 1975.
Kecman, C.M. Use of controlled release larvicide in Southern
Maryland. Mosq News 38: 203, 1978.
Mulla, M.S. and Darwazeh, H.A. Effectiveness and residual
activity of polymer formulations of larvicides. Calif Mosq
Vector Control Assoc Proc 46: 123, 1978.
20. Saleh, M.S., Gaaboub, I.A. and Kassem, S.M.I. Larvicidal
effectiveness of three controlled release formulations ofDursban
and Dimilin on Cx. pipiens and Ae. Aegypti. J Agri Sci 97:
87, 1981.
21.
Rampal, L., Thecasagayam, E.S., Kotla, S. and Hooi, C.W.
A small scale field trial on the effectiveness of a slow release
formulation of chlorpyrifbs against Cx. quinquefasciatiis breeding
in sullage drains in Malaysia. WHO/VBC/83,881: 1, 1983.
22. Das, K.G., Sukumar, K. Tungikar, Y.B. and Sharma, R.N.
Controlled release pesticides 2: A mosquito larvicide. Ini Pest
Control 25: 171, 1983.
28. Nisha, G., Sujatha, C.H. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Con
trolled release formulations of larvicides with biodegradable
ingredients. Indian J Med Res 86: 728, 1987.
29. Prasad, M.P. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Development of
environmentally compatible controlled release formulations
of a mosquito larvicide. Indian J Med Res 93: 51, 1991.
30. Prasad, M.P. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Iron (HI) carboxym
ethylcellulose as swellable erodible matrix for the controlled
release of a larvicide. J Control Rel 22: 167, 1992.
31. Prasad, M.P. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Ionotropic crosslinking
of sodium carboxymelhylcellulose and sodium carboxymclhylcellulose - gelatin matrices and their erosion properties. J
Appl Polyin Sci 49: 2075, 1993.
32. Prasad, M.P. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Effect of incorpo
ration of gelatin, an interactive polymer on the matrix stability
and release of fenth ion from crosslinked matrices of carboxymethyl
cellulose. J Control Rel 27: 219, 1993.
33. Prasad, M.P. and Kalyanasundaram, M. Thermoanalytical
investigations of biodegradable controlled release formula
tions of fenthion. J Appl Polym Sci, 1994, In Press.
34. Prasad, M.P., Rajendran, G., Sabesan,S. and Kalyanasundaram,
M. Field evaluation of biodegradable controlled release for
mulation of a mosquito larvicide. Southeast Asian J Trop Med
Hyg, 1994, In Press.
This write-up has been contributed by Dr. M.R Prasad,
Research Assistant, Dr. M. Kalyanasundaram, Asstt. Direc
tor and Dr. P.K. Das, Dy. Director (Sr. Grade), Vector
Control Research Centre, Pondicherry.
5
ICMR NEWS
An Expert Group meeting on Evaluation of HIV-1
and HIV-2 Kits was held on December 30, 1994 at New
Delhi.
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. S.L. Hoti, Senior Research Officer, Vector
Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, visited the Smith
College at Boston in connection with the UNDP/World
Bank/TDR project on Application and evaluation of
DNA probes in studies on the transmission of V/iichereria
bancrofti and Brugia malayi (November 26 - December
22, 1994).
Dr. B.N. Saxena, Sr. Dy. Director-General, ICMR,
delivered theL.S. Ramaswami Memorial Oration at the
Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
(December 3, 1994).
Dr. J.J. Rodrigues, Director-in-Charge, National
AIDS Research Institute, Pune, participated in a stateof-the-art invitational meeting on Preventing perinatal
HIV transmission in developing countries : Challenges
and opportunities at Boston (December 7-10, 1994).
Dr. G.V. Satyavati, Director-General, ICMR, ad
dressed the medical graduates and postgraduates of the
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal on the topic uChoice
of a career fbr medical graduates (December 12, 1994).
She also delivered the keynote address on MFuture of
pharmacology as a discipline in medical education/
medical research in India" at the XXVII annual
conference of the Indian Pharmacological Society at
Bombay (December 21, 1994).
Dr. S.K. Kashyap, Director, National Institute of
Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, participated in the
WHO Task Group meeting to finalize the Environmen
tal Health Criteria Monographs on Isophorone, Chlorendic
Acid and Chlorendic Anhydride at Geneva (December
12-16, 1994).
Dr. Aurobindo Roy, Asstt. Director, National In
stitute of Virology, Pune, participated in Keystone
symposia on Molecular Toxicology at Copper Moun
tain, Colorado (January 9-15, 1995).
Dr. Satyavati delivered a talk on ** Discovery of gum
guggul as a hypolipidemic agent" at the Dr. Yellapragada
Subba Row Centenary Seminar at New Delhi (January
10, 1995).
Honours/Awards:
Dr. V.M. Katoch, Dy. Director, Central J al ma
Institute fbr Leprosy, Agra was awarded the Dr. S.C.
Agarwal Oration Award of the Indian Association of
Medical Microbiologists for the year 1994.
Appointments:
Dr. S.K. Bhattacharya took over as Director of the
National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases.
Calcutta w.e.f. December 30, 1994.
ICMR AWARDS
The Indian Council of Medical Research has awarded the following prizes and awards to various Indian
scientists fbr their outstanding research work in various fields of biomedical sciences.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centenary Award for Excellence in Biomedical Research for the year 1991-92
Dr. G. Padmanabhan
Director
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore.
6
•
Bas anti Devi Amir Chand Prize, 1994
Dr. Indira Nath
Immunology of leprosy
Professor and Head
Department of Biotechnology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Amrut Mody Unichem Prize for Research in Maternal and Child Health, 1993
Dr. T. Jacob John
Professor and Head
Department of Microbiology & Virology
Christian Medical College
Vbllore.
Vaccinology
Dr. Vidya Sagar Award for Research in Mental Health, 1993
Col. Kripal Singh
1 Hon. Consultant in Psychiatry
Guru Harkrishan Hospital
New Delhi.
Mental health
Dr. D.N. Prasad Memorial Oration Award for Research in Pharmacology, 1993
Dr. Ranjit Roy Chaudhuiy
Emeritus Scientist
National Institute of Immunology
New Delhi.
Pharmacology
Dr. Y.S. Narayana Rao Oration Award for Research in Microbiology, 1993
Dr. Brahm S. Srivastava
•Deputy Director
Division of Microbial Genetics
Central Drug Research Institute
Lucknow.
Molecular biology of cholera
Dr. Kamala Menon Medical Research Award for Research in Paediatrics, 1993
Dr. R.N. Srivastava
Professor
Department of Paediatrics
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Nephrotic syndrome in children
Kshanika Oration Award for Women Scientists, 1993
Dr. Anita Panda
Additional Professor
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Corneal grafts
and
7
Dr. Mary Jesudasan
Professor
Department of Microbiology
Christian Medical College
Vbllore.
Enteric pathogens and their diagnostic
aspects
Dr. J.B. Srivastav Oration Award for Research in Virology, 1993
Dr. Shobha Broor
Additional Professor
Department of Microbiology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Epidemiology and rapid diagnosis of viral
infections in India
Smt. Swaran Kanta Dingley Oration Award fbr Research in Reproductive Biology, 1993
Dr. G.S. Gupta
Professor
Department of Biophysics
Panjab University
Chandigarh.
Male reproductive biology
and
Dr. Kamala Gopalakrishnan
Assistant Director
Institute fbr Research in Reproduction
Bombay.
Biology of male gametes
Dr. M.O.T. Iyengar Memorial Award for Research in the Fields of
Malaria, Filaria, Plague, Medical Entomology, 1993
Dr. B.S. Das
Head
Department of Clinical Biochemistry
Ispat General Hospital
Steel Authority of India Ltd.
Rourkela.
Falciparum malaria
and
Dr. S.K. Kar
Director
Rajendra Memorial Research Instih"
fbr Medical Sciences
Patna.
8
Lymphatic filariasis
ICMR Prize for Biomedical Research for Scientists Belonging to Under-Privileged Communities, 1993
Dr. R. Jayakumar
Associate Professor
Department of Animal Biotechnology
Madras 'Wterinary College
Madras.
Rabies
ICMR Prize for Biomedical Research in Underdeveloped Areas, 1993
Dr. S.L. Choubisa
Lecturer
PG Department of Zoology
SBP Government College
Dungaqjur.
Haemoglobinopathies
and
Dr. Prafulla Dutta
Research Officer
Regional Medical Research Centre
Dibrugarh.
Malaria in the north-east
Amrut Mody Unichem Prize for Research in Gastroenterology, 1993
Dr. S.L. Broor
Gastroesophageal diseases
Director Professor and Head
Department of Gastroenterology
G.B. Pant Hospital
New Delhi.
Smt. Pushpa Sriramachari Award for Research in Pathophysiology, 1993
Dr. P.P. Gupta
Professor
Department of X^terinary Pathology
Panjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana.
Atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular
disorders
Dr. Prem Nath Wahi Award for Research in Cytology and Preventive Oncology, 1993
Dr. Usha Saraiya
Hon. Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
Grant Medical College
Bombay.
Preventive oncology
Prof B.K. Aikat Oration Award for Research in Tropical Diseases, 1993
Dr. D. Nageswara Rao
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
Macrophage modulation in leprosy
9
Awards for Scientists Below 40 Years of Age
• Dr. T. Ramachandra Rao Award for Research in Medical Entomology, 1993
Insect growth regulators
Dr. V. X^suki
Research Assistant
Vbctor Control Research Centre
Pondicherry.
Dr. C.G.S. Iyer Oration Award for Research in Leprosy, 1993
Clinical and laboratory monitoring of
multidrug therapy in leprosy
Dr. VK. Shanna
Associate Professor
Department of Dermatolgy
Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research
Chandigarh.
Shakuntala Amir Chand Prizes, 1993
Dr. Pratibha Chaturvedi
Senior Research Assistant
Postgraduate Department of Microbiology
K.G. Medical College
Lucknow.
and
Regulation of immune response against
Dr. Rinee Mukherjee
Senior Research Assistant
Postgraduate Department of Microbiology
K.G. Medical College
Lucknow.
dengue vims
Dr. S.A. Christine Telles
Assistant Director (Research)
Vivekananda Kendra Yoga Research Foundation
Bangalore.
Physiological effects of yogic practice
Dr. S.J.S. Flora
Scientist 'C，
Defence Research and Development Establishment
Gwalior.
Therapeutic measures for lead poisoning
Dr. Ashok Chauhan
Research Fellow
Department of Hepatology
Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research
Chandigarh.
Characterization of HEV in north India
10
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARSAVORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/SeminarAVorkshop/
Course/Conference
Vin
North-Eastern
Conference.
Orthopaedic
Date & Place
Sturgeon's
Contact Address
January 7-8, 1995;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. Sekhar Das, Organising Secretary, NEOSCON
95, Ramakrishna Mission Hospital, Itanagar.
Dr. Yellapragada Subba Row Centenary Seminar.
January 10,1995;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. Indira Nath, Professor and Head, Department of
Biotechnology, Al) India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Dellii.
Symposium on Chromosomal and Molecular Basis
of Genetic Analysis.
January 13-15, 1995;
(at Varanasi)
Dr. R. Raman, Convener, Chromosomal Symposium,
Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi.
National Symposium on Modem Trends in Animal
Health and Production Research and its Impact on
Rural Development.
January 24-25, 1995;
(at Hissar)
Dr. S.K. Mahipal, Organising Secretary of the
Symposium, Department of Veterinary Public Health
and Epidemiology, C.C.S. Haryana Agricultural
University, Hissar.
IV National Workshop on Mycoplasmology.
January 1995;
(at Madras)
Dr. Usha Anand Rao, Organising Secretary of the
Workshop, Department of Microbiology, Dr. A.L.M.
Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Madras.
VIII National Conference of All India Rhinology
Society and Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Workshop.
Februaiy 7-8, 1995;
(at Sevagram)
Dr. V.N. Chaturvedi, Organising Secretary,
Department of ENT, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of
Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha.
International Seminar on Environment,
tainable Development and Human Health.
February 11-15, 1995;
(at Varanasi)
Prof Onkar Singh, Convener of the Seminar,
Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi.
Sus
COUNCIUS TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1995-96
Leprosy
Reproductive Biology
At the Central Jalma Institute for Leprosy, Agra:
At the Institute for Research in Reproduction, Bombay:
•
Multidrug Therapy Orientation Course in Leprosy for •
Medical Officers (February 6-18, 1995).
Training Course on Techniques in Human Semenology
(April 17-28), 1995.
・
Training Course on Techniques in Immunology, Cell
Biology and Molecular Biology (November 2-25,1995).
•
Training Course on Techniques in Neuroendocrine Re
search (Februaiy 6-10, 1996).
Virology
At the National Institute of Virology, Pune:
•
Diploma in Medical Virology (June 1995 - May 1996).
.11
CI3RARY
DOCUM
园?ATION
J
Endocrinology
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
•
•
Training Course on Pesticide Residue Analysis (Feb
ruary 6-17, 1995).
•
Orientation Course on Occupational Health for Indus
trial Medical Officers (November 13-24, 1995).
•
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and Risk
Assessment (December 13-19, 1995).
Annual Training Course on Endocrinological Tech
niques and their Application (August/September, 1995).
Nutrition
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
M.Sc. in Applied Nutrition (June 1, 1995 - Febru
ary 28, 1996).
,•
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1995 - February 28, 1996).
Medical Entomology
At the Vector Control Research Centre,Pondicherry:
Oncology
•
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology,
New Delhi:
At the Laboratory Animal Information Services Centre,
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
•
•
M.Sc. in Medical Entomology (From August 1995: fbr,
2 years).
Workshop on Molecular Biology ofVi ruses and Cancer
alongwith Oligo DNA Synthesis and Polymerase Chain
Reaction (September 18-22, 1995).
Workshop on Research Methods relating to Oncological
Studies with Computer Application (jPebruary112-16,
1996).
Training Course for Laboraton- Animal Technicians
(June - July, 1995).
Clinical Pharmacology
At the Seth G.S. Medical College, Bombay:
•
Training Course in Clinical Pharmacology (March 1~
25,1995).
Editorial Board
Chairperson
Members
Dr. G.V. Satyavati
Director-General
Dr. Badri N. Saxena
Dr. C.R. Ramachandran
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur fbr the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110029
R.N. 21813/71
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