ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 29-No.-9-SEPTEMBER-1998
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- ICMR BULLETIN VOL. 29-No.-9-SEPTEMBER-1998
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Vol. 29, No. 9
September, 1998
NUCLEAR MEDICINE PRACTICE AND RADIATION DOSES TO PATIENTS
IN INDIA : PART III. CALCULATION OF RADIATION DOSES TO INDIAN PATIENTS.
The important parameters involved in the calcula
tion of internal radiation dose to a patient undergoing
nuclear medicine diagnostic investigations, are (i) the
total quantity of administered radionuclide; (ii) physi
cal characteristics of the radionuclide, like its half-life,
type of emitted radiation, their energy and yield per dis
integration; (iii) biokinetics of the radionuclide in the
patient's body, ie its transportation, retention and finally
excretion; (iv) weight and size of the body organs; and
(v) the values of tissue weighting factor of irradiated
tissues and organs that take into account the difference
in their radiosensitivity to radiation detriment.
Good and reliable data usually exist on the total
quantity of the administered radionuclide as well as on
the physical characteristics of the radiation emitted. To
provide information on other parameters, a major step
was taken by the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) in evolving a Reference Man with well
defined characteristics1. The Reference Man is basically
a Caucasian and a west European or North American in
habitat and customs. He is defined as being between 2030 years of age weighing 70 kg and 170 cm in height. He
lives in a climate with an average temperature ranging
between 20-30°C. The ICRP also formulated metabolic,
physiological and anatomical parameters for infants and
children of various age groups2. The modified
methodology3, applied for effective dose estimation, was
a step forward in improving the internal radiation
dosimetry; however, the doses calculated were appropriate
for the ICRP Reference Man with its basic characteristics.
The distinctive parameters formulated for The ICRP
Reference Man, would obviously, not be directly applicable
to other populations. Efforts were made in various countries
to formulate their own Reference Man specifications.
Japanese workers have generated data for a Japanese
Reference Man4 and have also proposed anatomical and
physical data for an Asian Reference Man5.
Data on physical, physiological, anatomical and
metabolic characteristics for healthy Indians are limited.
Gharpure and Jhala6*8 reported on the weights of various
organs and their relationship with body weight. Vijaya
Raghavan et aP and ICMR10 provided valuable data on
the development of Indian children. Preliminary values
for an average 'Indian Man' came from extensive studies
carried out at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre11"15
The main source of data on the body weight and height
has been the reports on extensive nation-wide surveys
carried out both for rural and urban populations in India
by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB)16"18.
Recently, the physical, anatomical and physiological
characteristics of Indian population were described by
Jain et al'9 and Dang et aPQ by studying over 12,000
autopsies of accidental death victims in various parts of
the country. The main criteria for selection of cases were
Division of Publication & Information, ICMR, New Delhi - 110029
that the subjects were physiologically an$ nutritionallynormal and did not show any pathological changes. These
studies provided the required data for evolving the Indian
Reference Man. The effective doses of the
radiopharmaceuticals studied have been calculated taking
into consideration the anatomical and physical difference
between the average Indian adult and the ICRP Reference
Man.
Further, due to variations in dietary habits, water in
take, climatic conditions and ethnic considerations, it was
felt that the biological behaviour of many of the
radiopharmaceuticals studied might be different in the
Indian population as compared to the ICRP Reference
Man. However, no reliable data especially with regard
to quantitative measurement, are available. This may be
due to the fact that clinicians are often only interested
in the initial distribution and metabolism of a test sub
stance, whereas for dosimetric calculations long-term
retention data are of prime importance. Recently, long
term retention studies demonstrated that the biological
half-lives of 3H, ,3,I and ,37Cs (which are present in a
nuclear power reactor environment) were 5, 55 and 66
days respectively in Indian adults21 in comparison to 10,
120 and 110 days respectively, reported for the ICRP
Reference Mam A method has been evolved to estimate
the effective doses in Indian adults due to these radionu
clides taking into consideration their different metabolic
behaviour.
Analysing the cancer morbidity and mortality data
of Jussawala et aP2'2A, Mehta and Sarangapani25. demon
strated that the relative contribution of various organs in
the Indian population to the total radiation health detri
ment might besignificantly different from those assumed
by the International Commission on Radiological Pro
tection. They also suggested a set of new tissue weight
ing factor values for the Indian Population. The effect of
this suggested change in tissue weighting factor values
on effective doses of some selected and widely used
radiopharmaceuticals has also been examined.
Estimation of Effective Doses of Some Radiopharma
ceuticals
The total body weight and some organ weights of an
average Indian adult are compared with that of ICFU5 Ref
erence Man in Table I. The weights of these nine organs
were used to estimate the absorbed dose coefficients for
Indian adults for the radiopharmaceuticals studied. Us
ing the methodology of Yamaguchi26 for the principal
82
gamma energies, dose transformation factors (DTF) were
computed for these organs. For other organs, if the weight
of the organ was less than or equal to 20g, DTF was
taken as 1 and for others, DTF was computed consider
ing the organ masses to be proportional to body mass.
The absorbed dose coefficients to the various organs
due to the radiopharmaceutical2, were then multiplied
by the respective DTF values to give the absorbed dose
coefficients for the organs of Indian adults. Employing
the tissue weighting factor values as given by the ICRP27
and using the modified methodology of dose estimation3,
effective dose to Indian patients were calculated.28*31
Table I. Comparison of Indian adult male organs weight and total
body weight20 with ICRP Reference Man’/
Weights (g)
Organ
Indian
ICRP Reference Man
Brain
1236±127
1400
Heart
234±52
330
Kidneys
224±48
310
Liver
U35±251
1800
Lungs
841±154
1000
Spleen
137±67
180
Pancreas
96±34
100
Testes
35±5
35
Thyroid
J9±7
20
Total Body
51500±8500
70000
Superscript nos. refer to the si. nos. in the reference list.
The data on long-term retention of different f )
radiopharmaceuticals in the Indian population, is extremely
limited. Using data from a recent study on the biological
half- lives of ingested 3H, l3,I and ,37Cs in Indian adults21,
the effective half-lives of these radionuclides were cal
culated in Indian adults as well as in the ICRP Reference
Man and the corresponding modifying factor was calcu
lated. When the ICRP value of the effective dose32 due
to one of the radionuclide is multiplied by its modifying
factor, the effective dose in an Indian adult is obtained
for that radionuclide.33
In all the effective dose estimations, the tissue weight
ing factor values as given in 1990 ICRP recommenda
tions27, were used. These values were arrived at keeping
in view the contribution of various organs to the total
radiation health detriment averaged over the populations
of China, Japan, Puerto Rico, UK and USA. In the light
of the observations of Mehta and Sarangapani25 and the
suggested values of tissue weighting factor for the In
dian population, the effective doses of some selected and
widely used radiopharmaceuticals were recalculated and
compared with, the values obtained earlier.
Comparison of the effective dose coefficients for
Indian adults with the ICRP values (ICRP 1992)34 due
to radiopharmaceuticals used in India is shown in Table
II. In all instances, the values of the dose coefficients
were higher in the Indian adult by about 12% (5-18%).
This indicates that for the same amount of administered
activity, due to smaller weight and body stature, an In
dian adult receives a higher effective dose and is at higher
risk for radiation health detriment.
Table III depicts the effective dose from ingestion
of 3H, ,3,I and ,37Cs in an average Indian considering the
anatomical difference between ICRP Reference Man and
average Indian, and both the anatomical and physiologi
cal differences. There was no difference between ICRP
values and Indian values for 3H as the radionuclide is a
pure beta emitter and has uniform whole body distribu
tion. In case of ,3,I and of I37Cs, the values for an Indian
adult were higher by 3 and 15% respectively. If anatomical
as well as biological turnover in the ICRP Reference Man
and in an average Indian are considered, the effective
doses were always lower. Thus the smaller body weight
and stature cause higher radiation dose but the faster turn
over of these radionuclides in an Indian adult has the
effect .of lowering the radiation dose.
Table II. Comparison between effective dose coefficient values calculated for Indian adults and ICRP values
(ICRP 1992)** due to radiopharmaceuticals used in India.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Effective values (mSv/MBq)
ICRP 1992 (A)
Effective values (mSv/MBq)
for Indian adults (B)
Difference between
two values (%)
(A~B) x 100
A
^"Tc pertechnetate
(no blocking agent)
"mTc DTPA
99mTc Gluconate
Glucoheptonate
"mTc HMPAO
99mTcHSA
"mTc large colloid
(Sulphur colloid)
"mTc DMSA
""’Tc Phosphates
99mTc Erythrocytes
""TcMAA
67Ga Citrate
1311 Hippuran
20,TI Chloride
,3,I Sodium iodide
(5% uptake)
1311 Sodium iodide
(45% uptake)
99mTc labelled citrate complex
"mTc MA G3
(normal kidney function)
"mTc denatured RBC
""’Tc aerosol (DTPA)
"mTc MIB1
wmTclDA
5,CrEDTA
^CrTc Platelets
75Sc methionine
1.4 E-02
1.5 E-02
7
5.2 E-03
5.4 E-03
6.02 E-03
6.05 E-03
15
12
9.1 E-03
6.1 E-03
9.2 E-03
9.83 E-03
6.71 E-03’*
10.32 E-03
7
10
12
8.7 E-03
5.8 E-03
6.6 E-03
1.1 E-02
1.1 E-01
5.3 E-02
2.3 E-01
6.1 E-02 (0% uptake)
9.98 E-03
6.6 E-03
7.4 E-03
1.3 E-02
1.29 E-01
6.17 E-02
2.6 E-01
3.7 E-02
15
13
12
18
17
16
13
2.4 E+01 (35%uptake)
3.2 E+01
-
7.1 E-03
7.3 E-03
7.8 E-03
7.7 E-03
9
5
2.9 E-02
6.1 E-03
8.5 E-03
1.5 E-02
2.1 E-03
1.8 E-01
2.5 E+00
3.4 E-02
7.0 E-03
9.1 E-03
1.63 E-02
2.4 E-03
2.01 E-01
2.9 E-00
16
14
7
9
14
12
16
Superscript no. refers to the sl.no. in the reference list.
83
Table III. Comparison of effective dose from ingestion of 3H, ,3,I
and ,37Cs in an average Indian33 and ICRP Reference
Man22.
Radio
nuclide
Effective dose Sv/Bq
ICRP
Indian; Anatomical
consideration only
Indian; Anatomi
cal and physiologi
cal consideration
3H
1.8 E-ll
1.8 E-ll
(0%)
9.00 E-12
(-50%)
,3,I
2.17 E-08
2.24 E-08
(+3.2%)
2.10 E-08
(-3.2%)
,37Cs
1.34 E-08
1.54 E-08
(+14.9%)
9.27 E-09
(-30.8%)
Superscript nos. refer to the si nos. in the reference list.
The effect of suggested tissue weighting factor for
the Indian population on effective dose coefficients
due to some radiopharmaceuticals are shown in Table
IV. With anatomical considerations only as shown
earlier, the effective dose was always higher in the
Indian adult, in comparison to the ICRP Reference Man,
however, when the new suggested tissue weighting
factor values were used for effective dose estimation,
the doses were lower by about 15% from Indian values
for these radionuclides. As no data are available on
biological turnover of these radiodiagnostic agents in
the Indian population, the study could not be extended
further.
Table IV. Comparison of effective dose coefficients calculated with
Indian values of
and ICRP valuesHdue to some
Conclusions
For realistic internal radiation dosimetry, population
specific data on organ weights, biological half-lives of
various radiodiagnostic agents and organ/tissue weighting
factor values for the irradiated organs or tissues, are
needed.. Smaller stature and organs weights of Indians
result in higher effective dose per unit intake of
radioactivity in comparison to the ICRP Reference Man.
However, the relatively shorter biological half-lives or
faster turnover of the three radionuclides ie 3H, ,3II and
of ,37Cs (for which the data are available), has the effect
of lowering the effective dose. When both the factors
are considered together they tend to cancel the effect of
each other. Further, the study of Mehta and Sarangapani25
stated that Indians are at lower risk of radiation health
detriment in comparison to ICRP Reference Man for the
similar exposure situations. It is therefore important to
consider all the factors that contribute to effective dose
estimates so that the values may be meaningful and
realistic.
References
1.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Reference
Man : Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteris
tics, ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, New York, 1975.
2.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation
dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. (ICRP Publication
53). Ann ICRP 18(1-4): 1, 1987.
3.
Gupta, M.M. and Nagaratnam, A. Assessment of radiological
safety of some new diagnostic agents used in nuclear medicine
investigations. J Radiol Prot 13: 37, 1993.
4.
Tanaka, G.I., Kawamura, H., and Nakahara Y. Reference Japa
nese Man-I: Mass of organs and other characteristics of normal
Japanese. Health Phys 36: 336, 1979.
5.
Tanaka, G.I. Anatomical and physical characteristics for Asian
Reference Man - A proposal. Ibaraki; National Institute of Ra
diological Sciences Report; NIRS-M-95, 1993.
6.
Gharpure, P.V. and Jhala, H.I. The relationship of the body weight
and the weights of the organs. The heart. Indian Med Gaz 84:
541, 1949.
7.
Gharpure, P.V. and Jhala, H.I. The relationship of the body weight
and weights of the organs. The brain. Indian Med. Gaz 85: 342,
1950.
8.
Gharpure, P.V. and Jhala H.I The ratio of the body weight to the
weights of organs. Part IV. The kidneys, the spleen, the liver,
the lungs, the pancreas, the pituitary, the, suprarenals, the thy
roid and the testes. Indian Med Gaz 87: 487, 1952.
9.
Vijaya Raghavan, K., Singh, D. and Swaminathan, M.C. Heights
and weights of well nourished Indian children. Indian J Med
Res 59: 648, 1971.
10.
Indian Council of Medical Research. Growth and Physical De
velopment of Indian Infants and Children. (Technical Report
Series, 18), ICMR,New Delhi, 1972.
radiopharmaceuticals (effective dose in mSv/MBq).
Radio
pharmaceuticals
ICRP
Indian values
with anatomical
conisderations
Values with
Indian values
forWT
"■ Tc Pertechnetate 1.4E-02
(no blocking agent)
1.48 E-02
1.32 E-02
*-Tc DTPA
5.2 E-03
6.02 E-03
5.57 E-03
’fc’Tc Phosphate
5.8 E-03
Phosphpnate
6.6 E-03
6.11 E-03
99®TcRBC
6.6 E-03
7.4 E-03
6.48 E-03
*”»Tc HSA
6.1 E-03
6.71 E-03
6.0 E-03
67Ga Citrate
1.1 E-01
1.29 E-01
10.37 E-02
2°*T1 Chloride
2.3 E-01
2.6 E-01 ;
14.99 E-02
Superscript nos. refer to the sl.nos. in the reference list.
WT: Tissue weighting factor
11.
Venkataraman, K., Somasundaram, S. and Soman, S.D. An
evaluation of radiation protection standards for Indian condi
tions. Health Phys 9: 647, 1963.
12.
Venkataraman, K., Raghunath, V.M., Santhanam K. ana
Somasundaram S. Physiological norms in Indian adults. Statis
tical analysis of data on organ weights. Health Phys 12: 572,
1966.
Jussawalla, D.J., Maya Natu, Yeole, B.B. and Natekar, M.V.
Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in Pune City Agglomeration
(1986-1990). Reports of the Indian Caricer Society, Bombay,
1993.
25.
Mehta, S.K. and Sarangapani, R. Indian estimates of risks from
the exposure of internal organs and the values oftissue risk factors.
Radiat Prot Dosim 63: 37, 1996.
13.
Raghunath, V.M; Venkataraman, K., Murthy, H.S.R.C. and
Somasundaram, S. Preliminary results ofcertain pulmonary physi
ological norms in Indian adults. Health Phys 11: 287, 1965.
26.
Yamaguchi, H. Estimation of internal dose for various physiques
using MIRD adult absorbed fractions. Acta Radiol Oncol 17:
429, 1978.
14.
Ganguly, A.K. and Pillai, K.C. Secondary Standards Derived
from ICRP Basic Safety Standards. Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Bombay : Report No. BARC-SM-114/30,.p26, 1967.
27.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990
recommendations ofthe International Commission on Radiological
Protection. Ann ICRP 21 (1-3): 1, 1991.
15.
Soman, S.D., Pandey, V.K., Joseph, K.T.-and Raut, S.J. Daily
intake of some major and trace elements. Health Phys 17: 35,
1969.
28.
16.
NNMB. Report on the Urban Population: Nutritional and An
thropometric Survey (1984), National Nutrition Monitoring Bu
reau (NNMB), National Institute ofNutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad,
1984.
Jain, S.C., Gupta, M.M., Nagaratnam, A. and Reddy, A.R. Dose
to some selected organs from intake of radionuclides in Indian
population. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of
Radiation Protection Association, held at Montreal (Vol.l), p
384, 1992.
29.
Jain, S.C., Gupta, M.M. Nagaratnam, A., Reddy, A.R. and Mehta,
S.C. Radiation dose from some indigenously available radionu
clides with special reference to Indian subjects. AMPI Med Phys
Bull 18: 8, 1993.
30.
Gupta, M.M., Kashyap, R., and Chakravarty, S.K. Radiation
dosimetry in patients undergoing renal dynamic investigations
at INMAS. Indian J Nucl Med 10: 82,1995.
31.
Gupta, M.M., Jain, S.C. and Nagaratnam, A. Effect of urinary
bladder models on radiation risk estimates in Indian patients due
to renal dynamic investigations. In : Proceedings of the Inter
national Congress ofRadiation Protection Association, held at
Vienna, (Vol.3), p.485, 1996.
17.
18.
NNMB. Report on .the Rural Population: Nutritional and An
thropometric Survey (1980). National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau
(NNMB), National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad,
1980.
NNMB. Report on the Repeat Survey of Rural Population for
Nutritional and-Anthropometric Status (1988-90). National
Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, National Institute of Nutrition
(ICMR), Hyderabad 1990.
19.
Jain, S.C., Mehta, S.C., Kumar, B., Reddy, A.R. and Nagaratnam,
A. Formulation of the Reference Indian adult: Anatomical and
physiological data. Health Phys 68: 509, 1995.
32.
20.
Dang, H.S., Jaiswal, D.D., Parameswaran, M.*, Deodhar, K.P.
and Krishnamony, S. Age dependent physical and anatomical
Indian data for application in internal dosimetry. Radiat Prot.
Dosim 63: 2W, 1996.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Age de
pendent doses to members of the public from intake of radio
nuclides: Part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients.'(ICRP Publication
67). Ann ICRP 23 (3-4): 1, 1993.
33.
21.
Dang, H.S., Jaiswal, D.D., Sharma, R.C. and Krishnamony, S.
Studies on biological half-lives of three important radionuclides
released in nuclear power reactor operations. Health Phys 69:
400, 1995.
Gupta, M.M., Jain, S.C. and Nagaratnam, A. Effective dose es
timates for Indian adults from ingestions of3H,1311,137 Cs. Radiat
Prot Dosim (1998), in Press.
34.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation
Doses to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. Addendum 1 to
ICRP Publication 53, 1992.
~
▼
24.
22. Jussawalla, D.J., Deshmukh, N.K., Yeole, B.B., Natekar, M.V.
and Bapat, G.M. Cancer Morbidity and Mortality in Nagpur City
Agglomeration (1985-1989). Reports of the. Indian Cancer So
ciety, Bombay, 1991.
23.
Jussawalla, D.J., Yeole, B.B. and Natekar, M.V. Cancer
Morbidity and Mortality in Greater Bombay (1991). Reports of
the Indian Cancer Society, Bombay, 1993.
This write-up (in 3 parts) contributed by Dr. M.M. Gupta was
based on the work carried out by him as an ICMR Emeritus
Medical Scientist at the Institute ofNuclear Medicine and Allied
Sciences, Delhi.
ABSTRACTS
Some Research Projects Completed Recently
Tumour cell kinetics in gestational trophoblastic disease
as a predictive index of tumour aggressiveness.
The expression of markers of cell proliferation in
gestational trophoblastic disease, was evaluated
immunohistochem ically. Efforts were also made to correlate
the status of markers of cell proliferation with the clinical
profile, particularly the regression pattern ofthe tumours,
the level of £hCG and histologic nature of the tissue.
The markers included proliferating cell nuclear antigen
(PCNA), nuclear organizer region associated proteins
85
(AgNORs), cell kinetic marker (Ki67) and epidermal
growth factor receptor (EGFR). The study material
comprised histologically graded trophoblastic tumours
obtained from 122 patients of gestational trophoblastic
disease and 50 normal placentae of comparable
gestational age collected after medical termination of
pregnancy and term delivery. Both normal and
pathological placentae belonged to gestational ages
between 6-36 weeks, with the mean gestational age of
normal placentae being 17.75± 11.21 weeks and that
-of the pathological placentae being 15.96±6.11 weeks.
The PCNA, Ki67 and EGFR expressed more
strongly by the molar placentae in comparison to normal
placentae of similar gestational-age. EGFR and PCNA
were expressed strongly by the molar placentae of all
gestational ages unlike normal placentae where the ex
pression was restricted to the first and second trimes
ters.
The PCNA staining pattern could differentiate spon
taneously regressing tumours from slowly regressing
tumours and Ki67 staining pattern could identify those
tumours which require chemotherapy for regression.
It is thus clear that the staining indices of PCNA in
combination with ki67 would serve as a better marker
m the assessment of the prognosis of trophoblastic
tumours.
Moly Kutty John
Regional Cancer Centre
Thiruvananthapuram.
Gene regulation and expression of brush border
enzymes and transport proteins in animals induced for
malabsorption.
This study aimed at investigating the underlying
mechanism of malabsorption in male Wistar strain albino
rats (80-100g) exposed to chronic alcohol ingestion and
giardiasis. The results indicated that Giardia lamblia
infection in rats induced malabsorption of glucose and
decreased the activities ofthe brush border disaccharidases
and alkaline phosphatases which was primarily due to
down regulation of the expression of the alkaline
phosphatase, sucrase and lactase, in rat intestine. There
was also a decrease in the progression of epithelial cells
across the villus axis in response to giardia infection.
Chronic ethanol feeding also induced solute malabsorption,
which was presumably due to morphological alterations
in the intestine. G.lamblia induced identical changes in
mRNA levels ofthe brush border enzymes and also sodium
dependent D-glucose levels in both control and ethanol
fed rat intestine.
Akhtar Mahmood
Department of Biochemistry
Panjab University
Chandigarh.
Publication:
BansaJ, D., Sodhi, C.P., Mahmood, S. and Mahmood, A. Effect
of chronic ethanol feeding on intestinal alkaline phosphatase
activity in rats. Indian J Med Res 107: 118, .1998.
ICMR NEWS
The following meetings of various technical groups/
committees of the Council were held:
Institute of Immunohaema
tology, Mumbai
Meetings of the Scientific Advisory Committees:
Tuberculosis Research Centre,
Chennai
September 10-11,1998
Vector Control Research,
Centre Pondicherry
September 14-15,1998
Centre for Research in
Medical Entomology,
Madurai
September 16-17,1998
Centre for Advanced Research
for Bone Marrow Transplantation
for Thalassaemia, Vellore
August 24,1998
National Institute of Nutrition,
Hyderabad
August 28,1998
Food and Drug Toxicology
Research Centre, Hyderabad
and
National Centre for Laboratory
Animal Science,
Hyderabad
86
August 29,1998
September 9,1998
Meetings of Sub-Groups/Sub-Committees/Task Forces
(TFS):
TF on Epidemiology of
Glaucoma
August 18,1998
(at New Delhi)
Sub-Committee of the
ICMR-DBT Collaborative
Project on Haemoglobinopathies
August 18,1998
(at New Delhi)
TF on Epidemiology,
Culture, Immunology and
Molecular Biology of
Rhinosporidium seeberi
August 19,1998
(at New Delhi)
TF on Hepatitis
August 26-27,1998
(at New Delhi)
TF on Eradication of
Poliomyelitis
September 7,1998
(at New Delhi)
Sub-Group of the Centre for
Advanced Research on Health
Consequences of Earthquake
Disaster with Special Reference
to Mental Health
September 7-9,1998
(at Pune)
Participation of ICMR Scientists in Scientific Events:
Dr. Lalit Kant, Sr. Deputy Director-General, ICMR Hqs;
Dr. S.K. Bhattacharya, Director, National Institute of Cholera
and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Calcutta; and Dr. S.M.
Mehendale, Dy. Director, National AIDS Research lnstitute,
Pune, participated in the workshop on Epidemiology and
Policy for Control of HIV/AIDS in Asia at Bangkok (August
24-September 4, 1998).
Dr. A.K. Jain, Sr. Research Officer, Institute of Pathology,
New Delhi, participated in the XIV International Congress
of Electron Microscopy at Mexico (August 31 - September
4,' 1998).
Dr. G.B. Nair, Dy. Director, NICED, Calcutta, partici
pated in the World Congress of Gastroenterology at Vienna
(September 6-11, 1998).
Dr. S. Poopathi, Sr. Research Officer, Centre for Research
in Medical Entomology, Madurai, participated in the IV In
ternational Congress of Dipteriology at Oxford (September
6-11, 1998).
Dr. U, Sengupta, Director and Dr. S.R. Qamra, Asstt
Director, Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy, Agra; Dr.
M.D. Gupte, Director, Institute for Research in Medical Sta
tistics, Chennai; Sh. R.S. Vallishayee, Dy. Director (Sr.
Grade), CJIL Field Unit, Avadi, Chennai; and Dr. Aleyamma
Thomas, Dy. Director, Tuberculosis Research Centre,
Chennai, participated in the XV International Leprosy Con
gress at Beijing (September 7-12,1998).
Hindi Day Celebrations:
As part ofthe Hindi Day Celebrations by the ICMR Head
quarters, a popular lecture (in Hindi) on “Paralytic Stroke
and its Prevention” was delivered on September 15,1998 by
Dr. D.C. Jain, Head, Department of Neurology, Safdarjung
Hospital, New Delhi.
ICMR AIDED SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS/COURSES/CONFERENCES
Symposium/Seminar/Workshop/
Course/Conference
Date & Place
Contact Address
XIV International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease
September 24-27,1998;
(at Mangalore)
Symposium on Alzheimer's Disease and Neurocognitive
Disorders
October 3-4,1998;
(at Delhi)
. Col. D.S. Goel, Senior Advisor (Psychiatry), Base
Hospital, Delhi Cantt-.l 10010.
International Symposium on Temporomandibular Joint
Disorders and Chronfc Orofacial Pain
October 30-31,1998;
(at Mangalore)
Prof. P.K. Dayal, Organising Secretary of the Sym
posium, KMC College of Dental Surgery, Mangalore-575001.
Symposium on Current Trends in Autoimmune Diseases
Immunology
October 30-31,1998;
(at Lucknow)
Prof. S. Naik, Department of Immunology, Sanjay
Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,
Lucknow-226014.
XXXI Annual Conference of the Indian Pharmacological
Society
December 17-20,1998;
(at Lucknow).
Dr. V.N. Puri, Organisng Secretary of the Confer
ence, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow-226001.
Dr. K. Jacob Roy, Organising Secretary, ADI 98,
P.O.Box NO.53, Kunnamkulam-680503.
R7
COUNCIL’S TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR 1998-99
Leprosy
•
At the Central JALMA Institute for Leprosy, Agra:
•
Multidrug Therapy Orientation Course in Leprosy for
Medical Officers (October 26-November 6; and
December 7-18,1998).
Medical Entomology
At the Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry:
•
Reproductive Biology
Training Course on Environmental Hygiene Practice
(November 16-20,1998).
Postgraduate Diploma Course in Medical Entomology
(from August 10,1998).
At the Institute for Research in Reproduction, Mumbai:
•
Workshop on Andrology for Clinicians (November 1630,1998)
Biomedical Statistics
At the Institutefor Research in Medical Statistics, Chennai:
•
Endocrinology
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Annual Certificate Course on Endocrinological Tech
niques and their Applications (August 1-September
15, 1998).
Nutrition
Haematology
At the Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai:
•
Training Course in Transfusion Medicine for Blood
Bank Medical Officers (August 11-October 9,1998).
•
Training Course in Blood Group Serology and Blood
Bank Methodology for Blood Bank Technicians
(August 11-September 10,1998).
•
Training Course in Advanced Haematology and
Immunohaematology (September 21 -October 9,1998).
At the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad:
•
Postgraduate Certificate Course in Nutrition
(December 1, 1998-February 28,1999).
Occupational Health
At the National Institute of Occupational Health,
Ahmedabad:
Basic Course in Statistics for Medical Officers
(November 3 O-December 6,1998).
EDITORIAL BOARD
Members
Dr. Padam Singh
Dr. Bela Shah
Dr. Lalit Kant
Dr. R. Ravi
Dr. V. Muthuswamy
Chairman
Dr. N.K. Ganguly
Director-General
Editor
Dr. N. Medappa
Printed and Published by Shri J.N. Mathur for the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
at the ICMR Offset Press, New Delhi-110 029
R.N. 21813/71
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