ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 24-No.-10-OCTOBER-1994
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- ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 24-No.-10-OCTOBER-1994
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ISSN 0377-4910
ICMR
BULLETIN
October, 1994
Vol. 24, No. 10
ROLE OF PYRETHROID IMPREGNATED MOSQUITO COILS/MATS
IN REDUCING MAN-VECTOR CONTACT
Mortality and morbidity due to vector-borne dis
eases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue, Japanese
encephalitis, etc, are the major cuases for the decrease
in the Gross National Productivity (GNP) of many of
the tropical countries1,2. Majority of the vector-borne
disease control programmes rely heavily on indoor
residual sprays with various insecticides belonging to
organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates and
synthetic pyrethroid groups. However, the efficacy of
indoor residual spray is slowly diminishing because of
exophilic behaviour and development of resistance in
vectors and non acceptibility by the community. The
present trend indicates that control methodology whidi
can be used at the community and individual levels
within the framework of the primary health care system,
would be preferred over the conventional centrally
organized control measures.
At present, the private pest control organizations
and individuals are undertaking vector control with the
insecticides available in the market which include
organochlorine (OC), organophosphate (OP), carbam
ate and synthetic pyrethroids. Some of them such as
Decis (an aerosol formulation of deltamethrin) are yet
to be registered for public health use. At the individual
level, people are using mats, coils and aerosol sprays
and the market is flooded with such new products which
offer promise. It is estimated that the consumption of
mosquito coils/mats impregnated with allethrins in
tropical and subtropical countries was over 12,500
million pieces per annum as of 1988 in which the Asian
consumption was over 11,000 million pieces. SouthEast Asian countries consumed over 60 per cent of the
world production of mosquito coils/mats1. Long-term
consequences of such vector control practices may lead
to the development of resistance in vectors. These may
also be hazardous to the health of users and may lead
to environmental pollution. Therefore, there is need to
evaluate the efficacy and safety of products so that
vector control can be ensured with reasonable safety
to the people. In the present article an attempt has been
made to review the available information on these
aspects.
B.io-Potency Of Allethrins Impregnated Mosquito
Coils/Mats Against Mosquitoes
Mosquito Coils
Knockdown and mortality in mosquitoes
Earlier OC compounds were used in mosquito coil
impregnation on experimental basis. Smoke from coils
impregnated with DDT at 7.4-13 per cent deterred over
90 per cent ofAnopheles gambiae and Mansonia unifonnis
from entering experimental huts and exerted a strong
repellent effect on An. gambiae, before and after feed
ing3. However, coils with 2 per cent DDT did not confer
more protection than blank coils4. Similarly, a reduction
of 30.5-37.8 per cent-mosquito bites by burning coils
containing 5 per cent DDT did not greatly improve
sleeping comforts5.
At present only synthetic pyrethroids belonging to
the group allethrins are used in the coil/mat impreg
nation. Commonly used synthetic pyrethroids for this
purpose are allethrin, d-allethrin, bioallethrin and
esbiothrin. They are esters of chrysanthemic acid (CA),
2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dimethylvinyl) cyclopropanecarbo
xylic acid with allethrolone and are the mixtures of 8
stereoisomers. They are more stable to heat than the
natural pyrethrins. However, they are unstable to light
and air and under alkaline conditions. The manner of
use of mosquito coils, involves a burning tip tempera
ture of about 800°C. Under this condition, organic
matter including any active chemical agent such as
allethrin added to the coil composition, would undergo
pyrolysis. The resultant constituents of the smoke would
thus determine both efficacy and safety of the product.
However, allethrin vaporizes without decomposition
when heated only upto 400°C6-11. Therefore, vaporiza
tion without pyrolysis seems to take place in the region
of the coil following the area of combustion.
Pyrethrin based mosquito coils were first tested
against Aedes aegypti in Peet-Grady and room size
chambers1244. There was a decrease in the KD^ (time
to knockdown 90% of mosquitoes) from 105 min to
20 min with increase in the concentration of pyrethrin
from 0.1 to 0.5 per cent. For the same concentrations
of pyrethroids, mortality after 3 h exposure followed
by 24 h holding period increased from 88 to 100 per
cent. Tests against free flying mosquitoes in a 28.3m3
room showed that exposure to smoke from the burning
of 8 g coil containing 0.5 per cent pyrethrin for 1 h
and 0.5 per cent allethrin fbr 2 h resulted in complete
knockdown, but there was a high recovery after 24 h15.
Slow knockdown effect of allethrin on Culex pipiens
pallens was also reported16. Laboratory studies on the
comparative efficacy of the four coil formulations against
Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti, An. balabacensis,
Armigerus subalbatus and M. unifbrmis showed that
Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most tolerant in terms of
immediate knockdown and 24 h mortality as compared
to the other species17.
104
Repellency and biting inhibition
Studies have shown that mosquitoes tend to disperse
from the source of smoke emanating from pyrethrin
coils, indicating repellency13J5,18,19. Burning coils im
pregnated with bioallethrin (or) Pyrethrins (5 g.ai/kg
coil) in a Peet-Grady chamber resulted not only in rapid
knockdown of Ae. aegypti but also in reduced blood
feeding on human forearm20 (Table.I). Blood feeding
was also reduced after exposure to smoke containing
pyrethrin21. Mosquito coil formulations with d-allethrin
and d-transallethrin as actiye ingredients provided more
than 70 per cent reduction in indoor mosquito landing/
biting rate of Cx. quinquefasciatus on human subjects1.
Table L Knockdown (a) and feeding rate (b) of Ae. aegypti
after exposure to smoke in a Peet-Grady chamber.
Treatment
50% knockdown time (min)
Percentage
feeding
Concentration
(a) Pyrethrins
Allethrins
Bioallethrin
(b) None
Blank Coil
Pyrethrins
(0.5%)
Bioallethrin
(0.5%)
(0.25%)
(0.3%)
(0.5%)
10.3
12.3
8.55
10.0
9.4
5.9
8.3
8.9
5.5
.
•
-
-
.
-
85
61
2
■
•
•
2
.
■
. •
・
-
Abstracted from Chadwick,'1970
This study further revealed that coils impregnated with
synthetic pyrethroids provided 8 h protection over the
entire burning period. From this study it is inferred
that smoke from burning coils deters the mosquitoes
from entering the room from outside. Mosquitoes already
present in the room are either expelled, or their host
finding behaviour is affected and a proportion of them
are knocked down and killed. Laboratory and field
studies conducted against Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae
showed that burning coils impregnated with esbiothrin
(75% S-bioallethrin + 25% other allethrin isomers)
resulted in good knockdown and bite inhibition22. Trials
conducted in verandah-trap huts (17.6 m3) with pyre
thrum based coils containing 0.23-0.24 per cent py
rethrins demonstrated protection from biting of An.
gambiae through expellency effect (39-92%), reduced
blood feeding (30-81%) and increased mortality in
mosquitoes (19-27 %)23-25. Field testing of coils impreg
nated with synthetic pyrethroids showed 70-93 per cent
reduction in the biting activity of An. farauti, An.
koliensis and An. punctulatus26. There was >90 per
cent reduction in the number of mosquitoes including
the principal malaria vector An. culicifiacies entering
human dwellings and cattle sheds due to smoke from
burning ropes impregnated with deltamethrin and
esbiothrin27,28. An experiment conducted in a 25 m3
room using guineapig as host indicated that smoke from
coils containing pyrethroids reduced biting ofAe. aegypti
and An stephensi by 73.5-100 per cent. Similarly, man
biting activity ofAe. aegypti was reduced when exposed
to smoke from coil containing 0.2 per cent bioallethrin29
(Table II). However, tests conducted in the field with
mosquito coils containing 0.15 per cent esbiothrin
showed only 52 per cent reduction in biting rates of
An. arabiensis and a 73 per cent reduction in the biting
of Cx. quinquefasciatus30.
Table. II. Percentage of mosquitoes feeding on Guineapig
and man during 30 min after exposure for 5 min
to somke from impregnated coils in a room
(25 m3).
Species
Insecticide in coil
Burning Percentage feeding
time
Guincapig Man
(minutes)
Ae.
aegypti
Pyrethrins (0.26%)
Allethrin (0.4%)
Bioallethrin (0.2%)
No coil (control)
7.5
9
18
8
75
NA
NA
6
52
An.
stephensi
Pyrethrins (0.24%)
Allethrin (0.17%)
Bioallethrin (0.13%)
S-bioallethrin (0.1%)
No coil (control)
2.0
12
22
9
0
83
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA: Data not available.
Abstracted from Chadwick, 1975
Mosquito Mats
Mats containing pyrethroid when heated are known
to knockdown and kill the mosquitoes3134. Several hours
of biting inhibition and knockdown ofAe. aegypti were
reported by heating mats impregnated with allethrin,
bioallethrin and S-bioallethrin32 (Tables III and IV).
Burning mats impregnated with bioallethrin resulte4 in
better knockdown and mortality among exposed mos
quitoes32. This study also indicated that there was no
degradation of bioallethrin while heating the mat. A
mat surface temperature between 80-115°C is needed
to get better performance34.
Table. III. Knockdown and kill of Ae. aegypti by vapour
from laboratory prepared mats containing bio
allethrin or S-bioaHethrin.
Mat content
Dosage
(mg)
KDs.
(min)
KD”
(min)
% Kill
S-Bioallethrin
75
19
15.8
22.4
18.8
25.5
94
70
Bioallethrin
38
40
20.5
20.7
27.0
24.7
45
57
Abstracted from Chadwick and Lord, 1977.
Table. TV. Percentage of hungry female
aegypti taking
blood from a guineapig in 30 min following a
5 min exposure to vapour from heated mats in
a room (25 m3).
Mat content
S-bioallethrin (19 mg)
Bioallethrin (37.5 mg)
Bioallethrin (40 mg)
Allethrin (88 mg)
% mosquitoes ted
3
14
15
56
Abstracted from Chadudck and Lord, 1977.
Pyrethroids of the allethrin group such as d-alle
thrin and d-transallethrin due to their heat stability
and volatility are considered suitable compounds fbr
use in mosquito coils and mats29,31,33. These two
allethrins with their respective dosages (ie d-allethrin
0.2 to 0.3% w/w and d-transallethrin0.1 to 0.15% w/w)
were the most commonly used active ingredients in
mosquito coils and mats worldwide1. A commercial mat
containing 88 mg allethrin was as effective as a mosquito
coil containing 0.25 per cent allethrin. Mats with 40
mg bioallethrin or 19 mg S-bioallethrin will give equal
or better action than allethrin32.
Risk For Human Health And The Environment
lexicological studies indicated that the allethrin
group of compounds are metabolized in mammals rapidly
and there are no reports of accumulation of these
compounds in animal tissues. Since compounds belong
ing to the allethrin group are highly biodegradable and
highly photolabile, there is no chance of accumulation
of these compounds in the soil and in plants. Their
105
restricted use, mostly against household pests at very
low concentration, results in little chance of their
residues in food33,35,36.
Allethrin is found to be toxic to aquatic organisms
like fish (LC^: 7.8-87 /xg/lit) and stonefly (LC^ : 28
“g/lit), but has a low toxicity for other aquatic insect
larvae and daphnia (LC^ : 5000->50,000 /ig/lit).
Honey-bees are also highly susceptible, LC^ values
being 3.4-9.1 gg/bee. Tbxicity is low for birds (LD^:
> 2000 mg/kg)35 (Table V). The acute oral toxicity
of allethrin group of compounds fbr rats and mice is
moderate to low (210-4290 mg/kg)35 (Table VI).
Table. V. Acute toxicity of allethrin for non-target organ
isms.
Organism
Parameter/Application Toxicity
Fishes
96hLC“
48hLC50
7.8 - 80 pg/1
19.0 - 87 pg/1
Arthropods
Daphnia pulex
Stonefly (Pteronarcys
califomica)
48hLC“
3 h LC5o
48 h LC5G
20.0 - 2000 pg/1
5000 - >50,000 pg/1
28 pg/1
Birds.
L%
>2000 mg/kg
Honey bee
(Apis mellijera)
LD30 (contact)
LDJ0 (Oral)
3.4 pg/bee
4.6 - 9.1 pg/bee
Abstracted from WHO Environmental Health Criteria 87: 1989.
Table. VL Acute oral toxicity of allethrin isomers.
LD* (mg/kg body wt)
Compound
Animal
Allethrin
rat
mouse
rabbit
720-2430
480-1580
4290
Bioallethrin
rat
.mouse
709-1041
330-350
S-bioallethrin
rat
mouse
412-1290
250-285
d-cis allethrin
mouse
210-270
Esbiothrin
rat
378-432
experimental animals. Though allethrins have been used
for many years, no toxic effects on human beings have
been reported35. The air level of allethrins following
conventional household aerosol spraying and mosquito
coil burning and mat heating is not expected to exceed
0.5 mg/m3. The results of short-term inhalation toxicity
studies on experimental animals indicate that allethrins
are weakly to moderately toxic with inhalation LC^
of> 1500 mg/m3. Symptoms in experimental animals
after short term exposure to vapour of S-bioallethrin
and d-allethrin include excitation, salivation and trem
bling. There is no report of gene mutation, DNA
damage and repair and chromosomal effects in experi
mental animals after exposure to allethrins35.
Long-term studies indicated that rats when fed on
diets containing 2000 mg/kg d-allethrin for over 2 years
did not produce any abnormalities indicating that
d-allethrin is not carcinogenic37. No embryotoxic and
teratogenic effect of allethrin, bioallethrin and S-bioallethrin
were found in raboits, rats and mice even at relatively
high doses38"*1. No observed adverse effect levels were
established for bioallethrin in a 90 days study and a
6 months study on dogs (1500 mg/kg diet and 200 mg/
kg diet respectively, corresponding to 135 mg/kg and
6.1-7.2 mg/kg body weight respectively)42. In a 2 years
study on rats, dietary administration of allethrin at 125
mg/kg, ie 5.9 and 6.6 mg/kg body weight per day for
male and female rats did not produce any adverse
effect35. Studies on the safety of coils showed that smoke
from coils is safe for humans11,35. However, in actual
use of mosquito coils and mats, the mild level of smoke
generated is obviously inhaled by both adults and infants
over the prolonged period. Therefore, effects of expo
sure to smbke from coils/mats on man need to be
studied43 and this warrants long-term studies on human
subjects.
Conclusion
Abstracted from WHO Environmental Health Criteria 87:
1989.
Results of various toxicity studies on experimental
animals summarized in Table VII show that these group
of compounds did not produce serious effects in the
106
This review has clearly shown that the mosquito
coils and mats could play a significant role in reducing
man-vector contact. The high levels of knockdown and
mortality in mosquitoes exposed to low doses of the
so-called low toxicity insecticides like allethrins com
pare to high toxic OC, OP and carbamates implies that
these group of compounds are effective for use at the
community level without any organized vector control
to reduce man-vector contact. The resultant low disease
transmission can thus reduce the use of more toxic
Table. VIL Acute toxicity of allethrins on experimental animals.
Compound
Animal
Mode of testing
Dose
Result
Allethrin
Wistar rats ddY mice
Applied to shaved skin
2 - 5g/kg body wt
None died
8/16 died
Esbiothrin
New Zealand white
rabbit
Applied to shaved skin
2 g/kg body wt
No death
d-allethrin
Rats
Exposed to mist for 2 h
260 mg/m3
Minimum toxicity
Mice
Exposed to mist for 2 h
260 mg/m3
Minimum toxicity
Rats
Exposed to mist for 3 h
24 mg/m3
Minimum toxicity
Mice
Exposed^ to mist for 3 h
91 mg/m3
Minimum toxicity
Bioallethrin
Wistar rats
Exposed to atmospheric
level (24 h)
500/1000 mg/m3
No adverse effects
Esbiothrin
Wistar rats
Exposed to respirable
droplets (4 h)
LCso：263O mg/m3
No adverse effects
S-bioallethrin
Sprague Dawley rats/
ICR mice
Exposed to vapour from
mosquito coil
8 h/day for 3 days
Extremely low
acute inhalation
toxicity
S-bioallethrin
Abstracted from WHO Environmental Health Criteria 87: 1989.
insecticides to control the mosquito vectors and gives
hope for developing self-help programmes in areas
where people can afford to use them. However, lack
of informations of the long-term effects of allethrins
on human beings especially infants warrants more
toxicological studies.
4.
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This write-up has been contributed by Dr. D. Dominic Amalraj,
Research Officer, Dr. P.K. Das, Dy. Director (Sr. Grade) and
Dr. Vijai Dhanda, Director, Victor Control Research Centre,
Pondicherry.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus in acute and chronic
liver diseases, blood donors and recipients
The study was conducted to determine the preva
lence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in
patients of acute and chronic liver diseases, blood
donors and recipients of multiple blood transfusions
using second generation anti- HCV ELISA. Only
individuals who were serologically negative for hepa
titis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in
fection were studied. These included 100 patients of
acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 12 of subacute hepatic
failure (SAHF), 43 of acute hepatic failure (AHF), 70
of cirrhosis of the liver, 11 with chronic active hepatitis
(CAH), 10 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 550
blood donors and 63 recipietns of multiple transfusions.
In 35 of the 100 AVH patients, the disease was due
to sporadic NANB infection. Of these,, three were
positive for anti-HCV. Among 48 patients of AVH
whose blood samples were taken only in the acute phase,
20 had NANB infection, but none was found to be
positive for anti-HCV. In 52 patients tested serially upto
12 weeks, 15 were found to have NANB infection and
three of these were positive for anti-HCV. Five of the
12 patients of SAHF and 23 of the 43 patients of AHF
were found to have NANB infection but none of these
were found to be anti-HCV positive. Nineteen of the
70 patients of cirrhosis of liver had NANB infection
and 2 of these 19 were found to be positive for antiHCV.
Six of the 11 patients of CAH and four of the 10
patients of HCC had NANB infection and of these, 2
patients each were found to be positive fbr anti-HCV.
Of the 550 blood donors, 494 did not show evidence
of HAV and HBV and of these only 11 were positive
for anti-HCVV. Of the 63 recipients of multiple blood
transfusions, 46 did not show HAV and HBV infection.
Of these, 24 were found to be positive fbr anti-HCV.
It is thus concluded that in patients of acute liver
diseases, screening of HCV antibody should be done
serially upto 12 weeks. Patients with cryptogenic
chronic liver disease and recipients of multiple blood
transfusions should be evaluated fbr HCV infection.
Ashwini Narang
P.Kar
Department of Medicine
Maulana Azad Medical College
New Delhi.
Publication:
1.
Narang, A., Kar P. and Chakravarty, A. HCV infection in a
north Indian hospital. Indian J 'Gastroenterol 12: 150, 1993.
109
Role of alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in stimu
lation of hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat heart
myocytes
The study was carried out to assess the role of
norepinephrine and isoproterenol in the development
of hypertrophy in cultured cardiac myocytes of the rat
and to find out whether alpha and beta adrenergic
antagonists can modulate or block this hypertrophic
response. The action of norepinephrine and isoprot
erenol on the synthesis of contractile and noncontractile
proteins in the cultured cardiac myocytes was also
studied. Primary culture preparations of neonatal rat
cardiac myocytes obtained from one to three day old
rats were utilized for the study.
Norepinephrine (NE), an alpha and beta adrenoceptor
agonists had a very potent effect in producing hyper
trophy of cardiac myocytes at a concentration of 2gM,
whereas isoproterenol (a beta adrenoceptor agonist) did
not produce any such effect as measured by the total
protein content. The protein content of the cells
increased markedly with NE (199 pg/cell/day) whereas
the increase was least with isoproterenol (35 pg/cell/
day) as compared to control cultures (33 pg/cell/day).
The increase in protein content with NE was both time
and dose dependent with the maximum response occuring
on day 11 with 2gM drug concentration.
Norepinephrine had a strong stimulatory effect on
the synthesis of contractile proteins actin and myosin
heavy chain in cultured cardiac myocytes while
isoproterenol stimulated mainly the synthesis of
noncontractile proteins.
The differential response with adrenoceptor ago
nists and studies with adrenoceptor antagonists
(phentolamine and propranolol) indicated that the hy
pertrophic effect of NE was mediated by its stimulatory
effect on alpha adrenergic receptors; phentolamine, an
alpha adrenoceptor antagonist completely blocked the
hypertrophic response of NE.
It is thus concluded that NE has a potent hyper
trophic effect on the cultured cardiac myocytes and this
is predominantly mediated by its stimulatory effect on
alpha adrenoceptors. The present study will provide an
excellent model to study the biological effects of various
drugs and pharmacological preparations on living heart
muscle cells.
R. Malhotra
R.P. Sapru
Department of Cardiology
Postgraduate Institute of
Medical Education and Research
Chandigarh.
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Meetings of the Project Review Committees (PRCs)
held at New Delhi
PRC for Research in NonCommunicable Diseases
September 21, 1994
PRC on Leprosy
September 26, 1994
PRC on Tuberculosis
September 26, 1994
PRC on Viral Diseases
Septecnber 27, 1994
PRC on Microbial Diseases
September 27, 1994
PRC on Malaria, Filariasis and
Kala-azar
September 28, 1994
110
PRC on Diarrhoeal Diseases
PRC on Biochemistry and Cellular
& Molecular Biology
September 28, 1994
October 7, 1994
Annual Review and Expert Group meetings held at
New Delhi:
Annual Review meeting on
Traditional Remedies for
Diabetes Mellitus
September 27, 1994
Annual Review meeting on
Traditional Remedies for
Bronchial Asthma
September 27,
Expert Group on Total Diet
Survey
1994
October 4-5, 1994
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. B.K. Sircar, Dy. Director, and Dr. S.K. Niyogi,
Sr. Research Officer, National Institute of Cholera and
Enteric Diseases (NICED), Calcutta, visited the Inter
national Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (LCDDR)
at Dhaka for developing a collaborative research pro
tocol on diarrhoeal diseases (September 15-30, 1994).
Dr. Uma Ganguly, Dy. Director, Dr. P.G. Sengupta
and Dr. D. Sasmal, Asstt. Directors and Dr. M.K. Saha,
Research Officer, NICED, Calcutta, participated in the
VII Asian Conference on Diarrhoeal Diseases at Dhaka
(September 17-19, 1994).
Dr. V. Kumaraswami, Asstt. Director, Tuberculosis
Research Centre (TRC), Madras, participated in the
Filariasis Field Trial Task Force of the WHO Special
Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
at Geneva (September 17-25, 1994).
Dr. Roshan, B. Colah, Sr. Research Officer, Insti
tute of Immunohaematology (IIH), Bombay, visited
Paris for discussion and planning of future work on
the project Molecular Genetics of Major Haemoglobinopathies in India under the Indo-French Collaborative
Programme (September 17 - October 5, 1994).
Dr. Dipika Mohanty, Director, IIH, Bombay, par
ticipated in a symposium on New Trends in Therapy
for Haemogiobinopathies at Paris (September 19-22,
1994).
Dr. C.N. Paramasivan, Dy. Director (Sr. Grade),
TRC, Madras, participated in the meeting on AIDS,
Tuberculosis and other Mycobacterial Diseases,
followed by the XIV IWGMT conference on the
Genus Mycobacterium at Lisbon (September 20-21 and
22-24, 1994 respectively).
Dr. P. Yashodra, Research Officer, National Insti
tute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, participated in the XIV
World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at
Montreal (September 24-30, 1994).
Dr. R. Prabhakar, Director, TRC, Madras, partici
pated in a meeting to discuss the protocol of the WHO
multicentric study of early bactericidal activity of
antituberculous drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis at
London (September 26-30, 1994).
Dr. R.S. Yadav, Sr. Research Officer, Malaria Research
Centre, Delhi, participated in the VII International
Congress of Parasitology at Izmir, Turkey (October
10-14, 1994)
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Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Course/Confcrence
Date & Place
Contact Address
National Symposium-cum-Workshop on Oral
Rehydration Therapy
oncepts, Clarifications
and Commitments.
October 14-16,1994;
(at Bombay)
Dr. Meenakshi N. Mehta, Convenor, 9, Shaivali, C/3, BMC
Colony, KAG Khan Road, Worli, Bombay.
XXU Annual Conference of the Indian Associa
tion of Preventive and Social Medicine.
October 17-18,1994;
(at Patiala)
Professor Surinder Singh, Organising Secretary of the
Conference, Department of Socioal and Preventive Medi
cine, Government Medical Collge, Patiala.
Symposium on Advances in Neurotransmitter
Receptors: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
of Action of Chemicals
October 25-26,1994;
(at Lucknow)
Dr. P.K. Seth, Convenor of Symposium, Industrial Toxi
cology Research Centre, Lucknow.
Workshop on Growth Disorders of the Pigment
Cell.
.October 28-29,1994;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. Bhanu Iyengar, Director, Institute of Pathology, New
Delhi.
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111
Symposium/SeminarAVorkshop/
Cours e/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
MIC ON-Intemational * 94.
November 9-12, 1994;
(at Mysore)
Dr. R. Shankaran, Chairperson of the Organising Commit
tee, MICON-Intemationar94. Defence Food Research
Laboratory, Siddhartha Nagar, Mysore.
International Symposium on Gerontology and VII
Conference of the Association of Gerontology
(India).
November 14-16, 1994;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. A.B. Dey, Organising Secretary of the Symposium,
Room No. 3096, Department ofMedicine, All India Institute
of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.
Brain Storming Session on Molecular Immunol
December 9-10, 1994;
(at Bhubaneswar)
Dr. B. Ravindran, Asstt. Director, Regional Medical Re
search Centre, Bhubaneswar.
Seminar on Genetic Epidemiology and XX Annual
Conference oflndian Society ofHuman Genetics.
December 11-13, 1994;
(at Hyderabad)
Dr. J.S. Murty, Professor and Head, Department of Genet
ics, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
DI International Conference on DNA Finger
printing.
December 13-16,1994;
(at Hyderabad)
Dr. Lalji Singh, Organising Secretary of the Conference,
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderbad.
XIX Conference of the Electron Microscope
Society of India.
December 14-16, 1994;
(at New Delhi)
Dr. S.K. Shanna, General Secretary, Electron Microscope
Society of India, c/o National Physical Laboratory, New
Delhi.
International Symposium on Atherosclerosis,
Thrombosis and Transfusion Medicine.
December 15-20, 1994;
(at Bombay)
Dr. D. MohantyJDirector, Institute of Immunohaematology,
Pare!, Bombay.
National Workshop on Biostatistics and Biom
December 16-18, 1994;
(at Varanasi)
Dr. Manju Pandey, Convenor of Workshop, Department of
Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
Guha Research Conference 1994.
December 28-31, 1994;
(at Rameswaram)
Dr. D. Balasubramaniam, Convenor of the Conference,
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad.
Symposium on Chromosomal and Molecular Basis
of Genetic Analysis.
January 13-15, 1995;
(at Varanasi)
Dr. R. Raman, Convenor, Chromosomal Symposium, De
partment of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
National Symposium on Modem Trends in Animal
Health and Production Research and its Impact
on Rural Development.
January 24-25, 1995;
(at Hisar)
Dr. S.K. Mahipal, Organising Secretary of the Symposium,
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology,
C.C.S. Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
January, 1995;
(at Madras)
Dr. Usha Anand Rao, Organising Secretary of the Work
shop, Department of Microbiology, Dr. A.L.M. Postgradu
ate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Madras.
ogy-
etry.
TV National Workshop on Mycoplasmology.
112
COUNCIL'S TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Nutrition
Training Course in Pesticide Residue Analysis
(December 5-9, 1994).
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
...
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1994-February 28, 1995).
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
...
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and
Risk Assessment (October 19-25, 1994).
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the Laboratory Animal Information Service Centre,
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
...
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Super
visors (September 12- December 10, 1994).
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Growth & Physical Development of Indian Infants and Children
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Some Common Indian Recipes and their Nutritive Value (Fourth Edition 1977,
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Illegal Abortion in Rural Areas (1989)
Collaborative Study on Phenomenology and Natural History of Acute Psychosis (1989)
Melatonin (1991) by S. Parvathi Devi
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