A Case Study to Understand for Educational Innovation in Asia (FEDINA's) work with the Urban poor in Bengaluru, Karnataka
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- Title
- A Case Study to Understand for Educational Innovation in Asia (FEDINA's) work with the Urban poor in Bengaluru, Karnataka
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2015-16
Community Health Learning Programme
A Report on the Community Health Learning
Experience
GO
School of Public Health Equity and Action
(SOPHEA)
s©eharay
building community health
Society for Community Health Awareness Research and Action
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❖ COMMUNITY HEALTH LEARNING PROGRAMME
AUGUST2013 TOMAY2016
• MENTOR
o ANUSHA PURUSHOTHAM
■ Society for Community Health Awarness,
Research and Action (SOCHARA)
building community health
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Study Title:A case study to understand the Foundation for Educational Innovation in Asia's (FEDINA’s)
work with the urban poor in Bengaluru, Karnataka
Background:-
Poverty in India can be defined as situation only when a sector ofpeople is unable to satisfy
the basic need of life. According to the Rangarajan Committee as of2011-2012, the poverty
line is defined as Rs. 972 per capita per month in rural areas and Rs. 1407 per capita per
month in urban areas (1). This income is only sufficient for food and does not satisfy other
basic needs like health, education etc. Therefore, this poverty line is sometimes described as
the starvation line. (2)
31.16% of Indians live in urban area which means 377.1 million of the 1.2 billion people live
in the 7935 towns in India (3). On the contrary, urban Indian contributes to 60% of the
national income. However, 26.4% of urban population is poor and 102.5 million urban
people live below urban poverty line (1).
A large number of people migrate from rural of areas in search for employment because of
poor income from agriculture and lack of other livelihood options in villages. When they
come to the cities, they don’t have proper housing and therefore, 26.31% of urban population
lives in slums (4). Since these people do not any education or formal training, they are
working as day laborers, domestic helper, rickshaw pullers, construction workers, small
service providers, drivers, beggars and other occupations in unorganized work sector (2).
Many do not have any identity cards like ration cards or voter IDs since they live in
unregistered slums, pavements and squatter settlements. Without proper identity, they are
largely excluded from getting government benefits and they are even unaccounted in the
census (2).
Uneven development and urbanization has forced such migrations from villages to cities.
Therefore, the urban poor to face many problems like overcrowding, poverty, malnutrition,
inadequate housing, insecure tenure and lack of access to healthcare, water and sanitation
facilities (5). All these factors combine to produce poor health outcomes in these
communities.
Bengaluru is one of the biggest metropolitan cities in the country with 8.52 million people and
is the home for approximately 1.4 million people who live in 1,500 slums (notified and non
notified) (6). Like the rest of India, the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru is a major
concern and the municipal corporation of Bengaluru - Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike
(BBMP) and other non-governmental organizations are working towards the improvement of
this situation.
One such civil society organization - Foundation for Educational Innovation in Asia, has
been working in South India, including Bengaluru over the past three decades.
Foundation for Educational Innovations in Asia (FEDINA) was established in 1983 with the
objective of empowering the marginalised, the oppressed and the poorest of the poor to
demand their rights (7). Currently FEDINA is working with 4 South Indian States oj
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.lt
works with tribals, dalits, poor women, small farmers, landless labourers, informal sector
workers, Muslims and slum-dwellers. Later in 1996, FEDINA formed a loose network oj
rights-based groups in South India, which was called Network of Social Action Groups (8).
Initially FEDINA was working on broad-based human rights issues and then later developed
key priority areas - Labour rights (unionization), Right to work. Right to land, Dalit rights,
Women fs rights, Access to government programmes and Self-Help Groups (7).
In Bengaluru, they are focused on 4 sectors of the urban poor - senior citizens, domestic
workers, construction workers and garment workers. In Karnataka with Bengaluru as the
headquarters, there are several social action groups. Senior citizens are organized into a
group called A1KYATA (Akhila Karnataka Vayovruddhara Okkuta), construction workers
have formed AKKU (Akhila Karnataka Kattada Karmikara Okkuta), domestic workers group
is called KDWU (Karnataka Domestic Worker Union) and garment workers union is called
KGWU (Karnataka Garment Workers Union). (8)
FEDINA is one of the very few organizations in Bengaluru that has been working consistently
over the years with the urban poor and other marginalized communities with a justice
orientation on various health and development aspects.
This study will help understand how the social processes initiated by FEDINA relate to the
community health axioms. It will also help FEDINA reflect on their own work by
systematically documenting the views of both the team members and the communities.
Aim:
To understand Foundation for Educational Innovation in Asia's (FEDINA’s) work with the
urban poor in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Objectives:1. Compare the situation of the urban poor communities from their own perspective and
FEDINA ys perspective.
2. Understand the various processes adopted by FEDINA to work with urban poor
communities.
3. Explore if and how the community needs have been met through FEDINA rs
intervention.
Methodology:
Study Design- Case Study with In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions
Study Methodology- Qualitative Method
Study Area- Lingrajapuram , Ropianagrahara and FEDINA ojfice
Study Duration- February 2016 to April 2016
Sampling Frame: Team members of FEDINA and urban slum communities in Bengaluru that
they work with
Sample Method: Purposive sampling (community members to be selected based on
suggestions by FEDINA activists and FEDINA staff members selected by taking into account
their seniority and area of work such that all tiers are covered)
Sample Size:
•
•
6 in-depth interviews with team members of FEDINA
4 Focus Group Discussions with community members: 6-8 members per group.
Group 1 — Senior citizens. Group 2 - Construction workers, Group 3 - Garment
workers, Group 4 - Domestic workers
Data Collection:
Data collection technique
Objective
Objective 1
•
In-depth interviews with FEDINA team
members
•
4 Focus Group Discussion — one each with
groups of construction workers, domestic
workers, garment workers and senior
citizens
Data collection tool
Guide (with audio
recording and note
taking) (Annexure 1)
Objective 2
•
In-depth interviews with FEDINA team
members
Guide (with audio
recording and note
taking) (Annexure 1)
Document Review
Objective 3
•
4 Focus Group Discussion - one each with
groups of construction workers, domestic
workers, garment workers and senior
citizens
Guide (with audio
recording and note
taking) (Annexure 1)
Data Analysis:
Data from in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions will be thematically analysed
using manually.
Risks and Benefits:-
•
Though some questions are slightly personal in nature and minor emotional
risks are anticipated for the participants while discussing their problems, the
researcher will demonstrate utmost dignity in safeguarding the confidentiality
of the participants at all times. The researcher will not share any names or
identification of the participants with anyone in order to protect their privacy
and ensure that their relationship with FEDINA is safeguarded.Although there
are no immediate benefits for the respondent, however, the study will help both
the community members and FEDINA team members in reflecting about the
ongoing work and critically evaluate their roles.
Consent:-
•
Oral or written informed consent (Annexure 2) will be obtained after explaining
the intention of the study and providing a participant information sheet (Annexure
3) in local language.
•
Every responded will be free to withdraw anytime during the study and this right
will be informed to each and every respondent. On the withdrawal, any personal
data collected during the study will be erased to protect the confidentiality.
•
No data will be collected on those who refuse consent.
Confidentiality
•
Confidentiality is a right of every respondent and it will be protected during the study
and after the study, all data will be encrypted as anonymous at the researcher level
and codes will be used to identify the different respondents.
Dissemination: -
1. A report with the study findings will be presented at SOCHARA and FEDINA
2. A presentation will be conducted to share the findings both at SOCHARA and
FEDINA
3
Results will be shared with all the communities involved in the research process
during the monthly meeting facilitated by FEDINA.
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Annexure 1
Interview Guide
Employee 1
1.
2.
3.
Can you describe the origins of FEDINA ?
a.
Vision/mission/goals of FEDINA ?
b.
Founders
c.
Funding
d.
Priority areas
e.
Target communities
How did FEDINA evolve over the years? (evolution)
a.
What changes occurred in the objectives ?
b.
What changes occurred in the work?
c.
Why did these changes occur?
What strategies has FEDINA adopted over the years to work with communities?
a.
4.
What are the changes in these strategies and why?
Can you describe FEDINA's experience working with the urban poor in Bangalore?
What is your perception of their situation?
5.
Can you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past and
the present?
a.
Have all your objectives been met successfully?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Employee 2
1.
Can you describe the organizational structure of FEDINA ?
a. Different sectors
b. Leadership structure
2.
What are the communities that FEDINA works with and how were they chosen?
a. Did the needs come from the community?
b.
3.
Which geographical areas
What is your perception of the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru?
4.
What strategies does FEDINA use to work with the urban poor communities in
Bengaluru ?
a. Empowerment strategies
b. Formation of people's groups
5. What are the challenges that you have faced both as an organization as well as
working with communities on the field?
a. What were the solutions, if any?
6. Can you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past
and the present?
a. Have all your objectives been met?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Employee 3
1. Can you describe your work at FEDINA?
a.
Years of experience
b.
Which communities working with?
c.
What strategies? (unionization)
2. What is your opinion about the leadership and organizational structure at FEDINA?
3.
What is your perception of the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru ?
4.
What ore the challenges that you have faced both as an organization as well as
working with communities on the field?
a. What were the solutions, if any?
5. Con you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past
and the present?
a. Have all your objectives been met?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Employee 4
1. Can you describe your work at FEDINA?
a. Years of experience
b.
Which area offocus?
c.
What strategies?
2.
What is your opinion about the leadership and organizational structure at FEDINA ?
3.
What is your perception of the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru ?
4.
What ore the challenges that you have faced both as an organization as well as
working with communities on the field?
a. What were the solutions, if any?
5. Can you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past
and the present?
a. Have all your objectives been met?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Employee 5
1. Can you describe your work at FEDINA ?
a.
Years of experience
b.
Which area offocus?
c.
What strategies?
2.
What is your opinion about the leadership and organizational structure at FEDINA ?
3.
What is your perception of the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru ?
4.
What are the challenges that you have faced both as an organization as well as
working with communities on the field?
a. What were the solutions, if any?
5. Can you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past
and the present?
a. Have all your objectives been met?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Activist
1.
Can you describe your work at FEDINA ?
a.
Years of experience
b.
Which area offocus?
c.
What strategies?
2.
What is your opinion about the leadership and organizational structure at FEDINA?
3.
What is your perception of the situation of the urban poor in Bengaluru?
4.
What are the challenges that you have faced both as an organization as well as
working with communities on the field?
a.
5.
What were the solutions, if any?
Can you reflect on your personal experience with FEDINA over the years - the past
and the present?
a.
Hove all your objectives been met?
b.
What changes would you like to see in the future?
Focus Group Discussion Guide:
1. Since how many years have you been associated with FEDINA?
2.
How did you become a member of the union ?
3.
What were the problems that you were facing before your association with FEDINA?
4.
What ore the benefits that you have gained after FEDINA's intervention?
a.
5.
Which programs do you like the most?
What are your present needs and how are you solving them with the help of FEDINA?
a. Strategies like protest, rallying and others
b.
How does the unionization help in solving problems?
6.
What are your expectations and your opinion about FEDINA ?
7.
Do you have any needs that have not been met? Would you like to give any
suggestions to FEDINA for their improvement?
8. References
1. New poverty line: Rs 32 in villages, Rs 47 in cities - Times of India. (2014, July 7). Retrieved January
20, 2016, from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-poverty-line-Rs-32-in-villages-Rs-47-in-
cities/articleshow/37920441. cms
2. SJ, Chander. (2007). Health of the Urban Poor. Bangalore, Karnataka.
3. Census 2011. (2011). Rural Urban Distribution of Population (Provisional Population Totals).
Retrieved January 20, 2016, from http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-
results/paper2/data_files/india/ Rural_ Urban_201 l.pdf
4. Government of India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, National Buildings
Organization. (2011). Slums in India, A statistical Compendium. Retrieved January 20, 2016from
http://nbo. nic. in/lmages/PDF/Slum_ in_ india_2011_ english_book_23_ May_ 12. pdf
5. Kjellstrom, T. (2008). Our cities, our health, our future: Acting on social determinants for health
equity in urban settings. World Health Organization
6. Nearly 1.4 million people live in Bangalore slums, says report. (2015). Retrieved January 20, 2016,
from http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-nearly-14-million-people-live-in-bangalore-slums-
says-report-2066294.
7. Baretto, D. (2005). Evolution of FEDINA.
8. FEDINA I Foundation for Educational Innovation in Asia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2016, from
h ttp://fedina. org/
9. ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH IN HEALTH, (n.d.). Retrieved January 20,
2016, from http://www.cehat.org/publications/ethical.html
Community Health Learning Programme is the third phase
of the Community Health Fellowship Scheme (2012-2015)
and is supported by the Sir Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai and
International Development Research Centre, Canada.
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School of Public Health, Equity and Action (SOPHEA)
SOCHARA
# 359, 1st Main,
1st Block, Koramangala,
Bengaluru - 560034
Tel: 080-25531518; www .sochara.org
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