Vishan Devda : Understanding Describing Community
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- Vishan Devda : Understanding Describing Community
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SOCHARA
C
O
M
M
Community Health
Learning Programme
Annual Report
U
N
I
T
Y
H
Vishan Devda
E
A
L
T
H
CHLP
Programme 2014 – 15
Society for Community
Health Awareness
Reasearch and Action
(SOCHARA) Bangalore
No. 367, Srinivasa
Nilaya, Jakkasandra 1st
Main 1st Block
Koramangala,
Bangalore – 560 034
VISHAN DEVDA
COMMUNITY HEALTH LEARNING
PROGRAMME
(CHLP 2014 – 15)
REPORT
Reported by
Vishan Devda
Page
CHLP Bangalore
2
SOCHARA
[2]
Acknowledgement:
loZizFke eS lkspkjk dk lg&gn; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djuk pkgrk gwW ftlus gesa volj fn;k
LokLF; ds eqnnksa vkSj lekt dk;Z dks csgrj :i ls le>us ds fy, vkSj Loa; ds y{;
dks fu/kkZjr djus dh ,d jkg iznku fd;k gS A
MkW- jfo ukjk;.k dk eS vkHkkj ekurk gwW ftuls lkeqnkf;d LokLF; vkSj lkoZtfud LokLF;
ds igywvksa ds ckjs esa tkuk] fdl izdkj ge lkeqnk; ds lkFk LokLF; ij dk;Z dj ldrs
gS vkSj lkeqnk; fd Hkkxhnkjh dks fdl izdkj lqfuf’pr fdl dj ldrs gS fl[kus dks feyk
gS A
MkW- Fksyek ukjk;.k dk vkHkkj ekurk gwW ftuls eq>s vYek vkVk] izk;ejh gsYFk ds;j] rFkk
gsYFk QkWj vky rFkk jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe’ku vkfn ds ckjs esa tkuus o lh[kus dks
feyk lkFk gh yksdy gsYFk odZj dh Hkwfedk rFkk yksdy gsYFk odZj lkeqnk; ds lkFk fdl
izdkj feydj lkeqnk; dks LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ls tksM+rs gS lh[kus dks feyk A
MkW- vl- eksgEen dk vkHkkj ekurk gWw ftuls eq>s lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ij fl[kus dks
feyk gS lkeqnk; ds eqnnksa dks fdl izdkj ge igpku ldrs gS rFkk mu ij lh/ks :i ls
dke djus ds rjhds fl[kus dks feyk gS A
Jh Hkxoku oekZ th dk eS cgqr cgqr vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwW tks esjs esUVj jgs gS vkSj gj
izdkj ls mUgksaus fQYM esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa ij lek/kku fn;k gS rFkk eq>s lgk;rk dh
gS A
Jh izlUuk lkfyxjke ds }kjk eq>s XykscykbZts’ku ij fl[kus dks feyk gS rFkk cgqr gh
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ljy rjhds ls XykscykbZts’ku ds ckjs esa le>k;k gS blds vykok MCY;w-Vh-vks- ] oYMZ cSad
[3]
] vkSj iSVsUV ds ckjs esa tkudkjh vkSj fl[kus dks feyk gS vr% eS izlUuk th dks cgqr
vkHkkjh gwW A
MkW vkfnR;k ds }kjk okrkoj.k LokLF; D;k gksrk gS vkSj fdl izdkj ;s ekuo LokLF; dks
izHkkfor djrs gS rFkk chekjh;ksa ds ckjs esa fl[kus dks feyk MkW- vkfnR;k cgqr gh ljy
vkSj xgjkbZ ls i<+krs gS vkSj eq>s budk i<+kus dk rjhdk cgqr vPNk yxk lkFk gh bud
}kjk ftu fo"k;ksa ij Dykl fy;k x;k cgqr phts lh[kus dks vkSj eqnnksa ij le> cuh gS
A
dqekj lj dk cgqr vkHkkjh gwW ftUgksaus fQYM esa vkus okyh leL;k ij lgk;rk nh gS vkSj
dqekj lj ls cgqr dqN lh[kus dks feyk gS A dqekj lj ds }kjk ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,Ml] ij
fy, x, Dykl ls ,p-vkbZ-oh] ,Ml ds ckjs esa tkuus dks feyk rFkk fdu dkj.kks ls gksrk
gS vkSj QSyrk gS dqekj lj ds }kjk Dykl esa tkuus dks feyk gS A
MkW- jkgqy] lkcw lj ] 'kkguh esMe] vkSj Mk-W izsgykn] dk Hkh eS vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gS
ftUkls cgqr fo"k;ksa ij lh[kus dks feyk A lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dks ysdj vc eS fdlh Hkh
fo"k; ij vPNs ls dke dj ldrk gwW vkSj lkeqnk; dh enn dj ldrk gww A
eS Lianu dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwW ftlesa eq>s fQYM dk;Z djus dk volj feyk gS vkSj
Lianu us eq>s vius fQYM dk;Z esa cgqr cgqr lgk;rk dh gS rFkk eq>s cgqr vf/kd lh[kus
dk feyk gS A eS izdk’k lj] vkSj lhek esMe dk Hkh vkHkkjh gwW rFkk Lianu ds lHkh
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dk;ZdrkZvksa dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwW ftUgksaus eq>s fQYM esa lgk;rk dh gS A
[4]
Content list
1. Introduction................................................................................................06
2. Why did I join the community health learning program (CHLP) ................07
3. My learning objective before joining on the CHLP ....................................08
4. My learning from collective teaching sessions and field visits..................08
Part – 1 Collective teaching session
Community Health..............................................................................
About Community..........................................................................
Mental Health...............................................................................
Alma Ata Decleretion.....................................................................
Sanitation.............................................................................
Environmental Health.................................................................
Occupation Health....................................................................
Public Health Movement – (PHM)....................................................
Communicable Diseases and Non Communicable Diseases............
Project Proposal..............................................................................
Communication Skills.....................................................................
System Thinking..........................................................................
Research Study..............................................................................
Part – 2 Field Visits
5
Vimochna Organization visit..............................................................
Victoria Hospital....................................................................................
Monsanto against Jagrukta rally......................................................
Snehadan visit..............................................................
Association from People with Disebility (APD) visit.....................................
FRHLT visit..............................................................................................
Seva in Action visit.........................................................................................
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[5]
5. My learning from field work.......................................................................5
Part - 1
Backgrounds
District Profile of the Khandwa
About my field wprk area
About the field Organization
Community Based Malnutrition Program
leqnk; vk/kkfjr >wyk?kj dk;Zdze ( Community Based Creche Program)......
dksUdw iwfpdw izkstsDV---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vukt cSad ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- m|ferk ;k okilh dk;Zdze ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iqjkuk vukt dk;Zdze----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dke ds cnys diM+k dk;Zdze----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Understanding and Describing Community
Physical Aspect
Infrastructure
Part – 2 Field Activities
iks"k.k ,oa iquZokl dsaUn ¼,u-vkj-lh-½ Hkze.k
xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol esa 'kkfey gksuk
xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr ds lkFk feVhax
izkFkfed LokLF; dsaUnz dk Hkze.k
leqnkf;d feVhax (Community Meeting)
xHkZorh ,oa /kk=h ekrkvksa ds lkFk feVhax
vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz dk foftV
vk’kk izf’k{k.k esa 'kkfey gqvk
xzke iapk;r foftV
6. Research study report ...............................................................................6
7. Overall learning / Conclusions ..................................................................7
[6]
Page
9. Photographs .............................................................................................9
6
8. Reading list ...............................................................................................8
10.
Questions / poetry ( Optional ; feel free to express your thought )...10
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Introduction
[7]
bl dk;Zdze ds ek/;e ls eq>s lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ,oa lkoZtfud LokLF; dks le>us esa
cgqr vf/kd lgk;rk feyh gS vkSj dkWQh gn rd LokLF; ds fofHkUu igywvksa dks tkuk gS
A Hkkjr esa LokLF; dh D;k fLFkfr gS vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa dks lapkyu fdl izdkj gks jgk
gS rFkk yksxksa dh LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa rd igqp gS ;k ugh bl fjiksZV esa vkidks tkuus dks
feysxk A ;g fjiksZV lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ,oa lkoZtfud LokLF; ij ,d o"kZ dk v/;;u gS
ftls N% ekg dysfDVo ls’ku vkSj N% ekg dk fQYM dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gS A
bl v/;;u ls eS tku ik;k gwW fd LokLF; ds fcuk ij fodkl dk vuqeku yxk;k tkuk
vlaHko gS rFkk gj fodk’khy dk;Z ,oa fodkl ds igywvksa ds lkFk LokLF; tqM+k gqvk gS
vr% ges ;g tku ysuk pkfg, fd ftl Hkh leqnk; esa yksxksa ds LokLF; dk Lrj Bhd ugh
gS rks ogkW gesa fodkl dh x.kuk ugh djuh pkfg, A blh ds vk/kkj ij orZeku esa 'kklu
}kjk ch-ih-,y- vkSj xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okyks dk vkokaVu ,-ih-,y- ds
varxZr dj jgs gS fdUrq blds foifjr gks jgk gS yksx ,-ih-,y- ls ch-ih-,y- vkSj xjhch
js[kk dh vkSj tk jgs gS fnu izfr fnu yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr [kjkc gksrh tk jgh gS A
vxj LokLF; dh ckr djs rks dqN gh yksx LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dks ykHk ys ik jgs gS
lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dk fdz;kUo; lgh <ax ls ugh gks ik jgk gS A
Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa 'kgjksa ds LFkkuh; LokLF;xr <kWpksa esa fHkUurk,W gS 'kgjh LokLF; dk
viuk gh bfrgkl gS tks ekuo tkfr ds fodkl ds lkFk Qyrk Qwyrk jgk gS A fo’o
LokLF; laxBu }kjk lu~ 2005 esa izR;qRrj ds :i esa LokLF; ds lkekftd fu/kkZjdksa dk
deh’ku dks vkjaHk fd;k x;k rFkk lHkh ns’kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr }kjk jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF;
fe’ku dk;Zdze lu~ 2005 esa iwjs ns’k esa ykxw fd;k x;k ftlds varxZr xzkeh.k Lrj ij
ftlls lHkh dks LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dks ykHk fey lds vkSj lHkh LoLF; jgssa A bl fjiksZV
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LokLF; lsokvksa esa csgrj lq/kkj yk;k tk;s rFkk oafpr o fiNM+s leqnk; dh igqap esa gks
ij eSus viuh le> vkSj bl dk;Zdze ds }kjk eq>s tks lh[k feyh gS mldk o.kZu fd;k
gS A
Why did I join the Community Health Learning Programme (CHLP)
o"kZ 2010 ls eS fluthZ laLFkk ds lkFk feydj lkekftd dk;Z rFkk lkekftd fodkl
dk;ksZ esa lfEefyr jgk gwW A xzke mej/kk esa ;qok leqg dk lnL; Hkh gwW rFkk gekjk ;qok
leqg xzke lexz fodkl dks ysdj dke djrk gS ftlesa LokLF; ds eqnns] f’k{kk ds eqnns]
LoPNrk ds eqnns vkSj xzke fodkl dk;Z vkfn dks ysdj dke djrh gS A
fluthZ laLFkku ds lkFk eSus cky lqj{kk] cky vf/kdkj] efgyk l’kfDrdj.k] Lo&lgk;rk
leqg ] rFkk ;qokvksa ds eqnnksa ij dk;Z fd;k gS A bu eqnnksa ij leqnk; ds chp dk;Z ds
nkSjku gj txg LokLF; ls tqM+s eqnns ns[kus dks feyk A efgyk l’kfDrdj.k dks ysdj tc
leqnk; esa efgykvksa ls ?kjsyw fgalk ij ppkZ dh rks ftu efgykvksa ds lkFk ?kjsyw fgalk
gqvk Fkk mu efgykvksa ds fy, LokLF; ,d cgqr cM+k igyw fudy dj vk;k A cky
vf/kdkj vkSj cky lqj{kk dks ysdj dk;Z fd;k ogkW Hkh LokLF; ij dke djuk cgqr
vko’;d yxk rFkk xzke fodkl fd ckr djs rks ogkW Hkh eq>s LokLF; ds eqnns ij dk;Z
djuk cgqr vko’;d yxk A
blh nkSjku eq>s yxk fd fodkl LokLF; ls tqM+k gS vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk vkSj leqnk; ds
fy, dk;Z djuk gS rks LokLF; ij eq>s viuh le> vkSj tkudkjh dks c<kus cgqr vf/kd
vko’;drk gS vkSj fluthZ laLFkk ds }kjk eq>s lkspkjk ds dE;qfuVh gsYFk yfuZx izksxjke ds
ckjs esa irk pyk rFkk fluthZ laLFkku ds ekxZn’kZu ls eS bl dk;Zdze esa 'kkfey gks ik;k
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dks c<kdj leqnk; ds lkFk rFkk leqnk; ds fy, csgrj :i ls dk;Z dj ldwaxk A
9
gwW A bl QSyksf’ki dk;Zdze ds ek/;e ls LokLF; ds eqnnksa ij viuh le> vkSj tkudkjh
dE;qfuVh gsYFk yfuZx dk;Zdze esa 'kkfey gksus dk mn~ns’;
lkspkjk ds bl dE;wfuVh gsYFk yfuZxa izksxjke esa vkus ls igys esjk mnns’; Fkk fd eS
LokLF; ds fofHkUu igywvksa dks tkuw vkSj leqnk; esa LokLF; dks ysdj ,d lkekftd
LokLF; isjoh drkZ ds :i esa dk;Z d: A bl dk;Zdze ds ek/;e ls eq>s vius mnns’;ksa
dh izkfIr gqbZ gS A
LokLF; D;k gS \ LokLF; ij viuh le> cukuk A
'kgjh o xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, izkFkfed leL;k dks le>uk ftl ij dk;Z djds
cnyko yk;k tk lds A
'kgjh o xzkeh.k LokLF; lsokvkssa dh fLFkfr dks le>uk A
lkoZtfud LokLF; iz.kkyh dks le>uk A
O;fDrxr fodkl vkSj {kerk o/kZu A
'kkldh; ,ao v’kkldh; laLFkkvksa ds dk;Z iz.kkyh dks le>uk A
¼4½ esjh lh[k lkewfgd f’k{k.k l= vkSj fQYM foftV ds nkSjku (my learning from
collective teaching sessions and field visits)
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; (Community Health)
lkeqnk; ds ckjs esa (About Community)
ekufld LokLF; (Mental Health)
vYek vkVk fMfDyjs’ku (Alma Ata Decleretion)
10
LoPNrk (Sanitation)
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Environmental Health
[10]
Occupation Health
tu LokLF; vfHk;ku (Public Health Movement)
Communicable Diseases and Non Communicable Diseases
Project Proposal
Communication Skills
System Thinking
vuqla/kku (Research)
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; (Community Health)
lkewfgd f’k{k.k l= ds nkSjku eq>s lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ij tks l= gqvk og cgqr
gh vPNk yxk vksj bl l= ds nkSjku eSus lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ij viuh le> dks
fodflr fd;k gS A bl dk;Zdze esa 'kkfey gksus ls igys LokLF; ds ckjs esa ;s
le>rk Fkk fd LokLF; flQZ vLirky vkSj nokbZ;ksa ls tqM+h gS rFkk bUgha ds }kjk
LokLF; dh iwrhZ dh tkrh gS fdUrq bl dk;Zdze esa lh[kk fd LokLF; dqN vkSj gh
gS A leqnkf;d LokLF; dk vFkZ gS leqnkf;d esa jgus okys gj O;fDr ds 'kkfjjhd]
ekufld] lekftd] vkSj v/;kfRed :i ls O;fDr LoLF; jgs A leqnk; LOkkLF;
,d ,slh izfdz;k gS ftleas yksx la;qDr :i ls etcwwr gksdj vius LokLF; ds
fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA leqnk; LokLF; fd tc ge ckr djrs gS rks fdlh fo’ks"k
O;fDfr] lewg ;k oxZ dks /;ku esa u j[krs gq, lHkh ds fy, LokLF; dks /;ku esa
j[kk tkrk gSA
tc ge leqnk; LokLF; dh ckr djrs gS rks gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg,a fd fdl
O;fDr o lewg dh t:jr D;k gS gesa mls /;ku esa j[krs gq, dke djus dh
11
t:jr gSA gesa lekurk ds vk/kkj ij ugh lerk ds vk/kkj ij dke djus dh
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t:jr gSA
[11]
leqnk; ds ckjsa esa (About Community)
izf’k{k.k l= esa leqnk; ds ckjs esa lh[kus dks feyk dh leqnk; D;k gksrk gS A bl
l= ds nkSjku gh esa leqnk; dh ifjHkk"kk dks tku ik;k gwW A blls igys leqnk; dh
tks ifjHkk"kk esa le>rk Fkk ml ifjHkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij leqnk; dks vyx vyx ns[kk
tkrk Fkk A fdaUrq bl l= ls eS leqnk; dks vPNs ls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gwW A
leqnk; fdlh ,d LFkku ij jgus okys yksxksa ds }kjk vius fgrks dk lka>k djuk
rFkk ogkW miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk lka>k dj ,d Vksys esa jgrs gS vkSj vkikrdkyhu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d nwljs dh enn djrs gS A leqnk; yksxks dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA
leqnk; yksxks ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA leqnk; esa vyx vyx tkfr] /keZ] oxZ
ds yksx ,d lkFk jgrs gSA leqnk; esa jgus okys yksxksa es dbZ rjg dh
vlekurk,a gksrh gSA leqnk; esa jgus okys lnL;ksa dh t:jrs vkSj vko’;drk,a
Hkh vyx vyx gksrh gSA leqnk; esa jgus okys lnL;kssa dk y{; ,d leku gksrk
gSA leqnk; es ,d tSlh :ph j[kus okys yksx fdlh leku mn~ns’; ds fy;s
,df=r gksdj etcwr leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gS ftls lgh ek;us esa leqnk;
dgrs gSA
leqnk; dks etcwr cukus ds fy, leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks y{; dh izkIrh ds fy,
,d lkFk dke djus dh t:jr gSA gesa leqnk; ds chp leL;kvksa ij dke djus
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ls igys leqnk; dh cukoV dks le>uk t:jh gSA
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Management
Members
[12]
Roles / Goles
Community
Ownership
Bounderies
Institutions
Maintenance
Skills
Resources
leqnk; pdz
ekufld LokLF; (Mental Health)
lkewfgd izf’k{k.k l= ds nkSjku ekufld LokLF; ds ckjs esa tkuus o lh[kus dks
feyk gS tc O;fDr dks lgh jkstxkj] ifjokj dk liksZV o lkekftd liksZV o gj
izdkj dh t:jrs feyrh gS ftlls O;fDr dks fdlh izdkj dk ekufld ruko ugh
jgrk gS vr% O;fDr dh ekufld fLFkfr dk lgh :i ls dk;Z djuk gh ml
O;fDr dh ekufld LokLF; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS A lekt esa ekufld LokLF;
dks ysdj cgqr /kkj.kk,W gS A
SOCIAL SUPPORT &
OTHER INTERACTIONS
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SOCIETAL STRUCTURES
& RESOURCES
[13] HEALTH
MENTAL
INDIVIDUAL
FACTORS
CULTURAL VALUES
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MENTAL HEALTH
vYek vkVk fMfDyjs’ku (Alma Ata Decleretion)
lkewfgd l= ds nkSjku vYek vkVk fMfDyjs’ku ds ckjs esa tkuus dks feyk
blds lkFk lkFk LokLF; dh fLFkfr D;ksa xaHkhj gS bl ij le> cuh gS A
lu~ 1978 esa vYek vkVk esa vUrjk"Vªh; lEesyu gqvk A ;g vUrjk"Vªh;
lEesyu izkFkfed LokLF; ns[kHkky vFkkZr vYek vkVk fMfDyjs’ku esa ?kks"k.kk
fd;k x;k fd lu~ 2002 rd iwjs fo’o esa vc LokLF; lHkh ds fy, dh
?kks"k.k dh x;h A bl dkWulsIV ij 134 ns’kksa us gLrkd{kj fd;k vkSj lu~
2000 rd LokLF; rd lHkh dh igqWp gks ,d lkekftd xksy r; fd;k Fkk
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A ftlesa fuEu fcUnqvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk A
[14]
HEALTH FOR ALL
COMMUNITY
PARTISHIPATION
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Alma Ata
Declaration 1978
INTER – SECTORAL
DEVELOPMENT
APROPRIAT E
TECHNOLOGY
EQUITY
HEALTH FUNDAMENTAL
HUMAN RIGHT
vYek vkVk esa 'kkfey LokLF; dEiksusUV
vkYek vkVk ?kks"k.kk i= ds vuqlkj lc ds fy, LokLF; gksxk rFkk lcds fy,
lerk vk/kkfjr LokLF; lsok,a miyC/k djkus ds fy, dgk x;k FkkA ftlesa
izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ekr` e`R;q nj ] f’k’kq e`R;q nj o dqiks"k.k esa deh ykukA
bl ?kks"k.k i= esa izkFkfed LOkkLF; j{kk dks vko’;d LokLF; j{kk dgk x;k gSA
leqnkf;d LokLF; ds ek/;e ls iwjh nqfu;k dks vkRefuHkZj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
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dke vkSj fuokl ds ikl igqap tk;sA bl ?kks"k.k i= ds ek/;e ls rRdkyhu
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bldk mn~ns’; jk"Vªh; LokLF; O;oLFkk dks yksxks ds brus ikl ykuk gS fd muds
[15]
LokLF; leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k fu;a=.k ds fy, LokLF; f’k{kk] Hkkstu dh mfpr
O;oLFkk] iks"k.k izksRlkgu] lkQ is;ty ,oa lQkkbZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk o vkS"kf/k;ksa
dh O;oLFkk dh ckr dgh x;hA blds lkFk lkFk t:jr ean yksxks dks izkFkfedrk
nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA vYek vkVk esa ts.Mj] i;kZoj.k ds eqn~nks dks 'kkfey ugh
fd;k x;k A tks fd leqnk; LokLF; dh n`f"V ls vfregRoiw.kZ gSA
LoPNrk (Sanitation)
Environmental Health
Occupation Health
tu LokLF; vfHk;ku (Public Health Movement)
Communicable Diseases and Non Communicable Diseases
dE;wfudsoy chekjh dh ckr djs rks ;g chekjh ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa
QSyrh gS Hkkjr esa dbZ rjg dh dE;wfudsoy (tSls&Vh-ch-] ,p-vkbZ-oh- )
(
tSls & dSalj ] e/kqesg ] vLFkek ] ekufld vLoLFkrk ) gSA ljdkj ds }kjk bu
fcekjh;ksa ij vusd uhfr;ka cuk;h x;h gS ij tehuh Lrj ij ns[ks rks vkt Hkh
leqnk; esa yksxks dks dbZ rjg dh fcekjh;ksa us ?ksj j[kk gS ftldk dkj.k leqnk;
Lrj ij LokLF; dh O;oLFkkvksa dk lgh rjhds ls lapkyu u gksuk gS ftlds dkj.k
leqnk; ds yksxks esa tkudkjh dk vHkko gS ftlds pyrs yksxks dks fcekjh;ksa dks
f’kdkj gksuk i<rk gSA
Page
16
System Thinking
[16]
bl ls’ku ls tkuk fd tc ge leqnk; dh fdlh leL;k ij dke djrs gS rks
gesa ;g tkuuk t:jh gksrk gS fd leL;k D;k gSA ml leL;k ds ifjorZu dks
le>uk dh t:jr gksrh
gSA
ml
leL;k
dh
orZeku fLFkfr vkSj Hkfo";
dh fLFkfr dks ns[kk tkrk
gSA
fo’o
n`f"Vdks.k
dks
/;ku es j[kuk gksrk gSA
gesa ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk
pkfg, fd miHkksDrk ;k ykHknkjh ] vfHkusrk dh Hkwfedk esa dkSu dkSu O;fDr
'kkfey gS] LokfeRo fdl ds ikl gSA leL;k lek/kku ls igys gesa leqnk; dks
etcwr djuk vko’;d gS ;k etcwr leqnk; cukus dh t:jr gSA
vuqla/kku (Research)
Vimochna Organization visit
foekspuk laLFkku dk foftV ls tkuk fd efgykvksa ds lkFk ?kj o ?kj ls ckgj
]lekt esa dbZ rjg dh fgalk
gksrh gSA efgykvksa dks dks
ngst ds fy, ijs’kku fd;k
Page
17
tkrk gS] ekjihV dh tkrh gS
[17]
;gka rd dh efgykvksa dkss tykdj NksM fn;k tkrk gSA efgykvksa ds 'kkjhfjd
'kks"k.k] jsi tSlh ?kVukvksa dks vatke fn;k tkrk gSA efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk
guu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g leL;k fdlh ,d ifjokj] leqnk; dh ugh gS ;g
leL;k fo’o O;kid leL;k gSA
lekt esa efgykvksa ds lkFk fgalk gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa gh nks"kh ekuk tkrk gSA ihfMr
dks u rks U;k; feyrk gS u mldh ckr dks vklkuh ls lquk tkrk gSA ihfMr
O;fDr dks leqnk; esa vyx utfj;s ls ns[kk tkrk gSA lekt esa ngst ds uke ij
efgykvksa dks tykuk vkSj izrkfM+r djuk ,d cgqr cMh lkekftd leL;k gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa efgykvksa ds fy, fpfdRlky;ksa easa vyx ls O;oLFkk,a gksus pkfg,A ,slh
fLFkfr esa ihfMrksa dks dkQh rdyhQksa dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA
Page
18
Snehadan Organization visit
[18]
Lusgknku dk foftV ls ,p-vkbZ-oh- ds ckjs esa tkuk x;kA lkekU;r% leqnk; es
,p-vkbZ-oh- ij yksxks dh le> cgqr de gSA ,p-vkbZ-oh- gksus ds D;k dkj.k gS
rFkk dSls blls cpk tk ldrk gS dh tkudkjh leqnk; esa cgqr de gSA lekt esa
,p-vkbZ-oh- ihfMr dks O;fDr dks dyad dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA mls lekt ls
vyx dj fn;k tkrk gSA
,p-vkbZ-oh- ihfMr O;fDr
dks lekt esa bTtr ugh
nh tkrh gS mldk lEeku
ugh gksrk gS mls nks"kh
ekuk tkrk gSA
,p-vkbZ-oh
ds
ckjs
esa
lgh tkudkjh u gksus ds dkj.k dbZ O;fDr bldk f’kdkj gksrs gS ftUgsa 'kkjhfjd o
lkekftd dbZ rjg dh leL;kvksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ,p-vkbZ-oh- ihfMrks
dks gesa vyx utfj;s ls u ns[krs gq, lHkh ds leku lekurk dk O;ogkj djuk
pkfg,A ihfMr O;fDr;kasa ls lacf/kr tkudkjh;ksa dks xqIr j[kdj mUgsa lekt esa
lEeku ds lkFk jgus ds fy, izsfjr djuk pkfg,A
fd;k tkuk cgqr t:jh gSA 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fu’kDrrk dks lekt esa vyx
[19]
Page
,-ih-Mh- dk foftV ls tkuk fd 'kkjhfjd o ekufld fu’kDrrk dks izkjaHk ls mik;
19
Association from People With Disebility (APD) visit
utfj, ls ns[kk tkrk gSA mipkj ds }kjk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fu’kDrrk dks de
fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls fu’kDr O;fDr;ska dks mipkj ds
lkFk lkFk lEeku vkSj leku utfj;s ls ns[kus dh t:jr gSA ekufld vkSj
'kkjhfjd :i ls fu’kDr O;fDr;ksa dks gesa vius vki ls vyx ugh ekuuk pkfg,
mUgsa Hkh lkekU; thou thus ds fy, izsfjr djus dh t:jr gSA gesa ,sls O;fDr;sk a
ds fy, lerk vk/kkfjr okrkoj.k fuekZ.k djus dh t:jr gSA
FRHLT visit
,Q-vkj-,y-,p-Vh- dk fofTkV ls izkd`frd vkS"kf/k;ksa ds ckjs esa tkuk x;k fd
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vklkuh ls feyus okyh izkd`frd vkS"kf/k;ksa dk mi;ksx dj de
[kpZ esa mipkj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA igys ds le; esa
leqnk;
ds
yksxks
izkd`frd
vkS"kf/k;ksa
}kjk
dk
gh
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk igys
ds le; esa ?kjsyw mipkj
fd;k tkrk Fkk tks dh dkQh
ykHkdkjh gksrh FkkA vkt ds le; esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh ,yksiSfFkd nokvksa dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds dkj.k yksxks dks bykt ds fy, dkQh [kpZ vkrk gSA
gesa leqnk; dks izkd`frd vkS"kf/k;ksa dk mi;skx djus ds fy, izsfjr djus dh
Page
de fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk LokLF; dks csgrj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
20
t:jr gS ftlds ekk/;e ls LokLF; leL;kvksa ij gksus okys vflfer [kpZ dks
[20]
Seva in Action visit
lsok bu ,D’ku laLFkku dk foftV djus ls tkuk x;k fd O;fDr esa fu’kDrrk
ds
fy, izkjaHk ls mipkj fd;k tkuk dkQh izHkkoh gksrk gSA O;fDr esa fu’kDrrk ds
fy, leqqnk; vk/kkfjr dk;Z djus dh vko’;drk gSA fu’kDrrk ds lkFk dke djus
ds fy, leqnk; vk/kkfjr dk;Zdze djuk o leqnk; ds lkFk lh/ks rkSj ij dk;Z
djuk vko’;d gSA fu’kDr O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk dkS’ky fodkl dk;Zdze djuk pkfg,A
dkW,jksl&
laLFkku dk fofTkV ls tkuk fd leqnk; esa efgykvksa] o`} ukxfjdksa] fo/kok
efgykvksa] cPpksa vkfn ds lkFk vyx vyx lewg cukdj leqnk; ds lkFk dke
fd;k
tk
efgykvksa
ldrk
gSA
ds
Lo;a
lgk;rk lewg] lhfu;j
flfVtu ds lewg cukdj
rFkk
cPpksa
ds
lewg
cukdj mudh leL;kvksa
dks vkil esa ltkdj
leL;kvksa dk gy fudkyk tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ds dk;Zdzeksa ls ge leqnk; ds
lnL;ksa l’kDr cukus es enn feyrh gSA bl rjg dh j.kuhfr cukdj leqnk; ds
lkFk djus ls leqnk; dks rkdr feyrh gSA gesa leqnk; esa jgus okys gj oxZ ds
t:jr gS gesa leqnk; dks vkfFkZd :i ls l’kDr djus ds
Page
fy, leqnk; ds chp vk; dks c<kus okys dk;Zdze ds lkFk lkFk lkekftd :i ls
21
lkFk dke djus dh
[21]
l’kDr djus ds fy, Hkh vyx vyx rjg ds dk;Zdze djus dh vko’;drk gSA
leqnk; leqnk; dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd ikuh vkSj 'kkSpky; ds fy, dke
djus dh t:jr gSA gessa leqnk; es miyC/k lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus dh
vko’;drk gSA
'kkarh iSu
,.M ikWyh,fVo ds;j lsUVj
'kkarh isSu ,.M ikWyh,fVo ds;j ds }kjk tkuk fd leqnk; vk/kkfjr dk;Zdzeksa ds
ek/;e ls leqnk; ds fdl rjg ls cMh ls cMh leL;kvksa dks gy fd;k tk
ldrk gSA leqnk; dh leL;kvksa dks tkuus ds fy, gesa leqnk; ds chp jgdj
dke djus dh t:jr
gksrh
gSA
leqnk;
esa
dsalj rFkk ,p-vkbZ-ohls ihfMr O;fDr;ksa dks
vius thou es dbZ rjg
dh
ijs’kkfu;ska
dk
lkeuk djuk gksrk gSA
bl laLFkku ds foftV
ls tkuk dh mu O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk dke dj mudh leL;kvksa dks tkudj muds
LokLF; dh fLFkfr ds lkFk lkFk mudh lkekftd fLFkfr dks fdl rjg ls le>k
tkrk gSA ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk mudh 'kkjhfjd voLFkk ds lkFk lkFk muds jgus
Page
,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa O;fDrxr ds vykok ifjokj rFkk leqnk; ds vU; yksxks ds lkFk
22
dk Lrj muds ifjokj dh fLFkfr ds ckjs es Hkh tkuuk cgqr t:jh gksrk gSA gesa
[22]
Hkh dke djus dh t:jr gksrh gSA gesa ihfMr ds ifjokj dh vU; vko’;drkvksa
dks tkudj gh mldh lgh fLFkfr dk irk yxk ldrs gS o lgh :i ls dk;Z dj
ldrs gSA gesa leqnk; ds lkFk dke djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd ge mudh ckrks
dks lqus rFkk mudh ckrks dks vgfe;r nsuk pkfg, rHkh ge leqnk; dks le>
ldrs gSA
milagkj&bl QSyksf’ki ds ek/;e ls lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ds fo"k; ij le> cukus
dk ekSdk feykA ftlds ek/;e ls LokLF;] LokLF; ds fu/kkZjd] ifCyd gsYFk
flLVe] gsYFk ikWfylh] oS’ohdj.k] gsYFk ;kstukvksa] jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k ;kstuk ds }kjk
leqnk; Lrj ij leqnk; LokLF; ds fy, fd;s tkus okys dk;Z] iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk
rFkk leqnk; ds chp QSyus okyh fcekjh;ksa rFkk mudh jksdFkke ds fy, fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z rFkk leqnk; LokLF; ds fy, esfMdy ds;j ds vykok lkekftd
fLFkfr;ksa esa lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij dk;Z djus dh in~fr;ksa dks tkuk x;k A leqnk;
LokLF; ds fy, lcls t:jh gS dh mi;qDr in~fr;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk o fcekjh;ksa
ij dk;Z djus ds lkFk mudh jksdFkke ds fy, dk;Z djuk leqnk; LokLF; gSA
lkeqnkf; LokLF; ds fy, fcekjh dh jksdFkke t:jh gS ftlds fy, LokLF; dks
cuk,a j[kus ds fy, izsosa’ku vkSj izeks’ku ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A LokLF; ds
{ks= esa mi;qDr i}fr;ksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg,A leqnk; ds lkFk ges’kk
dE;qfud’ku cuk;s j[kus dh t:jr gSA leqnk; dh leL;kvkssa ds fy, iSjoh dj
leqnk; dks lkekftd U;k; dh vkSj vxzlj djuk pkfg,A
23
¼5½ esjh lh[k fQYM dk;Z ds nkSjku (My Learning from field work)
Page
Backgrounds
[23]
esjk fQYM dk;Z e/;izns’k ds [k.Mok ftyk esa jgk gS ftlesa eSus [k.Mok ftys ds [kkyok
CykWd ij dksjdw vkfnoklh lkeqnk; ds lkFk dqiks"k.k izca/ku ij dk;Z fd;k gS lkspkjk ds
}kjk esjk fQYM IyslesUV Lianu lekt lsok lfefr ij gqvk Lianu laLFkk ds }kjk [kkyok
ds dksjdw vkfnoklh leqnk; esa dqiks"k.k izca/ku dks ysdj dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS A Lianu ds
}kjk [kkyok CykWd ds 100 xkWoksa esa dqiks"k.k izca/ku ij dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS lkFk gh
dksjdw lkeqnk; dk tks iqjkuk vukt gS ekuk tkrk gS ;s vkukt cgqr vf/kd iksf"Vd gksrk
gS vkSj tc ls bl lkeqnk; us viuk ijaijkxr vukt mxkuk can fd;k gS rc ls buds
cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k cgqr vf/kd :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gS A
dksjdw leqnk; ds vf/kdrj yksx igkM+h bykds ds xkWoksa esa jgrs gS rFkk mudh cgqr lkjh
vko’;drkvksa dh iwrhZ ouksa ls gksrh gS tSls& edku esa ouksa dh ydM+h;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs
gS] Hkkstu idkus esa ouksa ls ydM+h ykrs gS] d`f"k dk;Z esa tks lalk/ku mi;ksx djrs gS
muesa Hkh ouksa ls izkIr ydM+h;ksa ls djrs gS A vr% dksjdw leqnk; dh vkthfodk esa ouksa
dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gS vkSj bUgha vko’;drkvksa dh otg ls dksjdw leqnk; igkM+h {ks=ksa
esa vf/kd fuokl djrs gS A
dksjdw tutkfr vU; tutkfr o vU; leqnk; ls fcYdqy vyx gS mudk igukok]
jgu&lgu] mudh cksyh] vkfn A dksjdw leqnk; ds yksx nso/kkeh vkSj ifM+gkM+ ij cgqr
fo’okl djrs gS vr% ifjokj esa tc dksbZ chekj gksrk gS rks og MkWDVj ds ikl u tkdj
igys ifM+gkM+ ds ikl tk;sxsa A ifM+gkM+ ds ikl chekjh dk bykt ugh gqvk rks og MkWDVj
Page
24
ds ikl tkrs gS A
District Profile of the Khandwa
[24]
[k.Mok ftyk e/;izns’k ds ftyks esa ls ,d ftyk gS A lsU’kl vkWQ bafM;k 2011 dh
tux.kuk ds vuqlkj [k.Mok ftys
dh dqy vkcknh 13]09]443 gS A
ftys ds xzkeh.k {ks= dh vkcknh
dks ns[kk tk; rks 'kgjh {ks= ls pkj
xquk T;knk yksx xkWoksa esa fuokl
djrs gS rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= dh dqy
vkcknh
10]50]067
'kgjh
{ks=
dh
dqy
gS
tcfd
vkcknh
District Map of the Khandwa
2]59]376 gS A
[k.Mok ftys dks ikWp CykWd esa ckVk
x;k gS ftles [kkyok] iwuklk]
iU/kkuk] [k.Mok] vkSj gjlwn 'kkfey
gS A [k.Mok ftys ds iwoZ fn’kk esa
gjnk ftyk yxk gqvk gS if’pe
fn’kk esa [kjxksu] mRrj fn’kk esa
nsokl rFkk nf{k.k fn’kk esa cjkguiwj
ftyk yxk gqvk gS A
TEHSIL MAP OF THE KHANDWA
[k.Mok ftys dks izpfyr djus okyh ;gkW dh eq[; unh ueZnk gS tks [k.Mok ftys dh
fuekM+ ftys ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk ;gkW fuekM+h cksyh Hkh cksyh tkrh gS A
[25]
Page
25
lqUnjrk dks c<krh gS A ueZnk unh ;gkW ds yksxksa ds fy, iwT;uh; gS rFkk [k.Mok ftyk
[k.Mok ftys esa eq[; :i ls o"kkZ _rq esa lks;kchu] dikl] /kku] eDdk] Tokj ] rqvj
vkfn Qlys eq[; :i ls cks;h tkrh gS rFkk jch dh Qlyks esa eq[; :i ls xsgWq] puk]
vkfn Qlys cks;k tkrk gS A
District profile of the Khandwa District – Comparison between 2001 and 2011
Source of Census 2001
No. Indicator
1.Population density (Sq.km.)
2.Total Population
3.Rural
4.Urban
5.Sex Raito(Females per 1000 Males)
178
10,78,251
8,61,848
2,16,403
944
Source of Census 2011
Growth
178
13,09,443 2,31,192
10,50,067 18,8,219
2,59,376
42,973
944
0
Source of Census 2001 and 2011
Govt. Health Institutions
No.
Name of Block
1. Khandwa
2. Khalwa
3. Pandhana
4. Harsud
5. Chhaygaon
6. Punasa
7. Baldi
Total
No. Of CHC
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
07
No. Of PHC No. Of SHC
03
20
03
50
10
33
00
15
03
21
10
27
00
08
29
174
Source of Census 20011
About My Field Work Area:
esjk fQYM {ks= [kkyok gS tks e/;izns’k ds [k.Mok ftys esa vkrk gS [kkyok e/;izns’k ds
[k.Mok ftys esa ,d Cykd gS A bls dbZ fjdkMksZ vkSj ,sfrgkfld fooj.kksa esa iwoZ fuekM+ Hkh
dgk tkrk gSa A ;gkW dksjdw tutkfr dh tula[;k lkoZf/kd gS A [kkyok ds dksjdw lkeqnk;
ds le{k cgqvk;keh leL;k,W vkSj eqnns gS] ftudk dkj.k rkRdkfyd vkfFkZd vkSj
[kkrs ugh] os vius c<rs cPpksa dks nw/k ugh fiykrs] muds [kkus esa dqN gh lfCt;kW gksrh
[26]
Page
26
lkekftd ?kVdks ls muds Hkwrdky ls pys vk jgs gS A ;g lkeqnk; lks;kchu mxkrs gS ij
gS] os iyk;u djrs gS] A fofHkUu jk"Vªh; ,oa vrajk"Vªh; 'kks/k ds }kjk [kkyok dks fparktud
crk;k x;k gS A 2010 dh fjiksZV crkrh gS fd ;gkW 5 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa esa e`R;q
nj 101 gS vkSj 56-9 izfr’kr cPpsa de otu ds gS A 45-5 izfr’kr cPpsa o`f/n ckf/kr gS
vkSj 29-8 izfr’kr cPpsa lw[ks ls ihfM+r gS A
[k.Mok ;k iwoZ fuekM+ ftyk igys cjkj izkUr dk fgLlk Fkk ftls ckn esa lsUVªy izksfoal
,UM cjkj dk uke fn;k x;k A 320 bZloh iwoZ bl {ks= esa dbZ jktuSfrd 'kfDr;ksa us
jkt fd;k ftudk fooj.k bfrgkl esa feyrk gS A blesa ekS;Z lkaezkT; nf{k.kh lrokgu
jkT;] nf{k.kh Hkkjr ds ordk vkSj gks;slyk] vkSj eqxyks ds igys f[ktyh vkSj cgEuh
lYrur 'kkfey gS A
izfl/n eqxy lezkV 'kkgtgkW vkSj vkSjaxtsc ;gkW yEcsa le; rd jgs vkSj jkT; fd;k A
1803 esa cjkj fczfV’k 'kklu ds vk/khu pyk x;k rFkk lriqM+k vkSj cjkj esa bu lHkh
jktuSfrd vkSj ,sfrgkfld mFky&iqFky esa dksjdw lkeqnk; ds blesa Hkkx ysus dk dksbZ lanHkZ
ugh gS A okLro esa os taxyksa esa vkSj ihNs pys x;s A mUgksaus bu lkjh ds izfr fu"i{k
jgus vkSj vius fuokl esa 'kkafriwoZd jgus dks izkFkfedrk nh A
lcls igys vaxztks dk /;ku mu ij x;k A 1881 esa igyh ckj dksjdw tux.kuk dh
x;h tc mudh tula[;k 1 yk[k 10 gtkj 941 Fkh A 80 ds n’kd esa mudh tula[;k
lkekU; :i ls c<+rh jgh ij 90 ds n’kd ds vafre le; esa egkekfj;ksa vkSj vdky us
mu ij dgj <k;k A 1896&1897 dk igyk vdky Hkkjr ds dbZ fgLlksa d lkFk lsaVªy
izkWfoUl ,.M cjkj rd Hkh QSyk A vaxzstks }kjk izkfUr; vdky dksM 1883 ds rgr jkgr
Page
27
iznku dh x;h A ijUrq ;gkW Hkh egkekjh QSy x;h vkSj lh ih ,.M cjkj esa e`R;q nj
[27]
69-34 izfr gtkj rd igqap x;k A blesa ekSrks dk izeq[k dkj.k eysfj;k vkSj cq[kkj Fkk
tks 81-28 izfr gtkj yksxks dks fuxy jgk Fkk A
chloh lnh ds izkjaHk esa dksjdw lkeqnk; ij vkSj eqlhcr vk;h 1905 esa Hkh"k.k BaM ds
dkj.k mWpk f’k’kq eqR;q nj ntZ fd;k x;k A 1906 esa dkWyjk ¼gStk½ dh chekjh QSyh vkSj
1908 esa vYi o"kkZ ds dkj.k Qlys pkSiV gks x;h A [kkyok ds dksjdw lkeqnk; vius
yksd ijEijk esa dbZ ckj ;g fooj.k iznku djrs gS fd ,d Hk;adj egkekjh us mUgsa
jkuhiwj ¼ckxM+k&ckcbzZ½ tks rok ds rV ij olk gS ogkW ls cpus ds fy, os [kkyok esa clus
dks foo’k gq, A f}rh; fo’o ;q/n esa dksjdw lkeqnk; dks ,d gh rjg ls izHkkfor fd;k
x;k ;q/n ds nkSjku e/; Hkkjr ds taxyks esa cM+h la[;k esa isM+ dkVs x;s vkSj dksjdw
lkeqnk; dks ydM+h dkVus mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj ds lanwdks dk :i nsus vkSj bUgs HkaMkj.k x`gks a
vkSj jsYosLVs’kuksa rd igqapkus ds dke esa jkstxkj feyk A blh dkj.k mUgksaus lqrkjh dh
n{krk gkfly dh A
dksjdw lkeqnk; taxyksa esa jgrs Fks vkSj f’kdkj vkSj >we [ksrh ls viuh vkthfodk vfTkZr
djrs Fks A muds iqjkru i;kZokl vkSj taxyks ij ljdkj dk fu;a=.k] vius ls vyx
iM+ksfl;ksa ds izHkko us mUgsa nwljks ls vUrZfdz;k ds fy, ck/; fd;k A /khjs /khjs os [ksrh
djus okyks vkSj i’kq ikyd leqnk;ksa ds ;gkW etnwj cuus dks vkSj muds lkFk [kjhnus vkSj
cspus ds fj’rs dk;e djus dks etcwj gq, A ;g vU; lkaLd`frd izHkko muds izkphu
laLd`fr vkSj ijaijkvksa ij gkoh gks jgk gS rFkk buds ijaijkxr Hkkstu vkSj buds izkd`frd
iks"k.k ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+k gS A xjhch vkSj 'ksjksa dks cpkus ds ljdkjh iz;klksa ds
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28
dkj.k viuh iSf=d tehuksa ds lhfer mi;ksx ds dkj.k dksjdw lkeqnk; dqiks"k.k vkSj
[28]
Hkw[kejh dh xaHkhj leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgs gS rFkk os viuh >we [ksrh ls foeq[k gksdj
d`f"k etnwj cu x, gS A
[k.Mok ftyk dks fuekM+ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk [kkyok dks bLV fuekM+ ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS A [kkyok tks fd vkfnoklh {ks= gS vkS j dksjdw vkfnoklh lkeqnk; ;gkW
fuokl djrs gS A [kkyo ds vkfnoklh lkeqnk; ds cPPkksa esa dqiks"k.k cgqr gS blfy, o"kZ
2005 ds ckn [kkyo esa lcls vf/kd 09 ,u-vkj-lh- o 362 vkWxuckM+h lsUVj [kksys
x;s rkfd cPpksa ds iks"k.k esa lq/kkj ykdj cPpksa es dqiks"k.k dks de fd;k tk lds A
[kkyok Cykd lriqM+k ds taxyks ls f?kjk gqvk gS rFkk xjhch cgqr vf/kd gS cgqr de
yksxksa ds ikl [ksrh ds fy, Hkwfe gS rFkk tks Hkwfeghu gS og xkWo ls iyk;u dj tkrs gS
A f’k{kk dk Lrj ;gkW cgqr [kjkc gS cgqr de yksx i<+s fy[ks feysaxs rFkk LokLF; lqfo/kk
Hkh cgqr de gS A ;krk;kr ds lk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k yksxksa dks vkokxeu esa ijs’kkuh;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A bu yksxksa rd 'kkldh; ;kstu Hkh lgh :i ls ugh igqWp ik
jgh gS A
cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k dk eq[; dkj.k ns[kk x;k gS xjhch] cPpksa ds iks"k.k esa deh] tkudkjh
dk vHkko ] iyk;u ] vLoPNrk] vf’kf{kr ] LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ] ,sls vkSj Hkh
igyw gS tks cPpksa ds e`R;q nj dk dkj.k gS A
About the Organization
Spandan
ftl laLFkk esa esjk fQYM IyslesUV gqvk ml laLFkk dk uke Lianu lekt lsok lfeft gS
Page
[k.Mok ftys ds [kkyo Cykd esa dqiks"k.k izca/ku dks ysdj dk;Z dj jgk gS A
29
ftldh v/;{k Jhefr lhek th gS vkSj lfpo Jh izdk’k th gS A Lianu lu 2002 ls
[29]
laLFkk dk fotu fe’ku
lhekar leqnk;ksa dks bl :i esa l’kDr cukuk fd os vius lafo/kkfud vkSj ekSfyd vf/kdkjks dks ik
lds ,oa lEeku iwoZd thou th lds A
Lianu ds }kjk orZeku esa ikWp dk;Zdze pyk;s tk jgs gS m|ferk ;k okilh dk;Zdze]
>wyk?kj dk;Zdze] dksUdw iwfpdw dk;Zdze] vukt cSda] xqat vkfn dk;Zdze pyk;k tk jgk gS
A ;s lkjs dk;Zdze lkeqnk; vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku dks ysdj pyk;k tk jgk gS A
leqnk; vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku
leqnk; vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds vraxZr laLFkk }kjk leqnk; es dqiks"k.k dh jksdFkke ds
mik; fudkyrs gS rFkk leqnk; vk/kkfjr miyC/k lalk/kuks dks mi;ksx djrs gS A leqnk;
vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds varxZr laLFkk }kjk N% vyx vyx izdkj ds dk;Zdze pyk;s
tkrs gS fdUrq ;s dk;Zdze ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gS rFkk ;g vyx vyx izdkj ls leqnk;
esa dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds fy, ,d igy gS A
iqjkuk vukt
m|ferk ;k
leqnk; vk/kkfjr
okilh dk;Zdze
>wyk?kj dk;Zdze
leqnk; vk/kkfjr
ikstsDV
vukt cSad
dke ds cnys
diM+k dk;Zdze
[30]
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dksUdw iwfpdw
30
dqiks"k.k izca/ku
Lianu laLFkk }kjk [kkyok esa pyk;s tk jgs dk;Zdze
leqnk; vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku
leqnk; vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds vraxZr laLFkk }kjk leqnk; es dqiks"k.k dh jksdFkke ds
mik; fudkyrs gS rFkk leqnk; vk/kkfjr miyC/k lalk/kuks dks mi;ksx djrs gS A leqnk;
vk/kkfjr dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds varxZr laLFkk }kjk N% vyx vyx izdkj ds dk;Zdze pyk;s
tkrs gS fdUrq ;s dk;Zdze ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gS rFkk ;g vyx vyx izdkj ls leqnk;
esa dqiks"k.k izca/ku ds fy, ,d igy gS A
¼1½ leqnk; vk/kkfjr >wy?kj dk;Zdze %
Lianu ds }kjk xkWoksa esa leqnk; vk/kkfjr >wyk?kjk dsaUnz [kksyk x;k gS A bl dsaUnz esa 0 ls
3 o"kZ ds cPpksa dh LokLF; ns[kHkky] iks"k.k vkSj
vukSipkfjd f’k{kk ls lacf/kr xfrfof/k;kW djk;h
tkrh gS A dsaUnz esa 15 cPpksa dks j[kk tkrk gS
vkSj cPpksa dk pquko ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks
ns[k
dj
lkeqnkf;d >wyk?kj
fd;k
tkrk gS vr% blds fy, ,d losZ fd;k tkrk
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31
gS ftlesa yf{kr ifjokj ds cPpksa dks 'kkfey
[31]
fd;k tkrk gS A bl dsaUnz dk eq[; mnns’; ;g gS fd 0 ls 3 o"kZ ds cPpksa dh lgh
ns[kHkky vkSj lgh iks"k.k izkIr gks lds D;ksafd 3 ls 6 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks vkWxuckM+h dsaUnzz
esa LokLF; ns[kHkky rFkk iks"k.k lac/kh lgk;rk izkIr gks tkrh gS ysfdu 0 ls 6 o"kZ ds
cPPkksa dks vkWxuckM+h ls dsoy iks"k.k vkgkj dk iSdsV feyrk gS vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz esa mudh
ns[kHkky ugh gksrh gS A vr% lcls T;knk ns[kHkky dh t:jr 0 ls 6 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks
gksrh gS A tc bu cPpksa ds ekr firk etnwjh ;k [ksrh ds dke ds fy, ?kj ls ckgj pys
tkrs gS rc bu cPpksa dh lgh ls ns[kHkky gks lds ,oa lgh iks"k.k fey lds blds fy,
;g dsaUnz Lianu ds }kjk pyk;k tk jgk gS A >wyk?kj esa 15 cPpksa dk ukekdau fd;k x;k
gSA cPpksa ds ekrk firk lqckg 9 cts vius cPpksa dks ;gkW NksM+dj dke ij pys tkrs gS
vkSj 'kke 5 cts dke ls okil vkus ij vius cPpksa dks ?kj ys tkrs gS A ;gkW cPPkksa dks
rhu ckj [kkuk fn;k tkrk gS rFkk gj fnu [kkus esa vyx vyx izdkj dk Hkkstu fn;k
tkrk gS A
¼2½ dksUdw iwfpdw ikstsDV
bl dk;Zdze ds }kjk [kkyok CykWd ds xkWoksa esa Lianu ds }kjk ,d ,Ecqysal pyk;k tk
jgk gS A ,Ecqysal ds lkFk [kkyok ds 25 xkWoksa dk Hkze.k fd;k rFkk cPpksa esa vyx vyx
izdkj ds dqiks"k.k ns[kus dks
feys A bl ,Ecqysal ds
}kjk
xkWo&xkWo
tkdj
dqiksf"kr cPpksa ds LokLF;
xHkZorh
o
/kk=h
32
tkWp]
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ekrkvksa dh tkWp ,ao xkWo
[32]
dksUdw iwfpdw izkstsDV }kjk pyk;k tk jgk ,Ecqysal
ds vU; yksxksa ds LokLF; tkWp dj mUgsa nokbZ;kW nsrs gS A ,Ecqysal esa ,d MkWDVj gksrk gS
tks lHkh dh tkWp djrk gS vkSj nokbZ nsrk gS A
blds vykok dqiksf"kr cPpksa dk otu ysrs gS] mpkWbZ ekirs gS vkSj ,e-;w-,-lh- ds }kjk
Hkqtk dks ekirs gS blls ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gS fd cPpsa dh 'kkjhfjd o`f/n gks jgh ;k
ugh rFkk xaHkhj dqiksf"kr okys cPpsa dks ,u-vkj-lh- Hkstus dh lykg nsrs gS A ftu xkWoksa
dk Hkze.k fd;k mu xkWoksa esa LokLF; lqfo/kk,W miyC/k ugh gS 'kklu }kjk flQZ Hkouks dks
fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gS ysfdu LokLF; iznkrk ds }kjk lgh ls lapkyu ugh fd;k tk jgk gS
A bu 25 xkWoksa esa Hkze.k ds nkSjku leqnk; esa dbZ izdkj dh leL;k,W ns[kus dks feyh gS
[kkldj efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa esa lcls vf/kd leL;k gS efgykvksa esa ,fufe;k cgqr vf/kd
gS vkSj bl dk dkj.k gS fd efgykvksa dks i;kZIr iks"k.k vkgkj ugh feyrk gS rFkk cgqr
vf/kd ifjJe djrh gS A blds vykok xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku efgyk dh lgh ns[kHkky ugh
gksuk] de mez esa fookg] cPpksa ds tUe esa de vUrj] izlo i’pkr ?kj o [ksrh etnwjh
dk dke tYnh 'kq: dj nsuk vkfn efgykvksa esa ,fufe;k dk dkj.k gS A
blh izdkj cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k dh leL;k ns[kus dks feyk gS [kkyok ds bu xkWoksa esa gj 2
vkSj 3 cPpk dqiks"k.k dk f’kdkj gS vkSj bldk dkj.k gS lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd]
vkSj ifjos’k ftuds dkj.k [kkyok ds cPpsa fnu izfr fnu dqiks"k.k dk f’kdkj gksrs tk jgs gS
A Lianu }kjk pyk;s tk jgs dksudw iwfpdw izkstsDV ds }kjk [kkyok CykWd ds 100 xkWoksa esa
ekr` ,oa f’k’kq LokLF; dh fuxjkuh dh tk jgh gS A
¼3½ vukt cSad
}kjk [kkyok CykWd ds xkWoksa esa efgykvksa ,oa iq:"kksa ds lewg dk xBu fd;k x;k gS vkSj
[33]
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33
Lianu laLFkk }kjk [kkyok CykWd ds xkWoksa esa vukt cSad dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS laLFkk
bl lewg }kjk xkWo esa vkukt cSad dk fdz;kUo;u fd;k tk jgk gS A laLFkk }kjk xkWoksa esa
lewgksa dks vkukt j[kus ds fy, 8 fDoVay dh ,d dksBh vkSj dqN vkukt fn;s gS ftlesa
lewg }kjk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS A vkukt cSad dk eq[; mnns’; gS fd xkWo esa tc
fdlh ds ikl [kkus ds fy, vkukt [kRe gks tk, rks mls xkWo ls iyk;u ds fy, ugh
tkuk iM+s vkSj u gh fdlh ls dtZ ysus dh t:jr gks rFkk tc ml O;fDr ds ikl vukt
miyC/k gks tk;s rks ftruk vukt gS oks vukt cSad esa okil tek djok ns A blds lkFk
lkFk lewg ds lHkh lnL; gj fltu esa dqN vukt] vukt cSad esa tek djrs gS ftlls
vukt cSad esa vukt /khjs /khjs c<rk jgs vkSj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa bl vkukt dk
mi;ksx dj lds A tc ls vukt cSad ftu xkWoksa esa py jgk gS ml xkWo esa yksx iyk;u
de djrs gS vkSj fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds ;gkW c/kok etnwjh Hkh ugh djrs gS A vr% vukt
cSad xjhc ifjokj vkSj ftuds ikl lky Hkj vukt ugh cp ikrk gS mu ifjokjksa dks
vukt cSad ds }kjk cgqr lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS A blds lkFk lkFk lew g ds lHkh lnL;ksa
dks gjh lCth;ksa ds fy, laLFkk }kjk cht miyC/k djk;k x;k gS A bl cht dks lHkh
yksxksa us vius ?kj ds ihNs yxk;k gS ftldks fdfpau xkMZu uke fn;k gS ftlls yksxksa dks
cktkj ls lCth ykus dh vko’;drk ugh gksrh gS vkSj iSlks dh cpr gks tkrh gS ftldk
og vU; dk;ksZ esa mi;ksx djrs gS A
¼4½ m|ferk ;k okilh dk;Zdze
m|ferk ;k okilh dk;Zdze esa laLFkk }kjk ftu yksxksa ds ikl jkstxkj ugh gS vkSj og
jkstxkj ds fy, iyk;u ij tkrs gS mu yksxksa dks vius gh xkWo ds vkl ikl ;k xkWo esa
34
O;olk; ;k jkstxkj miyC/k djkus esa laLFkk enn djrh gS A [kkyok CykWd esa dksjdw
Page
vkfnoklh leqnk; gS tks lriqM+k ioZr Js.kh ds taxyks esa jgrs gS budh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd
[34]
ugh gS cgqr de yksxksa ds ikl Hkwfe gS vkSj ;s leqnk; [ksrh etnwjh djds viuh
vkthfodk pykrs gS ftlds fy, mUgsa xkWo ls nwj cLrh ds fdlkuks ds ;gkW vkdj [ksrh dk
dke djuk iM+rk gS vkSj iyk;u djuk iM+rk gS A iyk;u dks de djus ds fy, vkSj
yksxksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, Lianu }kjk m|ferk ;k okilh dk;Zdze
pyk;k tkrk gS A
¼5½ iqjkuk vukt dk;Zdze
bl dk;Zdze ds }kjk dksjdw leqnk; esa muds iqjkus vukt dh ijaijk dks 'kq: djus ds
fy, pyk;k tk jgk gS A dgkW tkrk gS fd dksjdw leqnk; ds tks iqjkus vukt Fks oks cgqr
eksVs vkSj iksf"Vd gksrs Fks A vkt bl leqnk; us viuk iqjkuk vukt mxkuk can dj fn;k
gS ftlls [kkyok ds dksjdw leqnk; ds cPpsa dqiksf"kr cgqr vf/kd gks jgs gS D;ksafd tc os
viuk iqjkuk vukt mxkrs Fks rc muds ikl vukt [kRe ugh gksrk Fkk tks vukt mxk;k
tkrk Fkk og lc vukt dks [kkus ds dke esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu vc lks;kchu
dh Qly mxkus yxsa gS vkSj lks;kchu dks [kk ugh ldrs A ftlls vukt le; ls igys
gh lekIr gks tkrk gS A vukt ds [kRe gks tkus ls Hkw[kejh dh leL;k dksjdw leqnk;
dks >syuk iM+ jgk gS A bl leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, Lianu laLFkk }kjk [kkyok ds
dksjdw leqnk; esa muds iqjkus vukt dks nkSckjk ls mxkus dh ijaijk dks iqu% mRiUUk djus
d fy, leqnk; ds lkFk iqjkus vukt dk;Zdze dks pyk;k tk jgk gS A
¼6½ dke ds cnys diM+k dk;Zdze
laLFkk }kjk [kkyok ds xkWoksa esa dke ds cnys diM+s dk;Zdze dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS
ds fy, vkSj blds fy, gh yksx esgur etnwjh djrs gS A bl dk;Zdze ds vraxZr yksxksa
[35]
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A dgrs gS fd thou ds fy, jksVh] diM+k] vkSj edku lcls izkFkfed vko’;drk gS yksxksa
dks lkekftd fodkl dk;ksZ ls tksM+k tkrk gS ftlesa xzke fodkl dk;Z Hkh 'kkfey gS xkWo
esa LoPNrk ls lcaf/kr dk;Z] lkoZtfud dk;Z vkfn fd;s tkrs gS vkSj tks yksx dk;Z esa
Hkkx ysrs gS mUgsa dke ds cnys diM+s fn;k tkrk gS A yksxksa dks jksVh edku rks miyC/k gS
ysfdu diM+k [kjhnus fy, cgqr iSlks dh vko’;drk gksrh gS yksxksa dh bl leL;k ds
lek/kku ds fy, laLFkk }kjk dke ds cnys diM+k dk;Zdze pyk;k tk jgk gS A
The Understanding and Describing Community
leqnk; dks le>us ds fy, lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij jgdj leqnk; ds dqN igywvksa dksa le>us
dh dksf’k’k dh rFkk dksjdw leqnk; fdl izdkj ls xkWoksa esa jgrs gS vkSj viuh vkthfodk
dks dSls pykrs gS vkSj mudh lkekftd xfrfof/k dks tkuus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA dksjdq
lkeqnk; ds yksx vkil esa fey twy dj jgrs gS gj xkWo esa ,d yhMj gksrk gS vkSj xkWo
ds yhMj dk lHkh dguk ekurs gS vkSj muds fu.kZ; dks Hkh yksx lgefr nsrs gS A dksjdw
lkeqnk; ds igukos vkSj mudh Hkk"kk ls vkt Hkh izkphurk dh >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
dksjdw lkeqnk; ds yksx viuh vkthfodk [kkldj [ksrh djds pykrs gS dqN ifjokj ds ikl
tehu ugh gS og fdlkuks ds ;gkW etnwjh djds viuh vkthfodk pykrs gS dqN le; ls
xkWo ds ;qok oxZ xkWo ls iyk;u dj tkrs gS ftlesa 16 ls 40 o"kZ rd ds efgyk iq:"k
'kkfey gS iyk;u dk dkj.k gS xkWo esa jkstxkj dk u feyuk D;ksafd xkWo ds vkl ikl o
vkl ikl ds xkWoksa esa tks cM+s fdlku gS vc oks viuk [ksrh dk lkjk dke e’khuks ds
}kjk djokus yxs gS ftlds dkj.k yksxksa dks jkstxkj ugh feyrk gS A ftlds dkj.k xkWo
ds etnwj oxZ dks iyk;u djuk iM+rk gS A iyk;u djus ls bu ifjokjks ds cPpksa dks
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f’k{kk ugh fey ikrh gS vkSj u gh LokLF; lqfo/kk fey ikrh gS vkSj iyk;u u djs rks
[36]
thou chrkuk eq’kfdy gks tkrk gS blfy, vius ifjokj ds Hkj.k iks"k.k gsrq xkWo ds yksxksa
dks iyk;u ij tkuk iM+rk gS A
[kkyok ds dksjdw lkeqnk; dh ijaijkxr lnhZ [kklh dk bykt
[kkyok ds dksjdw vkfnoklh lkeqnk; viuh Hkk"kk] igukok vkSj lkaLd`fr ds vk/kkj ij tkus
tkrs gS vkt Hkh mudh Hkk"kk] igukok vkSj lkaLd`fr esa izkphurk dh >yd ns[kus dks
feyrh gS A dksjdw tutkfr ds cPpksa esa lnhZ [kkalh
gksrh gS rks mlds ds fy, cPpksa ds xys esa yLlu dh
ekyk cukdj iguk fn;k tkrk gS mudh ekU;rk gS
fd ,slk djus ls tSls tSls yLlu lq[krk tk,xk oSls
oSls [kklh Hkh lw[krh tk;sxh A dbZ n’kdks ls ;s pyk
vk jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh yksx vius cPpksa dks lnhZ
[kklh gksrh gS rks ;g izfd;k viukrs gS vkSj cPpksa
dks vkjke feyrk gS A
lnhZ [kklh ls cpko ds fy, yLlu dh ekyk
dksjdw tutkfr ds ijaijkxr vukt j[kus dh dksBh
dksjdw leqnk; ds lkaLd`fr vkSj ijaijk dh ckr djs rks og viuh lkaLd`fr dks ih<h nj
dksjdw leqnk; vius ?kjksa esa vukt j[kus ds fy, Loa; vius gkFkksa ls feVVh dh dksfB;ksa
[37]
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ih<h pykrs vk jgs gS A ysfdu vc mudh lkaLd`fr esa /khjs /khjs cnyko vk jgk gS A
dk fuekZ.k djrs gS vkSj vius [ksrks esa tks vukt idkrs gS ;k dke ds }kjk tks vukt
;k xYyk feyrk gS mls bUgha dksfB;ksa esa j[krs gS A dksjdw leqnk; tutkfr ds yksxksa dh
viuh ,d vyx gh ijaijk gS ftlesa mUgksaus
izkd`frd ls vius vki dks tksM+dj j[kk gS
og Loa; viuh vko’;drkvksa dh lkexzh dk
fuekZ.k djrs gS A
dksjdw lkeqnk; dk ijaijkxr vukt dqVus
dk lk/ku
dksjdw lkeqnk; ds ijaijkxr mi;ksx esa ykus okyh oLrqvksa dh ppkZ djs rks bl leqnk; ds
yksxksa us viuh vko’;drk dh iwrhZ ds vius }kjk gh phtksa dks fuekZ.k fd;k gS A blh izdkj
bl leqnk; ds yksxksa us vius ijaijkxr vukt tSls pkoy]
Tokj] dksnw] dqVdh] lkojk] Hknyk] vkfn vuktks dks [kkus ;ksX;
cukus ds fy, dqVk tkrk gS ftlds fy, mUgksaus vius gh ?kj
esa vks[[ky vkSj eqLly dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS A blds fy, bUgsa
dksbZ iSls ugh [kpZ djuk iM+rk gS vkSj vklkuh ls ;g miyC/k
gks tkrk gS A
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38
vukt dqVus dk eqLly
[38]
dksjdw leqnk; dk ijaijkxr vukt
dksjdw leqnk; dk ijaijkxr vukt dgrs gS cgqr gh iksf"Vd gksrk gS rFkk igys ;s leqnk;
bUgh vuktksa dks mxkrs Fks tks LokLF; ds fy,
cgqr gh ykHknk;d gksrs gS A ftlesa dksnw] dqVdh]
lkWok vkSj Hkknyh gS A
Physical Aspects
[kkyok CykWd lriqM+k ds ?kus taxyksa esa vkrk gS rFkk ;gkW ds lcls vf/kd xkWo igkM+h
bykds esa clk gqvk gS A ;gkW jgus okys yksxksa dks 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr dk T;knk iz;ksx djuk
iM+rk gS A yksxksa dks cktkj ds fy, cgqr yack jQj r; djuk iM+rk gS A 'kkldh;
;kstukvksa dh ckr djs rks bu xkWoksa esa 'kkldh;k ;ksatukvksa dk lgh ls lapkyu ugh gks ik
jgk gS A ljdkj }kjk Hkouks dk fuekZ.k rks dj fn;k x;k gS ysfdu deZpkjh le; ls ugh
vkrs gS rFkk dgha txgksa ij rks vkrs gh ugh gS A ;gkW dk HkkSfrd Lo:i ds dkj.k yksxksa
dks vf/kd 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gS A fQYM ds }kjk [kkyok Cykd ds 25
xkWoksa dk foftV fd;k vkSj ns[kk fd dqiksf"kr cPpsa ns[kus dks feys bu cPpksa dk otu
fy;k] gkbZV ekik] o ,e-;w-,-lh- ls Hkwtk dk eki fy;k ftlesa vf/kdrj cPpsa de otu
ds gS A ftu xkoksa dk foftV fd;k os lc taxyksa ls f?kjs gq, gS vkSj ogkW tkus dk jkLrk
dPpk gS A ;gkW ds vf/kdrj yksx [ksrh djrs gS rFkk dqN yksx iyk;u dj tkrs gS A ;gkW
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39
ds yksx taxyks ls Hkh viuh vkthohdk ds lk/ku mi;ksx esa ykrs gS tSls [kkuk idkus ds
[39]
fy, taxyks ls ydM+h ykrs gS A igkM+h {ks= gksus ds dkj.k bl lkeqnk; dks 'kkjhfjd
egur T;knk djuh iM+rh gS rFkk vkokxeu ds fy, Hkh i;kZIr lk/ku miyC/k ugh gS A
fQYM dk;Z ds nkSjku leqnk; ds lkFk fd x;h xfrfof/k;kW
xHkZorh ,oa /kk=h ekrkvksa ds lkFk feVhax
xHkZorh ,oa /kk=h ekrkvksa ds lkFk feVhax fd;k feVhax dk mnns’; Fkk fd xHkZorh
efgykvksa izlo iwoZ ,oa izlo i’pkr ekrk dk LokLF; vkSj cPpksa ds LokLF; dh ns[kHkky
vkSj lko/kkuh dks xHkZorh ekrkvksa ls tkuuk vkSj mudks LokLF; lca/kh lykg nsuk A bl
feVhax esa 14 efgyk,W 'kkfey gqbZ vkSj loZizFke lHkh us viuk viuk ifjp; fn;k mlds
ckn cPpksa ds LokLF; ij ppkZ fd;k x;k mUgksaus crk;k fd &ifjokj ds cM+s lnL; dke
djus ?kj ls ckgj pys tkrs gS vkSj lkFk esa ges Hkh dke ij tkuk gksrk gS rks cPpsa iwjs
fnu vdsys ?kj ij jgrs gS rks cPpksa dh LokLF; dk /;ku ge ugh j[k ikrs gS A efgykvksa
us crk;k fd lcls T;knk cPpksa esa lw[kk fd chekjh gS lw[kk dk vFkZ gS dqiks"k.k ls xzLFk
gS A blds ckn gekjs }kjk efgykvksa dks cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k dks de djus rFkk dqiks"k.k ls
cpkus ds fy, LokLF; lac/kh tkudkjh fn;k x;k ftlesa geus efgyvksa dks crk;k fd cPpsa
dk dqiks"k.k ls cPkkus ds fy, xHkZkoLFkk ls gh ekrk dks vius [kku iku o LoPNrk ij
/;ku nsuk iM+sxk rFkk izlo iwoZ gksus okyh tkWps vo’; djkus dh lykg x;h vkSj izlo
LokLF; dsaUnz esa djkus dh lykg fn;k x;k gS A blh ds lkFk vkWxuckM+h ls feyus okys
iks"k.k vkgkj o LokLF; lsokvksa dk ykHk ysus o LokLF; ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa crk;k A
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40
vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz dk Hkze.k
[40]
vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz dk foftV fd;k ftlesa ns[kk fd dsaUnz esa cPpksa dks ehuw ds vuqlkj [kkuk
ugh fn;k tkrk gS A vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz esa tks cPps vkrs gS og [kkuk [kkdj rqjUr ?kj okil
pys tkrs gS vkWxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ ds }kjk mUgsa fdlh Hkh izdkj fd f’k{kk ugh fn;k tkrk gS
A dsaUnz flQZ 12 cts rd gh [kqyk jgrk gS A bl fo"k; ij vkWxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ ls geus
ckr dh vkSj mUgsa crk;k fd vki dsaUnz dk le; ls igys can u djs vkSj cPpksa dks dsaUnz
esa fcBk;s vkSj mUgsa i<;s rFkk ehuw ds vuqlkj [kkuk cPpksa dks f[kykus dh lykg fn;k A
vkWxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ us crk;k fd xHkZorh efgykvksa dks tks iks"k.k vkgkj dk isdsV fn;k
tkrk gS og isdsV og ugh [kk ikrh gS ?kj ds lnL; gh [kk ysrs gS A
vk’kk izf’k{k.k esa 'kkfey gksuk
fluthZ laLFkku }kjk gjnk ftys esa vk’kkvksa dks fn;s tk jgs vk’kk izf’k{k.k] dk;Zdze esa
'kkfey gqvk vkSj iwjs fnu vk’kk izf’k{k.k esa jgdj vk’kk ds dk;ksZ] vkSj vk’kk xkWoks esa
leqnk; ds chp fdl izdkj dk;Z djrh gS vkSj LokLF; foHkkx ds lkFk feydj LokLF;
;kstukvksa rFkk LokLF; dks leqnk; ls fdl izdkj tksM+rh gS bl ij viuh le> dks
fodflr fd;k vkSj vk’kk ds dk;Z dks tkuk A
loZizFke ifjp; l= ls izf’k{k.k dks izkjaHk fd;k x;k lHkh vk’kkvksa us viuk ifjp; fn;k
ftlesa uke] xkWo dk uke] lsDVj dk uke] vk’kk }kjk crk;k x;k bl ikWp fnu ds
vkoklh; izf’k{k.k esa 30 vk’kk,W 'kkfey gqbZ A blds ckn ikpW fnu ds izf’k{k.k dk vuqHko
vk’kkvksa ls iwNk x;k lHkh vk’kkvksa us 6 ekM;wy izf’k{k.k dk vuqoHk 'ks;j fd;k A
41
vk’kkvksa us tks crk;k og fuEu gS&
Page
uotkr f’k’kq dk LokLF; A
[41]
izlo ds le; f’k’kq dh ns[kHkky A
tUe ds le; uotkr f’k’kq dh tkWp A
Lruiku djkuk A
uotkr f’k’kq dks xeZ j[kuk A
Lruiku esa vkus okyh leL;kvks dk lek/kku A
uotkr f’k’kq esa cq[kkj dk bykt A
uotkr f’k’kq esa nLr jksx dk vkdyu] oxhZdj.k ,oa mipkj A
blds ckn izf’k{kdks }kjk tUe ds le; de otu rFkk le; ls iwoZ tUes f’k’kqvksa
esa vf/kd tksf[ke dk ewY;kadu vkSj bykt djuk vk’kkvksa dks crk;k x;k A vf/kd
tksf[ke dh J`.kh es vkus okys f’k’kqvks dks igpkuuk vkSj mudk bykt djuk A
izf’k{kd }kjk crk; x;k fd tUe ds le; f’k’kq dk otu 2000 xzke ls de gks
rks f’k’kq dks LokLF; dsaUnz Hksts A f’k’kq dk tUe le; ls iwoZ gqvk gks vFkkZr izlo
xHkkZoLFkk ds 8 eghus 14 fnu ls igys gqvk gks rks f’k’kq dks LokLF; dsaUnz Hkstsa A
izf’k{kd esa crk; fd vf/kd tksf[ke okys cPpksa dk irk dSls yxk;sxsa A
og fnu tc f’k’kq dks
igyh ckj rksyk x;k
1 ls 14 fnu
14 ls 21 fnu
22 ls 27 fnu
28 osa fnu
f'k’kq dk otu
funku
2 fd-xzk- ls de
2 fd-xzk- 100 xzk- ls de
2 fd-xzk- 200 xzk- ls de
2 fd-xzk- 300 xzk- ls de
vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ Js.kh
vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ Js.kh
vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ Js.kh
vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ Js.kh
blds ckn izf’k{kd }kjk ifjokj ijke’kZ ds ckjs esa vk’kkvksa dks crk;k x;k A
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42
vk’kkvksa dks crk;k fd &
[42]
f’k’kq dks igys gh fnu ls diM+s igukdj j[ks A
lfnZ;ksa esa f’k’kq dks dEcy esa <dsa A
lqfuf’pr djs fd ekrk ds uk[kwu dVs gks vkSj og gj ckj f’k’kq dks Lruiku djkus
ls igys gkFk lkcqu ls /kksrh gS A
'kkSpky; ls vkus ds ckn ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks f’k’kq dks Nwus ls igys lkcqu
ls gkFk /kksuk t:jh gS A
blds ckn izf’k{kd }kjk ?kjksa ds nkSjs dk QkWeZ ekrk ,oa uotkr f’k’kq dh tkWp ¼ 0
ls 2 ekg rd ½ QWkeZ dks le>k;k x;k A blds ckn lkekU; f’k’kq QkWeZ] gkbZ jhLd
f’k’kq QkWeZ le>k;k x;k A blh ds lkFk vkt dk iwjk fnu lekIr gqvk A
izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku vf/kd tksf[ke okys f’k’kq dk vkdyu] le; ls iwoZ tUes f’k’kq
vkSj tUe ds le; de otu okys f’k’kq dh ns[kHkky] Lruiku vkSj ekrk dks ijke’kZ
rFkk tUe ds le; f’k’kq dh lkal :d jgh gS mls igpkuuk vkfn ds ckjs esa lh[kk
A
loZizFke fiNys fnu dk fjdsi gqvk vkSj lHkh vk’kkvksa us fiNys fnu tks lh[kk viuk
viuk vuqHko 'ks;j fd;k A blds ckn izf’k{kd }kjk vk’kkvksa dks crk;k x;k fd
;fn f’k’kq vf/kd tksf[ke dh Js.kh esa vkrk gks rks vkidks D;k djuk pkfg;s &
izf’k{kd us crk;k fd
izlo ds ckn ?kj esa feyus tkus dh la[;k vf/kd dj nsa tSls 5 ls c<+kdj 13
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;fn laHko gks rks igyss lIrkg esa izzfrfnu mlds ?kj tk;s A
43
dj nsa A
[43]
f'k’kq dh vk;q 28 fnu gksus rd izR;sd rhu fnu esa ,d ckj vkSj ;fn f’k’kq ds
LokLF; esa lq/kkj gks jgk gks rks 4osa fnu tk;s A
ekrk firk vkSj ifjokj dks vf/kd tksf[keiw.kZ fLFkfr ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa ds ckjs
esa crk;sa A
vf/kd tksfk[ke dh Js.kh esa vkus okys f’k’kqvksa ds fy, ?kjksa ds nkSjs dk QkWeZ Hkjs A
leL;k ds vuqlkj fo’ks"k ns[kHkky djsa] fdarq lkekU; :i ls f’k’kq dks xeZ j[ksa
vkSj nw/k vf/kd ckj rFkk izR;sd nks nks ?kaVs ckn fiykus dh lykg ns A
blds ckn izf’k{kd us crk;k fd le; ls iwoZ tUes rFkk tUe ds le; de otu
ds f’k’kqvksa dks Lruiku djkus ds ykHk ds ckjs esa vk’kkvksa dks crk;k & izf’k{kd us
crk;k fd 1- ekrk ds nw/k le; iwoZ tUes rFkk tUe ds le; de otu ds f’k’kqvksa
ds fy, mi;qDr rRo ekStwn gksrs gS A
2- le; iwoZ tUes f’k’kqvksa dks vf/kd izksVhu dh vko’;drk gksrh gS vkSj ftl ekrk
us f’k’kq dks le; ls igys tUe fn;k gks mlds Lruksa esa nw/k vf/kd ek=k esa curk
gS A
3- Lruiku djkus ls f’k’kq ekrk ds vf/kd fudV vkSj xeZ jgrk gS blls le; iwoZ
tUes f’k’kq dk BaM ¼gkbiksFkfeZ;k½ ls cpkc gksrk gS tks ladze.k gksus dk izeq[k dkj.k
gksrk gS A
4- blesa ladze.kksa dk izfrjks/k djus okys rRo ekStwn gksrs gS ¼NksVs vkSj detksj
44
f’k’kqvksa es jksxxzLr gksus dh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh gS ½
Page
5- ;g vklkuh ls gte gks tkrk gS A
[44]
blds ckn izf’k{kd }kjk vk’kkvksa dks f’k’kq ds lkal ?kqVus@:dkoV ds funku vkSj
bykt ds ckjs esa crk;k A izf’k{kd us crk;k fd ;fn fdlh f’k’kq esa tUe ds le;
fuEu esa ls dksbZ ,d y{k.k ekStwn gks rks mldk 'okl vo:/n gksrk gS &
f’k’kq jksrk ugh gS A
cgqr /kheh vkokt esa jksrk gS A
lkal ugh ysrk gS A
cgqr /kheh lkal ysrk gS A
izf’k{kd us crk;k fd ;fn f’k’kq dk 'okl :d jgk gks rks ,d vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr
gS ikWp feuVks esa ,d thou dks cpk;k ;k [kks;k tk ldrk gS ;fn vki tUe ds
le; ekStwn gks vkSj ogkW dksbZ MkW- ;k ulZ u gks rks vkidks f’k’kq dks leHkkyus esa
enn djuh gksxh A gks ldrk gS fd ,ls vusd uotkr f’k’kqvksa esa vki ds iz;kl ls
dksbZ varj u i<+s vr% vkidks blds fy, cqjk ugh eglwl djuk pkfg;s ;k Lo;a dks
nks"kh ugh ekuuk pkfg,W A
blds ckn vk’kkvksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, izf’k{kdks }kjk
vk’kkvksa ls 40 uacj dk ,d isij fy;k x;k A vkSj blds ckn vkt dk ls’ku
lekIr gksrk gS A
xzke iapk;r dk Hkze.k
xzke iapk;r mn;kiwj eky dk foftV fd;k rhu fnu fu;fer xzke iapk;r x;k ysfdu
,d Hkh fnu [kqyk gqvk ugh feyk xkWo ds yksxksa ls iwNk rks mUgksaus dgk fd dHkh tch
xzke iapk;r ds }kjk xkWo ij dksbZ dk;Z ugh djk;k x;k gS gsViai dk ikuh lM+d ij
[45]
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45
[kqyrk gS blds ckn yksxksa ls xzke iapk;r ds dk;ksZ ds ckjs esa iwNk rk dgk fd vkt rd
fudy jgk gS ftlls yksxksa dks vkokxeu esa vklqfo/kk gksrh gS A xkWo esa fdlh dks Hkh
vkokl ;kstuk dk ykHk ugh feyk vkSj u gh ujsxk ds rgr fdlh dks jkstxkj feyk A
xkWo dk ljip lqckg ls gh 'kkjkc ih ysrk gS vkSj lfpo xkWo ls 25 fd-eh- nwj [kkyok
esa jgrk gS vkSj xkWo esa cgqr de vkrk gS A
Research study report
Introduction
Qsyksf’ki dk;Zdze esa 'kkfey gksus ls igys eSus fluthZ laLFkku ds lkFk cPpksa ds eqnnksa ij
dke fd;k tSls cky Je] cky 'kks"k.k] cky lqj{kk ds eqnnks ij dke fd;k gS blh nkSjku
cPpksa ds LokLF; ds eqnns bu cPpksa esa fudydj vk;s vkSj lkeqnk; esa Hkh cPpksa esa
LokLF; lca/kh leL;k,W cgqr vf/kd ns[kus dks feyh gS vkSj ;s leL;k,W 0 ls 6 o"kZ ds
cPpksa esa vf/kd ns[kus dks feyk tSls cPpk cgqr detksj gS] cPpk ekufld :i ls chekj
gS] cPpk fodykax gS] ;k cPpsa dh 'kkjhfjd o`f/n lgh ls ugh gks ik jgh gS A bl
dE;qfuVh gsYFk yfuZx dk;Zdze ds ek/;e ls eq>s bu cPpksa dh leL;kvksa dks tkuus vkSj
mu ij dke djus dk ,d volj feyk vkSj eSus viuk fQYM {ks= dk p;u fd;k fd eS
dqiks"k.k ij viuh le> dks fodflr djuk pkgrk gwW rFkk cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.kksa dks
tkuus ds fy, vkSj dqiks"k.k ds fu/kkZjdksa dks le>uss ds fy, eSus dqiks"k.k ij ;s v/;;u
46
fd;k gS A
Page
Statement of problem
[46]
Hkkjr essa f’k’kq e`R;` nj cgqr vf/kd gS A tUe ysus okys 1000 thfor f’k’kqvksa esa ls 57
cPpksa dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS A Hkkjr esa cPpksa dh chekjh vkSj e`R;q dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k
;g gS fd gekjs lekt esa lgh iks"k.k vkgkj ds ckjs esa fcYdqy tkudkjh ugh gS A Hkkjr
dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa cs’kd rsth ls fodkl gks jgk gS ysfdu ns’kokfl;ksa ds LokLF; dh fLFkfr
cgqr [kjkc gS A ;g ckr rhljs jk"Vh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ{k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS A ikWp o"kZ
ls de vk;q ds 6000 ls vf/kd cPpksa dh gj jkst dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k e`R;q gks jgh gS A
cPpksa ds LokLF; vkSj muds thou j{kk ds fy, rhu egRoiw.kZ phts gSa& 1- tUe ds ckn
igys vk/ks ?kaVs ds vUnj Lruiku dh 'kq:okr] 2- tUe ds ckn igys N% eghus rd dsoy
Lruiku djkuk ] 3- N% eghus ds ckn Lruiku ds LkkFk&lkFk i;kZIr vkSj mi;qDr iks"k.k
vkgkj nsuk A cpiu esa iks"kd rRoksa dh deh ls fd’kksjkoLFkk vkSj ikS<+koLFkk esa ckSnf/kd
dk;Z{kerk de gks tkrh gS A blds vfrfjDr O;fDr ds laiw.kZ LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k vkgkj dh
fLFkfr ij foifjr izHkko iM+rk gS A
[k.Mok ftys esa okf"kZd LokLF; losZ{k.k ds }kjk 5 o"kksZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dh e`R;q nj
ns[kk tk; rks 1000 tUe ysus okys cPpksa esa ls 101 cPpsa e`R;q gks tkrh gS rFkk 0&1
o"kZ ds cPpksa esa tUe ysus okys 1000 cPpksa esa ls 68 cPpksa dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj
e`R;q dk dkj.k gS fd ekrk ds }kjk cPpsa ds Lruiku esa deh] cPpsa dks vko’;drk
vuqlkj iks"k.k vkgkj esa deh] rFkk LoPNrk dk vHkko ;s dkj.k ns[kus dks feys gS A
[k.Mok ftys ds [kkyok CykWd esa dqiks"k.k cgqr vf/kd gS ftldk dkj.k gS cPpksa dks Hkjiwj
iks"kd vkgkj u fey ikuk A [kkyok CykWd esa dqiks"k.k dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, eq>s yxk
fd cPpksa dh iks"k.k dh fLFkfr dks ysdj ekrk firk fdrus tkx:d gS vkSj cPpsa ds iks"k.k
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47
dh D;k fLFkfr gS rFkk cPpksa ds iks"k.k dks ysdj lkeqnk; vk/kkfjr LokLF; dk;zdrkZ dk
[47]
D;k jksy gS vkSj fdruk og LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dk fdz;kUo;u dj ik jgs gS vkSj yksxksa rd
LokLF; lsok,W igqap ik jgh gS ;k ugh bl mn~ns’; ls eSus ;s v/;;u djuk pkgk gS A
Rational of the study
[k.Mok ftyk dks fuekM+ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS rFkk [kkyok dks bLV fuekM+ ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gS A [kkyok tks fd vkfnoklh {ks= gS vkSj dksjdw vkfnoklh lkeqnk; ;gkW
fuokl djrs gS A [kkyo ds vkfnoklh lkeqnk; ds cPPkksa esa dqiks"k.k cgqr gS blfy, o"kZ
2005 ds ckn [kkyo esa lcls vf/kd 09 ,u-vkj-lh- o 362 vkWxuckM+h lsUVj [kksys
x;s rkfd cPpksa ds iks"k.k esa lq/kkj ykdj cPpksa es dqiks"k.k dks de fd;k tk lds A
[kkyok Cykd lriqM+k ds taxyks ls f?kjk gqvk gS rFkk xjhch cgqr vf/kd gS cgqr de
yksxksa ds ikl [ksrh ds fy, Hkwfe gS rFkk tks Hkwfeghu gS og xkWo ls iyk;u dj tkrs gS
A f’k{kk dk Lrj ;gkW cgqr [kjkc gS cgqr de yksx i<+s fy[ks feysaxs rFkk LokLF; lqfo/kk
Hkh cgqr de gS A ;krk;kr ds lk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k yksxksa dks vkokxeu esa ijs’kkuh;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS A bu yksxksa rd 'kkldh; ;kstu Hkh lgh :i ls ugh igqWp ik
jgh gS A
cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k dk eq[; dkj.k ns[kk x;k gS xjhch] cPpksa ds iks"k.k esa deh] tkudkjh
dk vHkko ] iyk;u ] vLoPNrk] vf’kf{kr ] LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ] ,sls vkSj Hkh
igyw gS tks cPpksa ds e`R;q nj dks c<kus dk dkj.k gS A
Title of the study:
“A study on the local health workers role on the parent’s child feeding
practices and child’s nutritional status”
parents of under 3 children in Khalwa block, Khandwa district
[48]
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• To assess the child feeding practices and knowledge among
48
My Specific objective
• To identify the role of local health workers on child feeding
practices and knowledge of parents of under 3 children in Khalwa
block, Khandwa district
fjlpZ fMtkbZu
fjlpZ fMtkbZu gS DokfyVsfVo vkSj DokfUVVsfVo fjlpZ fMtkbZu A
v/;;u dk {ks=
v/;;u dk {ks= jgk gS xzke yaxksVh vkSj xzke MkfHk;k] rgfly [kkyokW] ftyk
[k.Mok] e/;izns’k A
v/;;u dk le;
v/;;u dk le; jgk gS 17 flracj 2014 ls 14 ucaoj 2014 rd A
uewus dk vkdkj
20 bu&MsIFk baVjO;wg ¼08 dqiksf"kr cPpksa dh ekrkvksa dk bUVjO;w] 08 lkekU;
cPpksa dh ekrkvksa dk bUVjO;w ] 02 vk’kk dk bUVjO;w ] rFkk 02 vkWxuckM+h
dk;ZdrkZ dk bUVjO;w A ½
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49
Overall learning / Conclusions
[49]
bl QSyksf’ki esa cgqr ls fo"k;ksa ij esjh le> cuh gS rFkk lkeqnk; ds lkFk dke djus
dk vuqHko vk;k gS lkFk gh lkeqnk; dks LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ls tksM+us] izkFkfed LokLF;
ns[kHkky rFkk lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr LokLF; izca/ku ij Hkh lh[kus dks feyk gS A bl
dk;Zdze dss }kjk ljdkjh LokLF; ;kstuk,W rFkk 'kkldh; LokLF; lsokvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh
lh[kus dks feyk gS ftlls lkeqnk; dks
'kkldh; LokLF; lsokvksa ls tksM+us esa lgk;rk
izkIr gksrh gS A
lkeqnkf;d LokLF;
ekufld LokLF;
dqiks"k.k D;k gS
dqiks"k.k ds fo"k; esa tkuk dh dqiks"k.k dksbZ fcekjh ugh gS ,d voLFkk gS tks fd
cPpksa dks iks"kd vkgkj cjkcj ek=k esa u feyus] cPps dk ckj ckj fcekj gksuk]
tUe ds le; cPpsa dks eka dk nw/k u feyuk cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k ds dkj.k gks ldrs
gSA ftu cPpksa dk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd fodkl :d tkrk gS ;k de gks tkrk gS
rks ,slh fLFkfr dks dqiks"k.k dh voLFkk ekuk tkrk gSA tUe ds ckn ls le;
le; ij cPpsa dk otu fd;k tkuk pkfg,aA ftlls dh gesa cPpssa ds fodkl dh
fLFkfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh gksrh jgsaA cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k /khjs /khjs c<+ jgk gS vkt
dh fLFkfr esa dbZ ,sls cPpsa gS tks dh dqiks"k.k tSlh egkekjh dk f’kdkj gks jgs gSA
xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh Lrj ij vkaxuokMh o iks"k.k iquokZl dsUnz o vyx vyx rjg
ds dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls dqiks"k.k de djus ds lkFk lkFk dqiks"k.k dh jksdFkke
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50
ds fy, dk;Z fd;s tk jgs gSA
[50]
ts.Mj D;k gS
vuqla/kku djuk
xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol D;k gS
xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr D;k gS
xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol %&
xzke mn;kiwj eky vkSj yaxksVh ds vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz esa xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol dk
vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa eS ’kkfey gqvk A xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol esa 'kkfey
gksus dk mnns’; Fkk bl dk;Zdze dks le>uk vkSj leqnk; dks feyus okyh LoLF;
lqfo/kkvksa dks tkuuk A
xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol dk;Zdze esa xzke dh vk’kk] vkWxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ] vkSj ,-,u,e- LokLF; iznkrk ds :i esa mifLFr gq, A xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k fnol esa ,-,u-,eds }kjk xHkZorh efgyk vkSj cPpksa dks Vhds yxk;s x,] xHkZorh efgykvksa dh tkWp dh x;h
rFkk 'knhZ] [kklh] cq[kkj ds fy, yksxkssa dks nokbZ;kW fn;k x;k rFkk vk’kk us Vhdkdj.k esa
,-,u-,e- dh lgk;rk dh A bl dk;Zdze dks Vhdkdj.k fnol Hkh dgk tkrk gS A
loZizFke vk’kk lkeqnk; esa yksxksa dks [kcj fd;k fd vkt xkWo esa xkze LokLF; ,ao iks"k.k
fnol gS rFkk mUgsa vkWxuckM+h o vkjksX; dsaUnz esa vkus dks dgkW A xzke LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k
fnol esa 3 xHkZorh efgykvksa dks Vhds yxk;s x;s ftlesa nks efgykvksa dks VhVusl&1 vkSj
,d dks VhVusl&2 yxk; rFkk 4 cPpksa dks Hkh Vhds yxk;s x;s ftlesa ,d cPpsa dks
foVkfeu&, dh izFke [kqjkd o lkFk esa [kljs dk Vhdk yxk;k x;k] nwljs cPpsa dks Mh-ih-
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Vh-&2 gsisVkbfVl&ch&2 o iksyh;ks dh [kqjkd fn;k x;k A vr% vk’kk dk;ZdrkZ ls cPpksa dks
[51]
vk;q ds vuqlkj 5 o"kZ rd yxus okys Vhds o xHkZorh ekrkvksa dks yxus okys Vhds ds
ckjs esa tkuk rFkk ;s Vhds yxkuk D;ksa vko’;d gS cPpksa dks yxus okys Vhds fUkEu gS &
dza-
vk’kk] ,-,u-,e- o
cPpsa dh mez
Vhds dk uke
la1 LFkkxr izlo dhch-lh-th-]
n'kk ,oa iksfy;ks] gsisVkbfVl&chVh-ch- ;k risfnd] iksfy;ks ,oa ihfy;k
esa tUe ds ckn ¼tUe ls 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj½
vkWxuckM+h
dk;ZdrkZ
rhuksa us vius ikl
;s
fjdkMZ
vius
vius
jftLVj
Ms2<+ ekg
<kbZ
3 ekg
vkSj
rFkk ihfy;k
Mh-ih-Vh-&2] gsisVkbfVl&ch 2 rFkk iksfMIFkhfj;k]
fy;ks
dkyh [kk¡lh] fVVsul] iksfy;ks
&2
Lkk<+
4 s rhu ekg
rFkk ihfy;k
Mh-ih-Vh-&3] gsisVkbfVl&ch 3 rFkk iksfMIFkhfj;k]
fy;ks
dkyh [kk¡lh] fVVsul iksfy;ks
esa
rFkk ihfy;k
xHkZorh
efgykvksa dh tkWps
dh x;h vnkSj mUgsa
¼gsisVkbfVl&ch½
Mh-ih-Vh-&1] gsisVkbfVl&ch 1 rFkk iksfMIFkhfj;k]
fy;ks & dkyh [kk¡lh] fVVsul iksfy;ks
1
95 ls 12 ekg
j[kk
chekjh;ksa ls cpko
foVkfeu& , dh izFke [kqjkd] [kljs jrkS
ds Vhds
a/kh
ds lkFk
16
6 ls 5 o"kZ
foVkfeu&, dh 2 ls 9 oh [kqjkd]
jrkSa/kh
6 ekg ds varjky ij
16
7 ls 24 o"kZ
Mh-ih-Vh- izFke cwLVj rFkk iksfy;ks cwLfMIFkhfj;k]
Vj
dkyh [kk¡lh] fVVsul rFkk
iksfy;ks
vius
LokLF;
dh
ns[kHkky
o
iks"k.k
58 o"kZ
Mh-ih-Vh- ¼f}rh; cwLVj½
fMIFkhfj;k] dkyh [kk¡lh] fVVsul
lca/kh tkudkjh nh x;h gS A bl dk;Zdze ds }kjk
eq>s tkuus dks feyk fd cPpksa dks le; ij Vhds yxokuk cgqr vko’;d gS vxj lgh
le; ij Vhdk ugh yxk; x;k rks cPpsa dks dbZ izdkj dh chekjh;k gks ldrh gS vr%
Vhdk cPpksa ds 'kjhj dks chekjh;ksa ls yM+us esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gS A
MATERNAL HEALTH
GENDER
Page
SERVICE
PACKAGE FOR
[52]
VHND
52
FAMILY PLANNING
SANITATION
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE
CHILD HEALTH
HEALTH PROMOTION
AYUSH
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
INFECTIONS & SE XUALLY
TRANSMITTED INFECTION
NUTRITION
xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe’ku ds varxZr gj xkWo esa xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr dk
xBu fd;k x;k gS A xzke yaxksVh vkSj xzke mn;kiwj eky ds xzke LokLF; rnFkZ lfefr
ds lnL;ksa dh tkudkjh vk’kk vkSj vkWxuckM+h dsaUnz ls ysdj lfefr ds lHkh lnL; dks
,d fnu igys xkWo esa feVhax ds fy, lwfpr fd;k ftlesa dqy 7 yksx feVhax esa 'kkfey
gq,W xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr ds lkFk feVhax djus dk eq[; mnns’; Fkk fd lfefr
fdl izdkj ls LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk ds eqnnksa ij dke djrh gS rFkk xzke LokLF; ,oa
rnFkZ lfefr ds dk;Ziz.kyh dks tkuus vkSj le>us ds fy, bl cSBd dk vk;kstu fd;k
x;k Fkk A xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr dh bl cSBd esa xzke dh vk’kk] vkWxuckM+h
dk;ZdrkZ] xkWo ds iap] vkSj 3 lnL; 'kkfey gq, A xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr ds
lnL;ksa }kjk crk;k x;k fd gesa irk gh ugh Fkk fd ge fdlh lfefr ds lnL; gS vkSj
xkWo esa LokLF; vkSj lkQ lQkbZ ds eqnnksa ij dke djus ds fy, gesa pquk x;k gS A
fdlh lfefr ds lnL; gS
rFkk cgqr lkjs yksxksa dk ;s tckc Fkk fd xzke iapk;r ds }kjk gekjs lkFk dksbZ feVhax
[53]
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53
mUgksaus crk;k fd vkt bl cSBd esa gesa irk yxk fd ge
ugh fd;k x;k gS vkSj u gh vk’kk] vkWxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ ds }kjk dksbZ feVhax ;k ppkZ
lfefr dh cSBd ysdj dh xbZ gS A
xzke LokLF; ,oa rnFkZ lfefr dh bl feVhax ls ;s le>us dks feyk fd xzkeh.k Lrj ij
'kkldh; ;kstukvksa dks lapkyu lgh rjhds ls ugh gks ik jgk gS ftldh otg ls yksxksa dks
xzkeh.k Lrj ij 'kkldh; ;kstukvksa dks ykHk iw.kZ :i ls ugh fey ik jgk gS vkSj LokLF;
,oa f’k{kk dk Lrj fxjrk tk jgk gS A 'kkldh; foHkkx ds lkFk lkFk leqnk; Hkh ftEesnkj
gS A yksxksa ls ckrphr ds nkSjku ;s yxk fd leqnk; Lrj ij yksxksa ds }kjk bu ;kstukvksa
dks izkIr djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk iz;kl ugh fd;k tk jgk gS A vr% xzkeh.k
Lrj ij ;kstukvksa ds lgh lapkyu ds fy, gesa leqnk; dks tkx:d djuk iM+sxk rFkk
leqnk; dks le>kuk iM+sxk fd vf/kdkj ds lkFk LkkFk gekjh Hkh dqN ftEesnkjh curh gS
vkSj ;s le>k;s fd tc rd ge ekax ugh djsxsa rc rd gesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh
lgk;rk ugh izkIr gksrh gS oSls gh 'kkldh; ;kstukvkssa dks izkIr djus ds fy, gesa 'kklu
ls ;kstukvksa dh ekax djuh iM+sxh vkSj leqnk; Lrj ij yksxksa dks ,dtqV djuk iM+sxk A
Readind List
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54
Photographs
[54]
fp= % 2 ] 0 ls 3 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dh ekrkvksa dk bUVjO;w
[55]
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fp= % 1 xHkZorh ,oa /kk=h ekrkvksa ds lkFk feVhax
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Questions / poetry (Optional; feel free to express your thought
[56]
Position: 2230 (3 views)