ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 24-No.-4-APRIL-1994
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- ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 24-No.-4-APRIL-1994
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、' ICMRBULLETIN
ISSN 0377-4910
April, 1994
Vol. 24, No.4
ORAL HEALTH
The WHO has assigned the theme for the World
Health Day for 1994 as Moral health for a healthy life*\
the focus being on the health workers as well as the
general public in stressing the importance of oral health.
The mouth、 or the oral cavity contains several
important organs such as the teeth, tongue, palate,
gums, pharynx and salivary glands. It is the portal of
entry for food and the site where the digestion of the
food commences. It carries the important sensory organ
viz. the taste buds which are capable of differentiating
different tastes. The teeth, the tongue and the cheeks
together aid the grinding of the food into a paste to
facilitate propulsion into the food pipe. The oral cavity
aids articulation of the sound produced by the larynx
into speech. Itis the alternate respiratory pathway, when
for any reason, the nasal passage gets blocked even
partially. It also provides shape to the face and gives it
the distinct human form. A good set ofclean, even white
teeth symmetrically placed is an asset.
From ancient times, physicians have recognised
that the oral cavity is a sensitive indicator of the general
health and nutritional status of the individual. Thus the
earliest signs o4 anaemia and vitamin B complex
deficiencies can be observed in the mucosa of the oral
cavity. Further, the oral cavity is readily accessible to the
physician for inspection and’diagnosis. Several disease
processes leave their indelible imprint in the oral cavity,
as for example the lead lines in lead poisoning and dental
mottling in dental fluorosis which are but two instances
where the physician gets valuable leads for diagnosis by
just examining the mouth. Oral cavity always harbours
microbes; in health, these microorganisms are kept in
check by the normal host defense mechanisms.
However, once the immune mechanism breaks down,
the pathogenic and opportunistic infections can take
over and lead to severe infection. In the past, such severe
forms of oral sepsis were seen in severely malnourished
children. Today, such severe repeated infections may
indicate the first sign of AIDS in adults as well as in
children.
Early diagnosis at the onset of a disease process in
the oral cavity should not be difficult because of the easy
accessibility of the. various organs located in the oral
cavity for visual inspection, soon after the occurrence of
symptoms like pain or burning sensation leading to loss
of functions (eg: inability to eat or speak) and/or
halitosis. At this stage, it is possible to diagnose and treat
the condition with total -recovery. It is paradoxical,
however, that usually diseases of the oral cavity are the
most neglected and medical help, is sought only when
symptoms Hke pain become unbearable. It is not
unusual to find persons with bleeding gums or even a
large epithelioma of the oral cavity not seeking medical
help, because it is not considered a life threatening,
condition and most individuals choose to put up with a
little inconvenience in the hope that the condition will
get rectified by itself. Chronic sepsis in the mouth, apart
from local pain and foul breath and subsequent loss of
dentition, can be the root cause of arthritis and even
amyloidosis.
%
In view of thq foregoing, it is very essential that the
community is educated and made aware of the
importance of oral hygiene and also to seek medical help
whenever signs or symptoms occur in the oral cavity.
For this purpose, three basic measures are-obviously
required:- First, the methods to educate the population
about the importance of oral health and as to how oral
health is feasible, mostly through self care. The second,
to examine whether such health education can be given
as part of the primary health care, and if so, what
additional skills are to be imparted to the health worker
and what type of referral back-up services need to be set
up. Thirdly, it is important to undertake steps to make
the costs of treatment affordable. Studies carried out by
the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) have
examined all these issues. Apart from studies in dental
caries, the studies in RF/RHD (rheumatic fever/
Dental Health
Dental caries
The prevalence of dental caries in India is on the
increase. The estimated point prevalence in the forties
was about 55.5 per cent, with an average- DMFT
(decayed missing and filled teeth) of about 0.06. It was
reported to be 68 per cent with a DMFT of 2 in the
fifties. In the eighties it has. been estimated1 to be over 80
per cent with a DMFT of 4. While poor oral hygiene is
an important cause of high caries rate, another equally
important cause is the change in lifestyles—particularly
in the dietary habits ie use of more refined carbohydrates
and increased intake of sugar.
Fluoridation of drinking water has been used as the
public health measure against dental caries in many
Excerpt from the Message of Dr. Uton M. Rafei,
Regional Director
WHO South-East Asia Region
on the Occasion of World Health Day 1994
While significant progress has been achieved in oral health in most developed countries
following sustained prevention programmes, the situation in some developing countries is
causing concern as oral diseases are showing an increasing trend. While some diseases like oral
cancer kill, people with Al DS,tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy and herpes also have oral
problems and conditions that require care.
Most Member Countries of WHO's South-East Asia Region are fortunate that only
moderate to low levels of dental problems are found in children as compared to children in
some developed countries. What is needed urgently, therefore, is to ensure that this situation is
further improved* through appropriate preventive programmes launched with and sustained
through community support.
As the WHO Director-General, Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, has said, “We must ensure that
the adoption of the new lifestyles and new eating habits does not lead to an increase in dental
caries in populations that always had healthy teeth. We must find ways of incorporating and
encouraging traditional methods of oral hygiene which have proved their efficacy, and which
are inexpensive and culturally acceptable".
rheumatic heart diseases) and oral cancer have all shown
that primary prevention is crucial and feasible in all
these conditions. The seventh plan initiatives by ICMR
have addressed all these, components.
Highlights of the work carried out under the
auspices of ICMR and their research outcome are
presented here:
52
developed countries, as it is considered safe, economical
and practical and the results are predictable. A fluoride
concentration of about 1 ppm is optimum for
controlling dental caries and is well within the limits of
safety. However, this measure is not practical or feasible
in India for obvious reasons. Firstly, water supply is still
far from satisfactory even in urban areas and there is no
semblance of organised potable water supply system in
most of the rural areas. For fluoridation to be adopted
as a public health measure, a centrally controlled piped
water supply system is mandatory, as a prerequisite.
Moreover, several parts of the country are endemic for
fluorosis and in such areas defluoridation of water is a
dire need. For this reason, the standard practice of
controlled fluoridation of drinking water as a
prophylactic procedure to prevent dental caries is not
feasible in India, in the near future.
Success in vastly improving oral health
for whole populations has been the outcome
of the dental profession's activities in highly
industrialized countries and in several
countries where the economy is either in
transition or developing. That success has
been achieved by a large range of preventive
programmes based on improved oral
hygiene, optimal use of、fluorides and
prudent use of sugars, complemented by
curative, restorative and rehabilitative
services (WHO. WHD 94.8).
using fluoride mouth rinse. An appreciable reduction in
the incidence of caries and DMFT in children was also
observed. This study has demonstrated that it is possible
to educate the population for better self oral health care
and that the existing health care personnel can be
trained and equipped to do so effectively.
Dental varnish
Therapeutic fluoride .varnish compound is used ,in
dentistry for helping remineralisation of teeth which
show early changes of caries; a state when reversal to
normal state is possible. This compound owes its action
to its property of sticking to the surface of the teeth even
in the presence of saliva, thus prolonging the contact
time. This has a prophylactic role to play in the
prevention of dental caries in school children. However,
as this varnish is imported, the cost of treatment is very
high. The Council therefore funded a study to develop a
suitable indigeneus-substitute for this compound. The
Sriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, has
developed a dental varnish which compares well in its
properties with the imported material. Toxicological
and clinical studies on the compound have been
completed, and the National Research Development
Corporation (NRDC), New Delhi is arranging for the
commercial exploitation of this varnish.
Stainless steel band
In places where there is no piped water supply,
topical application of fluoride has been shown to be
effective in checking dental caries2/3. It is therefore
logical to presume that topical fluoride along with good
oral hygiene can offer a practical solution for the
prevention of dental caries in India. An ICMR Task
Force project on a "feasibility module for the primary
prevention of dental caries and gingival diseases in
children in community within the existing health
infrastructure** was undertaken in order
test this
hypothesis and also to study the logistics for
implementing such a preventive programme. The health
personnel who participated in this study, were given the
required knowledge and skills fqr educating the
population in the study area regarding oraPhygiene, the
correct usage of toothbrush and other dental cleaning
devices including datun, the protective role of topical
fluoride, and regarding harmful habits like excessive
eating of sweets. Two year intervention through health
education has shown a change for the better in the KAP
of the population. A significantly higher proportion of
the population was found using toothbrush or datu^,
and they were willingly purchasing fluoride tablets and
One of the important requirements of ortho
dentistry is the stainless steel band used for
correcting/ repositioning uneven teeth. As this material
is also imported, orthodontic treatment is expensive and
beyond the reach of the common man. ^The Council
initiated a research project at the Sri Chitra Thirunal
Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivand
rum, to identify and develop indigenous stainless steel
material for orthodontic use. The stainless steel band
material developed by this Institute has undergone
toxicological as also mechanical tests and has been
found to be satisfactory. The cost of this material is only
a fraction of that of the imported material, thus greatly
reducing the overall cost of treatment and making the
treatment affordable. The indigenous stainless steje!
band is currently undergoing clinical tiials
Oral Cancer
High incidence of malignancies of the oral cavity in
India has been a issue of great concern. The association
of oral cavity cancer with the use of tobacco was
de-nonstrated as early as in 1902 by Niblock4. The
53
National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) estab
lished by the ICMR in 1982 has also unequivocally
demonstrated that while India is one of the few countries
in the world with a very low overall incidence of cancer,
48 per cent of the cancers reported in the males and 20
per cent of cancers in the females are tobacco-related 5
and therefore, theoretically at least, preventable. It is
possible that the widespread tobacco chewing habit is
responsible for the high incidence of cancers of the oral
cavity in India. The NCRP data show that oral cancer
predominantly occurs in the working class almost
equally among males and females who are tobacco
users. Apart from the higher mortality associated with
all the oral cancers, these cause much morbidity, and
also interfere with nutrition. Even after treatment of
such cancers there is considerable disability. Hence it is
important to remember that this is one cancer which can
be easily prevented, by avoiding the tobacco habit.
cancers, the main effort being to educate the people
about the ha rmful effects of tobacco. The CounciEs anti
tobacco community education projects carried out at
Agra, Bangalore,. Goa and Trivandrum have、tried
different strategies to impart health education to the
population on the health hazards of tobacco usage. The
Trivandrum strategy included', in addition, the visual
examination of the oral cavity for early diagnosis of oral
lesions which provided an opportunity for treating the
condition at its early stage. The results of the study show
that whatever efforts were put in for community
eduQation are rewarding. A mass education programme
undertaken (in different languages) all over the country
through the All India Radio, under the title MRadio
DATE" proved to be a successful programme
demonstrating the use'of this media as a feasible public
education measure14.
Submucous fibrosis
Sore Throat
Submucous fibrosis is a disabling condition in
which due to progressive fibrosis of the submucosal
region of the oral cavity, the opening of the mouth get
restricted gradually. In severe forms it may be
impossible to open the mouth. There can be an
associated burning sensation in the mouth. This
disability interferes with feeding, thus adversely
affecting the nutrition of the body. Submucous fibrosis
is also considered as a precancerous condition, its
incidence being reported to be higher in those who chew
betel nut and pan masalas. Dentists have reported cases
of submucous fibrosis in teenagers almost all of whom
were habitues of pan masala.
Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatic heart disease (RF/RHD)
is an entity associated with severe morbidity and
increased mortality. RF/RHD is a condition which
afflicts children and cripples them by making even
normal physical activity impossible. Otitis media carries
with it the threat of meningitis and its sequel of hearing
impairment which is a severe disability with social
consequences. Chronic suppurative otitis media is an
important cause of preventable deafness in children.
Sore throat marks the beginning of most of these
diseases. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, it is
possible to provide primary prophylaxis against these
conditions. Studies carried out under the auspices of
ICMR have shown that it is possible to train the
peripheral health workers to identify these conditions
and also ensure compliance of treatment15*16.
The exact magnitude of the problem in India is not
known, although some estimates put the prevalence in
India as 0.2 - 0.5 per cent in the population6. There is an
impression that the prevalence is higher in the south
Indian population (WHO, WHD 94.5). While there is
enough epidemiologicl evidence from all over the world
including India6*7 with regard to the effects of tobacco on
the oral mucosa such as leukoplakia and malignancies of
the oral cavity, similar information about pan masala is
yet to be compiled. As pan masalas have been in the
market for less than two decades, their actual impact is
yet to be perceived. HoweVer, several experimental
studies carried out in India have shown8-13 unequivocally
that pan masala is* both mutagenic and carcinogenic.
Control of tobacco usage
Anti-cancer education in our country is mainly
focussed on and directed towards tobacco related
54
Dental Problems in the Aged
Well Preserved teeth in a healthy oral cavity can Iasi
•for a life time. Contrary to popular belief, old age need
not be a reason for loss of teeth. Among tribal
populations, one can see very old people with intact
teeth. Changing life styles and food habits have resulted
in periodontal diseases with consequent loss of teeth. As
this becomes manifest frequently in old age, the latter is
now being associated with loss of permanent teeth.
Loss. of permanent teeth early in life affects the
nutrition of the individual as, of necessity, the food
habits of such persons have to undergo a change, so that
only soft food which does not call for much mastication,
are eaten. This means that conventional food items that
provide basic nutrienis cannot be eaten, resulting in
undernutntion or even malnutrition.
Good oral hygiene coupled with healthy food
habits and periodic dental check-up can help prevent
loss of teeth in early life.
Conclusion
Oral cavity is one of the most specialised as well as
the most versatile organs of the body. It has several vital
functions such as articulation, mastication and
deglutination of food and is well provided, for carrying
out all these functions. Like other parts of the body, the
structures in the mouth can also be affected with disease,
due to infection, or poor oral hygiene or as in most cases,
because of a bad habit or life style.
Oral health problems present as readily
recognisible symptoms and signs such as bleeding and
receding gums, painful holed teeth, sore mouth which is
difficult to openJeukoplakia of the buccal mucosa and
ulcers which do not heal which should prompt those
afflicted to seek medical help. Early diagnosis is easy.
Prompt and adequate therapy is rewarding because both
the structure and function can be easily conserved.
Health education and public health measures can
truly make all the difference between health and disease
in the case of Oral Health, not only in the immediate
future, but in later life too. For instance, in India it is
feasible to give appropriate health education regarding
the food habits and ill effects of consumption of
excessive sugar and other refined food and these
measures can be taken up energetically even at the
school level. This will not only prevent the epidemic of
caries and dental problems witnessed by the developed
countries in the middle of the present century but also
result in healthier food habits which can be of immense
benefit even in case of cardiovascular diseases and
cerebrovascular accidents. Good oral health is thus
basic for healthy life.
References:
I.
2
Luthra. U.K., Tewari. A., Shah. B. and Prabhakar, A.K.
Perspectives of research in oral health. J Indian Dent Assoc
58: 289. 1986.
Gallagher. SJ.. Glasgow. I. and Caldwell, R. Self application
of fluoride by rinsing. J Pub! Hhh Dent 34: 13. 1974.
3.
Horowitz, H.S., Creighton, W.E. and McClendon, BJ. The
effect on human dental caries of weekly ora! rinsing with
sodium fluoride mouth wash. Arch Oral Biol 16: 609, 1971.
4.
Niblock, W.J. Cancers in India. Indian Med Gaz37:161,1902.
5.
Biennial Report, National Cancer Registry Programme 198889. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 1992.
6. •
Mehta, F.S., Pindborg, J.J., Gupta, P.C., and Daftary, D.K.
Epidemiologic and histologic study of oral cancer and
leukoplakia among 50915 villagers in India. Cancer 24: 832,
1969.
7.
Gupta, P.C., Mehta, F.S., Pindborg, J.J., Aghi, M.B.,
Bhonsle, R.B., Dafiary, D.K., Muni, P.R., Shah, H.T. and
Sinor, P.N. Intervention study for primary prevention of oral
cancer among 36000 Indian tobacco users. Lancet i: 1235,
1986.
8.
Adhvaryu, S.G., Dave, B.J. and Trivedi, A.H. An in vitro
assessment of genotoxic potential of pan masalas. Indian J
Med Res 90:
9.
Bagwe, A.N., Ganu, U.K., Gokhale, S.V. and Bhisey, R.A.
Evaluation of mutagenicity of pan masala: a chewing
substitute widely used in India. Mutat Res 241: 349, 1990.
10.
Dave, B.J., Trivedi, A.H. and Adhvaryu, S.G. Cytogenetic
studies reveal increased genomic damage among pan masala
consumers. Mutagenesis 6: 159, 1991.
11.
Khrime, R.D., Mehra, Y.N., Mann, S.B.S. and Chakraborti,
R.N. Effect of instant preparation of betel nut (pan masala) on
the oral mucosa of albino rats. Indian J Med Res 94:119,199L
12.
Polasa, K., Babu, S. and Shenolikar, I.S. Dose dependent
genotoxic effect of pan masala and areca nut in the Salmonella
typhimurium assay. Fd Chem Toxic 31: 439, 1993.
13.
Patel, R.K., Jaju, R.J., Bakshi, S.R., Trivedi, A.H., Dave, B.J.
and Adhvaryu, S.G. Pan masala—a genotoxic menace. Mutat
Res 320; ?45, 1994.
14.
Ramachandran, C.R. Role of health personnel in tobacco
control. ICMR Bulletin Vol. 23:43, 1993.
15.
Report of the ICMR Collaborative Study on Community
Control of RFl RHD through Existing Health Infrastructure.
*ndian Councial of Medical Research, New Delhi (In Press).
16.
Kakar, S.K. Primary and secondary prevention of hearing
impairment in rural areas. ICMR Bulletin 23: 15, 1993.
This feature which commemorates "World Health DayM (April 7,
1994) is contributed by Dr. C.R. Ramachandran, Senior Dy.
Director-General. ICMR Headquarters. New Delhi.
55
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Generation of monoclonal antibodies .to estrogen recep
tor and their application in the study of human breast
cancer.
The study was carried out to isolate estrogen
receptor (ER) protein from ER+ human breast cancer
cell lines (like MCF匀)and also from ER+ human breast
tumours and generate monoclonal antibodies to the
purified ER protein. Immunohistochemical studies were
carried out on human breast cancer tissues and fine
needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens using
monoclonal antibodies specific to ER. Estrogen
receptor protein was isolated from MCF-7 cell linesand
breast tumour tissues by pulverization of the material
snap frozen in liquid nitorgen, polytron homogenization,
high speed centrifugation, column chromatographic
purificatin and lyophilization. The ER was characterized
by Scatchard analysis and sucrose density gradient
centrifugation. SDS PAGE identified the ER as a single
discrete protein with a molecular weight of approximately
66-67 kDa.
Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated
by hybridization of immune spleen cells of BALB/c
mice immunized with ER, with Sp2/O myeloma cells
using 50 per cent PEG as fusing agent. The positive
clones were screened by ELISA and selected by PAP
technique using ER positive frozen breast tumour tissue
sections. These MAbs, designated as ER E5,ERE10 and
ERD7 were found to recognize a cytosolic ER. These
MAbs were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation
and protein A sepharose chromatography. Specificity of
these MAbs to ER was ascertained by dot blot analysis,
western immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, radioimmuno uptake studies and immunofluorescence study.
Analysis of large number of normal breast tissues,
benign and malignant breast lesions of different
histological types, breast FNAB specimens and other
ER* tissues of carcinomas of the ovaries and
endometrium by ABC and PAP immunocytochemistry
revealed that these ER MAbs exhibited specific staining
of cytosolie ER. Most of the tumour cells were strongly
positive in the case of infiltrating ductal carcinomas and
mucoid adenocarcinomas. The ER values of 50
malignant breast httnour cytosols determined by DCC
assay and by engine immunoassay (E1A) using MAb
56
ER E5 were found to correlate. For 15 typical breast
tumours with ER values in the range of 3.5-270 fmol/ mg
protein, the staining patterns were proportionate to ER
values. It was concluded that MAbs ER E5, ERE10 and
ERD7 might, serve as a valuable diagnostic tools.
Besides, these may be highly useful in understanding the
molecular mechanism by which estrogens stimulate cell
proliferation.
M. Udaichander
M-. Meenakshi
Department of Biochemistry
Cancer Institute
Madras.
Intralenticular distribution of trace elements in normal
human cataractous lenses and their rote in cataractogenesis.
Intralenticular distribution of various trace elements
viz. zinc, copper, cadmium and selenium was studied in
different regions (equator, cortex and nucleus) of
human normal and senile catractous lenses. Normal
lenses were obtained from eye bank whereas cataractous
lenses were obtained by intracapsular extraction from
patients.
Concentration of all these elements were higher in
various categories (immature, cortical and nuclear) of
cataractous lenses compared to normal lenses. In
cataractous lenses maximum concentration of these
elements was found in the cortical and equitorial zones.
Nucleus had least amount of these elements.
Antioxidant status of lenses with and without senile
cataract was studied. Levels of glutathione-reductase,
glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase
showed a significant decrease in cataractous lenses
compared to normal lenses. Levels of ascorbic acid in
aqueous humour and lenses of cataractous patients
decreased significantly compared to normal eyes.
Metal binding proteins from different regions of the
lens viz. cortex 2nd nucleus were isolated and
characterised. A 10 per cent lens homogenate labelled
with 115mCd and subjected to G-75 chromatography
showed two peaks corresponding to a small high
molecualr weight protein and a low molecualr weight
metal binding protein. Cortical portion of lens bound
more
mCd than the nucleus. Levels of Zn and Cu
which co-eluted with I,5mCd were also higher in peaks
from cortical regions. \Molecualr weight of the metal
binding protein was found to be 10,000. Ultraviolet
spectra showed more absorbance at 254 nm which is
characterise;c of low molecualr weight metal binding
protein.
galactose cataract. The in vivo effect of vitamin C and E
(antioxidants) fed individually and in combination on
the* enzymes and lens opacification was also studied.
There was a significant alteration in the activity of all
these enzymes in the lenses of galactose fed rats. The
observed decrease in GP and GR could be prevented by
supplementing the galactose diet with vitamin C or
vitamin E.
Antibodies against purified lens protein from
cortical and nuclear regions, cross-reacted with lens
protein only and not with the low molecular weight
metal binding protein from liver or kidney showing that
(he lens protein is an organ specific protein. Increased
concentration of trace elements in the equator and*
cortex which are metabolically more active than the
nucleus and decreased levels of metal binding proteins in
this region are probably factors in the pathophysiology
of cataract formation.
The AR activity gradually decreased from day 2 to
day 30 of feeding galactose plus vitamin C and E. The
GP activity increased 3 times on day 23 as compared to
day 2, whereas the GR activity increased one and a half
times upto day 14 and then decreased upto day 28.
Similarly there was a gradual increase in catalase and
SOD activities upto day 23 on administration of vitamin
C and E together with galactose.
R. Nath
Department of Biochemistry
Postgraduate Institute of
Medical Education & Research
Chandigarh.
Role of oxidative stress enzymes in sugar cataract and •
prevention by antioxidants.
The study revealed that the activity of defence
system enzymes against oxidative stress was affected in
the lenses of galactose fed rats. This effect was reversed
to some extent by administering either vitamin C or
vitamin E alone in the galactose diet. However, the effect
of galactose feeding on lens enzyme activity was reversed
more significantly by administering both vitamin C and
E together with the galactose diet.
K. Gupta
Department of Biochemistry
All India Institute
of Medical Sciences
New Delhi.
The study was undertaken in Wistar strain albino
rats to find out the effect of galactose feeding on
activities of aldose reductase (AR), glutathione
reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP), catalase
and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at different stages of
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical
groups/ committees of the Council were held：
Meetings of the Scientific Advisory Committees
(SACs)/Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGs) held at
New Delhi:
SAC of the ICMR-NIC
Centre on Biomedical
Information
April 7, 1994
Mini-meeting of the SAG
on Traditional Medicine
Research
April 8, 1994
Meetings of the Steering Committees/ Project Review
Committees held:
Project Review Committee
for Research in NonCommunicable Diseases
March 23, 1994
(at New Delhi)
Steering Committee of
the Task Force on
Venoms and Toxins
Project Review Committee
on Pharmacology
April 14-15, 1994
(at Bombay)
April 15, 1994
(at Bombay)
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. S.P. Tripathy, Director-General, ICMR,
participated in the 20th session of the WHO South-East
Asia Advisory Committee on Health Research at
Yogyakarta, Indonesia (April 11-14, 1994).
Dr. C.R. Ramachandran, Senior Dy. DireqtorGeneral, ICMR, and Dr. Bhanu Iyengar, Director,
Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, participated in an
Investigators meeting of Project 93907 on Hospital
based Case Control Study of Prostate q^ncer and
Vasectomy at Bangkok (April 18-20, 1994).
57
COUNCIL'S TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1994-95
Virology
...
Training Course on Air Pollution Monitoring and
Risk Assessment (October 19-25, 1994).
...
Training Course in Pesticide Residue Analysis
(December 5-9, 1994).
At the National Institute of Virology, Pune:
...
Diploma in
Mayl995).
Medical
Virology
(June
1994-
Medical Entomology
Reproductive Biology
At the Institute for Research in Reproduction, Bombay:
...
Workshop on Gynaecologic Cytology and Immuno
cytochemistry (September 26-October 1, 1994).
Endocrinology
At the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry:
...
M.Sc.in Medical Entomology (from August 1994:
for 2 yeats).
...
Short-term Course on Malaria, Filariasis ,and
Urban. Vector Control for in-service candidates
(June 1994).
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
...
Annual Training Course on Endocrinological
Techniques and their Applications (August 1September 16, 1994).
Nutrition
Laboratory Animal Technology
At the Laboratory Animal Information Service Centre,
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
...
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Techni
cians (June 1*5-July 31, 1994).
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Super
visors (September 12- December 10, 1994).
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
...
M.Sc.in Applied Nutrition (June 1,1994-February
28, 1995).
...
...
Annual Training Course in Nutrition (December 1,
1994-February 28, 1995).
Haematology
、
Occupational Health
At the Institute of hnmunohaematology, Bombay:
...
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and
Blood Bank Methodologyfor Technicians (August
9-September 8, 1994).
...
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and
Blood Bank Methodology for Medical Officers
(August 9-October 7, 1994).
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
...
Orientatidn* Course on Occupational Health for
Industrial Medical Officers (September 19-24,
1994).
Editorial Board
Members
Dr. Badri N. Saxena
Dr. C.R. Ramachandran
Chairman
Dr. S.P. Tripathy
Director-General
Chief, Publication & Infonnation
Dr. G.V. Satyavati
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by^SJiri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of *Medical Research
New Delhi at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi
R.N. 21813/71
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