ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TOBACCO
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- ARTICLES, PAMPHLETS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TOBACCO
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RF_PH_10_A_SUDHA
Beyond prevention helping teens quit smoking
There is often a lack ofsmoking cessation resources designedfor young people.
As countries strive towards tobacco-free societies, prevention of smoking among youth is
of key importance. However, around the world, high rates of smoking among teens
provides a strong argument for effective youth-oriented smoking cessation programmes.
Available information suggests that physical and psychological dependence on smoking
can develop quickly in young people. By the time teens have been smoking on a daily
basis for a number of years, the smoking habit and addiction levels may well have
become entrenched, and they are faced with the same difficulties in quitting as adult
smokers. Although intentions to quit and quit attempts are common among teenagers,
only small numbers of teenagers actually quit. One of the problems may well be the lack
of smoking cessation resources tailored to young people.
Recent studies have found that students would welcome smoking cessation assistance if
provided in acceptable ways. It appears that some groups of students prefer more
independent quitting strategies, such as self-help programmes or "quit and win" style
incentives. However, this will vary among populations, and will need to be determined
before interventions are planned.
Tobacco addiction and kids
The younger people start smoking cigarettes, the more likely they are to become strongly
addicted to nicotine.
Tobacco products contain substantial amounts of nicotine, which is absorbed easily from
tobacco smoke in the lungs and from smokeless tobacco in the mouth or nose. Nicotine
has been clearly recognized as a drug of addiction, and tobacco dependence has been
classified as a mental and behavioural disorder according to the WHO International
Classification of Diseases, ICD-10 (Classification F17.2). Experts in the field of
substance abuse consider tobacco dependency to be as strong or stronger than
dependence on such substances as heroin or cocaine. Moreover, because the typical
tobacco user receives daily and repeated doses of nicotine, addiction is more common
among all tobacco users than among other drug users. In many countries, about 90% of
smokers smoke every day, and approximately that proportion or perhaps even more are
dependent on tobacco. Among addictive behaviours, cigarette smoking is the one most
likely to take hold during adolescence. A study found that 42% of young people who
smoke as few as three cigarettes go on to become regular smokers. What often starts out
as an act of independence may rapidly become an addictive dependence on tobacco.
Studies by health scientists in the United States have found that about three-fourths of
under-age smokers consider themselves addicted, while a majority of adolescent smokers
in Australia had tried to quit and found it very difficult. About two-thirds of adolescent
smokers in another USA study indicated that they wanted to quit smoking, and 70% said
that they would not have started if they could choose again. These responses are
remarkably similar to the conclusions of studies conducted years earlier for a Canadian
tobacco company:
"However intriguing smoking was at 11, 12 or 13, by the age of 16 or 17 many
regretted their use of cigarettes for health reasons, and because they feel unable to stop
smoking when they want to."
Danger!
PR in the playground
Tobacco industry initiatives on Youth smoking
"We believe in our right to provide adult smokers with brand choice and information.
alongside our responsibility to ensure that our marketing does not undermine efforts to
prevent children from smoking. [Martin Broughton, Chairman of BAT, 2000] [1]
“In all my years at Philip Morris, I’ve never heard anyone talk about marketing to youth.”
[Geoffrey Bible, CEO of Philip Morris, 1998] [2]
'If younger adults turn away from smoking, the industry will decline, just as a population
not give birth will eventually dwindle.’
which does
[Diane Burrows, RJ Reynolds, 1984][3]
“... We refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows: “Maintain
and proactively protect our ability to advertise, promote and market our products via a
juvenile initiative*”.
* Juvenile Initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking
because smoking is an adult decision.”
[Cathy Leiber, Philip Morris International, 1995][4]
“As we discussed, the ultimate means for determining the success of this program will
be: 1) A
reduction in legislation introduced and passed restricting or banning our sales
and marketing activities; 2) Passage of legislation favorable to the industry; 3) greater
support from business, parent, and teacher groups.”
[Joshua Slavitt, Philip Morris, “Tobacco Industry Youth Initiative,” 1991] [5]
‘A cigarette for the beginner is a symbolic act. I am no longer my mother's child, I'm
tough, I am an adventurer, I'm not square ... As the force from the psychological
symbolism subsides, the
pharmacological effect takes over to sustain the habit.’
[Philip Morris, 1969][6]
Tobacco! A cash. crop or crash crop?
By S.J.Chander
Community Health Cell, Bangalore
HISTORY OF TOBACCO USE
We have been taught in schools that tobacco is cash crop and many of us
believe it, It is worth finding the truth of the matter, if tobacco is really a
cash crop, if so who does it benefit? Today tobacco is grown in over 125
countries. Many believe that tobacco is part of our ancient civilization but
the fact is that the Portuguese introduced tobacco in India some time in
early 16th century. Tobacco plant is a native of Mexico, Central and South
America. There are about sixty five known varieties of tobacco of which onlytwo [mcotiana tabaccum and cicotiana rustica) are grown extensively
cultivated. The popular varieties being cultivated in India were introduced by
USA and Canada; particularly the Virginia tobacco was introduced by the
state of Virginia in USA.
The royal physician in the comet of Akbar- was apprehensive of the ill effects
smoking and suggested it be smoked only after passing the smoke through
water. This gave rise to the use of hukkah, winch later became the prevalent
form of smoking in the country. Since hukaah is cumbersome to smoke;
bidi became the convenient form of smoking later. Bidi was first
manufactured in Bihar; later it spread to the other parts. Chewing tobacco
with various brands have become the popular form of tobacco used in the
country today. First cigarette machine factory was set up in Havana, Cuba
in 1853. Later cigarette manufacturing spread to England and America.
After the First World War cigarette smoking replaced the other forms of
tobacco use and its consumption increased rapidly. India ranks third in the
world in tobacco production.
FORMS OF TOBACCO USE
Tobacco products arc available in the modem world in many forms. While
the primitive forms are still used in many parts of the world by a small
percentage of people, Cigarette smoking has become the popular form of
tobacco used
internationally. In India Cigarette smoking accounts
about 16% and chewing tobacco for 30%;
for
the remaining percentage of
people consume the other forms like bidis moist snuff, dry snuff etc. Here
are some of the other forms of tobacco used around the world.
Kreteks are clvoe-flavoured cigrattes. They contain a wide range of exotic
flavouring and eugenol which has an anesthetizing effect,allowing for deeper
smoke inhalation.
Pipes are made of briar, slate, clay or other substance- tobacco is placed in
the bowl and inhaled through the stem, sopme time through water. These
are also called pipes.
Sticks arc made from sun-curcd tobacco known as burs and wrapped in
cigarette paper.
Chewing tobacco is known as plug, loose, leaf, and twist pan masala, or
beetel leaf quid consists of tobacco, arcca nuts and staked lime wrapped in
a beetel leaf.
Moist snuff is taken orally. A small amount of ground tobacco is held in the
mouth between the cheek and gum.
Dry snuff is powdered tobacco that is inhaled through the nose or taken by
mouth.
Cigars are made of air -cured and fermented tobaccos with a tobacco
wrapper, and come in many shapes and size,
CULTURAL USE TO COMMERCIALIZATION
Over the years the cultural use of tobacco has been converted into
commercial purposes.
The following quote by an investor adds to the
evidence; “I tell you why I like the cigarette business, ft cost a penny to
make. Sell it for a dollar, ft addictive. And there is fantastic brand
loyalty.” ( Warren Buffet, investor ,1990s) Mr. David Sweanor, Senior legal
counsel, smoking and health action foundation, Canada argues that
Tobacco MNCs like other public companies exist to make money for
shareholders. These companies make huge returns on investment of in
excess 100% per year. The financial success is due to its ability7 to sell by
creating of demand particularly through advertisement of various forms.
Often the tobacco company brings an argument that the industry7 plays a
vital role of providing means of livelihood for million of growers and others
involved in manufacturing. The fact is that it is the tobacco company gets
the lions share.
There are over 260 million tobacco users in the country today. The situation
in the west has changed due to increased health awareness and high cost of
treatment of illness due to tobacco use. Dwindling sales in the west forced
the multinational companies look to die east for marketing. These MNCs
mainly target the adolescent population. Each day 68,000 to 82,000
adolescents from low and middle income countries enter the pool of tobacco
users every'- day against 14,000 to 15,000 in high income countries. The
production of tobacco leaves has more than doubled since 19060, 7 million
metric tons of tobacco has been produced since then.
The performance of ITC (Indian Tobacco Companv)during the quarter March
2003 has clocked 10 per cent increase in net sales at Rs 1,580 crore, and
the net profit was up 13 per cent at Rs 323 crore. The British American
'tobacco Company, which has a 31 per cent stake in ITC, recorded a net
profit of Rs 1 3.7 i bn ($292m) for the year to March 2003, up i 5.3 per cent on
Rs 11.9bn in the previous year. ITC continues to anticipate good results.
Consumption of Cigarettes accounts for only 20 percent of the tobacco
usage in the country, with the remaining being made up by users of beedies
and chewing tobacco. Chewing tobacco apd beedi industry continue to
thrive in the name of providing employment.
A CROP THAT CURTAILS LIFE
How can we call a crop that kills as cash crop? Every ten seconds, another
person dies as a result of tobacco use. This translates to nearly 10,000
deaths every day and 5 million deaths annually (WHO). The tobacco related
death in the country has been estimated as 8-9 lakhs a year. About half of
all smokers who are killed by tobacco die in middle age. On an average,
these smokers who die in middle age lose about 20-25 years of life
expectancy.
Tobacco use is linked to over 25 diseases, which include heart and lung
diseases, cancer and thromboangeilis (Gangrene of feet). Low birth weight,
respiratory distress syndrome and infant death syndrome have been found
to be of higher incidence among babies of women smokers. Tobacco use
contributes to 75-80% of ail heart attack deaths in young smokers are
under the age of 50.
The cost of cancer cure estimated in 1990 was
1,34,499 and the cost borne by the patient was Rs. 17, 965, tire loss to
institution for treating the person was Rs. 4,009, loss to GNP due to
premature death was 1,12,475. In 1999 alone 1.63 lakhs people developed
cancer due to tobacco use (ICMR)
While the net profit of tobacco per annum is estimated as 24,000 crore, the
cost, of treating tobacco related disease is estimated as 27,700 crore. Though
the loss is more than the gain the government continues to promote tobacco
in the name of job opportunities. With political will we can replace jobs, can
we replace lives?
Over two million children below fourteen years of age are engaged as
laborers in the highly hazardous tobacco industry most them as bonded
laborers. The children, mostly girls, who roll bidi have stunted growth and
suffer from respiratory diseases like tuberculosis and asthma, besides
menstrual disorders. They also suffer from tuberculosis, gastrointestinal
problems and bowl disorders. According to Dr. Sinha, assistant professor at
Department of Preventive Oncology, Patna Medical College 93.3 per cent of
the sufferers did not receive any treatment simply because they could not
afford; the finding is based on a study conducted by them.
A CROP THAT ENDANGERS ENVIRONMENT
Curing tobacco consumes an estimated 200,000 hectares of woodland each
year. "By the government's own estimates in Karnataka, 1,20,000 tones of
ivood is used just for curing” This is in addition to packaging and the forest
cleared for nurseries. It was reported that to get a cartload of wood which is
valued at from the forest a farmer bribes the forest department staff 100200 rupees. Mr. Naveen Thomas, Fellow with Community health Cell who
has done an assessment on tobacco cultivation in Karnataka says, in a
village in Karnataka about 80 per cent of the forest has been cleared just
because they need the wood for curing. WHO estimates that 7 billion tones
of papers are used every year' world wide for wrapping cigarettes. It is
estimated that every kg of tobacco curing requires 20 kgs of wood.
Dr.Dhanpal who has done a study on ‘quality of life , energy’ use pattern
and environment in rural areas’ for his PhD thesis has estimated that in dry
areas the wood required per person for fuel for cooking purposes is 0.9 kg
and in cold areas is about 1 kg per person. The energy that every Kg of
tobacco curing consumes can be used for four days for a family of five.
Greater of use of fertilizers and pesticides and increased mechanization is
responsible for higher yields but
immeasurable.
its
impact on environment, is
A CROP FOE TO FARMERS
It has been observed that tobacco industry exploits the million of tobacco
farmers worldwide by increasing their debt burden(WHO). Karnataka has
about 18,000 registered and over 16,000 unregistered tobacco cultivators.
Without looking al the serious implications the government has actively
been promoting cultivation of tobacco over the last. 50 years along with the
tobacco companies. Tobacco cultivation involves a labour-intensive process
that rapidly depletes soil nutrients and requires heavy use of pesticides and
fertilizers. The net return from tobacco are estimated less when compared
to many other crops but the farmers realize very little of the profits from the
tobacco crop. Dr. Satvinder kaul of Punjab Agricultural University argues
that most farmers cultivate tobacco not because it is profitable but because
their families have traditionally done for years. It has been observed that
when the prices are good, they earn about 6000 to 8000 rupees per acre.
There are other crops that arc equally or more profitable than tobacco;
unfortunately due to lack of financial support the farmers are unable to
switch over.
The landless laborers, particularly the women and children
who work in tobacco fields earn about 40 rupees and men earn about 50
rupees. While they are compelled to earn this meager amount for their
survival, they are exposed to serious health hazards. A woman in shimoga
district in Karnataka who worked in the tobacco field spent more than
15000 rupees for her treatment for corrosion of the internal organs due to
exposure to tobacco dust. She says now “even if they pay 100 rupees a day 1
will not work in the tobacco filed. ”
ENSURE ITS ELIMINATION
Political backing that tire tobacco industry receives in the name of sympathy
towards tobacco cultivators is the biggest hurdle for tobacco control in the
country. Both the acts recently passed by the state and the center does not
ensure elimination as it addresses only demand. It is more than six months
since the acts were passed and the government is yet to come out with rules
for enforcement. Unless the government lakes measures to bring down the
supply, we will never be able to prevent, million of death and unnecessary
suffering illness due to tobacco use. While these acts were being passed.
Karnataka has grown 40,000 tones of tobacco as against the ceiling of
25,000 tones for the year. No action is yet taken. While eighty percent of
tobacco users in this country belong to the rural areas and most of them
cannot read and write and do nor. know the ill effects of tobacco, the only
Health warning the educated tobacco users and masses know is “ cigarette
smoking is injurious to health” which is printed in small letter on the
packets and beneath the glamorous advertisement displayed in prime
localities. I wonder if any one pauses to ask; in what way it is injurious to
health? and what connection the pictures displayed in the advertisement
has with tobacco. If one critically analyzes, you would come to know that
the captions and picture convey a lie, to lure the innocent children and
adolescent. Together we can overcome, Let us all the responsible citizen of
tliis country join tire campaign to educate, enforce and eliminate a crop
that kills, endangers environment and enemy to farmers and laborers.
References
1.
Efroymson Debra- Path Canada: Tobacco and poverty- observations
from Indian and Bangladesh, 2002
2.
Mackay Judith& Michael Eriksen the tobacco atlas - World Health
Organization 2002.
3.
4.
5.
Narayan Thelma, FCTC for tobacco control a perspective from the
Indian subcontinent: NGO forum for health, the effects of
Globalization on health and NGOs role in Tobacco control.
Sivaramakrishnan V M. Tobacco and areca nut -2001
Sanghvi. L.D& Notani Perin: Tobacco and Health - the Indian
scene, 1989
6.
Sweanor David, Why tobacco companies behave as they do; INGCAT
international NGO mobilization meeting. Geneva, 15-16 May 1999.
7.
Shiva Vandana, Antony Margaret, the beedi
monopoliesa dnth myth of child labour- .January 2000.
ban,
tobacco
3909 Michigan Union
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1349
E-mail: sevha@umich.edu
Fax: (707) 982-7688
http://www.umich.edu/--sevha
SEVHA
" Students Educating and VciunteemgforHeeMhAArareness
Dear Student(s),
We are excited to hear that you want to help take a stand against the tobacco industry! We really need
your group’s help. So, where to begin? To help you get started, we’ve created this packet that has
some ideas and checklists to guide you in forming a tobacco education group, and other ways to raise
awareness on tobacco usage in India. It contains the following items:
SEVHA PRESENTATION SUMMARY
HOW TO RESEARCH
TAG
WHAT ELSE CAN I DO? (Other ideas, besides presentations, to raise awareness on
tobacco use in India)
STARTING YOUR OWN TOBACCO AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
SAMPLE BROCHURES AND POSTERS
Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions or concerns. We are very interested in your
progress and your ideas so please send us updates.
Our contact information is listed below.
Remember to stay focused, creative, and tobacco-free! GOOD LUCK!!!
SEVHA
3909 Michigan Union
Ann Arbor, M1.48019- V
USA
Email: sevha@umich.edu
Website: http://www.umich.edu/~sevha
3909 MICHIGAN UNION • UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ♦ ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-1349 USA
E-MAIL: SEVHA@UMICH.EDU FAX: (707) 982-768S
3909 Michigan Union
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-1349
E-mail: sevha@umich.edu
Fax: (707) 982-7688
http://www.umich.edu/-sevha
SEVHA
Students EducatrigandVokxteemgforHeoithAvvaEness
SUMMARY OF SEVHA PRESENTATION
•
Introduction of group and SEVHA delegates
•
World Tobacco Statistics
•
India and Tobacco
o India ranks 2nd in per capita cigarette consumption.
o
40 Lakh tobacco related deaths occur in the world ever year.
o
India is the 2nd largest tobacco producer in the world.
o
5,000 people begin to smoke in India every day.
•
What is in a Cigarette
•
Nicotine: The Addictive Chemical
•
Where does the smoke go?
•
Passive Smoking
o 15% of smoke is inhaled by the smoker; other 85% of the smoke enters the air.
•
Use Tobacco.. .Win Prizes
o 8th Prize: An Empty Wallet
o
4,700 Chemicals in One Cigarette!
o
7th Prize: Stained Teeth, Bad Breath, and Wrinkles
o
6lh Prize: Gum Disease
o
■
Caused by chewing tobacco
5th Prize: Hairy Tongue
o
■
Chewing tobacco causes fungus and bacteria to grow on the tongue.
4th Prize: Submucous Fibrosis
o
■
Cheek muscles tightening making it difficult to speak or eat.
3rd Prize: Emphysema
o
■
Caused by smoking which makes it difficult for a person to breath.
2nd Prize: Blood Pressure and Heart Disease
o
■ Nicotine increases blood pressure and causes cholesterol problems.
1st Prize: Oral and Lung Cancer
■
India has the highest oral cancer rate in the world.
•
The Tobacco Industry targets YOU
•
A Fair Warning??
•
How to Stop
o Admit the addiction.
o Get support from family and friends.
o
Avoid situations where you will use tobacco.
o
Stay strong and determined!!!
•
So You Choose...
•
•
Conclusion
Question and Answer Session
3909 MICHIGAN UNION • UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-1349 USA
E-MAIL: SEVHA@UMICH.EDU FAX: (707) 982-7688
3909 Michigan Union
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1349
E-mail: sevha@umich.edu
Fax: (707) 982-7688
http://www.umich.edu/~sevha
SEVHA
“ StriertsEiiicatiTgrrriVoturtEemgfor Health Awareness
HOW TO RESEARCH
It is critical that you be as accurate as possible in presenting information. If students catch any mistakes in the
presentation, you will automatically lose credibility with them.
Resources:
•
The Internet
The Internet is an invaluable source of statistics, facts, and other useful information. Some
websites that you might find useful are:
o The World Health Organization: Tobacco Free Initiative
http://tobacco.who.int
o ASH: Action on Smoking and Health
http://www.ash.org
o Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Tobacco Information and Prevention Source
http: www.cdc.gov/tobacco
o Tobacco Free Kids Ad Gallery
http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/adgallerY/
•
Doctors and Hospitals
Many doctors are more than happy to meet with young people who take an interest in health related
issues. You might try finding names and phone numbers of doctors, especially those specializing
in cancer or lung disease, and calling them to set up an appointment. They are the best source for
pictures that you can insert into your presentation. Many doctors are also involved with other
NGO’s, which may have funds, contacts, or other information of use to you.
•
Other Groups
There are many groups in India that carry out health-based programs and research. Use these
groups as references. They often have access to information that is not published. Some
organizations that you might consider:
o United Nations Children’s Fund (Unicef)
http://www.unicef.org
o World Assembly on Tobacco Counters Health
http://www.watch-2000.org/
o TATA Cancer Research Institute
http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/criorg.htm
Remember, every time you record a statistic or other fact, you must also record the source of that information.
Audience members will often want to know where you obtained your information, and you must be prepared with
an answer.
3909 MICHIGAN UNION • UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • /\NN ARBOR, MI 48109-1349 USA
E-MAIL: SEVHA@UMICH.EDU FAX: (707) 982-7688
3909 Michigan Union
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1349
E-mail: sevha@umich.edu
Fax: (707) 982-7688
h(tp://www.umich edu/~sevha
SEVHA-
Students Educatrig and Vcfcrteemgfor Health Awareness
TAG (Tobacco Awareness Group)
Group’s goal
-
Spreading tobacco awareness within your own school once a month to continue providing the
youth information on the dangers of tobacco use.
Rules for TAG
make sure you allow ALL students to join TAG
Even if you only have a small group for TAG, you can still be effective and have a successful
TAG
-
Make sure you have permission from your principal
-
Two different people per month will lead a project, you should switch the two people who lead
Nothing should take away from your studies
One project should be done once a month
every month so that everyone has the chance to lead a project.
How to Spread Awareness
-
Doing activities and projects within and around your school
Brainstorm (come up with different ideas to do to attract students in the school)
-
Look at the What Else Can I Do sheet for good ideas
How to find information on Tobacco
-
Use the search engines on the Internet such as Google.com and find information on the Internet,
and be able to use E-mail to keep in touch with us
Use SEVHA for help, email: sevha@umich.edu, and visit our website: www.umich.edu/~sevha
Go to your Government Library and School Library to find information
Contact Doctors for information
Ask your teacher to help you find information
3909 MICHIGAN UNION • UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN • ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-1349 USA
E-MAIL: SEVHA@UMIC1-I.EDU FAX: (707) 982-7688
India ratifies FCTC aimed at curbing tobacco-related deaths
Source: Deepika.com (in), 2004-02-10
Intro:
The Government of India has ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) aimed at curbing
tobacco-related deaths and disease.
The FCTC, the first international treaty negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organisation, was
ratified on February 5.
The FCTC was earlier unanimously adopted by 192 nations at the World Health Assembly (WHA) on May 21,2003.
WHO to docs: The butt stops here!
Source: The Times of India, 2004-02-11
Author: JYOTI SHARMA
Intro:
WHO has charted a code of conduct for doctors and asked them to set an example by quitting smoking before
they counsel patients.
When it comes to tobacco use, health professionals have the opportunity to help people change their behaviour.
Their involvement is the key to successfully curbing the tobacco epidemic, says Vera Luiza da Costa Silva, director
of the Tobacco Free Initiative, WHO. Simultaneously, WHO figures reveal that, in many countries, more health
professionals than their general-population counterparts are addicted to smoking. So, is the good doctor just
blowing smoke in ones face when he tells us to stub out smoking?
Going by the response of the medical fraternity in India , doctors here give a nod of approval to the WHO
directive.
PIB Press Release
Source: Press Information Bureau-Government of India (in), 2004-02-10
Intro:
In a historic leap towards promoting public health, the Government of India ratified the Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on 5 February 2004. The FCTC is the first international treaty negotiated under the
auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO), aimed at curbing tobacco-related deaths and disease.
The FCTC was earlier unanimously adopted by 192 nations at the World Health Assembly (WHA) on 21st May
2003. Among its many tobacco control measures, the FCTC requires countries to impose restrictions on tobacco
advertising, sponsorship and promotion, establish new packaging and labeling of tobacco products with strong
health warnings, establish clean indoor air controls by imposing restrictions on smoking in public places and
strengthening legislation to clamp down on illicit trade in tobacco products.
Stubbing out tobacco menace
Ratifies international pact on tobacco-related deaths, diseases
Source: Indian Express, 2004-02-09
Author; TOUFIQ RASHID
Intro:
The Government is set to combat the tobacco menace with a vengeance. So even as tobacco rules' wait for a goahead from the Ministry of Law, the Ministry of Health has ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(FCTC), the first international treaty to curb tobacco-related deaths and disease.
By adopting the World Health Assembly treaty, India has become the seventh country, as also the largest in the
world, to do so. While tobacco rules will be implemented from May 1 this year, we have ratified the FCTC to show
our commitment in curbing tobacco-related illnesses," said Health Secretary J.V.R. Prasada Rao.
India ratifies anti-tobacco treaty
Source: grandprix.com, 2004-02-09
Intro:
India has become the eighth country to ratify the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control.
Ban on tobacco advertisements from May 1'
Source: The Hindu Online (in), 2004-02-07
Author: Our Special Correspondent
Intro:
From May 1, advertisements about tobacco and its products will be banned in the country. The Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare has recommended the notification of rules on this to the Law Ministry.
o Dalmia group plans to take non-tobacco bidis overseas
Source: New Kerala.com (in), 2004-02-08
Author: Lola Nayar, New Delhi, Feb 8 (IANS
Intro:
Targeting a niche population needing help to wean off tobacco, the Dalmia Consumer Care division of the Sanjay
Dalmia group is eyeing a huge market overseas for its innovative non-tobacco bidis.
It is a little over seven months since the Dalmia Consumer Care division of the Rs. 12 billion turnover company
launched its Vardaan brand of non-tobacco, non-nicotine bidis, or cheroot, to take a slice of the estimated Rs. 150
billion bidi market of the total Indian tobacco industry, worth around Rs.600 billion.
Already Vardaan is selling around one million bidis a day. . . .
So far, the company's products are finding more acceptability among youngsters and women who are keen to
shed the habit of chewing or smoking tobacco. The hardened smokers and tobacco chewers are still a long way
from being wooed.
Table of Contents (59 [2])
February 2004 (Volume 59, Number 2)
Source: Thorax (British Thoracic Society), 2004-02-01
Intro:
Higher tuberculosis mortality in India seen in those who have ever smoked
K Dheda and G Rook
Thorax 2004; 59: 115. [This graph only]
o Ban on tobacco product ads to take effect from May 1
Source: Business Line (The Hindu), 2004-02-07
Author: Our Bureau
Intro:
IT'S official now. Come May 1, and the total ban on advertising of cigarettes and tobacco products will come into
effect. From the same day smoking in public places and sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products to minors
would become an offence.
Speaking to presspersons on completion of one year in office, the Health Minister, Ms Sushma Swaraj, said, "The
Bill on ban of tobacco products has been one of the important legislations cleared this year. We will shortly be
notifying the ban on tobacco ads."
Come May, no fags for schoolkids
Source: The Times of India, 2004-02-07
Intro:
Under an Act which will be notified in the next few days, selling cigarettes to children below 18 years will be an
offence.
That's not all. Under the stringent anti-tobacco law, smoking in public places anywhere in the country will invite
penalty. So, the airports, railway stations and bus stops will hopefully wear a sanitised look without the familiar
tobacco smell.
Already, tobacco selling is prohibited at stations. But health minister Sushma Swaraj wants to go a step further.
When the notification becomes part of the government gazette next week, no tobacco products can be advertised
either on TV or in newspapers. "We'll see to it that no surrogate ads sneak in," Swaraj said on Saturday.
O Regulations of anti-tobacco act worked out: Sushma
Source: The Times of India, 2004-02-07
Intro:
Government has worked out rules and regulations of the Anti-Tobacco Act, which is likely to come into force by
May 1, Health Minister Sushma Swaraj said on Saturday.
"We have worked out the rules and regulations of the Anti-Tobacco Bill which has been sent for notification,"
Swaraj told reporters on completion of one year in office. . . .
She said the Anti-Tobacco Act would ban advertisements on smoking in both print and electronic media, ban
smoking in public places and prohibit sale of cigarettes to minors.
Tobacco-free India alone can contain spread of cancer: Kalam
Source: Sun Network (in), 2004-02-07
Intro:
President A P J Abdul Kalam has stressed that Cancer can be completely eradicated if we have tobacco less India.
He was in Chennai to participate in various factions.
Participating in the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of Cancer Institute, Chennai-Adyar, Abdul Kalam underlined the
need for taking a serious efforts to have a tobacco free India.
He said it is foremost and paramount importance to carry the message to the masses that cancer is curable.
Companies flout law on tobacco in tooth care products
Use of tobacco products as dentifrice among adolescents in India: questionnaire study BMJ Volume 328, pp 323-4
Source: EurekAlert, 2004-02-05
Intro:
Up to 68% of adolescents in India use dental products containing tobacco, despite a law barring manufacturers
from using tobacco as an ingredient in any toothpaste or toothpowder, reveals a study in this week's BMJ.
The authors believe that many companies are taking advantage of a widespread misconception in India that
tobacco is good for the teeth by packaging and positioning their products as dental care products.
Indian students use tobacco dentifrice
BMJ 2004;328 (7 February), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7435.0-d
Source: British Medical Journal, 2004-02-06
Intro:
Although tobacco products are prohibited in India for use as a dentrifice, 6-68% of students aged 13-15 still use
them. Sinha and colleagues (p 323) surveyed the use of tobacco products as dentifrice in 14 states of India.
Tobacco toothpaste and tooth powder were commonly reported in all states, but usage varied widely: 6% of
students in Goa-and 68% in Bihar-used these products, probably because of the misconception that tobacco is
good for the teeth.
• Use of tobacco products as dentifrice among adolescents in India: questionnaire study
BMJ 2004;328:323-324 (7 February), doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7435.323
Source: British Medical Journal, 2004-02-06
Author: D N Sinha, chairmanl, P C Gupta, senior research scientist2, M S Pednekar, senior statisticians
Intro:
The 1992 amendment to India's Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 barred manufacturers from using tobacco as an
ingredient in any toothpaste or toothpowder. One manufacturer challenged this amendment, but ultimately the
Supreme Court passed judgment in favour of the government of India. 1
We carried out our study 10 years after the law had been amended. Surprisingly, 6-68% students still reported
that they currently used products containing tobacco for oral care, which shows clearly that the regulations have
not been implemented adequately.
o Companies Flout Law on Tobacco in Tooth Care Products
Source: Newswise, 2004-02-06
Intro:
Use of tobacco products as dentifrice among adolescents in India: questionnaire study BMJ Volume 328, pp 323-4
Up to 68% of adolescents in India use dental products containing tobacco, despite a law barring manufacturers
from using tobacco as an ingredient in any toothpaste or toothpowder, reveals a study in this weeks BMJ.
The authors believe that many companies are taking advantage of a widespread misconception in India that
tobacco is good for the teeth by packaging and positioning their products as dental care products.
Don t light up, children to tell smokers
Source: The Times of India, 2004-02-06
Intro:
PUNE: Groups of schoolchildren would move around the city on Saturday (tomorrow), asking people to donate
their cigarettes.
Initiated by the Prashanti Cancer Care Mission, a citybased NGO working with cancer patients, the aim behind the
mission is to involve youngsters in building up an anti-tobacco campaign.
Students from class VIII and IX of the Priya Darshini School, Bhosari, will go around M.G. road, Dhole Patil road,
F.C. road, and outside Wadia and Symbiosis colleges, asking smokers to give up smoking and give a small lecture
on the ill-effects of tobacco.
Army to launch war on hidden enemy: smoking
Source: The Times of India, 2004-02-05
Author: SIDDHARTHA D. KASHYAP
Intro:
PUNE: The rough-and-tough image of a macho man with a cigarette dangling from his lips may be good for the
movies, not for the Indian Army. The army now wants its men to Blow the enemy " not your heart and lungs.
With an increasing number of heartrelated disorders and cancer cases among the troops, senior medical officers
from the armed forces are busy chalking out a detailed plan to weed out the problem.
The fauji doctors, who have gathered in the city for the annual armed forces medical services (AFMS) conference,
are discussing a number of issues, including a no-smoking campaign for the armed forces.
Tobacco: Centre accused of discriminating against State
Source: The Hindu Online (in), 2004-02-02
Author: Our Staff Correspondent
Intro:
The Arkalgud MLA, A. Manju, has accused the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance
Government of discriminating against Karnataka with regard to increasing the crop size of tobacco to "appease"
its alliance partner, Telugu Desam Party.
Addressing a press conference here on Sunday, he noted that as more number of Andhra Pradesh representatives
were there on the Tobacco Board, the growers in the State were getting a raw deal, though they were producing
high quality tobacco.
ITC Posts 18% Rise In Q3 Net
Source: Financial Express (in), 2004-01-30
Author: OUR CORPORATE BUREAU
Intro:
ITC Ltd on Friday reported a 12 per cent growth in profit before tax (PBT) and 18 per cent in profit after tax
(PAT) for the quarter to December 31, 2003, compared with the same quarter of the previous year.
Profit after tax in the latest quarter was Rs 381 crore on a net sales turnover of Rs 1,665 crore, against Rs 324
crore on Rs 1,502 crore for the same period of the previous year. Other income increased by 22 per cent to Rs 42
crore.
Pre-tax profit was Rs 567 crore in the latest quarter, against Rs 506 crore in the same quarter of the previous
year. Earnings per share for the quarter was Rs 15.38.
Three of the company's four main segments fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), hotels, paperboards and
specialty paper, and agribusiness reported strong growth. But agribusiness was impacted by slower marketing of
the current Mysore leaf tobacco crop and delayed exports shipments of soya.
Feds Bust Six State Cigarette-Smuggling Ring
Source: The Independent Online (IOL) (za), 2004-01-29
Author: ALY SUJO
Intro:
The feds have busted a massive, multimillion-dollar cigarette-smuggling ring that operated out of New York, New
Jersey and four other states, officials said yesterday.
The crackdown, described as one of the biggest ever, netted about $20 million worth of cigarettes, said
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officials unsealing a 92-count indictment in El Paso, Texas...
The phony brands were manufactured in China, Taiwan, India and other countries and were painstakingly
created to resemble popular U.S. brands, ICE spokesman Mark Raimondi said.
Expanding Horizons / Even after years of sustained growth, Sopariwala Exports remains firmly
committed to its core valuesquality, hard work and family ties.
Source: Tobacco Reporter, 2004-01-01
Intro:
Sopariwala has reason to be pleased. What began as a modest family business has mushroomed into a giant
supplier of tobacco to world-renowned clients, and continues to expand. Today, the company is India's largest
exporter of sun/ air-cured tobacco. At four state-of-the-art factories with a combined surface of 125,000 square
meters, Sopariwala processes and packs about 25,000 tons per year. Its largest markets are Europe, the Middle
East, Russia, the United States and South Africa.
Sopariwala is also India's largest exporter of bidis
PRASAD: FDI In Tobacco Sector Will Only Boost Cigarette Smuggling
Source: Financial Express (in), 2004-01-26
Author: G SIVA RAMA PRASAD
Intro:
O
Tobacco farmers of Andhra Pradesh are seriously concerned about the import and sale of Marlboro' cigarettes in
India by the wholly-owned Indian subsidiary of the world's largest cigarette maker, Philip Morris. As per the track
record of international cigarette multinationals (MNCs), Philip Morris' ulterior strategy is to piggyback on imports
to legitimately advertise the brand and promote the sale of smuggled Marlboro cigarettes.
Global cigarette MNCs have been pressing the Indian government for several years now for permission to directly
invest in India's tobacco industry. But going by their track record, their real motive in setting up cigarette
manufacturing facilities in India is to secure a legitimate platform to engage in large-scale cigarette smuggling
into the country. . . .
-The writer is secretary, Guntur Tobacco Growers Welfare Association
Tobacco auctions begin in Prakasam
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-24
Author: Our Correspondent in Guntur
Intro:
The much-awaited tobacco auctions for 2003-04 season took off on Friday in the Tobacco Board platforms at D C
Palli and Kaligiri (southern light soils-SLS) in Prakasam district, with seven traders, including ITC, GPI, Mittapalli,
PSS (H), Trans-continental, Md Enterprises and Mandava Appa Rao, purchasing 25 bales at the first platform, and
18 bales at the second one.
Public Interest Organizations Urge Indian Government to Ratify Global Tobacco Treaty
Source: PR Newswire, 2004-01-23
Author: Source: Infact
Intro:
0
Representatives of a leading network of organizations advocating for the swift implementation of the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) have come to Delhi to urge India to ratify the treaty. Eighty-five
governments have signed the treaty, which enters into force and becomes international law after 40 countries
sign and ratify it. Last month India's Cabinet approved ratification of the FCTC. The Network for Accountability of
Tobacco Transnationals (NATT) noted India's leadership throughout the FCTC negotiating process, and are calling
on Indian officials to complete the FCTC ratification process quickly.
LETTER: Impose ban on tobacco products
Source: News Today (in), 2004-01-23
Author: Madhu Agrawal, Delhi
Intro:
Impose ban on tobacco products Sir,
It refers to the Union Cabinet's decision to impose a total ban on advertisements of tobacco products in the
country.
It is not understood why our rulers do not take the ultimate step and impose a total ban on sale of injurious
tobacco products especially cigarettes which are proven health hazards responsible for killing millions of people
every year.
EDITORIAL: Government proposes to guillotine all tobacco advertising
Source: The Times of India, 2004-01-23
Intro:
Far from deterring such targeted consumers, the proposed advertising ban might actually attract them to tobacco
products in greater numbers as an expression of rebellion.
The solution might lie not in banning tobacco advertising but by countering it with even more effective anti
tobacco messages. What we need are not 'hidden persuaders' which will keep people smoking but unhidden
persuaders which will get them to stop.
Excise waiver for tobacco firms in NE
Sop extended to infrastructure projects
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-23
Author: Subhomoy Bhattacharjee in New Delhi
Intro:
The central government has decided to exempt tobacco and pan masala companies, based in the North-eastern
states, from excise duty, provided they make a similar quantum of investment in their units for 10 years,
prospectively.
The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) notification has doubled the 50 per cent relief on excise duty,
given to them in August 2003.
Herbal products for tobacco users
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-23
Author: Our Regional Bureau in Hyderabad Published : January 23, 2004
Intro:
Ashian Herbex Limited, a city-based natural health products manufacturing company, has launched two new
herbal products targeted at cigarette smokers and tobacco chewers.
While Smoktime, a health candy, is useful for smokers who usually suffer from lung and throat related problems,
Panntime candy is useful for tobacco chewers who usually suffer from mouth ulcers, tooth related problems and
gastric troubles.
Tobacco trigger for child asthma
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2004-01-22
Author: A STAFF REPORTER
Intro:
Childhood asthma is on the rise globally. But those who merely point fingers at growing pollution levels may be
misled.
The Bhagirathi Neotia Lecture Series 2004 began on Wednesday with a talk on Breathing problems in children',
Cigarettes are directly linked to asthma, particularly if a mother smokes during pregnancy, but even if there are
smokers in the house. This is one clear factor Sampa Mitra Pahari, a paediatrician at Apollo Gleneagles Hospital,
agreed is a leading cause for increasing incidence of asthma, pollution and allergies aside.
Chew on this: some forms of tobacco may be good for you
Source: India Express, 2004-01-21
Author: Abhishek Kapoor
Intro:
MAYBE a tad difficult to digest, but scientists are backing this. Chewing carcinogenic" tobacco might be injurious
to health, but not so the consumption of products obtained from the plant.
Scientists at Gujarat Agricultural University's Bidi and Tobacco Research Station (BTRS) have isolated a number of
compounds from tobacco leaves that are edible (including a protein), and may even be used as intermediates in
drugs meant for curing heart-related ailments! The research was conducted over a period of three years at the
Anand varsity campus.
A team of researchers, under lead scientist B K Patel, have isolated a protein from 70 to 90-day-old tobacco
leaves. The protein has been found to be edible and tests conducted on rats showed no adverse impact on
health. No toxicity was found on the animals, researchers said. Oil extracted from the tobacco seed too was
found to be edible.
Speaking about the results, Patel said the protein concentrate is rich in lysin, an amino acid, and could be a
replacement for pulses . . .
The station has developed protein with 75 per cent purity, and according to Patel, is in talks with manufacturers
for commercial production.
Other products that the institute has been successful in isolating from tobacco, with positive applications, include
nicotine sulphate, an insecticide
18 pc people addicted to tobacco in city: Study
Source: The Times of India, 2004-01-21
Author: SOURAV SANYAL
Intro:
CHANDIGARH : The first-ever study to assess the pattern of tobacco-based product (TBP) usage in city shows
that 18.4 per cent persons are dependent on TBPs. Of these, an alarming 96.5 per cent persons are smokers.
Conducted by the community medicine department of Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH) between
July, 2002, and June, 2003, on a sample size of 1,087 persons, the study is going to be presented at the Indian
Public Health Association Conference at Bhubaneshwar on January 24.
Tobacco ads may see their last in fag-end of January
Source: Hindustan Times, 2004-01-20
Author: Sanchita Sharma New Delhi, January 20
Intro:
Tobacco advertising is likely to go up in smoke by the end of this month when the Health Ministry takes its first
step to implement the tobacco-control legislation. "The gazette notification for a complete ban on advertisements
and all direct and indirect promotional activities for tobacco products will be done in a week or two," said Health
Secretary J.V.R. Prasada Rao.
The ban will cover brand extension, sponsorships and surrogate advertising, including the use of tobacco logos.
Contribution of British Indian doctors hailed
Source: Kerala Next (in), 2004-01-20
Intro:
London, British Health Secretary John Reid has hailed the contribution of doctors of Indian origin to the National
Health Service (NHS). At a function organised by the Labour Friends of India he met about 200 doctors of Indian
origin Monday night. . .
"We recognise that South Asians are more likely to die earlier from heart disease and oral cancer than the
national average. We have taken action on these inequalities by running a multimillion-pound campaign on
smoking and chewing tobacco to reduce the high levels that currently lead to increased levels of the disease
amongst the community."
International Tobacco Treaty Seen as Model for Curbing Corporate Abuses at World Social Forum in
India
Source: CSRwire, 2004-01-19
Intro:
As tens of thousands of activists gather at the World Social Forum, the effort to implement the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) continues to make significant progress. . . .
Infact and the Network for Accountability of Tobacco Transnationals (NATT) have launched a campaign for the
FCTC's swift implementation. . . .
Throughout the FCTC negotiations, NATT members encouraged, prodded and pressured countries to stand firm in
the face of Big Tobacco's enormous political and economic clout. With International Weeks of Resistance to
Tobacco Transnationals, Marlboro Man Awards, and the release of a number of reports, NATT has played a key
role in exposing and challenging the attempts of transnational tobacco corporations and their political allies in
wealthy countries to derail the FCTC. In the push toward ratification, NATT will continue to watchdog the tobacco
industry’s interference in the process.
Pune Masala
Source: India Express, 2004-01-19
Intro:
THE notice board put by the court authorities here prominently says smoking and spitting in the court premises is
prohibited," but this, it seems does not hold true for the lawyers, themselves.
Recently, a well-known senior advocate was seen smoking his favourite brand of cigarettes and that too just
outside the special court for the Maharashtra Control for Organised Crime Act (MCOCA). However, this seemed to
have gone unnoticed. Makes one wonder does the long arm of the law also apply to lawyers? [This graph only]
FDI seen as major threat to tobacco, cigarette industry
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-19
Author: Chandrasekhar in Guntur Published : January 19, 2004
Intro:
A delegation comprising 100 farmers, belonging to various organisations, recently met union agriculture minister
Rajnath Singh and union commerce minister Arun Jaitley, pleading against allowing foreign direct investment
(FDI) in the tobacco sector and the cigarette industry.
The delegation reminded the two ministers that it was the multinational companies (MNCs) that had hijacked
the vast Russian tobacco market from the exporters.
Kill belle
Source: Mid-day.com (in), 2004-01-18
Author: Khalid Mohamed
Intro:
Ek Hasina Thi Cast: Urmila Matondkar, Saif Ali Khan Direction: Sriram Raghavan Rating: ** . . .
The jail is overrun by cute whiskered rats, a vaguely lesbian bully (Black Lips) and expert cooks serving up
crunchy tandoor chapattis. With a I'll help from a portly gangsta inmate (Cigarette Smoker), Zakhmi escapes from
her cushy cell, and travels to Dilli to become a kill-bill billi.
An investigative police lady (Seema Biswas, oh dear) smokes away, unphotogenically loo. till you wonder if
our director Raghavan is an anti-tobacco activist. [This graph only]
Sarees given as incentive for no tobacco pledge
Source: Hindustan Times, 2004-01-17
Author: HT Correspondent
Intro:
One hundred and one sarees were distributed as an incentive to the tobacco addicts to motivate them for giving
up the tobacco chewing habit by a iocal NGO- Madhya Pradesh Rajya Mahila Sewa Samiti in a function.
The sarees were given as gift to such poor women who gave a solemn understanding not to consume tobacco
and its other products.
Bhopal Development Authority (BDA) chairman Dhruv Narayan Singh was the chief guest of the
programme. Madhuri Saran Agrawal, secretary, Jawaharlal Nehru Cancer Hospital management committee
presided over the function.
International Tobacco Treaty Seen as Model For Curbing Corporate Abuses at World Social Forum in
India
Source: PR Newswire, 2004-01-16
Intro:
MUMBAI, India, Jan. 16 /PRNewswire/ - As tens of thousands of activists gather at the World Social Forum, the
effort to implement the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) continues to make significant
progress. The FCTC, the world's first public health and corporate accountability treaty, will save millions of lives
and change the way the tobacco industry operates globally.
DAS: Where there s smoke...
Source: Hindustan Times, 2004-01-14
Author: Jayanta Das
Intro:
Tobacco has been considered a 'demerit product' and the Indian government has always taken efforts to ensure
that FDI in tobacco is not allowed.
The anti-tobacco law, which both Houses of Parliament have recently approved and which awaits formal
notification, contemplates blanket curbs on all tobacco advertising. But a few loopholes still exist which need to
be addressed.
Take for instance tobacco advertisement on TV. Doordarshan has obtained the rights to telecast Formula One
races that are mainly sponsored by the cigarette MNCs. . . .
The Indian government has resisted all the attraction of FDI in tobacco. Given the growing global concern against
tobacco, it serves all the more purpose to continue with the present ban. Besides, the government needs to take
serious measures to prevent any back-door entry of multinational cigarette giants.
Hep & hooked: Cancer catches women tobacco addicts
Source: The Times of India, 2004-01-12
Intro:
Corporate executive Preeti Thakkar is 29 today and is heavily into chewing tobacco. Surprised? Dona ™t be for
she is part of the everincreasing tribe of women in Gujarat who are addicted to tobacco smoking or chewing—as
stress buster or simply to make a style statement. Its ills notwithstanding, the tobacco is winning more and
more die-hard fans of the fairer sex. This to the extent that a big chunk of patients with tobacco-related cancers
at the Gujarat Cancer Research Institute (GCRI) are women! In Ahmedabad city alone, of 560-odd cases of
cancer of the oral cavity reported in 1998, around 100 were women . .
Onco-surgeon Dr Rajendra Dave concedes that tobacco addiction in women here transcends class boundaries.
"Unlike other states where mostly rural women take to tobacco to cope with backbreaking workload, here the
addiction is more in high class women. Of late, the addiction of tobacco in women in the state has increased due
to greater access in form of cigarettes, gutkha, etc and social acceptability". . .
Heena Trivedi, an Ahmedabad-based actress, got hooked due to easy access, got the first taste of tobacco when
I was in class 7. Initially, it was just tasting the stuff here and there. I got hooked it when I started working and
now I cana ™t give it up", says Heena, who was earlier into eating gutkha. She gave it up for 'desi' tobacco
after she lost her voice to a bad quality product that she consumed during shooting of a serial.
SINGH: PEOPLE LIKE US Pub-hopper's glossary
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-10
Author: Kishore Singh
Intro:
"A hooqa bar or a sheesha bar is where you sit with friends around a hubble-bubble." "But what if you don't
smoke?" I said. "Silly,” said my wife, "it's not like serious smoking, it's just dragging on a puff or two."
I was still not getting it: "But don't you eat?" "After some time," she said, "though the whole point is to hang
around, have a couple of drinks, peck at a snack or two, order a meal that you look at in desultory fashion, and
then smoke some more." . . .
"At least people don't smoke," I offered. "You don't get anything," sighed my wife, "in a lounge bar you have
humidors from where you select cigars, and spend the better part of an evening trying to light one. And all
conversation is laconic, never informed, and never about politics or religion."
Since all the restaurants I used to know were now lounging dens, I did not know where to go for a meal
Altria In Talks To Buy Out KK Modi In Godfrey Philips
Source: Financial Express (in), 2004-01-09
Author: OUR CORPORATE BUREAUS
Intro:
Action is fuming at cigarette maker Godfrey Philips India. The US-based Altria Group, a global giant in packaged
goods, is negotiating with KK Modi to buyout his 36 per cent stake in Godfrey Philips India. Negotiations are,
however, stuck on the price and valuation factor, with Mr Modi sticking to his guns and refusing to cede
management control to the multinational.
Altria too holds 36 per cent stake in Godfrey Philips, but has no management control. Altria wants management
control so that it could bring in the required technology and high-end products into the country, said informed
sources. For this, Altria is not averse to buying out Modi's stake.
ITC signs MoU with AP govt
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-10
Author: Our Regional Bureau in Hyderabad
Intro:
Tobacco major ITC signed an MoU with the Andhra Pradesh government at the CII Partnership Summit today to
take up a pilot project of developing public waste land of 1,000 acres under its social forestry programme.
The company proposes to utilise this forestry produce as a raw material for its paper board manufacturing plant.
Altria seeks board berth in Godfrey Phillips
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-10
Author: Arijit De, Reeba Zachariah in Mumbai
Intro:
The $80-billion Altria Group, the holding company for tobacco giant Philip Morris, foods major Kraft and brewer
SAB Miller, is planning to push for the induction of three of its nominees on the board of Godfrey Phillips India
(GPI), its Indian tobacco associate.
Philip Morris International had withdrawn all its directors from the GPI board in the mid-1990s, citing corporate
governance issues.
GPI is now under full management control of Altria's local partner, the KK Modi group, and both hold over 36 per
cent each in the company.
LETTER: Smoking in public vehicle
Source: Dhaka Daily Star (bd), 2004-01-10
Author: Md.Zillur Rahaman, MSS Economics, 311, BB Hall, DU
Intro:
One year back, Indian Supreme Court issued a decree that smoking in public transport is entirely prohibited and if
anyone would go against this verdict, then he/she would be given pecuniary punishment. Can we expect such an
outcome from our Supreme Court/ Government to make smoking in the public transport illegal?
Glutathione S-transferase M3 (A/A) genotype as a risk factor for oral cancer and leukoplakia among
Indian tobacco smokers
Source: International Journal of Cancer, 2003-12-04
Intro:
It may be suggested that polymorphisms in GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 genes regulate risk of cancer and
leukoplakia differentially among different tobacco habituals.
ITC takes up social forestry in Andhra Pradesh
Source: New Kerala.com (in), 2004-01-09
Intro:
Andhra Pradesh Friday signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with tobacco and hospitality major ITC
Limited for conducting a social forestry project over 1,000 acres of wasteland.
Under the MoU, signed at the concluding session of the 10th CII Partnership Summit here, Velugu - a state
government agency - and ITC would jointly initiate a wasteland development project in Khammam district.
The project aims at developing sustainable solutions to the problem of endemic poverty, officials said.
Stench of burnt-out business
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2004-01-09
Intro:
But what makes this Burrabazar belt such a peril point? Ask state fire services minister Pratim Chatterjee and he
spews flames: "Flouting safety norms is rampant in Burrabazar. Besides, the buildings are in poor shape and the
traders don't even disclose that they are dealing in combustible materials. . . .According to minister Chatterjee,
the source of fire that broke out on 4, Ramjidas Jethia Lane on Tuesday morning was a warehouse, owned by
Nilkantha Brothers, loaded with bidi leaves and tobacco. "We are hiring an agency that will divide the city into
zones and check the possible fire hazards in commercial and residential complexes. We will be strict with violators
and penalise them," he promised.
But that is later. For now, there's nothing but the stench of burnt-out business. "This is the centre of bidi trade
and manufacturers from various places come here to procure raw materials. With the entire stock going up in
flames, the loss will be enormous And it will take some time for the market to normalise. Till then, all of us will
have to bear the losses," said Ramesh Sakaria, a trader in bidi leaves with a shop next to Nilkantha Brothers.
Vox Popular!
Source: The Times of India, 2004-01-08
Author: NIKITA SINGH
Intro:
Even if you don't remember the face, you can't forget the voice! Newsreader and media personality Shammi
Narang's deep baritone can be recognised anywhere.
Besides his continuing tryst with voice-overs and television, he has also been associated with Bravery Awards
sponsored by a tobacco company ever since their inception in 1992. . . .
"How can we ever think of doing justice to all those people who do heroic things every day of their lives but
never come forward [This graph only]
Indians are nuts about betel leaf
Paan combines the betel leaf, nut and time
Source: Al-Jazeera (qt), 2004-01-07
Intro:
It is a 'quid-essential' Indian story written in fountains of red ink all over the urban landscape: chewing on quid a combination of betel leaf, nut and lime - and spitting out the brick red saliva is a national fad dating back five
millennia.
Sanctified by ancient texts on religion, medicine, food and pleasure, the consumption of the heart shaped green
leaf, colloquially known as paan, has today spurred a multi-million dollar agro-industry.
Wrapped around tobacco and condiments, paan is the pleasure food of one out of every ten Indians, rich or poor,
which makes it one of the hottest trading items.
On an average a paan-seiler in any locality would be making a thousand rupees ($20) a day but in busy
commercial areas five to six times more, says Ram Das.
His aunt did this to him for chewing tobacco
Source: Mid-day.com (in), 2004-01-06
Author: Umesh Mohite
Intro:
Kushal Anil Walke swears never to eat gutkha again, having learnt his lesson the hard way. In a state of shock,
he displays burns on his hand and below his left eye, the result of his aunt Ashia Jaffar Husain Khan (27) scalding
him with a hot knife for eating gutkha.
o Godfrey Phillips eyes converts
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2004-01-06
Author: OUR CORRESPONDENT
Intro:
Tobacco major Godfrey Phillips India (GPI) is all set to introduce half-a-dozen cigarette products in the next fiscal
and is drawing up a strategy to persuade bidi smokers to upgrade to cheap cigarettes. "While GPI will not actually
start making bidis, we have an ambitious plan to occupy that space," said Nita Kapoor, senior vice-president
(corporate affairs). . . .
With the anti-tobacco legislations being further fine tuned, is this the right time to launch new cigarettes? "We
have set an ambitious plan to capture at least 30 per cent market share in the coming decade and new products,
across the spectrum are part of that strategy," said Kapoor.
Asked about the impact of the increasing legislations on cigarettes, Kapoor said, "We will abide by whatever
legislation the government brings in, but it should be applied to pan masalas and gutkas as well as they are more
harmful. Besides, cigarettes constitute 14 per cent of the tobacco industry but contributes 90 per cent of the
revenue," she said.
Begin tobacco auctions from Jan 23: ITA
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-06
Author: Our Correspondent in Guntur
Intro:
The Indian Tobacco Association (ITA) has asked the Tobacco Board to begin tobacco auctions in Andhra Pradesh
on January 23, Chebrolu Narendranath, who was on Monday re-elected president of the ITA, told Business
Standard .
He was apprehensive that the year 2004 would be a difficult year because of two major reasons.
First, about 150 million kg new tobacco crop would hit auction floors in the coming months. . . .
The second major problem, Narendranath said, was the appreciation of rupee.
• Dalmia plans to export non-tobacco smokes, gum
Source: Business Standard (in), 2004-01-06
Author: Our Bureau in Kolkata
Intro:
Dalmia Consumer Care (DCC) plans to develop and export its non-tobacco smoking and chewing products initially
for south Asian markets and thereafter Europe.
DCC currently sells a bidi-type non-tobacco smoking product called 'Vardaan' wrapped in a tendu leaf as a
cigarette replacement, and a herbal chewing gum called 'Chabaaza' to replace pan masala and gutka in the
Indian market.
Sudershan Banerjee, managing director and chief executive officer of DCC, said Vardaan was selling strongly in
the target areas where bidi-smoking was popular and this success had encouraged the company to develop a
paper-wrapped product for the export market.
Both the products were based on herbal raw materials named in indigenous Indian medicinal and ayurveda texts.
DCC was working on a pilot project in Andhra Pradesh to wean away farmers from tobacco and instead grow the
4) herbal products used in the tobacco-alternative products, said Banerjee.
Teachers told to give up tobacco, alcohol
Source: The Hindu Online (in), 2004-01-04
Author: Our Staff Correspondent
Intro:
The Bidar District Rashtriya Seva Dal President, Bandeppa Kante, has called upon teachers to give up tobacco and
alcohol and other bad habits and be role models to students.
"Teachers should be careful in their ways, as students are in the habit of imitating them, including their bad
habits," he said after inaugurating a district-level camp for Seva Dal member-students in Aurad on Saturday.
Chamber hails ban on tobacco
Source: Yahoo! India News, 2004-01-02
Author: Our correspondent
Intro:
The Arunachal Chamber of Commerce and Industries (ACCI) has welcomed the state government's ban on the
sale of all kinds of chewing tobacco with effect from today...
However, government has not imposed any curbs on the sale of cigarettes, said B.K. Ghosh Dastidar, the
chamber's adviser.
LETTER: GUPTA: Bans are part of life
Source: Indian Express, 2004-01-01
Intro:
I agree with Bibek Debroy (IE, December 31) that in general bans do not work. That's why public health
scientists do not ask for a ban on tobacco products even though they are the items that produce serious diseases
and cause death when used exactly as per manufacturers' instructions. Debroy, however, has seriously erred in
comparing the smoking ban with the ban on Lady Chatterley's Lover and the like. Secondhand tobacco smoke is a
proven toxic substance that is classified as a Class-A carcinogen.
DEBROY: In 2004, just ban bans
We just love banning things although this approach has never worked
Source: Indian Express, 2003-12-31
Author: BIBEK DEBROY
Intro:
There are two related points about bans. First, they are inefficient. It is better to hike taxes on tobacco and
cigarettes instead. Second, bans are difficult to enforce. In other countries, airports have segregated smoking
lounges and smokers congregate there. In India, smoking is prohibited everywhere in airports and people
flout the ban with impunity. In contrast to bans, price-based measures like higher taxes are self-enforcing. But
we love bans.
Beedi industry burning out
Source: Kerala Next (in), 2003-12-30
Intro:
North Kerala's beedi industry, that offered job to thousands and spark to trade union movement over decades, is
puffing and panting to survive.
Worldwide anti-tobacco campaign and a declining beedi-smoking habit among the younger generation had
pushed the industry into a grave crisis, forcing a string of small units to close and pushing several others on
the verge of closure.
Margao cops keep crime under control in 2003
Source: Navhind Times (in), 2003-12-30
Intro:
Makeover sends ITC on brand hunt
Smoke & Mirrors
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2003-12-29
Author: RAJA GHOSHAL AND SRINJOY SHARMA
Intro:
Cigarettes-to-hotel major ITC Ltd, which is in the process of re-inventing itself as an FMCG and retail major, has
opened negotiations with some leading FMCG companies for brand acquisitions.
Although officials are tight-lipped about who they are talking to, it appears that ITC is interested in packaged
foods, ice-creams and confectionery products. A senior ITC official said the brand acquisitions or possible
acquisitions of FMCG companies is in tune with the ITC plan to leverage its brand name to re-invent itself.
As part of the makeover, it plans to convert the current Wills Sports stores across various cities into multi
branding outlets of FTC, which will stock all ITC products, including its food products, branded apparel, greeting
cards, paper products agarbattis and match boxes and, yes, cigarettes too.
Gutkha eats into good health: Oral cancer up
Source: India Express, 2003-12-29
Author: Toufiq Rashid
Intro:
RAL cancer is striking fast and across age groups. Around 8-10 per cent of the people examined during a random
survey by the Indian Cancer Society this year have been found to be at the pre-oral cancer stage.
This means that they run the risk of developing cancer in the next five to six years if they do not stop chewing
tobacco.
Of the 3,731 people checked by the mobile oral cancer detection vans of the Society till end of November, 327
(8.76 per cent) were found to be at the pre-cancerous stage. . . .
According to the Society, the numbers are increasing among the middle class, the new segment being middle-
0 aged women.
Beedi industry in Kerala in grave crisis
Source: Yahoo! India News, 2003-12-28
Author: ChennaiOnline News Service
Intro:
North Kerala's beedi industry, that offered jobs to thousands and spark to trade union movement over decades, is
puffing and panting to survive.
Worldwide anti-tobacco campaign and fast declining smoking habit among the younger generation had pushed
the industry into a grave crisis forcing a string of small units to close and pushing several others on the verge of
closure.
The crisis had forced the registered beedi rollers to switch over to unorganised sector forgoing rights and
privileges won through heroic struggles.
O
"The registered workers, who form a small segment, do not have work on regular basis. This has not only
deprived them of better wages but even forced them to give up rights and privileges prescribed by the Beedi
and Cigar Act 1966," veteran CITLJ leader C Kannan told newspersons.
Tobacco Board official attacked
Source: GUNAAH - Crime News in India, 2003-12-28
Author: Our Correspondent
Intro:
A senior official from the Tobacco, Bellam Kotaiah, was injured in an attack here yesterday morning by a group of
unidentified persons.
The attackers killed his security guard and attacked him and his wife before decamping with valuables worth over
Rs 1 lakh from the house.
Smoke without the fire
Source: agencyfaqs! (in), 2003-12-27
Author: Shiv Aroor / FINANCIAL EXPRESS
Intro:
Making non-tobacco cigarettes may not be that hard for a company that has already developed a non-tobacco
bidi. But getting smokers to notice that smoking the safer alternative is as good as smoking real tobacco is still
the clincher. The six-month-old start-up company Dalmia Consumer Care (DCC), part of the Rs 1,200 crore
Sanjay Dalmia group, which also controls Rs 400 crore tobacco company GTC Industries (selling the brands
Panama, Chancellor among others) has its hands literally full already.
When it launched Vardan non-tobacco bidis in June this year, little did they know that in a matter of a few
months, millions of Vardan sticks would be smoked every day in the country.
Paan-flavoured Chewing Gum To Help Addicts Kick Tobacco
Source: Financial Express (in), 2003-12-25
Author: OUR CORPORATE BUREAU
Intro:
Dalmia Consumer Care (DCC) has added another product to its tobacco- substitute fast-moving consumer good
(FMCG) range - Chabaaza, a paan-flavoured chewing gum. Chabaaza is the second product from DCC, after it
launched Vardaan, its first tobacco alternative, earlier this year.
According to Kartik Raina, chief operating officer, DCC, Vardaan sells about one million sticks every day now.
"Chabaaza is the first in a series of products we will launch to address the lamentable reality of India having the
highest number of chewing tobacco users in up to 40 per cent of oral cancer cases in India," said Sudershan
Banerjee, chief executive officer and managing director, DCC.
Centre Mulls Insurance Coverage For Tobacco Crop
Source: Financial Express (in), 2003-12-20
Author: OUR ECONOMIC BUREAU
Intro:
Notwithstanding the worldwide discouragement for consumption of tobacco, the government has mooted a
proposal to extend insurance cover to the tobacco crop. Plans are also afoot to substantially raise the minimum
support prices (MSPs) for different varieties of tobacco to help the growers.
Presenting awards to successful tobacco growers at a function organised jointly by the Tobacco Institute of India
and the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) here on Thursday evening, the Union agriculture minister
Rajnath Singh appreciated the efforts of tobacco growers in boosting production despite the shrinkage of area
under cultivation. He said tobacco growers, like other farmers, were also exposed to natural calamities like
drought and heavy rains. There was a need to extend the insurance cover to this crop as well, he said.
Mr Singh said "I am aware that India is a signatory to the UN Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC),
but as an agriculture minister I want to see that the growers of all crops get same justice. My ministry is
therefore studying the possibilities of extending the insurance cover to tobacco crop. We will also examine the
possibilities of raising the MSPs for different tobacco varieties."
Factory making spurious tobacco unearthed, 1 held
Source: Chandigarh Tribune (in), 2003-12-20
Author: Chander Parkash / Tribune News Service
Intro:
The police has unearthed a factory, manufacturing fake tobacco and selling it under the name of known brands in
different markets.
In a press note here today, Mr Kapil Dev, SSP, said that three brothers namely Ranjiv Kumar, Parshottam Kumar
and Sanjiv Kumar were running a tobacco factory under the brand name of Mahesh Tobacco Company and
manufacturing and packing tobacco under brand name of Ganesh Tobacco Factory, Maur Mandi. One of the
accused Ranjiv Kumar was arrested by the raiding team.
Tobacco industry protests ad ban
Source: NDTV (in), 2003-12-19
Author: Abhijit Neogy
Intro:
A few days after the Union Cabinet approved a Bill to ban tobacco advertising in the country, the tobacco industry
has broken its silence on the issue.
"Tobacco is the main crop in the rain shadow regions of Karnataka and Andhra. Four lakh farmers depend on
tobacco cultivation for their livelihood and it's a huge revenue earner for the government, both in terms of excise
and foreign exchange. The ban will definitely affect tobacco consumption and hence production," said Vikram Raj
Urs of the Tobacco Growers' Forum.
The cigarette manufacturing companies feel this is just another example of skewed government policy against the
tobacco industry. They claim they have already taken a hit with lower import duties on foreign tobacco.
Singh assures tobacco farmers on crop insurance
Source: NDTV (in), 2003-12-19
Intro:
Agriculture Ministry today assured tobacco farmers that crop insurance will be extended to the commodity and
Centre will look into the feasibility of increasing its Minimum Support Price (MSP).
"I will take up the issue of tobacco crop insurance and hike in the MSP at the appropriate forum in the
government. No doubt it is an employment intensive and revenue generating crop", Agriculture Minister Rajnath
Singh said here.
At the Tobacco Farmers' Awards function organised here under the auspices of the Tobacco Institute of India, he
said even though the country was a signatory to WHO's Framework for control on production and consumption of
tobacco, the farmers' interests would never be undermined
India News: Fire in stationary coach disrupts trains
Source: Kerala Next (in), 2003-12-18
Intro:
New Delhi, India(IANS) Rail traffic came to a halt temporarily at a major railway station here Thursday after a
coach of a stationary train caught fire, sparking panic all around. . . .
A fire department official said the cause of the fire had not been ascertained, but it was possible that people
leaving lit cigarettes in the compartment had sparked the blaze.
Cigarette Tobacco Growers Seek Relief In Excise Duty
Source: Financial Express (in), 2003-12-17
Author: ASHOK B SHARMA
Intro:
The tobacco growers have demanded a parity in excise duty on all tobacco products, hike in customs duty on
cigarettes to the WTO bound level of 150 per cent from the existing 30 per cent, withdrawal of 15 per cent
national calamity contingent duty (NCCD) imposed in the wake of the last Gujarat earthquake and a reasonable
hike in the minimum support price (MSP) for tobacco.
They have also urged the government to check the influx of contraband and smuggled cigarettes from Nepal and
position India as a major exporter of tobacco in the event of declining tobacco production in major exporting
country, Zimbabwe.
In a pre-budget memorandum submitted to the Union finance minister, Jaswant Singh, the convener of the
Federation of Cigarette Tobacco Growers Association (FCTGA) Venkateswara Rao alleged "there is a serious
discrimination between cigarette tobacco (Flue-Cured Virginia tobacco) and tobacco to make other products.
Tobacco ban: CCEA to take final call
Source: Utkal Sambad (in), 2003-12-17
Intro:
The government had said that it intended to come out with a comprehensive legislation to ban advertising and
control the use of tobacco. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs is expected to meet today and reach a
final decision.
The Cabinet has already approved the ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control with India
becoming the seventh nation in the world to ratify this global convention.
ITC proposes to re-enter tea biz
Source: agencyfaqs! (in), 2003-12-17
Author: Jayanta Mallick
Intro:
ITC plans to re-enter the tea business through its international business division. Mr S. Shivakumar, CEO of the
division, told Business Line here today that the company was poised to venture into organic Darjeeling tea
exports.
LEAD STORY: Is there more to Israeli's murder on high seas?
Source: News Today (in), 2003-12-16
Intro:
The deceased Israeli, Cohen Yoel, himself is reported to have been seen travelling between Chennai and Port
Blair at least two to three times in the last one year, though the Home Department does not seem have any
record about him.
The Mercantile Marine department, which conducted a separate enquiry into the incident, seems to be now more
worried about the freedom most of the foreigners get onboard Indian ships. . .
'This particular incident was apparently triggered by the cook talking to Yoel about smoking. There was no need
for any of them to be there in the prohibited area, that too at that time of the night. The security of the ship is so
bad that two foreigners had a hammock tied up there and were having fun in a prohibited area. Interestingly,
access to this particular area is blocked by a gate that is at least eight-foot high. And in this dark area two
persons apparently quarrelled about cigarette (or was it ganja!) which ended in a murder. There seems to be
some mystery in it', says the officer from department. . .
With many cases of drug smuggling and a few cases of ISI suspects using Chennai as transit point being
reported, many feel that the security agencies should keep a watch on foreign tourists more seriously.
ITC brewing a fresh plan, eyes organic tea
Source: Rediff on the Net, 2003-12-16
Author: BS Bureau in Kolkata *
Intro:
ITC Ltd is looking at tea in its organic form to add to the basket of commodities being handled under its
international business division, better known for its e-choupal network.
"Extensive groundwork is under way in the field of organic tea which has a bright future in international business
and the company would be exploring opportunities in the field," S Sivakumar, division chief executive of the
international business division of ITC, said.
ITC brewing a fresh plan, eyes organic tea
Source: Business Standard (in), 2003-12-16
Author: Our Bureau in Kolkata
Intro:
ITC Ltd is looking at tea in its organic form to add to the baskvet of commodities being handled under its
international business division, better known for its e-choupal network.
"Extensive groundwork is under way in the field of organic tea which has a bright future in international business
and the company would be exploring opportunities in the field", S Sivakumar, division chief executive of the
international business division of ITC, said.
Sivakumar said ITC will not be in the market to acquire any gardens growing tea or factories. Instead it would be
looking for alliances and partners which will conform to its standards for organic teas and produce and package
the commodity to the specifications laid down by ITC.
My world is dominated by me: SRK
Source: The Times of India, 2003-12-15
Author: S BALAKRISHNAN
Intro:
The chain-smoking King Khan is on cloud nine. The enormous success of Kai Ho Na Ho has reinforced his status
as the numero uno star in Bollywood. About 13 years ago, Shah Rukh Khan, son of a kerosene dealer, came to
Mumbai from Delhi with dreams of making it big in tinsel town. [This graph only]
Strict reading of penal provisions
Source: Business Standard (in), 2003-12-15
Author: Sukumar Mukhopadhyay
Intro:
Even confiscation of goods under the Customs or excise law that is not usually regarded as penalty, is to be
viewed as a penal action and any judgment given will have to follow the same strict approach.
0 The Supreme Court in the MF Patel vs Commissioner of Central Excise case, AIR 1970 SC 829, ruled that if some
confiscable tobacco was mixed with other tobacco then only the confiscable proportion could be confiscated and
not the whole amount. [This graph only]
Nation at a Glance: Man chewing tobacco held
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2003-12-14
Intro:
Akola (PTI): A man found violating a ban on chewing of tobacco in the sessions court premises was taken into
custody, police said on Saturday. This is the first incident of its kind here.
Jafarkhan Shabirkhan was caught chewing tobacco near the chamber of additional sessions judge S.. Sardesai on
Friday and charged under various sections of Bombay Police Act
Cabinet ratifies global tobacco control norms
Source: The Times of India, 2003-12-12
Intro:
The Union Cabinet has approved India a ™s ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(FCTC) adopted by the World Health Assembly, the governing body of the World Health Organisation in a rM99.
The decision precedes the notification of rules and regulations under the domestic legislation a " The Cigarettes
and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production,
supply and distribution) Act, a ™03 which has been passed by the Parliament earlier.
ITC dips as Cabinet ratifies tobacco paper
Source: Business Standard (in), 2003-12-13
Intro:
Cigarette major ITC fell on sustained selling pressure after the Union Cabinet ratified the Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control (FCTC) adopted by the World Health Assembly, the governing body of the World Health
Organisation in 1999. . . .
The two-day fall in ITC follows reports that the government will release rules on a ban on advertising tobacco
products in the print and electronic media within eight to 10 days.
Ferry cook admits killing gap-year student's boyfriend
Source: Electronic Telegraph (uk), 2003-12-12
Author: Rahul Bedi in New Delhi and Richard Savill
Intro:
A passenger ferry cook yesterday confessed to killing the Israeli boyfriend of a British gap-year student in a
"grudge" attack as the couple slept on deck while sailing across the Bay of Bengal.
Rajesh Paul, 26, was arrested after he admitted the murder of 27-year-old Yoel Cohen, an environmentalist, who
bled to death in the arms of Carina Sewell, his 19-year-old girlfriend, police officers said.
Earlier in the day, the two men had apparently had a row over smoking, a police spokesman added.
Cook confesses to fatal stabbing of passenger
Source: The Scotsman, 2003-12-12
Author: FOREIGN STAFF
Intro:
INDIAN police investigating the fatal stabbing of a British teenagers boyfriend during a cruise trip arrested a ships
cook yesterday who they said had confessed to the killing.
Carina Sewell, 19, was travelling with her boyfriend, Yeol Cohen, 27, on a ferry from the remote Andaman Islands
in the Bay of Bengal to the southern city of Madras in the early hours of last Sunday.
They were sleeping on the deck of the MV Nancowri after leaving Port Blair in the Andaman Islands, when Ms
Sewell was disturbed. She turned to see that Mr Cohen had been stabbed or slashed across the neck. . . .
Mr Babu said the cook had an argument the day before the incident because Mr Cohen was smoking on the ships
fifth deck, a restricted area.
Ship passenger murder case solved
Source: Sun Network (in), 2003-12-12
Intro:
Chennai Police have solved the Israeli tourist murder case. The cook of the luxury liner, Rajesh Paul has been
arrested. Yeol Cohen, a passenger was found murdered in his sleep while he was returning from Andaman
Islands to Chennai on 7th December. . . .
Nataraj said Yoel and Paul quarrelled on the morning of 6th December. Paul noticed Yoel smoking, on one of the
decks where he was not supposed to go. Paul questioned Yoel which led a verbal duel and Yoel insulted him and
shoved him away. Police said to settle score, he attacked Yoel that night, allegedly slitting his throat with a
butcher's knife when he was asleep on the fifth deck.
Pact push to smoking rules
Source: The Telegraph (Calcutta) (in), 2003-12-12
Author: OUR CORRESPONDENT
Intro:
The Centre will announce rules framed to give effect to a tough anti-smoking legislation within the next 10 days,
Union minister for health and family welfare Sushma Swaraj said today.
Parliament has already passed the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act in April to ban advertising of
tobacco products and place restrictions on smoking and chewing tobacco in public.
The occasion for speeding up the process seems to be the cabinet approval of the ratification of the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control yesterday. With this, India will become the seventh nation in the world to ratify
this global convention, the minister said.
The convention, which will be implemented three months after at least 40 nations ratify it, enforces a
comprehensive set of anti-smoking laws by member countries.
Tobacco lobbyist Tobacco Institute of India director A.C. Sarkar refused to react, saying he is yet to receive any
communication from the ministry about the notification.
ITC duty evasion case in deadlock
Source: Business Standard (in), 2003-12-12
Author: Our Law Correspondent in New Delhi
Intro:
The Supreme Court yesterday concluded the hearing in the appeals moved by the revenue department and ITC
Ltd over the alleged duty evasion by the company to the tune of Rs 800 crore.
During the three-month-long hearing, the judges had occasionally asked the parties to settle the issue between
themselves, but both sides were reluctant to do so.
The bench consisting of Justice Ruma Pal and Justice P V Reddi reserved their judgment without specifying any
date for its delivery.
The revenue department accused ITC of colluding with the retailers in selling cigarettes at a price higher than the
MRP printed on the package.
• Tobbacco ads to go off electronic, print media: Health ministry
Source: Indian Television Dot Com (in), 2003-12-11
Author: Indiantelevision.com Team (11 December 2003 7:00 pm)
Intro:
The government is determined to choke out publicity and promotional initiatives undertaken by tobacco and
tobacco-related products.
Advertisement and promotion of tobacco and its products in the electronic and print media is slated to be banned
in India in about a week's time.
A senior information and broadcasting ministry official confirmed that the health ministry, in this regard, has
initiated a move. "As and when the law is in place, the I&B ministry, being the nodal ministry for media, would
see that it is implemented and take steps in this regard after consultation with the media industry," the official
added.
The rules and regulations for the ban are "ready" and these will be notified in eight to 10 days, UNI reports
Ship's cook in murder arrest
Source: Daily Telegraph/Sunday Telegraph (au), 2003-12-12
Author: From correspondents in Madras, India
Intro:
POLICE arrested a ship's cook today and accused him of using a butcher's knife to stab to death an Israeli tourist
over a petty dispute during a cruise this week.
Yoel Cohen, 27, was attacked and had his throat slit on Monday while he was travelling with his British girlfriend,
Carina Elizabeth Sewell, from the remote Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal to the southern city of Madras. . .
"We have arrested Rajesh Paul, the cook of the ship M V Nancowri and he has confessed to the murder of the
Israeli national," Babu told reporters today. . . .
Babu said the cook had an argument on December 6 over Cohen smoking on the ship's fifth deck, a restricted
area. There had also been some subsequent run-ins between the two on Sunday, he said.
"It seems to be a murder born out of grudge," said Babu. [This graph only]
o Indian cabinet approves ban on tobacco advertising
Source: interactive investor international, 2003-12-11
Intro:
The cabinet today approved the drafting of legislation to ban tobacco advertising and agreed to ratify an
international anti-smoking convention, the Press Trust of India reported.
The news agency quoted Parliamentary Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj as saying a bill is being prepared to ban
advertising of tobacco products in the print and electronic media.
Swaraj also announced that India will ratify the World Health Organisation's Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control (FCTC), becoming the seventh nation to do so.
Govt seeks to ban tobacco advertising
Source: NDTV (in), 2003-12-11
Intro:
The government today said it will soon come out with a comprehensive legislation to ban advertising and control
the use of tobacco, with the Cabinet approving ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(FCTC),
With this approval, India will become the seventh nation in the world to ratify this global convention,
Parliamentary Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said.
It would be implemented three months after at least 40 nations ratify it.
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Officer, Geneva, Telephone:
Tobacco is expected to kill about 1 billion people in the 21st century. While its health
impact is little disputed, there is widespread debate on the economic arguments for
and against its control. Tobacco Control in Developing Countries brings together a
set of critical reviews of current knowledge on the economics of tobacco control.
It is intended to provide a comprehensive evidence-base for the design of effective
policies in any country, with an emphasis on the needs of developing countries.
• ■
Here is what eminent authorities are saying about Tobacco Control in Developing
Countries:
This book clearly demonstrates the power, of taxation to influence behaviour. As
smoking is already a major killer in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, policy makers especially finance ministers - should consider using the instrument of price to
effectively curb smoking.
The Honourable Leslaz Balcerovicz,
Deputy Premier Minister and Minister of Finance, the Republic of Poland
This book should serve as an invaluable source of knowledge for policy makers
in developing countries as they grapple with the problem of controlling tobacco
consumption.
Isher Judge Ahluwalia, Director and Chief Executive,
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi
Jha and Chaloupka have assembled a definitive set of economic
arguments for prevention and control that we lacked even a couple of years ago.
Their analysis is changing debate around the world on the desirability of, and means
for, control of tobacco use.
Dean T. Jamison, Professor of Public Health and of Education, University ofCalifornia,
Los Angeles, USA and lead author. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health
Few challenges to global health are as a great as tobacco, one of the major causes
of premature mortality of the 21st century. I hope that this comprehensive analysis
can help to reduce the risk of cancer and many other diseases throughout the
world.
Harold E. Various, President and Chief Executive Officer of
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
and co-recipient of the 1989 Nobel Prize for Medicine
Contents
Foreword
JD Wolfensohn, GH Brunddand
Overview
P Jha, FJ Chaloupka. P Brown
Section I: Tobacco Use and its Consequences
2 Global patterns of smoking and smoking-attributable mortality
CK Gajalakshmi, P Jha, K Ranson. S Nguyen
3 Poverty and smoking
M Bobak, P Jha, S Nguyen, MJarvis
4 Estimating the costs of tobacco use
J Lightwood, D Collins. II Lapsley. TE Novotny
Section II: Analytics of Tobacco Use
5 The economics of addiction
FJ Chaloupka, JATauras, M Grossman
6 A welfare analysis of tobacco use
RM Peck, FJ Chaloupka, P Jha, J Lightwood
7 The economic rationale for intervention in the tobacco market
P Jha, P Musgrove, FJ Chaloupka. A Yurekli
Section III: Demand for Tobacco.
8 Consumer information and tobacco use
D Kenkel, L Chen
9 Tobacco advertising and promotion
II Suffer
10 The taxation of tobacco products
FJ Chaloupka, T-W Hu,KE Warner, R Jacobs. A Yurekli
11 Clean indoor-air laws and youth access restrictions
T Wool levy, S Asma, D Shaqie
12 Smoking cessation and nicotine replacement therapies
TE Novotny, JC Cohen, A Yurekli. 1) Sweanor. J de Beyer
Section IV: Supply of Tobacco
13 The supply-side effects of tobacco-control policies
R Jacobs, F Gale, T Capehart. P Zhang. P Jha
14 The impact of trade liberalization on tobacco consumption
AL Taylor, FJ Chaloupka, E Gumdon. M Corbett
15 How big is the worldwide cigarette smuggling problem?
D Merriman, A Yurekli, FJ Chaloupka
|6 Issues in the smuggling of tobacco products
LJoossens, FJ Chaloupka, D Merriman. A Yurekli
Section V: Policy Directions
17
The design, administration, and potential revenue of tobacco excises
18
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price increases
and other tobacco-control policies
19
EM Sunley, A Yurekli. FJ Chaloupka
K Ranson, P Jha, FJ Chaloupka, S Nguyen
Strategic priorities in tobacco control for governments
and international agencies
Appendices
P Jha, F Paccaud, S Nguyen
Foreword
Tobacco is rapidly becoming one of the single biggest
extensively traded and profitable commodities, whose
causes of death worldwide, and by 2030 it is expected to
production and consumption are pan of economies of
kill about 10 million people per year. Until recently, this
developed and developing countries alike. The economic
epidemic ol chronic disease and premature death mainly
aspects of tobacco use are therefore critical to the debate
affected rich countries. But by 2030, some 70% of tobacco
on its control. However, until recently economic aspects
deaths will be in low-income and middle-income coun
have received little global attention.
tries. And in rich countries, smoking is increasingly
concentrated among the poor, and is responsible for much
of their ill health and premature mortality.
This book is intended primarily to fill that gap. It covers
key, and often complex, issues that most societies and
policy-makers face when they think about tobacco or its
For both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
control.
World Bank, increased action to reduce this burden is a
priority as part of their missions to improve health and
The world has seen unprecedented health gains in the
reduce poverty. Such action must clearly take place widtin
twentieth century. As we enter the twenty-first, both our
countries, involving governments and civil society. As
organizations are committed to helping governments to
knowledge-based institutions, the World Bank and the
sustain these gams and to extend good health to the
WHO can enable action at local levels by providing sound
poorest of the world. It is our hope that the impressive
evidence for policy-makers. This book is the result of a
evidence base presented in this book will enable early
partnership between the two organizations.
action with control policies that are simple, cost-effective,
Tobacco is different from many other health challenges
expect about 1 billion people to be killed by tobacco in
Cigarettes are demanded by consumers and form part of
the twenty-first century.
and available now. Without such action, the world can
the social custom of many societies. Cigarettes are
JftMI-S 1). WOLFI'XSOHX
Gno Harlem Brl'xdtiaxi)
President
Director General
World Bank
World Health Organization
Overview
Prabbat Jha
there is also a discussion of strategic priorities for
Prank J. Cbaloupka
international organizations in responding to die global
and Phyllida Brown
tobacco epidemic. Finally, there are statistical appendices
and directions to electronic sources of data on tobacco.
This hook brings together a set of critical review of the
current status of knowledge on tobacco control. It is
intended to provide a sound and comprehensive evidence
Summaries of the Chaffers
base for the design of effective tobacco control policies in
any country, with an emphasis on the needs of the
Section I: Tobacco Use and its Consequences
low-income and middle-income countries where most
smokers live.
Chapter 2: Gimm patterns of smoking and
SMOKING-ATTRIIIUTAME MORTALITY.
The Book at a Blance
Gajalakshmi el al. review global data on the prevalence of
The structure of the book is as follows. Following the
smoking, trends in tobacco consumption, and smoking-
Overview, there are six sections. Section I provides brief
related deaths. They find that eight out of ten smokers now
descriptive overviews of global trends in smoking and the
live in developing countries, and that, while the prevalence
impact of tobacco on health, as well as a discussion of the
of smoking has fallen overall in the past two decades in the
costs of tobacco use. Section 11 provides an economic
high-income countries, it has been rising in most
analysis of tobacco use, focusing on three key issues:
low-income and middle-income countries. Most smokers
tobacco addiction, the costs and benefits of tobacco use,
start early in life and the number of young people who take
and the economic rationale for government intervention
up regular smoking is estimated to be about 100 OGO per
in the tobacco market. Section III reviews the effectiveness
day. The addictive nature of nicotine is discussed. Data
of policies intended to reduce demand for tobacco: the
from the high-income countries, where the tobacco
provision of consumer information about tobacco, die
epidemic is well established, suggest that about half of
impact of advertising and promotion; the taxation of
long-tenn regular smokers are killed by tobacco, and of
tobacco products; clean indoor-air policies and odier
these, about half die in middle age. Currently, worldwide.
regulatory measures; and smoking cessation dierapies.
about 4 million people die of tobacco-related disease every
Section IV examines issues affecting the supply of tobacco.
year. This figure is expected to rise to 10 million by 20.i0,
including a review of the impact of tobacco-control
with seven out of 10 deaths being in developing countries.
policies on national economies and employment. Section V
Estimates from the high-income countries indicate that.
addresses questions about the design of effective policies
worldwide, the number of people killed by tobacco
and models the impact of various different control
through the whole of the twentieth century was about
measures on tobacco-related mortality. In this section,
0.1 billion; for the twenty-first century, the cumulative
number could be 1 billion if current smoking patterns
account of the fact that smokers' lives tend to be shorter
continue. Many of the deaths expected in coming decades
than non-smokers, reach more heterogeneous
could be averted if people alive today quit smoking,
conclusions because of the different approaches they take.
but in low-income and middle-income countries, quitters
However, the studies that the authors consider to lx- most
are rare.
robust do conclude that there are net healthcare costs
from smoking.
Chapter 3: Poverty and smoking
Bobak el al. examine the available data on the prevalence
of smoking in different socio-economic groups, and on
Section II: Analytics of Tobacco Use
socio-economic differences in tobacco-related mortality.
They find that, in almost all countries studied, smoking is
Chapter 5: The economics of addiction
more common among men of low socio-economic status.
Chaloupka el al review economic approaches to addiction
For women, who have been smoking in large numbers for
and consumer choice, including a discussion of recent
a shorter period, the relationship between smoking and
work on new economic models of addiction I laving
socio-economic status is more variable. Where mortality
summarized existing knowledge on the addictive potential
data can be reliably measured, in the high-income
of tobacco, the authors discuss economic models of
countries and the former socialist countries of Europe, it
addictive behavior. In the past, economists largely ignored
appears that much of the excess mortality of poor and
addiction, viewing it as an irrational behavior for which
less-educated men can be attributed to smoking.
basic economic principles did not apply. Only in recent
years have there been attempts to model addiction.
Chapter 4: Estimating the costs of tobacco use
Economic models hypothesize that, for addictive behavior,
Lightwood el ill. review studies that attempt to estimate
past consumption choices determine current consumption
the costs of tobacco use, focusing on the costs for health
choices because, by definition, a consumer who is
svstems. Since the methods for these estimates are com
addicted to something must have consumed it in the past
plex and subject to debate, the authors first review the
and will need to maintain, or increase, past consumption
various methods and their strengths and weaknesses. They
levels to service the addiction. This hypothesis is supported
show that estimates of the gross costs of healthcare related
by the findings of empirical research. However, empirical
to tobacco use - that is, all care costs in any given year
applications of the models dearly indicate that increases
dial can be attributed to the extra health needs of smokers
in cigarette prices and other costs of smoking will reduce
- range from 0.1 % to 1.1 % of gross domestic product in
cigarette consumption, with the effects of price increases
the high-income countries. In low-income countries,
being greater in the long-run than in the short-run.
there are fewer studies, but those that exist indicate that
Recent extensions to these models emphasize particular
the gross healthcare costs may be proportionately as high
aspects of addictive behavior, including the youth of most
as in high-income countries. Studies of the net healthcare
"beginner" smokers and the inadequate level of consumer
costs, which are usually assessed over a lifetime and take
information available to them These newer models also
discuss the adjustment costs of quitting for adult
Chapter 7: The economic rationale for
smokers. Most of these newer models have yet to be tested
intervention in the toiiacco market
empirically.
Economic theory' suggests that, if consumers know all the
risks and bear all the costs of their choices, there is no
Chapter 6: A welfare analysis of toiiacco
justification, on efficiency grounds, for governments lo
Peck el nl. provide a novel approach to assessing the costs
intervene in a market. Jha et al. discuss three key
and benefits of tobacco use. First, the authors estimate the
inefficiencies in the tobacco market, or market failures:
benefits of smoking to smokets and producers, using the
inadequate information about the health risks of tobacco:
rel it th p of price and expenditure to the demand and
inadequate information about die risks of addiclio i: and
supply curve, respectively. Estimating costs is more
physical or financial costs imposed on non-smokers. They
difficult, as the authors discuss. Traditional cost-benefit
conclude that there are clear economic grounds for
analysis assumes that smokets take into account the costs to
intervening, particularly to protect young people and
themselves when they buy cigarettes, and that these costs
non-smokers. The authors identify the ideal responses to
should therefore be excluded from the analysis However, the
these failures and the most effective responses, pointing
authors argue that smokers may not be aware of some of the
out that these are not always the same. They conclude that
costs of their choice for themselves, such tts health damage
taxation is the most effective measure for correcting several
Most smokers start young and quickly become addicted, and,
of these market failures, although taxation imposes costs
in high-income countries where health information is widely
on all smokers. The authors also discuss government
available, most adult smokets say that they regret starting.
intervention on the grounds of reducing inequality between
Existing research suggests that people are willing to pay to
poor and non-poor groups.
avoid the costs of lost health and life. In the context of
tobacco, the authors argue that uninformed smokers would
be willing to pay to avoid premature death or disability, or to
Section III: Demand for Tobacco
avoid the costs of trying to quit. IJsing a conservative value of
the willingness to pay to avoid such costs, the authors then
Chapter 8: Consumer information and toiiacco use
calculate what percentage of the smoking population would
Kenkel and Chen address two questions: first, whether
have to lie unaware of the health risks of smoking for the net
consumers are well informed about the consequences of
benefits from smoking to be zero. Their calculations
smoking; and second, whether public policies to improve
indicate that if up to 23% of smokers underestimate the
consumer infonnaiion about smoking can reduce tobacco
health costs of tobacco, then the net benefits of smoking are
consumption. The review finds that there is widespread
zero. While higher prices would cause smokers a loss of
general awareness of the risks of smoking in high-income
satisfaction from having to reduce their consumption or
countries. However, in low-income and middle-income
quit, the extra health gains from a price increase of 10%
countries this general awareness of the risks may be more
globally would outweigh the losses if as few as 3% of smokers
limited. Moreover, even among people who are generally
are uninformed.
aware of the health risks of tobacco, many underestimate
these risks relative to other health risks, and many fail to
Chapter 10: The taxation of tobacco products
apply the knowledge to themselves personally. Young
Chaloupka el al. review a significant body of research
people, it appears, underestimate the addictive potential of
from high-income countries on the impact of tax
cigarettes. In some countries, improvements in the quality
increases on cigarette consumption. The studies
and extent of information to consumers are still possible;
consistently show that higher tobacco prices significantly
in Others, most of the potential improvements in
reduce tobacco use. The majority conclude that an
consumer awareness have probably already been achieved.
increase in price of 10 % would reduce demand by
Reviews of the impact of specific types of information
about 4 % in these countries. A small but growing body of
(such as ''information shocks" - the publication of new
research indicates that smokers in low-income and
evidence on the health consequences of smoking - and
middle-income countries are more responsive to price
warnings on cigarette packs) indicate that these can
changes than those in high-income countries. Most
effectively reduce the prevalence of smoking in a
estimates suggest that a price increase of 10";. in these
population. The evidence suggests that government
countries would reduce demand by about 8 %. In most
policies to increase consumer information about the
studies, about half of die reduced demand takes the form
health consequences of smoking can form part of an
of quitting, and about half lakes the form of reduced
effective tobacco control program.
consumption. The evidence indicates that young p ,'ople
Chapter 9: Tobacco advertising and promotion
studies indicate dial people on low incomes and people
Although public health advocates argue that tobacco
with lower levels of education are also more responsive to
advertising affects the number of people who smoke and
price changes than wealthier, highly-educated people.
are more responsive to price changes than adults. Further
the amount of tobacco they consume, the existing
Because of the addictive nature of tobacco use, the authors
empirical literature concludes that advertising has little or
find, die impact of price rises on tobacco consumption
no such impact. Here, Stiffer examines the empirical
will be greater in the long run than in die short run.
studies more closely, and offers important insight into
The authors discuss die various reasons that governments
dteir limitations. The chapter discusses an alternative
might choose to increase tobacco taxes, including the
approach, based on studying the effects of bans on
generation of revenue, the desire to correct economic
advertising and promotion. The primary conclusion is
inefficiencies, or die desire to improve public health.
that comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and
promotion do reduce cigarette consumption, whereas
Chapter 11: Clean indoor-air miw and youth
partial bans have little or no effect. Counter-advertising,
access restrictions
the provision of health information about smoking, is
In this short chapter Woollery el al. review the evidence.
also found to be effective.
mainly from die United States, of the impact of policies
designed to prevent smoking in public places, workplaces
and other facilities. The authors also assess the evidence
on the effectiveness of policies to restrict young people's
access to purchasing cigarettes. They find that
Section IV: Supply of Tobacco
comprehensive clean-air laws can reduce cigarette
consumption, but that such policies work best when there
Chapter 13: The supply-side effects of tobacco-
is a strong social consensus against smoking in public
CONTROL POLICIES
places and therefore self-enforcement of the restrictions.
Jacobs el al. describe the size and nature of the tobacco
Clean-air laws do impose costs on smokers who want to
industry, both farming and manufacturing. They then
continue to smoke, but claims that they reduce revenues
examine the impact of tobacco control measures on
for business, tourism and the leisure sector are not
countries' economies, in particular on employment. They
supported by data. The evidence for the effectiveness of
find that, if tobacco consumption were to fall because of
youth access restrictions is more mixed. Some show a
control policies, the impact on total employment would be
promising effect, while others show little or no effect.
minimal or zero in most countries, since the money
The importance of enforcing such restrictions is discussed.
consumers once spent on tobacco would be spent instead
on odier goods and services, hence generating jobs. For a
Chapter 12: Smoking cessation and nicotine-
small number of tobacco-producing countries that are
REPLACEMENT THERAPIES
heavily dependent on this crop, however, there would be
In diis chapter, Novotny e! al. briefly review the evidence
net job losses. Reductions in jobs and other adjustments
for the effectiveness of cessation programs and in
in the economy diat result from demand-side measures
particular of nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) of
would be spread over decades or longer. The authors also
various types. They find that NRTs and other pharmaco
discuss the effects on cigarette consumption of supply-side
logical quitting aides can approximately double the
policies, such as price supports and quoins, that provide
chances that an individual will succeed in quitting
incentives to grow tobacco. They conclude that the net
compared with unaided attempts. The authors compare
impact of these policies on retail price, and hence on
the small and highly regulated market for NRTs with the
consumption, is small Attempts to reduce tobacco
large and unregulated market for cigarettes, against
consumption by reducing die tobacco supply are unlikely
which NRTs compete. The NRT market is limited by
to succeed. Given high demand and the presence of
several factors including, al present, high costs in some
alternative suppliers, policies such as crop diveisificalion
areas, a relatively low global demand for quitting, and
or buy-outs are largely ineffective. However, diversification,
complex regulatory issues. Where there have been studies.
placed within broader rural development programs, can
these have found that NRTs can be a cost-effective
help meet the transition costs of the poorest fanners.
component of tobacco-control programs. The policy
implications for governments, such as options for
Chapter 14: The impact of trade liberalization on
deregulating the NRT market, or financing NRTs for
TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
poorer smokers, are discussed.
Recent trends in global trade and their impact on tobacco
markets and tobacco consumption are discussed by Taylor
et al. The authors find that a variety of trade agreements
tn recent years have significantly reduced the barriers to
analysis, the authors conclude that a unilateral tax
trade in tobacco products. Economic theory suggests that
increase by one country' would lead to increased tax
the reductions in these barriers will increase competition
revenues, even after the likely impact in increasing
within tobacco markets, reduce prices, and increase
smuggling is taken into account. Coordinated tax
marketing efforts, its well as raise incomes. As a result,
increases between neighbouring legislatures would
tobacco use is likely to increase, particularly in
increase tax revenues by greater amounts. The authors
low-income and middle-income countries. The limited
conclude that the problem of smuggling should not be
empirical literature confirms this hypothesis. The authors’
seen as an insurmountable obstacle to increasing taxes.
new empirical analysis provides additional evidence that
Higher cigarette taxes will both reduce cigarette smoking
cigarette consumption is rising because of freer trade, with
and increase government revenues, even in the presence
die biggest impact on low-income and middle-income
of smuggling.
countries. The policy implications are briefly discussed.
Chapter 16: Issues av hie smuggling or tobacco
Chapter 15: How big is run worldwide CIGARETTE
PRODUCTS
SMUGGLING PROBLEM?
Joossens et al. describe the different types of legal.
In this chapter Merriman <7 al. review the economic
quasi-legal and illegal activities that are variously
theory and empirical literature on cigarette smuggling
described as cross-border shopping and smuggling, and
and provides new estimates of the extent of this illicit
discuss their determinants. The impact of tax increases on
trade. By examining the difference between recorded
smuggling is examined in more detail, with particular
cigarette exports and imports, the authors estimate that
reference to the experiences of Canada and Sweden, where
about one-third of cigarettes are lost in transit If these are
taxes were cut because of a perceived problem with
smuggled, the implication is that about 6 % of die total
smuggling. In each case, as a result of the cut, cigarette
number of cigarettes consumed worldwide are smuggled.
consumption climbed and revenue fell. The authors
A second analysis uses country-level data to examine the
conclude, like the authors of Chapter 15, dial higher taxes
key determinants of smuggling. The risk of smuggling is
do lead to reduced consumption and increased revenues.
often cited as a counter-argument to the policy of raising
Evidence for the tobacco industry’s involvement in
cigarette taxes, because large tax differentials between
smuggling is reviewed. The policy options lor dealing with
nearby legislatures provide an obvious motive for
smuggling are briefly discussed.
smuggling. However. Merriman et al. conclude that
corruption within countries is a stronger predictor of
smuggling than price. The authors also analyse data from
Section V: Policy Directions
European countries to estimate the extent of bootlegging
in response to inter-country price differentials. They find
Chapter 17: The design, administration, and
that bootlegged tobacco products account for about 8.5 %
POTENTIAL REVENUE OF TOBACCO EXCISES
of consumption. Based on simulations from diis European
This chapter discusses the practical and policy issues in
designing tobacco excise taxes in low-income and middle
assumptions, the researchers conclude that all three types
income countries. Sunley el al. also provide estimates of
of intervention could be cost-effective compared with
the revenue-generating potential of tax increases based on
many other health interventions. However, given
existing empirical evidence on price, tax and demand
substantial variation in implementation costs and likely
elasticity for 70 countries. The authors conclude that an
effectiveness in different contexts, local cost-effectiveness
increase of 10 % in the lax on cigarettes in each of these
estimates would be essential for the design of policies.
countries would raise government revenues by nearly 7 %
on average The increase in revenues would be somewhat
Chapter 19: Strategic priorities in tobacco
larger in high-mcome countries, where demand is more
CONTROL FOR GOVERNMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES
inelastic and taxes account for a larger share of pack
This final chapter discusses some of the issues facing
price. However, in low-income countries, the increased
governments and international agencies when developing
revenues, though smaller, would still be considerable.
policies. Jhae/rt/. first review national comprehensive
control programs, including their goals, targets and
Chapter 18: The effectiveness ano cost
instruments. They find dial for short-term progress in
effectiveness OF PRICE INCREASES AND OTHER
reducing tobacco mortality, programs need to focus on
TOBACCO-CONTROL policies.
preventing the uptake of smoking by children, and
Ranson el al. examine the global impact of various
persuading adults to quit. Most tobacco control programs
tobacco control measures on cigarette consumption and
will use a mix or price, information and regulation
tobacco-attributable deaths, for the cohort of smokers
interventions, although the exact mix will vary across
alive in 1995- Based on deliberately conservative
countries. The evidence from countries where comprehen
assumptions, they find that tax increases that would raise
sive tobacco control programs have been evaluated suggests
the real price of cigarettes by about 10 % worldwide could
dial they can significantly reduce cigarette consumption.
cause about 42 million smokers alive in 1995 to quit, and
To be effective, control programs need to use a broad mix
could prevent a minimum of 10 million premature
of policy instruments, involving finance and commerce
tobacco-related deaths. A set of "non-price" measures,
ministries, as wed as health ministries. Given die global
including information campaigns, comprehensive bans
nature of trade, some aspects of tobacco control require
on advertising and promotion, prominent warning labels
international or cross-border action. The WHO’s Framework
and clean-air restrictions, could persuade 23 million
Convention on Tobacco Control is a promising vehicle for
smokers alive in 1995 to quit and could avert 5 million
such action. Finally, the authors argue, research on the
deaths. A third measure, the widely increased use of
causes and consequences of tobacco use - including the
nicotine-replacement therapies, could persuade 6 million
costs of smoking - is a high priority and an international
to quit and could avert 1 million deaths. By weighing the
public good. Most importantly, middle-income and
public-sector costs of implementing these interventions
low-income countries require detailed ongoing studies of
against their expected health gains (measured in
the impact of tobacco on population health, including
disability-adjusted life years), and based on various
studies of the impact of quitting.
Appendices
The statistical appendices provide information for readers
about other sources of information on the tobacco
epidemic that are updated periodically. For example, we
provide information on the epidemiology of tobaccoattributable diseases, the prevalence of tobacco use, taxes,
prices, smuggling, agricultural and industrial issues,
spending on tobacco control, and the extent of existing
tobacco control programs. The reader is referred to web
sites and odter sources where information can be
presented in much greater detail than is possible in book
form. Appendix 3 provides important information about
the classification of countries by World Bank definitions of
income and by World Bank regions. This information is
key to an understanding of many of the tables and figures
in the chapters.
TOBACCO FACT SHEET
Tobacco industries use movie industries to promote their products
Tobacco industry uses film stars to promote their products. During the past one year:
□
62 brands of tobacco were exposed in bollywood.
□
Sharuk Khan has been shown smoking on screen 109 times followed by
□
Rajinikath 103 times
□
Gulshon Grover 69 times
□
Ajay devgaon 55 times
_i
Smoking is shown as cool, glamorous, sexy and giving freedom.
HISTORY OF TOBACCO USE
□
Tobacco was first discovered in 15lb century. Portuguese introduced tobacco into India.
_i
Bidis were first manufactured in Bihar, India.
□
Cigarettes were first manufactured by machine in Cuba.
FORMS OF TOBACCO USE
Tobacco is used in various forms like:
•
chewing, (Gutka, pan, etc)
•
Smoking, (cigarette, bidi hooka (through hookah (a long pipe) and cigars.)
•
Snuff (includes snuff used as paste applied over gums and teeth and powder used nasally).
15 % of tobacco is used as cigarettes.
85% tobacco is used as bidis and chewing products.
PREVALENCE
□
Every day 82000 - 100000 youngsters light their first cigarettes worldwide.
j
In India there are 260 million tobacco users, equivalent to the population of Europe.
□
Every year 1,20,000 children below 20 years enter the pool of tobacco users in
Karnataka.
Despite all masseurs taken for tobacco control in the country;
□
Tobacco consumption has grown tremendously
□
Tobacco companies register huge margin of profits.
□
Karnataka has grown 15,000 tonnes more tobacco than the stipulated quantity for a year.
CHEMICAL CONTENT IN TOBACCO
□
Tobacco smoke contains over 4700 poisonous chemicals of which about 60 of them are
carcinogenic (cancer causing)
Some of the chemical content in tobacco its uses and the common names of them are:
•
J
Arsenic:
used as rat poison
□
Ammonia:
toilet cleaner
_i
□
Acetone:
Carbon monoxide:
nail polish remover
dangerous gas car exhaust
□
Formaldehyde:
preservative used for dead bodies
Nicotine one of the substances in tobacco is more addictive than cocaine or heroin.
TOBACCO USE HAS VARIOUS SOCIO ECONOMIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT IMPLICATIONS
Social
Over the years tobacco use has been socially accepted as a habit. In some culture tobacco is
served after meals with beetle leaves.
•
Majority of the users and non-users in this country do not know the harmful effects of
tobacco.
ECONOMIC
•
The nation gets Rs. 24,000 corers as revenue from tobacco
•
Spends Rs. 27, 000 corers for treating tobacco-related ilhiesses.( Source Kidwai study)
•
A smoker can educate his/her child as a doctor or engineer form the money that is spent on
smoking for 15-20 years
•
A street child who earns on an average 900 rupees a month spends 200-250 rupees on
tobacco
•
A retired government official found to his astonishment that he had spent nearly 12-13lakhs
in 15 years of smoking, when he calculated this he quit smoking .
HEALTH
j
Tobacco use kills five million people every year worldwide
□
Eight to nine lakhs people die in India every year due to tobacco use.
□
Over 25 diseases are directly associated with tobacco use.
□
Tobacco use in men cause impotency and in women infertility
□
Chewing tobacco causes oral cancer; India has highest number of oral cancer in the
world.
□
Tobacco use shortens life by 15-20 years
PASSIVE SMOKING
•
A smoker inhales only 15% of the smoke the rest is inhaled by people around the smoker
•
Passive smoking or second hand smoking is as hazardous as smoking.
•
Passive smoking is more harmful to children.
•
Tobacco smoke causes congenital deformities in children and low birth weight babies.
ENVIRONMENT
□
□
Tobacco is one of the major contributors to deforestation.
8 billion tones of papers are used every year world wide for rapping cigarettes and
packing.
□
□
To cure one kilogram of tobacco they use some times up to 25 kgs of wood.
It has been estimated that every 300 cigarettes smoked, some one somewhere has killed a
tree.
BENEFITS OF QUITTING SMOKING
□
Body starts repairing within 24 hours
□
Get free from nicotine within 7-10 days
□
Risk of heart attack is generally reduced within 2-3 years of giving smoking
□
The risk of lungs cancer may take up to 20 years to normalize
□
Appetite and taste improves
□
Disappearance of bad breath and odor of smoke from clothes and home.
□
Relief from cough is welcome to the smoker and others as well near him/her.
□
Money could be saved and invested in productive purposes. A person who quits before
35 years of age benefits more but never too later for others
•
Every cigarettes avoided adds five minutes to life.
NOTE ON STUDIES ON IMPACT OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION ON
HEALTH OF PEOPLE
The World Bank has a public position regarding tobacco that is articulated in its well
researched publication titled “ Curbing the Epidemic - Governments and the Economics
of Tobacco Control” published in 1999.
To quote “ with current smoking patterns about 500 million people alive today will
eventually be killed by tobacco use.
teenagers.
More than half of these are now children and
By 2030, tobacco is expected to be the single biggest cause of death
worldwide, accounting for about 10 million deaths per year. Increased activity to reduce
this burden is a priority for both the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World
Bank.
*[“Since 1991, the World Bank has a formal policy on tobacco in recognition of the
harm that it does to health. The policy prohibits the Bank from lending on tobacco and
encourages control efforts”].
Some s(ljmt points
Smoking now kills one in 10 adults worldwide.
1.
By 2030, or earlier, the proportion
will be one in six.
By 2020, seven of every 10 people killed by smoking will be in low and middle
2.
income nations.
Estimates of 500 million tobacco related deaths by 2050 are based on studies done by
3.
well known researcher Richard Peto and others in 1994.
Data is provided regarding concerns of whether tobacco control measures would
4.
harm the economy.
*
“Tobacco production is a small part of most economies.
For all but a very few
countries heavily dependent on tobacco fanning (Zimbabwe and Malawi), there
would be no net loss of jobs, & there might even be job gains if global tobacco
consumption fell. This is because money once spent on tobacco, would be spent
on other goods and services, thereby generating more jobs”.
*
The tobacco industry estimates that
33 million people are involved in tobacco
fanning worldwide of which 15 million are in China and 3.5 million in India (out
of our 1 billion population). This includes seasonalSnorkers, part-time workers
and family members of farmers.
*
Studies in India have noted the adverse health consequences faced by laborers in
tobacco farms and beedi rollers.
“A study in the United Kingdom found that jobs would increase
100,000 full-time equivalents in 1990 if former smokers spent
by more than
their money on
luxury items and if any decline in tax revenues brought about by non-tax
measures to reduce demand were off set by taking other goods and services”.
“A study in the United States found that the number of jobs would rise by 20,000
between 1993 and 2000 if all domestic consumption was eliminated”.
Experience has shown that increasing taxes on tobacco do not reduce government
revenue. In the United Kingdom cigarette taxes were raised repeatedly over three
decades. Due partly to this and to increased awareness about health consequences
of smoking consumption declined sharply
the 30 year period from 130
billion cigarettes sold annually to 80 billion/year.
Compiled by Dr.Thelma Narayan of Cl-IC
******
Stateent issued by the participants of the
"WORKSHOP OH ACTOR TOWARDS A TOBACCO FREE WORUT
Cn.3!<! January 20d3
ASIAN SOCSAL FORUM, HTOS1A8A0. INDIA
| We tta gr<rtte»te of the wrkshep s® Acte
Ttasrds a Thtetao Fm Werld fe the Ata
S<®lat Ferm issues this sfeteato and call
I Ftafeing that totouu ami Ms products i
upon Gmrnrnent, civil stxdirty, rtte^s end ths
j tending cigarettes, bldfe, guthito, and rfotata i
psnpte to teha up urgent taion......
teWncu...
I FIGHT TOBACCO THS KILLER HI
| «
is une of lbs biggest kilters wcridwte and i »
parttatarty among She poor kitting d.g n$l«X: i
psopfe every year and reducing tee by 15-2Q i
years. Tetata ctasss caw? rd foe vfefous i
«
organs, diseases at teat. taod wstefe. tags ■
and ether organs leading to storing disability i
and death
»
i
i
;
I«
i
is highly addsbve eta ntate tang more
addictive than cesata g< ?®roin.
I♦
i
is foe only treaty avfoiabfe araw product
that kills,
*
Has an tarotoe artvirottrratei impact using rtf
tate of tonnes st w& for onto tobacco,
*
excessive use of ptaktes and tomtals,
deputing tai fertility,
*
»
The fotata hteisy tote to an ote! feta
tea. with fess of producWfo/ and oust &i i
tealihg tobacco rulafed iSw-w tang roore i
fees foe rotate gatodad.
i
*
*
The tobacco iadiisiry indulges te. rnistewfaferi |
through
sggrossve
tetettairtat and i
apsnsorshte ^rg«te cidteron, youth arte i «
wrta.
»
Atatte fflttats s-i nars-srrtaaro and prbsuierly
MB®, rstarling i|® gnMfs of ttss
unbent cAMtat and tateg atate tough
passive sttatfeg.
»
Tsbecco usa pru^itsaies geverty st housetad
and larger tetas.
*
On public pgites In tte ctaexi of tight feted,
right fe health god p-ght to wk end pntey
redtfetat.
Ihrousb taal govenstwtt and taai
tetes, tass&g on «otrten and dallte.
rtoid dte tobacco crxnptafes rmponste for d-e
‘esses taurafe and the adveroe crstseguences
on tMWite and tatifcs eftotafea use.
San aS difta atto indirta adtafiserota df,
tobaews and Its jxodtas itasrding sponsorship |
of sptas and cute event by the tobacco j
cgntpantes and aStaed btJdta.
Sen Ifto ntetfete and safe «f shewed
tobtate in any to, stae rotafe are espeHaliy
wlrtebfe.
Wcgrgsstaly reduce fee area ot uudteta cd
tobacco ulfefog fee area te Itoed for ofeer
tatafcfel crops.
Prevnnl fog suiting down trt trees and
dpnteiton rd forests for curing and pteaging ;
Wtao,
tew pt^re^taly te tax. on tobate and i
its prtxteto and utilfee foe tovtafe thus
totatad for health ragftt.
itatate fegisiate and rdtalively teferoent
laws for prohibits of dftarfog fo pubte places.
means fo tarease public awarorsasa
;
«
Use
»
Radix® gteorosa» of ttteuo prodtte;
tough flms and media.
...... "WORKWa TOGEfflER FOR TOASCCG WfROi?“ m
WE CAN DO rff........ i
4lh January 2003
For Immediate Release
Asian Tobacco Control Activists
Suggest Alternatives to Tobacco-Related Work
Hyderabad: Moving out from tobacco cultivation, is a feasible alternative, was the
message that emanated from the workshop on “Action Towards a Tobacco Free World
at the Asia Social Forum in the citadel of tobacco farming. The workshop held yesterday
brought together development workers, researchers, medical and economic experts
besides the labourers who were previously engaged in tobacco related work.
Latha, a labourer from Shimoga, Karnataka narrated her experiences working in the
tobacco fields, “ We used to get a paltry wage of Rs. 30/-a day for 20 hours, of back
breaking work in the tobacco farms. Tobacco dust infested my insides and I spent more
than Rs. 30,000/- in treatment”. She has since become a crusader persuading her co
workers to give up toiling on tobacco farms at the cost of their health. “ I will never go
back to those fields, even if they offer me Hundred rupees a day”, reaffirms a decided
Latha.
Tobacco Board officials from the region admit that 80 % of the forest in some of these
villages have been depleted due to massive felling of trees to cure tobacco. Their records
confirm that many tobacco farmers are therefore leaving tobacco cultivation. Some of
these farmers have found safer havens in growing maize and groundnut and tobacco
laborers in Shimoga and other parts of Karnataka have shifted to income generation
activities like rearing cattle.
Suvarna, a development worker who works with women in tobacco farming relates,
“ Tobacco work drains them of their energy and health and often strains family
relationships to the point of breaking them due to the long hours of work during the
farming season. It leaves them with hardly any time to attend to household chores and
children”. Many of these children eventually drop out of school and are taken to work on
tobacco farms.
Several of the workers at the workshop who despise working on tobacco farms pointed
out that Government policies in this regard are anti-poor. Government promotes tobacco
farming, research and marketing through support institutions and these essentially benefit
the rich farmers who own land and resources. They opine that unless these are reversed
and alternatives are explored and developed, this exploitative industry would continue to
thrive undeterred.
For Further details, contact'.
Thelma Narayan, Co-ordinator, Community Health Cell, Bangalore.
Email; sochara@vsnl.net
FACT SHEET NO. 22
August 2001
TOBACCO & THE ENVIRONMENT
Extent of tobacco production
Tobacco is a temperate crop which is grown in more than 100 countries world-wide, mostly in developing
countries. China is the world's largest producer, followed by the USA, India, Brazil and Turkey. These five
countries produce nearly two-thirds of global output.[1]
Pesticides
Tobacco is a sensitive plant prone to many diseases. Consequently, huge amounts of fertiliser, herbicide and
pesticides are used in the growing of tobacco: up to sixteen applications may be made during a three-month
growing period. Among the pesticides commonly used are aldicarb and chlorpyrifos, both highly toxic
substances. Methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting chemical, is also commonly used to fumigate the soil prior to
planting tobacco seedlings. In 1997, over 5.5 million pounds of methyl bromide were applied to tobacco fields
worldwide.[2] The effects of these chemicals are not monitored generally but it is known that they leach into
the soil and find their way into streams, rivers, and food chains. These substances may indirectly cause the
genetic selection of pesticide-resistant mosquitoes or flies, making the control of diseases such as malaria
much more difficult./j'
Green Tobacco Sickness
In addition to the health risks posed by using pesticides, tobacco growers are susceptible to an occupational
illness known as green tobacco sickness. This is caused by the absorption of nicotine through the skin from
contact with wet tobacco leaves. Symptoms of GTS include nausea, weakness, dizziness and abdominal
cramps, and fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rates. It is not known exactly now many tobacco workers
are affected by green tobacco sickness but one study of migrant workers in North Carolina suggests that 41%
of the workers get the illness at least once during harvest season.^/
Tobacco and deforestation
After harvesting, tobacco is cured to preserve it for storage, transport and processing. Most tobacco is flue
cured which entails passing heated air through the harvested leaves. In many developing countries trees are
cut down to provide fuel for the curing process and for the construction of the curing barns. An estimated
200,000 ha of woodlands are removed by tobacco farming each year. Deforestation occurs mainly in
developing countries amounting to 1.5% of global net losses of forest cover or 4.6% of total national
deforestation./5; In Malawi, which is heavily dependent on tobacco as an export crop, more than 35,000
tonnes of tobacco leaves are cured annually. About 12 cubic metres of wood are needed for every tonne of
tobacco. 16] In one region of Malawi, nearly 80% of the wood cut down is used for tobacco, even though
tobacco farmers make up only 3% of the farmers in the area. In semi-arid areas, where tobacco thrives the
loss of tress can make land more vulnerable to desertification and unfit for agriculture.
Industry response
Faced with dwindling sources of wood fuel, the tobacco industry has attempted to address the problem by
encouraging tobacco farmers to plant trees along with tobacco. However, the plantations set up by BAT in
Kenya, for example, consist largely of fast-growing eucalyptus and cypresses which adversely affect
biodiversity and can lower the water table. Some farmers are reluctant to use these trees as fuel, preferring
instead to sell their trees as building poles while continuing to collect wood from what remains of the natural
forest./7/ The production of tobacco from the planting of the seed to the marketing of tne finished product is
tightly controlled by the multinational companies. They offer inducements to the farmers in developing
countries in the form of financial incentives, technical expertise, supplies, seeds, fertiliser, and a guaranteed
foreign exchange for the tobacco crop after harvest. Although the industry provides employment for many
unskilled workers and may help with education and social welfare, dependence on tobacco by the
governments of poor countries means that little is done to counter the growing trend in tobacco consumption in
these countries.3
Impact on food production and health
The growing of tobacco means that less land is available for food crops. While some food is grown between
crops of tobacco, it has been estimated that 10 to 20 million people could be fed by food crops grown instead
of tobacco.3 A cost-benefit analysis of tobacco growing for developing countries has shown that the short-term
gain from tobacco is likely to be offset by long-term costs. Many developing countries are entering a phase in
which life expectancy after childhood has improved because of the control of infectious diseases but there are
now substantial increases in tobacco-related illness. In Pakistan, for example, lung cancer is now the most
file://C:\My Documents\CHANDER\TOBACCO\Factsheet Tobacco & the Environmenl.htm
11/21 /03
commonly reported fatal cancer. In India, a six fold increase in mortality from bronchitis and emphysema has
been recorded, coinciding with a dramatic increase in cigarette consumption. Tobacco consumption may affect
whole families indirectly. A study in Bangladesh found that in poor families expenditure on tobacco meant that
young children were not getting enough food. Smoking of only five cigarettes a day could lead to a monthly
dietary deficit of 8000 calories./8/
Diversification
In developed countries, a fall in domestic consumption combined with higher labour costs has prompted a
move towards diversification into other crops. In Canada, for example, the number of farms producing tobacco
decreased from 2916 in 1981 to 1326 in 1992.[9] Now, even developing countries that are heavily dependent
on tobacco production are considering alternatives. In Malawi, for example, the government is considering
diversifying into macadamia and cotton production.pO]
Pollution
Burning tobacco is the main source of indoor pollution in the developed world. Tobacco smoke contains about
4,000 chemicals including carcinogens, irritants and toxic gases. The health impact of breathing
environmental tobacco smoke is well documented. See Fact sheet no 8, Passive - smo'-.uig or the more
detailed Passive smoking brief for further information.
A survey by the Tidy Britain Group found that cigarette ends account for about 40% of items of street litter in
the UK.// fj’ Every day, UK smokers throw away about 200 million butts and 20 million packets, many of which
end up on the ground.
Cigarettes and matches are a common cause of fires. In the UK in 1999, smokers' materials accounted for
123 deaths in 5,200 accidental fires in dwellings.//2/ Smokers’ materials were also the most frequent source
of ignition causing fire deaths. Carelessly dropped matches or cigarette ends are a common source of fires in
the countryside and other indoor public places: the fire at Kings Cross Underground station in 1987 which
killed 31 people is believed to have been started by a dropped match.
For further information see the ASH briefing: The environmental impacts of tobacco
References
; Tobacco or health: A global status report. World Health Organization, 1997.
;. Tobacco, farmers and pesticides. Pesticide Action Network, 1998
/ ' Barry, M. The influence of the US Tobacco industry on the health, economy, and environment of developing
countries. New England J Medicine, 1991;324:917-9
/ •' Tobacco and the Environment. Campaign for Tobacco-free Kids. 2000 [View factsheel ]
i 7 Geist, HJ Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco Control 1999; 8: 18-28 ['.
abstract],
/: Mponda. F. Forests in need of an alternative cure. Panoscope, October 1994.
Agroforestry in Africa. Panos, 1990.
/ - Cohen, N. Smoking, health, and survival prospects in Bangladesh. The Lancet, 16/5/81.
/ ■’ Joossens, L. Diversification is the future for many tobacco farmers. Tobacco Control 1996; 5: 177-8
[1 i; Tobacco Reporter, January 2001
/ / // Inkpen Litterbug Report. Tidy Britain Group, 1995.
' ’ - Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1999. Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, 2000.
file://C:\My Documents\CHANDER\TOBACCO\Factsheet Tobacco & the Environment.htm
11/21/03
World Health Organization
Tobacco or Health: Country Profile
*■
Socio-demographic characteristics
Population
1985
1990
million cigarettes were exported. Only 30
1995
2005
2025
million manufacture^ cigarettes were
767,940,000 850,793,000 929,005,000 1,082,184,000 1,330,201,000
imported. It is estimated that during the recent
Adult (15+) 479,846,000 541,293,000 604,285,000 753,647,000 1,027,977,000
past India has been producing 100 billion
p Urban
Ki Rural
75.7
30.5
42.5
cigarettes and 850,000 million bidis annually.
69.5
57.5
In 1990, India’s earnings from tobacco exports totalled US$
127.7 million, compared with US$ 122.2 million in 1985.
!■ HEALTH STATUS
Cj'fe expectancy at birth, 1990-95 : 60.3 (males), 60.6
females); 1995-2000: 62.1 (males), 62.7 (females)
Import costs of cigarettes rose tenfold in the same period to
US$ 3.0 million. The last two decades have seen a
phenomenal growth in the chewing tobacco industry.
pfant mortality rate in 1990-95:78 per 1,000 live births; 1995-
Industry: In 1993, 3.4 million people were estimated to be
3300: 72 per 1,000 live births
engaged full-time in tobacco manufacturing. This accounted
for 11.7% of all manufacturing work. Almost 0.9 million people
r
M SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION
(full-time equivalent) work in growing and curing tobacco.
There are over 20 companies involved in cigarette production
GNP per capita (US$), 1991: 330,1995: 340;
1
+ Real GDP per capita (PPP$), 1991:1,150,1995:1422
Average distribution of labour force by sector, 1990 - 92 :
i .'^Agriculture 62%; Industry 11%; Services 27%
5
Adult literacy rate (%), 1992: Total 50, Male 64, Female 35;
and sales offering more than 100 brands in the Indian market.
M TOBACCO CONSUMPTION
Annual consumption of manufactured cigarettes declined
between 1984 and 1992 from around 90 billion to about
.,.1995: Total 52.0, male 65.5, female 37.7
85 billion. In 1992, 6.1% of the world’s total unmanufactured
t-
tobacco and 1.5 % of the total manufactured cigarettes were
■ TOBACCO PRODUCTION, TRADE AND
INDUSTRY
consumed in India. Only about 20% of the total tobacco
consumed in India (by weight) is in the form of cigarettes.
Agriculture: In 1993,417,700 hectares
were harvested for tobacco, compared to
436,600 hectares in 1985. About 0.2% of
About 40% is in the form of bidis and the remaining 40% is
consumed as chewing tobacco, pan masala, snuff, hookli,
chutta, dhumti, and other tobacco mixtures featuring
all arable land is used for tobacco
Consumption of Manufactured Cigarettes
growing.
Annual average per adult (15+)
Production and Trade: In 1992,578,800 tonnes
or
about
7.0%
of
the
world's
total
unmanufactured tobacco was produced in India, making it
Year
Cigarettes
Bidis
1970-72
170
840
1,010
1980-82
180
1,130
1,310
1990-92
150
1,220
1,370
Total
the world’s third largest tobacco-growing country. In 1992,
India produced about 767,436 million manufactured cigarettes
and bidis, accounting for 13.5% of the world total. About 2,100
Source: Tobacco or Health: A global status Report WHO Geneva -1997; Country presentations at various Regional Meetings on Tobacco 1997-1998:
Regional Health Situation in South-East Asia -1994-1997.
Per adult consumption
of cigarettes + bidis (age 15 +)
higher in rural areas than urban
areas. Smoking is a status symbol
among urban educated youth, but
most appear to be unaware of the
hazards of smoking.
□a MORTALITY FROM TOBACCO
USE
Tobacco is responsible for a significant amount of morbidity
and mortality among middle-aged adults. India has one of
the highest rates of oral cancer in the world, and they are
ingredients such as areca nut. Chuttas and dhumtis are also
smoked in reverse fashion, with the lighted end inside the
increasing. Tobacco-related cancers account for about half
of all cancers among men and one-fourth among women.
Oral cancer accounts for one-third of the total cancer cases,
mouth.
Tar/Nicotine/Filters In 1990. tar levels of cigarettes ranged
from 18.0 - 28.0 mg, and nicotine levels from 0.9 -1.8 mg.
Tar levels of bidis are much higher at 45-50 mg. In 1990,
51% of the cigarettes sold were filter-tipped. However, there
is little difference in nicotine yields of filter and non-filter
cigarettes manufactured in India.
with 90% of the patients being tobacco chewers. Clinical
observations in some areas have revealed that over 60% of
heart disease patients under 40 years of age are tobacco j
users; over half of the patients aged 41 -60 are also smokers.'
The burden of disease attributable to tobacco includes 1.3
million cases of coronary artery diseases and 7 million chronic
obstructive airway diseases annually. It is estimated that 25%w
M PREVALENCE
,of all persons above the age of 40 in urban India who smoke
suffer from chronic bronchitis. Still births, low-birth weight
Adequate national data on prevalence of tobacco is not
babies and prenatal mortality have been reported among
available. However, based on estimated per capita
female tobacco chewers.
consumption figures, it appears that bidi smoking has risen
substantially during the last three decades. Cigarette smoking
W TOBACCO CONTROL MEASURES
increased up to the 1970s, remained stationary or declined
somewhat during the 1980s. Other forms of tobacco use have
increased considerably over the years.
Control on Tobacco Products Tobacco advertising has
been banned in state-controlled electronic media, but
continues without restriction in newspapers, magazines, on
Tobacco use among population sub-groups It is estimated
posters, billboards, and in the video cassettes of Indian films.
that 65% of all men use some form of tobacco, (about 35%
Promotion through sponsorship competitions, promotion of
smoking, 22% smokeless tobacco, 8% both). In 1997, it was
items such as clothing etc. are not banned. A proposal for ag
reported that about 194 million men and 45 million women
total ban on advertising and sponsorship of all tobacco
above 15 years of age used tobacco, which caused 800.000
products is under consideration by the Government. Smoking
deaths annually. Prevalence rates for women differed widely,
at public places is banned.
from 15% in Bhavnagarto 67% in Andhra Pradesh. However,
overall prevalence of bidi and cigarette smoking among
Health warnings are required on cigarette packets since the
women is about 3%. The use of smokeless tobacco is 44.5%
“Cigarette Act’’ of 1975. Packets of pan masala also bear
among women and 27.1% among men. About one-third of
health warnings but these are virtually invisible due to the
women use at least one form of tobacco. An extensive survey
bright colour of the packets and the small size of the warnings.
of nearly 100,000 individuals aged 35 years and over in
In 1975 the government dropped restrictions on package size
Mumbai showed a high prevalence (57.5%) of tobacco use
and contents for cigarettes, cigars and 22 other products,
among women, but solely in the smokeless form.
and initiated a Tobacco Development Board for promoting
tobacco by offering direct subsidies and a price support
_
Differences in tobacco use also vary
among other groups; Sikhs do not use
F
tobacco at all, and Parsis use very
■
among Hindus, Moslems and
Christians. Smoking rates tend to be
J 'S'
little, while tobacco use is permissible
HF
system to farmers.
Taxes are levied on tobacco products, at varying rates and
with varying degrees of effectiveness. Between 1987 and
1992, excise duty on many Indian cigarettes increased
between 64% -112%. Cigarette taxes represent about 75%
of the retail price. Taxes are much lower
on packaged chewing tobacco and are
rarely collected on bidis and
unpackaged tobacco products.
Regulatory control and the
application of retail taxes on these
products is extremely difficult as there
is a large sector which operates outside of
bidis and other tobacco products for manufactured cigarettes.
Protection for non-smokers In 1990, through an executive
order, the government prohibited smoking in all health care
establishments, government offices, educational institutions,
air-conditioned railway cars, chaircars, buses, and domestic
passenger flights. Recently Indian Airlines banned smoking
on its international flights to UK, Europe and America.
official control. For example, the bidi industry is highly
Health education There is no organization currently working
decentralized and many manufacturers are unlicensed. Much
at the national level for tobacco control. Several non
of bidi manufacturing is a cottage industry. Often whole
governmental organisations and committed individuals at the
families, including women and children, are engaged in bidi
local levels are involved, but to date, no
production. The growing million dollar pan masala industry
perceptible attitudinal changes among tobacco
is yet to be roped into the tax system fully.
consumers have been seen. Recently, in some
High taxes on manufactured cigarettes and low taxes on bidis
states smoking within 100 meters of
educational institutions has been prohibited. ass'Ml
and other tobacco products are encouraging substitution of
a
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
TOBACCO CONTROL (FCTC)
Fact Sheets
on Tobacco Control Policies
in the South East Asia Region of WHO
PATH Canada
Fact Sheets Compiled By:
Shoba John, Programme Director- India, PATH Canada.
Dr.Rakesh Gupta, Chairman, Rajasthan Cancer Foundation.
Co-ordination
Ketaki Amarapurkar, Project Associate, PATH Canada
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special Thanks To:
The Framework Convention Alliance, Ministry of Health, Government of India, WHO- SEAR and India
offices- for permitting to adapt and use their resource materials; Ross Hammond of Campaign for Tobacco
Free Kids, USA and Dr. Prakash Gupta of ACT-India-for editing the fact sheets; Tobacco Control advocates in
various SEAR countries who confirmed the data compiled in this kit;
American Cancer Society and Cancer Research, UK for financial support in producing the fact sheets;
All those who contributed, in ways big and small, to make this kit happen.
Tobacco & Cancer
Choose LIFE not TOBACCO
Issued in public interest by:
Department of Preventive Oncology
Tata Memorial Centre
3rd Floor, Service Block 'D'
Parel, Mumbai 400 012.
Tel: 2415 4379/2417 700 Ext.4631
"We are thankful for the support of
CYTOMED Oncology Division of ALKEM
who have made this pamphlet possible”
H
Kj cytomed#<3>
I L-''
A Division of Alkem ■
ALKEM
510,Shah Nahar.Dr. E.Moses, Worli, Mumbai-400 018.
Do you know ?
Other harmful effects of Tobacco
A)
■ Around 250,000 tobacco related cancers are
diagnosed each year in India.
■ In India 2200 people die due to tobacco use,
everyday.
■ 40% of all the cancers are due to tobacco
consumption in some form.
■ Tobacco consumption leads to cancer
of oral cavity, nasal cavity, voice box,
food pipe and lungs.
■ Tobacco is also a contributory factor
for cancer of the pancreas,bladder,
kidney, stomach and uterine cervix.
Warning signals of Oral Cancer
Before oral cancer develops,the body will give
certain warning signals.These are also known as
precancerous lesions.Most oral cancers
develop from these precancer.
C)
Strokes (paralysis).
Respiratory diseases : Sinusitis,
D)
emphysema, bronchitis, asthma.
Peripheral vascular diseases :
Gangrene of toes, cramps in the legs
on walking, loss of stamina.
E)
A) Biopsy
The doctor collects a small sample
of the suspected lesion to examine
under a microscope.
Leucoplakia
(White patch in the mouth).
Normally develops at the site
where the person places
the tobacco in the mouth.
B) Erythroplakia (Red patch in mouth)
A velvety red patch that develops
In the oral mucosa.
C) Submucous Fibrosis
A chronic mucosal
condition that results in
uniform whitish discoloration
of the entire oral cavity with
(i) Difficulty in opening mouth fully;
(ii) Intolerance to spicy food.
D) Non healing Ulcers
This ulcer is usually painless,
keeps increasing in size, and
does not show signs
of healing.
Impotence
Investigations that help diagnosing
cancer of Head & Neck Region:
B)
A)
Heart Diseases : Hypertension (high
blood pressure), angina, coronary
heart disease (heart attack).
B)
Cerebrovascular disease:
Indirect Laryngoscopy
Here the doctor uses the laryngeal
mirror to examine the voice box for
cancer.
C)
Chest X-ray
Chest X-rays are important in
detecting lung cancer.
Myths about Tobacco Consumption
■ Contrary to belief, bidis are more harmful
than cigarettes.
■ The poisonous gases and cancer producing
substances are twice the quantity in 2 puffs.
of a bidi than in 2 puffs of a cigarette.
■ There is no safe cigarette. Filtered,
menthol, imported, low tar or low nicotine
cigarettes all are harmful.
■ Tobacco consumed in paan, snuff or
dental paste is not safe either.
Mouth Self Examination
■ Unlike other cancers ofthe body that require
sophisticated and costly equipment for
diagnosis, oral cavity lesions can be easily
recognized.
■ By doing “Mouth Self Examination”, it is
possible to find out pre-cancerous lesions
and early stages of mouth cancer.
Method of Mouth Self Examination
Rinse your mouth with water. Examine
your mouth in front of a mirror under a
good light for white or red patches, non
healing ulcers and inability to open mouth.
You want to stop tobacco use but cannot?
Understandable - nicotine in tobacco is one ofthe
most addictive substances known
We can help you
get rid of Tobacco Addiction.
Contact Tobacco Cessation Clinic at the
Department of Preventive Oncology.
For further information please contact:
Department of Preventive Oncology
Tata Memorial Centre
3'd Floor, Service Block ’D’
Parel,Mumbai 400 012.
Tel: 2415 4379/2417 700 Ext.4631
PAT^Eanada
Programme for
Appropriate Technology in Health
International
Tobacco Control
Activities
Overview
PATH Canada is committed to reducing
the harm to health, the environment, and
household and national economy that
tobacco causes.
PATH Canada has
worked on tobacco control since the
early
1990s,
and
currently
has
programmes in four countries, in addition
to its work on creating resources in
different languages for tobacco control
advocates, particularly in developing
countries. The focus of its in-country
programmes is to support the ability of
local NGOs to:
♦ be effective advocates for strong
tobacco control laws and policies;
♦ work with the media to enhance public
understanding of the multi-sectoral
problems caused by tobacco;
♦ increase public support for tobacco
control.
Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, PATH Canada works
closely
with
Work
for
a
Better
Bangladesh (WBB) and the Bangladesh
Anti-Tobacco Alliance (BATA).
PATH
Canada has provided technical and
financial assistance to BATA since its
inception.
BATA has had many
successes to date, including winning a
High
Court order against British
American Tobacco (BAT), and receiving
the World Health Organisation (WHO)
Tobacco Free World Award.
PATH
Canada’s support has been critical in
raising the profile of tobacco control work
and supporting legislative initiatives.
Currently PATH Canada, WBB and BATA
are jointly implementing a project funded
by the Government of Canada through
the Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA). The project is aimed at
strengthening NGO activities in tobacco
control and using the mass media to
increase
public
knowledge
about
tobacco and support for tobacco control
policies.
Joint research between PATH Canada
and WBB on the relationship between
tobacco use and poverty has contributed
to the understanding of this neglected
issue, and of the need to incorporate
tobacco control into development work.
(Please see “ Hungry for Tobacco: An
analysis of the economic impact of
tobacco on the poor in Bangladesh.”
Tobacco Control 2001;10:212-217.)
For more information about tobacco
control work in Bangladesh, please see
the websites of WBB and BATA:
http://wbb.globalink.org
http://bata.globalink.org
India and Nepal
PATH Canada initiated its work in India
and Nepal in late 2001. In India we are
supporting local initiatives for tobacco
control, focused particularly on policy
development and media work. In Nepal
we are supporting the Resource Centre
for Primary Health Care (RECPHEC) to
focus on networking, advocacy,
media work for tobacco control.
and
Vietnam
PATH Canada’s work in Vietnam began
in 1995 with a policy analysis of tobacco
control and a qualitative research report
on attitudes towards tobacco control. The
results were used in project planning, and
led to subsequent activities, funded by
the Canadian Embassy, to increase
public awareness and support for tobacco
control.
PATH Canada is currently
collaborating with the Thai Nguyen
Department of Health, funded by the
Government of Canada through the
Canadian International Development
Agency (CIDA), to increase the number
of smoke-free areas and the role of
health practitioners in tobacco control.
PATH Canada also works intensively with
the media to air television programmes,
radio scripts, and to publish frequent
articles in popular newspapers and
magazines.
Tobacco control resources
In addition to country programmes, PATH
Canada also produces resources for
tobacco control advocates in developing
countries. Publications as of fall 2001
(some also available in Bengali, French,
Spanish, and Vietnamese) include:
A Burning Issue: Tobacco Control
and Development; A manual for non
governmental organizations. Designed to
inspire those in different sectors to
become involved in tobacco control, the
manual offers essential background
information
as
well as practical
suggestions for effective activities.
□
□ British American Tobacco's Youth
Smoking Prevention Campaign: What
are its true objectives?
Not only an
analysis
of
BAT
Bangladesh’s
programme, but also a guide to
countering industry-sponsored youth
prevention campaigns in other countries.
Contact Information
I
PATH Canada
□
Factsheets
on
poverty
1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1105
Ottawa, ON Canada K1N 7B7
Tel. (613) 241-3927
Fax (613) 241-7988
admin@pathcanada.org
and
employment, illustrating how tobacco use
can exacerbate poverty and why
successful tobacco control fails to harm,
and can even benefit, workers and
employment rates.
www.pathcanada.org
□ Hungry for Tobacco: An analysis of
the economic impact of tobacco on the
poor in Bangladesh. This report shows
'
how tobacco expenditures can further
aggravate poverty and malnutrition by
j
diverting resources from basic needs.
□ PATH Canada Guide: International
Tobacco Growers’ Association. ITGA
Uncovered: Unraveling the spin - the
truth behind the claims. Exposure of the
connections between ITGA and the
tobacco
industry,
with
detailed
information to counter ITGA’s claims of
representing tobacco farmers.
□ PATH Canada Guide:
Tobacco
Control Law.
A practical guide to
different legal measures to reduce
tobacco use.
in Bangladesh:
House #49, Road #4/A
Dhanmondi R/A
Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Tel. (8802) 966-9781
Fax (8802) 862-9271
pathCan@citechco.net
in Vietnam:
So 3 Mac Dinh Chi, Phuong True Bach
Quan Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel. (844) 572-7026
Fax (844) 572-7012
pathCan@netnam.org.vn
our tobacco control resources
can be found at:
www.pathcanada.org
□ PATH Canada Guide:
Using the
media for tobacco control.
Full of
examples from different countries and
practical suggestions, it encourages and
helps enable organizations to use the
media for tobacco control.
and
http://wbb.globalink.org
www.pathcanada.org
|l The Risks of
y
Involuntary
*- oking
AMERICAN
CANCER
S
SHOULD
B YOU KNOW?
M Why should
1| YOU KNOW?
■■■1 Have you ever breathed the smoke
■BBM The Surgeon General and the
that curls up from the tip of some
one’s cigarette? Have you ever breathed the
smoke exhaled by a smoker? If so, then you
have breathed most of the same harmful,
cancer-causing parts of smoke inhaled by
smokers. As an involuntary smoker—a
nonsmoker breathing the smoke from
others—you are at increased risk. Former
US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop said,
“It is now clear that disease risk due to
inhalation of tobacco smoke is not limited
to the individual who is smoking.”
National Academy of Sciences
have examined the evidence surrounding
involuntary smoking. Both studies agreed:
Exposure to otherpeople's smoke increases the
risk ofdeveloping lung cancer.
The risk of developing disease depends
on the amount of tobacco smoke exposure.
As an involuntary smoker, you breathe
less tobacco smoke than an active smoker
because the smoke mixes with the air around
you. But the Environmental Protection
Agency estimates that 3,000 nonsmokers
die of lung cancer annually—as a result of
breathing someone else’s cigarette smoke.
Involuntary smoking also causes heart dis
ease, aggravates asthmatic conditions,
and impairs blood circulation.
Though legislation has been passed reducing
smoking in the workplace, there’s still cause
for concern. Tobacco smoke spreads quickly,
and a workday is more than enough time to
expose most people within many working
environments. Even if you don’t sit next to
smokers, the smoky air within a building
may be harmful.
Other studies have also shown dangers for
nonsmokers who breathe the smoke from
cigarettes. The studies found that:
• Overall, nonsmoking wives of husbands
who smoke have a 20% increased risk of
lung cancer compared with women whose
husbands don’t smoke.
DHHS, 1993; NIH Pub. No. 93-360, Smoking
and Tobacco Control, Monograph 4. pp. v and vii.
• Nonsmokers married to heavy smokers
(40+ cigarettes per day) were found to
have 2 times the risk of lung cancer com
pared with those married to nonsmokers.
ACS, Cancer, Causes Id Control. 1997;8: p. 62.
• Nonsmokers married to current smokers
had about 20% higher coronary heart dis
ease mortality compared to nonsmoking
couples.
Circulation. 1996;94: p. 622-628.
These studies have focused on people who
live with smokers; if you live with just one
smoker, you are at risk for lung cancer.
What about
S
KIDS?
Lung cancer is not the only
hazard that faces involuntary
smokers. For instance, the children of
smokers have a greater chance of develop
ing certain illnesses such as:
• colds
• bronchitis and pneumonia, especially
during the first two years of life
• chronic coughs, especially as children
get older
• ear infections
• reduced lung function
• increasing severity of symptoms and
episodes among children with asthma
As with adults, the more smoke a child is
exposed to, the more that child’s risk is
increased. Therefore, if it is the smoking
parent who handles most of the child care,
the child’s chances of developing the
ailments listed above are greater. And of
course, the risk is highest if both parents
smoke.
fc® Who's taking
|g ACTION?___________
6®
What can you
goo?_______________
■■■i As ofJanuary 1,1997, 48 states
Now that you know that all smoke
is harmfill, what can you do to
help fight the problem?
and the District of Columbia have
some restriction on smoking in public places.
Forty-two states and the District of
Columbia have enacted laws that address
smoking in government buildings. Twentythree have enacted laws that address it in
private workplaces.
All 50 states and the District of Columbia
prohibit the sale of tobacco products to
minors.
All 50 states and the District of Columbia
impose an excise tax on cigarettes, including
eight states now charging at least 704 per
pack: Michigan, Massachusetts, Alaska,
Washington, Hawaii, Rhode Island, New
Jersey, and Maine.
Forty states plus the District of Columbia
have restrictions on the placement of vend
ing machines containing tobacco products.
Smoking has been banned on all US flights
of six hours or less. Some US carriers offer
smokefree international flights on their
own. In addition, an agreement between
the US, Canada, and Australia was signed
on November 1,1994 banning smoking on
flights between these countries. The agree
ment applies to nonstop flights and went
into effect 120 days after the signing.
• If you smoke, stop.
• If others in your household smoke, help
them to stop.
• Ask to be seated in the nonsmoking
sections of restaurants and public
transportation.
• Make certain that your children’s schools
and their child-care situations are
smoke-free.
• Help negotiate for a smoke-free work
environment.
• Ask visitors not to smoke in your home.
• Let your legislators know where you stand
on nonsmokers’ rights issues, and that you
will support their efforts to pass laws
designed to protect the nonsmoker.
• Call your local American Cancer Society
and ask how you can become active in
the effort to reduce smoking in your
community.
For more information, call toll free: 1-800-ACS-2345
COLD
HARD
FACTS
The tobacco companies start you
out on sugary, long cut dip that’s
easy for a new dipper to handle.
As you get used to the buzz from
the nicotine, you want more.
You start dipping more.
You start trying finer cut brands
with more nicotine to satisfy your
need. That’s exactly what the
tobacco companies want you to do.
Dipping is addictive. Period.
The nicotine in dip is a drug.
Why do you think you felt high
the first time you tried it?
It’s a fact. Dipping causes lip, cheek,
tongue, and other types of oral
cancer. And the longer you dip,
the greater your chances of getting
oral cancer become.
A dipper's gums start receding.
Dip damages mouth tissue beyond
repair. And mouth sores that look
like grayish white places on the
inner cheek begin to appear. Nearly
90% of all oral cancers start from
these mouth sores.
AMERICAN
CANCER
SOCIETY
MW-’'
When he was 12 years old, Sean Marsee
began dipping. He thought it was safe.
Six years later, he had cancer in the
very spot where he once put dip.
At 19, Sean Marsee was dead.
FOR MORE INFORMATION,
CALL YOU FREE
1-800ACS-234S
OR ON THE INTERNET
WWW.CANCER.ORG
YOU KNOW
YOU’RE HOOKED.
YOU DON’T KNOW
IF YOU *.AI STOP
OR EVEN IF
YOU
AMERICAN
CANCER
SOCIETY
FOR MORE INFORMATION.
1-800ACS2345
OR ON THE INTERNET
WWW.CANCER.ORG
HERE’S THE TRUTH
ADOUT DIP.
WHAT YOU DO
WITH THE FACTS
IS UP TO YOU.
01998, American Cancer Society, Inc.
98-500M-No. 2643-CC
Within 20 minutes of
smoking that last cigarette,
the body begins a series
of changes that continue
for years.
20 Minutes After
Quitting
• Blood pressure drops to a level close
to that before the last cigarette
(US Surgeon Generals Report, 1988, pp. 39,
202)
5 Years After Quitting
Temperature of hands and feet
increases to normal
• Stroke risk is reduced to that of
a nonsmokers 5-15 years after
quitting
(US Surgeon General's Report, 1988, pp. 47,
48,202)
(US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p. 79)
8 Hours After Quitting
■ Carbon monoxide level in blood
drops to normal
(US Surgeon Generals Report, 1988, p. 59)
24 Hours After
Quitting
Chance of heart attack decreases
(US Surgeon Generals Report, 1988, p. 202)
2 Weeks to 3 Months
After Quitting
1 Circulation improves
(USSurgeon General's Report, 199O,pp. 193,
194,196)
• Lung function increases up to 30%
(US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 285,
323)
Quitting
• Coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue,
shortness of breath decrease
(US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 304,
319,322)
"■ Cilia regain normal function in
lungs, increasing ability to handle
mucus, clean the lungs, reduce
infection
(USSurgeon General’s Report, 1990, pp. 304,
307)
1 Year After Quitting
• Excess risk of coronary heart disease
is half that of a smoker’s
(US Surgeon General’s Report, 1990, p. vi)
10 Years After
Quitting
4 Lung cancer death rate about half
that of a continuing smoker’s
(USSurgeon General’s Report, 1990, p. 110)
• Risk of cancer of the mouth, throat,
esophagus, bladder, kidney, and
pancreas decrease
(USSurgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 147,
152.155,159,172)
15 Years After
Quitting
Risk of coronary heart disease is
that of a nonsmoker’s
(US Surgeon General's Report. 1990,p. 79)
©2001, American Cancer Society, Inc
97-(Rev. 4/01)-400M-No. 5602.00
Quit Tips
• Nibble on low-calorie items, like
carrot sticks, celery, and apples; suck
cinnamon or chew gum.
• Stretch out your meals; eat slowly
and pause between bites.
• After dinner, instead of a cigarette,
treat yourself to a mint or a cup of
orange tea with honey.
• Take a deep breath and exhale
slowly. Remember, the desire to
smoke will pass.
Basic Strategies
• Stay positive. When you wake up,
promise yourself that you won’t
smoke a cigarette that day.
• Picture success. Plan ahead and
think of how you’ll deal with stress
ful situations without lighting up.
• Take a breather. Relaxation
exercises help relieve urges to
smoke. Remember, urges to smoke
are temporary.
• Work out. Exercise, like swimming,
running, and racket sports, helps
relieve tension and reduces your
urge to smoke.
|
1.800.ACS.2345
www.cancer.org
Hope.Progress. Answers.
i
Tobacco companies are injurious
to your health
Time to take the smoke out of them !!!
PATH Canada along with the People's Health Movement,
Framework Convention Alliance and Advocacy Forum
For Tobacco Control Jointly Presents
A Teatime Workshop on
LEARNING FROM
THE GLOBAL CONTROL
COMPAIGN INCLUDING FCTC
at the
International Health Forum 2004
on
14th
January 2004, 5 pm -7 pm
at
International YMCA, YMCA Road, Bombay Central, Mumbai
Room No.
International health advocates and researchers will facilitate discussion on
the challenges, opportunities, and strategies to build momentum around
tobacco control in developing countries. The seminar will also explore the
opportunities presented by the framework convention on tobacco control
[FCTC], the first international treaty adopted by who, in advancing health
rights of disfranchised populations.
AVAILABLE
AT
THE
VENUE:
FREE TOBACCO CONTROL MANUALS,
FACT SHEETS, BOOKMARKS
TEA AND REFRESHMENTS !!
—'
t
—
-- ■■ , ,
Tobacco companies are injurious
to your health
Time to take the smoke out of them !!!
PATH Canada along with the People's Health Movement,
Framework Convention Alliance and Advocacy Forum
For Tobacco Control Jointly Presents
A Teatime Workshop on
LEARNING FROM
THE GLOBAL CONTROL
COMPAIGN INCLUDING FCTC
at the
International Health Forum 2004
on
14th
January 2004, 5 pm -7 pm
at
International YMCA, YMCA Road, Bombay Central, Mumbai
Room No.
International health advocates and researchers will facilitate discussion on
the challenges, opportunities, and strategies to build momentum around
tobacco control in developing countries. The seminar will also explore the
opportunities presented by the framework convention on tobacco control
[FCTC], the first international treaty adopted by who, in advancing health
rights of disfranchised populations.
AVAILABLE
AT
THE
VENUE:
FREE TOBACCO CONTROL MANUALS,
FACT SHEETS, BOOKMARKS
TEA AND REFRESHMENTS !!
WORKSHOP INVITATION TO ALL:
> Those working in the field of Health and Health rights,
Gender and Human
rights, Food security and
nutrition, Drug use, Poverty and related sectors
> Individuals concerned about the harms of Tobacco
> Those who thought about tobacco control but need
MORE INFORMATION AND IDEAS
> Those who are already working in tobacco control,
AND WANT MORE INPUTS.
By boycotting definite US products, we.<vant to put pressure on the US govern-ment to join the
international community, complying with the rules of the United Nations and international law.
With the military attack and invasion of Iraq in March 2003 the US acted as a rogue state and
violated the UN charter. Today more than ever US companies seem to have a major impact on
the policy of the US administration. The US government policy has increasingly been marked
by arrogance and self-interest.
Who has got weapons of mass destruction?
us
Russia
China ■400-450
France ■288
10.600
UK S™
Hida | 48
Pakistan 30-35
Irak | 0
0
Number of nuclear warheads, in violation of
international law and UN treaties and resolutions
' ,»'
\/
2000
source: www.NRDC org
4000
6000
8000
10000
We demand that the US:
• allow the UN to take over the civil administration in Iraq as soon as possible and
end 'pre-emptive' attacks on other states
• actively pursue a two-state solution for Palestine & Israel
• recognize the competence of the International Criminal Court to prosecute war
criminals and cancel all bilateral agreements
• adopt the Kyoto protocol to stop global warming
• stop forcing the use of genetically modified food and farming on the world
• stop the use of double standards concerning Weapons of Mass Destruction (e.g.
those of Israel and the US's own stocks)
• abandon National Missile Defense & reinstate the ABM Treaty
• ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, respect the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty and move towards a Treaty for complete nuclear disarmament
• ratifies the Biological Weapons Convention Protocol and strengthens the Chemical
Weapons Convention and ratifies the Landmine Treaty
The unilateral policies of the US must stop now and
all US troops must leave Iraq immediately.
contact: For Mother Earth, Pol D'Huyvetter, K.M. Hendrikaplein 5, B-9000 Gent, pol@motherearth.org
support: www.motherearth.org/fme/support.php
orinted on recycled oaoer
- Media
RF_PH_10_A_SUDHA.pdf
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