Rohit Kashyap : Urbanization and Health
Item
- Title
- Rohit Kashyap : Urbanization and Health
- extracted text
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Final
Report
2012-2013
Community
Health
Learning
Fellowship
Programme
SOCHARA , BANGALORE INDIA
Team Mentor: Mr.
As
Mohammad
Field mentor: Mrs. Ratna
Sharma
Fellow: Rohit Kashyap
pg. 0
Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
S.No.
Topic
I.
Why did I join CHLP?
II.
Learning objective in CHLP
III.
Over All Learning for CHLP
IV.
Organizations visited and projects Undertaken
V.
My experience at the field
VI.
Research study project
VII.
Overall conclusion
VIII.
Reading list
IX.
Photos
1
bUnkSj ftyk ekyok ds e/; esa fLFkr gSA bl NksVs ftys dh lhek,W 22º20 mRrj ls 23º05 mRrj
vk{kka'k vkSj 75º25 iwoZ ls 76º15 iwoZ ns'kka'k rd Qsyh gqbZ gSA ;g mRrj esa mTtSu ftys ls]
nf{k.k esa fuekM+ ¼if'pe½ ftys ls] iwoZ esa nsokl ftys ls vkSj if'pe esa /kkj ftys ls f?kjk gqvk gSA
ftys dk ;g uke bUnkSj ds eq[;ky; uxj ds uke ij iM+k gS] tks igys banwj dgykrk Fkk] tks
bUnzs'oj ;k bUnziqj dk viHkaz'k gSA ;g ml xkWo dk uke Fkk] tgkW bl uxj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
bUnzs'oj dk eafnj ftlds dkj.k xkWo dk ;g uke j[kk x;k Fkk] vHkh Hkh 'kgj ds e/; twuh bUnkSj
esa fLFkr gSA bl xkWo dk gh fodkl 'kgj ds :i esa gqvk] tks yxHkx 1661 bZLoh esa clk;k x;k Fkk
rFkk ewyr% bUnzijq dgykrk FkkA bankSj 'kgj dh dqy tula[;k 32-7 yk[k gSA blesa vuqlwfpr tkfr
ds yksxksa dh tula[;k 5-45 yk[k gS rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh tula[;k dsoy 2-17yk[k gSA
ftys dk fyaxkuqikr izfr gtkj iq:"kksa ij 924 gSA
QWyksf’ki ds nkSjku esjh inLFkkiu
esa jghA ;g
’kgjh ,ao xzkfe.k {ks=ksa esa
Vh-ch- ,ao ,p-vkbZ-oh ij dke dj jgh gS] ftl fd foLr`r tkudkjh vkxs ds v/;k;ksa es izLrqr
gksxhA QWyksf’ki ds nkSjku esjk dk;Z{ks= eaxkfy;k xzke jgkA
2
lcls igys eSa /kU;okn nsrk gqW izsj.kknk;h ,oa ekxZn’kZd MkW- Fksyek ukjk;.k] Mk-W joh
ukjk;.k] Jh vkl- eksgEen th dk buds lg;ksxh O;ogkj ,oa fouezrk us thou dks ubZ fn’kk
fn[kkbZA budh lh[k vkSj vuqHko ds dkj.k lHkh dks lkeqnkf;d LokLF; QWyksf’ki dk;ZØe dk eap
fey ik;kA eSa /kU;okn nsrk gqW izksxzke dks&vksMhuVsj MkW- ;qojkt ] MkW- vkfnR;k] Jh dkfrZd]dqekj dsts- ,ao Lkkpskjk& cxSayksj Vhe lnL; ,o lkFkh QSyksl A
ds lHkh lkfFk;ksa fo’ks"kdj Jhefr jruk th ,ao laLFkk fea= J`xkaj ls Jh osuw
fiYykbZ] Jh xzkts’k JhokLrok ,ao fodkl ekS;Z th dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gqW] fd os ges’kk esjh enn
ds fy, rRij jgsAa xzkfe.k LokLF; ij le> cukus esa budh fo’ks"k Hkwfedk jghA
3
Why did I join CHLP ?
lkekftd dk;Z esa ,e-,l-M+CY;w fd mikf/k izkIr djus ds ckn esjs }kjk bUnkSj 'kgj ,ao xzkfe.k {ks=ksa
esa foHkUu ,u-th-vks-ds lkFk ,p-vkbZ-oh ds {ks= esa dke fd;k x;k ftlesa gekjs }kjk ,d yf{kr leqg
dksa lsok,W iznku fd tkrh Fkh]ftlesa eq[; :Ik ls ,p-vkbZ-oh VsLV]ldzkaed jksxks fd jksd Fkke ,oa
mipkj ds fy;s izsfjr djuk lkFk gh daMkse ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsukA dk;ZØe esa vfèkd tksf[ke
okys lewgksa vkSj fczt tula[;k] Çyd odZlZ Ldhe] lefUor ijke’kZ vkSj tkap lsok] lkewfgd
LokLF; lsok] lgk;rk vkSj mipkj dsæa ] lwpuk] f’k{kk vkSj lapkj ¼vkbZbZlh½ rFkk daMkse dks c<+kok
nsus tSls y{;xr gLr{ksih dk;ZØeksa ij è;ku nsuk gSA
bl d;Zdze ds ek/;e ls yksxks dks lsok,W rks iznku fd tk jgha Fkh ijUrq eu esa dgh ;s [;ky vkrk
Fkk fd ge yksxksa dks lEiw.kZ LokLF; lsok ugha fnyk ik jgs gS]leqnk; fd LokLF; lacaf/kr cgqr
leL;k gS]ftu fd igpku ds fy;sa eq>sa LokLF; ds {ks= esa viuh le> dks c<+kuk gksxkA
rHkh eq>sa bl QSyksf’ki ds ckjs esa irk pyk]vizSy 2013 esa esjs s }kjk QSyksf’ki dks TOkkbuZ fd;k x;kA
4
Learning objectives in CHLP
Over All Learning For CHLP
5
Health
LokLF; dks u dsoy chekjh gksus dh fLFkfr esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg, cfYd bls iw.kZ ’kkjhfjd] ekufld
vkSj lkekftd csgrjh ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A vPNs LokLF; ds fuèkkZjd gaS fofHkUu izdkj
dh LokLF; lsokvksa rd igqap vkSj fdlh O;fDr dh thou ’kSyh dh ilan] futh] ifjokj vkSj
lkekftd lacèa kA ¼MCY;w-,p-vks½
Li"V gksrk gS]fd LokLF; dsoy chekjh;ksa ls fg izHkkohr ugha gksrk gS]bldsa lkekftd jktfufrd
dkj.k Hkh gksrs gS]ge fuokjkRed] mipkjkRed vkSj yksd LokLF; lsokvksa dks iznku fd, tkus okyh
dk;Zuhfr ij ckr djsxs gSA
bl le; Hkkjr dh LokLF; lsok iz.kkyh esa lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks= ds LokLF; lsok iznkrkvksa dk
feJ.k ’kkfey gSA izkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d Lrj ij LokLF; lsok lqfoèkkvksa dk usVodZ]
eq[;r% jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk pyk;k tkrk gS] eq¶r ;k cgqr de dher ij fpfdRlk lsok,a iznku dh
tkrh gSaA ijUrq ljdkj }kjk iznku fd tkus okyh lsok dk leqnk; dks ykHk uk fey ikus ds dkj.k
gh futh LokLF; lqfoèkk {ks=ksa dk ,d O;kid :i gS ftlesa O;fDrxr MkWDVj vkSj mudh fDyfud
ls ysdj lkekU; vLirky vkSj lqij Lisf’k;fyVh vLirkyksa dk laiw.kZ {ks= vkrk gSA
1- lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks=] nksuksa esa lsok lqfoèkkvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa dkQh varj gSA futh {ks=
esa izSfDVl djus okys dbZ MkWDVj] vgZrkizkIr MkWDVj ugha gSaA lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks= ds
vLirkyksa dks fu;af=r djus okys ekud i;kZIr :i ls Li"V ugha gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa
mUgssa izHkkoh :i ls ykxw ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vfèkdka’k yksxksa dks ogu djus ;ksX; LokLF; lsok] fo’ks"k :i ls r`rh; LokLF; lsok] ,d
xaHkhj leL;k gSA lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa ds ikl O;kid vkSj Ik;kZIr :i ls fufèk;ka u
gksus ds dkj.k vfèkla[; yksxksa dks vius O;; ls vfèkd futh {ks= ls LokLF; lsok,a [kjhnuh
iM+rh gSaA lkoZtfud {ks= ds vLirkyksa esa Hkh vius [kpsZ ls ckgj [kjhn djuh iM+rh gS
D;ksafd nokb;ksa dh deh gksus dk vFkZ gS ejhtksa dks os nokb;ka [kjhnuh iM+ax
s hA xaHkhj chekjh
dh fLFkfr esa blls ifjokjksa ij Hkkjh foÙkh; cks> iM+rk gSA vkmV vkWQ ikWdsV O;; dk ,d
cM+k Hkkx] cfgjax jksxh dh LokLF; lqfoèkk vkSj nokb;ksa ls feyrk gS ftuesa ls vfèkdka’k
ekStnw k chek ;kstukvksa esa Hkh ugha vkrh gSaA fQj Hkh] LokLF; chek esa ’kkfey tula[;k dh
izfr’krrk dkQh de gSA
3- Hkfo"; esa mfYyf[kr leL;kvksa ds vkSj Hkh cnrj gksus dh laHkkouk gSA yksxksa dh vk;q c<+us
ds dkj.k LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dh dherksa esas Hkh o`f) gksus dh vk’kk gS] gekjh tula[;k dk
,d cM+k Hkkx iqjkuh xSj&laØe.kh; chekfj;ksa dk f’kdkj gksxk ftlds fy, egaxs mipkj dh
t:jr gksxhA mipkj dh laHkkoukvksa ds izfr Hkh yksxksa ds tkx:drk c<+ jgh gS vkSj blls
fQj fpfdRlk ns[kHkky dh ekax esa o`f) gksxhA
LoPN is;ty vkSj lkQ lQkbZ tSls vPNs LokLF; ij izHkko Mkyus okys nwljs {ks=ksa ij Hkh gesa
fopkj djusa fd t:jr gSA D;ksa fd lEiq.kZ LokLF; dks ikus ds fy;sa gesa lEiw.kZ iz;kl djus gksxsA
6
Disability
Disability ds ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh tks bl ls igys eq>s ugh FkhA
gekjh igpku gekjs uke (Name) ;k dke (Work) ls gksrh gS] ijUrw Disable O;fDr dh
igpku dsoy mlds Disability ls gksrh gSaA pkgs oks fdrus fg vPNs dke dj ys ysfdu mudh
igpku ugh cnyrhA
gesa viuk utfj;k(View) cnyuk gksxk muds izfr Disable Person dks mldh ;ksxrk ds
vk/kkj ls ns[kuk pkfg,A
Berry for Disability
utfj;k (View)
i;kZoj.k ] laLFkk
Rual & Policy
Diability ij dke djus okys yksxks fd deh
Group Exercise
yanu es [kljk gksus ds ckn –f"V ckf/kr cPpk gksuk A
Mumbai esa C.P. cPpk gksukA
Dehradun esa e/; oxZ ifjokj esa 3 egk ds ckn irk pyuk fd cPpk H.I. gSA
Village esa fdlku ds cPps dks iksfy;sa gksukA
bl izdkj geus ;s tkuk fd Disability esa lkekftd ]vkfFkSd ] f’k{k ] tx:drk ] vkSj tSfod
dkj.k gksrs gSA
gesa bu pkj {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus fd t:jr gSA
1 Medical Rehabilitation.
2 Education.
3 Economical.
4 Social Change.
7
Braille Training
czsyfyfi % ifjp;
czsy mHkjh gqbZ N% fcUnqvksa dh ,slh fyfi gS ftlds }kjk i<+us o fy[kus ds fy, n`f"V dh
vko';drk ugha gSA bls gkFkksa ds Li'kZ }kjk i<+k vkSj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bldk vfo"dkj gh
blfy, fd;k x;k dh Li'kZ }kjk i<+uk o fy[kuk laHko gks ldsA czsy fyfi dk vfo"dkj yqbZ czsy
}kjk lu~ 1829 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
nsoukfxjh] xq:eq[kh] czg~eh bR;kfn fyfi;ksa dh rjg gh czsy Hkh ,d fyfi gh gSA czsyfyfi mHkjs gq,
fcUnqvksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ gSA blesa N% mHkjs gq, fcUnq gksrs gSa ftuls feydj ,d czsy lsy curk gSA
izR;sd lsy esa ,d o.kZ ¼v{kj½ fy[kk tkrk gSA
czsy dh N% fcUnqvksa ds fofHkUu la;ksxksa }kjk fo'o dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh o.kZekyk,a] fojke fpUg]
laf{kIr fpUg vkfn rS;kj fd;s x;s gSaA gekjs ns'k dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa tSls fgUnh] ejkBh] xqtjkrh]
rfey] rsyxw vkfn ds fy, Hkh czsy dh o.kZekyk,a rS;kj dh tk pqdh gSaA
czsy fyfi dks fy[kus ds fy, vf/kdrj LVk;yl ,oa fo'ks"k izdkj dh LysV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS ftlesa N%&N% fcUnqvksa ds dbZ lsy cus gksrs gSa bls czsy LysV dgk tkrk gSA czsy LysV esa eksVs
dkxt+ dh 'khV ij LVkbyl ds }kjk fy[kk tkrk gSA czsy LysV dh lgk;rk ls czsy fyfi esa fy[krs
le; lh/ks gkFk ls myVs gkFk dh rjg fy[kk tkrk gS ftlls dh mHkkj nwljh rjQ vkrs gSaA bUgh
mHkkjksa dks gkFk dh maxfy;ksa dh lgk;rk ls Nwdj i<+k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr czsyj ds }kjk Hkh
rst+h ls czsy dks fy[kk tk ldrk gSA czsy esa fdrkcsa cukus ds fy, czsy ,Eckslj mi;ksx esa yk;k
tkrk gSA
’kgjhdj.k fodkl izfØ;k dk LokHkkfod vax gS] D;ksafd uxjksa ls cM+s iSekus ij vFkZO;oLFkk dks rFkk
cfLr;ksa dks lacy feyrk gSA D;ksfa d csgrj vkthfodk vÆtr djus ds fy, fuokfl;ksa ds
varj&fuHkZj iz;klksa ls tkfr] iaFk vkSj Hkk"kk dh ckËkk,a lekIr gks tkrh gSaA fQygky] yxHkx 31
izfr’kr vkcknh] vFkkZr~ yxHkx 380 fefy;u yksx ’kgjh {ks=ksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj 2030 rd ;g la[;k
c<+dj yxHkx 600 fefy;u gks tk,xhA c<+rh ’kgjh vkcknh dks Lrjh; lsok,a miyCËk djkuk ,d
cM+h pqukSrh gSA ’kgjh lsok,a csgn [k+jkc gSa&[k+kldj lQkbZ] Bksl dpjs dks gVkus] ikuh] lM+d]jgusa
fd O;oLFkk vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu dh fLFkfrA lHkh Hkkjrh; ’kgjksa esa] lLrs rFkk vPNs edkuksa dh
deh Çprktud gS] D;ksafd blds dkj.k gh ÖkqfXx;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS >qfXx;ksa fd leL;kvksa rFkk
[kjkc ty vkSj LoPNrk lsokvksa ds dkj.k LokLF; vkSj thou&n’kk,a fcxM+ tkrh gSaA
’kgjh ’kklu cgqr det+ksj gS] blesa fofHkUUk ,tsfa l;ksa ds chp rkyesy vPNk ugha gS D;ksafd blds
cxSj vPNh cfLr;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj mUgsa vPNk cuk, j[kuk laHko ugha gSA’kgjhdj.k izcaËku esa lqËkkj
dh dk;Zuhfr;ksa dh O;k[;k
8
Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRA dks fgUnh esa
dgrsa gSaAbl dk mi;ksax dj ge
leqnk; fd izFkfedrkvksa dksa leqnk; }kjk tkursa gSa ,ao fujkdj.k Hkh leqnk; fd vksj ls gh vkrsa gSa
PRA ds ek/;e esa ge ;s tkuus dk iz;kl djrsa fd cqfu;knh vko’;drk,W ;k leL;k D;k gS \
;gkW ,slh fof/k gS tks yksxksa ds fy;s mUgh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gaSA xzke ds vk/kkj Hkwr tkudkjh
,df=r djus ds fy;s ,oa xzke dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy;s Transect Walk, Social
Mapping, Seasonal Mapping and VennDiagram ftllsa xako dh Hkwfexr fLFkfr xzke esa dkSu
lh ljapuk dgk gS og tkuus ds fy, xzke okfl;ksa ls tehuh Lrj dk uD’kk cuok;k tkrk gS] vkSj
xzke esa miyC/k lalk/ku tSls uD’ks ij ou] d`f"k {ks=] edku] Hkou] lM+d] iwy] dw,a ]V~;wcosy]
'kkldh; Hkou] rkykc] unh] ukys vkfn dks uD’ks ij n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA ,oa xzke okfl;ksa ls bl uD’ks
ij xkao dh leL;k dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA
PRA Techniqes
1. Transect Walk
2. Timeline
3. Social Mapping
4. Seasonal Mapping
5. Venn Diagram
6. Matrix Ranking
7. Pair Wise Ranking
8. Well Being Ranking
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vizSy&2005 esa jk"Vh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe’ku fd ’kq:okr ns’k dsa 18 jkT;ksa esa
,d lkFk ykxw fd;k x;k] tksfd [kkldj detksj lkoZtfud LokLF; <kps okys jkT; gSaA ,slk
igyh ckj ugha Fkk tc ljdkj usa lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa vkSj lkoZtfud O;oLFkk dh leL;kvksa
dksa Lohdkj fd;k FkkAHkksjs lfefr ds izLrqr gksus vkSj izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds le; ls 1970 ds
n’kd rd vusd flQkfj’ksa dh xbZA budk tksj lHkh rcdsl ds yksxksa dksa fu%’kqYd LokLF; lsokvks
rd igqp cukus ij FkkA
y{; vkSj j.kuhfr;ka
lfHk fd izkFkfed LokLF; rd igqpA
efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds iks"k.k] Vhdkdj.k] ikuh vkSj lQbZA
uotkr e`R;w nj rFkk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj esa dehaA
lkoZtfud LokLF; ij [kpZ dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ds 2&3 izfr’kr rd igqpkukA
9
vk;q"k ¼vk;qosZn];ksxk];wukuh]gksE;ksiSFkh ,oa fl)½ dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykdj lkoZtfud LokLF;
O;oLFkk esa tksM+ukA
vk’kk ds ek/;e ls ifjokj ds Lrj ij LokLF; rd igqpA
LokLF; O;okLFkk esa <+kpkxr lq/kkj rkfd ;g c<+s gq, vkoaVu dk leqfep mi;ksx dj
ldsA
lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa ds LokfeRo] fu;a=.k ,ao izca/ku esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkuksa dks
'kkfey djukA
iapk;rksa dh xzke LokLF; lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e lsa izR;sd xkao ds LokLF; ;kstuk rS;kj djukA
lkoZtfud&futh lgHkkfxrk
lkeftd LokLF; chek vkSj tksf[ke mBkus dh O;oLFkk
bl izdkj jk"Vh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe’ku esa vk’kk fd Hkwfedk lclsa egRoiq.kZ gSa] blh ds lkFk
lkeqnkf;d fuxjkuh Hkh ,d eq[; pj.k ftldsa ek/;e ls miLokLF; dsUnz ls ysdj lkeqnkf;d
LokLF; dsUnz fd xfrfof/k;ksa ij ge utj j[k ldrsa gSA bl ds lkFk gh lEiw.kZ LokLF; dk tks ge
liuk ns[k jgs gS dgh uk dgha og lp gksus fd dkxkj ij igqpus dk iz;kl fn[k jgk gSaA
Health system
According to WHO “a health system comprises all organizations, institutions and resources
devoted to producing actions whose primary intent is to improve health.
Most national health systems include public, private, traditional and informal sectors. The
four essential functions of a health system have been defined as service provision, resource
generation, financing and stewardship.”
Hkkjr fd tks LokLF; iz.kkyh gS] og ,d Hk"V LoLF; iz.kkyh gS] ftlesa fdl Hkh dke fd tokcnsgh
dk izo/kku rks gS]ysfdu flQZ dkxtks ij tks fd vfejks ,ao xfjcksa dks lekurk ls lqfo/kk,a iznku
djus ds fy;s izfrc) gSa bl ds eq[; fcUnq bl izdkj gSaA
Financing- public, private, out of pocket
• Organization of health care systems
• Governance & accountability mechanisms
• Implementation issues
• Quality of care
• Outcomes and impacts, including equity
• CPHC approach to health system development
• Health systems as a health determinant
Health Policy in India
According WHO “a national health policy is an expression of goals for improving the health
situation, the priorities among those goals and the main directions for attaining them.”
In India we have two national policies: National Health Policy (NHP) 1983 & 2002
National Population Policy (NPP) 2000
10
bl dk eryc gSa]fd leqnk; dksa LokLF; uhfr;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds volkj iznku fd;s tkus pkfg;sAa
leqnk; fd lgHkkfxrk gksus ls LokLF; lsokvksa rd yksaxks fd igqp vlku gks ldrh gSa
pqukSfr;ka vkSj ck/kk,a %& leqnk; fd Hkkxhnkjh] Hkqxrku djus fd {kerk]jkuhfrd fodYi] Social
inclusion/exclusion, Beliefs and Experiences & conflitct.
Social determinants of health
dbZ o"kksZ LokLF; 'kCn dbZ :iksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k] LokLF; ,d cgq&vk;keh vo/kkj.kk gSA
ftlesa fcekjh dh vuqifLFkfr ;k mifLFkfr ds dbZ dkj.k gksrs gSa tSlsa tSfod]jklk;fud]HkkSxksfyd]
vkfFkZd ,ao lkekftd ftldsa vUrjxrZ lkekftd fLFkfr]f’k{kk@lk{kjrk]jkstxkj@vk;] vkokl ,ao
i;kZoj.k Hkh vkrs gSaA fdlh Hkh O;fDr dk tUe dgk gqvk gS] ;g fu/kkfjr djrk gSa] fd mldk
fodkl dSlk gkxskA mlds lkekftd Lrj ij fuHkZj djrk gSa fd mldk LokLF; dSlk gkxsk] LokLF;
dks izHkkfor djus esa lkekftd fu/kkZjd ,d cgqr cM+h Hkqfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ifjokj dks LokLF; j[kus
ds fy, vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds lkFk lkekftd fLFkfr ,ao f’k{kk cgqr egRoiq.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrsa gSaA
bl pkVZ ds ek/;e lsa ge ck<+h vklkuh ls le> ldrsa gSa] fd LokLF; dks izHkkfor djusa okys
dkjd dsls ,d nqljs ls laca/khr gksrsa gSaA
11
Organizations visited and projects Undertaken •
1- The Green Foundation, Bangalore April 2013
2- Basic Need India , Bangalore April 2013
3- FRLHT, Bangalore July, 2013
4- The Assocition of People with Disability(APD),Bangalore Octomber 2013
5- KARUNASHRAY ,Bangalore Hospice Trust, November 2013
Conferences & meeting attended
1 State level consultation on “ Ban on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and
Sponsorship” July, 2013
2- Transation analysis, Octomber 2013 6- The 4th Annual Conference of The
Karnataka Chapter of the Indian Academy of Geriatrics on “Identifying solutions to
challenges in Geriatrics”, December 2013
nf{k.k Hkkjr esa laLFkk,W ftrus cqyufn;ksa dks Nqjgh gSa] mruha gh tfeuh Lrj ij Hkh dke dj jgha gSa
LokLF; lsa laca/khr ftrusa Hkh laLFkkvksa esa }kjk foftV fd xbZ lkjh laLFkk,W viusa gh }kjk izkstsDV
ju dj jgha gSa] blls og okLRkfod t:jr ena yksxks dks lsok,W igqWpk jgh gSaA bu LkaLFkkvks ds
ek/;e ls leqnk; esa tkx:drk ds fy;s vuds dk;Zdze fd;s tk jgs gSa] LokLF; fd f’k{kk dks c<+kus
ds fy;s f’k{kk dk;Zdze ds vUrxZr izf’k{k.k fn;s tk jgs gaS] tks ,d vPNh igy gaS] bu dk;Zd zekas ds
}kjk leqnk; esa dk;Z djus okyks dks tehuh Lrj fd tkudkjh nh tk jgha gSaAlkFk gh lh-ch-vks- dks
cgqr vPNh rjg lsa lg;ksx dj vPNk ifj.kke izkIr dj jgsa gSaA blh ds lkFk lHkh laLFkkvksa dk
vkil esa leao; Hkh cgqr vPNk gSa tksa dgh uk dgh fdlh Hkh izdkj cS<+dksa esa fey dj ,d nqljksa
ds dk;ksZ esa enn djrsa gSaA ;gkW ij Conferences & meeting esa lh[kk dh vuds ,sls LokLF;
ds fo"k; gSa] ftuds fo"k; esa eSus dHkh xgjkbZ ls ugh lkpsk Fkk] mu ij le> cuh & o`)]
i;kZoj.k]Hkkjr ds fofHkUu xSj ljdkjh lxaBuks ds lkFk ljdkj] o vU; n’skksa tSls& ikfdLrku vkfn
ls tqM+ dj bu fo"k;ksa ij ckr dj lek/kku [kkstus fd dksf’k’k fd tk jgh gSaA ;s lc esjs fy;s
cgqr mi;ksxh gSA
Basic Need India , Bangalore
gesa ekufld LokLF; ij ,slh tkudkjh;k fn xbZ ftl ds fo"k; esa gekjs }kjk igys dHkh lquk gh
ugha x;k Fkk] ,d iqjkuh dgkor gSaA
ßÞLokLF; eu esa LokLF; 'kjhjßÞ
ekufld LokLF; dh uhao cpiu ds izkjaHk esa gh iM+rh gSaA ekufld LokLF; esa lg;ksxh ?kVd fuEu
gSaA
vPNk 'kkjhfjd LokLF;
ewy vko’;drk;sa
'kkjhfjd vko’;drk;sa
12
Lkekftd vko’;drk;sa
vknrsa
ekufld LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okyk ,d vksj ?kVd gS] O;fDrRo ftls ge pkj Hkkxksa esa ckV
ldrsa gSa
'kkjhfjd
HkkoukRed
ckSf)d
O;kogkfjd ;k lkekftd
tc O;fDr fdu gh dkj.kksa ls cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa lsa lkeatL; ugha feyk ikrk gSa rc mlsa
ekufld :Ik ls ge chekj dg ldrsa gSa]ftlds y{.k dzks/k esa vkik [kks nsuk]fpYykrs jguk]cgkus
cuuk] grk’kk] ruko]vlqj{kk] izfrdqy okrkoj.k
FRLHT, Bangalore
blh izdkj FRLHT esa vuqHko cgqr gh vPNk jgk tks fd eq[;rk v;qoZsfnd tfV cqf<;ksa ij dke
dj jgka gSa vksj mudk euuk gS fd izFkkfed Lrj fd fcekfj;ksa dksa ?kj ds vkl ikl dqN [kkl
izdkj ds isM+ ikS/ks ykxk dj cpk tk ldrk gS ftls mUgksa us uke fn;k gSa fdpu xkM+Zu ftl ds
mi;ks ls 70 izfr’kr fcekfj;ksa dk bykt ?kj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
13
My experience at the field
QWyksf’ki ds nkSjku esjh inLFkkiu
Vh-ch- ,ao ,p-vkbZ-oh ij dke dj jgh gS]
esa jghA ;g
’kgjh ,ao xzkfe.k {ks=ksa esa
About the organization
Vision of Lepra Society –
Equitable Access to Health and an improved life for India’s Poor and
Marginalized
Communities.
Mission of Lepra Society
"LEPRA Society, health in action; is a health and development organization
working to restore health, hope and dignity to people affected by leprosy,
tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, blindness and other health conditions
exacerbated by stigma and social discrimination"
History of the Organization
History dates back to 1925, when the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association
(BELRA) started leprosy work in India. LEPRA India was established in
Hyderabad in 1988, as a partner of LEPRA UK, to serve the needs of people
affected by leprosy. Operations were later extended to other areas of Andhra
Pradesh and other Indian states including Orissa, Madhya Pradesh Bihar and
Jharkhand.
LEPRA India is a non-governmental organization that promotes quality health
care, initiates and fosters new developments and implementation.
The Society aims to support the National Health Programs in the prevention and
control of diseases such as Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Malaria, HIV/AIDS and
Blindness.
The Society focuses health improvement activities in the community that are
marginalized or poor, especially women and children, young people, slum
populations and migrants affected by the above mentioned diseases and tries to
bring about positive changes in their life-style. The work in Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand states targets a population of nearly
12 million people..
Established in 1989, LEPRA India is an independent not-for-profit NGO, with no
religious, ideological or political affiliation. The Management Committee
formulates policies which are implemented by the Chief Executive of the
organisation.
LEPRA India registered as LEPRA Society under the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana
areas) Public Societies’ Act 1350 Fasli (Act of 1350 F) No 474 on 22nd February
1989. It works in close coordination with the Government of India, Ministry of
Health, and Family Welfare, at the Central, State and district levels. It is a member
14
of the State leprosy and TB societies of the Government of Andhra Pradesh &
Orissa.
Established in 1989, LEPRA India is an independent not-for-profit NGO, with no
religious, ideological or political affiliation. The Management Committee
formulates policies which are implemented by the Chief Executive of the
organisation.
Registered under section 12A of the Income Tax Act and has also been granted
exemption certificates under sections 80G of the Income Tax Act 1961 and
permitted to accept foreign contributions by the Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India.
Collaborators of the Org.
Government of India
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Government of Orissa
Government of Madhya Pradesh
India HIV/AIDS Alliance
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Andhra Pradesh State AIDS Control Society (APSACS)
Orissa State AIDS Control Society (OSACS)
TB Control Society in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa & Bihar
Karnataka Health Promotion Trust
SLAP India (Society of Leprosy Affected Persons)
Projects in Madhya Pradesh
AROGYA
AXSHAYA
SPANDANA - COMMUNITY CARE CENTER
BUNIYAD
TRU
LWS
About LWS Project
Link Workers Scheme
The Link works scheme is designed by NACP-III to provide HIV prevention, referral and
follow-up
services to HRGs and vulnerable groups in rural areas. The scheme will make an effort to
build a
15
community- centred model for rural areas. This will include an outreach strategy to address
the HIV
prevention, care and support and treatment requirements. The specific objective of the
scheme
includes: Reach out to HRGs and vulnerable men and women in rural areas with information,
knowledge, skills on STI/HIV prevention and risk reduction.
The Link Workers Scheme, is being implemented by LPRA & partner NGO’s in
collaboration with National AIDS Control Organization, New Delhi and Madhya Pradesh
State AIDS Control Society, under the Global Fund Round-09 support initiative in 12
districts i.e Balaghat, Panna, Dewas, Rewa, Harda, Bhopal, Indore,Mandsour, Ujjain,
Chhindwada,kamgadh&Jabalpur.
These are districts which have been identified and perceived as highly vulnerable on the basis
of certain parameters like migration, interaction with bordering districts and other state;
Mobility,
concentration
of
HRI
and
similar
factors.
Link Workers Scheme is envisaged as a short term intensive scheme, focusing on HIV/AIDS
prevention, and care and risk reduction among rural populations. Mobilization for prevention
and care in the community is necessary for sustainability of this Link Worker Scheme. Link
workers and volunteers are instrumental in creating enabling environments and develop a
supportive system for services access through sound referrals, linkages and convergence with
allied departments for effective and sustainable systems. To mentor the Link Worker Scheme
the Project Director MP State AIDS control Society is continuously giving dynamic and
excellent inputs as a result of which scheme has further enhanced potential to fulfill the
desired objective. Under the coordination of MPSACS district team has been now able to
explore more opportunities to execute work with more confidence and quality.
Training: In the Link Workers Scheme, continuous capacity building is embedded so that the
district team can effectively deliver information and increase the integrated community
mobilization. It also helps to develop a programme understanding and makes a supportive
system for effective and quality intervention. The primary focus of Mapping TOT trainings
were to build capacity and create a cadre of skilled new appointed staff vis-à-vis link workers
in the key areas i.e. Understanding HIV/AIDS, Service delivery, Outreach Planning,
Behavior Change Communication, Monitoring & Evaluation, Documentation, Crisis and
Conflict Resolution, Advocacy and Networking to reach and thereby fulfill the objective of
risk reduction and increase the knowledge and skills of the community on STI/HIV/AIDS
and to ensure community ownership.
16
Indore
District
Profile
17
Implemented by
Paryavaran Sanrakshan evun samaj Kalyan Samiti
LIST OF 100 VILLAGES
Sno.
INDORE BLOCK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Village Name
Bicholi Hapsi
Goga khedi
kaji palasia
nihalpur mundi
soonguradiya
Machla
sukh niwas
asrawad bujurg
bawliya khurd
devguradia
khudel buzurg
Dudhiya
ralamandal
sanawdia
pipalda bajar
palakedi
gari pipliya
jamnia khurd
Sindola
haran kedhi
shakker khedi
Morod
asrawad khurd
Limbodi
tillar bujurg
Panchayat Name
Bicholi Hapsi
Goga khedi
kaji aplasia
Nihalpurmundi
Soonguradia
Machla
sukh niwas
asrawad bujurg
bawaliya khurd
Devguradia
khudel buzurg
Dudhiya
Ralamandal
Sanawdia
pipalda bajar
Palakhedi
gari pipliya
jamnia khurd
Sindola
haran kedhi
shakker khedi
Morod
asarwad khurd
Limbodi
tillar bujurg
Household No
1800
140
460
1500
150
300
350
600
495
250
750
1017
270
250
800
450
250
220
450
90
160
150
800
700
350
Population
4885
560
4000
7500
850
1422
2000
4000
2584
1200
5000
6000
2079
1100
4700
2000
1172
1180
3000
767
560
1100
4000
10000
2038
18
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
jamburdi hapsi
natya mudla
Bilawali
kailod kartal
umariya khurd
badi kalmer
Hukma Khedi
tillor khurd
Rangwasa
Talawali
TOTAL
jamburdi hapsi
natya mudla
Bilawali
kailod kartal
umariya khurd
badi kalmer
Hukma Khedi
tillor khurd
Rangwasa
Talawali
350
810
700
450
500
650
2500
1125
150
800
20787
2380
7040
5000
3000
1380
3000
1500
7000
1200
5000
110197
Balodatakun
Dakachiya
kadavli bugurg
Baroli
Paliya
Nagpur
Alwasa
sura khedi
Dabliya
Shahda
pir karadiya
Dhturiya
Takun
Hatuniya
kadawali kurd
Budibarlai
Patlod
purwadi dai
lasadia parmar
250
896
450
550
850
400
450
67
550
200
479
252
250
500
350
950
505
300
400
1551
4726
2500
1500
6440
2500
1700
480
5000
990
2584
1270
1272
1700
2100
6000
2743
1190
2000
SANWER BLOCK
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
balodatakun
dakachiya
kadavli bugurg
Baroli
Paliya
Nagpur
Alwasa
sura khedi
Dabliya
Shahda
pir karadiya
Dhturiya
Takun
Hatuniya
kadawali kurd
budibarlai
Patlod
purwadi dai
lasadia parmar
19
55
mangliya sadak
mangliya sadak
1110
12000
Santer
Bhagora
Kamadpur
Bhicholi
Pigdamber
Dongergaon
yashvant nagar
Datoda
Harsola
Neuguradia
harniya khedi
Kodariya
Memdi
gavali palacia
Shivnagar
Jamali
Bhaislay
joshi guradiya
Hasalpur
gangaliya khedi
Umariya
Bercha
480
800
620
250
560
350
340
3090
1690
185
210
2700
580
1250
215
650
240
280
800
250
280
186
16006
3601
4500
3000
1599
3700
2035
1780
1380
7690
1300
1480
18000
3000
7500
1490
3900
1540
1873
5000
1700
1825
1260
79153
Aurangpura
Rangwasa
Akasoda
260
540
310
1977
2400
1310
MHOW BLOCK
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Santer
Bhagora
kamadpur
Bhicholi
pigdamber
dongergaon
yashvant nagar
Datoda
Harsola
neuguradia
harniya khedi
Kodariya
Memdi
gavali palacia
shivnagar
Jamali
Bhaislay
joshi guradiya
hasalpur
gangaliya khedi
Umariya
Bercha
TOTAL
DEPALPUR BLOCK
78
79
80
aurangpura
rangwasa
Akasoda
20
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
mendakwas
banediya
pir piplya
murkhedd
Birgoda
chiklonda
manchal
Gohan
daultabad
Dharavra
Aagra
Darmat
Ataheda
Ravad
sevendri
gangajal khedi
Sumatha
sanavada
hasanabad
sangroad
TOTAL
Mendakwsa
Banediya
pir piplya
Murkhedd
Birgoda
Chiklaonda
Manchal
Gohan
Daultabad
Dharavra
Aagra
Darmat
Ataheda
Ravad
Sevendri
gangajal khedi
Sumatha
Sanavada
Hasanabad
Sangroad
140
800
165
265
253
295
700
200
375
700
354
300
500
275
200
170
175
160
175
500
7812
950
5006
900
1608
1444
1850
4000
1168
2219
3000
1810
1601
3000
1250
1025
950
1450
1095
1100
3000
44113
i;kZo.k laLFkk dks bankSj esa fyad odZj Ldhe ifj;kstuk ysizk laLFkk }kjk ;gk izkstsDV fn;k x;k gS ]
bl izkstsDV dk eq[; m|s’; xzkfe.k {ks= esa HIV ds ldze.k dks jksduk gSA bl ds fy;s bankSj
ftys ds 4 Cydks esa 100 xkWaoks dk p;u losZ ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
xkaoksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gS] bl izkstsDV esa vxj LVkQ dh ckr fd tk;s rks dqy 7 yksxks gaS] laLFkk
i;kZoj.k }kjk LVkQ ds lkFk eq>s Hkh Vªsfux fn xbZ] ftlds izFke pj.k esa gesa lHkh QkesZV ds ckjs esa
crk;k x;k]
xzkeh.k lwpuk izi=
ifjfLFkrh vko’;drk vkdyu
xzke dh lkekU; tkudkjh
xzke lwpuk dsUnz
21
dks.Me vmV ysV
fyad & odZj lIrkfgd QkesZV
lqijokbZtj ekfld QkesZV
gesa pkj QkesZV ij xgjkbZ ls crk;k x;k
xzkeh.k lwpuk izi=
ifjfLFkrh vko’;drk vkdyu
xzke dh lkekU; tkudkjh
xzke lwpuk dsUnz
xzkeh.k lwpuk izi= %& bl QkesZV ds ek/;e ls gesa xkao dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkrh] lkekftd o
lkaLd`frd ifjn`’;] dqy ifjokj] dqy vkaxuokM+h dsUnz] xzke esa Ldwyks fd la[;k]xkao ds LFkkuh;
laxBuks dk fooj.k]lkekftd ekufp= dk fo’ys"k.k] edkuks dh fLFkrh]lM+dks dh fLFkrh]LokLF;]
miLok-dsUnz -----izk-Lok-dsUnz-------lkeqnk-dsUnz
is;ty dh fLFkfr]tkfr;k ,ao jhfr fjokt]jkstxkj];kstukvks dh tkudkjh o igqpA bl QkesZV ds
ek/;e ls gesa xkao dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gS ftl ds ek/;e ls leqnk; esa viuh ckr
j[kus gsrq ;kstuk cukus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA Lkkeqnkf;d twMko ds fy;s gesa NksVs lewg cukus dks
dgk x;k tsls Ldwyks es jsM fjcu Dyc] vkaxuokMh esa ;qorh lewg vksj Lo;a lgk;rk lewgA ftu
ds ek/;e ls gesa xkao esa tksf[ke] fcekfj;ks dh tkudkjh vklkuh ls izkIr gks tk;sxh
gesa xkao esa tkus ds lkFk gesa D;k djuk gSAfdl izdkj ls tkudkjh ,d= djuk gS bl dh
tkudkjh fn xbZ] ljiap ls fey dj viuh ifj;kstuk ds ckjs esa crkuk lfpo ls iapk;r laca/kh
tkudkjh izkIr djuk ] vkaxuokMh] vk’kk] ,suse]usg: ;qok dsUnz ds lnL;ks ls feydj ckr djuk
usg: ;qok dsUnz ds bUnkSj ftys ds leao;d ls eqykdkr ds }kjk 100 xkoW dh fyLV mUgs nsdj
okWysfVª;l ds fy;s Hkh ckr fd
22
Village Name Magaliya
xkWao nsokl jksM+ ij fLFkr gS 12000 lsa T;knk tula[;k okyk xkWao gSA
xako dh lekU;k tkudkjh;ka A
lsxesUV dk uke
?kjksa dh la[;k
efgyk usr`Ro okys
?kjks dh la[;k
Ekaxfy;k fcgkj
100
8
gfjtu eksgYyk
150
5
bUnzk eksgYyk
150
50
Ekaxfy;k lM+d
400
5
j/kqoa’kh eksgYyk
250
15
Xk;=h eksgYyk
20
2
xka/khxzke
40
9
Dqy
1110
89
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr %& xkao dh HkkSxksfud fLFkfr lekU; gS]lery tehu gS],d rjQ [ksr vkSj nqljh
rjQ vkS|ksfxd {ks= gSA xkao esa bZV ds HkV~Vs gksus ds dkj.k dqN [knkus Hkh gS] vkS|ksfxd {ks= gksus ds
dkj.k xkao ds e/; ls ,d ukyk Hkh gks dj tkrk gS] isM+ ikS/kks fd la[;k Hkh vPNh gSA xehZ ds
ekSle esa rki eku dh fLFkfr 38&48 rd igqp tkrk gS]BM+ ds ekSle esa Hkh ikj 20&12 rd igqp
tkrk gS]o"kkZ ds fnuksa esa vkSlru 40&50 bap o"kkZ gksrh gS]
Lkekftd o lkaLd`frd ifjn`’; %& Lkekftd o lkaLd`frd ifjn`’; ls ns[kk tk;s rks xkao esa eq[;r%
fiNM+k oxZ ds yksx gSA lkaLd`fed ifjn`’; ns[kk tk;s rks lkHkh tkfr ,ao oxksZ ds yksx jgrs gS
R;kSgkjksa dh n`"Vªh ls lkHkh oxZ ds yksx lHkh izdkj ds R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gS bl xkao esa vizokfl;
leqnk; dh la[;k cgqr vf/kd gSA
f'k{kk dk fLFkfr %& ,d gk;j lsd.Mjh Ldwy gS ftl dkj.k yMdks lkFk yMfd;ks dks Hkh 10oha 12
oh rd dh f’k{kk vklkuh ls izkIr gks tkrh gS ijUrq xfjfc ds dkj.k cPpks dk Ldwy dh f’k{kk izkIr
ugh gks ikrh gSA bl ds lkFk gh ifjokjks esa f’k{kk dk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k viusa vf/kdkjksa dk Hkh
lgh mi;ksx ugh dj ikrs gSAde mez esa gh jkstxkj ds fy;sa ekrk&firk }kjk cPpksa dksa dke ij
Hkst fn;k tkrk gSaA
23
edkuksa dh fLFkfr %& xkao esa edkuks dh fLFkfr nks oxksZ esa cVh gS dqN Hkkxks esa iDds edku gS] rks
ogh dqN edku flesaV ds cus gS] ogh nqljh vkSj yksxks dksa jgus ds fy;sa Nr gh ulhc ugha gS]
,d&,d dejs esa lEiq.kZ ifjokj viuk thou O;kiu djrk gSaA
lM+dks dh fLFkfr %& lM+dks dh fefy tqyh fLFkfr gS xkao ds fHkrj lM+ds ;k jkLrs dPps gS] eq[;
lM+d
+ s iDdh gS xkao dks ’kgj ls tksM+us okyh lM+ds iDdh gSA
is;t; dh fLFkfr %& xkao esa is; ty dh fLFkfr vPNh gS] cksjosy ,ao ueZnk ykbZu Hkh gS ] ijUrq
cksjosy ds iuh fd tkWt dksbZ Hkh ugha djkrk gSa] tks fd LokLF; lsa lacaf/kr ,d cM+k eqn~nk gSaA
jkstxkj %& xkao esa fdlkuks fd la[;k de ,ao etnwjksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS tks dEiuh;ks esa dke
djrs gS iw:"kks ds lkFk efgyk,W Hkh dke djus tkrh gS
LoLF; lqfo/kkvksa dk fooj.k%&
vkaxuokM+h dsUnz
4
mi Lok---dsUnz
1
xzkeh.k LokLF; lqj{kk lfefr
1
vk'kk
4
izkbosV nok[kkus
8
xkao fd lEiw.kZ fLFkfr dk vadyu djus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ekaxfy;k 'kgj ls yxk gksus ds
dkj.k ,ao jkstxkj ds vPNs lk/ku gksus ds dkj.k ;gka izokfl; etnqjksa dk vkuk tkuk Hkh yxk
jgrk gS] blh ds lkFk LokLF; ls lacfa /kr leL;k,a Hkh izkajHk gks tkrh gS D;ksa fd ;s izokfl; etnqj
;gka iSlk dekus ds fy;sa vk;s gS ftudk ,d ek= y{; T;knk ls T;knk iSlk cpk dj ?kj Hkstuk gS]
blh ds lkFk vusd izdkj fd u’kk dh yr Hkh gS bl dk dkj.k vdsyk iu ,ao ifjokj ds lkFk uk
gksuk gSa] jgus fd O;oLFkk Hkh fBd ugh gSa ,d dejs esa ikap N% yksx jgrs gS tks fd dke ds ?k.Mks
ds fglkc ls dejs ij vkrs gS] LokLF; ds izfr tx:drk dk izfr’kr rks cgqr gh de gS] lpajh
vkSj xSj lpajh jksx tkudkjh rks uk ds cjkcj gSA
bl QSyksf’ki ds TokbZu djus ls igys eq>s LokLF; dk dsoy ,d gh eryc irk Fkk] ;fn vki
fcekj ugh gks rks vki LokLF; gks] ysfdu ,d lEiw.kZ LokLF; ftu vk/kkj Hkwr LraHkksa ij [kM+k gksrk
gSA
24
Research study
%& ^^vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedksa ds lkekftd ewyks ,ao ;kSu O;ogkj vkSj ,p-vkbZ-oh@,M~l ds ckjs esa tkx:drk ds chp v/;;u ftyk bUnkSj ds lanHkZ es^a ^
25
okbjl g~;weu bE;wuksMsfQf’k,alh okbjl ¼,p-vkbZ-oh½ gh ,M~l ¼,Dok;MZ bE;wu bE;wuksMsfQf’k,alh
flaMªkes ½ dk dkj.k gSA vU; okbjl dh rjg] ,p-vkbZ-oh- Hkh dsoy ladzfer O;fDr fd dksf’kdkvksa ds
vanj c<+ ldrk gSAcgqr ls okbjl ds foijhr] ,p-vkbZ-oh- dk vkuqoakf’kd rRoeq[; dksf’kdk ds
vkuqoakf’kd rRo esa ?kqy&fey tkrk gSA tc ladzfer estcku dksf’kdk dh o`f) gksrh gS] rks izR;sd
u;h dksf’kdk esa ,p-vkbZ-oh-dk vkuqoakf’kd rRo ekStwn jgrk gSA bl rjg ladzfer O;fDr esa ,p-vkbZoh- LFkk;h :i ls LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA ladzfer dksf’kdkvksa ds mn~nhfir gksus ij muls u;h
dksf’kdk,a tUe ysrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa igyh ckj ekuo esa bE;wuksMsfQf’k,alh ¼,p-vkbZ-oh½ dh igyh ?kVuk 1986 esa psUub dh
os’;kvksa ds chp ik;h x;hA rcls ;g okbjl ns’k esa cgqr rsth ls QSyk tula[;k dh n`f"V ls
nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k ns'k] Hkkjr esa ,pvkbZoh egkekjh ij miyC/k çek.k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d
fLFkj :>ku n'kkZrs gSaA Hkkjr ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds lkFk th jgs yksxksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij nqfu;k
esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA
varfje vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2007&12 esa Hkkjr esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds lkFk th jgs yksxksa
¼ih,y,p,½ dh la[;k 23]95]442 yk[k gSaA u;sa ldzea.k 1]20]668 yk[k gSaA o;Ld vkcknh esa
,pvkbZoh çlkj 0-31 çfr'kr gSaA ogh e/;izn’s k esa o;ldksa esa ,pvkbZoh dk izlkj ns[ksa rks 0-19
izfr’kr gS] ftlesa iq:’k esa izlkj 0-23 izfr’kr ,oa efgykvksa esa 0-16 izfr’kr gSaA ,pvkbZoh ds lkFk
th jgsa yksxksa dh la[;k 84]803 gtkj ,oa u;sa ldze.a k 4]806 dh la[;k gSaA1 ¼ukdks
pj.k&2007&12½
vkfFkZd fodkl fd deh iyk;u dksa c<+ok nsrh gS] ftllsa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk T;ksf[ke Hkh c<+
tkrk gSaA2 ¼;w,u,M~l]2007½ jkstxkj fd rykl esa yksx ―kgjksa fd rjQ vdf’kZr gksrsa gS tgkW
jkstxkj ds vPNsa volj gksrsa gSa] ifjokj lkFk uk gksua s ds dkj.k rkuo dks nwj djusa ;k viuh nSfgd
t:jrksa dksa iqjk djusa ds fy;sa fdlh ;kSudehZ ds lkFk ;k vLFkkbZ lkFkh dsa lkFk laca/k ckursa gSA tks
fd tksf[ke Hkjk gksrk gSa
Hkkjr esa 'kgjksa ls xkzeh.k {ksa=ksa esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk izlkj fo’keySafxd laHkksx ds dkj.k gqvk gSa
psUub dh os” ;kvksa 10&102 ikWftfVo Fkh ftudsa lac/a k izokfl; Jkfedksa ds lkFk Fksa A
3
¼ukxk]1996½ftldk dkj.k jkstxkj dh rykl esa ?kjksa lsa ckgj tkuk gksa ldrk gSaA
vke vkneh fd rqyuk esa izoklh; yksxks esa ,pvkbZoh izlkj dk [krjk 3-6 izfr’kr T;knk gSA4
¼VkbEl vkWQ bfM+;k tuojh&2012½ fuEu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrsa gS fd vlaxfBr
izokfl; Jfedksa esa ,pvkbZoh dk tksf[ke vf/kd gSaA
26
Je 'kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ vFkksZ esa fd;k tkrk gS vFkZ’kkL= esa fdlh Hkh 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld dk;Z dks
vkfFkZd] –f"V ls fd;k tk, mls Je dgrs gS A ,sls O;fDr tks etnwjh ij dk;Z djrs gS mlsa Jfed
dgk tkrk gS bl izdkj Jfed 'kCn esa os lHkh yksx lekfgr gS tks nwljks ds fy, 'kkjhfjd ;k
ekufld dk;Z djrs gS ftlds cnys mUgsa dqN izfrQy izkIr gksrk gS]bl esa os yksx ugha vkrsa tks
ftfodk dekus ls lacaf/kr dk;Z ugha djrs gSAtSls ?kjsyw dk;Z vkfn A ¼’kekZ % 1996½
Jfed oxZ dks nks mioxksZ esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS igyk laxfBr {ks= ftlesa ljdkjh deZpkjh rFkk
dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e 1948 ij vk/kkfjr mÌksx
a esa dk;Zjr deZpkjh vkrs gS tks fdlh u fdlh laxBu
ls tqMs+ gS vkSj ;s laxBu ljdkj }kjk iathd`r gS rFkk ,sls yksxksa ds vykok ftruk Jfed oxZ gS
og vlaxfBr {ks= esa vkrk gSA
vlaxfBr Jfed dk vFkZ %&
vlaxfBr Je ls rkRi;Z mu Jfedksa ls gS tksa vlaxfBr vFkok vfu;fer mÌksaxksa esa dk;Zjr gS ,oa
tks vius lkekU; mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq Lo;a dks laxfBr ugha dj lds gSA D;ksafd mudk vkdkj
Hkh NksVk] vkdfLed izd`fr]fuj{kjrk ,ao vKkurk gS] ftu izfr’Bkuksa eas og dk;Zjr gSa mudk
dk;Zdkjh funs’k vfr fuEu ,oa vkdkj Hkh NksVk gS] muds izfr’Bku dsUnzh;d`r u gksdj fNrjs gq,
gSA
vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfed dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ls igys gesa laxfBr {ks= ds Jfed dks ifjHkkf’kr
djuk gksxkA
^^laxfBr Jfed mUgsa dgrs gS tgkW Jfedksa us vius vki dks VsªM+ ;wfu;uksa ds ek/;e ls vFkok vU;
laxBuksa }kjk laxfBr mÌksxksa ls rkRi;Z mu mÌksxksa ls gS tgkW Hkkjrh; dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e 1948]
ykxw gksrk gS rFkk dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e ds lqj{kk rFkk LoLF; laca/kh izko/kku ykxw gksrs gSÞ ¼’kekZ %
2001½
^^Hkkjr esa vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk izfr’kr laxfBr Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa dbZ xquk vf/kd gSaAizk;%
vlaxfBr Jfedksa dk izfr’kr 80&85 gSA vlaxfBr mÌksxksa dh Js.kh esa fuEu mÌksxk vkrsa gS& cM+h
cukuk]twV cukuk] pVkbZ cquuk]dkWp dh pwM+h]iRFkj rksM+uk ,ao lM+d fuekZ.k ds LFkku vkfn] blds
vfrfjDr lkekU;r;k os leLr Jfed tks y?kq Lrjh; m|ksxksa gksVyks]a jsLVkjsUV~l ,oa nqdkus vkSj Bsds
ij dke djus okys Jfed]vkdfLed Je vkfn {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djrs gS] mUgsa Hkh vlaxfBr Jfed dgk
tkrk gSA^^ ¼’kekZ % 2001½
bl izdkj ifjHkk’kkvksa ds }kjk ;gk Li"V gksrk gS fd vlaxfBr {ks= ogka {ks= gS tgka Jfed fNrjs
gq, gksrs gS mudk dksbZ laxBu ugh gksrk gS] os lwphc) ,oa iathd`r ugha gksrs gS] bl vk/kkj ij ge
Jfedksa dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
27
O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij %& Hkwfeghu Jfed] i’kqikyu]chM+h yisVus okys]Hkou ,oa bZV HkV~Vk ,ao
iRFkj [knku esa dke djus okys
jkstxkj fd izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij %& d`f"k ls tqM+s gq, Jfed] ca/kwvk etnwj] izoklh deZdkj
fo"ks’k foinkxzLr Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij %&flj ij leku mBkus okys]gEeky ,oa Bsyk pykus
okys
lsok Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij %& ukbZ]lCth vkSj Qy cspus okys]lekpkj i= cspus okys vkrs
gSA
okbjl g~;weu bE;wuksMsfQf’k,alh okbjl ¼,p-vkbZ-oh½ gh ,M~l ¼,Dok;MZ bE;wu MsfQf’k,alh flaMªkes ½
dk dkj.k gSA vU; okbjl dh rjg] ,p-vkbZ-oh- Hkh dsoy ladzfer O;fDr fd dksf’kdkvksa ds vanj
c<+ ldrk gSAcgqr ls okbjl ds foijhr] ,p-vkbZ-oh- dk vkuqoakf’kd rRoeq[; dksf’kdk ds
vkuqoaf’kd rRo esa ?kqy&fey tkrk gSA tc ladzfer estcku dksf’kdk dh o`f) gksrh gS] rks izR;sd
u;h dksf’kdk esa ,p-vkbZ-oh-dk vkuqoaf’kd rRo ekStwn jgrk gSA bl rjg ladzfer O;fDr esa ,p-vkbZoh- LFkk;h :i ls LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA ladzfer dksf’kdkvksa ds mn~nhfir gksus ij muls u;h
dksf’kdk,a tUe ysrh gSaA
dqN o’kksZ igys ,M~l egt ,d [kcj Fkk] vkt blds [kkSQ ls nqfu;k dks dksbZ fgLlk ugh cpk gS]
,p-vkbZ-oh uke ds ok;jl ls mitus okyh bl eqlhcr dh fxj¶r esa iwjh nqfu;k vk pqdh gSA xjhc
vkSj fodkl’khy ns’kksa dh gkyr T;knk [kjkc gSaA bu ns’kks esa vusd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd dkj.kksa
ls ,M~l vius Hk;kog :Ik esa mHkjus dks [kM+k gSA ,M~l ds ok;jl ij dkcw ikus vkSj mRiUu
chekfj;ksa ds fu;a=.k djus ds tks Hkh iz;kl gks jgs gS os cgqr de gSA ,p-vkbZ-oh- 'kjhj ds Vh 'osr
jDr dk'kk.kqvksa dks ladzfer] {kfrxzLr] ;k u’V dj nsrk gSA Vh 4 dks’kk.kq ’kjhj ds izfrj{kd iz.kkyh
ds tfVy dk;ksZ ds la;kstu dk nkf;Ro mBkrs gSaA
bl chekjh ds y{k.k] lcls igys] 1981 esa vesfjdk esa igpkus x;s vkSj mudk o.kZu fd;k x;kA
ysfdu tks okbjl vladzkE; deh ds dkj.k gS] mldk 1983 rd vfo"dkj ugha fd;k tk ldk FkkA
;g egkekjh mPp tksf[ke lewg esa dsfa ær gS vkSj blds QSyko dh ç—fr fofo/krkiw.kZ gSA vlqjf{kr
O;kolkf;d lsDl] iq#"kksa ds chp vlqjf{kr ;kSu lac/a k vkSj batsD'ku ls MªXl ysus okys O;fDr Hkkjr
esa ,pvkbZoh egkekjh ds çkFkfed okgd gSaA lkeus vk, 87 çfr'kr ,pvkbZoh lapj.k ds ekeykas ds
fy, fo"keySfxad ;kSu laca/k ftEesnkj gSaA
,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l
,M~l ,d ok;jl ls QSyrk gS] ftls ,p-vkbZ-oh- dgrs gSA ―kjhj esa jksxksa dk leuk djusa fd
LoHkkfod {kerk dksa detksj djrk pyk tkrk gS]’kjhj esa fcekfj;ksa ls yM+usa fd 'kfDr ?kVus ij
vusd fcekfj;ksa ds y{.k ,d lkFk izdV gksus ls tks voLFkk curh gS mlsa ,M~l dgrsa gS] ,p-vkbZ-oh28
ladzfer O;fDr dbZ lkyks rd Hkjk iwjk thou ftldrk gS]ysfdu tc ―kjhj esa fcekfj;ksa ls yM+usa
fd rkdr gh [kRe gksus yxrh gs ftlls dqN o"kZ esa gh og fdlh uk fdlh ?kkrd jksx dk f’kdkj
gks tkrk gS
Hkkjr esa fLFkj ,pvkbZoh egkekjh% oSf'od rqyukRed rjhdksa ls fd;s x;s ,pvkbZoh vkdyu vkSj
Lora= izHkko vkdyu v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ fn[kkrs gSa fd jk"Vªh; ,M~l fu;a=.k dk;ZØe 2007&2012
egkekjh dks jksdus vkSj bldk :>ku myVus ds vius y{; dh rjQ fujarj c<+ jgk gSA ,pvkbZoh
ds çlkj ij miyC/k çek.k vkSj Hkfo"; ds lkaf[;dh; vuqeku Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,pvkbZoh
egkekjh esa fLFkjrk ds ladsr nsrs gSaA varfje vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj o;Ld vkcknh esa 0-29 çfr'kr
vuqekfur ,pvkbZoh çlkj ds lkFk o"kZ 2008 ds var rd Hkkjr esa 22-7 yk[k yksx ,pvkbZoh@,M~l
ds lkFk th jgs Fks A mPp çlkj okys jkT;ksa esa Hkh ?kVrs #>ku ntZ fd, x, tks fd fujarj py jgs
gLr{ksi dk;ZØeksa ds laHkkfor vlj dh rjQ b'kkjk djrk gSA vkSj rks vkSj 15&24 o"kZ dh vk;q
lewg dh xHkZorh efgykvksa esa ,pvkbZoh dk izlkj] tks fd vke turk esa ,pvkbZoh dk izlkj crkrk
gS] ?kV jgk gSA
lpakj.k ds jkLrs% lHkh jkT;kas ls feys ,Ml~ ds djhc 2-5 yk[k ekeykas vkjS lykg vkjS tkpa dSækas
ij lkeus vk, ,pvkbZoh ds djhc 3 yk[k ekeykas ls çkIr tkudkjh ;gh n'kkZrh gS fd n'ks eas vHkh
Hkh 87-1 çfr'kr ,pvkbZoh lØae.k fo"keyfaSxd ;kuS lca/ka kas ds jkLrs lpakfjr gksrk gS tcfd 5-1
çfr'kr ekeykas eas vfHkHkkodkas ls cPpkas eas lØae.k gksrk gS
29
;g ,d egRoiw.kZ pj.k gS fdlh Hkh 'kks/k ds izkjaHk djus ds iw.kZ ml fo’k; lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu
djuk vko’;d gh ugha cfYd v/;;u vkSj ’kks/k dks lgh fn’kk iznku djus esa Hkh lg;ksxh gksrk
gS]lkfgR; ds iqujkoyksdu ls Li"V vkSj lgh tkudkjh feyrh gS]fd vc rd 'kks/k laca/kh fo"k;ks ds
vUrxZr fdu eqn~nksa ij v/;;u fd;s x;s] blls ;g Kkr gksrk gSa fd i{k esa dgk vkSj dSls xyfr;k
;k deh;k jg tkrh gSA ftlesa ge vius 'kks/k v/;;u esa /;ku j[kdj vkxs c<+ ldrsa gSaA
vr% 'kks/k ds fy;s ml fo’k; ds lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu djuk vko’;d tku iM+rk gSa 'kks/k dk
vk'k; lacaf/kr {ks= dk izdVhdj.k gS] 'kks/k ds iwoZ ;g vko’;d gks tkrk gS]fd ;g igys r; dj
fy;k tk;s fd 'kks/kdrkZ D;k izdV ;k iznf’kZr djuk pkgrk gSA vkSj mlas iwoZ ml {ks= esa D;k dqN
gks pqdk gSaA iqu% lacfa /kr {ks=ksa esa vius dk;Z dh fLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k djusa esa vklkuh gksrh gSaA
lanfHkZr lkfgR; %&
fnYyh rFkk eqacbZ
esa vkS|ksfxd ,oa caxky vkSj Hkkjrh; jsy ds ifjogu Jfedksa dksa ys dj fd;s x;s v/;;uksa ls
lqfuf” pr gksrk gS fd [krjukd vkpj.k ds mPp Lrj ls ijaijkxr rkSj ij tqM+k ,d vkSj dkj.k gS
jkstxkj ds fy, izokl xeu] ftllsa laHkksx ds fy, iRuh miyC/k ugha jgrh lhvksvkjVh }kjk fd;s
x;s v/;;u ls irk pyk fd eqacbZ rFkk fnYyh ds izoklh Jfedksa esa tks viusa & viusa ifjokjksa ds
lkFk jgrsa gSa] os]sa ifjokj dsa lkFk u jgusa okyksa ds eqdkcys]a os’;ky;ksa esa 50 izfr’kr de tkrs gSa
bl v/;;u ls irk pyk fd eqacbZ ds 46 izfr’kr vkSj fnYyh ds 65 izfr’kr Jfed izoklh FksA buesa
yxHkx 20 izfr’kr vdsys jgrsa Fks]a eqacbZ esa 56 izfr’kr Jfed nwjnjkt dsa bykdksa ls vk;s FksA
urhtu]izoklh Jkfed cy esa ,p-vkbZ-oh-dh ekStwnxh c<+us fd iwjh laHkkouk gSA
¼lzkrs % n ywfexa ,fiMsfed% n baiSDV vkWQ ,p vkbZ oh ,aM ,M~l bu bafM;k ekstsd cqDl] u;h
fnYyh] 1998½
ds }kjk tks v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA mlesa fnYyh fo’ofo|ky; ds Nk=ksa ls ,p-vkbZoh-@,M~l ls lacaf/kr iz’uksa dks iqNk x;kA ftudk mRrj bl izdkj ls izkIr gqvk fd bl v/;;u esa
¼n=513½Nk=ksa ls ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l tkx:drk lacfa /kr iz’uokyh ds mi;ksx fd;k x;k] ftlesa 99
izfr’kr Nk=ksa dk mRrj Fkk fd ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l dk ladze.k ,d ls T;knk O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk fcuk
dks.M+e ds ;kSu lac/a k cukus ls gksrk gSA
,oa ladzfer lqbZ ds }kjk Hkh gksrks gSA 41 izfr’kr Nk=ksa dk dguk Fkk fd ,M~l ds ejht dks lekt
esa ugh j[kuk pkfg,] 50 izfr’kr Nk=ksa dk dguk Fkk fd ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l gok ds }kjk ;k
30
ladzfer O;fDr ds ikl tkus ls gksrk gS] 4 izfr’kr Nk=ksa dk dguk Fkk fd Vhdkdj.k ds ek/;e ls
,M~l dksa nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
}kjk fnYyh ds 200 ¼n=200½ cl Mªkbojksa ij ,d losZ fd;k x;k vkSj losZ ds vk/kkj
ij ;g tkuk x;k fd dsoy 20 izfr’kr cl pkydksa esa gh ,M~l ds ckjsa esa lquk Fkk vkSj dsoy ,d
pkSFkkbZ pkydksa dks irk Fkk fd ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l vlqjf{kr ;kSu lac/a kksa lsa gksrk gSaA
lkfgR; ds iqujkoyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS ftl leqnk; esa ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l dh tkx:drk dksa ys
dj tks Hkh v/;;u fd;s x;s gS muesa dqN rF; fudy ds lkeusa vk, gS bl vk/kkj ij 'kks/kdrkZ us
bUnkSj 'kgj esa vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedksa esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l fd tkx:drk ,ao xzkflr
O;fDr;ksa ds izfr O;ogkj ds v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSa] ;g izokfl; etnqjks fd la[;k vf/kd gSa
vkSj muesa ls vf/kdk’k vlaxfBr gSa]
ls tqM+s gS vuqeku ;g fd bls Hkh T;knk yksx ,p-vkbZoh-@,M~l xzkflr gS vHkh mu rd igqpk ugha tk ldk gSA
%&
vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedksa ds lkekftd ewyks vkSj ,p-vkbZ-oh-@,M~l ds ckjs esa
tkx:drk ds chp v/;;uA
vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedksa ds vdsys iu ,ao Hkkoukvksa dk v/;;uA
vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedksa dh lkekftd /kkj.k vkSj n`f"Vdks.k ,ao ;kSu tksf[ke O;ogkj
ds chp laca/kks dk v/;;u
31
%& leLr Kku ftKklk ds dkj.k gh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSa O;fDr tc thou esa fofHkUu
?kVukvksa dksa ns[krk gS rc mldsa eu esa vk’p;Z dk Hkko iuirk gS ;g vk’p;Z dk Hkko gh ftKklk
gksrh gS ;gh ftKklk vuqla/kku dks tUe nsrh gS] vuqla/kku rdZ i/nfr ij vk/kkfjr gS]ftls ge
oSKkfud i/nfr Hkh dgrsa gSa] ’kks/k fo/k dk;Z esa ’kks/kdrkZ dk m|s’; y{;ksa ;k m|s’; dh izkfIr gksrk
gS tks iw.kZr% lR; ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
v/;;u dh :ijs[kk dzkWl vuqHkkxh; fMtkbu gSa ftlds
e/;e ls vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:’k Jfedkas esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;u fd;k
x;k gSa]tks fd e/;izns’k ds bUnkSj 'kgj ds vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedkas dks v/;;u leqg ds
:i esa gSa vFkkZr gkW ;k ugha] iz’kuksa dks foLr`r uk iqNus dk dkj.k mRrjnkrkvksa dh 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr
Hkh gSa ftlesa ekSf[kd vuqefr vlaxfBr izokfl; iq:"k Jfedkas ds }kjk nh xbZ gS] ,oa mUgha yksxks dk
lk{kRdkj fy;k x;k tks fd v/;;u ds nk;jsa esa vkrs gSa] v/;;u dh le; lhek flrEcj&2013 lsa
Qjojh&2014 jgha le; dh deh dks ns[krsa gq, uewuksa dh la[;k 95 gS] ftUgsa ys dj ;g lEiw.kZ
v/;;u fd;k x;k gSa] rF;ksa dk fo’ys"k.k
djusa ds fy;sa ,lih,l,
32
l ,oa ,Dly lkQVos;j dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftuds ek/;ke lsa
Completed Eduction of the Responder
Illiteracy
Primary
Middle
Secondary
Highar Secondary
Frequency
4
15
21
24
19
Percent
4
16
22
25
20
Graduation
12
13
Total
95
100
33
mRrjnkrkvksa dh 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dh foospuk djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd 4 izfr’kr mRrjnkrk
vf'kf{kr gS rFkk 16 izfr’kr mRrjnkrk izFkkfed f’k{kk izkIr fd;s gSA ek/;fed f’k{kk izkIr djusa
okys mRrjnkrkvksa 22 izfr’kr gSAgkbZ rFkk gk-ls- f’k{kk izkIr djus okys mRrjnkrk dk izfr’kr 25 ,ao
20 gS Lukrd f’k{kk izkIr djusa okys mRrjnkrk 13 izfr’kr gSA
Age of the respondent
Frequency
Percent
<= 22
23 – 27
28 – 32
33+
Total
27
35
24
14
100
26
33
23
13
95
34
mijksDr rkfydk esa mRrjnkrk dh vk;q ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lcls vf/kd 35 izfr’kr okys
mRrjnkrkvksa ds vk;q 23&27 o"kZ okys gSaAbldss i'pkr~ 27 izfr’kr mRrjnkrk dh vk;q 22 o"kZ ;k ml
ls de gSaA 28&32 o’kZ ds mRrjnkrkvksa fd vk;q dk izfr’kr 24 izfr’kr gSaA 33 o’kZ ls vf/kd vk;q
okys mRrjnkrk dk izfr’kr 14 gSaA
place of residence
BANGAL
BHIHAR
KOLKATA
MP
PANJAB
RAJSTHAN
Frequency
3
1
1
60
1
19
Percent
3
1
1
63
1
20
UTTAR PR
10
11
Total
95
100
35
Years of the spend in migrated place
Frequency
1-3
15
4-6
24
7-9
17
10-12
29
13+
10
Total
95
Percent
16
25
18
31
10
100
36
Religion of the Responder
Hindu
Muslim
Jains
Others
Total
Frequency
77
15
2
1
95
Percent
81.0
16.0
2.0
1.0
100
37
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS] fd fgUnw /keZ ds 81 izfr’kr ,oa eqfLye /keZ ds 15 izfr’kr
mRrjnkrk gSa] ftlesa 2 izfr’kr tSu ,ao 1 izfr’kr vU; /keZ ds yksx gSA
Marital Status of the Responder
Unmarried
Frequency
35
Percent
37
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Total
58
1
1
95
61
1
1
100
38
mRrjnkrkvksa dh oSokfgd fLFkfr ns[kh tk;s rks 37 izfr’kr vfookfgr ,oa 61 izfr’kr mRrjnkrk
fookfgr gSaA
Monthly income of the respondes
Frequency
< 5000.00
18
5000.00 - 7999.00
49
Percent
19
51
8000.00 - 9999.00
15
16
10000.00+
13
14
Total
95
100
39
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS] mRrjnkrk esa lcls vf/kd 51 izfr’kr 5000 ls 7999 ekfld
vk; gS 8000 ls 9999 ekfld vk; okyks dk 16 izfr’kr] 14 izfr’kr 10000 ls vf/kd gS] 19
izfr’kr 5000 5000 ;k ml ds de ekfld vk; okys gSA
Crosstabulation between migrated year & Marital Status
migrated
Marital Status
year
Unmarried
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Low
Modaret
High
Total
0
0
1
1
11
8
16
35
4
16
38
58
0
0
1
1
Total
15
24
56
95
40
bl dzkWl lkj.kh ls gesa ;s Kkr gksrk gS fd tks vf/kd le; ds fy, izokfl; gS os lHkh fookfgr gS
,ao vfookfgrksa esa ;s vkdM+k yxHkx leku gSA
Crosstabulation between Hiv Awerness & Vulnerability
Hiv Awerness
Vulnerability
Total
Low Levwl
Modaret Level
High Level
Low Levels
9
15
2
26
Modaret Levels
8
16
2
26
High Levels
23
18
2
43
Total
40
49
6
95
41
mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gksrk gS] fd ,pvkbZoh@,M~l esa tkx:d mRrjnkrkvksa esa vfrlaons uk
e/; Lrj ds mRrjnkrkvksa esa vf/kd vfrlaons uk gSA blh ds lkFk vf/kd tkx:drk okysa yksxksa esa
vfrlaons uk dk Lrj de gSaA bl dk eryc gS fd ,pvkbZoh@,M~l fd e/; Lrj fd tx:drk
j[kusa okys yksxksa esa vfrlaosnu’khyrk vf/kd gSA
Crosstabulation beween Exrinsic reward & Vulnerability
Exrinsic reward Vulnerability Level
Level
Low Levwl
Modaret Level
High Level
Total
Low Level
Modaret Level
28
10
32
16
6
0
66
26
high Level
Total
2
40
1
49
0
6
3
95
42
lekt 'kkL=h; v/;;u dh iw.kZrk ds fy, vko’;d gksrk gSa] fd ftl fo"k; dk
O;ofLFkr :i ls fo’kys"k.k fd;k x;k gS] mldk laf{kIr :i ls lkjka’k Hkh izLrqr fd;k tk;s]a lkFk
gh v/;;u oLrq ds izfr leh{kkRed lq>ko fn, tk,A
izLrqr ‘ kks/k }kjk vlaxfBr izokfl;ksa Jfedksa esa ,M~l ds izfr tkx:drk]O;ogkj o ;kSu lac/a kh
tkudkjh dks Kkr fd;k x;k gSa] ‘ kks/kdrkZ usa bUnkSj ―kgj ds lkaojs Cykd dks dk;Z gsrq pquk]izLrqr
―kS/k dks ―ks/kdrkZ }kjk fofHkUu pj.kksa esa lEiUu fd;k x;k]izLrqr ―ks/k esa ―ks/kdrkZ us vius ‘ kks/k ds
izFke v/;k; esa izLrkouk v/;k; of.Zkr fd;k ftlesa ‘ kks/kdrkZ us dbZ egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa ij izdk” k
Mkyk tks fd bl izdkj gS %&
loZizFke 'kks/kdrkZ usa i`"BHkwfe ds ek/;e lsa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l laf{kIr o.kZu dj Hkkjr esa
,pvkbZoh@,M~l ds bfrgkl dksa crkrsa gq, Hkkjr esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l fd orZeku fLFkfr],oa e/;izn’s k
esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l fd orZeku fLFkfr dks crkrsa gq,] vkfFkZd fodkl fd deh ds dkj.k iyk;u gksus
ds dkj.k ,pvkbZoh@,M~l gekjs lkeus fdl izkdj ,d cM+h foink ds lkeku [kM+k gS rF;ksa ls
Li"V gksrk gS]fd vke vkneh dh rqyuk esa izokfl; Jfedksa esa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l QSyus dk [krjk 3-6
izfr’kr T;knk gS jkstxkj dh rykl ,oa xjhch ds dkj.k os viuh lsgr dks vuns[kk dj cl :i;k
tek djus esa yxs jgrsa gS] blh ds lkFk viuh 'kkjhfjd t:jrksa dks iwjk djusa ds fy, tks f[ke Hkjsa
;kSu laca/kks dksa cukrsa gS] f’k{kk ds vkHkko]lkekftd ,oa laLd`frd efj;knkvksa ds dkj.k ;kSu laca/kh
leL;k gksus ij [kqy dj cksy ugha ikrs]a ftl dkj.k ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dks vkt ge ,d egkekjh ds
:i esa ns[k jgsa gSaA bl dk ,d eq[; dkj.k ruko] dk;Z ds vfu;fer ?kaVs] vO;okflr fnupkZ;k ,ao
ifjokj ls nqjh gSaA
v/;k; ,d esa 'kks/kdrkZ usa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l ,oa vlaxfBr Jkfedksa ds ckjsa esa foLrjr tkudkjh nsuk
dk iz;kl fd;k gSa ftlesa 'kks/kdrkZ us ;gk Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSa] fd vlaxfBr Jfed ,oa
,pvkbZoh@,M~l D;k gSa\
43
izLrqr ’kks/kdk;Z ds f}fr; v/;k; esa 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk crk;k x;k gS]fd 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk fdu lkfgR;ksa
dk iqujkoyksdu fd;k x;k gS]o blh v/;k; ds var esa v/;;u dk Li"Vhdj.k Hkh izLrqr fd;k gSaA
r`rh; v/;k; esa 'kks/k fof/k ,oa m|s';ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSaA m|s’;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ’kks/k fd Design
dks pquk x;k gSa] tksfd Cross Sectionl v/;;u gSa]ftldh le; lhek flrEcj&2013 ls
Qjokjh&2014 rd ,oa v/;;u dk {ks= bUnkSj gS v/;;u fd Sampling fof/k Snow Ball gSa] ,oa
Tool ds :i esa iz’ukokyh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
rF;ksa dk fo’ys’k.k esa lkj.kh ,oa xzkQ dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA blh ds lkFk vc ge 'kks/k ds
vafre pj.k fd vksj gS ftlesa fu"d’kZ ,oa lq>ko ftls gesa Kkr gks tk;sxk dh gesa ,pvkbZoh@,M~l
ds izfr vlaxfBr izokfl; Jkfedks ds fy;s fdl izdkj dh ;kstuk cukuh gksxhA
fu"d’kZ ,oa lq>ko %& lEiq.kZ 'kks/k ls ;g fu"d’kZ fudy ds lkeus vkrk gSa] gekjs }kjk tks Hkh uewuk
fy;k x;k ogka iz;kZIr ugha gSa] ftl dkj.k ls ge ftu dkj.kksa ds fcp laca/k crkuk pkgrs Fks ml
xq.koRrk dksa ugh yk ik;sa tks ykuk pkgrsa Fks]a tSls ,p-vkbZ-oh- tx:drk] vdsysiu] laons u’khyrk]
ruko ,ao vtuchiu ds fcp ftl rjgk dk lac/a k crkuk pkgrsa Fks gekjs ikl oSls vkdM+ks dk
ladyu ugha gks ik;k ftl dkj.k ge ftl eqdke dks gfly djuk pkgrsa Fks ge ml ds f’k[kj rd
ugha igqp ik;s ls Hkh gks ldrk gS fd gekjh ek= vo/kkjk.k gks flQZ------------;g fu"d’kZ fudy ds lkeus vk;k fd ,p-vkbZ-oh fd tx:drk dk Lrj rks yksxks esa f’k{kk ds v/kkj
ij fBd gSa] ijUrq ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fcp os vius vki dks jksd ugha jksd ugha ikrsa vkSj dbZ ckj dqN
,slk ;kSu O;ogkj djrs gS] tks fd mUgsa vkSj vf/kd laons u’khy cukrk gSa] blh izdkj viusa lkFkh;ksa
ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs O;ogkjksa ds vkpj.k dks Loa; Hkh viukrs gS] blh ds lkFk dk;Z ds ?kaVksa dks iwjk
djusa ds ckn eauksjtu ds fy;sa ;k vdsys iu dks nqj djus ds fy;s u’kk vkSj blh ds lkFk ;kSu
fdz;kvksa esa fyir gks tkrs gSA
dsoy ,p-vkbZ-oh- izokfl; etnqjksa fd leL;k ugh gS blds fiNs dbZ dkj.k fNis gS] tSls ruko]
laoSnu’khyrk] vtuch iu] ,ao lkfFk;ksa ds in fpUgksa ij pyukA dHkh muls ;gkW ugha iwNk tkrk
fd vki vius ifjokj ls nqj jg dj dSlk eglwl djrsa gks dHkh mu fd Hkkoukvksa dks tuus dk
iz;kl ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks mudh ekufld] 'kkjhfjd ,ao lkekftd thou esa
lUrqyu gksxk ftl dkj.k mUgs Hkh eglwl gksxk fd gekjh vius ,ao lekt ds izfr tokcnsgh gSA
fdlh Hkh ;kstuk ;k ifj;kstuk fd :ijs[kk esa ml leqnk; fd Hkkfxnkjh gksuk vko’;d gS vksj
ifj;kstuk mu ds vuqdwy gksuh pkfg,aA
44
ukdks fjiksZV 2007&12
;w,u,M~l fjiksZV] 2007
ukxk fjiksZV]1996
VkbEl vkWQ bfM+;k tuojh&2012
¼lzksr% n ywfexa ,fiMsfed% n baiSDV vkWQ ,p vkbZ oh ,aM ,M~l bu bafM;k ekstsd cqDl] u;h fnYyh]
1998½
45
Reading list
www.communityactionmp.org
National population policy -Hindi
A study of interface of ASHA with the community and the service provider in Eastern
2008-9 Department of community Medicine (SPM) BRD medical college, Gorakhpur
Uttar Pradesh
A study on ASHA -a change agent of the society Indian Journal of Community Health,
Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan. 2012 - March 2012
46
Photos
47
48
Position: 2233 (3 views)