ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 27-No.-11-NOVEMBER-1997
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ISSN 0377-4910
ICMR
BULLETIN
Vol. 27, No. 11
November, 1997
MANSONIOIDES CONTROL - AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Among the filarial infections in humans caused by
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, the latter
constitutes 7.38 per cent of the total infection globally
and 9.9 per cent in south-east Asian countries. The total
population living in areas endemic for B. malayi is
estimated to be 1287 million with 4.8 million actually
carrying the infection1. Extensive research on various
aspects of filariasis has enabled the formulation of
suitable control strategies to contain this problem, which
is more socio-economic in nature. Vector control aimed
at interrupting transmission by reducing vector density
and parasite control by chemotherapy to reduce man’s
infectivity to the vector population are the two general
approaches of filariasis control. This disease has been
controlled successfully in many countries and has been
identified as one of the potentially eradicable diseases2.
Brugian filariasis still exists in India asover 5 million
people are at risk of this infection, although there has
been a declining trend 'in many of the endemic foci3,4.
Besides the conventional methods another potential
method available for the control of Mansonia
mosquitoes is the elimination of the aquatic weeds with
which they are closely associated for their survival and
propagation5,6. In this review, methods that generate
income, with vector control as a by-product are discussed
in view of their application in large scale operational
programmes to control brugian filariasis.
Aquatic Weeds and Public Health Problems
Many floating weeds support the breeding of
Mansonioides' mosquitoes. Such an association of
immatures was first identified as early as in 19057. Gravid
females deposit their eggs in the form of clusters under
the surface ofthe leaves of floating weeds and to the roots
of which the larvae attach themselves by serrated siphon
to obtain oxygen. Thus the survival of immatures is solely
dependent upon aquatic vegetation. Different species of
Mansonia mosquitoes prefer different host plants and
therefore the distribution of immatures and their intensity
are determined by the community structure of weeds8-9.
Hence, in brugian filariasis control operations, weed
control is ofprimary concern. Physical removal of aquatic
weeds such as Pisiia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta and
Eichhornia crassipes, the predominant hydrophytes
supporting vector breeding had been adopted as a method
of vector control in many areas1011. However, this leads
to recurrent expenditure on control operations since
aquatic hydrophytes are well known for their rapid
vegetative propagation12. Chemical means of weed
control13 is not advocated as the host plants of
Mansonioides mosquitoes grow in ponds located in houses
and other water bodies located close to human habitations.
Besides, weedicides are more expensive and hazardous
than larvicides.
,Di vision of Publication# informal io n
ICMR. New Del hi - I I 0 0 29
Vegetative Propagation of the Host Plants
E. crassipes, the most common and perennial floating
weed in many water bodies with wide distribution is known
for its high rate of multiplication. It has been reported that
the biomass accumulation for this species is as high as
20 g/m2/day14. Preponderate vegetative reproduction and
copious seed production in water hyacinth enables this
weed to encroach upon newer areas and recolonize the old
ones. S. molesta, an aquatic fem is known to double its
biomass in 2.2 days in mid summer and 5-8 weeks in
winter14. P.stratiotes, another floating weed is also
prevalent in most parts of India, particularly in Kerala and
West Bengal and is the most preferred host plant for the
mosquito vector Mansonia annulifera9. All three
hydrophytes support the breeding of Mansonioides
mosquitoes. In addition, a large number of semi-aquatic
and emergent vegetation are also known to be the natural
host plants for Mansonioides mosquitoes15. The host
specificity of these mosquitoes differ with species, and
the prevalence of hydrophytes primarily determines the
prevalence of vector mosquitoes.
Weed control is closely related to the economic utiliza
tion of weeds which are varied and complex. The range of
economic utility differs at various levels ranging from
individual’s usage as manure to agencies work to manu
facture handicraft, fish feed, etc. Any use of aquatic weeds
would be economical and far outweigh the money that
would otherwise be spent on herbicides to control weeds
and the losses and inconvenience caused by the weeds if
left uncontrolled.
Feedfor livestock
Conversion of aquatic weeds into feed for livestock or
other animals had been attempted earlier19. The current
concept is to utilize a wide spectrum of aquatic weeds
which are processed in large quantities as feed for live
stock. Aquatic weeds on account of their fibre contents
can be an ideal raw material for feed for different animals.
Although low fibre content is desirable as in the case of
submerged weeds, high fibre content weeds like water hya
cinth can also be used as a roughage fodder for ruminants.
Water hyacinth contains 25-35 per cent crude protein in
its leaves, besides it has adequate lysine content20.
Control of Vector Breeding by Elimination of Weeds
Application of adulticide is not recommended as the
feeding and resting behaviour of adult females of different
species exhibit wide variations16. Due to the long duration
of immature stages and periodic pattern of detachment
behaviour17, use of larvicide is also not feasible. However,
the breeding of these vector mosquitoes can be controlled
through environmental management involving deweeding/
fish culture. Such programmes can be implemented
effectively only through community participation, where
individuals and families assume the responsibility in
controlling the disease. To ensure the sustainability of their
involvement and the control programmes, some economic
incentives to the community is indispensable whereby
disease control become a by-product18. When the aquatic
weeds are targeted to control the breeding of vectors of
brugian filariasis, there is a growing emphasis on the
economic utilization of weeds.
Feed for fish
Economic Usage of Weeds
Composite fish culture involving fast growing edible
varieties of carps such as Catla catla, C. carpio, Labeo
rohita, Labeo fimbriatus, Cirrhina mrigala and C. idella
is an economic approach for weed control and thereby
vector control. This strategy has been successfully
demonstrated in Kerala for control of Mansonioides
mosquitoes18. Based on the overall survival rate of
Among the aquatic vegetation, members of the family
Gramineae are recorded as being the most preferred host
plant especially for Ma uniformis15. Cartoon weeds have
been used to make homes, animal feed and decorative craft
articles; these weeds have also been grown as a soil binder.
110
A number of edible fishes feed voraciously on aquatic
weeds and therefore fish could be considered as potential
biocontrol agents. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus
carpio and many other carps are known to feed on aquatic
weeds21. A study carried out in Kerala shows that the weeds
infested in ponds could easily be controlled by stocking
the ponds with fingerlings and fries of these edible fishes22.
C. idella can attain a size of 1 kg in one year in warm
water and about 4 kg in tropical region23. The giant gourami
(Osphronemus gourami) is an exclusive phytophagous fish
and under field conditions these fishes preferably devour
P. stratiotes, followed by S', molesta and E. crassipes. The
growth rate (g) and survival rate (%) for this fish were
foundlo be 498 ±153 and 60.0 respectively in one year22.
Fish culture as a means of weed/vector control
21.71 per cent of the fingerlings of carps and the average
growth rate of 0.736 kg in one year, the average yield has
been estimated to be 90 kg per pond of 100 sq. m. fetching
an income of around Rs.l 800Z- besides reduction in vector
breeding status from 80.6 to 28.2 per cent in these ponds.
opportunities to the local population. Hence the economic
potential ofthese weeds should be exploited. In this process
health and economic progress can go hand in hand, in an
eco-friendly environment.
References
Soil amendments
1.
World Health Organisation. Lymphatic filariasis: The disease
and its control. Tech Rep Ser 821: 3, 1992.
2.
World Health Organisation. Vector control for malaria and other
mosquito-borne diseases. Tech Rep Ser 857: 1995.
3.
Rao, C.K., Russel, S. and Chandrasekharan, A. Some aspects of
epidemiology of Brugia malayi in India. JCommun Dis 10:261,
1978.
4.
Rajagopalan, P.K., Krishnamoorthy, K. Panicker, K.N. and
Sabesan, S. Epidemiological assessment of different interven
tion measures for the control of malayan filariasis in Shertallai,
South India. Misc Publ VCRC 17: 18, 1990.
Source ofpaper pulp
5.
Use of E. crassipes as a source of paper pulp is also
one of the methods of economic utilization. This weed can
be a good substitute with other weeds such as Typha sp.
and Phragmites sp for paper making. Besides, the weeds
can be a source for raw material for fibre glass, resin, e/c12.
Antonipulle, P. David, H.V. and Karunaratne, M.D.R. Biology
and control of Taeniorhynchus (Mansonioides) uniformis,
Theobald, the chief vector of rural filariasis in Ceylon. Bull WHO
19: 295, 1958.
6.
Burton, GJ. Studies on the bionomics of mosquito vectors which
transmit filariasis in India. I. Attachment of Mansonia annulifera
and Mansonia uniformis larvae to host plants occurring in Pistia
tanks in Kerala, South India. Indian J Malariol 13: 75, 1959.
Source of energy
7.
Goeldi, E.A. Os mosquitos no para. Memmus Goeldi Paraense
4: 106, 1905.
8.
Burton, GJ. Method of attachment of pupae of Mansonia
annulifera (Theo) and Mansonia uniformis (Theo) to Pistia
stratiotes. Bull Entomol Res 55: 691, 1964.
9.
Rajendran, G., Krishnamoorthy, K., Sabesan, S. and Panicker,
K.N. Field observations on the host plant selection by
Mansonioides mosquitoes for oviposition and larval attachment.
Trop Biomed 10: 1, 1993.
10.
Iyengar, M.O.T. Studies on the epidemiology of filariasis in
Travancore. Indian Med Res Memoir 30: 1, 1938.
11.
Chandrasekharan, A., Das, M., Krishna Rao, C.H. and Rao, Ch.
Pilot project for the control of Brugia malayi filariasis. Part I.
Some aspects of bionomics of vectors. J Commun Dis 8: 179,
1976.
12.
Gupta, O.P. Aquatic Weed Management. Today and Tomorrow
Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, p.247, 1987.
13.
Yap, H.H. Review on the control of brugian filaria vector, espe
cially Mansonia species. Proceedings of WHO Regioal Seminar
on Control ofBrugian Filariasis held at Kuala Lumpur, Malay
sia, 1985, World Health Organization, Geneva, p. 131, 1985.
14.
Farrel, T.P. Control ofSalvinia molesta and Hydrilla verticillata
in Lake Moondarra, northwest Queensland: Seminar on Man
agement of aquatic weeds. Australian Water Resources Council,
Department of Natural Resources: Canberra p.57, 1979.
The soil can be improved using compost of weeds.
Aquatic weeds grown in ponds on harvesting have been
utilized as a good source of manure. It has been reported
that water hyacinth turns into compost in 12 days, which
is rich in potash and a source of organic matter12. Har
vested weeds are piled on shore for two or three days.
Animal dung, soil and ash are mixed with the weeds to
accelerate decomposition. This manure increases the fer
tility of the soil and thereby the crop yield24.
E. crassipes plants produces methane under anaerobic
condition, while decomposing. Higher water content of
the weed is useful in maintaining the anaerobic bacterial
decomposition to produce methane. An investigation
carried out in USA has proved that each kilogram of water
hyacinth produced 370 1 biogas containing 69 per cent
methane24.
Handicrafts
Water hyacinth is extensively used in the Thailand as
a principal raw material for the manufacture of various
handicrafts such as toys, baskets, carry bags, etc. This pro
vides employment for rural folks, where the raw materials
are abundantly available25.
Weed Control - An Alternative for Disease Control
Mansonioides control is thus possible through control
of weeds, as control of immatures and adults using
insecticides is not practical. Further, weeds can be a
potential raw material for various cottage and large scale
industries in the rural areas, providing employment
»
111
15.
16.
Krishnamoorthy, K., Rajendran, G. and Panicker, K.N. Aquatic
vegetation and their natural hospitality to the immatures of
Mansonia mosquitoes, the vector of Brugia malayi in Shertallai,
Kerala, India, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 25: 760,
1994.
Wharton, R.H. The biology of Mansonia mosquitoes in relation
to the transmission of filariasis in Malaya. Institute for Medical
Research Kuala Lumpur Bull 11: 30, 1962.
21.
Panicker, K.N., Srinivasan, R. Viswam, K. and Rajagopalan, P.K.
Larvivorous potential of some cypriniformes fishes. Indian J Med
Res 82: 517, 1985.
•22.
Panicker, K.N., Jayasree, M., and Krishnamoorthy, K. Utility
of food fishes for the control of mosquito vectors of Malayan
filariasis in Shertallai, Kerala. J Biol Control 5: 18, 1991.
23.
Jhingran, V.G. Fish andfisheries ofIndia (2nd Edition). Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, Delhi (India), p.954, 1975.
24.
Brij Gopal. Aquatic Plant Studies: 1. Water Hyacinth, Elsevier
Science Publications, New York, U.S.A., p.129, 1987.
The Royal Project ofFolk Arts and Crafts for Farmers. The Support
Foundation, Thailand, National Council of Women of Thailand,
p.61, 1984.
17.
Rajendran, G., Krishnamoorthy, K., Sabesan, S. and Panicker,
K.N. Attachment behaviour of immatures of Mansonia annulifera
(Theobald) 1901. Indian J Med Res 89: 192, 1989.
18.
Panicker, K.N. Jayasree, M. and Krishnamoorthy, K. A cost benefit
analysis of fish culture strategy towards the control of
Mansonioides in Shertallai, Kerala State. Indian J Med Res 95:
157, 1992.
25.
19.
Mitchell, D.S. Supply of plant nutrient chemicals in lakes. Geo
physical Monograph Series 17: 165, 1973.
20.
Bagnall, L.O., Casselman, T.W., Kesterson, J.W., Easley, J.F.
and Hellwig, R.E. Aquatic forage processing in Florida. Trans
Am Soc Agri Engg 20: 221, 977.
This write-up is contributed by Dr. K.N. Panicker, Dy. Direc
tor (Sr. Grade), Dr. R. Srinivasan, Technical Officer, Dr. G.
Rajendran, Sr. Research Officer and Dr. K. Krishnamoorthy,
Asstt. Director, Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry605006.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Characterization of the antigens of Helicobacter
pylori and the specific serological response in as
ymptomatic colonization and infective upper gas
trointestinal diseases
The study was carried out on endoscopic gastric
biopsies of patients with various gastrointestinal dis
orders to isolate, characterize immunologically and
study the strain variation in antigenic .structure of
Helicobacter pylori.
A total of 555 endoscopic gastric antral biopsy
samples from 504 consecutive patients with dyspeptic
symptoms were studied for their H. pylori status.
Smear microscopy, rapid urease test and culture
isolation revealed 46,43 and 23 per cent positivity
respectively for H pylori.
SDS-PAGE protein analysis of 20 H pylori clinical
isolates and H pylori reference strain (ATCC 49503)
for strain variation showed a common pattern with all
isolates consistently having nine major protein bands
112
(molecular weights 90, 65, 60, 48, 35, 31,28 and 21
kDa). There were detectable strain variations limited
to the less prominant bands at 48-60 (1 band), 35-42
(3-4 bands) and 21-28 (3 bands) kDa regions.
Western blot enzyme immunoasay (WB-E1 A) of
electrophoretically separated proteins of clinical
isolates of H. pylori and the reference strain using
hyperimmune rabbit serum showed major common
immunoreactive components at 21,28,42,48, 65, 70
and 116-120 kDa zones. Some minor immunoreactive
bands which showed strain variations were limited to
26-32 (1-2 hands), 30-40 (4-5 bands) and > 120 kDa
(1-2 bands). WB-E1A with serum samples from
patients and controls showed four reactive bands in
the molecular weight range of45-65 kDa in all subjects
irrespective of their H. pylori status or
histopathological severity of the lesion. In contrast 45 immunoreactive bands between 21 and 45 kDa were
found only in patients with positive H. pylori status
and evidence of active gastritis.
dh
A total of 120 family members of 40 dyspeptic
patients (20 each age and sex matched H. pylori
positive and H pylori negative) were screened for
seropositivity for H pylori using an ELISA, developed
in house and validated. Twenty nine of the 69 (42%)
family members of the positive and 20 of 51 (39%) of
the negative group were found seropositive for H.
pylori antibodies; with no significant difference
between the two groups. Seropositivity increased with
age from 34 per cent at < 20 years of age to > 80 per
cent in the 6th decade. No family clustering could be
found on the basis of seropositivity. There was a strong
correlation of seropositivity with upper gastrointestinal
symptoms in the family members of the H. pylori
positive group.
Pal lab Ray
Department of Medical Microbiology,
Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research, Chandigarh.
Publication:
Chatha, I., Ray. P., Bhasin, D.K., Panigrahi, D.,. Khanna, T.»
Vaiphei, K., Singh, K. and Singh, H. Western blot analysis of
serological response to Helicobacter pylori in acid peptic disease.
Indian J Med Res 105: 170, 1997.
Evaluation of dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide
pulse therapy as curative treatment of pemphigus
Clinical trials were carried out between 1991-1996
in 251 pemphigus patients to evaluate the efficacy of
dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse (DCP)
therapy. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis by Tzanck
smears, histopathology, direct immunofluorescent
(DIF) test on clinically uninvolved skin and indirect
immunofluorescent (IIF) test for serum titres of
intercellular antibodies, were included in the study.
Dexamethasone (lOOmg) in 500 ml of 5 per cent
dextrose was given intravenously (iv) on three
consecutive days with 500 mg of cyclophosphamide
iv preferably on day 2, followed by daily oral
cyclophosphamide (50mg) on subsequent days. The
high doses of dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide
wfcre repeated at 4 weekly intervals till the patients
achieved complete clinical remission (phase I) and
continued to be in remission at least for six months
(phase II). Daily low oral dose, of cyclophosphamide
was continued (phase III) and stopped after one year
and the patients were followed up at 6 monthly
intervals for as long as possible (phase IV). Serum
titres of intercellular antibodies were determined at
various phases of the study.
Thirty eight patients could not complete the
treatment, while five died during treatment. Of the
remaining 208 patients, 11 were in phase 1,30 in phase
II and 44 in phase III; 123 patients who had completed
the treatment were in remission without any
maintenance therapy in 1996. The duration of post
treatment follow up in these patients was more than 2
years in 34 patients and less than 2 years in 89 patients.
The relapse rates were found to be 19 per cent (4
out of 21) in patients who received irregular treatment
and 11 per cent (12 out of 132) in patients who re
ceived regular treatment during phase II. These 16
patients were given a second course of DCP. Of these,
3 patients continued to have active disease (phase 1),
6 were in remission but still had to complete the treat
ment schedule (phase II and III). Seven patients were
in phase IV; the duration of post-treatment follow up
being more than 2 years in one patient and less than 2
years in 6 patients.
There was a progressive reduction in the serum titres
of intercellular antibodies as treatment progressed, but
these changes were not uniform in all the patients.
From the data generated during this study it may
be concluded that DCP therapy regimen can cure pem
phigus leading to quick recovery and low incidence
. of side effects. If DCP is not given strictly as per the
schedule, patients are likely to relapse requiring a sec
ond course of DCP.
J.S. Pasricha
Department of Dermatology,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi
113
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical committees/groups of the Council were held:
Meetings of the Expert Groups (EGs)ZProject Review
Committee (PRC) held at New Delhi:
Dr. H.N. Saiyed, Director, National Institute of
Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, participated in the
International Conference on Occupational Safety and
Health in the Informal Sector < ■. B ■ 11 (October 21-24,1997).
Dr. V.P. Sharma, Director, Malaria Research Centre
(MRC), Delhi, participated in the workshop on Neem for
Management of Vectors of Malaria, Elephantiasis and
Kala-azar at Mbita, Kenya (October 24-28, 1997).
EG on Antiretrovirals and HIV/
AIDS
October 15,1997
EG on use of butylated hydroxy
arisole in chewing and bubble
gums
October 17,1997
EG on nutritional analysis of
some of agriculture produce
cultivated in different types of
soils using fly ash
November 5-6,1997
PRC on Mental Health,
Neurology, Orthopaedics,
Environmental Health and
Biomedical Engineering
November 11,1997
Dr.,N. Lakshmaiah, Dy. Director, and Dr. S. Bapu Rao,
Asstt. Director, National Institute of Nutrition (NIN),
Hyderabad, participated in the II International Workshop
on Fluorosis and Defluoridation of Water at Addis Ababa
(November 10-12,1997).
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. K. Vijayaraghavan, Dy. Director (Sr. Grade), NIN,
Hyderabad, participated in the workshop on Prevention
and Control of Micronutrient Malnutrition through Food
based Actions in SAARC Countries at Dhaka (November
17-20,1997).
Dr. Srikanth Tripathy, Asstt. Director, National AIDS
Research Institute, Pune, participated in the IV
International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific at
Manila (October 25-29,1997).
Dr. Neeru Singh, Dy. Director, MRC, Delhi^
participated in the symposium on Malaria in Pregnancy at
Kishumu, Kenya (November 10-12,1997).
Dr. A.P. Dash, Dy. Director, Regional Medical
Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, participated in the II
International Congress of Vector Ecology at Florida
(October 19-24,1997).
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Date & Place
Contact Address
Course/Conference
Seminar on Current Status of Thalassaemia in
India and National Workshop on Carrier
Detection and Antenatal Diagnosis of
Thalassaemia
November 13 and
14-15,1997;
(at Lucknow)
Dr. Sarita Agarwal, Organising Secretary, Dep
artment of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014.
International Conference on Advances in
Reproductive Medicine
November 15-18,1997;
(at Calcutta)
Dr. Sudersan Ghosh Dastidar, Organising Secretary-ICARM’97, Infertility Clinic and l.V.F. Cen
tre, 208, Rash Behari Avenue, Calcutta-700029.
Asia-Pacific Congress on Head and Neck Cancer
December 11-14,1997;
(at Mumbai)
Dr. Ashok R. Mehta, Chairman of the Congress,
Department of Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital,
Mumbai-400012.
114
COUNCIL’S TRAINING PROGRAMMES
Reproductive Biology
Occupational Health
At the Institutefor Research in Reproduction, Mumbai:
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
•
Workshop on Basic Molecular Biology for Clinicians
(December 2-11,1997).
Training Course on Environmental Hygiene Practice
(November 10-14, 1997).
Laboratory Animal Technology
Nutrition
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
•
Postgraduate Certificate Course in Nutrition (Decem
ber 1,1997-February 28, 1998).
At the National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science,
National Institute ofNutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Training Course for Laboratory Animal Supervisors
(September 1-November 29, 1997).
i>
ICMR PUBLICATIONS
Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. (1985), by C. Gopalan, B.V. Ramasastri and
S.C. Balasubramaniam, Revised and Updated (1989), by B.S. Narasinga Rao, K.C. Pant
and Y.G. Deosthale (Reprinted 1995)
Price (Rs.)
23.00
Growth & Physical Development of Indian Infants and Children (1972, Reprinted 1989)
10.00
Studies on Weaning & Supplementary Foods (1974, Reprinted 1996)
15.00
Studies on Pre-School Children (1974, Reprinted 1984)
6.00
A Manual of Nutrition (Second Edition 1974, Reprinted 1995)
6.00
Low Cost Nutritious Supplements (Second Edition 1975, Reprinted 1994)
4.00
Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch Programmes Suitable for
North India (Second Edition 1977, Reprinted 1994)
4.50
■Menus for Low Cost Balanced Diets and School Lunch programmes Suitable for
6.00
South India (Fourth Edition 1996)
Some Common Indian Recipes and their Nutritive Value (Fourth Edition 1977,
Reprinted 1995) by Swaran Pasricha & L.M. Rebello
10.00
Nutrition for Mother & Child (Third Edition 1978, Reprinted 1994) by P.S.
Venkatachalam & L.M. Rebello
9.00
Some Therapeutic Diets (Fifth Edition 1996) by Swaran Pasricha
7.00
Nutrient Requirements & Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (1990, Reprinted 1995)
16.00
Fruits (Second Edition 1996) by Indira Gopalan & M. Mohan Ram
20.00
115
Count What You Eat (1989, Reprinted 1994) by Swaran Pasricha
9.00
Diet & Diabetes (Second Edition 1993) by T.C. Raghuram, Swaran Pasricha & R.D. Sharma
18.00
Dietary Tips for the Elderly (1992) by Swaran Pasricha & B.V.S. Thimmayamma
3.50
Diet and Heart Disease (1994, Reprinted 1996) by Ghafoorunissa and Kamala Krishnaswamy
26.00
Depressive Disease (1986) by A. Venkoba Rao
58.00
♦Medicinal Plants of India Vol.2 (1987)
136.00
* 25 per cent discount allowed to individuals.
These publications are available on prepayment of cost by cheque, bank draft or postal orfler (bank and postal charges will be
extra) in favour of the Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. Money orders are not acceptable. All
correspondence in this regard should be addressed to the Chief, Division of Publication and Information, Indian Council of Medical
Research, Post Box No.4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029 (India).
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Grant-in-aid for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops
The Council provides partial financial assistance for organising Seminars/Symposia/Workshops.
Applications for grant of financial assistance (complete in all respects in the prescribed proforma), will
be considered only if furnished at least four months before the date of commencement of the
Seminar/Symposium/Workshop, etc.
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman
Director-General
ICMR
Members
Dr. Badri N. Saxena
Dr. Bela Shah
Dr. Lal it Kant
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110 029
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