Utpal Kumar Gogoi : COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Eye Care Services among Tea Garden Workers, Assam.

Item

Title: Utpal Kumar Gogoi : COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Eye Care Services among Tea Garden Workers, Assam.
extracted text: 2021-22
n
Community Health Learning Programme
A Report on the Community Health Learning

Utpal Kumar Gogoi

Experience

School of Public Health Equity and Action
(SOPHEA)

Society for Community Health Awareness Research and Action

Tittle: COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on eye care services among tea
garden workers, Assam.

ABSTRACT
Introduction
Corona virus has emerged as a global health issue. [2] and it has disrupted most the vulnerable
communities. Like the rest of the places, the tea gardens too were not prepared to face the
pandemic of this proportion. With deficient healthcare system in India, health facilities in tea
gardens serving as an example. Most tea garden hospitals do not have the facilities, the
wherewithal, to treat COVID-19 patients. The tea workers are thus, back to square one and worse
with low wages, poor healthcare system, and a raging pandemic. Like any other health
morbidities people with eye morbidities has found difficulty in treating their eye concerns during
this pandemic and has increased the inaccessibility to eye health services. Therefore, this study is
to determine if there is any practical issues of inaccessibility during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Objectives
The study’s objective is to see if there are any perceived practical issues with access to eye
health services as well as to assess the factors associated with obtaining eye care service among
tea garden workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A qualitative study design with in-depth interviews were conducted among 20 tea garden workers.
Three themes emerged after data analysis, including lack of priority placed on eye health during
Covid-19 pandemic, prevalence of bygone medications, change anticipation
Findings
Three themes emerged after data analysis, including lack of priority placed on eye health during
Covid-19 pandemic, prevalence of bygone medications, change anticipation.
Conclusion
COVID-19 has exacerbated the health disparities in tea gardens. As a result, we recommend a
long-term approach to sustain the response at the policy level.

BACKGROUND
In December 2019, a new coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19
respiratory illness outbreak [1]. Due to its rapid geographic spread over the last two decades,
the Corona virus has emerged as a global health issue. [2] and it has disrupted most the
vulnerable communities. Covid-19 has had a significant impact on the world economy and
financial markets, in addition to being a global pandemic and public health disaster. Significant
revenue loss, increased unemployment and disruptions in the transportation, service and

manufacturing industries are all possible outcomes [3]. The spread of covid-19 has put India
in the midst of an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Not only the battle is with the pandemic
there is also neglected healthcare system, which is a long-term issue in our country which has
escalated during this crisis. Like the rest of the places, the tea gardens too were not prepared
to face the pandemic of this proportion. With deficient healthcare system in India, health
facilities in tea gardens serving as an example. Most tea garden hospitals do not have the
facilities, the wherewithal, to treat COVID-19 patients. The tea workers are thus, back to
square one and worse with low wages, poor healthcare system, and a raging pandemic. Like
any other health morbidities people with eye morbidities has found difficulty in treating their
eye concerns during this pandemic. Currently, eye diseases are considered as one of the major
contributors of nonfatal disabling conditions in both high-low income countries [4]. For
instance, India is home to one-fifth of the world's visually impaired people and therefore, any
strategies to combat avoidable blindness must take into account the socio-economic conditions
within which people live [5]. These may not appear as a major issue for those who can afford
these services. Poverty and blindness are believed to be intimately linked, with poverty
predisposing people to blindness [6]. There is need to give more importance to this vulnerable
communities for the where there is lack of basic amenities and facilities. And when it comes
to Tea-garden populations, they are no less.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most of the ocular morbidities found in developing countries are preventable and curable but
faced with inadequate availability of ophthalmic services in rural communities [7]. According
to the Plantation Labour Act, 1951, eye care facility is not available in tea garden hospitals and
thus government eye care facility is only available at the district hospitals.[12] This means that
the bulk of the population in tea garden does not have easy access to eye health care. Most
common cause of visual impairment in aged 30 years and above is Cataract, Glaucoma and
refractive errors and which if neglected can go further blindness leading to disability.[10] As
the tea garden labor community works in the tea gardens outdoors with the exposure of sunlight
they tend to be more at risk of cataract. [9] All the tea gardens are in rural areas therefore the
prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors is also high. Because rural communities have
limited access to health care facilities, paying special attention to the correction of refractive
errors in these places particularly with low- cost approaches such as eye glasses, can help to
avert a large percentage of visual impairments. [11] Ocular morbidities that go undetected and
untreated raise the major risk to blindness.[8] Eradicating avoidable blindness enhances the
productivity, and thus impacts the many millions who are stuck in the vicious cycle of poverty
and poverty induced disability.[13] As the primary focus of public health has switched to
preparing for and containing the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, most preventive health
efforts have been pushed to the side. Along with other health services, eye care services also
must have disrupted. So, this qualitative study will allow to understands the factors associated
in accessing eye health care services during COVID-19 to highlight the discrepancies by taking
up this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. There is no particular studies on COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on eye care services
among tea garden workers, Assam. A cross-sectional study was conducted by Rebecca
Low, et.al on “Patient perception and experiences of eye care during COVID-19 Pandemic,
lockdown” in 2020[14]. The aim of the study to elucidate the perceptions on eye care of
patients affected by the disruption of outpatient and surgical ophthalmological services
during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted during the
reopening of outpatient services at two tertiary eye care centers in Singapore and North
India. A total of 326 patients were recruited, 200 patients from Singapore and 126 patients
from New Delhi, India. As resulted, most common eye conditions were diabetic
retinopathy and uveitis or ocular inflammatory conditions in the Indian center, whereas the
most common in the Singaporean center were cataract in the pre- or postoperative stage
and glaucoma. For patients from the Indian center, 61.9% felt that COVID-19 had
negatively impacted their eye disease, 58.7% were more distressed by their eye disease,
70.8% could not access appropriate eye care, 66.6% were afraid of contracting COVID-19
in the clinic, and 61.9% were accepting of teleconsultations. For patients from the
Singaporean center, 13.5% felt that COVID-19 had negatively impacted their eye disease,
19.5% were more distressed by their eye disease, 21.5% could not access appropriate eye
care, 35% were afraid of contracting COVID-19 in the clinic, and only 31% were accepting
of teleconsultations. The study concluded that patients from India appear to have been more
negatively affected by the pandemic compared to patients from Singapore.
2. A study was conducted on “Access to eye care during the COVID-19 pandemic, India” by
Janani Muralikrishnan, Josephine S Christy and et.al in 2019 [15]. The aim of the study is
to study the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on outpatient
visits to eye care facilities in south India. A cross-sectional study of 87 eye-care centres
belonging to the Aravind Eye Care System in the states of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry in
south India. compared outpatient numbers and outpatients’ age and sex between the
pandemic period and the pre-pandemic period in 2019 for all centres, whereas vision and
ophthalmic assessments were compared for vision centres only. Findings During the first
wave, the number of outpatient visits at tertiary, secondary and vison centres was 39% (647
968/1 656 296), 60% (170 934/283 176) and 73% (180 502/246 282) respectively, of 2019
levels. During the second wave, outpatient visits at tertiary, secondary and vision centres
were 54% (385092/710949), 73% (88383/121739) and 79% (121993/154007),
respectively, of 2019 levels. The proportion of outpatients who were female or younger
than 20 years or older than 60 years was significantly lower during the first and second
waves than in 2019 (P<0.0001 for all). The proportion of outpatients who were female or
younger than 20 years or older than 60 years was significantly lower during the first and
second waves than in 2019 (P<0.0001 for both). Study concluded that Restrictive
measurements led to declines in outpatient visits, however the decline was less at secondary
and vision centres than at tertiary centres.
3. A systematic review study was conducted on “Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
utilisation of healthcare services” by Ray Moynihan, Sharon Sanders and et.al [16]. Aimed to

determine the extent and nature of changes in utilisation of healthcare services during
COVID-19 pandemic. Eligibled studies compared utilisation of services during COVID19 pandemic to at least one comparable period in prior years. Services included visits,
admissions, diagnostics and therapeutics. Studies were excluded if from single centres or
studied only patients with COVID-19. Data resources like PubMed, Embase, Cochrane
was used to get information about COVID-19 Study Register and preprints were searched,
without language restrictions, until 10 August, using detailed searches with key concepts
including COVID-19, health services and impact. Resulted that 3097 unique-references
were identified, and 81 studies across 20 countries included, reporting on >11 million
services prepandemic and 6.9 million during pandemic. For the primary outcome, there
were 143 estimates of changes, with a median 37% reduction in services overall (IQR
−51% to −20%), comprising median reductions for visits of 42% (−53% to −32%),
admissions 28% (−40% to −17%), diagnostics 31% (−53% to −24%) and for therapeutics
30% (−57% to −19%). Among 35 studies reporting secondary outcomes, there were 60
estimates, with 27 (45%) reporting larger reductions in utilisation among people with a
milder spectrum of illness, and 33 (55%) reporting no difference. Concluded
that Healthcare utilisation decreased by about a third during the pandemic, with
considerable variation, and with greater reductions among people with less severe illness.
4. A Community-based cross-sectional survey in eight randomly selected tea gardens of
Dibrugarh district of Assam was conducted to “assess the health problems and nutritional
health status of tea garden population of Assam” by G K medhi, et.al [17]. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of participants were recorded. Health problems
and nutritional status were assessed through medical examination, evaluation of medical
records, anthropometry and laboratory investigations. Percentage prevalence; Chi-square
test was applied wherever applicable. The results are out of 4,016 participants, 1,863 were
male and 2,153 were female. They were mostly illiterate and nearly 52.9% (1,197 of 2,264)
of adults were manual workers in the garden. Alcohol and oral tobacco use were common.
Prevalence of underweight among children was 59.9% (357 of 596) and thinness among
adults was 69.9% (1,213 of 1,735). Anemia was widespread. Worm infection (65.4%, 217
of 332); skin problems; respiratory infections, including tuberculosis; filariasis were
present in a significant way. Children suffered more in various diseases. Major
noncommunicable diseases like hypertension, stroke were emerging in the community and
were associated with modifiable risk factors like alcohol and tobacco use. It is concluded
with that the health status of the population can be ameliorated through better hygienic
practices, environmental sanitation, creating health awareness, nutritional intervention and
overall improvement of socioeconomic conditions of the population.
5. A study conducted to know “the prevalence and risk factors of senile cataract in Tea garden
in Dibrugarh district of Assam” by Sheshadra Sonowal, et.al [18]. Aimed to find out
prevalence of senile cataract in tea garden community and its association with risk factors.

A cross sectional study, community-based study was undertaken among adults aged 40
years and above in 10 randomly selected tea gardens of Dibrugarh district. Those eligible
were subjected to interview and ocular examination using Distant Direct Ophthalmoscopy.
The lens opacity was graded and classified after dilation using LOCS III system at the slit
lamp for cataract. Out of 1200 eligible persons examined 384 persons were found to have
cataract. Data analysis revealed prevalence of 32 %. On univariate analysis age,
educational status, occupation, socioeconomic status, BMI, family history, history of
sunlight exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption and severe diarrhea were found to be
significantly associated with senile cataract and on multivariate analysis age, educational
status, occupation, family history, smoking and alcohol consumption were found to be
significantly associated with senile cataract. Senile cataract appears to have a multi
factorial etiology.
AIM
Research question: What are the concerns and challenges faced by tea garden laborers in getting
access to eye health services during COVID-19 pandemic?
Overall aim: To determine if there is any perceive practical issues in access to eye health services
among Tea-garden worker during Covid-19 pandemic.
Specific Aims: To assess the factors associated with obtaining eye care services among the tea
garden workers during COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODOLOGY
Study Design
A cross sectional study was conducted among tea garden worker from Koomtai Tea estate,
Golaghat (district), Assam.
Study period
Data was collected from January – February 2022
ETHICS CLEARANCE
The ethical clearance was taken from the SOCHARA Institutional Scientific and Ethics Committee
(SISEC). The purpose of the study was explained to participates and given opportunity to clear the
doubts. Written informed consent was obtained from the volunteer participants. Illiterates was
explained the purpose in local language (Assamese), finger print was taken in informed consent
letter along with the witness signature. Anonymity, confidentiality of information, and the right to
withdraw were considered during the study.
SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
Random sampling technique (lottery method) was used to select the Golaghat district area in
Assam to conduct the study. In Golaghat district, Koomtai village tea estate was selected as

target population by using Convenient sampling technique and snowball technique is used to
approach the tea garden workers in tea estate. This study covered workers of 7 tea gardens
under Koomtai tea estate.
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size for qualitative study was expected to be approximately 15 participates to achieve
data saturation. But this study covered 24 tea garden workers. Interviews were continued with
participants until the data was saturated.
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The study included both genders (male, female) with the age limit of 18-70 years. Daily wages or
contractual workers with history of eye morbidity, People who are resident of Koomtai tea estate
and able to respond in Assamese were also included in the study. Person with the history of eye
diseases but also diagnosed with others diseases (NCD) were excluded. People obtaining ayurvedic
and other nature treatments, working in other sectors than Tea-garden and who are not willing to
participates or absent or absent at time of data collection was excluded from the respective study.

DATA COLLECTION
Qualitative method was used to obtained data. In Depth Interview (IDI) method was used among
tea garden workers to access the eyecare services during Covid-19 pandemic. Face-to-face
individual interviews was carried out as per the willingness of the participants in convenient place
within the tea garden premise. The individual interviews began by asking the participants a general
and open question regarding the description of their practical issues in accessing to eyecare
services during covid-19 pandemic, and then some other questions were asked based on the
participants’ statements and responses [17]. Moreover, some supplementary questions were
utilized based on the participants’ comments and opinions (e.g., “would you elaborate more on
this?” or “what did you mean by saying ...?”) to search and complete information. All the
conducted interviews with the participants were recorded and immediately transcribed verbatim
after the end of the interview sessions. Each interview lasted about 20 to 40 minutes and was 32
minutes on average. Permission was taken from the participants to record the interview, for
analysis and further publication.
DATA ANALYSIS
This study employed content analysis to see if there were any perceived practical challenges with
access to eye health care among Tea-garden workers during the Covid-19 outbreak. This style of
analysis is an interpretive process that examines the similarities and differences between and
within different areas of the text while focusing on the subject and backdrop. The researcher read
the interview script multiple times to gain a general knowledge on this procedure. Parts of the

interviews relating to the participants' experiences with practical challenges in accessing eye health
services among Tea-garden workers during the Covid-19 pandemic were removed and placed in a
separate text. Then, words, sentences and paragraphs relevant to each other in terms of both content
and context were merged and coded. Codes and units of meaning were interpreted in the context
of the study and compared in terms of similarities and differences. Finally, abstract subclasses
were made based on the semantic line. Rethinking about the codes and the subclasses resulted in
the extraction of three main categories.
RESULTS
Quantitative findings of this study are presented under the following categories and themes.
The study participants consisted of 24 tea garden workers. After analysing the interviews with the
participants regarding the impact on eye care services among Tea gardens workers; four main
themes emerged
A. Lack of priority placed on eye health during Covid-19 pandemic
B. Prevalence of bygone medications
C. Financial distress.
D. Change anticipation.
The main categories are divided into themes.
A. Lack of priority placed on eye health during Covid-19 pandemic.
1.Fear of contracting virus- The tea garden workers were not afraid of having their eyes tested,
but they were afraid that the virus would spread to their children and that they would be
quarantined. One participant stated - I was thinking of going to an eye doctor, but I was afraid to
go because of the Covid situation, and if I go, what if I get the Covid virus and then pass it on to
my children, and what if I /am quarantined and have to lose my daily wages?’’In addition, from
the fear of virus there was discrimination in the hospital practice, as evidenced by the doctors’
behaviour toward the tea garden workers. According to one of the tea garden workers who
participated in the study–
“I went to consult a doctor in Golaghat district, but the doctor refused to see me because he
considers his life to be more valuable than mine? That he refused me down’’
2.Communication barrier- Information about the eyes was not widely disseminated. Many tea
garden workers were likewise unaware of the doctors’ visit in the tea garden during the covid
pandemic, as they maintained limited outings. In this regard one of the participants has said the
following“There was no announcement of the eye doctor’s visit at the proper time from ANM, ASHA or
the general public, and no banners or posters were hung in the tea garden.”
B. Prevalence of bygone medications
1.Approaches for alternate remedies- Some of the tea garden workers adopted alternate
treatments while dealing with their eye conditions. One of the tea garden workers said the
following-

“I occasionally use kajal to protect my eyes, but it does not help me see small letters’’
C. Financial distress-Tea gardens have been a good source of employment and feed for families
since the beginning of the tea industry. Employees at the tea gardens, on the other hand,
suffered financial catastrophe during the Covid-19 lockdown. One of the participants said the
following“we have no choice but to miss meals, and there is no other option if we think about going for an
eye test now, therefore we must continue in this way for the time being’’.
D. Change anticipation- Demands was evident with almost all participants.
1.Demands on awareness- The population to ophthalmologist ratio is just 1:100000, which is why
there is always a shortage of eye doctors in every region. And if there is a lack of awareness, the
situation worsens, which is why awareness has become more important in tea gardens throughout
the pandemic. One of the tea garden workers said the following“We require an eye doctor in Tea Garden; however, because my house is in the corner, we are
unaware of any eye doctor visits, therefore would like any health professional to call us prior to a
doctor’s visit and notify us, or they should visit house to house during a pandemic to ensure that
we do not miss consultation.’’
2.Demand of eye doctor- eye facilities are not available nearby. They claim that they have issue
with travelling distant for check-ups. On this regard one of the participants has said the following“we wish to bring an eye doctor to the tea gardens on a regular basis or retain a permanent eye
doctor on staff at the tea garden hospital’’.
DISCUSSION
The present study explored the impact on eye care services among Tea gardens workers during
covid 19 pandemic. As covid is droplet infection by which 4.31 crores cases been reported and
5.24 lakhs deaths were registered in India. In Assam, 7.24 lakhs cases been reported and 7,986
deaths were registered so far. A clear statement was given by participants that they were willing
to go for eye check-ups but fear of getting infected by covid which can be spread over family
members and faced financial problems such that they even skip the meals. Similarly justified in
the study of Janani Muralikrishnan [15], a drastic decline in clinic visits and procedures, which
reflected travel restrictions, unemployment-related financial challenges and fear of infection was
stated. Few also stated that huge negligence in conducting regular health/ eye check-ups,
discrimination towards tea garden workers due to their job level. In study of Janani Muralikrishnan
[15] also stated that the pandemic adversely affected access to eye care, Ophthalmic care was
provided by government and private multispecialty hospitals but they were overwhelmed by the
inflow of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, most private eye clinics were closed during the acute
phases of the pandemic. Participants reported that Communication, involving community in
campaigns, creating/ conducting awareness programs by ASHA/ ANM’s and community
participation are the major lacking and contributing factors for uncontrol of eye related disease
cases and its minor/ major complications in covid 19 pandemic especially among tea garden
workers.
The tea garden community of Assam, which is already a vulnerable community and lives mostly
in rural areas, has faced a worse scenario during the COVID-19 pandemic, which aligns with a

study that says services in rural areas, which has always been a problem, have gotten worse during
the pandemic [19]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the most basic services they were
receiving were disrupted. The assertion is in line with a study that found essential health services
continued to be disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic [21].
Since the emerge of the pandemic, no eye camps have been established, according to some of the
participants. Furthermore, the tea garden populace was ignorant of an eye care professional’s visit
to the tea hospital due to a lack of community awareness during the pandemic which was
traditionally conducted by grassroot level health workers who were occupied with other covid
tasks. A study reported that due to a lack of awareness of available eye care facilities, rural
residents were nearly four times more unlikely to seek eye care than their urban counterparts [20].
Some of the study participants reported adapting alternative traditional eye medications because
of the barrier of inaccessibility to eye care services. According to one study, the use traditional eye
medication like Kajal may promote corneal epithelial breakdown, allowing bacteria to penetrate
deeper into the corneal layers, because of their direct damaging and noxious action. As a result,
increased prevalence of infectious keratitis in developing countries may be due to indiscriminate
use of traditional eye medications [22].
LIMITATIONS
This study is subject to some limitations. Firstly, a convenient sampling technique was used for
the study which could create selective bias, but study covered large number of participants and
conducted interview till data is saturation to reduce the bias. Secondly, this study has
geographically limitation, results of this study is not application in others places. Thirdly, Focus
Group Discussion (FGD) was not conducted in this study. In Depth Interview was conducted if
FGD were also involved then the outcome of the study will be more specifically informative.
CONCLUSION
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the already existing inequities in groups that are already
vulnerable. Also, the use of traditional eye medications is still common in Assam’s tea gardens,
and its likely to become more widespread in future when eye care services are inaccessible. As a
result, there is concern that traditional eye medication will be used more frequently during
pandemics when access is limited. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to stay for some time, which
is why a long-term strategy to sustain the response is needed at the policy level, which should
include enhancing access to eye care by expanding the existing vision centers in vulnerable areas.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Consideration from the central government and local government is required to develop policies
for vulnerable population like tea garden workers. Establishment of hospitals and eye clinics with
in-patient facilities, doctors and hospital staff must be made mandatory, establishment of wellequipped health facilities with expertise in eye clinic, regular eye and health check-ups for free of
cost to be utilize by the poorest of the poor. Awareness and campaigns should be conducted by
medical staff like ASHA/ ANM’s regularly and encourage community participation. More
research studies should be conducted to bring out the problem into focus light, that helps the
government to go further implementation of policies required to improve healthy living.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND SPONSORSHIP
Nil.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Nil.

ETHICAL CLEARANCE

10th January, 2022

To Whomsoever it May Concern

Scientific and Ethical Clearance

The SOCHARA Institutional Scientific and Ethics Committee (SISEC) has reviewed all the
necessary documents submitted to SISEC for clearance on scientific and ethical aspects of the
research proposal tittle, “COVID-19 pandemic, and its impact on eye care services among
tea garden workers, Assam” by Utpal Gogoi, CHLP 2021 Fellow. The SISEC found them
satisfactory and hereby a provisional approval to carry out the study as planned is issued.
Reporting to SISEC on the progress needs to be done at regular intervals and any adverse effect
happening during the study should be intimated immediately.

Dr Arvind Kasthuri
Chairperson- SISEC

Interview schedule

General information (demographic)
NameAgeGenderEducationMarital statusINFORMATIONAL1. Did any health professional provide eye related education throughout the pandemic?
Probe- Who (nurse, doctor, optometrist, eye technician, ANM, ASHA)?
2. Have you noticed any eye-related posters or displays during the pandemic?
Probe- What problem?
3. Has someone from the government side has recommended a place for eye treatment?
Probe- Which place?
4. How helpful it was from the Tea-garden authorities in recommending and suggesting a
doctor for eye problems?
5. How are you taking care of your eyes during pandemic?
6. Have you heard about any local treatments in last two years for your eye illness?
Probe- What are these treatments?
- Did you tried to follow them?

-

Did it bring you any relief?

7. What changes do you feel would minimize the impact of the informational barriers?
ACCESSING1. Do you have an eye institution nearby where you can get an eye consultation?
Probe- How much distance you have to travel for eye consultation?
- What you have to say about availability of an eye specialist during pandemic?
- How was the quality of eye services during pandemic?
2. Where do you avail the medicines that you have been prescribed?
Probe- From where do you take all the prescribed medicines?
-

How much distance you have to travel to access the medicines?

-

are the prescribed medicines always available during pandemic?

3. Did you have any fears about contracting the Corona virus while seeking your eye
services during the pandemic?
Probe- Are you avoiding eye check ups due to fear of acquiring the virus?
4. Were you required to take a Covid-19 test before receiving eye care?
Probe- What is your opinion of having a mandatory test before getting an eye consultation?
-

Have you ever felt avoiding seeing a doctor because of the formality of a covid test
prior to eye consultations?

5. Were there any eye camps held during the pandemic?
ProbeHow much beneficial it is to have the eye camps?
6. Do you think eye camps are helpful in tea gardens for eye services?
Probe- How it has helped before Covid-19 pandemic?
7. What changes do you feel would minimize the impact of all these accessing barrier?
FINANCIAL1. Did the tea gardens close due to pandemic?
Probe- Was the daily wage amount reduced during the pandemic?

2. How do you manage the expenses to access your eye illness during the lockdown?
Probe- Transportation cost, medicine cost, consultation cost increased?
1. Did you had financial crisis to bear the expenses on your eye treatment?
2. From where do you manage the expenses for your eye treatment?
Probe- Is the amount sufficient to meet all the expenses?
3. Have you heard about insurance schemes like AB-PMJAY or any other?
4. Are the costs of your eye illness covered by your tea garden’s management?
Probe- How much do they bear?
-

Is it enough for your eye treatment?

5. What changes do you feel would minimize the impact of the financial barrier?

Photographs of In-depth Interview

REFERENCES
1.

Raymond E, Thieblemont C, Alran S, Faivre S. Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Management of
Patients with Cancer. Target Oncol. 2020 Jun;15(3):249-259. doi: 10.1007/s11523-020-00721-1. PMID:
32445083; PMCID: PMC7243433.

2.

Torales J, O'Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its
impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;66(4):317-320. doi:
10.1177/0020764020915212. Epub 2020 Mar 31. PMID: 32233719.

3.

Singu S, Acharya A, Challagundla K, Byrareddy SN. Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the
Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. Front Public Health. 2020 Jul 21;8:406. doi:
10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406. PMID: 32793544; PMCID: PMC7385373.

4.

Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS
Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. PMID: 17132052; PMCID:
PMC1664601.

5. Khanna R, Raman U, Rao GN. Blindness and poverty in India: the way forward. Clin Exp
Optom. 2007 Nov;90(6):406-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00199.x. PMID: 17958562
6.

Khanna R, Raman U, Rao GN. Blindness and poverty in India: the way forward. Clin Exp Optom. 2007
Nov;90(6):406-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00199.x. PMID: 17958562.

7.

ni, K., Lindfield, R., Senyonjo, L., Mwaniki, A. and Schmidt, E. (2013) Prevalence and Causes of Ocular
Morbidity in Mbeere District, Kenya. Results of a Population-Based Survey. PloS ONE, 8, e70009.

8.

Naidoo, K., Gichuhi, S., Basanez, M., et al. (2014) Prevalence and Causes of Vision Loss in Sub-Saharan
Africa: 1990-2010. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98, 612-618.

9.

Sonowal SK, Kuli JJ, Gogoi G. A Study of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Senile Cataract in Tea Garden
Community in Dibrugarh District, Assam, India. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).
2013;5(3):2319-7064.

10. GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global
Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and
prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the
Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-e160. doi: 10.1016/S2214109X(20)30489-7. Epub 2020 Dec 1. Erratum in: Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Apr;9(4):e408. PMID:
33275949; PMCID: PMC7820391.
11. Hashemi H, Abbastabar H, Yekta A, Heydarian S, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of uncorrected
refractive errors in underserved rural areas. Journal of current ophthalmology. 2017 Dec 1;29(4):305-9.
12. Plantation Labour Act, 1951.
13. Reddy PA, Congdon N, MacKenzie G, Gogate P, Wen Q, Jan C, Clarke M, Kassalow J, Gudwin E, O'Neill
C, Jin L. Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia
(PROSPER): a randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2018 Sep 1;6(9):e1019-27.

14. Low, R., Lee, J. M., Lai, S. S., Rousselot, A., Agarwal, M., & Agrawal, R. (2022). Eye

Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Report on Patients' Perceptions and
Experiences, an Asian Perspective. Ophthalmology and therapy, 11(1), 403–419.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-021-00444-0
15. Muralikrishnan, J., Christy, J. S., Srinivasan, K., Subburaman, G. B., Shukla, A. G.,
Venkatesh, R., & Ravilla, T. D. (2022). Access to eye care during the COVID-19
pandemic, India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 100(2), 135–143.
https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.21.286368
16. Moynihan, R., Sanders, S., Michaleff, Z. A., Scott, A. M., Clark, J., To, E. J., Jones, M.,
Kitchener, E., Fox, M., Johansson, M., Lang, E., Duggan, A., Scott, I., & Albarqouni, L.
(2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: a systematic
review. BMJ open, 11(3), e045343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045343
17. Medhi, G. K., Hazarika, N. C., Shah, B., & Mahanta, J. (2006). Study of health problems
and nutritional status of tea garden population of Assam. Indian journal of medical
sciences, 60(12), 496–505.
18. Sonowal, D.S., Kuli, D.J., & Gogoi, D.G. (2016). A Study of Prevalence and Risk
Factors of Senile Cataract in Tea Garden Community in Dibrugarh District, Assam,
India.
19. (27) Ojeahere MI, de Filippis R, Ransing R et al. Management of psychiatric conditions and
delirium during the COVID-19 pandemic across continents: lessons learned and
recommendations. Brain, Behav Immun - Heal 2020;9:100147 Sivakumar PT, Mukku SSR, Kar
N et al. Geriatric Telepsychiatry: promoting access to geriatric mental health care beyond the
physical barriers. Indian J Psychol Med [Internet]. 2020;42(5_suppl):41S–6SAvailable from:. doi:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0253717620958380.
20. (28) Palagyi, A., Ramke, J., du Toit, R., & Brian, G. (2008). Eye care in Timor-Leste: a
population-based study of utilization and barriers. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 36(1),
47–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01645.x
21. (29)https://www.who.int/news/item/07-02-2022-essential-health-services-face-continueddisruption-during-covid-19-pandemic
22. (30) Bharathi JM, Srinivasan M, Ramakrishnan R, Meenakshi R, Padmavathy S, Lalitha PN.
(2007) A study of the spectrum of Acanthamoeba keratitis: A three-year study at a tertiary eye
care referral center in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol 55:37–42. PMID: 17189885. Prajna VN,
Pillai MR, Manimegalai TK, Srinivasan M. (1999)Use of traditional eye medicines by corneal
ulcer patients presenting to a hospital in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol 47:15–18. PMID:
16130279

Media: Utpal Kumar Gogoi.pdf

Not viewed