SMOKING / TOBACCO ISSUES
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- Title
- SMOKING / TOBACCO ISSUES
- extracted text
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RF_PH_8_SUDHA
Voluntary Health Association of India
MrY.S. Gill
UNITED NEWS PAPERS NETWORK
E-55, Pandav Nagar
New Delhi: 110 091
18th May, 1999
Dear Mr Gill,
Greetings from VHAI. It was really nice to have some of you with us on the 4lh of Feb for some
very lively interaction with a few eminent public health thinkers. Some of you also carried it in your
news papers.
A bridge has been made, and we hope to keep this interface on. Some of you had also expressed
a desire to interact with grass-root level workers. We are happy to inform you that, on the 25th of
March, from 3-5 pm, we are keeping aside for you to interact with our grass-roots workers. About
30-35 of them will be here in Delhi from the 24,b-26,h for an orientation meeting on Reproductive
and Child health being organised by us. Kindly keep the dates marked. I will follow it up with a
letter and a call a few days prior to the event.
I am also writing this letter for a very special reason. VHAI has been in the forefront of the anti
tobacco campaign for more than a decade now. VHAI was instrumental in forming the first anti
tobacco network in the country with over 50 organisations under its umbrella called ACTION
(Action to Combat Tobacco Indian Organisations Network), with its Secretariat in VHAI. A few
years back, this network assumed a new name - NOTE - India (National Organisation for Tobacco
Eradication), now headquartered in Goa.
We have been noticing with growing concern the total hold of the tobacco Industry over sports,
especially cricket. The world over all cricketing nations have given up tobacco sponsorships, but
our board, the BCCI, seems totally addicted.
We have enclosed for your information, some correspondence we had with BCCI , Govt, and
national and international boards. We are planning to step up pressure on BCCI by contemplating
legal action against them for aiding tobacco promotion in this country. We are in touch with our
legal advisors.
Tong Swasthya Bnowan. 40 Institutional Area, South of I.I.T., New Delhi-110 016, INDIA.
6518071-72. 6965871,6962953 Fax: 011 -6853708 Grams: VOLHEALTH N.D.-16 E-mail: VHAI@del2.vsnl.net.in
ipted from IT under Section 80-G of IT Act 1961. Also exempted U/S 10(23C) IV as applicable to institutions of importance throughout India
We urgently urge you to highlight this issue in the media - as we are planning a country wide and
International campaign before the World Cup in London. We would be happy to provide you with
more information on the issue if required, and from time to time will keep you posted on the
developments. I would also appreciate if you can spare some time when I could come over to see
you to discuss the same.
With best Wishes,
Yotk's Sincerely,
V
Taposh Roy
Senior Prog. Officer
Encl: As above
Voluntary Health Association of India
September 22, 1998
Fa;; No.
B33-24S7555
Mr. Jagmohan Dal mi ya
President
Board of Control for Cricket in India
Dr. B.C. Roy Club House
Eden Sarden
Calcutta-703 021
This letter addresses Mr. Jagmohan Dalmiya as an individual who
is endowed with exceptional enterpreneurial acumen.and building
prominent institutions in India is now handling International
roles with dexterity worth appreciation.
As a responsible Indian, I want to share a few reflections to
help preventable episodes of which become scandlous and bring
shame.
First of all, on your behest I had written to Mr.
Lele
your successor to the post of Secretary BCCI. Very unlike, the
professional
image of the organization — reflecting some work
ethos — during your tenure - when all letters were replied to whether in agreement or disagreement.
An expeditious response to
serious communications, projected an image of being a open public
society — which is what BCCI is - but the recent trend of
pushing the problems under the carpet by not attending to them
blows them out of proportion.
A media blitz — proved the current capacity of BCCI to handle
relations with IDA and saw BCCI washing its linen in public exposing many other issues - which also relate to some of our
Secondly, this culture of no reply, no action — on time will lead
to further such episodes of exposing more of how BCCI — which
rose to eminence due to electronic media backed, increase in
popularity of cricket, and of course good management, good
players etc.
Now standing on foundations laid down by hard work done bypeople
like you the people in positions of authority seem have adopted a
slightly ballooned attitude.
I have no problems on this if they
can put their acts together and control and manage, so that the
public image does not take a beating.
importance llnoughou' Indio
VHAI
Lastly,
coming back to our concern about health, it is not hard
to
see how BCCI Is being used as an advertising agency by ITC
which
could
not
get a better deal of reaching the
right
age
group, at much lower cost and problems - .just by sponsoring
BCCI
and then twisting their arm to ensure WILLS badged
on
players
shirts.
Well if, at a times, when BCCI needed money - ITC
come
forward - that does not mean they can twist BCCI’s arms forever.
BCCI
should realise that now it has much higher visibility
and
stop kow towing to ITC’s tactics.
To add to this the fact
that
getting
a
sponsorship which entails
compulsory
adherence to
advertising products which have been proved beyond doubt
to be
disastrous
to health, BCCI - is just being very unaware
of
the
fact that
it is going against its own objectives
of
promoting
health through
cricket.
Tills amounts
to
subversion
of
the
societies
objectives and is beyond the scope of enterprise by
any
of
its
executive.
Very few people
know this.
BCCI
is
registered
under
under an act of law - the breach of
which
if
attended
to early, would avoid - future problems and wastage
of
precious time and creative work.
Energeis
and
strengths of BCCI should concentrate
on
vigorous
promotion
of
its
objectives and
its
beneficiaries
i.e.
the
Republic
of
India.
Please ensure that the AGM on 23rd &
24th
attends to these issues satisfactorily.
ITC
clearly,
has
a
compelling
agenda
to
promote
it
most
profitable
core
sector enterprise of producing cigarettes
and
increasing
their sales issuing among other means getting
the
vulnerable age group to become its customers.
Under the
current
times rising opposition to tobacco and curbs on its advertising sales
promotion, don’t you think they have found
an
excellent,
gullible playable, credible organisation in BCCI.
The return
on
their
investments
in sponsoring BCCI would be many
times
more
tax benefits and profitable use of legal
loopholes
is
a
plus
bonus.
They
would
surely
not
let go of their
hold
on
BCCI.
Their
advertising and
public relations department has
experts
whose
full time job is to negotiate successful and "high yield" "low
cost"
contracts with BCCI amongst several others.
Please
look
into
this and severe the dangerous links.
Don’t let
BCCI
sell
cigarettes any more.
You know and 1 know it can be done smoothly
now, before disastrous situation develops.
. . .3
VHAI
Lastly,
you yourself know that this issue was on the
agenda
of
the
International
Cricket Councils boarding meeting
in
June,
which
is why perhaps you must have ensured that a discussion on
the
topic of delinking sports with smoking, drinking drugs
etc.
should be the agenda of the AGM of BCC1 and the members at
this
meeting
should
evolve
concrete
measures
to
delinking their
organisations.
Urging you in earnest to take action for how many
times
can a man turn his head and pretend that he
just
doesn’t
see.
With regards.
Yours sincerely,
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director.
'.-'blui iiciry I iocjlih Association of India
PP:
September 22,
EAX NO:
1998
3782118
Mrs. Sushma Swaraj
Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting
Govt. of India
J Jhar. tr 1 Bhawan
Akashvoni Bhawan & Soochna Bhawan
New Delhi-110 001.
Voluntary
Health Association of India is involved
in
promoting
health
through
out
India through a variety
of
programmes
in
association with 4000 members from all over the country.
We
are
writing this to bring to your notice - how
a
cigarette
making
giant,
the
Indian Tobacco Company
is
using
Board
of
Cricket Control in India as an advertising agency for its popular
brands
of cigarettes. This they do by sponsoring BCCI on
strict
conditions like the players should wear shirts displaying badges
of their cigarettes - e.g. WILLS.
The popularity of cricket amongst specially youth and
widespread
broadcast
of
cricket tournaments on
Doordarshan
ensures
an
increasing number of young people to get attracted
to
smoking.
This
apart,
since ITC is giving money to a
registered
society
BCCI formed to promote health through cricket.
The twin objective of saving income tax as well as garnering huge
profits through increase in country wide sales.
Even Government becomes an instrument in cigarette promotion. ITC
is
therefore
utilizing this loophole to increase
its
sales
which
becomes otherwise fraught with adverse
advertising
laws.
Secondly,
BCCI
is
taking for a ride its
beneficiaries
the
Republic of India by promoting cigarettes to them.
Thirdly
BCCI
in
its
greed to raise money, docs not heed its
own
objectives
which
are
laid out in its Memorandum of Association
and
which
clearly
stand
for promotion of health in
the
country
through
popular1zing cri cket.
VHAI
With the prevention
of
vulnerable
age
groups
from
getting
addicted to tobacco, VHAI has been maintaining a
dialogue
with
BCGI.
BCCI
is having its AGM in Calcutta on the 23rd
&
24th
September 1998.
We request you to write to them in your capacity
as sports minister with copies of their objectives and the copies
of contracts with ITC and to initiate measures, so that at
least
players
do not wear
badges
of
cigarette brands
thereby
preventing misconceptions from taking place in the minds of
our
countries youth.
You may send by Fax to:
Mr. Jagmohan Dalmiya
President
Board of Control for Cricket in India
Dr. B.C. Roy Club House
Eden Garden
Calcutta-700 021
Fax No.
033-2487555
With regards.
Yours sincerely,
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
pr.
Wellington House 135-155 Waterloo Road London SEI 8UG Telephone 0171 972 2000
Direet line 0171 972
Our ref: 1997/12991
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
40 Institutional Area South
South of IIT
New Delhi- 110016
INDIA
18 September 1997
Dear Mr Mukhophyay
Thank you for your letter of 12 August to Tessa Jowell about tobacco
advertising and sponsorship. I have been asked to reply.
4)
It is encouraging to hear that the issue of refusing sponsorship from tobacco
companies is on the agenda for the June 1998 meeting of the International
Cricket Council. However, unfortunately it would be inappropriate for
Mrs Jowell to personally lobby the Board Members of the ICC.
Yours.sincerely
Ms T Lawson
Tobacco Policy Unit
1 M I’ U O V I N G
T HE
II
15 A L T H
O I'
THE
NATION
Richmond House 79 Whitehall London SWIA 2NS Telephone 0171 210 3000
liom the Minister of State for Public Health
POH(3) 1689/1219
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
40 Institutional Area
South of DT
New Delhi-110 016
INDIA
Thank you for your letter of 7 July to Frank Dobson about tobacco advertising and
sponsorship.
The Government is fully committed to banning all forms of tobacco advertising and
promotion, and is looking carefully at how best this can be achieved at sports events in a way
which will minimise any damage to the sports concerned. Discussions are underway within
Government on how best to achieve this and Ministers are consulting the sports concerned.
The Government will publish a White Paper late this year setting out our plans for this and
other measures to tackle tobacco consumption, and will include a transitional period.
It is to be hoped that measures taken in this country will provide an example to be followed
throughout the world.
TESSA JOWELL
4 August 1997
ECB
Mr Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya B ha wan
40 Institutional Area
South of IIT
New Dlehi 110016
India
Marketing Dcpar tinerit
Lord's Cricket Ground
London NW8 8OZ
Telephone 0171 432 1200
Facsimile 0i11 206 5583
Dear Mr Mukhopadhyay
1 refer to your letter of July 7 addressed to Mr A C Smith. I should point out that Mr
Smith has retired and the Crickgt Council is no longer in existence.
The ECB is now the governing body for cricket in England and Wales.
Coincidentally, tobacco sponsorship is likely to come to an end for UK events via
government intervention and our contract with Benson & Hedges, which expires in
2000, is unlikely to be renewed.
I will discuss the matter with ICC - their next full meeting is in June 1998.
Kind regards
Terry Blake
Marketing Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
PR:
September 7, 1990
To
Members of Board o-F Control for Cricket in India.
Dear
Over the last several months we have been writing to you about
the urgency to prevent India's young generation from getting
hooked to smoking and sought your help to prevent destruction o-f
life and health o-f our youth.
An enthusiastic response -from you encouraged us to go -further in
the matter and we have kept you posted about the happenings
regular1y.
The -fact that whenever confronted with substantial evidence, on
how by accepting sponsorship from tobacco giants, BCCI is
advertising and promoting cigarette brands; They have always
tried to -weasle their way out by giving the excuse that they have
a contract with ITC which cannot be changed, and secondly always
passing buck, blaming the government which according
to them
should enact a comprehensive legislation regulating the tobacco
companies and public at large. Only then BCCI could stop
accepting sponsorship from tobacco companies and advertising
their products through cricket. A close scrutiny of such excuses
revealed that an equally prestigious Indian organisation —
namely, the Indian Hockey federation - did not need all the
conditions cited by BCCI to ban sponsorship from tobacco and
alcohol producing companies for all activities of the IHF.
Please consider this point very seriously.
The choice of raising funds by registered societies such as BCCI
rests entirely on the board members and the general body members
decision, and it is assumed that the amount and choice of donor
comes from an understanding of each and every objective of the
society and protection of the same. All bonafide members of any
society are well aware that they should not go beyond the ambit
of the objectives — while deciding on any activity — they are the
ones who guard the charter and integrity of the society which is
formed for public benefit. The societies Act — clearly says that^
any activity which is subversive — destructive to the objectives
for which the organisation is formed — is ultra vires i.e. beyond
••lle/n Hhowon. -10 lm.lii.Hk>:>, >! Arr-e, V'Ulh Of I.I.T.. tl»w Delhi-1 10016. INDIA.
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n $ } r,t(z?C) IV as a; p’icable Io institutions of Importance throughout India
VHAI
the powers of the societies executive as well as the enterprise because it adversely affects the interest of the beneficiary and the existence of a society which destroys the interest of its
beneficiary - is naturally questionable and subject to scrutiny
by the Registrar - the beneficiaries, and the public at large.
The reason why We are saying all this to you is that as a member
of the society (BCCI) please ensure in your next AGBM whether
the BCCI - is doing any such enterprise which goes totally
against any of the objectives laid out in the memorandum.
For
eq. The BCCI Memorandum of Association lays out its objective
2(F)
"To foster the spirit of sportsmanship and the ideals of
cricket amongst School, College and University students and
others and educate them in the same".
2 (□) "To impart physical education through the medium of cricket
and take all steps to assist the citizens to develop their
physi que".
If for the execution of its programmes — it raises donations from
ITC - which clearly binds BCCI to advertise its cigarette brands
on the signage in the stadia and on the shirts of all players —
Then BCCI and its players are agents for advertising cigarettes
to large masses of Indian population. There is no ambiguity
regarding meaning of the word advertisement - which the chamber's
dictionary defines as : "To make known to the public, to stress
the good points of a product for sale.
Anything
(film or
picture) which is intended to persuade the public to buy a
particular product".
It is therefore clear that by entering into
a contract with ITC and agreeing to advertise its products i.e.
cigarettes BCCI is instrumental in selling cigarettes brands
produced by ITC.
Can BCCI by selling cigarettes produced by ITC to the Indian
citizen, help in achieving its own objective of "imparting
physical education through the medium of cricket - and take all
steps to assist the citizen in developing its physique" ? and
similarly by selling cigarettes can BCCI" Foster spirit of
sportsmanship, and the ideals of cricket amongst
schools,
colleges, university students and educate them in the same ? a
fact sheet on the disastrous effects of tobacco on human health is enclosedAll
information is authenticated by the World
VHAI
Now, dear members and well wishers of BCCI the choice is yours.
Do you wish to continue selling cigarettes for ITC - and continue
destroying your organization's objectives ?
Or, do you wish to correct the situation and restore the
character and integrity of BCCI — and serve in improving along
with cricket, the health of your beneficiaries ?
Yours sincerely,
Ends:
Fact Sheet on Tobacco.
Voluntary Health Association of India
PP:
September 2,
FAX. NO.
1998
0265-428833
Mr. J.Y. Lele
Hony. Secretary
Board of Control for Cricket in India
"Sanmltra",
Anandpura
Baroda-390 001.
Sub:
Dear Mr.
"MONEY, MEDAL MUDDLE"
AMD SELF DESTRUCTION
Lele,
No response to my letters of 4th May requesting you for a meeting
is
rather
disturbing.
BCCI
had
always
responded to
ou.r
communications
in the past
and a
delay
of
four months
is
indicative of INDIFFERENCE which if left unattended, may lead to
ill
health. VIIAT has been involved in promoting quality of
life
in
the
nation along with its 4000 associates located
all
over
India.
And it is our concern to prevent millions of youth in the
age group which is most vulnerable to get caught in the habit
of
smoking.
People in this group constitute 50% of
total
cricket
lovers.
With this in view we have been corresponding with BCCI.
But your extended silence is making us wonder whether all is well
at BCCI. .
To
be
precise we
are maintaining
a
dialogue with BCCI
to
emphasise the
fact that by accepting sponsorship from tobacco
companies the board is providing cheap, effective, and a massive
advertising channel for tobacco companies.
This in turn,
apart
from boosting sales of killer cigarettes is also having an effect
which
goes diametrically opposite to the objective of BCCI.
We
are
emphasising this because apart from the ghastly
effects
of
tobacco
consumption on health (refer to information
enclosed
though you will find all of this in the files at your office), we
are
concerned
about the teenage cricket enthusiast who
do
not
miss
a
single match broadcast on television
and
watch their
heroes
wearing
shirts
with
badges
very
clearly
advertising
popular cigarette brands.
Now, apart from alluring them to
have
a
smoke,
probably
their first one, it
also
produces
several
misconceptions in their mind.
For instance a study conducted by
one
of
our
associates brought out
following
observations:
Smoking makes fielders run faster.
Smoking makes batsmen score more runs.
Smoking enables fielders to take more catches.
Smoking gives more strength.
Smoking makes you manly.
HAI
Smoking gives a mature image.
Smoking improves confidence.
Smoking makes you feel rich.
Smoking gives you a sporting image.
Teams with more Wills smokers fares better.
You become a good cricketer if you smoke Wills.
Producing
such misconceptions about cricket in the
young
minds
and facilitating the process of their getting addicted to smoking
and taking a path which will lead them to ill health and to death
is
making a mockery oL’ the grand dreams and objectives laid
out
in
the
BCCI memorandum of association which was
formulated by
committed
and eminent citizens of India.
Unfortunately some
of
the
activities
of BCCI arc countering squarely the
objects
laid out in the memorandum of association of BCCI i.e. point n"
2(F)
"To
foster the spirit of sportsmanship and the
ideals
of
cricket
amongst
School,
College and University
students
and
others
and educate them in the same".
Point 2 (0)
"To
impart
physical
education through the medium of cricket and take
all
steps to assist the citizens to develop their physique".
I
am quoting only some amongst the many lofty objectives in the
BCCI
Charter,
which
sets
out
its
constitution,
lays
the
foundation
on which structure of the BCCI is based.
It
defines
BCCI’s
relation
with the
outside
world
and
scope
of
its
activities.
Its
main purpose is to enable members and others who
deal
with
the
society
to
know what
Is
BCCI’s
permitted
range
of
enterprise.
No
authority
of the society
can
go
beyond the
limitations laid down by its memorandum and if any activity
does
fall outside the scope of its memorandum, it becomes ultra vires
the society. Such activities are also subversive (destructive)
the
interest
of
the beneficiaries which in this
case
is
t“
Republic
of India, its residents, cricket community and
all
of
these in relation to the world citizen.
Secondly
the recent Media blitz which exposed a lot of
what
is
wrong with not
only
cricket but sports
In
India
at
large.
Various
altercations between 10A and BCCI where very
prominent
questions
were
raised by the BCCI.
The
"badges"
the
Indian
cricketers
will be wearing. That BCCI can’t break
its
contract
with ITC etcetra. All this first of all, made every proud - Indian
drop his bend in shame in front of the world community. The^India
wnich Is
one of the founder members of ICC w;;s labelled as being
stuck
between "More medals or more money".
While all
this
was
happening
the world was watching particularly the cricket
world
VHAI
the struggle, muddle, pussle of Indian sports authorities and the
grace, grandeur and excellence of what was happening in the midst
of
Sir Don
Bradman the revered father of
cricket
and Sachin
Tendulkar the magician cricketer.
We,
would call it betrayal and subversion and we could also
see
the hide out of BCCI (contract with ITC). In instances of
inter
nation
conflicts
such
subversive activity is best
curbed by
destroying the hide outs and throttling subversion for
ever
so
that no more innocent people die, children orphaned and
families
left high and dry with its bread earner dying in the ambush.
And
frankly, death is what is tesulting with the
advertisement
campaign
launched
by tobacco companies who have
very
cleverly
found the shoulder of a gullible body with no backbone
and
the
chest pushed inside mortally scared of what will happen if
they
say yes in the national interest and say no to the clever hunter.
What
will happen ? they panic, they tremble and finally
succumb
to. Let the wishes of the killer prevail let the total vulnerable
age group population of the country get addicted to nicotine
and
die.
Let' there be no fresh crop of brilliance in the
arena of
Indian
cricket.
We have been continuously sending to BCCI
feed
back
received
from other Boards Australia,
England,
South
Africa
etc. where they have openly accepted
the
responsibility
and refashioned their contract with Benson and Hedges, before
it
could
expire.
A copy
for
your
information
is
once
again
enclosed.
-
What is BCCI afraid of ?
Why is it hiding the contents of its contract with ITC ?
What will happen if it refuses to walk on the ITC path ?
Why doesn’t it see the killing links ?
Why
does it flounder when it comes to taking a decision
in
the national interest ?
Can
it wash its hand off for being actually
subversive
to
its own objectives ?
Can
it
sec that it is also a link in the big
chain which
results in morbidity and mortality ?
We
are
sure
of your interest in putting an end to
destruction.
1
request you
once
again to meet
acknowledge this letter.
this
us,
Best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
A Lok Mukhopadbyay
Executive Director
Ends:
as above
self
and
VHAI
the struggle, muddle, puszie of Indian sports authorities and the
grace, grandeur and excellence of what was happening in the midst
of
Sir Don
Bradman the revered father of
cricket
and
Sachin
Tendulkar the magician cricketer.
We,
would call it betrayal and subversion and we could also
see
the hide out of BCCI (contract with ITC). In Instances of
inter
nation
conflicts
such
subversive activity is
best
curbed by
destroying the hide outs and throttling subversion for
ever
so
that no more innocent people die, children orphaned and
families
left high and dry with its bread earner dying in the ambush.
And
frankly, death is what is tesulting with the
advertisement
campaign
launched
by tobacco companies who have
very
cleverly
found
the shoulder of a gullible body with no backbone
and
the
chest
pushed inside mortally scared of what will happen If
they
say yes In the national interest and say no to the clever hunter.
What
will happen ? they panic, they tremble and finally
succumb
to. Let the wishes of the killer prevail let the total vulnerable
age group population of the country get addicted to nicotine
and
die.
Let
there be no fresh crop of brilliance in the
arena
of
Indian
cricket.
We have been continuously sending to BCCI
feed
back
received
from
other Boards Australia,
England,
South
Africa
etc. where they have openly accepted
the
responsibility
and refashioned their contract with Benson and Hedges, before
it
could
expire.
A
copy
for
your
information
is
once
again
enclosed.
-
What is BCCI afraid of ?
Why is it hiding the contents of its contract with ITC ?
What will happen if it refuses to walk on the ITC path ?
Why doesn’t it see the killing links ?
Why
docs it flounder when it comes to taking a decision
in
the national interest ?
Can
it wash its hand off for being actually
subversive to
its own objectives ?
Can
it
see that it is also a link in the big
chain which
results in morbidity and mortality ?
We
are
sure
of your interest in putting an end
to
destruction.
I
request
you
once
again
to meet
acknowledge this letter.
this
us,
Best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
pr.
Ends:
as above
self
and
■ < >h ifii( !! '■! !■ ;< illli Ansociolion of Indio
September 2,
I’P-
FAX NO.
1098
0265-428833
Mr. J.Y. l.clc
llony. Secretary
Board of Control for Cricket in India
"Sanmltrn",
Anandpurzi
Baroda-300 001.
Sub:
Dear Mr.
"HONEY, MEDAL MUDDLE"
AND SELF DESTRUCTION
Lele,
No response to my letters of 4th May requesting you for a meeting
is
rather
disturbing.
BCCI
had
always
responded to
our
communications
in
the
past
and a
delay
of
four
months
is
indicative of INDIFFERENCE which if left unattended, may lead
to
ill.
health. VHAJ has been involved in promoting quality of
life
in
the
nation along with its 4000 associates located
all
over
India.
zlnd it is our concern to prevent millions of youth in the
age group which is most vulnerable to get caught in the habit
of
smoking.
People in this group constitute 50% of
total
cricket
lovers.
With this In view we have been corresponding with
BCCI.
But your extended silence is making us wonder whether ail is well
at BCCI.
To
be
precise
we
are maintaining
a
dialogue
with
BCCI
to
emphasise
the
fact that by accepting sponsorship
from
tobacco
companies the board is providing cheap, effective, and a
massive
advertising channel for tobacco companies.
This in turn,
apart
from boosting sales of killer cigarettes is also having an effect
which
goes diametrically opposite to the objective of BCCI.
We
are
emphasising this because apart from the ghastly
effects
of
tobacco
consumption on health (refer to information
enclosed
though you will find all of this in the files at your office), we
are
concerned
about the teenage cricket enthusiast who
do
not
miss
a
single
match broadcast on television
and watch
their
heroes
wearing
shirts
with
badges
very
clearly
advertising
popular cigarette brands.
Now, apart from alluring them to
have
a
smoke,
probably their first one, it
also
produces
several
misconceptions in their mind.
For instance a study conducted
by
one
of
our
associates brought out
following
observations:
Smoking makes fielders run faster.
Smoking makes batsmen score more runs.
Smoking enable!', fielders to take more catches.
Smoking gives more strength.
Smoking makes you manly.
VHAI
Smoking gives a mature image.
Smoking improves confidence.
Smoking makes you feel rich.
Smoking gives you a sporting image.
Teams with more Wills smokers fares better.
You become a good cricketer if you smoke Wills.
Producing
such misconceptions about cricket In the
young
minds
and facilitating the process of their getting addicted to smoking
and taking a path which will lead them to ill health and to death
is
making a mockery of the grand dreams and objectives laid
out
in
the
BCCI memorandum of association which was
formulated by
committed
and eminent citizens of India.
Unfortunately some
of
the
activities
of BCCI are countering squarely the
objects
as
laid out in the memorandum of association of BCCI i.e. point
no.
2(F)
"To
foster the spirit of sportsmanship and the
ideals
of
cricket
amongst
School,
College and
University
students
and
others
and educate them in the same".
Point 2 (0)
"To
impart
physical
education through the medium of cricket and
take
all
steps to assist the citizens to develop their physique".
I
am quoting only some amongst the many lofty objectives in
the
BCCI
Charter,
which
sets
out
its
constitution,
lays
the
foundation
on which structure of the BCCI is based.
It
defines
BCCI's
relation
with the
outside
world
and
scope
of
its
activities.
Its
main purpose is to enable members and others who
deal
with
the
society
to
know what
is
BCCI’s
permitted
range
of
enterprise.
No
authority
of the society
can
go
beyond
the
limitations laid down by its memorandum and if any activity
does
fall outside the scope of its memorandum, it becomes ultra
vires
the society. Such activities are also subversive (destructive) to
the
interest
of
the beneficiaries which in this
case
is
the
Republic
of India, its residents, cricket community and
all
of
these in relation to the world citizen.
Secondly
the recent Media blitz which exposed a lot of
what
is
wrong with not
only
cricket but sports
in
India
at
large.
Various
altercations between 10A and BCCI where
very
prominent
questions
were
raised
by the BCCI.
The
"badges"
the
Indian
cricketers
will be wearing. That BCCI can’t break
its
contract
with ITU etcetra. All this first of all, made every proud
Indian
drop his head in shame in front of the world community. The India
which is
one of the founder members of ICC was labelled as being
stuck between "More medals or more money".
While all
this
was
happening
the world was watching particularly the cricket
world
CRICKET ASSOCIATION OF BENGAL
DR. B C. ROY CLUB HOUSE
EDEN GARDENS. CALCUTTA-700 021
TELEPHONE
CAB 248 2447, 24B 0411
248 2151,248 1144(0111)
OPE . 240 4774,240 5575.240 6006
RES . 479 1584.479 2080
TELEX
OFF. 021-4156 MLD IN
CAB • 021-4617 CAB IN
FAX 033-2487555
JAGMOHAN DALMIYA
PRESIDENT
16 April
Mr Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
40 Insttitutional Area
South of IIT
NEW DELHI 110 016
1998
Dear Mr Mukhopadhyay,
Thank you for your letter dated 15 April
1998.
While I do appreciate the sentiments expressed by you
regarding tobacco advertising and sponsorship, I would
like to mention that it is a matter of policy decision
of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
Since I am no longer the Hony. Secretary of the BCCI,
I would request you to write to the present Hony.
Secretary of the BCCI in the matter whose contact details
are as follows :
Mr J.Y. Lele
Hony. Secretary
BOARD OF CONTROL FOR CRICKET IN INDIA
“Sanmi tra"
Anandpura
BARODA 390 001
Tel :
Fax :
(0265) 431122, 434646
(0265) 428833
With kind regards,
Yours sincerely,
T7 September 1997
Mr Al.'k Vuikhcpadhyav. Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Ton!’ Sv. chya Bhawan
10 Inslitmioi’fif Area
■ • JEdHI- J1--016
Thank •
■’ -r you? letter of 3rd September. We have noted tit •: .•a'-'-ms ind sul-.;-<
you do ;-.i thoughts to Mr David Richard*,, CEO of the ICC. as parnev.i••? «
follow Mr D L Richaids
Chief Executive, LC.C.
‘The Clock Tower
Lord's Cricket Ground
LONDON NAV8 \SQ’N
Phone: **
44171266 1771
44171.266 1818
Kind regards
CLLi
PR AL1 HACHJSR
MANAGING DIRECTOR, UNITED CRIC .■ ET BOARD OF SOUTH AFRICA*
Exccufivc CcrnntJCwc: k
iFtoirJ:."-. I1. W.-icv (Vky rri*icc.rii..x !
(T-«.»surcr). ? Rhir.
Some of the excerpts are na follow:;:
(a)
Letter from the Minister of State for Public Health , London dated 1st
August 1997.
"... The Government is fully committed to banning all forms of tobacco advertisement
and promotion and is looking carefully at how best this can be achieved nt sports events
in a way which will minimize any damage to the sports concerned...!t is Io be hoped that
measures taken in this country will provide an example Io be followed throughout the
world."
(b)
Australian Cricket Board dated 6th August 1997.
"... It was not until 1992 that the Federal Government introduced nnli-lobacco legislation
thaTprohibited tobacco companies from
sponsoring sports. The Australian Cricket
Hoard in tern ended its association with the Benson & Hedges Co., at the end of the
1995-96 season..."
(c)
Leiter from Marketing Director ECB, Lord's Cricket Ground, dated 4 August,
1997
"I refer to your letter of July: 7
Coincidentally, tobacco sponsorship is likely Io
come to an end for UK events via government inlenienlion and our contract with Benson
& Hedges, which expires in 2000, is unlikely to be renewed.
1 will discuss the waller with ICC - their next full nice ting is in June 1998."
(d)
New Zealand Cricket Board dated 28th July 1997
"... Your letter has been directed to our Board and as you will know, within New Zealand
legislation has been in place for a number of years to prevent the use of such advertising
and so we are sympathetic Io it..."
(e)
South African Cricket Board dated 5th August 1997
"... Thank you for your letter doled 7lh july, we have, noted the contents and inform you
that no tobacco company sponsors South African Cricket..."
THE CRICKET CLUB OF INDIA
July 28, 1997
Voluntary Health Association of India,
Tong Swasthya Bhawan,
40, Institutional Area,
South of IIT,
New Delhi 110016
Dear Sir,
This has reference to your Circular dated June 20,
about promotion
We
1997
tobacco products during the Sports and arts.
wholeheartedly support
your
views that promotion
of
tobacco products during Sports and Arts should be stopped.
With regards,
Yours faithfully,
(K.D. KOTWAL)
NUMBA?
FAX : 0091-079 6427676
GRAM : CRICKET
PHONE : (O) 464326
468787
7487518
(Stadium)
GUJARAT CRICKET ASSOCIATION
(Affiliated to Tho Board of Control for Cricket In India)
Sardar Patel Stadium, Near Sports Club of Gujarat Ltd.,
Navrangpura. Ahmedabad-380 014. (Gujarat)
President
Vice-President
Vice-President
Hon. Secretary
: Vikram Patel (R) 6449991
JI. Hon. Secretary : G. G. Desai (R) 440761
Hon. Treasurer
: Dhiraj Jogani (R) 377218
: Narharl Amin (R) 493415
: Sudhir Nanavati (R) 445658
: K. R. Desai (R) 53422, 63422
(Bulsar)
Refs No. GCA/107/97-98.
18, July 1997.
The Executive Director,
Voluntary Health Association of India,
Tong Swasthya Bhawan, 40, Institutional Area,
South of IIT,
NEW DELHI - no 016.
Dear Sir,
.
...
• •••
Cricket & Tobacco_(The killing Links).
We are in receipt of your Circular letter dated 20th June, 1997 regarding
the above subject and note with concern the consequences of using Tobaccoover a period of time, especially the number of victims it claims annually.
Television as a Medium of advertising is definitely increasing the popular!*
and viewership of all Sports and so is all more important for using it
effectively.
In our opinion, there should not be any kind of advertisement on Television
encouraging smoking or using any tobacco products.
The decision to accept Sponsorships, lie entirely with the Board of Control
for Cricket in India. However, the ultimate decision should be of tfie
person using the Tobacco product-as it will directly effect him/her.
On our 50th year of Independence we pledge to support you and your
Organisation in your campaign ’Freedom from Tobacco* against promotion
of Tobacco products and wish you a great success.
Yours sincerely,
(NARHARI AMIN)
President.
(VIKRAM PATEL)
Hon.S ecret ary.
B. A. JAM ULA
D-1/21, Multistorey Bldg.,
Bharucha Baug,
S. V. Road, Andheri (West),
MUMBAI-400058.
14th July '97
To,
Mr. Alok Mukhopadhyay
- Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
40, Institutional Area
South of IIT
New Delhi 110 016.
Dear Sir,
With reference to your letter dated 20.06.97 regarding Cricket &
Tobacco (The Killing Links).
I take this opportunity of firmly supporting your movement in this
association of banning Cigarettes and Tobacco from sports.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
•. ■ I i
B A JAMULA
(All India Umpire)
"CRICKET" Bangalore
0845-3041 KSCA IN
91-080-2863490
I
236-1487. 28'33490.
2863289, 2869631.
(
2869649.
THE KARNATAKA STATE CRICKET ASSOCIATION
(Affiliated io the Board of Control for Cricket in India)
M. Chinnaswamv Stadium, Mahatma Gandhi Road. BANGALORE-560 001
Capt K. THiMMAPPIAH
President
K C DESAI
Hon Treasurer
G. KASTUR1RANGAN
Vice-President
I will place y.-vcv letter before the Managing Committee of KSCA
for needful action in this matter.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
(Dr.K.Thimmappiah)
President.
ew Zealand Cricket Inc.
•vel'2
itional Bank Building
>4 Hereford Street
) Box 958
iristchurch, New Zealand
■lephone 03 366 2964
icsimile 03 365 7491
/ NEW ZEALAND
28 July 1997
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
Institutional Area, South of IIT
•EW DELHI 110016
4P
Dear Sir
This letter is by way of acknowledgment of your letter of July 7, in which you draw our
attention to your organisation's concerns about tobacco company advertising in sport.
Your letter has been directed to our Board and as you will know, within New Zealand
legislation has been in place for a number of years to prevent the use of such advertising
and so we are sympathetic to it. You will also understand that New Zealand Cricket would
not in any way wish to undermine the BCCI and the significance of those funds for its
operation and will inevitably be guided at the International Cricket Council by their needs
as well as the imperatives which you outline in your letter.
^,urs faithfully
Christopher Doig
Chief Executive
AUSTRALIAN CRICKET BOARD
Mr Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Durector
Voluntary Health Association of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan
40 Institutional Area
South of 1 IT
NEWDEHLI 110016
INDIA
August 6, 1997
Dear Mr Mukhopadhyay
Thank you for your letter dated 7 July, 1997, in regards Benson and Hedges
sponsorship of Australian Cricket.
The Benson and Hedges Company entered into a sponsorship agreement with
Australian Cricket in 1973. At this time it was the Board’s policy that sport in general
and cricket in particular should be free to accept, or reject, sponsorship from any
legally available source.
It was not until 1992 that the Federal Government introduced anti tobacco legislation
that prohibited tobacco companies from sponsoring sport . The Australian Cricket
Board in turn ended its association with the Benson and Hedges Company at the end
of the 1995/96 season.
It is worth noting that at no time did Benson and Hedges request, or indeed did the
Australian Cricket Board allow, the Benson and Hedges logo to appear on the players
shirts, nor did any of the players in any way endorse the company. Benson and
Hedges simply wanted to associate their brand name with cricket, which they
achieved through signage at grounds and by obtaining the naming rights to the Test
matches and the World Scries Cup one day competition.
AUSIliAiiANCRICKtI HOAPDACH
90 jOUi.WjX'I SIKH. JOUMONI.
130
1* •' i-HONj (03) 9653 9999
GENtl-Ai (J.;?.)9653 9911
<LC> VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
PPU
June 20,1997
Mr Jagmohan Dalmlya
Chairman
International Cricket Council
The Clock Tower
Lords Cricket Ground
London NW 8 8 QN
U.K.
Fax - -0171-266 1777 (f'>
)
Dear Mr Dalmlya,
We
congratulate you on being the first Indian
Chairman of International Cricket Council.
to
become
the
We also express our
disappointment on this occasion, because the
UK which has pioneered the formation of ICC has already banned
sponsorship of sporting events by tobacco companies
- however,
back home
in
India even though you were
and
still
are
the
Secretary of BCCI, your response to our repeated, well researched
requests to ban sponsorship of cricket by tobacco companies - has
fallen on deaf and Indifferent ears.
Our dismay also stems from the fact that you have shown no
sign
of
appreciation to what was done in the UK, to what was done
in
the Olympics, Wimbledon and the Indian Hockey Federation which Is
an
Indian
organization,
enjoying
a
status
of
eminence
internationally. And these are Just a few prestigious games where
sponsorship from tobacco companies is not accepted.
You might try to put the ball in the Indian Government’s
but that
does not excuse a citizen like you shouldering,
important responsibilities, nationally and internationally.
court
very
Tobacco addiction is responsible for millions of needless deaths
and disabilities which afflict the youth of your country due to
the sponsorship of tobacco advertisement in cricket on television
throughout the country, leading to young people of India ‘trying
out their
first cigarette’ and later getting addicted to this
slow poison.
Making Health a Reality for the People of.India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan, 40 Institutional Area, South of IIT, New Delhi-1 10016, INDIA
Phones : 6518071,65 18072, 6515018, 6962953, 6965871, Fax:01 I -6853708, GramstVOLHEALTH, N.D. 16
Donations exempted from IT under section 80-G of IT Act 196 I
Also exempted U/S IO(23C)IV as applicable to institutions of importance throughout india
VHAI
V?e
request you once again to Hive a hard and
clinical
look
to
the matter of refusing sponsorship from tobacco companies
for
cricket in
India,
and save the millions
of
vulnerable
young
cricket enthusiasts from this deadly drug i.e nicotine.
Wishing you all the best once again.
Yours sincerely,
Alok Hukhopadhyay
Executive Director
cc -
sck.
Reuter
Ail British Newspapers.
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
June 20,
1997
CRICKET & TOBACCO (THE KILLING LINKS)
Dear
This
comes to you with best wishes from a coutrywide network of
health
professionals,
researchers,
doctors,
health
workers
involved
in
promotion of health care
in
villages,
districts,
states;
in
short, a sizeable part of the Indian population.
A
much
larger
proportion of our population has keen
interest
in
cricket,
and whenever there is a cricket match people,
mostly,
the youth make sure they watch it on the television.
World
Health Organisation dedicated the World No Tobacco Day
to
the
theme
"Sports
and
the Arts
without
Tobacco".
Dr.
11.
Nakaiima,
Director General
of WHO
has
stated
that
"Regular
activity
is
vital
for
good health
:
it provides
physical
protection
from a wide variety of physical and mental
ailments.
However,
physical
fitness
and good health can be
ruined
by
tobacco use. The consequences of tobacco use are very serious; it
is estimated that about half of the adolescents who start smoking
cigarettes
and continue throughout their lives
will
eventually
die from tobacco related diseases.
Apart from smoking, all other
forms of tobacco use are also very hazardous".
In
India,
around 10 lakh people die each year due
related diseases.
to
tobacco
During
a
recent
meeting on
'Cardiovascular Diseases
Control
Programme’
at the
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
it
was
suggested that considering the disastrous effects of tobacco
on
health, Cricket Control Board of India should be requested not to
accept
sponsorship by
tobacco companies. Since,
it
leads
to
countrywide
advertisement of tobacco and young viewers relate
a
good
cricketer to smoking and follow the role model by
lighting
their first cigarette.
Moreover prestigious sports organisations like the Indian
Hockey
Federation,
Wimbledon, the Olympics to name a few have
already
stopped accepting tobacco sponsorship.
Making Health a Reality for the People of India
Tong Swasthya Bhawan, 40 Institutional Area, South of IIT, New Delhi-110016, INDIA
Phones : 65 18071,6518072, 6515018, 6962953, 6965871. Fax:011-6053708, Grams-.VOLHEALTH, N.D.16
Donations exempted from IT under section 80-G of IT Act 1961
Also exempted U/S IO(23C)IV as applicable to institutions of importance throughout india
VHA1
This
is
one industry which kills and is
only
concerned
about
proper
display of their brand
in a cricket match.
They
ensure
that
the
viewer
definitely looks at their brand
apart
from
cricket leading to their first smoke and later on addiction for a
lifetime.
As
eminent and socially responsible sportsman, please
consider,
should
cricket become a vehicle to promote this deadly
product?
which the Americans categorise as a "drug".
Amongst several studies, which have proved the killing effect
of
tobacco
on health, a recent market study released in
Washington
by Mr. Richard Pollay a Professor of Marketing at the
University
of
British
Columbia
found
that
sensitivity
to
cigarette
advertising
is about three times stronger among teenagers
than
among adults.
As
a gesture of your support to save lives and prevent
cricket
from becoming a vehicle to advertise, addict and kill the
youth
of
your society, we urge upon you to
take a firm stand
against
the unethical promotion of tobacco products and kindly send us
a
line
in
support
of
the
campaign
against
promoting tobacco
products through sports and arts.
On the 50th year of our Independence let us jointly
- Freedom from Tobacco With best wishes,
Yours sincerely
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Executive Director
pledge...
Cover Story
Wwm So Smote Lite Men
Amanda Amos & Claire Chollat-Traquet
hen smoking amongst women
was not as widespread as it is
now, women were considered
to be almost free from cardiovascular dis
eases and lung cancer.
Unhappily, the situation has changed,
smoking kills over half a million
Women each year in the industrialized
world.
But it is also an increasingly impor
tant cause of ill health amongst women in
developing countries.
Despite these alarming statistics, the
scale of the threat that smoking poses to
women’s health has received surprisingly
little attention.
W
Young girls and women
need to be protected from
inducements to smoke. To
bacco is a multi-national,
multi-billion dollar industry.
It is also an industry under
threat; one quarter of its
customers, in the long term,
are killed by using its prod
uct and smoking is declin
ing in many industrialized
countries.
Smoking is still seen by many as
mainly a male problem, perhaps because
men were the first to take up the habit and
therefore the first to suffer the ill effects.
This is no longer the case. Women who
smoke like men will die like men.
As women took up smoking later than
men, the full impact of smoking on their
health has yet to be seen. But it is clear
from countries where women have smoked
longest, such as the United Kingdom and
the United States, that smoking causes the
same diseases in women as in men and
the gap between their death-rates is nar
rowing.
Women specific
Smoking also affects women’s health
in ways that are specific to women, and
that puts them at added risk.
Cervical cancer
Women smokers have higher rates of
cervical cancer, while those who smoke
and use the oral contraceptive pill are sev
eral times more likely to develop cardio
vascular diseases than those who use nei
ther.
Menopause, miscarriage, low-birthweight
Smoking affects women’s reproductive
health, increasing the risks of earlier
menopause, miscarriage and low-birth
weight babies — a major concern in those
developing countries where a baby’s
health is already jeopardized by poverty
and malnutrition.
Osteoporosis
Smokers are more prone to
osteoporosis, a major cause of fractures
in older people, particularly post-meno
pause women.
6
Health Action • January
Smoke-Statics
Death toll
A recent WHO Consultation on the statistical aspects of to
bacco-related mortality concluded that the toll that can be at
tributed to smoking throughout the world is 2.7 million deaths
per year.
It also predicted that, if current patterns of cigarette smok
ing continue unchanged, the global death toll from tobacco by
the year 2025 may increase to eight million deaths per year. A
large proportion of these will be amongst women.
On current trends, some 20 to 25 per cent of women who
smoke will die from their habit. One in three of these deaths
will be among women under 65 years of age.
Developed and developing
WHO estimates that, in industrialized countries, smoking rates
amongst men and women are very similar, at around 30 per
cent; in a large number of developed countries, smoking is now
more common among teenage girls than boys.
In most developing countries, where it is generally estimated
that 50 per cent of men and five per cent of women smoke, the
epidemic seems not to have reached women yet. But as ciga
rettes become more widely available and more heavily promoted,
trends are changing.
Heart diseases, strokes and cancer
The US Surgeon General has estimated that, amongst these
Passive smoking
Women’s health is also affected by the
smoking of others, that is, by passive or
involuntary smoking; for example, it has
been shown that non-smoking wives of
heavy smokers run a higher risk of lung
cancer.
In addition to these direct effects, we
should not forget the indirect ones such
as the additional burden in economic and
non-economic terms that must be carried
mainly by the mother as a consequence of
morbidity and mortality of other family
members from tobacco-associated dis
eases.
Protection, education, support
What can be done to halt and reverse
the tobacco epidemic amongst women?
The challenge is two-fold: to reduce the
already high level of smoking among
women in the industrialized world and to
ensure that the low level of smoking in
developing countries does not increase.
In order to achieve these goals, all
countries need to develop comprehensive
anti-tobacco programmes which take into
account and address the needs of women.
Whilst these programmes should be cul
Health Action • January
women, smoking is responsible for around 40 per cent of heart
disease deaths, 55 per cent lethal strokes and, among women of
all ages, 80 per cent lung cancer deaths and 30% of all cancer
deaths.
■
Lung cancer
Over the last 20 years, death rates in women from lung can
cer have more than doubled in Japan, Norway, Poland, Swe
den and the United Kingdom; have increased by more than 200.
per cent in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand; and have
increased by more than 300 per cent in Canada and the United
States.
.
Respiratory cancer
There are dramatically increasing trends in respiratory can
cer among women in developed countries, and the causal rela
tionship of smoking, rather than air pollution and other factors,
to lung cancer is very clear.
•
In the United States, for instance, the mortality rate for 1^^
cancer among female non-smokers has not changed during the
past 20 years. During the same period, the rate among female
smokers has increased by a factor of half.
Oral cancer
Smoking is already an important cause of cancer in many
developing countries. In South-East Asia more than 85 per cent
of oral cancer cases in women are caused by tobacco habits.
________ Data from Amanda Amos & Claire Chollat-Traquet
ture-specific and tailored to meet the lo
cal situation, experts agree that to be suc
cessful they must contain three key ele
ments: protection, education and support.
To maintain profits, to
bacco companies need to
ensure that at least 2.7
million new smokers,
usually young people,
start smoking every year.
'Women have been clearly
identified as a key target
group for tobacco
advertising in both the
indusrializeed and devel
oping worlds. Billions of
US dollars each year are
spent on promoting this
lethal product
specifically to women.
Young girls and inducements
Young girls and women need to be pro
tected from inducements to smoke. To
bacco is a multi-national, multi-billion
dollar industry. It is also an industry un
der threat; one quarter of its customers.
in the long term, are killed by using its
product and smoking is declining in n^^
industrialized countries.
To maintain profits, tobacco companies
need to ensure that at least 2.7 million new
smokers, usually young people, start
smoking every year.
Woman as target
Women have been clearly identified as
a key target group for tobacco advertising
in both the indusrializeed and developing
worlds. Billions of US dollars each year
are spent on promoting this lethal prod
uct specifically to women.
“Women only” brands, widespread ad
vertisements depicting beautiful, glamor
ous, successful women smoking, free fash
ion goods, and the sponsorship of women’s
sports and eventsfsuch as tennis and fash
ion shows), are all part of the industry’s
global marketing strategy aimed at attractContd. on page 37
The Real Cost
■ iltaiM
. It costs a lot more then the two rupees or
so you pay per cigarette.
hat is the real cost of tobacco? The World Health
Organisation (WHO) says the cost of tobacco goes
far beyond the tragic health consequences. Tobacco
is devastating to the economic health of the world as well.
It is for this reason that WHO has chosen the theme. “To^3co costs more than you think” for the World No-Tobacco Day
<^31 May, 1995.
W
Each year, three million people in the world die due to smok
ing, one death every ten seconds. Yet, this epidemic is not caused
by any virus or bacteria. It is an epidemic created by the motive
for profit, and perpetuated by those few who stand to earn so
much while their products harm so many.
The tobacco industry has turned a blind eye to the need
less deaths and suffering caused by its products, by market
ing a substance that has as much potential for causing addic
tion as heroin or cocaine.
Tobacco products have no safe level of consumption, and are
the only legal consumer products that kill when used exactly as
the manufacturer intends. Researchers have rated nicotine as
even more addictive than heroin, cocaine, marijuana or alcohol.
The Facts
How many smokers
<3 1.1 billion smokers worldwide.
<3 In developed countries, 41% of men and 21% of women
i^feilarly smoke.
In developing countries, 50% of men and 8% of women
smoke.
3 The number of women who smoke is increasing in many
countries.
How many cigarettes
3 6,000 billion cigarettes are smoked every year.
3 In developed countries, annual consumption of cigarettes
dropped from 2,800 cigarettes per adult in the early 1980s to
2,400 in the early 1990s.
3 In developing countries, which account for three-quarters
of the world’s population, per adult consumption rose from 1,150
cigarettes oer year to 1,400 annually, and is still increasing at
1.7% per year.
How many deaths are caused by tobacco
3 About three million deaths per year now, with about onethird of them in developing countries. If current smoking trends
persist, this will increase to approximately ten million deaths a
year in 30-40 years, with about 70% of them in developing coun
tries.
3 Every ten seconds another person dies because of tobacco
8
—
use.
3 Cigarettes currently cause about 20% of all deaths in de
veloping countries.
Health facts about tobacco
Smoking is the single largest preventable factor in prema
ture death, disability and disease. The negative health con
sequences of smoking are not as immediate as with other haz
ardous substances. There is a 30-40 year delay between the
onset of smoking and the deaths that it causes.
Therefore, the health risks of tobacco are vastly underesti
mated by the public, and even by many of the authorities who
are responsible for protecting and promoting public health. This
is one of the reasons why tobacco products are still widely and
easily available and why lenient tobacco policies are still in ex
istence.
Smokers Harm Others As Well As Themselves
Environmental tobacco smoke
3 causes lung cancer and other diseases in individuals ex
posed to second-hand smoke;
3 exacerbates allergies and asthma.
Maternal smoking
This is associated with higher risk of miscarriage, lower
birthweight of babies, and inhibited child development.
Parental smoking is also a factor in sudden infant death syn
drome and is associated with higher rates of respiratory illness
including bronchitis, colds and pneumonia in children.
The Economic and Human Costs of Tobacco Use
The real costs of tobacco are far more than you realise. How
ever, the difficulty lies in quantifying these hidden costs some of
which are:
3 Medical bills for treating those suffering from smokingrelated diseases.
3 Nursing care for the terminally ill.
3 Dealing with the responsibilities previously assumed by those
patients.
3 Smoking eats into the family income since paying for ciga
rettes to feed the addiction would mean less money on essentials
such as food, housing, transport and children’s education.
3 Reduction in life-expectancy.
3 Increased risk of permanent disability.
3 Increased absenteeism from work as a result of intermittent
illness.
3 Suffering brought upon those people whose lives are tom
apart due to the loss or illness of a loved one.
The value of human life and of attaining human potential, can-
Health Action • January
Cover Story
Second-hand Smoke
Misty Damages
ta Heart
As many as 60,000 non-smokers die each year in the
US from heart disease brought on by passive smoking,
say two American medical researchers. The evidence
from scores of studies is now overwhelming, say Stanton
Glantz and William Parmley of the University of Cali
fornia, San Francisco.
They argue that “environmental tobacco smoke”
mounts a multi-pronged attack on the cardiovascular sys
tem, and that non-smokers are particularly susceptible.
“This might be so because even small amounts of
chemicals in tobacco smoke have large effects on the
heart,” they say.
According to these researchers, chemicals in tobacco
smoke damage the cardiovascular system in many ways.
Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke displaces oxygen
from red blood cells so that less oxygen reaches the heart.
And the oxygen that does reach the heart is used less
efficiently because chemicals in smoke lower the levels
of a key enzyme called cytochrome oxidase.
Smoke activates platelets in the blood, making clot
formation more likely. Activated platelets also damage the
inner walls of arteries, triggering atherosclerosis, the dan
gerous clogging of blood vessels.
And nicotine increases the damage to the heart that follows a
heart attack by increasing the build-up of damaging free radi
cals.
The review, published in the Journal of the American Medi
cal Association (JAMA) in the first week of April 1995, also
shows that non-smokers are far more susceptible to these effects
than might be expected.
Smokers have a three times greater risk of developing heart
disease than a non-smoker who is not regularly subjected to en
vironmental smoke. But even though non-smokers who are con
tinuously exposed to second-hand smoke inhale far less than a
smoker, they have an increased risk of 30%.
Glantz and Parmley say this difference in sensitivity should
Contd. from page 8
not be adequately measured in pure eco
nomic terms. But difficulties in measure
ment should not leave us blind to these, for
they are the biggest by far of the true costs
of tobacco products.
Health Action • January
be taken into account by policy makers.
“The tobacco industry loves talking about what thr^fe'I
'cigarette equivalents’ — saying you’d have to be in a sWiky
bar for a thousand hours in order to breathe the equivalent
of one cigarette,” says Glantz. “We’re saying that this kind
of comparison just doesn’t make sense.”
The JAMA article comes when anti-smoking legislation is on
the increase in the US. The Occupational Safely and Health Ad
ministration, the government body responsible for regulating con
ditions in the workplace in the US, is proposing new rules that
would ban or seriously restrict smoking in every workplace.
'
Already, nearly every state in the US has some form of anti-'
smoking legislation, much of it inspired by the Environmental.
Protection Agency’s declaration that second-hand smoke is a
carcinogen.
£1
(Source: New Scientist, 15 April 1995)
US and UK Figures
USA — Cigarette smoking costs the na
tion USS 52 billion in health expenditure
or time lost from work each year, or about
US $ 221 per person.
UK—smoking costs the National Health
Service $ 437 million a year. Fifty million
working days are lost each year because of
smoking related diseases.
E
(Source: WHO’s World No Tobacco
Day kit)
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.. .................... --—GHOWJ II: Grtiwi). in Inconw Indicator.-: CARG: 1992 9i
Industry
Groups
Food Products
Tea A: Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages At Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer At Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals At Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints &: Varnishes
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Soaps A: Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres A: Tubes
Rubber A: Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig A: Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings At Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners At Refrigerators
Dry Cells A: Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software At Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars At Multi Utility Vehi
Two A: Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper At Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing
Distribution by Industry
Sales Other'Income Total Income
18.94
16.18
16.83
21.60
14.46
14.24
14.90
14.13
15.35
11.22
23.15
16.23
16.47
20.04
19.61
14.15
12.92
18.57
19.41
16.96
21.53
16.46
12.36
10.91
12.95
12.29
15.53
24.30
14.74
17.31
16.48
13.38
12.70
14.91
13.29
10.32
14.17
16.76
15.53
14.03
16.35
17.23
16.98
26.64
16.58
14.41
20.43
18.82
19.82
12.05
15.51
18.41
16.66
15.79
17.25
14.61
18.01
23.82
13.32
13.88 .
13.20
16.15
17.41
17.04
17.57
13.96
18.45
6.39
-1.01
16.82
24.15
27.72
30.84
15.16
27.14
10.81
11.34
20.20
23.72
26.41
20.96
37.86
19.04
6.70
25.83
19.78
16.72
17.27.
15.61
13.76
22.40
55.83
15.62
13.04
30.20
11.85
14.59
20.95
21.14
25.55
21.66
19.29
19.37
10.51
1.58
26.87
19.34
17.21
18.29
15.65
15.42
21.41
14.55
14.47
14.77
14.86
15.39
12.58
23.40
16.10
16.83
19.74
19.14
14.94
12.90
19.02
19.61
17.06
22.17
16.00
12.25
10.93
13.01
12.52
15.63
24.27
14.89
17.67
16.59
13.67
12.44
14.62
12.63
9.99
13.96
17.34
15.21
13.49
16.93
17.07
16.47
26.52
16.69
14.36
20.08
18.77
19.77
11.22
14.98
18.16
16.69
15.77
Value of
Output
18.58
16.31
15.52
21.52
14.87
15.14
14.80
15.20
15.03
14.00
22.77
16.02
16.80
20.10
20.37
14.81
13.63
18.95
19.80
16.72
22.40
15.75
13.15
11.34
12.94
12.07
14.86
22.26
14.12
16.94
15.95
14.14
13.87
14.91
12.67
9.77
14.11
16.77
14.90
14.99
17.88
17.81
17.49
27.25
16.85
14.45
21.04
19.44
19.97
11.24
15.24
18.07
16.94
15.79
Gross Value
Added
16.00
12.19
20.12
17.42
19.54
21.89 .•
16.09
11.26
10.54
10.00
25.59
16.70
17.47
19.37
19.55
16.38
15.31
20.67
21.86
17.35
23.00
16.25
12.27
10.79
10.43
9.16
14.69
19.92
13.86
15.90
17.65
14.71
16.51
15.55
13.40
11.84
14.77
17.42
13.93
13.51
20.36
18.28
18.04
31.63
17.14
14.38
23.50
22.13
20.00
7.17
14.38
19.41
16.14
15.33
Industry
Groups
Food Products
Tea i: Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages ic Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer &: Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals ic Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints 4c Varnishes
Drugs 4c Pharmaceuticals
Soaps 4c Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres it Tubes
Rubber 6c Rubber Products
Non-Mctallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig 6c Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings 6c Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium 4: Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires 4c Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners 6c Refrigerators
Dry Cells 6c Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software & Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars 6c Multi Utility Vehi
Two 6c Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper 6c Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing______________________
Distribution by Industry
Operating
PBDIT
PAT
PBT
Profit (NNRT) (NNRT) (NNRT)
8.24
16.95
16.43
6.52
11.27
14.87
9.76
9.81 •
24.32
31.46
20.23
-52.81
20.57
16.80
-44.03
-10.18
21.52
20.41
23.37
24.85
•24.66>
27.81
•27.67;
seas*
' 5.18
15.87
4.95
-11.87
-17.60
11.32
-24.93
7.68
11.06
0.00
0.00
0.49
-2.62
7.71
6.20
-5.25
26.24
9.43
19.86
9.67
14.29
16.73
13.88
17.10
17.79
17.15
14.58
17.83
20.62
-19.14
-3.50
27.33
18.75
22.81
23.28
26.01
16.67
-9.37
19.66
71.99
16.44
21.52
19.28
13.53
29.46
24.81
26.83
22.33
24.29
59.55
106.08
26.53
15.74
6.04
6.38
16.66
23.24
3.47
-1.56
-0.87
13.96
15.43
15.99
15.83
11.84
-3.95
-30.05
-13.59
9.37
0.00
-29.19
-5.89
8.88
-9.42
-18.06
4.87
-23.47
7.71
-17.43
3.93
-18.20
15.29
22.57
-13.80
19.03
-9.14
13.61
-25.90
14.47
-33.96
29.28
-20.55
14.94
-29.34
13.59
11.38
18.54
15.64
13.70
12.96
11.42
14.85
20.21
19.52
18.22
16.74
30.43
28.29
15.84
18.77
14.79
15.18
14.28
13.54
19.40
15.36
-2.86
-6.90
6.14
10.19
16.11
10.44
10.26
-0.89
8.54
-30.05
10.70
19.15
-30.25'
-19.44
13.85
-9.97
-18.78
4.69
-8.98
6.97
14.24
15.58
9.84
22.93
20.83
25.05
16.71
18.16
9.86
9.39
19.07
18.01
47.74
44.62
25.32
30.61
29.06
10.77
20.47
22.76
15.98
16.18
-1.16
13.81
26.48
28.01
30.09
33.28
22.89
24.56
49.91
36.44
22.57
24.51
20.71
20.01
3.04
27.76
0.74
-15.59
26.44
40.17
27.49
68.11
17.75
9.55
16.55
21.31
17.71
17.73
16.03
10.25
11.77
10.60
15.88
14.98
Dividend Retained
Payments Earnings
17.52
-5.69
16.33
16.35
-5.69
19.69
2.87
19.07
26.86
17.96
17.85)
27.88
12.31
18.33
13.62
8.46
0.00
17.85
-11.79
-0.33
6.43
27.34
9.95
25.45
25.74
-6.81
-10.62
12.25
21.69
27.79
-8.92
2488
12.07
32.28
21.75
33.53
36.96
25.39
-1.74
21.35
24.32
26.30
15.89
28.52
-4.43
7.61
0.00
1.39
-23.69
12.91
-31.84
12.95
49.30
13.95
57.36
-3.11
4.38
11.68
12.21
18.58
47.84
25.56
37.72
15.43
30.50
38.13
21.09
21.70
20.44
26.48
14.64
-0.88
11.18
17.72
24.37
21.36
-58.06
18.63
-21.97
23.60
30.57
15.15
28.32
23.27
19.65
8.00
46.27
53.54
42.05
24.04
15.37
18.73
22.45
31.15
79.95
28.97
24.71
23.33
-18.85
-0.50
7.39
35.23
-34.13
24.12
13.71
23.44
6.05
21.73
Gross
Savings
9.76
14.30
13.70
1.95
24.56
28.1&
13.41
-0.44
-9.91
8.00
21.61
13.65
10.48
19.27
16.72
6.13
12.93
23.03
24.76
10.79
1.63
18.16
-12.72
-32.70
0.32
2.22
8.18
21.61
7.88
17.55
12.84
13.84
20.64
17.17
19.13
8.77
14.91
-14.94
0.07
-13.78
24.53
17.30
13.71
41.75
24.79
9.80
34.65
31.03
22.61
-13.97 ■
-7.21
11.22
17.39 _
12.73 _
___________________________________________ ___________________ '
Co/porar.- Secto- Ccnf'e' nv >\>nit0ring Indian Econc'1')
Distribution by Industry
1991-92
Industry Groups
23.0
Food Products
6.8
Tea & Coffee
21.0
Sugar
35.7
Vegetable Oils i: Products
23.3
Beverages & Tobacco
'27.5.Tobacco Products*
15.9
Beer & Alcohol
17.4
Textiles
16.5
Cotton Textiles
19.6
Svnthetic Textiles
15.7
Textile Processing
17.1
Chemicals
25.6
Chemicals & Plastics
29.1
Inorganic Chemicals
24.2
Alkalies
24.4
Fertilisers
21.6
Paints & Varnishes
22.3
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
23.6
Soaps & Detergents
41.5
Polymers
29.4
Plastic Products
10.7
Petroleum Products
16.4
Tyres it Tubes
15.5
Rubber Sc Rubber Products
22.3
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
22.8
Cement
19.1
Ferrous Metals
43.0
Pig & Sponge Iron
19.4
Steel
18.2
Castings Sc Forgings
12.1
Metal Products
19.2
Non-Ferrous Metals
15.7
Aluminium Sc Aluminium Products
13.7
Machinery
14.8
Non-Electrical Machinery
6.9
Industrial Machinery
12.8
Electrical Machinery
15.3
Wires & Cables
19.2
Domestic Electrical Appliances
-6.3
Air-Conditioners Sc Refrigerators
21.1
Dry Cells S: Storage Batteries
14.1
Electronics
20.7
Consumer Electronics
3.0
Computer Software
Hardware
12.4
Automobile
15.3
Commercial Vehicles
12.9
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
4.6
Two & Three Wheelers
22.3
Automobile Ancillaries
15.9
Paper & Paper Products
12.0
Leather Products
21.8
Miscellaneous Products
15.5
Diversified__________ ____________ __
17.3
Manufacturing___________________ ___
1992-93
11.5
2.0
17.2
12.6
18.3
18.9/
17.0
12.1
12.1
13.0
30.2
13.7
11.3
35.1
20.4
1.7
8.3
21.6
1.7
16.4
14.3
16.5
9.5
2.0
9.3
6.6
14.8
-1.7
15.0
14.4
18.9
13.6
14.1
14.1
14.4
8.0
14.7
37.9
11.4
4.1
■ 0.4
13.0
5.1
16.8
4.2
-3.7
10.2
9.1
14.1
15.3
8.8
18.2
11.6
12.9
1993-94
21.0
34.9
18.3
16.3
14.8
3823 *
28.7
19.8
20.8
15.2
42.4
9.6
13.9
14.5
8.8
10.1
20.7
16.4
11.8
30.1
13.3
7.4
11.1
9.9
15.9
31.5
15.3
13.4
15.7
6.4
5.8
13.0
9.9
20.8
11.6
4.5
19.3
37.8
14.2
18.1
20.4
34.9
21.0
25.3
25.0
25.7
20.6
14.1
31.6
25.3
18.6
14.0
1994-95
31.0
19.7
16.7
34.2
18.0
tfOW
31.2
24.4
25.9
19.0
46.4
30.8
27.6
31.4
33.9
27.3
17.2
20.7
30.2
35.7
40.9
34.9
21.5
26.3
21.5
21.1
27.8
45.6
25.9
31.3
31.0
27.6
24.7
22.9
22.0
28.1
21.5
29.4
22.2
21.1
15.9
25.7
29.1
63.2
35.6
42.6
31.4
33.1
36.4
15.0
37.6
34.9
18.5
27.2
1995-96
27.7
16.7
35.2
32.8
8.0
11.1.’
3.2
20.9
20.9
19.6
25.6
19.2
19.6
19.5
57.2
10.5
20.3
20.7
16.2
19.9
31.9
18.2
23.5
27.6
20.0
20.9
22.1
56.7
19.5
28.2
25.5
20.0
19.5
22.5
19.7
14.7
23.4
28.8
22.0
26.7
.13.8
23.8
32.9
31.0
32.4
35.5
45.5
43.3
32.1
26.7
20.5
17.6
18.6
21.4
1996-97
9.6
10.3
5.0
11.7
6.8
.10.5
0.5
3.5
8.4
-5.0
4.1
18.4
8.1
9.8
6.0
7.1
6.4
16.0
25.7
-2.9
5.1
28.8
3.9
10.5
2.4
2.1
5.6
4.5
4.5
5.5
11.6
0.9
-0.3
12.2
12.5
-6.3
12.6
8.1
6.3
18.1
35.4
11.5
-1.5
24.5
19.2
24.9
19.4
11.3
16.9
-0.1
2.5
7.3
18.6
12.7
1997-98
10.7
26.2
6.9
11.1
12.9
13.711.3
2.8
4.4
0.0
4.6
6.4
10.7
4.3
-3.5
23.0
7.6
8.6
24.4
2.9
4.2
4.0
0.4
-8.4
5.8
4.0
5.2
12.3
2.8
8.2
11.3
6.8
1.0
3.6
3.7
9.4
2.9
16.4
15.2
16.1
20.9
-3.5
-23.6
3.5
9.8
o.o
-0.1
A7
OJ
6.0
1K4
__
m
____ 6-2
rn-VAmtA
Growth: Total Incom e - (7.)
44
GF
Distribution by Industry
'
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages & Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer &: Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Synthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals & Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs
Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres & Tubes
Rubber & Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig & Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings & Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners & Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software & Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
Two & Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper & Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified__________________________
Manufacturing______________________
May 1999
1991-92
22.0
3.7
18.1
35.3
24.9
30.7,.
14.6
19.1
17.2
23.0
15.4
17.2
28.4
26.4
23.0
32.1
21.4
24.3
21.9
42.8
34.4
8.8
18.3
17.2
23.5
25.2
21.4
39.2
22.6
18.3
11.2
19.6
17.5
13.6
15.9
7.7
11.9
16.3
20.6
-4.0
■ 17.7
14.0
19.0
2.6
12.1
18.3
10.4
3.0
23.2
17.6
7.3
20.8
15.8
17.8
1992-93
11.6
5.6
13.7
14.3
16.9
16.7
17.5
14.8
12.4
17.6
29.4
14.0
11.9
36.6
18.2
3.6
6.4
22.5
2.1
17.0
13.8
16.5
9.8
1.2
9.1
5.7
17.0.
7.0
16.6
22.9
20.7
15.6
12.7
13.7
11.7
8.3
14.7
36.3
9.6
-2.7
2.3
14.2
7.2
14.4
8.2
-1.3
10.8
10.8
13.6
10.0
9.7
17.6
10.3
13.5
1993-94
20.2
38.1
12.8
15.8
14.2
1994-95
35.3
14.3
39.6
36.6
19.6
29.1
20.0
21.7
15.4
41.6
8.4
11.6
9.9
11.0
1.8
10.2
19.8
15.5
8.0
31.5
5.4
10.6
7.5
9.0
7.5
9.2
24.4
8.2
5.1
12.6
1.3
3.2
11.7
9.2
19.0
10.5
4.7
17.4
45.6
11.8
15.6
17.5
34.3
17.8
11.5
24.6
24.2
20.1
12.0
36.8
25.2
15.7
12.0
33.1
25.4
26.8
19.2
50.3
31.0
29.5
36.8
27.3
30.3
20.1
23.2
29.4
37.1
43.2
33.6
21.3
25.0
22.2
21.1
28.4
48.9
26.1
30.5
34.2
29.7
25.8
23.4
18.8
28.1
23.9
33.7
25.7
19.4
17.4
26.7
31.6
65.7
33.1
48.2
32.9
34.6
37.0
19.0
37.7
35.1
21.9
28.1
12/8
1995-96
24.8
18.2
19.7
32.0
7.3
IW
1.2
21.1
18.8
22.2
25.9
20.3
20.9
17.1
59.8
14.6
21.3
20.4
18.3
20.2
31.9
19.4
24.0
28.4
21.1
22.8
23.9
52.2
21.9
28.6
26.6
23.4
22.7
24.3
22.6
16.4
24.8
28.1
22.1
27.5
20.6
25.3
34.1
32.8
36.6
39.2
47.5
42,1
31.7
29.8
17.6
18.7
19.4
22.5
1996 -97
7.3
10.8
5.5
8.3
5.8
9.4*
-0.4
1.5
6.1
-6.0
3.7
17.2
6.3
10.9
4.3
2.3
4.0
15.9
26.7
-4.1
4.2
28.1
5.9
8.7
2.1
1.9
8.1
4.8
8.0
6.1
10.1
0.1
-1.9
10.2
10.9
-8.3
10.2
6.7
5.9
16.2
36.7
9.4
-5.4
22.6
18.5
25.3
17.0
12.3
16.7
-4.9
0.6
8.3
16.3
11.7
1997-98
9.3
22.2
2.2
11.2
14.3
15.3F
12.5
4.3
6.3
0.3
5.0
6.3
11.3
4.7
-0.5
24.5
8.4
7.9
25.6
5.6
2.6
3.5
-1.9
-7.1
6.1
5.9
3.6
4.0
2.9
14.8
3.6
9.3
9.8
6.6
0 47
2.6
3.3
1.0
6.8
0.8
14.7
15.3
16.2
22.0
-4.3
-24.0
3.0
9.5
-0.1
-1.1
1.3
4.1
17.8
____ 6.2
Corporate Sector, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
"O
"G
Pr
Be
Siz
“Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Percen-
Corpor_,
Distribution by Industry
.
WF
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages & Tobacco
Tobacco Product
Beer & Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Synthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals & Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres & Tubes
Rubber & Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig & Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings & Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners & Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software & Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
Two & Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper & Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified__________________________
Manufacturing ____________________
1991-92
13.1
8.1
19.3
16.0
15.8
27.0«
5.3
8.6
9.2
13.7
11.4
18.0
18.4 •
26.0
23.1
18.9
10.7
22.4
2.5
30.0
20.0
13.1
23.2
20.9
13.9
10.4
18.5
57.3
18.6
15.0
16.2
14.8
9.1
11.0
12.9
13.5
7.9
8.9
15.7
3.1
14.7
14.0
21.2
3.9
4.4
13.7
-2.8
10.1
17.1
15.7
4.7
15.9
11.1
12.9
1992-93
11.2
10.8
9.2
17.4
10.4
12.0
4.8
2.5
12.5
60.8
13.0
13.0
22.9
12.0
9.5
17.2
9.8
1.3
27.7
20.5
13.5
14.4
4.5
16.0
19.6
10.9
-19.4
10.9
16.6
12.0
19.3
13.1
14.3
8.9
13.9
14.6
9.3
35.8
17.7
3.9
20.6
16.2
34.3
14.0
13.4
16.6
8.1
12.6
12.0
2.6
15.9
8.8
11.6
1993-94
17.5
21.5
5.9
15.6
23.4
22.8
24.3
13.6
15.0
18.2
21.1
12.7
14.1
10.1
24.9
15.3
11.7
12.9
14.2
20.2
22.2
7.9
10.3
13.6
7.9
6.8
12.0
25.7
12.2
14.9
8.2
2.1
11.3
8.6
7.9
12.7
8.0
10.5
-6.1
12.6
12.9
10.3
9.0
30.6
12.7
12.2
28.1
12.4
20.0
11.3
19.3
17.6
13.5
12.1
1994-95
15.8
12.3
18.5
24.2
16.8
5.F
32.6
10.6
5.5
11.9
15.4
23.2
23.7
15.9
17.3
31.7
12.8
19.1
46.1
18.1
24.4
32.1
7.6
8.5
14.2
12.3
15.9
50.4
15.1
17.0
18.9
18.2
21.9
19.3
16.9
20.3
19.9
18.1
20.5
38.8
13.5
21.0
11.2
48.1
17.2
22.6
11.5
14.1
21.0
13.3
32.2
21.1
14.3
17.4
1995-96
22.9
19.4
26.4
19.0
17.6
i2O
12.7
11.5
10.1
15.7
18.9
29.6
24.5
18.9
20.4
20.7
19.1
21.5
30.5
61.7
29.4
54.9
25.8
22.2
20.9
22.5
26.3
55.6
26.4
23.5
24.3
20.5
26.3
26.8
20.1 ♦
21.7
29.8
18.6
14.7
23.7
18.3
30.0
26.0
• 44.8
29.4
35.7
32.8
56.2
25.4
18.6
16.4
14.8
19.8
24.1
1996-97
11.5
12.9
3.8
13.6
7.0
10.2
2.9
12.0
13.3
11.6
15.8
4.0
6.7
7.9
15.2
-0.3
14.6
11.1
10.6
-6.9
19.4
-8.0
9.8
10.3
11.6
8.9
7.6
10.2
6.5
14.3
13.0
13.5
16.0
11.3
10.3
6.6
7.7
21.3
12.0
21.4
52.2
17.5
8.8
50.2
8.3
17.0
9.8
8.0
22.6
11.1
0.4
22.3
18.5
10.0
1997-98
10.3
10.0
5.1
23.9
11.6
16.4)
6.4
11.3
14.7
2.3
6.4
13.8
14.4
7.1
15.9
16.9
11.0
12.5
24.7
9.7
15.6
19.3
-1.6
6.2
8.3
8.9
2.7
12.8
1.5
4.1
10.8
11.9
14.3
13.4
8.9
6.4
5.3
8.7
12.3
16.1
11.2
27.7
37.3
43.4
8.8
-5.7
14.5
15.7
12.5
10.6
8-9
'O'
"Gt
(.
Pr
L
F
Ye>
”Beii
Be*
Be*
Aft
Siz>
De.
De.
De.
De.
De.
De.
De.
De.
Dec
Perce.
2
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May 1999
Corpora ie Sector.. Cen.-rc re: t.l onitorihg Indian Ec^'
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils A: Products
Beverages & Tobacco
Tobacco Products £
Beer & Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals & Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres & Tubes
Rubber it Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig it Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings & Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners & Refrigerators
Dry Cells it Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software & Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
Two & Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper & Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing
1991-92
22.9
7.9
21.1
26.7
23.6
.'§6.94
10.6
20.2
20.8
25.4
4.1
15.6
30.7
25.8
16.1
38.2
18.3
28.7
23.9
39.8
39.6
4.6
20.1
15.1
18.8
19.4
20.9
40.3
23.1
13.2
18.0
22.5
10.9
11.4
2.6
10.3
16.1
20.0
1.6
18.3
11.2
18.2
2.3
13.7
19.5
8.8
3.8
21.4
18.2
3.3
18.6
15.2
16.7
1992-93
11.5
9.3
6.5
14.4
15.5
15.0.
16.3
13.9
9.9
19.7
33.3
13.6
10.4
40.9
16.6
2.6
4.2
18.8
0.5
12.9
13.6
16.5
14.6
4.0
14.0
10.4
16.7
-4.1
16.3
28.8
21.3
18.7
12.4
14.4
15.9
9.5
12.6
24.9
13.8
-3.0
2.0
15.4
9.8
14.5
6.4
3.3
17.2
8.1
13.6
13.8
14.9
9.4
13.6
13.7
1993-94
19.4
47.4
5.7
17.1
25.8
17:9 >■
35.9
17.4
17.7
12.7
40.0
5.0
9.2
4.6
7.8
-0.2
13.1
16.6
11.5
13.2
24.4
0.7
11.6
4.9
11.3
9.5
6.9
24.9
5.2
-0.1
14.7
5.6
5.7
12.5
10.0
21.6
11.1
8.1
40.3
5.6
16.8
10.4
51.9
14.2
11.9
29.3
15.4
21.2
. 8.4
32.6
25.8
16.7
10.5
1994-95
40.7
18.8
52.7
41.9
23.8
42.5
25.9
26.7
20.9
39.3
35.4
25.8
29.8
28.4
24.7
18.7
21.6
30.0
22.1
44.6
46.4
18.3
28.6
20.2
17.5
23.8
37.1
21.5
27.3
31.1
19.5
16.7
25.5
20.4
26.0
25.1
34.9
31.5
33.4
25.7
30.9
38.1
63.7
36.3
46.6
28.6
31.0
32.8
15.1
42.8
29.5
18.4
29.3
1995-96
26.1
20.4
27.7
27.8
3.5
4.9/
2.3
26.4
23.8
30.3
28.9
21.5
21.716.8
41.1
17.8
31.1
22.2
26.3
15.1
35.1
20.6
29.8
31.3
16.6
16.9
24.1
65.7
22.1
33.1
23.2
25.6
19.3
25.2
22.6
18.4
24.6
31.0
24.7
27.3
29.0
28.5
35.9
34.1
32.6
38.6
43.9
44.8
36.4
23.0
27.8
20.8
23.0
23.7
1996-97
6.4
13.2
-0.2
8.8
2.4
2.7"
2.1
4.3
7.9
-3.2
4.6
15.9
7.5
11.2
16.5
-0.9
1.7
16.2
20.1
4.6
7.8
23.3
9.2
7.8
7.5
5.8
13.4
7.1
,13.9
’16.4
11.5
10.6
9.7
12.1
12.3
14.5
10.4
3.2
17.2
28.6
9.1
-5.8
25.5
18.8
26.4
19.6
11.9
18.6
5.6
-1.4
10.0
17.8
13.0
Corporate Sector. Centre for Monitoring Indi:.
60
Growth: Advertising Expenses - (%)
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea A: Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages fc. Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer i: Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Synthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals & Plastics
1
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs Ar Pharmaceuticals
Soaps A: Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres Ac Tubes
Rubber Ac Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig Ac Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings Ac Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium Ac Aluminium Products
Machinery
1 Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires Ac Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners Ar Refrigerators
Dry Cells Ac Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software Ac Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars Ac Multi Utility Velii
Two Ac Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper A: Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing_______________________
May 1999
1991-92
19.2
21.9
56.8
3.1
9.4
>26.3*
-17.4
5.9
3.3
0.4
53.3
20.2
20.0
101.3
-63.9
16.4
28.1
17.7
15.1
40.7
52.9
-7.0
23.5
189.5
48.4
45.1
22.1
-15.3
-15.3
27.3
65.6
19.7
32.0
8.5
-37.5
-44.5
14.5
-28.9
14.1
-26.2
50.9
21.5
23.0
13.9
15.1
69.8
45.6
0.7
8.5
10.0
10.6
12.4
13.6
15.5
1992-93
21.8
22.3
36.2
13.9
19.3
■13.0c
36.0
4.0
4.3
-4.2
6.0
28.4
31.6
28.4
-34.4
1.9
-12.3
37.9
41.2
36.4
13.6
53.4
9.0
7.1
11.0
8.1
133.2
2213.6
28.1
38.3
38.6
12.0
4.4
21.2
47.8
102.1
7.3
58.2
11.9
170.9
1.1
27.0
16.4
35.3
33.4
90.5
54.9
17.6
-24.1
32.6
-1.5
32.1
10.7
22.8
1993-94
40.5
79.3
-25.0
62.2
108.9
80.9>
' 172.8
62.7
75.7
45.0
80.3
18.6
17.8
103.2
35.0
5.9
20.1
27.7
0.2
9.4
5.6
71.6
16.5
6.0
19.5
30.2
1.8
-36.5
62.1
50.4
14.7
10.0
-12.6
42.4
25.0
12.4
45.1
14.2
-0.4
140.6
82.3
43.7
62.1
36.7
20.0
-47.5
12.1
57.1
21.4
-19.4
30.0
45.3
38.8
37.1
1994-95
21.5
' 15.6
52.8
21.1
9.7
1JS37
7.1
17.5
13.1
32.6
58.9
23.1
22.9
-6.9
• -16.6
30.9
34.8
18.9
22.9
33.1
33.7
77.7
9.9
17.2
42.1
34.8
29.2
-12.8
38.5
2.2
55.3
64.2
50.8
48.6
35.4
38.5
39.5
-18.5
40.7
47.9
22.2
57.6
67.7
35.3
25.1
-36.6
34.7
41.0
105.7
169.4
81.3
29.4
18.3
25.9
1995-96
21.0
19.1
-10.0
38.3
54.9
SilSH
50.8
25.1
24.4
20.7
43.2
13.8
13.4
1.0
32.1
21.8
63.3
1.9
9.7
2.6
4.6
25.9
12.3
9.8
52.8
66.7
23.5
174.7
8.6
13.7
28.1
42.7
132.3
46.4
-2.3
9.4
50.4
27.2
18.0
56.2
54.4
53.4
57.2
61.0
57.1
132.3
149.9
44.3
41.1
227.6
16.5
41.3
33.2
32.8
1996-97
29.8
23.5
1.3
76.6
-6.9
-1.2>
-15.5
8.4
13.8
-33.7
2.0
17.4
17.1
4.7
22.9
-8.5
7.1
10.9
.81.6
6.2
-2.4
37.6
7.5
62.4
11.7
11.1
-14.1
-56.4
-20.8
-5.0
-3.5
-14.7
-12.6
2.3
1.0
-15.2
0.8
-21.9
1.7
4.8
10.2
3.4
-2.9 .
21.7
33.3
14.3
173.6
13.2
2.1
-17.3
-10.1
11.4
59.1
15.9
199^98
3ff6
78.9
1.3
34.0
12.0
27.6
0.4
-1.4
25.4
27.9
-17.2
-27.9
18.5
13.7
24.7
45.7
-21.2
17.1
26.6
14.7
-48.2
8.3
5.4
-28.0
-20.0
-58.1
6.9
-11.7
5.7
6.6
15.0
0.5
11.2
32.4
-21.1
76.9
29.5
46.3
6.9
9.2
8.9
32.9
86.4
42.4
27.2
12.8
6.4
4.2
-16.3
35.5
21.5
Corporate Sector, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
- Wmirr
m 11 n'TW ai
Growth: Administrative Expenses - (%)
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils A: Products
Beverages A: Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer & Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Synthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals A: Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs A: Pharmaceuticals
Soaps A: Detergents
Polvmcrs
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres A: Tubes
Rubber A: Rubber Products
Nou-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig A: Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings A: Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium A: Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires A: Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners A: Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software A: Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars A: Multi Utility Vehi
Two & Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper A: Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing
1991-92
17.1
9.3
19.1
23.3
22.4
45.6-3.2
13.4
14.4
15.2
7.9
13.0
8.1
34.6
29.2
-12.6
16.9
22.3
14.9
-13.4
22.3
24.3
31.7
28.9
35.8
40.7
13.4
13.3
12.0
26.1
21.4
11.2
18.8
18.6
16.4
13.3
15.9
18.5
20.8
2.8
16.1
24.8
20.6
4.0
15.7
20.7
-2.1
17.4
21.7
17.4
3.4
21.2
15.5
16.0
1992-93
14.9
9.9
9.3
36.9
19.4
2®7 1
17.2
7.3
3.5
16.3
61.1
13.2
15.2
45.4
30.9
12.6
16.4
13.7
4.2
25.2
24.4
7.6
90
9.9
5.7
3.8
11.5
-21.4
12.6
13.3
7.2
5.1
-2.4
4.7
7.5
5.7
7.1
5.4
33.3
9.6
16.1
-1.2
13.9
27.0
3.6
12.9
9.4
4.7
16.4
12.9
9.8
16.7
11.7
9.6
1993-94
23.0
24.7
20.1
25.4
11.3
W*
39.7
19.5
18.5
27.8
38.5
19.1
20.3
13.8
36.2
24.9
22.8
19.8
20.5
15.5
23.9
15.1
17.5
15.0
-3.9
-14 6
12.3
60.9
11.7
10.9
12.2
12.5
24.2
14.3
12.4
19.1
17.2
15.3
-5.4
32.6
15.8
12.0
20.1
23.7
21.2
14.6
26.4
22.9
20.2
27.4
19.8
29.5
23.4
16.8
1994-95
23.8
18.4
18.9
31.7
33.0
6.9,
67.2
14.9
10.0
13.1
26.7
18.6 •
21.6
18.6
9.9
15.2
1.0
21.6
49.9
13.2
38.3
14.5
0.3
12.6
19.4
16.5
-2.7
40.4
-8.6
14.4
30.7
29.1
25.2
25.5
26.3
35.6
26.7
23.5
31.3
40.9
12.8
22.7
28.4
34.4
25.3
26.8
24.3
11.6
25.9
19.7
36.6
27.5
21.4
18.3
1995-96
24.1
18.9
27.4
14.9
13.1
25.1
3.0
17.6
15.6
19.3
29.5
24.4
20.9
19.4
32.9
14.3
17.6
23.4
13.0
41.4
34.7
40.4
25.6
15.6
29.1
33.1
17.9
61.8
15.2
27.3
24.5
18.0
14.7
18.1
8.9
5.0
16.4
26.3
18.7
22.3
28.5
30.7
35.5
41.7
20.3
40.3
41.8
49.4
26.1
9.7
15.0
16.8
23.3
20.6
1996-97
11.4
0.1
4.5
20.7
2.4
-4.6
12.8
16.6
12.3
7.8
13.5
15.6
6.4
-6.8
24.2
12.1
15.4
10.9
9.7
20.7
6.8
9.5
18.8
18.0
22.2
4.7
-2.8
3.2
9.7
11.9
1.4
1.7
16.4
10.6
7.1
17.6
11.2
13.0
35.0
53.6
19.7
13.0
36.9
17.3
26.3
14.0
7.8
21.5
4.2
-5.1
16.9
16.7
12.9
1997^8
114
16.1
9.9
17.4
1.3
-ED
3.9
9.1
12.0
-0.9
3.5
174
18.3
12.2
15.4
26.2
18.3
14.3
32.7
15.0
15.6
21.1
-0.8
9.5
6.0
3.8
5.8
29.0
3.1
13.1
13.9
14.9
15.2
19.2
14.2
15.4
15.7
28.6
19.4
22.9
10.1
27.0
31.2
36.5
33.0
2.9
25.1
16.4
9.2
28-9
5.5
3.9
_____
15^
Distribution by Industry
1991-92
Industry Groups
22.0
Food Products
12.7
Tea A: Coffee
11.6
Sugar
60.0
Vegetable Oils A: Products
22.8
Beverages i: Tobacco
39.7 i
Tobacco Products /
7.3
Beer Ac Alcohol
31.0
Textiles
. 0.0
Cotton Textiles
29.7
Svnthetic Textiles
37.2
Textile Processing
13.9
Chemicals
9.5
Chemicals Ac Plastics
10.3
Inorganic Chemicals
14.7
Alkalies
-2.6
Fertilisers
Paints Ac Varnishes
28.6
13.9
Drugs Ac Pharmaceuticals
Soaps A: Detergents
26.9
11.5
Polvmcrs
Plastic Products
54.3
18.6
Petroleum Products
Tyres A: Tubes
27.3
Rubber A: Rubber Products
2.8
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
34.8
40.7
Cement
-1.2
Ferrous Metals
35.9
Pig A- Sponge Iron
-4.6
Steel
Castings A: Forgings
21.9
32.1
Metal Products
i .5
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium A: Aluminium Products
3.9
Machinery
10.4
Non-Electrical Machinery
4.8
Industrial Machinery
30.9
3.7
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
14.9
Domestic Electrical Appliances
28.2
Air-Conditioners A: Refrigerators
-1.4
11.4
Dry Cells A: Storage Batteries
24.2
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
52.2
Computer Software & Hardware
12.2
Automobile
4.0
18.1
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars Sc Multi Utility Vchi
10.9
-28.2
Two Sc Three Wheelers
18.5
Automobile Ancillaries
4.0
Paper Sc Paper Products
0.0
Leather Products
35.9
Miscellaneous Products
21.1
Diversified
_____________
Manufacturing
11.9
1992-93
26.4
24.4
23.6
53.0
40.0
28.2
53.8
52.1
0.0
35.3
113.5
20.4
23.2
21.3
37.5
6.5
20.8
49.1
25.6
25-8
131.7
16.3
26.2
-9.8
26.3
24.2
16.2
92.4
8.2
44.6
61.3
12.8
14.4
24.3
19.9
40.1
25.5
32.7
18.4
-2.1
2.0
26.0
55.0
52.2
14.4
19.9
9.6
24.3
29.9
26.3
0.0
72.9
31.7
23.6
1993-94
45.7
27.4
81.6
70.7
60.3
•
■ 79.0 »
42.4
98.6
0.0
41.0
66.2
35.2
49.0
37.1
80.5
35.0
18.5
124.5
41.2
31.3
52.2
17.1
22.0
15.8
30.1
29.9
37.0
53.2
33.9
53.8
41.4
21.7
26.4
42.7
25.5
44.6
43.5
51.4
84.1
41.0
21.1
52.2
76.8
70.1
26.3
11.3
72.8
53.9
17.6
36.2
704.7
•
50.8
36.4
38.8
1994-95
39.8
30.4
35.0
34.1
23.4
22.5”
24.7
68.5
156.9
43.9
102.5
34.7
43.5
74.3
28.1
18.8
16.1
83.0
35.7
64.7
64.5
21.8
11.2
11.5
65.5
62.2
27.4
71.2
15.9
40.3
92.6
44.9
34.1
42.2
32.1
32.9
49.3
81.5
42.0
114.4
20.9
40.3
43.2
66.8
102.6
91.6
44.7
227.1
48.0
32.1
119.4
43.8
58.5
43.1
1995-96
16.9
19.4
9.8
10.4
18.0
1,7.1 «
19.2
17.3
12.4
10.5
48.1
22.5
22.1
23.0
32.1
5.2
29.4
30.8
29.0
24.9
25.2
23.9
19.4
20.6
30.5
35.2
22.2
15.6
20.0
36.8
36.3
26.2
28.3
20.0
30.8
27.6
20.8
16.5
9.7
15.3
27.7
14.1
10.4
29.8
40.0
45.8
41.9
37.1
35.4
40.0
8.6
24.9
17.0
22.2
1996-97
4.9
6.0
11.1
-1.4
16.9
20.9.
11.8
-7.6
-1.6
-11.5
7.0
10.9
8.1
26.1
9.5
-1.3
23.2
11.2
28.5
10.1
2.6
16.9
8.6
16.4
6.2
3.7
-0.9
- / .0
-1.3
-20.6
14.1
7.6
12.5
13.5
25.3
3.2
10.2 '
6.7
-9.0
-23.2
32.7
10.9
4.4
27.3
47.8
31.2
53.6
88.4
26.4
18.7
-20.3
9.5
7.3
8.6
1997^8
■7 «
14.8
3.5
11.8
17.8
26.06.4
-3.9
-7.1
-6.4
15.0
8.8
3.2
2.0
5.3
0.8
15.3
5.2
18.7
1.5
-0.3
19.7
13.3
-8.5
3.3
3.5
2.6
-3.3
1.0
8.8
14.7
10.1
14.8
12.8
15.2
5.9
8.5
2.8
-1.2
-8.7
20.8
16.0
19.8
25.6
12.5
.0.7
21.5
23-7
15.5
0-8
26.1
5-2
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages i: Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer St Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals St Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints & Varnishes
Drugs St Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres St Tubes
Rubber S: Rubber Products
Non-Mctallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig S: Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings 4: Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium St Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires it Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners Sc Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software it Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars it Multi Utility Vehi
Two Sc Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper Sc Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
_______________________
~Manufacturing
1991-92
27.5
23.7
29.1
41.8
24.7
43.9
10.6
24.7
15.8
37.6
56.2
2.3
20.7
38.2
5.9
20.7
12.3
19.0
12.0
31.4
27.8
-38.4
30.2
48.8
11.1
11.1
30.1
38.1
31.9
20.2
14.2
32.5
40.2
22.3
22.1
6.9
34.5
12.3
68.2
11.3
-1.0
10.9
16.1
0.6
9.6
97.3
10.9
4.9
17.2
17.6
14.5
9.4
21.9
17.2
1992-93
21.6
28.9
20.9
19.9
23.7
39.3 .
9.1
12.7
17.1
13.7
13.0
23.1
13.1
18.3
32.3
6.9
7.9
21.4
4.2
7.5
14.4
59.4
32.7
24.5
23.9
24.9
19.5
43.8
17.1
46.2
16.9
9.8
5.7
19.8
17.6
35.8
21.6
60.3
12.6
1.6
30.5
19.8
29.0
11.5
10.0
21.9
18.4
-5.5
13.2
19.4
17.0
6.9
16.0
18.4
1993-94
11.8
18.2
3.6
20.2
16.5
7.8 I
27.5
21.0
26.6
11.0
40.3
8.4
7.6
5.7
19.9
-2.1
7.3
19.4
-20.3
12.0
30.3
11.1
4.6
13.1
13.6
14.2
21.5
88.7
14.2
13.5
33.9
2.6
-10.1
1.7
2.5
-8.1
2.9
13.6
-2.7
24.5
10.4
-0.3
7.8
-13.1
-2.5
-2.2
-11.1
-0.7
5.3
3.4
30.2
17.5
10.4
11.5
1994-95
56.3
74.6
55.8
54.4
40.9
21.5
61.1
26.8
20.4
25.7
82.0
12.9
17.5
10.9
23.8
3.6
22.0
31.5
40.5
10.8
52.3
-0.5
20.1
12.3
14.5
10.6
18.1
43.0
12.4
23.4
33.8
-12.1
-9.9
14.7
10.7
45.6
11.9
31.9
49.4
-11.0
13.8
20.9
47.1
62.6
-8.4
-10.8
-5.6
-0.6
20.3
26.3
31.2
49.8
18.4
16.9
1995-96
25.8
6.0
26.2
27.1
2.9
W
4.7
16.3
10.6
25.8
3.7
23.7
24.0
9.3
5.3
25.4
24.4
31.8
9.4
18.3
46.8
29.1
3.5
8.4
14.5
10.6
19.5
29.9
16.6
29.8
35.4
0.5
-16.1
22.6
16.6
30.4
31.0
39.0
13.9
55.4
33.8
19.4
21.4
31.5
6.4
25.6
-15.4
31.7
29.9
22.6
36.4
28.1
31.6
20.5
1996-97
9.2
9.6
19.7
0.4
-2.4
0.0
12.6
10.8
11.4
30.3
31.9
23.4
21.4
16.5
28.4
5.4
17.9
20.6
34.7
23.1
63.1
10.9
5.3
19.9
24.2
15.9
34.0
14.0
34.1
12.5
18.8
-9.5
17.5
13.3
16.3
20.7
19.9
31.1
57.0
107.9
17.6
14.4
29.7
69.4
68.9
232.4
-3.7
13.2
12.3
-1.0
22.0
30.4
22.2
1997-98
7-1
-1.9
8.3
5.9
25.6
60;i..r
1.2
16.2
19.7
11.0
18.3
14.9
18.1
7.5
11.0
20.8
19.6
18.7
37.0
22.4
7.3
9.5
3.3
5.2
19.4
21.2
16.9
34.1
15.3
21.4
14.8
7.8
16.4
12.6
6.2
"y
~Sb
De.
De.
De
De
De
De
De.
De<
Dec
Dec
Percer
12.7
17.9
15.1
57.0
42.4
17.3
33.0
n1 Q
15 0
21-0
18.9
19 4
3C
25
>
15
10
5
0-
------- 14-4
Corporate Sector. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea & Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils & Products
Beverages & Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer & Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals & Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints
Varnishes
Drugs it Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polvmers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres & Tubes
Rubber & Rubber Products
Non-Mctallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig fc Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings & Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires & Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners & Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software & Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
Two & Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper i: Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing
1991-92
23.7
16.0
21.9
46.7
17.3
27.4:
10.4
27.8
13.7
38.8
68.9
19.8
14.3
30.3
7.6
8.2
24.0
14.9
9.2
26.1
37.1
33.5
27.7
45.4
15.8
15.2
14.7
43.4
12.3
24.5
22.5
20.5
24.7
18.1
18.1
16.1
18.5
2.5
65.7
-0.5
13.3
17.7
23.3
3.9
3.3
54.7
7.3
0.0
16.4
11.4
-2.6
22.8
21.8
18.4
1992-93
24.3
28.5
16.2
35.5
26.8
35.2’
20.2
20.8
16.9
21.4
35.9
14.5
14.4
17.1
35.9
5.9
20.1
20.1
13.1
9.1
48.0
11.7
29.3
21.4
23.7
24.0
12.8
54.2
8.2
46.5
22.0
7.7
7.7
16.3
15.6
38.7
23.3
59.7
5.8
3.4
12.3
9.0
39.0
27.5
10.6
23.9
14.5
5.1
20.4
16.8
33.4
37.6
19.8
16.0
'
1993-94
28.8
20.8
32.6
44.9
47.3
£810?
38.0
35.8
41.1
25.5
52.8
22.4
23.7
14.3
39.0
11.5
10.5
60.1
21.8
15.4
41.8
21.4
11.7
12.5
18.8
17.8
32.8
76.0
27.5
29.9
41.5
12.7
6.5
20.5
13.3
24.9
22.7
34.3
29.2
35.3
20.4
23.5
45.6
46.2
7.0
9.3
24.7
10.3
14.7
17.0
109.8
35.6
25.6
25.0
1994-95
42.1
46.8
37.3
39.1
40.1
30.3'
50.3
37.6
34.7
33.2
101.9
26.8
30.0
28.6
25.1
10.5
17.1
60.2
35.6
40.4
59.1
21.5
13.0
10.4
36.6
30.0
21.9
54.2
13.6
32.5
61.5
15.5
11.1
28.1
18.5
33.1
30.4
55.5
49.9
60.5
15.9
32.2 .
49.6
65.7
27.6
34.3
13.8
81.8
34.0
32.4
58.7
38.7
37.3
29.1
1995-96
17.4
6.4
14.4
14.8
9.7
12.0
13.3
5.9
16.7
23.9
19.9
20.6
14.6
.17.2
13.3
24.3
29.5
20.9
15.2
35.4
19.9
10.4
7.6
20.2
20.2
17.2
23.9
13.9
33.9
38.1
14.4
10.3
17.8
21.2
31.0
21.4
22.8
8.9
27.2
33.6
12.2
4.1
27.3
18.1
26.3
20.1
33.8
28.6
28.3
21.6
26.3
22.8
18.5
1997^98
1996-97
7.9
8.4
8.8
13.1
15.4
8.1
-3.1
11.2
10.0
28.5
1’8.0?
54.3 ■
3.1
2.6
6.4
8.6
10.0
11.5
1.1
3.8
15.7
19.6
18.6
13.9
16.7
10.8
21.4
4.9
11.5
4.2
16.6
14.7
22.3
21.5
16.0
12.1
28.2
23.0.
11.2 '
24.6
12.7
4.1
26.3
22.7
5.6
11.5
10.8
-1.9
9.6
14.5
10.2
15.1
12.3
8.3
28.9
24.0
10.4
6.7
17.7
6.8
14.9
13.5
10.6
9.7
16.7
5.7
13.8
14.8
11.0
17.7
5.4
6.3
11.3
13.1
9.6
15.4
8.9
5.5
28.8
-2.4
28.2
71.7
18.5
14.8
32.9
13.9
27.7
27.8
15.3
62.8
11.2.
44.1
18.4
129.3
24.4
59.9
14.0
25.5
5.7
15.1
-6.8
7.7
18.2
____ 102
19.3
12-2
15.4
Corporate Sector. Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Growth: Total Asse ts
Of)
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups_______________________ 1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
Food Products
21.5
17.5
23.9
41.5
Tea & Coffee
12.2
22.8
23.1
35.2
Sugar
24.6
17.9
17.4
45.7
Vegetable Oils k Products
44.8
26.5
29.8
41.1
Beverages & Tobacco
' 26.3
18.5
25.0
30.8
Tobacco Products •
40.6
21.4'
18.0 ;
22.S
Beer & Alcohol
14.3
15.6
33.0
39.0
Textiles
26.1
17.9
28.4
31.8
Cotton Textiles
18.5
18.4
33.3
27.9
Synthetic Textiles
34.4
17.3
19.3
31.6
Textile Processing
24.5
27.4
41.4
81.4
Chemicals
14.1
17.4
19.8
18.1
Chemicals & Plastics
20.1
14.5
23.8
24.8
Inorganic Chemicals
29.4
20.0
9.6
29.6
Alkalies
7.4
35.1
37.9
21.2
Fertilisers
20.9
6.6
10.5
13.0
Paints & Varnishes
14.3
11.3
10.3
19.0
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
20.0
21.3
59.6
26.0
Soaps Sz Detergents
21.8
5.5
12.6
41.6
Polymers
20.7
12.7
25.4
24.4
Plastic Products
29.2
45.1
37.0
52.6
Petroleum Products
2.2
21.9
14.3
5.1
Tyres & Tubes
28.0
24.8
9.1
15.4
Rubber & Rubber Products
38.0
16.7
13.9
14.9
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
18.2
20.7
18.1
24.5
Cement
17.5
21.5
18.3
21.5
Ferrous Metals
21.1
19.2
18.7
21.6
Pig & Sponge Iron
35.0
47.4
88.1
45.9
Steel
20.7
16.5
11.5
15.1
Castings it Forgings
18.3
39.5
26.1
27.0
Metal Products
18.1
23.3
29.7
49.8
Non-Ferrous Metals
20.2
11.6
11.6
15.0
Aluminium & Aluminium Products
22.4
9.7
4.5
12.6
Machinery
15.9
13.5
15.2
23.7
Non-Electrical Machinery
17.9
15.0
10.9
17.5
Industrial Machinery
16.3
24.0
19.8
33.7
Electrical Machinery
15.2
15.3
15.4
27.2
Wires & Cables
20.0
36.6
24.1
54.4
Domestic Electrical Appliances
37.5
13.9
21.5
38.7
Air-Conditioners & Refrigerators
7.5
0.8
25.4
33.7
Dry Cells &: Storage Batteries
10.4
11.5
14.5
15.1
Electronics
15.1
10.0
18.6
24.6
Consumer Electronics
27.2
13.2
37.0
38.6
Computer Software & Hardware
6.9
19.3
24.5
56.4
Automobile
7.1
13.1
16.9
30.8
Commercial Vehicles
49.3
21.0
4.7
37.2
Passenger Cars & Multi Utility Vehi
5.3
14.3
39.5
38.6
Two & Three Wheelers
4.2
3.1
16.3
47.8
Automobile Ancillaries
22.6
15.4
10.5
34.2
Paper & Paper Products
15.4
19.3
18.6
22.2
Leather Products
5.4
20.8
56.7
63.7
Miscellaneous Products
18.3
28.7
26.2
45.6
Diversified________________________________ 24.1_______ 18.0_______ 22.7_______ 32.8
Manufacturing
18.0
17.0
19.6
24.6
1995-96
21.5
14.6
21.0
22.7
13.1
15.5
10.9
18.4
14.3
20.1
29.7
22.5
21.1
28.0
18.8
17.8
25.4
24.4
13.2
21.6
36.4
27.9
11.8
15.5
19.0
17.5
17.1
27.7
14.0
33.0
31.8
15.0
8.0
20.3
19.1
17.8
22.3
24.6
13.8
27.5
31.6
19.0
19.6
35.9
24.4
35.4
21.9
30.9
32.0
22.9
21.9
21.8
23.1
20.5
1996-97
8.0
7.1
15.6
1.6
10.3
14.4
6.5
6.5
8.9
2.6
10.3
21.8
14.6
10.8
11.4
15.1
16.2
15.6
20.6
18.3
11.7
39.3
13.4
11.1
12.9
14.7
10.0
24.8
8.1
15.2
14.7
12.7
7.3
12.0
10.1
3.3
11.7
10.6
11.9
16.2
60.5
13.7
6.0
27.0
21.6
30.7
26.5
18.8
17.7
11.5
-4.7
15.0
19.2
14.9
1997jj8
10.0'
2.4
21.6
40.2
3.3
10.3
13.0
5.1
18.3
10.8
12.5
3.8
7.3
16.2
17.7
12.7
25.9
14.6
5.5
8.3
6.8
1.7
11.2
12.4
12.2
29.2
10.9
17.0
11.2
8.2
13.9
9.2
6.7
2.5
7.4
13.7
Pri
_ —
“Yel
Bet
Bet
Bet
Bet
Aft■-----
- -Size
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec
Dec<
Percen-
7.7'
19.3
32.1 .’
12.8
20.7
16.0
11.4
1.5
18.2 J
17.7
10.8
4.6
0.410.7
11.0
10-6
21
20
15
10
Corpor
May 1999
Corporate Sector, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy
Forex TH.'ASACT1ON S: Join] E."
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea At Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils A: Products
Beverages A: Tobacco
Tobacco Products^
Beer A: Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals A: Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints A: Varnishes
Drugs A: Pharmaceuticals
Soaps A: Detergents
Polymers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres A: Tubes
Rubber A: Rubber Products
Non-Mctallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig A: Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings A: Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium Ac Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires Ac Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners At Refrigerators
Dry Cells A: Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software Ac Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars Ac Multi Utility Vehi
Two Ar Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper Ac Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing_______________________
1991-92
7.67
14.03
1.11
6.44
8.64
11.75J
2.52
7.89
12.39
2.97
3.89
4.47
4.91
8.43
3.09
0.33
2.10
10.83
6.48
2.78
6.40
3.85
6.98
1.34
5.71
1.62
4.18
1.96
3.76
6.17
6.73
8.23
12.54
5.32
5.87
10.90
4.98
4.96
2.08
2.54
6.48
5.28
4.39
12.93
5.33
7.08
6.75
2.75
5.42
1.63
13.55
1.54
5.36
5.38
1992-93
10.65
20.26
0.92
10.02
8.89
12.47
1.70
9.21
14.25
3.60
3.96
5.25
5.64
9.19
3.66
0.77
1.52
10.26
6.33
2.80
7.58
4.28
11.66
3.12
8.03
2.94
6.35
8.00
5.79
7.24
8.79
10.75
16.75
5.28
5.55
9.61
5.29
1.64
3.44
3.50
1.78
4.99
5.28
13.64
6.00
9.09
4.83
4.33
6.80
2.64
23.55
2.22
5.78
6.48
1993-94
13.03
17.76
1.06
12.64
10.31
2.43
11.85
15.26
4.50
4.54
5.49
6.41
5.57
2.26
0.80
1.19
11.87
6.47
2.69
9.60
3.96
11.47
6.86
11.23
4.41
9.21
24.91
7.82
8.94
12.35
9.66
15.56
6.83
6.58
7.79
6.60
1.33
4.33
1.86
1.71
7.36
4.68
20.76
6.66
9.94
5.13
5.53
6.81
2.80
29.67
4.93
5.44
7.59
1994-95
13.28
14.90
0.61
10.87
. 8.46
1-2.54 ,
2.12
14.72
18.64
6.94
6.42
5.19
7.95
7.42
1.81
1.63
1.45
14.53
9.63
3.79
10.86
2.34
9.25
4.39
14.47
4.08
7.60
14.79
6.52
11.01
9.78
8.98
13.77
6.80
6.99
10.10 '
5.67
1.31
7.17
2.17
3.08
8.09
3.76
20.54
6.50
9.56
4.91
5.91
6.86
3.72
41.44
6.10
6.37
7.77
1995-96
13.02
15.94
0.62
10.94
6.41
9<07?7
2.04
17.21
21.70
7.48
10.28
5.80
8.87
8.30
1.43
1.67
1.26
17.93
11.29
4.14
11.32
2.72
8.27
9.78
14.63
3.51
9.18
7.41
7.70
10.80
16.28
9.46
13.17
6.43
6.26
9.65
5.31
2.13
6.63 .
1.90
2.75
8.01
3.28
20.02
6.06
8.09
5.24
5.24
6.31
4.50
37.13
6.12
6.97
8.31
1996-97
13.01
25.56
1.35
10.19
6.37
2.26
20.49
25.43
9.12
10.53
5.48
8.99
7.43
2.80
1.08
0.93
17.74
3.83
4.49
13.14
2.55
9.20
13.38
12.85
3.58
9.75
6.31
8.24
11.47
17.20
14.43
18.12
8.13
7.09
9.14
6.44
2.46
7.11
1.87
4.01
11.14
7.39
24.44
5.42
6.26
5.57
4.69
7.00
4.20
40.63
7.48
7.55
8.61
1997jjg
1378
27.23
1.02
11.94
6.56
9.05#
1.81
21.07
25.79
10.01
9.95
5.35
9.20
5.65
2.64
0.88
0.68
19.69
4.60
5.90
13.22
2.01
8.97
15.87
12.54
3.56
10.02
5.54
8.55
12.79
18.24
14.99
17.43
9.50
7.41
11.41
7.33
4.55
6.87
2.32
4.33
13.34
4.32
29.02
5.27
8.23
4.31
4.47
7.68
3.45
34.13
7.49
7-53
8.76
'O'™
Qovc
/** nil
Priv
Tn. 1,
Tn
'1
Oi
’Year <
Befor«
Betwe
Betwe
Betwe
After
Size D*
Decile
Decile
Decile
Decile
Decile
Decile
Decile
Decile
Exoort Ear
r—
45403530:
252015100-
_____ -—
May 1999
Corporate Sector, Centre for Mom loam; inc..3 n Econo^
•°fPOrai
L
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
Fore:x Tra?FACTIONS:: Total Im ports Sale? - (%)
p.;
Distribution by Industry
Industry Groups
Food Products
Tea Sc Coffee
Sugar
Vegetable Oils i: Products
Beverages & Tobacco
Tobacco Products
Beer Sc Alcohol
Textiles
Cotton Textiles
Svnthetic Textiles
Textile Processing
Chemicals
Chemicals Sc Plastics
Inorganic Chemicals
Alkalies
Fertilisers
Paints &: Varnishes
Drugs Sc Pharmaceuticals
Soaps & Detergents
Polvmers
Plastic Products
Petroleum Products
Tyres Sc Tubes
Rubber t Rubber Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Cement
Ferrous Metals
Pig Sc Sponge Iron
Steel
Castings Sc Forgings
Metal Products
Non-Ferrous Metals
Aluminium Sc Aluminium Products
Machinery
Non-Electrical Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Electrical Machinery
Wires Sc Cables
Domestic Electrical Appliances
Air-Conditioners Sc Refrigerators
Dry Cells & Storage Batteries
Electronics
Consumer Electronics
Computer Software Sc Hardware
Automobile
Commercial Vehicles
Passenger Cars Sc Multi Utility Vehi
Two Sc Three Wheelers
Automobile Ancillaries
Paper Sc Paper Products
Leather Products
Miscellaneous Products
Diversified
Manufacturing______________________
1991-92
1.5
3.3
0.4
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.8
4.9
2.8
6.3
2.1
18.2
12.3
12.4
3.2
18.2
4.2
11.6
5.2
8.9
18.1
24.5
9.4
13.2
5.2
1.9
14.3
23.3
15.3
3.6
9.4
11.2
10.7
12.7
10.3
12.8
10.5
10.7
4.4
5.5
4.5
18.4
11.4
19.7
10.6
5.5
12.3
7.6
7.7
10.7
5.2
8.5
5.5
12.2
1992-93
2.2
3.4
0.5
1.3
2.2
2.5
1.6
8.4
6.4
9.8
3.0
20.2
13.3
14.3
8.4
20.5
5.0
12.9
5.6
7.4
15.4
26.9
12.5
16.0
6.8
2.2
14.2
28.5
14.5
3.0
12.6
12.8
9.6
14.1
10.8
16.8
12.8
16.3
7.1
4.9
5.3
19.3
10.4
18.4
13.3
8.4
13.4
5.6
10.9
7.7
7.5
11.8
7.4
13.9
1993-94
2.3
3.3
0.2
1.3
3.0
3.1
2.9
7.9
5.9
9.7
3.8
18.3
13.1
8.9
13.7
19.2
6.5
11.6
6.7
10.5
14.3
23.9
11.2
12.4
8.1
1.9
12.7
16.5
12.7
4.8
14.4
13.0
8.3
13.8
12.4
15.3
11.6
14.8
7.8
5.3
5.7
18.0
10.4
22.8
12.2
5.6
16.3
6.1
9.1
8.8
9.5
14.1
10.0
13.0
1994-95
4.1
2.8
3.4
3.3
'
3.2
2.8
3.8
11.7
10.2
14.3
4.6
17.3
16.0
10.3
11.3
22.0
7.3
15.0
11.1
13.4
18.2
19.3
9.8
13.2
11.7
3.0
15.1
52.6
13.5
5.0
15.2
11.0
15.6
12.8
16.8
13.6
17.0
7.6
7.8
7.8
20.5
14.5
24.7
14.1
8.4
14.4
8.0
10.7
11.3
18.5
16.1
14.3
14.4
1995-96
5.6
3.5
1.6
8.8
4.9
4.6
5.4
14.0
12.4
17.0
6.0
18.6
19.2
16.7
7.7
30.0
8.7
17.0
12.0
17.1
23.0
18.9
11.5
18.5
13.9
5.8
17.0
33.5
17.3
5.2
15.3
18.8
10.3
17.0
12.2
19.3
15.6
18.7
10.1
9.2
9.8
22.9
17.1
26.2
16.2
8.4
19.0
9.0
14.5
11.0
11.2
15.5
18.9
16.2
1996-97
6.0
3.4
1.3
11.4
5.5
5.5
5.6
10.2
7.1
15.5
3.4
28.0
18.2
11.6
6.1
29.4
10.8
15.6
12.5
15.0
16.8
36.6
11.2
15.1
12.9
4.6
16.9
44.9
16.4
5.1
15.9
21.8
12.2
17.2
11.7
14.4
15.6
16.7
11.3
11.2
10.6
23.9
16.1
22.6
18.5
7.7
27.4
8.9
12.7
11.3
12.3
18.0
15.1
19.3
_1997jg
64
3.3
0.8
12.9
3.6
4.2
2.3
10.3'
8.3’
13.4
3.0
25.0
19.3
14.1
12.128.8
10.7
16.3*
18.1
17.8
16.5
30.6'
10.6
15.5
11.6
14.8
31.9
14.5
7.7
13.9.
18.6
8.2
16.3
10.4
Ow
Go’
Pri’
In-
Fo-
Year
Befc
Betv
Betv
Betv
’ Afte-
Size
Decii' Decii
Decii
Decii
■ Decii
Decii.
DeciiDecii. Decii.
Decii
11-7
11 jv
23.9
16.1
30-
12.8
9.2
12-C’
20-
8.3
12.^
10-
13.0
ii-C
16-3
16-8
____
Corporate Sector, Centre for Monitoring Indian
'’Porat,
POVERTY
AND
TOBACCO
Poverty and Tobacco
The contribution of tobacco to disease and death
is well-known. But less attention has been given
to the ways in which tobacco increases poverty.
For the poor, daily spending on tobacco
represents a daily drain on scant family
resources. Yet in many countries it is precisely
the poor who use tobacco the most. In
Bangladesh, smoking rates are twice as highest
in the lowest income group as in the highest.1
Tobacco use, and even employment in the
tobacco industry', may help to widen the gap
even further between rich and poor.
Tobacco benefits the wealthy, not the poor
The main beneficiaries of the tobacco business
are not farmers or factor)' workers in developing
countries, but the businessmen from wealthy
ones who take the profits while leaving behind
the disease. In many countries far more money
is spent importing tobacco than is gained.
exporting it. Even locally-produced cigarettes
are often made by transnational companies,
where again most of the profit is exported,
leaving the farmers and laborers poor.
For many of those involved in the tobacco
industry, it is a miserable job that they would be
relieved to escape if they could find alternatives.
Bidi making involves many hours of sitting still
for hours, engaging in boring repetitiv^^abor
while being exposed to tobacco dust. Many of
those working the longest hours for the lowest
wages are women and children.
Workers
generally receive extremely low wages—as low
as 35 cents a day to roll bidis in India2, and 6
cents for 5 hours work in one site in
1 Debra Efroymson and Saifuddin Ahmed. Hungryfor
Tobacco: an analysis ofthe impact of tobacco on the poor
in Bangladesh. Dhaka: July 2000
■ Mary Assunta. "Tobacco and Poverty" in Together
Against Tobacco, proceedings of the INGCAT
International NGO Mobilisation Meeting. Geneva. 15-16
May 1999.
Bangladesh3. Since adult men refuse to do such
low-paid work, children are often recruited. Due
to the long work hours, children are forced to
drop out of school. The work generates little
money for the workers and their families while
contributing to illiteracy and poor health, and
thus ensuring that future generations will also
live in poverty.
If tobacco consumption declined, people would
buy other goods that could include food items
that would both benefit their and their families’
health. Growth in other sectors would provide
|the former tobacco laborers with potentially
"higher paid and less dangerous, grueling work.
(Even if the pay were comparably, if the hours
were such that children could attend school, then
the cycle of poverty might be broken.) The
World Bank has calculated that in many
countries, this switch in expenditures would result
in a net increase ofjobs.45
Food versus tobacco
In the case of the poorest where food shortage is
an ongoing problem, and where a significant
share of income is going to purchase food,
tobacco expenditures can make the difference
between an adequate diet and malnutrition.
Researchers estimate that in Bangladesh 10.5
million people are needlessly going hungry and
350 children are needlessly dying each day due
kto diversion of money from food to tobacco.
’While per capita cigarette consumption is 133
sticks per year, the figure for egg consumption is
merely twelve. In both urban and rural areas of
Bangladesh, per capita spending on tobacco is
higher than on milk. What the average male
smoker spends on cigarettes each day would be
enough to purchase almost 3,000 calories of
rice.1
’ Theresc Blanchcl. Child Work in the Bidi Industry.
UNICEF: Dhaka 2000.
4 Prabhat Jha and Frank Chaloupka. Curbing the epidemic:
governments and the economics oftobacco control. World
Bank. Washington D.C.: 1999.
Comparing the price of various brands of
cigarettes to food is informative. What food
might a family have access to if the main income
earner were not buying a pack a day of a welladvertised pack? When transnational companies
promote high-cost cigarettes in poor countries,
and where it is mainly the poor who smoke, the
results are obvious. Nutritious foods such as
milk, eggs, and meat are considered luxury items
for the poor, whereas tobacco is considered a
daily necessity.
While not all the savings people gained from
ceasing tobacco purchases would necessarily
invested in basic needs, it is certain that t™
money they currently spend on tobacco is not
going towards essential items. Even if only a
portion of tobacco users spent some of their
savings on basic goods, the net gain could be
tremendous.
Impoverishment of women and children
In many developing countries men control the
income, and have the first access to what food is
available in the family. In these cases, when
men spend their money on tobacco, they may
continue to eat adequately. It is their wives and
children who are most likely to go hungry as a
result. For those concerned about the health and
education of women and children, tobacco
control should be an imperative.
In Vietnam, a recent analysis using the Natioi^
Living Standard Survey revealed that annual
household expenditure on tobacco is 1.7 times
higher than expenditure on education, and 1.5
times higher than that for health/ In poor
countries, even a small increase in expenditure
on education and health could have a large
impact on the prospects of children. Instead, the
money is wasted on an addictive, deadly
product.
5 Hoang Van Kinh and Sarah Bales. "Tobacco
Consumption Pattern - An Analysis Using Viet Nam
National Living Standard Survey data ". Vietnam: 1999.
For those who become ill or die young from
tobacco-related illness, there are further costs in
terms of medical care and the impoverishment of
family members if the major wage-earner dies.
I lowever. the costs do not begin at the point of
illness, but rather from the moment when
valuable resources are diverted to tobacco.
Low taxes can be regressive
^^ople often express concern about taxes
harming the poor, since they are both most likely
to smoke and the least able to afford it. But the
opposite argument can equally be made. When
tobacco prices are kept low, more poor people
use tobacco, and thus waste more of their money
on it. In Bangladesh, as prices have remained
low over the years, per capita spending on
tobacco has increased. While raising taxes may
harm some poor individuals who are unable to
quit, in many situations this problem is
alleviated by the existence of alternate low-cost
tobacco products. To the degree that these are
minimally advertised and unpalatable, they may
be a resource to the addicted while being
unlikely to attract the uninitiated. In addition, if
the policy benefits a large number of poor
smokers but harms a few, then the decision may
A.'c to be made to tolerate the harm in order to
-benefit the many. Negative effects can be
addressed through programs to help the poor
quit, or to subsidize a food substance generally
consumed only by the poorest.
The solutions
Advertising and low taxation rates encourage
people to spend money on cigarettes rather than
on food or other basic needs. By both
eliminating all forms of tobacco promotion and
raising taxes on tobacco products, wastage of
money can be diminished. The involvement of
organizations working on issues of food
security, nutrition, and women’s and children’s^
rights can help in educating former tobacco^
users to spend their new-gained wealth on their
families’ basic needs, rather than on other
unnecessary and dangerous products. For those
currently employed by tobacco, job loss is a
distant potential, as tobacco use is unlikely to
decline sharply in the near future. But where
concerns about job loss exist, it is helpful to
remember that in many cases, people might
prefer and benefit from alternate employment.
Tobacco control is one area where poverty
reduction and health goals go hand in hand.
•
PATH Canada
Work for a Better Bangladesh
67 Laboratory' Road, Dhanmondi,
Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
tel. -8802-966-9781 fax 8802-966-0372
pathCan@citechco.ner
wbb@pradeshta.net
BANGLADESH
ANTI-TOBACCO
1 ALLIANCE
Bangladesh Anti-Tobacco Alliance (BATA)
67 Laboratory Road, Dhanmondi
Dhaka-1205
Bangladesh
tel. (8802)966-9781
fax (8802) 966-0372
e-mail: wbb@pradeshta.net
Member organizations
Our fifteen member organizations represent a
broad range of interests.
ADHUNIK is an anti-tobacco organization
involved in policy work and public education.
Bangladesh Cancer Society addresses issues of
cancer awareness, education, and treatment.
Consumers’ Association of Bangladesh seeks
to protect the rights of consumers in a difficult
environment.
Dhaka Ahsania Mission works in health.
development, education, and the environment.
National Non-Smokers’ Forum is the c^^st
anti-tobacco organization in Bangladesh.
Welfare Association for Cancer Care
(WACC) is a forum of UICC's "Reach to
Recovery” focusing on breast cancer counseling.
Work for a Better Bangladesh focuses on
issues of environment and on tobacco control.
Young People for Social Action (YPSA) works
on education, health, and environment.
Seven of our member organizations focus on the
problem of drug use:
Atish Dipankar Gobeshana Parishad
BADSA, Ghas Phul Nodi, MANOBIK
Manosh, Pratyasha, Sonarang
Affiliate organizations
In addition to our members, other organizations
contribute their time and energv to workins^hh
BATA.
Bangladesh Women’s Health
Coalition
(BWHC) focuses on women's reproductive
health, legal rights, and advocacy.
The Disadvantaged Adolescents’ Working
Network (DAWN) Forum brings together over
twenty NGOs working with adolescents.
The Institute of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology of Bangladesh provides advice
and treatment to asthma and allergy sufferers.
The Law and Society Trust works to protect
the legal rights of the underprivileged and to
represent individuals against corporations.
Naripokkho is a women’s organization
focusing on women's health, status, and rights.
POROSH is an environmental organization.
The Student
Anti-Smoking Committee
(SASC) is run by students of Dhaka University.
Social Advancement & Solidarity Center
(SASTER) is a social service organization.
Formation
|BATA was started in order to counter a major
British American Tobacco (BAT) advertising
campaign for its John Players Gold Leaf brand.
The campaign involved the sailing of a yacht to
17 countries in 170 days, with the final
destination being Bangladesh. The campaign
was obviously meant to encourage youth to try
the brand, by connecting it to images of
adventure, wealth, and excitement. One of the
slogans of the campaign was "Join the
adventure". Various groups interested in doing
something about the campaign began to hold
meetings in September 1999. As the result of a
writ petition filed by many of the members, the
Bangladesh High Court ordered a staying order
which prevented BAT from holding planned
promotional events on the boat's arrival in
Chittagong, and from publishing further
newspaper ads promoting Voyage. During the
xourse of the anti-Voyage campaign, the groups
involved agreed to start an alliance.
>
r
>
Objectives
Contribute to the health and well-being of
Bangladeshis
by
reducing
tobacco
consumption.
Reduce the damage to health, the
environment, and personal and national
economy from tobacco consumption.
Educate the public and policymakers about
the dangers of tobacco.
Help strengthen the nation’s tobacco control
policies and legislation.
Conduct research to learn more about
tobacco use and its effects, particularly
economic effects.
> Raise awareness among development
organizations about the importance of
tobacco control, and encourage more groups
to become involved.
> Continue to be a strong united force in
tobacco
control
locally,
nationally,
regionally, and internationally.
>
>
BATA ACTIVITIES 1999-2000
•
ADVOCACY
BATA regularly holds events calling for
legislative changes, including a signature
campaign to provide non-smoking carriages on
trains, and protests against tobacco advertising.
BATA also organized a series of events to
protest BAT's marketing campaign the “Voyage
of Discovery". BATA is also urging the
government to negotiate for and sign a strong
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(FCTC).
Voyage of Discovery decision
As a result of a court case about the Voyage
campaign, the High Court issued a strong
response, urging the government to:
4b
•
•
•
Ban production of tobacco leaves in phases,
giving subsidies to the farmers to produce other
agricultural products, rehabilitating tobacco
workers with other jobs, and imparting
vocational training to them.
Restrict permission and licenses for establishing
tobacco factories, and direct the owners to switch
over to other products in phases, compensating
them if necessary.
Persuade owners of tobacco factories not to
continue with production of tobacco products
beyond a reasonable time, by banning such
production.
•
•
•
•
9
Close down the bidi factories through phases.
This includes, restricting harvesting of tobacco to
produce bidis.
Discontinue advertisement of tobacco products
and forbid any show or program that propagates
smoking beyond the period of the existing
contract/agreement.
Prohibit import of tobacco "within a reasonable
period" and impose heavy tax for the import; all
imports must print statutory warning legibly in
bold words in Bengali.
Ban any promotional ventures like "Voyage of
Discovery'".
Ban smoking in public places including transport
and public gatherings.
LAW & POLICY
Drafting of model legislation
After compiling laws from various countries.
BATA drafted a set of strong laws and
submitted them to the government. The laws
cover such issues as promotion of tobacco.
smoking in public places, pack labeling, and a
dedicated tax for anti-tobacco education on the
mass media. The government is currently
discussing legislative options.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
In July 2000, BATA held a press release to
■elease the study Hungry for Tobacco, which
"tows the burden of tobacco use on poor
families in Bangladesh.
PUBLIC EDUCATION
BATA members produce a range of materials to
educate the public about the dangers to health.
economics, and appearance from tobacco use,
and on how to quit smoking. These materials
include posters, stickers, and pamphlets.
PUBLIC MOBILIZATION
BATA encourages the public to take a sta^
against
tobacco
promotion
and
u^
Mobilization activities include rallies and
marches for WHO’s South East Asian Anti
Tobacco (SEEAT) Flame for Freedom from
Tobacco: human chains, and marches.
BANGLADESH
ANTI-TOBACCO
• ALLIANCE
SEMINARS
BATA has held two seminars to date;
□ How to respond to the “Voyage of
Discovery", at which legal and mobilization
activities were planned.
□ A seminar for BATA members to learn
more about The Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control (FCTC).
NEWSLETTER
BATA produces a quarterly newsletter in
Bengali and English, with updates on A
activities and important national events.
Report summary
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
If tobacco were no longer consumed in Bangladesh.
the following economic gains would be anticipated:
* Savings in foreign exchange for import of
tobacco of over S14 million US per year.
« A net increase in employment of almost 19%.
♦
Large increases in household investment in
housing, education, and health care.
*
10.5 million fewer people going hungry.
> 350 fewer deaths from malnutrition of children
under age 5 each day.
BATA receives financial and technical
assistance from PA TH Canada and the
Government of Bangladesh. Members have
received support to attend conferences from the
Rockefeller Foundation, the American Cancer
Society, and the WHO.
Bangladesh Anti-Tobacco Alliance (BATA)
67 Laboratory Road, Dhanmondi
Dhaka-1205
Bangladesh
tel. (8802)966-9781
fax (8802) 966-0372
e-mail: wbb@pradeshta.net
WORK
FOR A BETTER
BANGLADESH
(WBB)
67 Laboratory Road
Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
Phone: (8802) 966-9781
Fax: (8802) 966-0372
E-mail: wbb@pradeshta.net
http://wbb.globalink.org
WORK FOR A BETTER BANGLADESH
is a non-profit, non-governmental organization
whose goal is to improve public health and the
environment
through
public
education.
programs, and advocacy.
Specifically, we seek to limit the harms to
health, economy, and the environment caused
by active and passive tobacco use: to reduce
stress caused by constant traffic noise: to
reduce air pollution bj promoting cleaner
vehicles: and to reduce the environmental
harm caused by polythene bags, throat
promotion of alternatives.
Our mission is to empower citizens to work to
improve their health and environment, and to make
their surroundings more healthful and livable.
Governance and affiliation
Work for a Better Bangladesh is guided by an
Executive Body and a Board of Advisors.
Management of activities is the responsibility
of the program staff based in Dhaka.
We maintain close links with local and
international organizations and individuals.
and are an active member of the Bangladesh
Anti-Tobacco Alliance (BATA).
Materials
A
Work for a Better Bangladesh has produced
leaflets on noise pollution, polythene bags, the
harms of tobacco, and how to quit smoking.
We also have stickers on horn use. polythene
bags, and tobacco. WBB co-authored with
PAT11 C anada the report Hungry for Tobacco:
An analysis of the economic impact of tobacco
on the poor in Bangladesh. The report
highlights the economic burden of tobacco use
on the poor, diversion of spending from basic
needs to tobacco, the connection between
tobacco use and malnutrition, and national
economic costs from tobacco.
Areas of interest
Tobacco control
Public education
Material development
Campaign for smoke-free areas
Advocacy
Participation in the Bangladeshi Anti-Tobacco
Alliance (BATA) and the Framework
Convention Alliance (FCA)
A
Noise Pollution
Public awareness
Material production
Vehicle Exhaust
Public education
Introduction and promotion of alternative.
cleaner vehicles
Reduction of Polythene Bags
Public education
Production and promotion of alternatives
Azimpur Housing Model Project
Related organizations
Prokriti
Production of cotton and jute bags
Raising of public awareness to avoid
polythene bag use
IMEX media
Professional printing and media services
Bangladesh Environmental Vehicle
Company Ltd. (BEVCO)
Promotion of natural gas vehicles
Funding
Work for a Beiler Bangladesh has received
funding from PA I 11 Canada and personal
donations-
Partners
WBB works closely with PATH Canada.
universities and colleges, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). and community and
social organizations in Bangladesh and the
region.
Executive members 1999-2001
Saifuddin Ahmed. President
Md. Abdus Salam. Vice-President
0'
Syed Samsul Alam, Treasurer
Abdul Hadi. General Secretary
Ferdousi Akhter. Asst. General Secretary
Monotosh Saha, Member
Romana Karim. Member
Qayim Uddin Ahmed. Member
Mohammed Khaled. Member
Support for WBB
The interest and support of the public is very
important to the success of Work for a Better
Bangladesh. Financial contributions are used
solely for project activities. Work, for a Better
Bangladesh is a registered charity and will
issue receipts for income tax purposes for all
donations.
Donations to WBB can be made directly or via
PATH Canada, through the purchase of
greeting
cards
from
their
website
(www.pathcanada.org) or through directed
donations (cpniaet fax:
613-241-7988 or
admin@pathcanada.org). All donations from
the public are greatly appreciated. For more
information
on
making
tax-deductible
donations, please contact us.
pH-8
Dear reader,
When you go shopping, will
Wisdom has finally dawned
The
Importance
you ever buy a food labelled
in the west. Many have joined
“You are warned! This product
is unsafe for human health”.
the ranks of the ex-smokers;
One should be either crazy or
smoking. But in India smoking
stupid to do so. Yet, our world
rate is ever on the rise, raising
abounds with people who
commit a similar folly.
heart attacks and premature
fewer young people take to
ugly visions of the cancers,
deaths by the turn of the
Countless people including
outstanding leaders of men in all century.
walks of life have fallen unwary This book tells you in simple
victims of the tobacco trap and
terms, every thing you should
are slowly poisoned to death or know about smoking and
to protracted illness.
health. Read it, and then decide
The biggest villain is the
whether you would start
international tobacco industry.
The industry sells smoking as
smoking. We are sure, you
fashionable, youthfill, trendy
already, remember it’s never
late to quit.
and immensely pleasurable.
Their target: millions of
unwary youth, lured into the
made-for-each-other trap.
won’t. If you are a smoker
Wishing you all many years of
smokeless health.
’
is AND BUTTS
In the words of the
World Health Organization
the international tobacco
industry's irresponsible
behaviour and its massive
promotional and advertising
campaigns are direct causes
of a substantial number of
unnecessary deaths.
WHAT DOES A PUFF CONTAIN?
RIED, cured and
flavoured tobacco leaves
constitute the main ingredients
of cigarettes. Cigarette smoke is
a mixture of gases and tarry
droplets containing over 4000
compounds. Carbon monoxide,
Nicotine, Tar are the main
noxious constituents of the
cigarette smoke. Besides these,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
cyanide, sulphur derivatives and
numerous known toxins are also
present. Some of these damage
the genetic material, some cause
cancer and some poison the
cells. However, nicotine, tar and
carbon monoxide do maximum
damage to human health.
D
Nicotine: 60 mg. of nicotine
given as a single dose can kill a
man.
Dried and cured
Tobacco
TAR
A dark resinuous
component of tobacco
smoke which produces
cancer.
NICOTINE
V
Alkaloid present in
the volatile phase of the
tobacco smoke, responsible
for causing addiction.
CARBON MONOXIDE
Another gaseous
component present in
lhe smoke.
All these are rapidly absorbed by
the exposed tissues, organs or
fluids. Each, acting alone causes
However, in small doses, nicotine
undesirable effects on the body,
the harm depending on the dose produces die following effects. ingested, and duration of the
• It increases the heart rate.
exposure.
• It increases the stickiness of
the blood.
What do Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon
Monoxide do to our body ?
Tar: There are about 4,000
chemicals constituting tar. Tar is
dark, resinous, and is the cancer
producing agent in rhe tobacco
smoke.
• It often produces irregularity
of the heart beat.
• Provokes nausea and
vomiting.
• Favours development
of peptic ulcer.
Addiction to cigarette smoking
comes from the-nicotine of
tobacco. Naturally, the pleasure
of smoking comes from nicotine.
Carbon Monoxide: When inhaled,
carbon monoxide produces die
following undesirable side effects:
The Poison
Stfck
Remember that the risks
from the three compounds
are additive in nature. A
smoker receives all the risks
every time he smokes.
12.0%
Carbon dioxide
13.0%
Strong acids
3.0%
Weak acids
1.2%
Neutral compounds 1.3%
• Enhances blood coagulation.
CIGARETTE
58.0%
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide 3.5%
Reduces oxygen delivery to
the heart muscle.
• Makes the heart more
susceptible for irregular
beating.
Nitrogen
Boses
0.5%
Hydrocarbons
2.0%
Aldehyde
0.7%
Ketones
0.5%
\
Nitrides
Waler
0.3%
3.0%
\
Miscellaneous
2.0%
HE medical world speaks
with one voice that smoking
is the foremost preventable
cause of death and disability. In
the West one out of every' five
deadrs is caused by a smoking
related disease.
T
medical care for smoking in
duced illness.
Sickness due to smoking
related illness results in die loss
of millions of work days to the
industry-far more than what is
lost through strikes. Smoking
related fires are major causes of (
People die of various causes.
A few commit suicide, some die fire accidents, loss of property
on the road, many die of alcohol and death in the world.
and many more from other
diseases. According to the Royal
BURNING YOUR MONEY AWAY !
College of Physicians, United
The Cost to the Individual Smoker
Kingdom, out of every 1000
young men who smoke ciga
Let us now see how much
rettes, on an average
money is burned away by an
average smoker during 30 years
• 1 will be murdered,
(roughly a man's productive
• 6 will be killed on the roads employment period in our
and
country'.)
• 250 will be killed before
Take a famous brand, say'
their time by tobacco.
‘KILLS filter’, the exclusive
Of course, many more will
brand for tliose in pursuit of .
suffer ill health, brought about
excellence.
’
by smoking.
At Rs 15 for 10, an average
smoker using 2 packets a day
THE COST TO THE NATION
spends Rs 30 per day. It means
he spends Rs 10,950 an year on
The cost of smoking to the
country' at large is prohibitive. In his cigarettes.
the United States alone, every
Even if the price were to remain
non smoking American was
steady for the next 30 years (we
spending an additional 150
all know it will never happen)
dollars per year for providing
our ‘KILLS’ fan would have
smoked away Rs 3,285,000.
Enough money to educate two
children through medical or
engineering colleges. Think of
the savings, if we were to
calculate the interest on this
amount.
The money one smokes away
fetches him a lot of good things
in life.
One good quality saree for your
wife for four weeks' smoking money.
or
A pair of trousers and shirt for
yourself for six weeks' smoking
money.
or
SMOKING
At What Cost?
A set of children's encyclopaedia for
your kid in three months.
or
An automatic washing machine for
your home with one year's smoking
money.
BURNING YOUR LIFE AWAY I
You may not believe it!
A piker’s hour has only 55
minutes. It is estimated that
every' cigarette smoked cuts
short one’s life by about 5%
minutes. In other words, if a
young man of 25 smokes an
average 20 cigarettes a day, he
may die 5 years ahead of time.
The more he smokes, the
greater will be the reduction of
life span.
E have seen that smoking
is ±e foremost preventable
cause of premature death. But
smoking seldom kills with the
swift mercy of a guillotine.
W
Smokers suffer from a host
of diseases ranging from minor
ailments like smokers cough,
sore-throat or indigestion, to
serious diseases affecting the
heart, blood vessels, lungs and
larynx, the stomach and the
pancreas.
We list below the major
smoking related diseases.
HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
• Coronary heart disease
including heart attacks.
• Peripheral arterial disease
leading to amputation of the
limbs).
• Cerebrovascular accidents
(stroke).
LUNGS
• Chronic bronchitis.
• Emphysema (chronic
obstructive lung disease).
killer is a major consequence of
smoking.
The smoking related cancers are:
• Lung cancer (the most
common of all cancers)
• Laryngeal cancer
• Oral cancer
• Bladder cancer
• Cancer of pancreas
• Cancer of the oesophagus
• Cancer of the kidney.
Diseases
CANCER
10 years.
The choice is yours
Cancer of the oesophagus
Since risk is proportional to dose, reducing or
eliminating smoking or drinking should lower risk.
over 7 years
Cancer of the pancreas
Since risk seems related to dose, slopping
smoking should reduce it.
Coronary heart disease
Risk decreases sharply after one year; after 10
years risk is the some os for those who never
smoked.
700-1500
500-1300
Oral Cancer
Oesophageal Cancer
300-1500
400-500(
Bladder Cancer
100-300
Chronic obstructive lung diseases
Peptic ulcer
Larynx cancer
Gradual reduction in nsk, reaching normal after
Mouth cancer
Reducing or eliminating smoking / drinking
lowers risk in the few years; risk drops to level
of non-smokers in 10 to 15 years.
By what % do
smokers increase
the risk of dying
Laryngeal Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Lung cancer
After 10 to 15 years, risk approaches thot of
those who never smoked.
Cancer of the bladder
Risk decreases gradually Io thot of nonsmokers
Lung Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Shortened life expectancy
After 10 to 15 years, ex-smoker's risk
approaches that of those of who never smoked.
SMOKING
OR HEALTH
Risks of Smoking
Heart attack
Above all, cancer, the dreaded
at the lower end of the spectrum.
Those who smoke more than one
pack a day assume risks at the
higher end of the spectrum. Most
important, the smoker assumes all
i risks at the same time.
Given below in tabular form
is our current knowledge on the
risks of smoking:
IF WOMEN WERE TO SMOKE TOO
100
50
1000-2000
100
200-300
STOMACH AND THE INTESTINE
• Peptic ulcer.
RISKS OF SMOKING AND
BENEFITS OF QUITTING
IMPORTANT: A person
who smokes one pack or less
cigarettes a day will assume risks
t
|
Research in die West has shown
Bronchitis and emphysema
Cough sputum disappears within few weeks;
lung function may improve, deterioration
effusively that women who
slowed.
smoke deliver babies with low
birth weight and have shortened
pregnancy.
Stillbirth and low birth weight
If smoking is slopped before fourth month of
pregnancy, risk to foetus is eliminoted.
There are more spontaneous
abortions among such women.
Complications following delivery
are more among smoking women.
Children born to them are at a
greater risk of deadi in the first
week of life.
Peptic ulcer
Ex-smokers get ulcers too, but they heol foster
and more completely that the smokers.
Drug and test effects
Most blood factors raised by smoking return to
normal; non-smokers on birth control pill hove
much lower risk of hazardous dots and heart
attacks.
It is never too late.
N THE West, three out of
ever}' 10 deaths occur due to
heart attacks. It is less in our
country because thousands of
young children never grow into
adults, being felled by infections,
malnutrition and other avoidable
causes.
I
Heart attacks in Kerala on the high?
Reports from the medical college
hospitals of Kerala indicate that
young men of Kerala are more
prone to develop heart attacks than
those in die West. Remember!
Smoking is a principal cause of
heart attack.
How does smoking cause heart attack?
Both nicotine and carbon
monoxide of the tobacco smoke
contribute to heart attacks.
Nicotine increases the work-load
of the heart. Carbon monoxide
also leads to the deposition of the
fatty substances in the arterial
walls of the heart. Both nicotine
and carbon monoxide increases
the stickiness of the blood. This in
turn favours clumping of the
blood vessels of the heart, leading
to heart attack.
How great is the risk of heart
attack in smokers?
In general, smokers assume 2-3
times risk of dying from heart
attack, when compared with nonsmokers. But the risk of sudden
deaths from heart attack may be
even five times as high.
Young people beware!
Studies carried out in die United
Kingdom have revealed that
moderately heavy smokers below
the age of 45 years run 15 times
the risk of sudden deadis from
heart attacks, than smokers. The
risk comes down in older people,
but more people suffer heart
attacks in die older age group.
Smoking and the leg arteries
.
’
f
Ever}' year hundreds of young
men report to the major hospitals
of Kerala with severe pain in the
leg, especially when walking. All
known treatment fails, and amputation of the leg is the inevitable
(Mcoiiic. The condition, Thrombo
^jitis Obliterans is a smokers’
disease. It occurs almost invariably
in beedi smokers.
Those who inhale the smoke have
a higher risk of dying than non
inhalers.
Shall one give up smoking after a
heart attack?
By all means, Yes! Giving up
smoking is the only act shown to
definitely bring down the risk of
second attack.
If one has high blood pressure,
elevated cholesterol or if one is
a diabetic, one should never
smoke (except when you are
fed up with life!)
Smoking and the vessels
Smoking increases stickiness of
the blood which can cause compli
cations in other blood vessels also.
Stroke a major killer and crippier
f
In some persons over 40, die blood
. vessels of die brain get clogged.
■* ' This results in partial or total •
paralysis of the body. Many studies
suggest that smokers run a higher
risk of suffering from strokes.
For many, life after a stroke is
permanent misery and many need
lifelong support and care.
Giving up smoking after a heart
attack reduces the risk of a second
attack by half.
Does quitting help?
HE principal target of
cigarette smoke is the lung.
All smokers inhale some smoke.
The noxious components of the
smoke get into direct contact
with the delicate lung tissue.
T
Lung cancer: The major killer
In most countries of the West,
lung cancer kills more people
than anyother type of cancer.
Naturally, smoking is the chief
culprit. In Kerala too lung cancer
is the principal form of cancer
among the males. Cancer of the
mouth is a close second; this
again is favoured by smoking
(Tobacco chewing, however is the
principal cause of oral cancer).
The fact that lung cancer in men
is 8-10 times more than in
women in Kerala, proves beyond
doubt that smoking is the
principal cause.
Starting young is more dangerous
Equally important as the number
of cigarettes smoked, is the age at
which smoking is started. The
earlier you start smoking,the
greater the chance to develop
lung cancer in later life, hi other
words, the smoking epidemic of
today will cause hundreds of
thousands of lung cancer cases by
the turn of the century. And most
of the victims will be in their
forties or fifties.
Lung cancer kills our people at a
much younger age
In the West, 72% of die lung
cancer occurs in subjects aged 65
or above. In Kerala, 75% lung
cancers occur in persons below 65
years.
Suppose we give up smoking
Normally, as age advances, the risk<^
of lung cancer increases. On die
Dose related risk of lung cancer
contrary, if you give up smoking,
The risk of lung cancer increases
the risk decreases, so that 10-15
in proportion with the number of years after quitting, anex-smoker’s
cigarettes smoked. The relation
risk is only slighdy grater dian diat
between lung cancer risk and the
of a person who never smoked!
number of cigarettes smoked is
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
explained in the illustration.
These cigarettes are low or middle Two conditions are included
tar cigarettes unlike the high tar
under this name. Chronic bron
cigarettes available in India.
chitis and Emphysema. Next to
lung cancer, these conditions cause
the largest number of deadis. The
disease is progressive and disabling.
The airways and die air sacs (alveoli)
are narrowed and breadiing becomes
progressively difficult. The lung loses
its elasticity
TQas disease is very rare among non
sBkers. 90% of all deaths from
chronic obstructive lung disease is
attributable to smoking. As widi
lung cancer, the risk is dose and
duration dependent.
SMOKING
your lung
Yes! If you stop at the right time.
Stop when the first warning signals
appeaer. The earliest warning is
the smoker's cough with excessive
phlegm. If you stop now,
progressive damage can be
avoided. If you quit smoking at an
advanced stage, further damage
can be prevented, but the lost lung
function cannot be restored.
O BE a non-smoker in a
smoker’s world leaves one
with no choice, but breathe
other people’s smoke. At home,
at work, in public transport and
in public places, we can scarcely
escape breathing other people’s
smoke. This mode of smoke
inhalation is known as passive
smoking or involuntary
smoking.
T
What do passive smokers inhale?
Incidentally, pipe and cigar
smokers who inhale less smoke
pollute the atmosphere much
more. Passive smokers have
higher blood levels of nicotine
and carbon monoxide.
Naturally, one can expect more
harm to the heart and blood
vessels of passive smokers.
children born to mothers who
smoke, show less academic ability
in school, particularly in reading and
aridimetic. Passive smoking by the
babies in the womb result in larger
number of still births and death of
infants under one week age.
breathing
Loss of lung function
Non-smokers who work with
smokers for over 20 years suffer
from loss of lung function - the
price one pays for breathing
other people’s smoke. Passive
smoking will be harmful to those
who suffer from asthma, chronic
bronchitis or emphysema.
The passive smoker inhales both
die side stream smoke and
exhaled main stream smoke. The
smoke which emanates from the
sides of the burning end of the
cigarette is named side stream
smoke.. The smoke the smoker
sucks in, is called main stream
smoke. Side stream smoke
contains more harmful substances
than main stream smoke.
Recent research suggests that wives
of smokers die more from lung
cancer than non-smoker’s wives.
Do passive smokers suffer illnesses?
Passive smoking and children
Other
People's
Smoke
Side Stream Smoke
Vs
MainStream Smoke
Side stream smoke contains 3
times more of tar, 3 times more
nicotine, and 5 times more carbon
monoxide than mainstream
smoke. It also contains 50 times
more of cancer producing
chemicals.
SIDF STRFAM SMOKE
Lung cancer and passive smoking
Yes! depending on how close you Passive smoking affects young
children more than adults.
are to the world of the active
smoker. Irritation of die eye, nose Infants born to smoking parents
and throat are the common minor run twice the risk of developing
serious chest ailments dian
symptoms. Remember that side
children of non-smokers. So also
stream smoke contains 50 times
respiratory infections.
more of irritants (acrolein,
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde etc.) Shocking news for smoking mothers
than main stream smoke.
Studies in the West suggest drat
D^pt non-smokers have a right to
clean air ?
Yes, we do have the right. Nonsmokers have a right to clean
smoke-free air. Since it is well
established that exposure to
tobacco smoke is harmful, nonsmokers must exercise their right
for breadiing clean, non polluted
air. Smoking in public places
■should be avoided.
MAIN STREAM SMOKE
E HAVE already seen
that lung cancer remains
the single most important cancer
directly attributable to smoking.
But many other cancers occur
at much higher rates among
smokers.
W
The most important of these are:
■ cancer of die larynx
■ cancer of the mouth
■ cancer of the gullet
■ cancer of the bladder, and
■ cancer of the pancreas
Adding insult to injury:
chewing tobacco
Mouth cancers and oesophageal
cancers are direcdy related to
tobacco chewing than smoking.
But when chewers smoke, the risk
is further aggravated. When one
stops smoking, the risk slowly
decreases, reaching the nonsmoker's level in ten to fifteen
years.
Smoking and reproduction:
a warning for women
Smoking women and wives of
smoking men give birth to lighter
babies.
These children are generally 120200 grams lighter. In smoking
women, the abortion rate is
twice as much as in non-smoking
women.
All complications related to
child birth occur more frequendy
in smoking women. These include
bleeding during pregnancy, pre
mature detachment of placenta, £
and premature rupture of the
membranes.
Infant deaths more for smoking women
Death of infants under one week
is more if women smoke during
pregnancy.
Ggarette smoking reduces breast milk
such women have any or more of
die following:
■ raised blood pressure
■ raised blood cholesterol
■ diabetes, or
■ family history of heart disease.
WQgen smokers: More prone to
utWie cancers?
There is now more evidence that
cancer of the uterus occurs more
frequently in women smokers.
Smoking
Miscellany
Recent research suggest that
smoking may reduce breast milk
output.
Female smoking and child growth
Children of mothers who smoked
during pregnancy' had small but *
measurable deficiencies in physi®
growdi up to eleven years. Such
children had also more chest
infections.
Smoking is dangerous when
women are on contraceptives
Women on oral contraceptives
who smoke, run a much higher
risk of developing coronary'
heart disease. The risk is more if
Smoking: A contributor to male
infertility
There is more evidence suggesting
diat smoking cause sperm abnomialities
and dius produce male infertility.
Remember! 5% of couples of India
are infertile. Childless men should
never take up smoking!
ANY smokers remark: I
have been smoking for so
long, now there isn’t much use
quitting! This notion is wrong.
M
It is never too late to quit
And for the future
■ You will lose your smokers
cough.
■ You will suffer fewer colds
and other infections.
If you stop smoking at the right
■ You will avoid the dangers
time, you will avoid nearly all die
that smokers have to face.
risks of death or disability from
smoking.
Once you stop smoking, your family
Right away
■ You will be free from and
expensive an damaging
habit.
■ You will have another 60-70
rupees a week to spend.
■ You will smell fresher.
No more bad breath.
■ You will look cleaner.
No more stained finger or
yellowed teeth.
■ You will be free from the
worn' that you are killing
yourself.
■ You will be healthier and
you can breathe more easily
for example when you run
for a bus or climb stairs.
and friends gain too
■ They enjoy fresher air.
■ You will be nicer to be with.
■ Your children are much less
likely to get colds and even
pneumonia.
■ Your children are less likely to
start smoking if you do not
smoke.
■ Although die main risk of
smoking is to the smoker,
non-smokers who live withj
smoker have a higher chanW
of getting chest diseases.
Why
Should
You
For you, your family
and friends the benefits
of stopping start on the
day you stop smoking
and go on for good.
LS 01 01
Ifs and Butts of Smoking
This Publication was made possible
through HAP’s collaboration with
The Health Foundation, New York
in their common endeavour of
Problem Solving for Better Health.
We have made liberal use of material
gathered from publications produced by
the following organisations for the
preparation of this booklet:
AGHAST, 1OCO, ASH, WHO
Text by Dr C R Soman
Layout and Design by S Premkumar
The contents of this publication may be freely
reproduced under acknowledgement.
Copyright © 1994 by Health Action by People
Published in 1994 in India by Health Action by People,
318, Prasanth Nagar, Trivandrum 695 011 India.
Typeset at Sigma Laser Prints, Trivandrum 695 010 India
pH - 2
Tobacco, Health and Law
A background note for the meeting on 14.09.2000
1.
Tobacco, Health and Wealth
Adverse health outcomes resulting from any form of tobacco use has been extensively
documented globally and in India, by epidemiologists and health professionals.
Twenty-five major serious diseases are directly attributable to tobacco use. They
include cancers of various organs, a range of cardiovascular diseases, effects on the
reproduction system including pregnancy wastage and impotence. That nicotine in
tobacco is more addictive than heroin and cocaine has been known to the industry
since the 1950's. This critical information, however, has been kept secret by the
industry allowing this dangerous product to be marketed freely without restriction. A
number of tobacco industry methods have come to public knowledge following
litigation in the U.S.A. For instance, additives are introduced into cigarettes to
increase absorption of nicotine.
Adverse economic outcomes on individuals and households result from spending on
purchasing tobacco products, and for meeting consequent health care costs, which in
India are largely met from out of pocket expenditures. At national levels too
revenues obtained from tobacco exports and excise are outstripped by national public
spending on meeting tobacco related health care expenditure. A recently published
prospective study by the Indian Council of Medical Research substantiates this.
There are productivity losses too with an average reduction of 10-15 years of life for
chronic heavy smokers, along with lower productivity due to chronic ill-health.
2.
The Way Ahead — converging legal and public health approaches
Since the causative factor of the heavy burden of tobacco related disease, disability,
death and suffering, is intimately linked to industry and trade, there is today
widespread recognition of the urgent need for legal and public policy measures to
control the industry and create awareness among people.
Given below are some of the important policy measures undertaken in different
countries.
a)
Crop diversification; alternative employment and protection of tobacco workers.
Reduction and elimination of government/public subsidy to tobacco growth,
production, manufacturers and sale.
Banning of sponsorship of sports and entertainment by the tobacco industry.
Banning of public advertisement of tobacco products.
Preventing and protecting children and young people from getting addicted.
Widespread education and awareness raising about consequences of tobacco use.
Tobacco cessation efforts - support to smokers/chewers.
Banning smoking in public places.
Support to the WHO in developing and implementing the Framework Convention
for Tobacco control (FCTC)
j)
Labeling; regulating nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes;
restricting smuggling; banning/regulating gutka/chewed tobacco.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
We need to evolve our own policy approaches in Karnataka .
International meet on tobacco control mooted
NEW DELHI. May 31.
The WHO is working on an international
framework convention on tobacco control, with
a view to effectively tackle the health problems
posed by the use of tobacco in various forms.
The proposed Convention would be a legal
instrument in the form of an international trea
ty to which the signatory States would agree to
pursue broadly stated goals.
According to Dr. Uton Muchtar Rafei. South
East Asia Regional Director of WHO. it had al
ready completed consultations with numerous
U.N. development agencies, as well as other
world bodies. NGOs. and countries towards the
format and content of the Convention. A work
ing group was presently developing the frame
work. he said.
The exercise follows a resolution adopted by
the 49th World Health Assembly in 1996 call
ing upon the Director General of WHO to devel
op an international instrument on tobacco
control that could be adopted by the United Na
tions. taking into account existing trade and
other conventions and treaties.
In an informal interaction with the reporters
in connection with the World No-Tobacco Day
I which is observed every year on May 31). Dr.
Rafei emphasised the need for measures to pro
mote cultivation of other crops in the place of
tobacco. In this regard, he cited the example of
Bangladesh. The country, through the Bangla
desh Cancer Society launched a crop substitu
tion project as an integral part of a health
education programme and today., farmers there
were reported to be earning four times more
than before.
The WHO regional chief also highlighted the
need to curb tobacco advertisements, particular
ly sponsorship of sports events by tobacco (Com
panies. as research had shown that 90 per cent
of the smokers started the habit at a young age.
below 24. and significant among the influen
cing factors was exposure to tobacco advertising
and promotion.
The WHO was working in this direction, by
focussing on working with and through region
al mechanisms such as the WHO regional com
mittee. the ASEAN and the SAARC to effect
control measures that would be beneficial for
the entire region.
As for the individual countries, the WHO ex
pected them to strengthen' their existing mecha
nisms to censor the use of cable television to
advertise tobacco and alcohol as the role of the
WHO vis-a-vis the member-countries was con
fined to advising and convincing them on the
health and social implications of tobacco use.
An information kit brought out by the WHO
regional office to mark the World Tobacco Day
has drawn attention to a national survey con
ducted by the Goa Cancer Society and the Na
tional Organsation for Tobacco Eradication.
Panaji. Goa.
The study, which was conducted about six
months after the 1996 World Cup cricket tour
nament had proved, among other things, that
although knowledge about the ill-effects of
smoking had a significant effect in lowering the
smoking rates and on the initiation rates, mere
knowledge could not be a deterrent.
For. the survey, which had covered 9.004 stu
dents in the age group of 13 to 17 in 130 ran
domly selected schools in 10 cities across India.
had found that even among those children who
had full knowledge, many .were prompted to
smoke after the tournament because of false per
sonalised perceptions like 'smoking improves
one's performance in cricket'.
Dr. Rafei also pointed out that campaign
against tobacco should be for all tobacco prod
ucts since there was no harmless tobacco. In .
India, for instance, over 70 per cent of the smok
ers used bidis and a large portion of women and 1
recently youngsters used chewing tobacco.
DOCl OST - CBD: Tl.lo
By Our Special Correspondent
pH*
'
I
■
HOW TO STOP SMOKING
PREPARATION OF SURROUNDINGS
w Two weeks prior to quit date, limit your smoking to one room in your home.
w
Clean and remove the smell of cigarette smoke from your home.
PREPARATION OF YOUR PHYSICAL SELF
w
w
w
iw-
w
Get your teeth cleaned. With tar and nicotine removed from your teeth.
Monitor your alcohol consumption.
Reduce your caffeine consumption prior to quitting
Get plenty of rest. Your body needs time to readjust without the drug,
nicotine
Drink plenty of fluids.
Use healthy oral substitutes.
j
,
PREPARATION OF YOUR EMOTIONAL SELF
Repeat to yourself your reasons for needing to quit smoking
Plan activities for your first smoke-free week.
Occupy your hands with other objects when you feel something is missing
without a cigarette.
w Beware of cigarette advertisements.
rr Never allow yourself to think that one cigarette won’t hurt.
w
«>■
ENLISTING SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR YOUR QUIT DATE.
w
w
w
Remind your friends and family that you are going through the quitting
process and that it is important to you that they support you.
Be assertive and direct when asking for support.
Working with a smoker. It is important to make a request for support or at
the very least for respect of your efforts to quit smoking by not smoking in
your presence. You may also ask for a transfer to a work area that is somke
free.
k
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
i
2
You’r quit date and the weeks that follow.
1.
Visualize and reinterpret your physical systems as “Symptoms of recover}!'.
Initial phase of quitting; you may experience a list of nicotine withdrawal
symptoms (i.e.
Restlessness, irritability, difficulty in concentration, sleep
disturbances, dry mouth or sore throat, fatigue, coughing and Nicotine
“Craving”. These symptoms are short-term and necessary to the healing
process. Try to think about them as symptoms of recovery”. When you are
feeling irritable and restless or having a "Craving” remind yourself that your
body is healing.
Imaginary exercise of healing process..... !!
Close your eyes and imagine your lungs. See the black tar sitting on the tiny
little air sacs that makes it hard for you to breathe at times. Each time you feel
“uncomfortable" imagine this tar gradually being lifted off your lungs. Each
'breath that you take feels easier. You feel the clean air healing the wounded
lung tissue.
You see the 4,000-plus particles that are floating in your
bloodstream being washed away. You feel your arteries relaxing and allowing
blood to pass more readily through, cutting your risk for strokes and heart
attacks. With each passing day you see more and more healing occurring inside
your body.
2. Pay attention to your "high risk" situations. These are times, such as when
you are stressed at work or finishing a meal, when you are most likely to desire
a cigarette. Try either to avoid these situations or at the very least to have
alternative strategies available.
3. Use distraction techniques.
When you find yourself tempted to smoke a
cigarette get some distance from the thought or situation.
wonderful technique for preventing impulsive smoking.
4. Reinforce your reasons for needing to quit smoking.
Distraction is a
Remember, these
reasons need to be specific and personal to you. These reasons will help get
you through the periods of temptation.
5. Repeat to yourself the benefits of quitting smoking. Repeat the following
list of benefits to yourself several times a day.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
2
You’r quit date and the weeks that follow.
1.
Visualize and reinterpret your physical systems as "Symptoms of recovery'.
Initial phase of quitting; you may experience a list of nicotine withdrawal
symptoms (i.e.
Restlessness, irritability, difficulty in concentration, sleep
disturbances, dry mouth or sore throat, fatigue, coughing and Nicotine
"Craving". These symptoms are short-term and necessary to the healing
process. Try to think about them as symptoms of recovery”. When you are
feeling irritable and restless or having a “Craving” remind yourself that your
body is healing.
Imaginary exercise of healing process..... I!
Close your eyes and imagine your lungs. See the black tar sitting on the tiny
little air sacs that makes it hard for you to breathe at times. Each time you feel
“uncomfortable" imagine this tar gradually being lifted off your lungs. Each
'breath that you take feels easier. You feel the clean air healing the wounded
lung tissue.
You see the 4,000-plus particles that are floating in your
bloodstream being washed away. You feel your arteries relaxing and allowing
blood to pass more readily through, cutting your risk for strokes and heart
attacks. With each passing day you see more and more healing occurring inside
your body.
a. .
2. Pay attention to your “high risk” situations. These are times, such as when
you are stressed at work or finishing a meal, when you are most likely to desire
a cigarette. Try either to avoid these situations or at the very least to have
alternative strategies available.
3. Use distraction techniques.
When you find yourself tempted to smoke a
cigarette get some distance from the thought or situation.
wonderful technique for preventing impulsive smoking.
4. Reinforce your reasons for needing to quit smoking.
Distraction is a
Remember, these
reasons need to be specific and personal to you. These reasons will help get
you through the periods of temptation.
5. Repeat to yourself the benefits of quitting smoking. Repeat the following
list of benefits to yourself several times a day.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
HOW TO STOP SMOKING
PREPARATION OF SURROUNDINGS
w
Two weeks prior to quit date, limit your smoking to one room in your home.
w-
Clean and remove the smell of cigarette smoke from your home.
PREPARATION OF YOUR PHYSICAL SELF
iw
Get your teeth cleaned. With tar and nicotine removed from your teeth.
w
w
w
Monitor your alcohol consumption.
Reduce your caffeine consumption prior to quitting
Get plenty of rest. Your body needs time to readjust without the drug,
nicotine
Drink plenty of fluids.
Use healthy oral substitutes.
w
PREPARATION OF YOUR EMOTIONAL SELF
w-
Repeat to yourself your reasons for needing to quit smoking
w
Plan activities for your first smoke-free week.
Occupy your hands with other objects when you feel something is missing
without a cigarette.
Beware of cigarette advertisements.
Never allow yourself to think that one cigarette won't hurt.
w
ENLISTING SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR YOUR QUIT DATE.
w
w
w
Remind your friends and family that you are going through the quitting
process and that it is important to you that they support you.
Be assertive and direct when asking for support.
Working with a smoker. It is important to make a request for support or at
the very least for respect of your efforts to quit smoking by not smoking in
your presence. You may also ask for a transfer to a work area that is somke
free.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
3
BENEFITS OF QUITTING SMOKING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Circulation improves.
Significantly decreases your risk for lung cancer and emphysema.
Increases lung and breathing capacity
Decreases allergies
Eliminates chronic bronchitis (which decreases energy level, resistance to
infection, and predisposes one to emphysema) in a few months after cessation.
Reduces number of cavities and increases chance of keeping your own teeth
(smokers have three times more cavities and gum disease than non-smokers)
Decreases risk of esophageal cancer by 500 percent.
Decreases risk of kidney cancer by 50 percent
Decreases frequency and intensity of headaches.
Decreases risk of osteoporosis
QUICK FIX COPING STRATEGIES.
Things You Can Do
I
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Do relaxation exercises.
Co to a place where smoking is not allowed.
Take a walk.
Exercise.
Listen to your favorite music.
Drink fruit juice, water, or soda with lemon.
Take a hot bath.
Call a friend for support
Do some gardening.
THINGS TO THINK ABOUT OR SAY TO YOURSELF
l
1
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Think about how many ways quitting will improve your health.
Think about how not smoking will help your loved ones.
Co over your reasons for quitting.
Imagine yourself as a non-smoker.
Think about how much better food tastes when you are not smoking.
“I can manage this without a cigarette."
“I have made it this far.”
“My lungs are getting healthier."
"I can breathe better."
“NO!!!!"
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
4
MANAGING SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY RELATED TO NICOTINE
WITHDRAWAL
The symptoms of anxiety that you are experiencing are caused by the physical
withdrawal process from nicotine.
2.
This is your body’s way of healing itself. The discomfort you are feeling will
lead to overall healing and improved health. It is "good” pain.
3.
These symptoms of anxiety will last for only a couple of weeks. The worst
feeling will be around the third or fourth day after your last cigarette.
4.
Practise visualizing how nicotine increases your heart rate and blood pressure.
1.
Next visualize how without nicotine your heart rate and blood pressure will
return to normal.
5.
You may want to picture your anxiety as a wave. You can feel it rise - but as
you ride it out you can feel it subside. It passes without any action on your part. {I
Steps to Beating Depression - Related to Nicotine Withdrawal
w
w
w
Recognize your triggers to depression
Avoid isolating yourself.
Push yourself to engage in small tasks. Depressed individuals often
complain of no energy or interest in activities. Set small but reasonable
goals for yourself. For example, force yourself to go to the grocery store or
to a social function.
Get support from those you trust.
Seek professional help. You don’t necessarily have to wait until the
depression gets really bad to get professional help. The longer you wait to
treat depression the worse it can get, and subsequently the harder it is to
beat.
Compiled By
S.
D. Rajendran.
Community Health Cell, #367, “Srinivasa Nilaya”, 1st Main, 1st Bloc,
Koramangala, Bangalore - 560 034. Ph : 5525385. Email: sochara@vsnl.com
Source : “HOW TO STOP SMOKING” - Lori Stevic-Rust & Anita Maximin.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
d
BENEFITS OF QUITTING SMOKING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Circulation improves.
Significantly decreases your risk for lung cancer and emphysema.
Increases lung and breathing capacity
Decreases allergies
Eliminates chronic bronchitis (which decreases energy level, resistance to
infection, and predisposes one to emphysema) in a few months after cessation.
Reduces number of cavities and increases chance of keeping your own teeth
(smokers have three times more cavities and gum disease than non-smokers)
Decreases risk of esophageal cancer by 500 percent.
Decreases risk of kidney cancer by 50 percent
Decreases frequency and intensity of headaches.
Decreases risk of osteoporosis
QUICK FIX COPING STRATEGIES.
Things You Can Do
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Do relaxation exercises.
Co to a place where smoking is not allowed.
Take a walk.
Exercise.
Listen to your favorite music.
Drink fruit juice, water, or soda with lemon.
Take a hot bath.
Call a friend for support
Do some gardening.
THINGS TO THINK ABOUT OR SAY TO YOURSELF
l
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Think about how many ways quitting will improve your health.
Think about how not smoking will help your loved ones.
Go over your reasons for quitting.
Imagine yourself as a non-smoker.
Think about how much better food tastes when you are not smoking.
“I can manage this without a cigarette.”
“I have made it this far.”
“My lungs are getting healthier."
“1 can breathe better."
“NO!!!!”
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
4
MANAGING SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY RELATED TO NICOTINE
WITHDRAWAL
The symptoms of anxiety that you are experiencing are caused by the physical
withdrawal process from nicotine.
2.
This is your body’s way of healing itself. The discomfort you are feeling will
lead to overall healing and improved health. It is “good" pain.
3.
These symptoms of anxiety will last for only a couple of weeks. The worst
feeling will be around the third or fourth day after your last cigarette.
4.
Practise visualizing how nicotine increases your heart rate and blood pressure.
1.
Next visualize how without nicotine your heart rate and blood pressure will
return to normal.
5.
You may want to picture your anxiety as a wave. You can feel it rise - but as
you ride it out you can feel it subside. It passes without any action on your part.
Steps to Beating Depression - Related to Nicotine Withdrawal
ww
w-
w
w
Recognize your triggers to depression
Avoid isolating yourself.
Push yourself to engage in small tasks. Depressed individuals often
complain of no energy or interest in activities. Set small but reasonable
goals for yourself. For example, force yourself to go to the grocery store or
to a social function.
Get support from those you trust.
Seek professional help. You don’t necessarily have to wait until the
depression gets really bad to get professional help. The longer you wait to
treat depression the worse it can get, and subsequently the harder it is to
beat.
Compiled By
S.
D. Rajendran.
Community Health Cell, #367, “Srinivasa Nilaya”, 1st Main, 1st Bloc,
Koramangala, Bangalore - 560 034. Ph : 5525385. Email: sochara@vsnl.com
Source : “HOW TO STOP SMOKING" - Lori Stevic-Rust & Anita Maximin.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
pH- a
Toba^^, otherthan Smoking
Besides smoking tobacco in the form
of cigarettes, bidis, cigars, hukkas etc.
Tobacco is also used in several other
forms, processed or raw.
•
In developing countries especially
India tobacco is widespreadly used as:
khaini, zarda (plain & with pan), gutka,
gul and snuff.
• The use of tobacco in this form is not
less harmful than smoking. Although
there is no data available on the
number of people taking tobacco in
this form and the number of deaths
reported due to their use but it is a fact
that a large number of people
. succumb due to use of tobacco in
above mentioned forms.
• The use of tobacco in above
mentioned forms causes several
dreaded diseases such as : oral
cancer, throat cancer, asthma, heart
disease etc.
•
Therefore it is advisable to stop the use
of tobacco in all forms for a healthly
and longer life and to prevent untimely
death.
Your own *>hi Government is
concerned^Fr its citizen due to
increasing menance to
smoking through
•
Y/y
\jj.Z
;
•
Continuous monitoring of the smoking
related diseases;
•
Protection of children from becoming
addicted to smoking;
•
Effective protection from involuntary
exposure to passive smoking; and
•
Effective programmes of health
promotion health education and
smoking cessation.
We want your effective co-operation
to make Delhi smoking free city
with the aim of
•
A reduction in the human misery
associated with unnecessary illness
and death.
•
A reduction in the health care burden.
•
A redcution in productivity losses.
With these object in mind Delhi Government has brought out a legislation to curb the
threats of smoking called the Delhi Prohibition of Smoking and Non-Smokers Health
Protection Act, 1996. Under this act the Government has declared.
Prohibition of sale of
cigarettes, etc. to
minors;
•
In case of violation of
these prohibition the
. person may be ejected
from the place of public
use, fined or tried under
the code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of
1974).
•
S^
fore it's too fate
Smoking Cell
‘ate of Health Service
try of Health
of N.C.T. of Delhi
Therefore we request you to co-operate'in our endeavour to
provide ourselves and our future generation a healthy city.'
All data quoted from WHO reports.
Quitsmokinsb
Anti
Directo
Mini £
Govt. .
There are rr^fe than
1.2 billion smorors in the
world today
89% of Smokers become
addicted to cigarettes
by the age of 18
•
•
•
•
Most of the people start smoking out of
curiosity as adolescents.
This curiosity develops into habit
Such people quickly fall prey to the
powerful addictive properties of
tobacco.
The addictive property of tobacco
increases dependency on smoking.
The net loss suffered by the worid
community because of smoking is
estimated as two hundred thousand
million dollars.
•
•
non-smokers at all ages
A non-smoker sitting before a smoker is
exposed to the threats of smoking. This is
known as passive smoking.
Globally 48% of men and 12% of
women are smokers.
In the developed countries 41% of
men and 21% of women smoke while
in developing countries about 50% of
men smoke compared with 8% of
women.
75% of smokers in the worid today live
in developing world. .
In India more than 45% of men and
5% of women are smokers. This data
is alarmingly high in the case of metro
cities.
Per capita cigarette consumption has
decreased by 10% in developed
countries but increased by 67% in
developing countries. India was
ranked 53rd in world in 1990-92 as
compared to 62nd in 1970-72 in this
context.
Smoking in Indian context includes :
Cigarettes, Bidis, Cigars, Hukkas,
Clay pipes.
There are no benefits of smoking but
losses are innumerable. There are
several economic losses of smoking
from pre mature death of bread
winners, from medical treatment, from
lost industrial productivity and
absenteeism caused by tobacco
related diseases, and from fire caused
by carelessly discarded smoking
material.
Besides causing economic losses to
the smoker smoking perpetuates this
habit in their children also.
Worldwide tobacco kills more than 3
million people every year.
•
•
•
o
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
>nds continue, million of
die orematurely from
caused by smoking.
You are at greater risk of health
hazard even if you don’t smoke
Death rates for smoker^Ke___, .
three times than foi^P r --
Non-smokers face numerous health
hazards, due to smokers in passive
smoking.
Every ten seconds, another person
dies as a result of tobacco use.
In the course of a year, worldwide
tobacco kills more than 3 million
people, 2 million of whom live in
developed countries and 1 million in
developing countries.
On average, smokers, who die due to
smoking related disease, lose 22 to
25 years of life expectancy.
The number of smoking related
deaths is projected to rise to 10 million
a year over the next 30 to 40 years.
Smoking is estimated to be the cause
of 45% of all cancer deaths and 95%
of lung cancer deaths.
75% of chronic obstructive lung
disease deaths are caused by
smoking.
Over 20% of vascular disease deaths
and 35% of cardiovascular disease
deaths are caused by smoking.
Developing countries share in the overall
mortality burden due to smoking wili
increase sevenfold from 1 million at
present to 7 million death by a
year by the 2020 or 2030s.
•
•
Passive smoking is additional
episodes and increased severity of
symptoms in asthmatic children. They
are upto 2.5 times more likely to have
their condition worsened by passive
smoking.
Exposure to passive smoking is a risk
factor for new cases of asthma in
children who have not previously
displayed symptoms.
The risk of disease like croup (throat),
bronchitis and pneummonia is
estimated to be about 50 to 60%
higher in children exposed to passive
smoking during the first 2 years of life,
compared with unexposed children.
Ih children, passive smoking is
casually associated with increased
prevalence of discharges from ear
and lung dysfunction.
Passive smoking is a cause of lung
cancer in lifelong non-smokers. This
risk is about 20 to 30% higher than for
never smokers not exposed to
passive smoking.
Piease step
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Prof. Manubhai Shah to Attend Helsinki Moot on Toba<
Ret. : tR/press/'03/Helsinki/dG Prof. Manubhai Shah to Attend Helsinki Meet on lobacco or
Health Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC), Ahmedabad,is already engaged in
ths the activities of consumer safety and health issues, including one of tobacco and
iouacuo products. CERC iidu eaiiiei luuuiii cases on tobacco-based iuothpasie and iiiiyation
on behalf of Hansh Visroliya, a ’gutkha' addict, who unfortunately passed away while the
ease was nendino. Prof. Manubhai 'thah is attending the Conference at Helsinki Finland on
Tobacco c’r Health from 3 to S August, 2003. Ho will use the opportunity for visiting the'
Sweuibii riaiiuiLdu hibi.ii.uie di vdnniuuy. Siuckiiuiiii, Sweden, biuce CERC is piupObinu iu bei
up a laborator/ tor comparative testing or aids and appliances tor the disabled people. I he
has dnne pioneering work in research and designing of aids and
yioject num uie consume! neaiin point of view. Incidentally, rioi. Shall iiad eaiiiei
attended a Conference at Mavo Clinic. Rochester, dunna 14-1/ October 2001, where the
H--nr!r!irtion through mAdirel group theranv ns'zcholooira! counsellino and
.wC
g..^, . ,w..
at ,hc pucl.c hearing organised by
vvrici ai ueneva on rianiewoik Convention on louaccu Cunuoi, an inieinational iieaty which
has been recently signed by many countries, including India. CtRC acknowledges with
gratitude the contribution by the Gujarat Ambuja Foundation for financial assistance for
participation in the : leisinki Conference as woli'as other anti tobacco activities pursued by
CcrtC. uaie . I/G6/20G3 riace . Ahmedauad riii.ee Shall Editor INSIGHT - The Consumer
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Opinions, test IcsuIiS arid research fhnlnlgs
issued through this Press Release cannot he used in any form directly or indirectly for advertising.
promotional or commercial purpose. CONSUMER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SOCIETY
"Suraksha Sankooi", Thaitej. Ahmedabad-Uandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad- 380 054 (TNDIA)
Pilous;
89945’46 Psx; 079” "7489947 H-nisil: ccrc^wilnsiciilin-.iist WsHSitc;
hup://www cercmdia.org---------------------------------------------------------------
pH-
Technical Session - II
Chair person: Dr. S.V. Kumaraswamy,
Professor of Oral Surgery
V.S. Dental College and Hospital
13.45 to 14.00 hrs Importance of Health
Education
Dr.S.M.S. Setty
Retd. Additional Professor
NIMHANS, Bangalore
14.00 to 14.15 hrs Awareness - CHC Experiences Dr.Thelma Narayan
Co-ordinator,
Community Health Cell,
Bangalore
Mr. Sathya Murthy
14.15 to 14.30 hrs Strategies Adopted by
manufacturers through various Chief Reporter
The Hindu, Bangalore.
Media.
Ms. Vineet M Gill, NPO
14.30 to 14.50 hrs Tobacco Bill 2003
WHO/ministry
14.50 to 15.15 hrs Karnataka Smoking prohibition Mr. Robinson D'souza
Special Secretary, LAW
and status of implementation
Government of Karnataka
15.15 to 15.30 hrs Tea Break
Dr. M. K. Ramesh
15.30 to 16.00 hrs Implementation of Social
legislation in relation to
Additional Professor,
National law school of India
tobacco
University, Bangalore.
Mr Taposh Roy
16.00 to 16.30 hrs Framework convention on
Director
tobacco control - An
introduction
Special Programmes VHAI
Session III - Innovative Approaches to Tobacco Control
Valedictory Session:
Chairperson: Dr. M.K. Vasimdhara, HOD, Community Medicine,
_____ Dr.Ambedkar Medical College.
__________
16.30 to 17.00 hrs Opening remarks followed by Mr.Taposh and Ms. Vineet
discussion
on
Innovative
Approaches to Tobacco Control
17.00 to 17.30 hrs Preparation of Recommendations
17.30 to 18.00 hrs Valedictory
Session
and
Presentation
of
the
Recommendations
18.00 to 18.05 hrs Vote of thanks
Innovative Approaches to Tobacco Control- South Zone
Workshop, United Theological College, No 63„ Miller’s Road,
Bangalore - 560 046
Date: 19«» June 2003
Programme Schedule;
Time
9.30 to 10 hrs
Programme
Resource persons
VHAK Staff
Registration
Inaugural Session
Dharmadarshi- N.C. Nanaiah
Welcome address
Introduction of VHAK and need for President
VHAK, •
tobacco control
Bangalore
Mr. Taposh Roy
41
10.15-10,25 hrs Introductory remarks
Director
Special Prog, VHAI
Ms. Vineet M.Gill, NPO
10.25 - 10.30 Message from WHO 8s Ministry
WHO/Ministry
hrs
10.30 -10.45 hrs Lighting of the lamp and Dr.A.B. Malaka Raddy
Hon.Minister
for
Medical
Inaugural speech
Education, GOK
Tea Break
10.45-11.00 hrs
10. - 10.15 hrs
Technical Session -1
Chair Person: Dr. P.S. Prabhakaran, Director, KMIO
. Dr. Vijayalakshmi I.B
11.00 to 11.30 hrs Economic impact
Smoking and Cardio-vascular Jayadeva Institute of Cardiolo^
Diseases
11.30 to 12.00 hrs Tobacco and Cancer
Dr. M. Vijaya Kumar,
HOD - Oral Cancer. KMIO
12.00 to 12.30 hrs Tobacco and Public Health Dr. M.K.Vasundara
HOD, Community Medicine
Issues 86 Measures
Dr. Ambedkar Medical College,
Bangalore
12.30 to 13.00 hrs Factors contributing to tobacco Dr.Pratima Murthy
Additional Professor,
dependence and Cessation
Department of Psychiatric
NIMHANS, Bangalore
13.00 to 13.45 hrs
Lunch Break
Voluntary Health Association of India
SUBMISSION
INTRODUCTION
Presently tobacco contributes to 4 million deaths per year globally. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco kills more people annually than AIDS and
accidents put together. This figure is expected to rise to 10 million tobacco attributable
deaths per year by 20 25.
INDIAN SCENARIO
In India, deaths attributable to tobacco are expected rise from 1.4% of all deaths of 1990
to 13.3% in 2020. India, according to the projections of WHO, will have the highest rate
of rise in tobacco related deaths during this period, compared to all other
reasons/countries.
Tobacco kills between 8-9 lakh people each year in India. This will multiply many folds
in the next 20 years. Of the 1000 teenagers smoking today, 500 will eventually die of
tobacco related diseases-250 in their middle age and 250 in their old age. Those who die
earlier loose on an average 22 to 26 years of productive life compared to non-smokers.
Epidemiological data from developed countries demonstrate an approximate 30-40 year
lag time between the onset of regular smoking and smoking-related mortality. Among
men aged 35-69 years in developed countries, 30 per cent of all deaths are estimated to be
cause by smoking. Specifically, smoking causes:
>
>
>
>
>
90-95% of lung cancer deaths
75% of chronic lung disease deaths
40-50% of all cancer deaths
35% of cardiovascular disease deaths
over 20% of vascular disease deaths
As smoking rates in developing countries begin Do catch up with those in developed
countries, their death and disease rates will also catch up.
FACTS AND REALITIES THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY MUST ACCEPT
> That smoking causes many kinds of cancer, heart diseases and respiratory
illnesses which are fatal for many sufferers.
> The annual global death toll caused by smoking is 4 million. By 2030, that figure
will rise to lOmillion with 70% of those deaths occurring in developing countries.
Tong Swasthya Bhawan, 40 Institutional Area. South of I.I.T., New Delhi-) 10 016. INDIA.
Phone: 6518071-72. 6965871.6962953 Fax: 011-6853708 Grams: VOLHEALTH N.D.-l 6 E-mail: VHAI@del2.vsnl.net.in
Donations exempted from II under Section 80-G of IT Ac11961. Also exempted U/S 10(23C) IV os applicable to inslifutions of importance throughout Incia
> That nicotine is a most important active ingredient in tobacco; that the tobacco
companies are in (he drug business; the drug is nicotine and that the cigeralte is a
drug delivery device.
> That nicotine is physiologically and psychologically addictive, in a similar way to
heroin and cocaine-rather than shopping, chocolate or the internet. The
overwhelming majority of smokers are strongly dependent on nicotine and that
this is a substantial block to smokers quitting if they choose to.
> That teenagers (13-18) and children (<13) are in inherently important to the
tobacco market and the companies are competing for market share in these
groups.
> That advertisement increases total consumption as .well as promoting brand
shares.
> That advertising is one (of several) important and interlocking ingredients that
nurture smoking behavior among teenagers and children.
> That current formulation of low-tar cigarettes creates false health reassurance and
offers little or no health benefit.
> That second-hand smoke is a real public health hazards including causing
childhood diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, cot-death and glue ear, and is a
cause of lung cancer and heart disease in elders.
NICOTINE ADDICTIONS
> A UK. government scientific committee set in March 1998; "over the past decade
there has been increasing recognition that underline smoking behaviour and its
remarkable intractability to change is addiction to the drug nicotine. Nicotine has
been shown to have affects on brain dopamine systems similar to those of drugs
such as heroin and cocaine". (SCOTH, 1998).
> "Dependence on nicotine is established early in teenager's smoking carriers, and
there is a compelling evidence that much adult smoking behavior is motivated by
a need to maintain a preferred level of nicotine intake
" (SCOTH, 1998, Ibid).
> Smokers are compelled to smoke by addiction to nicotinq but the harm is largely
done by the 400Q+ other chemicals in the tar and the gases produced by burning
tobacco. It is this combination that makes tobacco so deadly.
MARKETING TO CHILDREN
Publicly the tobacco companies have always maintain that they do not target youth, but
the market logic of selling to teenagers is overpowering-teenagers are the key battle
ground for the tobacco companies and for the industry as a whole. Internal industrial
documents show that they set out to aggressively advertise to youth, and even manipulate,
peer pressure to make people smoke their brand.
The industry knows that very few people start smoking after their teenage years, and if
you can “hook” a youngster early on they could well smoke your brand for life.
Independent surveys have shown that approximately 60% of smokers start by the age of
13 and fully 90% before the age of 20. It is both socially and locally unacceptable to
advertise tobacco to under-age teenagers and children-yet it is to this precise.age group
that the industry advertises in order to survive: Studies have shown that teenagers
consume the cigarette that most dominate sports sponsorships.
KEY FACTS ON ADVERTISING AND SMOKING
> Chief Economic Adviser to the Department of Health, Dr. Clive Smee, published
the most comprehensive study of the link between advertising and tobacco
consumption in 1993. After reviewing 212 ‘time scries’ correlating advertising
spending and total tobacco consumption, Smce concluded, "The balance of
evidence thus supports the conclusion that advertising does have a positive effect
on consumption. ” Smee also examined in detail the effects, of tobacco advertising
bans in four countries and found that banning advertising resulted in reductions in
consumption of 4%-9% in the countries surveyed. He concluded: "In each case
the banning of advertising was followed by a fall in smoking on a scale which
cannot be reasonably attributed to other factors. ”
> A meta-analysis of econometric findings from time series research found a
positive association between advertising expenditure and cigarette consumption.
The study showed that a 10% increase in advertising expenditure would lead to a
0.6% increase in consumption.
> The US Surgeon General in his 1989 report highlighted the difficulties in
designing studies that prove the point definitively, but concluded: "the collective
empirical, experiential and logical evidence makes it more likely that not that
advertising and promotional activities do stimulate cigarette consumption. " The
Surgeon General suggests seven ways in which tobacco advertising operates to
encourage smoking:
US SURGEON GENERAL - HOW ADVERTISING AFFECTS CONSUMPTION
By encouraging children or young adults to experiment with tobacco and thereby
slip into regular use.
By encouraging smokers to increase consumption
By reducing smokers’ motivation to quit
By encouraging former smokers to resume
By discouraging full and open discussion of the hazards of smoking as a result of
media dependence on advertising revenues
6.
By muting opposition to controls on tobacco as a result of the dependence of
organizations receiving sponsorship from tobacco companies
7.
By creating though the ubiquity of advertising, sponsorship, etc. and environment
in which tobacco use is seen as familiar and acceptable and the warnings about its
health are undermined.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TOBACCO AND THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted by the UN General
Assembly on 20 November 1989 and came into force in September 1990. Interpretation
of the articles of the Convention by the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the
practice of States demonstrates that tobacco is indeed a human rights issue. As a legally
binding international Convention, ratified States are legally bound to ensure that children
can enjoy all of the rights guaranteed under the Convention, including protection from
tobacco.
WHO estimates that nearly 700 million, or almost half of the world’s children, breathe air
polluted by tobacco smoke, particularly at home. Most have no choice in this matter, and
as a consequence of their exposure in homes and public places, suffers serious long-term
health affects.
Because of the enormous potential harm to children from tobacco use and exposure,
States have a duty to take all necessary legislative and regulatory measures to protect
children from tobacco and ensure that lhe interests of children take precedence over
those of the tobacco industry. Given the overwhelming scientific evidence attesting to
the harmful impact of tobacco use and El'S (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) on child
health, implementing comprehensive tobacco control is not only a valid concern falling
within the legislative competence ofgovernments, but is a binding obligation under the
Con vention.
For policy makers, the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides an existing legal
framework for implementing and enhancing comprehensive tobacco control policies.
Utilising the Convention, human rights and tobacco control .advocates have a unique
opportunity to identify the problems related to tobacco use and develop in tandem
solutions which can be implemented coherently and universal.
Comprehensive, multi-level strategies will be required, including strong public policies.
Without such policies, the rights of children will continue to be violated, particularly
those relating to guarantees of basic health and welfare, and protection from child labour.
States therefore, both individually and collectively, must live up to their obligations under
the Convention and protect children from tobacco.
The Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and
Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution), Bill,'
2001 is a social legislation bill that endeavors to protect the health of non-smokers,
tobacco users especially children taking to the tobacco habit.
The Bill, is a non-controvcrsial Bill which merely seeks to:
.>
>
>
>
Ban smoking in public places
Ban on advertising
Adequate warning to users
Ban on sale to minors
The prime beneficiary of this Bill will be the women and children who are the most
vulnerable to tobacco usage. Public health measures protecting people from harmful
effects of tobacco should not be shelved. Simultaneously there has to be a time frame
where a shift has to take place from tobacco crops to other alternative cash crops and
alternative employment opportunities. In India, we are already burdened with diseases of
poverty with a meager health budget and now, we are faced with the additional burden of
tobacco related diseases. .A developing country like India can not afford the luxury of
tobacco related diseases.
It is therefore, the humble submission of the Voluntary Health Association of India that
the “The Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and
Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution), Bill, 2001”
be considered by the Standing Committee to be recommended to the Parliament of India
for its passage. This will go a long way in protecting the health and lives of millions of
people in India and set an example for other developing countries to emulate.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
Alok Mukhopadhyay
Chief Executive
New Delhi
3rd July, 2001
pH- •
TOBACCO : TOWARDS A TOBACCO FREE SOCIETY
Since
•
Tobacco is a major cause of death and disability globally and in India.
•
Tobacco related death and disability arc expected, as per WHO estimates to rise
sharply over the next 20 years in India at a rate higher than anywhere else in the
world.
•
Tobacco injures health in many ways, from childhood onwards, through active as
well as passive consumption.
•
Tobacco products contain nicotine which is strongly addictive.
We need
•
Tobacco control policies which will progressively eliminate the production, sale and
use of all tobacco products intended for human consumption.
•
A ban on all forms of advertisement (direct and indirect) of tobacco products
•
A ban on smoking in all public places
•
A ban on sale of tobacco products, in any form, to minors
•
Taxation of tobacco at progressively higher levels, to discourage consumption
through price-linked disincentives and utilisation of the additional tax revenue for
community health education.
•
Agricultural policies which will progressively phase out tobacco cultivation in
favour of alternate crops.
■
Industrial policies which will encourage the switchover of tobacco related industrial
capacity to alternate uses
7
•
Labour policies which will rehabilitate workers employed in tobacco production
and provide alternate employment protecting them from economic hardships due to
tobacco control policies.
•
Health care policies which will assist current tobacco consumers to give up their
habit, through appropriate counseling and de-addiction measures.
•
Effective health education programmes which will provide the community with
information on the diversity and dimensions of tobacco related health hazards.
We want
•
The government to urgently initiate and implement a comprehensive National
Tobacco Control Programme which aims for a Tobacco Free India by 2010.
• '
The government to refuse permission for the import of tobacco products from other
countries, even as efforts for curbing domestic production and consumption are
strengthened.
•
The government to set clear goals for tobacco control programmes which will
enable annual review and evaluation by the Parliament of India.
8
KaA
pH- "S ■
Beyond prevention helping teens quit smoking
There is often a lack of smoking cessation resources designed for young people.
As countries strive towards tobacco-free societies, prevention of smoking among youth is
of key importance. However, around the world, high rates of smoking among teens
provides a strong argument for effective youth-oriented smoking cessation programmes.
Available information suggests that physical and psychological dependence on smoking
can develop quickly in young people. By the time teens have been smoking on a daily
basis for a number of years, the smoking habit and addiction levels may well have
become entrenched, and they are faced with the same difficulties i.n quitting as adult
smokers. Although intentions to quit and quit attempts are common among teenagers.
only small numbers of teenagers actually quit. One of the problems may well be the lack
of smoking cessation resources tailored to young people.
Recent studies have found that students would welcome smoking cessation assistance if
provided in acceptable-ways. It appears that some groups of students prefer more
independent quitting strategies, such as self-help programmes or "quit and win" style
incentives. However, this will vary among populations, and will need to be determined
before interventions are planned.
Tobacco addiction and kids
The younger people start smoking cigarettes, the more likely they are to become strongly
addicted to nicotine.
Tobacco products contain substantial amounts of nicotine, which is absorbed easily from
tobacco smoke in the lungs and from smokeless tobacco in the mouth or nose. Nicotine
has been clearly recognized as a drug of addiction, and tobacco dependence has been
classified as a mental and behavioural disorder according to the WHO International
Classification of Diseases, ICD-10 (Classification F17.2). Experts in the field of
substance abuse consider tobacco dependency to be as strong or stronger than
dependence on such substances as heroin or cocaine. Moreover, because the typical
tobacco user receives daily and repeated doses of nicotine, addiction is more common
among all tobacco users than among other drug users. In many countries, about 90% of
smokers smoke every day, and approximately that proportion or perhaps even more are
dependent on tobacco. Among addictive behaviours, cigarette smoking is the one most
likely to take hold during adolescence. A study found that 42% of young people who
smoke as few as three cigarettes go on to become regular smokers. What often starts out
as an act of independence may rapidly become an addictive dependence on tobacco.
Studies by health scientists in the United States have found that about three-fourths of
under-age smokers consider themselves addicted, while a majority of adolescent smokers
in Australia had tried to quit and found it very difficult. About two-thirds of adolescent
smokers in another USA study indicated that they wanted to quit smoking, and 70% said
that they would not have started if they could choose again. These responses are
remarkably similar to the conclusions of studies conducted years earlier for a Canadian
tobacco company:
"However intriguing smoking was at 11, 12 or 13, by the age of 16 or 17 many
regretted their use of cigarettes for health reasons, and because they feel unable to stop
smoking when they want to."
Danger!
PR in the playground
Tobacco industry initiatives on Youth smoking
"We believe in our right to provide adult smokers with brand choice and information.
alongside our responsibility to ensure that our marketing does not undermine efforts to
prevent children from smoking. [Martin Broughton. Chairman of BA I'. 200()][ I ]
"In all my years at Philip Morris. I’ve never heard anyone talk about marketing to youth."
[Geoffrey Bible. CEO of Philip Morris. 1998][2]
'If younger adults turn away from smoking, the industry will decline, just as a population
which does
not give birth will eventually dwindle.’
[Diane Burrows, RJ Reynolds, 1984][3]
"... We relined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows: “Maintain
and proactively protect our ability to advertise, promote and market our products via a
juvenile initiative*”.
* Juvenile Initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking
because smoking is an adult decision.”
[Cathy Leiber, Philip Morris International. 1995][4]
“As we discussed, the ultimate means for determining the success of this program will
be: 1) A
reduction in legislation introduced and passed restricting or banning our sales
and marketing activities: 2) Passage of legislation favorable to the industry; 3) greater
support from business, parent, and teacher groups.”
[Joshua Slavitt. Philip Morris, “Tobacco Industry Youth Initiative,” 1991] [5]
'A cigarette for the beginner is a symbolic act. I am no longer my mother's child. I'm
tough. I am an adventurer, I'm not square ... As the force from the psychological
symbolism subsides, the pharmacological effect takes over to sustain the habit.'
[Philip Moms, 1969][6]
pH" 3 •
Tobacco and the developing world
I'ublhlieil In I-i.iC OH
Bernard Lown, Ml)
The opium wars of (he 21st century: Tobacco and the developing world
The opium wars of the 21st ccntry: Tobacco and (he developing worldSince the 1964.report
of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health 38 million adults in
the United States have quit smoking. (1) During the 1990's, the retreat of cigarette
companies has become a near rout in some industrialized countries. The tobacco industry,
quite to the contrary, is not on its knees nor about to surrender. Ils long range global strategy
is to maintain sales roughly constant in industrialized countries, while investing mammoth
resources to increase market share in the Third World, in the former Soviet Union and in
liaslern Europe. The struggle against tobacco is not being won, it is being relocated. In the
past decade United States tobacco consumption dropped 17 percent while exports have
skyrocketed 259 percent. At present, the two American giants. Philip Morris and RJ.
Reynolds sell more than two thirds of their cigarettes overseas and half their profits come
from foreign sales. (2)
The tobacco wars of the next century will increasingly be waged among vulnerable
populations ill equipped to cope with the slick marketing techniques and the dirty tricks
perfected by the tobacco industry. Most developing countries have no advertising controls,
lack adequate health warning requirements, and have a dearth of pressure groups
campaigning for stricter tobacco controls. 'Iliey have set no age limits, nor imposed
restrictions on smoking in public places. Their populations are poorly educated on the
health hazards nor is information being provided to the burgeoning numbers of teen-agers
who are most susceptible to advertising hype.
Tobacco already exacts an inordinate toll in the developing world. In Mexico, according to
the Center for Disease Control (CDC), death rale for all smoking related disease has
increased substantially, ranging in mortality increases of 60% for cerebrovascular disease to
220% for lung cancer. (3) In Brazil cigarette-related disease now leads infectious diseases as
the principal cause of death.(4) In Bangladesh, as a result of increased smoking, cancer of
the lung has become the third most common cancer among men and perinatal mortality is 270
per 1000 /children of smoking mothers-more than twice the rate for children of nonsmokers.
(4) In India, a six-fold increase in mortality from bronchitis and emphysema has been noted,
coincident with that country's skyrocketing cigarette consumption.(4,5 ) In developing
countries, not only is the use of tobacco surging, but the cigarettes are more addictive and
more lethal because of higher tar and nicotine content.
In Asia smoking is growing at the fastest rate in the world accounting for half of global
cigarette use . 'The largest number of recruits arc among the young and women. (6) T|te
tobacco industry finds the Asian market particularly inviting because of its size and the love
for smoking. In China 61 percent of men and 10% of women over 15 now smoke. These
320 million smokers consume 1.7 trillion cigarettes annually. While the Chinese account
for a third of all smokers world wide, as yet this lucrative market has not reached its potential
limit. The staggering health costs is a reckoning for the future. The Chinese Academy of
Preventive Medicine forecasts 3.2 million deaths annually by the year 2030. (7, 8)
The United States has played a key role in promoting the global consumption of tobacco.
More than a century ago the American tobacco magnate James B. Duke entered China. (9)
Until his arrival very few Chinese smoked, mostly older men using a bitter native tobacco.
usually in pipes. Duke hired "teachers", who traveled from village to village in Shantung
province, marketing a milder North Carolina tobacco leaf and instructing curious onlookers
how to light up and hold -cigarettes. Duke installed the first mechanical cigarette-rolling
machine in China and unleashed a panoply of promotional materials, including cigarette
packs displaying nude American actresses. He set the precedent of having the United States
government pressure the Chinese to permit the import of American cigarettes.
Pushing deadly merchandise abroad if anything it has intensified in recent years. In 1985
when US began its campaign to open Asian markets to tobacco exports, it shipped IS billion
cigarettes; by 1992 the figure had risen to 87 billion or nearly five-fold. The US government.
while discouraging smoking at home, successfully pressured Japan. Taiwan. South Korea and
Thailand into breaking their domestic tobacco monopolies to allow the sale of American
cigarettes.(6) These national monopolies did not advertise and sold cigarettes largely to
male adults. After US companies penetrated their markets smoking soared among young
people. Two years after the entry of American cigarettes in Japan, their import increased by
75 percent with 10-fold increase in the number of television advertisements to encourage
smoking. The US broke a healthy taboo against smoking by Japanese women. In but a few
years the number of women smokers more than doubled. (6, 10)
In a single year after the ban against American tobacco was lifted, smoking among Korean
teenagers rose from 18.4 to 29.8 percent and more than quintupled among female teens, from
1.6 to 8.7 per cent. (2) A poll among two thousand high school students in Taipei. Taiwan
indicated that 26% boys and 1% of girls smoked a cigarette. After American tobacco
companies entered their market in a survey of eleven hundred high school students, the
figures shot up to 48 percent of boys and 20 percent of girls. (6) Words like Marlboro.
Winston. Salem, and Kent have entered the vocabulary of every Asian nation.
The American government engaged in activities that would have provoked outrage if carried
out in its own country. The US Trade representative refused the Taiwanese proposal not to
allow advertisement in magazines read primarily by teen-agers. (6) The Taiwanese were not
permitted to move the health warnings from the side to the front of the package nor increase
the type size, nor were they allowed to prohibit wending machine sales. An unconscionable
American trade imperialism fuels the rise in smoking. This prompted the former U.S.
Surgeon General. Dr. C. Everett Koop to say about his country, "People will look back on
this era of the health of the world, as imperialistic as anything since the British Empire-but
worse." (10).
Even without the exercise of government muscle on their behalf, the tobacco titans present a
formidable challenge to an unwary public. Tobacco promotion is pursued aggressively in less
developed countries, with advertising budgets for many countries suqjassing national funds
appropriated for health research. The tobacco companies invest prodigious resources in
targeting women and children. According to a recent editorial in the New York Times.
"Hong Kong is one of the battlefronts of ie modern-day Opium War. While Britain went to
war last century to keep its Indian-grown opium streaming into Chinese ports, today
American tobacco companies win profits znd build addiction throughout Asia." (11)
In Hong Kong, where American tobacco blends make up 94 percent of the market, hip
clothing stores pass out cigarettes free to their customers. Advertising is geared to the young
in Asia by sponsoring sporting events and pop concerts with free disco passes given out in
return for empty cigarette packs. The Marlboro bicycle tour is the biggest national summer
sport in the Philippines. (5) Salem cigarettes sponsor a "virtual reality" dome, where
teenagers attack each other with laser guns. (12) Empty packs of American cigarettes can be
redeemed for tickets to movies, discos and concerts. In Kenya, cigarettes with brand names
such as Life and Sportsman are promoted as the passport to success, health, and a Western
lifestyle( 13). In Taiwan, most smokers prefer Long Life, Prosperity Island, or New
Paradise.! 14)
The financial stakes are enormous. The international trade in tobacco is dominated by six
multinational conglomerates, three of which are based in the United Slates (Philip Morris, RJ.
Reynolds, and American Brands). Together, these six companies account for 40 percent of
the world cigarette production and almost 85 percent of the tobacco leaf sold on the world
market.(15) Since 1970, as American domestic smoking rates began to decline, intensive
marketing campaigns supported by vast governmental resources tripled America's export of
tobacco. Sales of Philip Morris in Africa is growing at 20% per year. It is projected that
international sales of Philip Morris will jump 16% in 1997 to 764 billion cigarettes with a
projection of 1 trillion by the year 2000. Foreign smoking is the major reason for the
profitability of Philip Morris with earnings of $6.3 billions in 1996. This company now ranks
third in profitability in the US behind Exxon and General Electric. By virtue of their great
wealth the tobacco conglomerates are a world power having more political clout than a
majority of developing nations.
From a public health perspective what is happening in the developing world is an
unprecedented calamity. We know but little of the full impact of smoking on malnourished
disease-ridden people. There is evidence that tobacco may interact synergistically with
infectious diseases and with environmental hazards to cause increases in certain cancers. For
example, tuberculosis which is widespread in developing countries, may enhance the risk of
lung cancer and is further amplified by smoking. (16)) In Egypt, Schistosoma haematobium
has been associated with an increased prevalence of bladder carcinoma among smokers (17)
In less-developed countries, poorly controlled occupational hazards, such as organic dusts,
uranium, or asbestos, may act as synergistic co-carcinogens in workers. (5) In addition, the
health costs of fires resulting from cigarette smoking in countries where dwellings are often
constructed of highly flammable materials is part of the tragic impact of tobacco.
The burden of disease due to tobacco is incalculable. Richard Peto and colleagues, (18)
suggest that by the year 2025 mortalin' ascribable to global tobacco use will exceed 10
million annually and about 70% of the deaths will be in the developing countries. Such
colossal mayhem is unprecedented in the annals of human barbarism. Cigarettes can not be
permitted as a trade weapon that wastes the lives of unwitting victims to enrich the coffers of
corporate America. The world has outlawed chemical weapons but tobacco is far more
deadly. United States health professionals have an awesome moral burden to speak out and
unrelentingly combat this global scourge, op
Bibliography
1.
The Surgeon General's 1990 report on the health benefits of smoking cessaction: executive
summan MMWR 1990;39(RR-l2): 1 -10.
2.
Weissman R. Tobacco's global reach. The Nation. 1997; July 7, p 5:'
3.
Death rate from leading causes of smoking related deaths have tripled since 1970 in
Mexico JAMA July 19, 1995 vol 274 p 208) During 1970-1990.
4.
Nath UR. Smoking in the Third World. World Health. June 1986:6-7.
5.
Yach D. The impact of smoking in developing countries with special reference to Africa.
Int J Health Sen- 1986; 16:279-92.)
6.
Sesser S. Opium war redux. New Yorker Magazine. 1993;September 13, p 78-89.
7.
Faison S. China next in the war to depose cigarettes. New York Times August 27, 1997.
8.
Tomlinson B. China bans smoking on trains and buses. BMJ. 1997;314:772.
9.
Grayson R. Big tobacco has eyed china for a century. New York Times. Letters to Editor.
September 14. 1997
lO.Jackson D.Z. US shouldn't help big tobacco sell its deadly wares abroad .
Boston
Globe 1997. May 16
11.Editorial. New York Times . "Selling Cigarettes in Asia" 1997; Sept 10.
12.Barry M. The influence of the U.S. tobacco industry on the health, economy, and
environment of developing countries . Sounding Board NEJM 1991; 324:917-919.
13.
Yach D. The impact of smoking in developing countries with special, reference to Africa.
Int J Health Sen- 1986; 16:279-92.
14Jones D. Spotlight on Taiwan: foreign brands grab a big share. Tobacco Reporter. January
1989:324.
15.Connolly G. The intemationd marketing of tobacco. In: Tobacco Use in America
Conference. Houston, Texas, January 27-28,1989. Chicago: American Medical Association.
1989:49-66.
16.
Willcox PA, Benatar SR, Potgieter PD. Use of the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope in
diagnosis of sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Thorax 1982; 37:598-601.
17.
Makhyoun NA. Smoking and bladder cancer in Egypt. Br J Cancer 1974; 30:577-8
PetoR.
18.
Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C Jr Mortality from tobacco in developed
countries: indirect estimation from national vital statisitics. Lancet 1992; 239:1268-78
121>
Dr. Xrmando Paelier
President
Steering Committee
a pa clicr;a sa 11 i n k.cn tn
fuco fi.tiner.edu.ar
Dr. Emilio Kuschnir
President
Scientific Committee
polofrizta arnet.coin.ar
coneaig.unc.cdii.ar
HEALTH HAZARDS OF TOBACCO USE
Tobacco use is a serious and growing problem in India. It is estimated that 65% of all men
use some form of tobacco- about 35% smoking, 22% smokeless and 8% both. Prevalence
rates for women differ widely, from 15% in Bhavnagar to 67% in Andhra Pradesh. Overall,
however, the prevalence of bidi and cigarette smoking amongst women is about 3% and the
use of chewing tobacco is similar to that of men at 22%.’ Since the 1980s use of pan masala
and gutka has increased at a phenomenal rate.1
2
This extraordinarily high use of tobacco products is having a devastating impact on the health
of the people. The World Health Organization estimates that 8 lakh persons die from tobacco
related diseases each year in India alone.3 Currently, approximately 50% of cancers among
males and 20% of cancers among females are caused by tobacco. In a World Bank collaborative
research project conducted in Chennai on 50,000 subjects the following key findings were
made: 50% of smokers died due to smoking, 25% of deaths among males aged 25-69 years
were attributable to tobacco use and the risk of dying among smokers with tuberculosis is
about 4-fold higher than the nonsmokers with tuberculosis. Another study showed that smokers
have a 3-fold risk of developing tuberculosis compared to non-smokers. This shows that at
least 65% of tuberculosis seen among smokers is attributable to the habit of smoking.4
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD)
Chronic obstructive lung disease (including chronic bronchitis and emphysema) is a progressively
disabling disease that is rarely reversible. It can cause prolonged suffering due to difficulty
in breathing because of the obstruction or narrowing of the small airways in the lungs and
the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs due to smoking.
Smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive lung disease: it is very rare in non-smokers
and at least 80% of the deaths from this disease can be attributed to cigarette smoking.5 The
risk of death due to the disease increases with the number of cigarettes smoked.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is not only more common amongst smokers, but is also much more likely to be
fatal.6
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer kills more people than any other type of cancer and at least 80% of these deaths
are caused by smoking. The risk of lung cancer increases directly with the number of cigarettes
smoked. In 1999, 22% of all cancer deaths related to lung cancer, making it the most common
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chatterjea, A., 'Role of the Media and Global Responsibility: A Review of how the tobacco industry has used advertising and
media in India to promote tobacco products', Unpublished paper, World Health Organization International Conference on Global
Tobacco Control Law, September 1999.
ibid
WHO. Tobacco or Health Country Profile: India, A Global Status Report WHO Geneva, 1997. Country presentations at various
regional meetings on tobacco 1997-98. Regional Health Situations in South-East Asia, 1994-97.
Pers. Corres. Gajalakshmi Vendhan, Cancer Registry, Chennai.,
The UK Smoking Epidemic - Deaths in 1995. Health Education Authority, 1998.
The UK Smoking Epidemic: Deaths in 1995.1 lealth Education Authority, 1998.
-1-
form of cancer.7 One in two smokers dies prematurely: of these, nearly one in four will die
of lung cancer. The risk of dying from lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes
smoked per day. Smokers who start when they are young are at an increased risk of developing
lung cancer. Results of a study of ex-smokers with lung cancer found that those who started
smoking before age 15 had twice as many cell mutations as those who started after age 20.8
Cancers of the Mouth and Throat
Smoking cigarettes, pipes and cigars is a risk factor for all cancers associated with the larynx,
oral cavity and oesophagus. Over 90% of patients with oral cancer use tobacco by either
smoking or chewing it. “Oral cancer" includes cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth and throat.
The risk for these cancers increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and those who
smoke pipes or cigars experience a risk similar to that of cigarette smokers.9
Breast Cancer
There is growing evidence of a link between both active and passive smoking and breast
cancer. Seven of the eight published studies examining passive smoking and breast cancer
suggest an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long term passive smoke exposure
among women who have never smoked.1011
Cervical Cancer
A study in Sweden investigated whether behavioral/lifestyle factors such as smoking, nutrition
and oral contraceptive use were independent risk factors for cervical cancer and found that
smoking was'the second most significant behavioral/lifestyle factor after Human Papilloma
Virus (HPV).11
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Cigarette smoking, raised blood cholesterol and high blood pressure are the most firmly
established, non-hereditary risk factors leading to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) with cigarette
smoking being the “most important of the known modifiable risk factors for CHD", according
to the US Surgeon General.12 A cigarette smoker has two to three times the risk of having a
heart attack than a non-smoker. If both of the other main risk factors are present then the
chances of having a heart attack can be increased eight times.13 Men under 45 years of age
who smoke 25 or more cigarettes a day are 15 times as likely to die from CHD as non-smokers
of the same age.14 Even light smokers are at increased risk of CHD: a US study found that
women who smoked 1-4 cigarettes a day had a 2.5-fold increased risk of fatal coronary heart
disease.15
7. CRC Cancer Slats: Mortality - UK. Cancer Research Campaign, June 2001
8. More warnings given to teenage smokers. The Lancet April 17 1999. Vol353, pl333
9. Cancer Slats: Oral - UK. Cancer Research Campaign, July 2000
10. Johnson, KC. Letter: Electronic responses to Clinical Review, British Medical Journal, 12 September 2000
11. CRC Cancer Stats: Cervical Cancer - UK. Cancer Research Campaign,December 2000
12. The health benefits of smoking cessation - a report of the Surgeon General, US DHHS1990.
13. Doll, R and Peto, R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J. 1994; 309:901-11
14. Doll, R and Peto, R. Mortality in relation to smoking. Br Med J. 1994; 309:901-11
15. Bartecchi CE, ct al. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 330:907-912
-2-
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Smokers have a 16 times greater risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
(blocked blood vessels in the legs or feet) than people who have never smoked.’6 Smokers
who ignore the warning of early symptoms and continue to smoke are more likely to develop
gangrene of a leg. Cigarette smoking combines with other factors to multiply the risks of
arteriosclerosis. Patients who continue to smoke after surgery for PVD are more likely to
relapse, leading to amputation, and are more likely to die earlier.16
17
Stroke
Smokers are more likely to develop a cerebral thrombosis (stroke) than non-smokers. About
11% of all stroke deaths are estimated to be smoking related, with the overall relative risk
of stroke in smokers being about 1.5 times that of non-smokers.18 Heavy smokers (consuming
20 or more cigarettes a day) have a 2-4 times greater risk of stroke than non-smokers.19 A
recent study showed that passive smoking as well as active smoking significantly increased
the risk of stroke in men and women.20
Reduced Fertility
Women who smoke may have reduced fertility. One study found that 38% of non-smokers
conceived in their first cycle compared with 28% of smokers. Smokers were 3.4 times more
likely than non-smokers to have taken more than one year to conceive.21 A recent British
study found that both active and passive smoking was associated with delayed conception. 22
Cigarette smoking may also affect male fertility: spermatozoa from smokers has been found
to be decreased in density and motility compared with that of non-smokers.23
Male Sexual Impotence
Impotence, or penile erectile dysfuntion, is the repeated inability to have or maintain an
erection. One study of men between the ages of 31 and 49, showed a 50% increase in the
risk of impotence among smokers compared with men who had never smoked.24 Another
US study, of patients attending an impotence clinic, found that the number of current and ex
smokers (81%) was significantly higher than would be expected in the general population
(58%).25
16. Cole, CW et al Cigarette smoking and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Surgery 1993; 114:753-757
17. Myers, K Aet al. Br J Surg 1978; Faulkner, K Wet al. Med J Auslr 1983; 1:217-219
18. Shinton R and Bccvcrs G. Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. Br Med J. 1989; 298:789-94.
19. Smith, PEM. Smoking and stroke: a causative role. (Editorial) Br Med J1998; 317: 962-3
20. Bonita R et al. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999; 8:156-160
View abstract
21 Baird, D.D. and Wilcox, A.J. JAMA 1985; 253:297972983.
22. I lull, MGR et al. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking. Fertility and Sterility, 2000; 74: 725-733
23. Makler, A. cl al. Fertility & Sterility 1993; 59:645-51.
24. Mannino, D et al. Cigarette Smoking: An Independent Risk Factor for Impotence, American Journal of Epidemiology. 1994; 140:
1003-1008.
25. Condra, M. et al. Prevalence and Significance of Tobacco Smoking in Impotence. Urology; 1986; xxvii: 495-98.
-3-
Foetal Growth and Birth Weight
Babies born to women who smoke are on average 200 grams (8 ozs) lighter than babies
bom to comparable non-smoking mothers. Furthermore, the more cigarettes a woman smokes
during pregnancy, the greater the probable reduction in birth weight. Low birth weight is
associated with higher risks of death and disease in infancy and early childhood.26
Spontaneous Abortion and Pregnancy Complications
The rate of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is substantially higher in women who smoke.
This is the case even when other factors have been taken into account.8 On an average,
smokers have more complications of pregnancy and labour which can include bleeding during
pregnancy, premature detachment of the placenta and premature rupture of the membranes.27
Some studies have also revealed a link between smoking and ectopic pregnancy'0 and
congenital defects in the offspring of smokers.28
The Hazards of Passive Smoking
Non-smokers who are exposed to passive smoking in the home, have a 25 per cent increased
risk of heart disease and lung cancer.29 A major review by the Government-appointed Scientific
Committee on Tobacco and Health (SCOTH) in the UK concluded that passive smoking is
a cause of lung cancer and ischaemic heart disease in adult non-smokers, and a cause of
respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis, cot death, middle
ear disease and asthmatic attacks in children.30 More than one-quarter of the risk of death
due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (cot death) is attributable to maternal smoking
(equivalent to 365 deaths per year in England and Wales.3’ While the relative health risks
from passive smoking are small in comparison with those from active smoking, because the
diseases are common, the overall health impact is large.
Benefits of Quitting Smoking
When smokers give up, their risk of getting lung cancer starts decreasing so that after 10
years an ex-smoker's risk is about a third to half that of continuing smokers.32
Prepared by: Dr. Gajalakshmi Vendhan'and Ms. Shoba John
with assistance from Ms. Belinda Hughes
26. Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and the Young London, 1992
27. Poswillo, D and Alberman, Effects of smoking on the foetus, neonate, and child. OUP1992.
28. Haddow, J.E. et al. Teratology 1993; 47:225-228.
29. Law MR et al. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. BMJ 1997;
315:973-80. [View abstract] Hackshaw AK et al. The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke.
BMJ 1997; 315:980-88. [View abstract]
30 Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health. Department of Health, 1998. (View document]
31 Royal College of Physicians. Smoking and the Young London, 1992.
32 The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation - A Report of the Surgeon General. US DHHS, 1990
pH- 2>-
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL (FCTC)
Introduction - International Treaties and Conventions
There is no dearth of international conventions and laws. There are a lot of them around and
everyone is directly affected by at least some of them. To give a few examples, there is a
Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on Climatic Change, Convention for
Protection of Ozone Layer, etc.
Such international conventions are first negotiated by government representatives within the
United Nations System. The negotiated international convention does not become a law
automatically - it has to be ratified by the competent legislative body of the country. In India,
for example, international conventions and treaties need to be ratified by the Indian Parliament.
The proposal for starting the process of an international treaty or convention can be initiated
by any of the permanent organs of the United Nations System. Until 1998, the World Health
Organization (WHO) had not used its constitutional mandate to propose an international treaty
or convention. It had no problem in getting its policies and recommendations in the interest
of public health accepted by everyone.
Why a Convention on Tobacco?
Smoking has been recognized as a major cause of lung cancer, other cancers, heart diseases
and lung diseases for over 40 years. It has been identified as a major global public health
problem. Until about 1990, each year tobacco-related deaths numbered 3 million globally of
which 2 million occured in developed countries. But since then it has been affecting developing
countries far more than industrialized countries. As per current estimates, by the year 2030,
tobacco will cause 10 million deaths globally of which 70% will be in developing countries.
Despite these well-established scientific facts the recommendations made by WHO and other
scientific bodies for the control of tobacco in the interest of public health have not been readily
accepted or applied in all countries. As a result, smoking and tobacco use is increasing
globally every year.
The reasons are not difficult to identify. Unlike other disease causing agents, tobacco use
and smoking are promoted globally by a powerful multinational industry that is a big business
in every country in the world. This industry opposes almost every meaningful recommendation
for tobacco control even though the validity of such recommendations in reducing tobacco
use and improving public health has been well established scientifically. The recommended
policies include a ban on advertisement of tobacco products, increase in taxes, no smoking
in public places, detailed consumer information, appropriate trade practices and others.
Several of these (e.g. advertising, smuggling) are transnational in character necessitating
an international approach.
FCTC - Current Status
For these and other reasons, the World Health Organization used its prerogative to propose
the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). In response to an invitation from
-1-
the FCTC Working Group, over 500 submissions were made by the public health groups as
well as in the tobacco industry worldwide. Public hearings on these submissions took place
in October 2000 in Geneva. Following this public hearing the first session of the Intergovernmental
Negotiating Body (INB) was held during October 16-21, 2000. The second session was held
during April 30 - May 5, 2001 and the third in November 2001. As per the current timetable
the FCTC would be adopted by the World Health Assembly during its session in May 2003.
Issues under Consideration
The objective of the FCTC is to reduce the health hazards of tobacco use through collective
international action and cooperation on tobacco control. Issues that will be part of the
negotiation discussions include:
Tobacco smuggling: Currently, recorded world cigarette exports exceed imports by about 400
billion cigarettes, implying that over seven per cent of world cigarette production is smuggled
from one country to another to avoid statutory taxes.
Tobacco advertising: Bans or restrictions on tobacco advertising in one country can be
undermined by advertising spillover from other countries.
Reporting of production, sales, imports and exports of tobacco products: Improved standards
of international reporting of tobacco production and sales would facilitate international monitoring
of this product.
Testing and reporting of toxic constituents: Improved and more effective international standards
for the testing and reporting of ingredients and toxic constituents in tobacco products and
tobacco smoke would facilitate the monitoring of the degree of hazard of tobacco products.
Policy and programme information sharing: More effective sharing of information among
nations about the state of their national tobacco control legislation and programmes would
help improve both national and international tobacco control measures.
FCTC and Economies of Tobacco Growing Countries
Part of the propaganda unleashed against FCTC is that it would affect the economy of tobacco
growing countries. After a careful analysis a World Bank report states that: "...the negative
effects of tobacco control on employment have been greatly overstated. There would be no
net loss of jobs, and there might even be job gains if global tobacco consumption fell. This
is because money once spent on tobacco would be spent on other goods and services,
thereby generating more jobs". A small number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa might be
an exception but aid adjustment, crop diversification, rural training and other safety net systems
would take care of the problem.
Other Benefits from FCTC
The process of developing the FCTC is likely to be very important for strengthening tobacco
control in many ways, for example it could:
•
Enable and encourage governments to strengthen their national tobacco control policies
by providing greater access to scientific research and examples of best practice; motivating
-2-
national leaders to rethink priorities as they respond to an ongoing international process;
and, engaging powerful ministries, such as finance and foreign affairs, more deeply in
tobacco control;
•
Raise public awareness internationally about the unscrupulous strategies and tactics
employed by the multinational tobacco companies;
•
Mobilize technical and financial support for tobacco control at national and international
levels;
•
Make it politically easier for developing countries to resist the tobacco industry; and
•
Mobilize non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other members of civil society in
support of stronger tobacco control policies.
FCTC and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Non-governmental organizations must play a key role in the development and negotiation
of the convention to ensure its success. There are several ways in which NGOs can support
the FCTC. They can:
•
Join some group of NGOs working on FCTC. The largest such group is the Framework
Convention Alliance;
•
Educate themselves and their constituencies about global tobacco issues and the FCTC;
•
Keep the media informed about the FCTC and get their support;
•
Provide the media with regular stories on the tobacco problem, suggesting the FCTC as
part of the solution;
•
Find out what the country’s delegates to the FCTC have said so far and meet with them
in order to influence their future positions;
•
Contact the FCA Regional Contact to find out what regional action is occurring in the
region;
.
Get resolutions .passed in support of the WHO FCTC by the boards of respective NGOs;
•
Adopt a declaration modeled after the Kobe Declaration; and
•
Meet with and send copies of resolutions or declarations to representatives involved in
the WHO FCTC negotiations in respective countries.
More resources and information on FCTC is available at www.fctc.org
Prepared By: Dr. P. C. Gupta, ACT-India
pH' &-
ORAL TOBACCO USE - ITS IMPLICATIONS
FOR INDIA AND THE WORLD
MEASURES TO PREVENT ITS USE,
SALE AND MARKETING
Tobacco-related diseases are now a global epidemic. Each year, about 4 million people die
due to tobacco consumption throughout the world. Today, India is the second largest producer
of tobacco and also the second leading seller in the world. Most of the tobacco produced in
India is used within the country. The percentage of tobacco exported to other countries is
very low. However, approximately 2,200 people die of tobacco use every day in India. Yet,
the tobacco companies are persisting with their aggressive marketing. They are targeting
adolescents a^ future customers.
Presently, there are 60 cigarette-manufacturing factories, about 1000 gutkha and pan masala
manufacturing units and over 1 million women engaged in the hand rolling of bidis. Approximately
600 children between the age group of 10 to 18 are recruited every day by the tobacco industry
to keep their business growing.
Smokeless tobacco products are easily available and at a price that even children can buy
it from any tobacco or pan shop. Children do not simply choose to consume tobacco but are
influenced by their environment with the glamorous advertisements endorsing their acceptance.
They are influenced by the sports personalities, movie stars and people around them consuming
tobacco and because tobacco products are easily available.
What is Smokeless Tobacco?
Smokeless tobacco consists of dried leaves and stems of the plant Nicotinia Tabacum,
containing the drug, nicotine. Nicotine is toxic and has been classified as the most addictive
drug in existence. In India industrially manufactured chewing tobacco, Gutkha, is easily
available in sachets and most popular among youth all over the country. Chewing tobacco
is the major cause of oral cancer.
There are mainly two forms of smokeless tobacco used in different parts of the world.
1.
2.
Oral snuff - also commonly known as dip available in moist, dry and sachet forms.
Chewing tobacco - available in loose leaf, twist and plug forms.
Any form of tobacco used in the world has been established to cause oral cancer, which is
the commonest cancers in India among men.
Contents of Smokeless Tobacco
Smokeless tobacco contains dangerous chemicals, which result in addiction leading to death.
Nicotine is the main deadly substance in smokeless tobacco. It is directly absorbed in the
blood stream and leads to addiction. Smokeless tobacco has similar or higher levels of nicotine
than smoking tobacco.
Smokeless Tobacco Causes Cancer
Smokeless tobacco use may increase the risk of oral cancer four times. Smokeless tobacco
users, specially those consuming snuff for a long time can develop cancer of the lip, tongue,
floor of the mouth, cheek and gum. The chances of oral cancer are higher in users than in
the non-users of smokeless tobacco.
Warning Signs:
• A mouth sore that bleeds easily or fails to heal, often appears where the tobacco product
is placed.
• A painless lump, thickening or soreness in the mouth, throat or tongue.
• Soreness or swelling that persists.
• A white or red patch in the mouth that persists.
• Difficulty in chewing, swallowing or moving tongue or jaw.
Preventive Measures
There are a number of organizations working for tobacco control worldwide as well as in
India. Many preventive measures have been taken and are being planned targeting users
as well as non-users. Many preventive campaigns have been carried out to make the general
public aware of the dangerous and harmful effects of tobacco use. There is a long way to
reach the goal of tobacco control but we must keep making efforts.
1. Control over Glamorous Advertisements and Marketing of Tobacco Products:
Advertisements through the media are one of the effective ways of spreading messages
across to the public and tobacco industries have chosen it for the promotion of their
products and its sale. It immediately affects the adolescent group as this is a very inquisitive
age group and can easily be influenced. Studies have shown that in some countries,
tobacco advertising is twice as influential as peer pressure in encouraging children to use
tobacco. However, the advertisements are misleading and must be stopped as well as
marketing of tobacco to the youth to protect them from becoming future consumers.
2. Protect Children from Becoming Addictive to Tobacco:
The two main smokeless tobacco products, gutkha and pan masala (containing tobacco),
are very easily available in India. Children are always interested to try out new products
seen in the advertisements. Often, the small and cheap sachets are given free to children
in cinema halls, outside schools and colleges and even during some events. There should
be an age limit at which tobacco products can be sold legally to children. If someone
breaches the law, a heavy penalty should be imposed.
3.
Increase in Taxes on Tobacco Products:
The government has to make efforts to increase taxes on tobacco products, to make them
unaffordable to children. This will not only reduce sales but also increase revenue generation
to be used for other tobacco control activities in the country.
-2-
4.
Generating Awareness Regarding the Ill-effects of Tobacco Use:
Designing of strong and very clear messages is necessary. Many organizations have done
similar work in other health awareness areas very successfully. Equally important is to
generate awareness about the dangers and harmful effects of tobacco use specially
focusing on adolescents and children. It has been proved that mass media programmes
and educational programmes produce better results and a quick impact.
5.
Declaring Public Institutions, Specially Schools and Colleges as Tobacco Free:
It is necessary to develop school and college health programmes in order to completely
stop the sale and consumption of tobacco within and outside educational institutions.
6.
Involvement of Health Personnel in Awareness Campaigns:
Health personnel like doctors, nurses, health volunteers and so on can be of great help
in tobacco control activities. They should be appropriately trained as they directly interact
with patients and the community.
7.
Eliminate Sponsorship by Tobacco Companies of any Public Events:
Tobacco companies sponsor major events like sports, awards, festivals and so on. These
sponsorships should be discouraged in order to control the advertisement of tobacco
products.
. .
8.
Showing Prominent Warning on Tobacco Products:
The statutory warning mentioned on tobacco packets and even on cigarette packets is not
prominent. It is necessary that the warnings are prominently depicted on the packets so
that they leave some impact on the mind of the user. For example, a picture of a new born
with disability, pregnant women, oral cancer pictures and so on.
Conclusion:
Smokeless tobacco is a growing addiction especially amongst the youth of India (as high as
55%). If not effectively controlled, it will soon become an epidemic and also a major cause
of deaths in India. It is important to invest in the future - on youth and children. They are being
targeted by the tobacco industries for giving employment as well as the future customers.
Many organizations are working in the area of tobacco control and legislative measures have
also been adopted. Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertising and Regulation of
Trade, Commerce and Supply) Bill, 2001 has already been introduced in Parliament and
efforts are required to pass the bill. In order to control the tobacco epidemic, effective smoking
cessation programmes are required to be implemented along with awareness programmes.
Only when this is done will significant progress be made in combating what has become a
truly global epidemic.
Prepared by: Ginashri Datta, ACT-India.
- Media
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