TOBACCO MINNESOTA TRIAL DOCUMENTS
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P H IJ
RF_PH_1_SUDHA
Tobacco Explained cronologies: Developing Countries
1970-80s
1976:
Consumption is
low
Great
opportunity to
capitalise on
emerging nations
Questionable
payments
More
questionable
payments
Consumer choice
Stop 3rd World
commitment
against tobacco
Need a pro
tobacco stand
Key growth areas
in developing
countries
We can be
criticised for
excessive
March: Imperial Tobacco: “In most developing countries
consumption of cigarettes is very low, in some cases, in some cases
very low indeed - In India, to take an extreme case, the per capita
consumption is less than one-third of one cigarette per day, and there
is, as far as I know, no statistical association between smoking and
ill-health in these countries.”1________________________________
15 March: An RJR Document outlining “Planning Assumptions and
Forecast for the Period 1976-1986” outlines that: “RJR-T has a
great opportunity to capitalise on the growing foreign market,
particularly the market in ‘emerging nations’”2.__________________
September: RJ Reynolds admits that its international subsidiaries
have made “questionable payments” to overseas government
officials3.________________________________________________
December: Philip Morris admits making “questionable” payments of
nearly $2.4 million in the early 70’s to “further what were perceived
to be the best interests of Philip Morris”4.______________________
1979:
14 March: BAT: “Consumer preference is the dominant factor in
influencing the type of cigarette sold in any market... in may
countries consumer choice is leading to a general reduction of tar
and nicotine and our brands conform this trend”.5_______________
An internal Memo concerning a tobacco conference, after the fourth
World Conference on Smoking and Health, states: “We must try to
stop the development towards a Third World commitment against
tobacco. We must try and get all, or at least a substantial part of,
Third World countries committed to our cause. We must try to
influence official FAO and UNCTAD policy to take a pro-tobacco
stand. We must try to mitigate the impact of the World Health
Organisation, by pushing them into a more objective and neutral
position”6.______________________________________________
1980:
May: Secret BAT documents show that “there are several key
growth markets in developing countries, such as Brazil and
Indonesia, where anti-smoking pressures are at the moment minimal
...our lack of credibility on smoking further undermines the
arguments we can make on our position as a multi-national operating
in the Third World ... short term competition in the developing
countries leads to excesses in promotion methods (direct appeals to
the young in Costa Rica, glamour in Brazil) which positively excite
frenzy on the part of the part of the anti-smokers .. .we can be
1
promotions in 3rd
world
Tar and nicotine
comparable
around the world
Promotions
should not be
incompatible and
so should tar
Brazil: Daylight
at the end of the
tunnel
Target Asia
criticised for our advertising in the Third World because it is not in
line with standards in Europe and the US .. .we should carefully
consider as Brazil has done, the reduction of the more obviously
objectionable styles of advertising, particularly those portraying
glamour and wealth”7.____________________________________
1981:
June: BAT: “As a matter of record our international brands with a
world-wide reputation have similar product specifications whether
manufactured in the country of origin, or locally manufactured which
is often the case. This ensures, for example, that the tar and nicotine
deliveries of our international brands have comparable levels
throughout the world”.8_____________________________________
June: BAT: “Where promotion is concerned, our managers in
developing countries are aware that local practice should not be
incompatible with promotional standards in the industrialised nations
.. .it is our policy that cigarette brands sold internationally should be
of similar ‘tar’ delivery, whether they are bought to Britain, Kenya or
elsewhere.9”_______
RJ Reynolds: “Brazil is the fifth largest cigarette market in the world
with unit sales this year of 141 billion. It is also one of the fastest
growing markets anywhere, and we have a deep commitment to
building our position in the country over the long-term. For RJR we
see daylight at the end of a very long and dark tunnel”10.__________
Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds and B&W form the trade group, called
US Cigarette Export Association to target the Asian market11.
1982:
April: Secret BAT Board Guidelines include the assumption that:
“Opponents of smoking in developed countries will increasingly
criticise the industry’s operations in Third World countries on the
following grounds, in particular:
A) Lack of and ineffectual warning clauses.
For lack of
B) Failing to disclose information on tar and, increasingly nicotine
information
and carbon monoxide levels
C) Selling brands of considerably higher tar and nicotine content
For higher tar
than those in the developed countries.
D) Applying double standards by selling the same brand as is sold in
For double
developed countries but with a higher tar and nicotine content than
standards
the domestic version in the brand’s country of origin.
For affecting food E) Adversely affecting food production by encouraging the local
growing of tobacco and the expansion of this growth.
production
For de-forestation F) De-forestation for flue-curing purposes.
G) Using advertising and promotional methods not permitting in
For ads aimed at
developed countries and which encourages non-smokers, particularly
the young
the young, to take up smoking and smokers to smoke more”12.
1983:
We will be
criticised for lack
of warnings
Need to curb
international
tobacco industry
to avoid epidemic
Open up or else
its sanctions
China potential
Heavyweight for
hire
Beach ball
promotion targets
young in Asia
China confounds
the imagination
Taiwan and Japan
yield to US
pressure
Teen smoking
rates increase
The RCP commentates: “There can be no doubt that smoking in
developing countries is an adversarial problem, and that only the
most determined action by those concerned to promote health will
succeed in curbing the activities of the international tobacco industry
...[which] can be expected to oppose and hinder efforts to reduce
smoking. In doing so it will de directly responsible for fostering the
deaths of thousands of the twentieth century’s most avoidable
epidemic”13,______
1984:
The US Congress amends Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act to
allow the president to conduct investigations of alleged unfair trade
practices against US products by foreign countries. “Under pressure
from the US Cigarette Export Association, which represents Philip
Morris, RJ Reynolds, and Brown and Williamson, the US
government conducted three investigations on unfair tobacco trading
practices of Japan, Taiwan and Korea ...between 1985-1988, the
United States’ trade Representative (USTR) threatened these nations
with sanctions on goods they exported to the US unless US cigarette
companies were given free access to their markets. No other US
agricultural product received the same attention and all three nations
capitulated to the US’s demands”14.___________________________
1985:
17 July: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy Review
Team show that “it was asked that BATCo should prepare a paper
for the next meeting reviewing potential opportunities in China,”15.
Michael Deaver, Former Chief of Staff to President Reagan, is paid
$250,000 by Philip Morris to secure trade concessions from Korea
on cigarette imports16.______________________________________
1986:
Goddard Kwong, promotions manager at Philip Morris Asia, recalls:
“In 1976 we had a Marlboro beach-ball promotion, because our
target group is young. Three [empty Marlboro] packs and one dollar
and you can have the ball”17.________________________________
Rene Scull, Vice President, Philip Morris Asia, “No discussion of the
tobacco industry in the year 2000 would be complete without
addressing what may be the most important feature on the landscape,
the China market. In every respect, China confounds the
imagination”18.____________________________________________
Both Taiwan and Japan yield to American pressure and open up their
domestic markets to international brands, mainly American. A survey
finds that in 1984, two years before the markets was opened up, in
Taiwan’s capital city, Taipei, 26 % of boys and 1 5 of girls had tried
smoking. By 1990, the figures were 48 % for boys and 20% for girls.
Smoking amongst Tokyo women increases from 10 per cent in 1986
to 23 per cent in 199119.
1987:
A charitable
cause?
Bright future for
Asia Pacific
Marlboro means
belonging to the
human race
China adverts
Taiwan increases
Status
Smoking is not
harmful
Warnings are bad
for your exports
we want Asia
Free choice?
Advertising for
what?
Health just won’t
figure
We can’t answer
morals-we just
please
shareholders
Lights are 50%
July: A member of the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Sub-Committee in
Zimbabwe says : “they [Rothmans and BAT] are associated with
charitable causes. It is going to be very difficult to persuade anyone
that they are up to no good”20._______________________________
September: World Tobacco magazine proclaims “Bright future
predicted for Asia Pacific” One subheading reads “More smokers”21.
Antonio Buencamino, from the Centre for Research
Communications, Manila, on why so many Philippine smokers chose
high class brands: “Some people might feel that smoking a Philip
Morris or a Marlboro, gives them a feeling of belonging to the
human race22”.___________________________________________
Philip Morris becomes the fourth largest advertiser in China23._____
Taiwanese cigarette consumption, which was declining before the
introduction of Western cigarettes, increases 4 per cent this year24.
1988
January: Steve Beasley, Tobacco analyst with the US Agriculture
Department “Its a status thing to smoke American-type cigarettes in
the Third World25”._______________________________________
21 June: BAT Uganda writes to the Ugandan Government saying
that: “BAT Uganda 1984 Ltd, does not believe that cigarette
smoking is harmful to health .. .There is documented evidence that
strong warnings can actually increase the wish to smoke or youth’s
desire the experiment with cigarettes. We should not wish to
endanger our potential to export to those countries which do not
have a health warning requirement by placing a warning on our
packs”26.________________________________________________
October: “You know what we want” says a tobacco executive in an
off-the-record conversation with Tobacco Reporter, “we want
Asia”27._________________________________________________
October: Matthew Winokur, Director of Philip Morris-Asia, talking
about overseas markets, “if people are going to smoke, why
shouldn’t they be able to choose American cigarettes”28._________
October: BAT is Kenya’s fourth largest advertiser, although it has
•
29
no competitors
._________________________________________
November: Rothmans representative in Burkina Faso, Chris Burrell:
“The average life expectancy here is about forty years, infant
mortality is high: the health problems which some say are caused by
cigarettes just won’t figure as a problem here” 30._______________
Rothmans Public Affairs Manager, Rothmans Exports: “It would be
stupid to ignore a growing market. I can’t answer the moral
dilemma. We are in the business of pleasing our shareholders. We
have a very strong feeling that if no one had heard of cigarettes in
Timbuktu, then a Rothmans billboard would not mean anything. All
we are doing is responding to a demand”31.____________________
An Analysis of Marlboro and Winston Light cigarettes in the
higher
11 billion sold in
China
A bright future in
the 3rd world
Height of
hypocrisy
Eastern Europe
potential
Philippines finds tar and nicotine to be fifty per cent higher than the
same brands back home32._________________________________
BAT claims to have sold 11 billion cigarettes in China this year,
despite the import restrictions33.____________________________
1989:
February: Tobacco Reporter Magazine: “Tobacco use in the
developed nations will trend down slightly through the end of the
century, while in the developing countries use could rise by about
three percent annually .. A bright picture indeed! Not a smoke-free
society, but continued growth for the tobacco industry,34”_________
October: Former Surgeon-General, C. Everett Koop, says “at a time
when we are pleading with foreign governments to stop the export
of cocaine, it is the height of hypocrisy for the US to export
tobacco”35.______________________________________________
10 November: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Review Team, show that “significant progress was being made in
China and no new initiatives were proposed. However, it was
considered that the Group might usefully increase the effort to gain a
greater share of the potential markets in Eastern Europe”.36.
1990s
1990:
YSL cigarettes
Target
Czechoslovakia
and Hungary
Double standards
Dirty dealings?
February: RJR Vice President in Malaysia on the introduction of the
YSL cigarette: “As a company, we would like to be innovative for
being forward think is the only way we can grow (sic). It is satisfying
to see consumers get value for the highest quality and luxurious
smoothness that is YSL [Yves St Laurent} ... We would like to
think of ourselves as pioneering a new step in marketing with
YSL37”._________________________________________________
9 February: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Review Team, show that “it was suggested that the priority markets
for further consideration should be Czechoslovakia and Hungary and
the that the first stage in becoming established in these markets
should be to identify embryo private organisations run by people of
substance, who were likely to be in the forefront of the market’s
development”.38.__________________________________________
13 May: The Sunday Times runs an investigation into the “double
standards” of BAT’s operations in Africa. Analysis by the paper
shows that cigarettes with much higher tar levels are sold in Africa
than Europe. The Sunday Times reports that BAT’s strategy entails:
“Marketing brands of cheap, highly addictive cigarettes; Making
misleading claims to governments in developing countries that
smoking is not harmful and that health warnings are counter
productive; Using political and economic leverage to support its
market dominance; Designing advertising to play on the desire in
developing countries to mirror Western sophistication”.
A senior BAT executive in Zimbabwe says of a new cigarette: “it’s a
powerful smoke, but our research shows that most Africans like a
smoke with oomph”. Dr Paul Wangai leading Kenyan physicians,
says of BAT : “they advertise with no regard for ethics or our
welfare. We must not curb parent companies in Europe and North
America from doing in Africa what they cannot do in their own
countries. In response, BAT says that: “BAT companies have a
long-standing policy of co-operating with governments and
We abide by the
respecting
national laws. Advertising practices vary widely from
law
country to country. We comply with the appropriate laws and
regulations of every country in which we operate”39.____________
Tests
carried out for the Sunday Times reveal that only one of five
Tar discrepancy
Kenyan brands had comparable tar yield to British brands, all the
others were much higher40._______________________________
14 May: In response to further claims in The Times that BAT was
An explosive
contributing to a “explosive epidemic” of smoking diseases in Africa,
epidemic
by marketing cheap high-nicotine cigarettes BAT replied: “we reject
any suggestions that we operate dual standards for Africa or
Its just uniform
elsewhere. Our policies are uniform world-wide.”41_____________
policies
18 May: Minutes from BAT’s Tobacco Strategy Review Team show
Defend higher tar that the Chairman “stressed the importance of being able to defend
the sale of cigarettes with higher tar levels than were usual in Europe
and North America”42.__________________________________
18 May: BAT’s Tobacco Strategy Review Team discuss “developing
sales to Eastern Europe. These had doubled in the first four months
East Germany is
of 1990, totalling 1,171 million ...East Germany was the priority
priority
market for development”43._______________________________
August: A talk by a Senior BAT Executive at Chelwood outlines
that: “We should not be depressed simply because the total free
New areas for
world markets appears to be declining. Within the total market, there
growth
are areas of strong growth, particularly in Asia and Africa; there are
new markets opening up for our exports, such as Indo-China and the
Comecom countries; and there are great opportunities to increase
This industry is
our market share in areas like Europe ... This industry is
consistently
consistently profitable. And there are opportunities to increase that
profitable
profitability still further .. The total market volume in those countries
[where Government monopolies are gradually relinquishing their
hold on the market] in which the BAT Group has no tobacco
operating company amounts to 1197 billion in the Free World, and
to 2280 billion in the Communist bloc. That is the size of our
opportunities. So we have something to go for. It is an exciting
,,44
prospect ._________________________________________
Dr James Mason, Assistant Secretary of the US Department of
Health and Human Services, says it is “unconscionable for the
mighty transnational tobacco companies to be peddling their poisons
Peddling poison
abroad, particularly because their main targets are less developed
countries”45.__________ _______________________________
US Vice President Dan Quayle, “Tobacco exports should be
Expand exports
A smoke with
oomph regardless
of the ethics
expanded aggressively, because Americans are smoking less”.46
1991:
A window of
opportunity
Boost sales in
Asia and Europe
How to feed the
monster
Asia can’t get
enough
Global reach
January: “President of RJ Reynolds: “Now is the window period [in
the world-wide cigarette market]. We want to get out foot in the
door and be present with our brands right now .. .When conditions
improve, we want to be in a position to expand ..Soviet consumers
are looking for good America-blend cigarettes like Winston. The
situation bodes well for the future ..we will be stepping up sales and
marketing efforts to take best advantage of the opportunity there
[Asia and Europe]”. In Asia, RJ Reynolds has boosted exports by 82
per cent over the last three years47.____________________________
28 June: An ex-tobacco employee is interviewed by Marketing
Week, saying: “They have to find a way to feed the monsters they’ve
built. Just about the only way will be to increase sales to the
developing world48.”_______________________________________
The US Marketing News states: “Western Models and lifestyles
create glamorous standards to emulate, and Asian smokers can’t get
enough”49._______________________________________________
Sir Patrick Sheehy says that BAT is “striving for greater global reach
... These are the most exciting times that I have seen in the tobacco
industry in the last forty years”50._____________________________
1992:
October: Robert Fletcher, Rothmans Regional Public Affairs
Manager: “thinking about Chinese smoking statistics is like trying to
think about the limits of space”51._____________________________
November: “ Thomas Marsh, RJ Reynolds Regional President, says
of Eastern Europe, “Its trench warfare. Hand to hand combat. We
talk with each other on certain issues of mutual interest, such as
smoking and health issues, advertising restrictions, things like that.
Trench warfare
We have industry associations where we sit down and act like
perfect gentlemen - and then we leave the meeting and go out and
battle in the streets again”52._________________________________
November: Mike Pavitt, Public Affairs Manager of Rothmans “Until
Itching to get at
recently, perhaps forty per cent of the world’s smokers were locked
40% of world’s
behind ideological walls. We’ve been itching to get at them ... That’s
smokers
where our growth will come from”53.__________________________
November: Stuart Watterton: BAT Director of new business
development: “Obviously there is enormous potential in all these
A factory in every countries [eastern Europe and Asia]. I would say that the demand for
Western cigarettes is insatiable. Its a fantastic opportunity for
country
everybody, and we’re talking in any number of countries. I suppose
in a perfect world we would seek to have a factory with a BAT
flag flying over it in every country. That’s been my simple brief’
[emphasis added]54.___________________________________ ____
November: Michael Parsons from Philip Morris “The demand for
Phenomenal
Marlboro is phenomenal. Its like saying: ‘What is the potential
demand
Limits of space
Largest investor
International
growth - never
been better
Best selling
international
cigarette
Thatcher opens
Asia
Candy cigarettes
market for Levi jeans? Probably every second adult in Russia’”.55
November: Dr. Gregory Connolly, from the American Public Health
Association: “I would say that the tobacco industry is probably the
largest investor in Eastern Europe today. I think it’s cynical. And it’s
probably the worst product we could ever wish to send them. If we
want to help rebuild these economies with the limited consumer
capital that’s out there, we should be putting it into jobs that are
going to improve health, not take it away”56.
Dale Sisel, CEO of RJ Reynolds, “growth prospects internationally
have never been better. We all produce and sell as legal product that
more than one billion consumers around the world use every single
day .. .this vastly larger marketplace means a whole new world of
opportunities”5 ._________________________________________
In its Annual Report, Philip Morris announces that Marlboro
“strengthened its position at the best-selling international cigarette
brand ...Our combined unit sales in Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore,
the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand increased by nearly 20 per
cent”58._________________________________________________
Philip Morris hires Margaret Thatcher to help open up the Asia,
China and central and Eastern Europe markets. Internal documents
list her possible duties as working on the “China Entry Strategy”,
“Vietnam Entry Strategy” and “Singapore Anti-Tobacco
Programmes”59._____________________________________
Polish customs stop lorries carrying “Marlboro candy cigarettes”,
intended for East European children60.________________________
1993:
October: BAT organises Press Conference in South Africa and Sri
Lanka to try and “restore the balance” of the public health risks of
smoking. The same month United Tobacco Company Limited,
BAT’s South African Subsidiary paid journalists from South Africa,
Malawi and Mauritius to a seminar in Mauritius to hear a number of
speakers refute allegations over smoking and health61._____________
The Philip Morris Annual report for 1992, states: “Our world-wide
tobacco business has greater opportunities now than ever before.
Our strong basses in the US and Western Europe, our expansion in
Greater
opportunities than Eastern Europe an the former Soviet Union, and our growing
businesses in Latin America and the Asia/ Pacific region position us
before
well to meet the challenges of increasingly linked and prosperous
world markets62.”_______________________________________ __
Nairobi
Doctor: “Many African children have two hopes. One is to
Go to heaven and
go to heaven, the other to America. US tobacco companies capitalise
America: smoke
on this by associating their cigarettes with affluence63.”
US cigarettes
Adverts for the Marlboro Tour in the Philippines, a twenty-three day
cycle race on several islands, declares: “The Marlboro Tour is the
It answers their
biggest national summer sports spectacle held yearly in the
dreams
Philippines for thirty-two years now .. .the tour inspires poor young
men. It gives them hope of making it big. It answers their dreams”64.
Restore the
balance
They smoke like
chimneys anyway
Tremendous
market
Opportunities
never been better
Remove cancer
concerns from
health
departments
Lord Swaythling, Chairman of Rothmans “We are not encouraging
the Chinese to smoke. They all smoke like chimneys anyway. We
just want them to smoke our brands”65.
Brenda Follmer, spokesperson for RJ Reynolds Tobacco
International, speaks about Eastern Europe: “It’s a tremendous
market. It’s a market of smokers and naturally we want to be
there”66._____________________________
1994:
James Johnston, Chairman of RJ Reynolds: “Today Reynolds has
access to 90 per cent of the world’s markets; a decade ago, only 40
per cent. Opportunities have never been better67”.______________
Executives from the advertising firm Leo Burnett, assisting Philip
Morris in the Philippines advice the company to remove “cancer
awareness and prevention” as a “key concern” of health departments.
According to internal documents the agency succeeds in
“Propogat[ing] studies that point to other possible causes of lung
cancer68.”______
1995:
July: Zhu Ruizeng, spokesperson for the Chinese tobacco
conglomerate: “We think smoking is harmful to people’s health. But
smoking is one of those habits that is difficult for people to give up,
and many people like to smoke. Because there’s such a demand, we
have to make cigarettes”69._______________________________
November: BAT’s profits for the first nine months increase by 22 per
cent, due to a rapid increase in international sales. “The growth in
Export growth
international brand sales has come mainly from exports to Asia and
eastern Europe”70.
Double Tanzanian RJ Reynolds buys a stake in the Tanzanian Cigarette Company for
$55 million. RJR says it plans to double Tanzanian Cigarette’s
cigarette profits
profits and sales in five years71.____________________________
James Johnston, Chairman of RJ Reynolds gives a speech in
A force for good Moscow: “We have enormous opportunities to use the tobacco
industry as a powerful force for improving the economic and social
well-being of this part of the world”72._______________________
BAT state that “during the year, four new branch operations were
established in South America, in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and
Paraguay. Elsewhere in the world, the Group signed an agreement
100 billion more
for a joint venture in Cambodia ..in the meantime, China continues as
cigarettes
an important export market”73. During the year BAT sells some 670
billion cigarettes, 100 billion more than 199474.________________
A former BAT executive with knowledge of the company’s Chinese
operations, says that in 1995, BAT sold 400 million cigarettes to the
China smuggling? State company CNTC, three billion to duty free shops, four billion to
special economic zones and 38 billion to distributors who smuggle
the goods into China”75.______________________________
1996:
_________________________________
We have to make
cigarettes - even
though they are
bad for you
January: Senior Executives from BAT arrive in Hong Kong to plot
Project Battalion, the code-name for a new corporate strategy to
target Asia. At the centre of the strategy is the company’s new
production facility geared almost exclusively to the premium end of
the Chinese market76._______________________________________
February: Philip Morris Executive in Tokyo on gaining a 13 per cent
share of the Japanese import market (excluding Marlboro which is
made under licence). “We have been relentless in the last few years.
We are on fire
Our marketing is really good: I think we’re feeling the pulse of the
consumer as well as possible ... For many years, Marlboro was a
slow burner here, but now its on fire. It’s growing more than 25
percent year-to-year”77._____________________________________
March: James Johnston, RJR Chairman: “From 1990-1995, RJR’s
international tobacco volume grew 10 per cent a year while earnings
accelerated at a rate of 12 per cent.. .In Eastern Europe, I think that
while we’ve been aggressive, we have also been prudent with the
Success in
acquisitions we’ve made .. .Once on, we’ve been able to move
Eastern Europe
quickly. In the former Soviet Union, we’ve come form zero five
years ago to more than 50 billion units in 1995 .. I think our success
in Eastern Europe is based on our willingness to invest and
willingness to move quickly.78
__________________________
April: BAT’s Head of Corporate Affairs, “We sell a lot of cigarettes
Smuggling is just in the Far East, but quite how many end up in China is difficult to
say. Smuggling is just what happens in that part of the world; its not
one of those
___________________________
things_________ confined to tobacco”79.
May:
Andreas
Gembier,
President
of
Philip Morris Europe: “When
When the wall
the wall came down in 1989, there were tens of millions of
came down our
consumers opening up to Philip Morris. If we hadn’t reacted the way
customers went
we
did, by now the train would have gone. We would have seen its
up
end lights”80.______________
May: RJ Reynolds: “We expect this [Central and Eastern Europe] to
A growth engine
be one of the growth engines of our company over the next few
years”81._________________________________________________
July: China’s state tobacco monopoly announces a five year
moratorium of new foreign investment. John Webb, Chief Executive
China: A five year of Rothmans Asia says “Philip Morris and BAT are making huge
noises trying to persuade the government to change its mind”.
moratorium
Brenda Chow, PR manager at BAT in Hong Kong says: “Should the
moratorium be lifted, BAT would like to be the top choice for a joint
venture”82______________________ _________________________ _
July: East European Markets announces that BAT has ploughed
over $750 million into acquisitions in the region in the last four
years, buying newly-privatised cigarette manufacturers in Hungary,
Ukraine, Russia, Uzbekistan, the Czech republic, and Poland. It is
100 billion more
currently in negotiations with Moldova and Romania. Ulrich Herter ,
cigarettes in
BAT’s Managing Director, says: “We will have additional 100 billion
Eastern Europe
cigarettes a year once the investments are complete”. According to
Project Battalion:
Capture Asia
Health warnings
out of respect
Brand stretching
to beat marketing
restrictions
Lucrative
influence over aid
budget?
Hidden agenda
Smuggling to
China
0-50 billion in
five years
Substantial
exports to East
Europe
Dick Howe, from BAT Russia, the company will be the market
leader in Russia in ten years, in a country whose annual consumption
is 220 billion cigarettes.83__________________________
August: RJ Reynolds voluntarily prints health warnings on its
cigarette packets in Romania, which state: “Medical Warning: Giving
up Smoking now considerably reduces the risk to your health”. Says
RJR Romania’s General Manager: “We have been the first to put
them on, as a token of respect for Romanian consumers”84.
7 August: The Wall Street Journal Europe reports how tobacco
companies are getting around the advertising bans in Asia by
marketing brands through clothing, records, music and holidays.
Internal documents from RJ Reynolds International reveal how that
“Salem Attitude [a clothing store] is established to extend the
trademark beyond tobacco category restrictions .. The Salem
Attitude image will circumvent marketing restrictions85”.
25 August: The Observer reveals how BAT “ is acquiring influence
over the dispersal of British overseas aid as part of a campaign to
protect its lucrative markets in the Third World ...an Observer
investigation has uncovered network of links between the company
and official international aid bodies, well-known MPs, aimed at
furthering its agenda in the developing world .. .At the centre of
BAT’s overseas aid network is its new chairman, Lord Cairns. Last
year, he also became chairman of the Commonwealth Development
Corporation, a quango that distributes £1.5 billion of investment to
poor countries”86.___________________________________________
September: BAT holds another Seminar in Mauritius with invited
journalists from Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa,
Uganda, Zaire, and Zimbabwe to give “the perspective hidden from
the public” about smoking and health87. “Their strategy all the time is
to raise questions about anti-tobacco research”, says Kathryn
Strachan, a reporter who attended88.___________________________
December: Three former BAT executives allege that BAT Hong
Kong held weekly meetings at which smuggling activities to China
were discussed. “We were all notified to be careful how things were
phrased and which documents were kept” says one former employee,
to allow senior executives “deniability” over the activities. BAT
denies smuggling involvement or condones the practice89
This year, RJ Reynolds sells 50 billion cigarettes a year in the former
Soviet Union. Five years ago it sold none90.
BAT Industries Facts and Figures booklet notes: “The 1990s have
seen new opportunities for the Group, especially in Central and
Eastern Europe and in the Far East, with the opening up of markets
previously closed to western tobacco manufacturers. Our first
acquisition in these markets was in Hungary in 1992 followed by a
joint venture in Ukraine in 1993, Further acquisitions were made
following year in Russia and Uzbekistan, while during 1995, the
Group acquired interests in the Augustow factory in Poland and in
one in the Czech Republic. Exports to East European markets have
40 billion
smuggled
cigarettes
also increased substantially”91._______________________________
It is estimated that 40 billion foreign cigarettes will be smuggled into
China this year92.
1997:
Cannot be left out 17 April: Philip Morris announces that it will invest $300 million to
build the largest cigarette factory in Russia. “We cannot be left out
of Russia
of this market”, says Philip Morris’ Managing Director in Russia,
Kursat Kocdag93__________________________________________
15 May: Imperial Tobacco announces that it is targeting the Far East
Targeting China
market in China and Korea to offset declining UK sales94__________
and Korea
June: P. Gotecha, Vice President Eastern Africa with RJ Reynolds
Major supplier to talks about his company’s first year in Tanzania, where the company
sub-Saharan
is now the largest single foreign investor: “this country has the
Africa
potential to become a major supplier of cigarettes to the sub-Saharan
continent”95._____________________________________________
25 June: Since 1990, Philip Morris has increased sales abroad by 80
80% increase in
per cent to 662.2 billion in 1996. From 1990 to 1995, cigarette sales
sales
fell in US, Canada, Latin America and Western Europe, and were
static in Africa, but increased in Eastern Europe, Middle East and
Asia / Pacific.
Magic in the
name
Smuggling
Former
monopolies are
fastest growing
China: A fantastic
foreign foothold
At a deadly price
Can’t leave it
alone
Louis Hughes of BAT Poland says of the company’s new cigarette:
“Research showed if we could bring a better quality cigarette - more
consistent in quality and at the same price and with distribution
muscle - it would work. Part of the success was the product. Part of
the magic was the name”. [BAT called its new cigarette Sobieski, a
17th Century Polish Warrior-King]96___________________________
3 July: Zi Guorui, President of Yuxi Hongta Tobacco in China: “US
companies have started to target developing countries. China still
does not approve the import of foreign cigarettes, but 1 million are
smuggled in anyway”97. CHECK BILLION____________________
July: JG Vos, Executive Director of Public Affairs with Rothmans
International: “Our fastest growing markets are in former monopoly
countries that are opening up to foreign competition”98.___________
25 August: China’s 320 million smokers consume 1.7 trillion
cigarette or a third of the global total - and all the foreign
multinational are trying to gain a foothold in the market. In China
some 700,000 smokers currently die annually, a figure due to
increase to some 3 million, next century. The Director General of the
WHO addresses the 1 Oth World Conference of Smoking and Health
in Peking: “We must demand that the large multinational tobacco
companies that experience controls in their home countries are not
free to expand in other countries”99.___________________________
17 September: “Alex Van Breeman, director of BAT’s Romanian
operations: “It’s more and more clear that Romania is a market that
we cannot leave by itself’?00
20 September: BAT letter to the Lancet. “Contrary to the naive but
popular myth propagated by many like you who ought to know
better we are not introducing tobacco to any country. Smoking has
been a common pastime in most countries around the world for a
least a century101”.
__________________________________
25 September: A Brazilian judge orders Souza Cruz, a subsidiary of
Brazilian pay out BAT to pay R$90,000 (£50,000) to the family of a man who died of
an allegedly smoking disease.102____________________________
November: BAT’s Group Chief Executive, Martin Broughton visits
Cambodia: “I am delighted to see what an enormous impact [the
company] is having on the local community and economy. Despite
Enormous
the
recent economic problems being encountered in the region, we
opportunities
are still entirely committed to Asia-Pacific and I am convinced that
these countries still present enormous opportunities to us”103.______
Tobacco Reporter devotes a special issue on Central and Eastern
Europe. International firms such as Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds,
BAT, Rothmans, and Gallaher along with regional Bulgartabak,
Reemtsma, SEITA and Burrus now have 70 per cent of the Russian
market. Consumption in Russia is growing at up to 3 per cent104.
Major
Tobacco Reporter gives an analysis of known and projected
investments in
investment to date:
Eastern and
• BAT has 7 joint ventures worth $800 million with a capacity of
Central Europe
100 billion units in Hungary, Ukraine, Russia, Romania,
Uzbekistan and Poland
• Philip Morris has 7 joint ventures in Czech Republic, Eastern
Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Ukraine and Russia
• RJ Reynolds has 11 joint ventures with a capacity of 70 billion
units in 1995 in the Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Pland, Romania,
Russia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan
• Rothmans has two joint ventures worth $86 million in Russia and
Bulgaria105___________ _______________________________
1998: 18 January: It is revealed that BAT is thinking of
circumventing the EU ban of cigarette advertising and sponsorship
by legally promoting their cigarette brand names in new ranges of
Circumventing ad coffee products. The scheme is already being tested in Kuala
Lumpur. Says the shops manager in the Malaysian capital: “Of
ban by brand
course this is all about keeping the Benson and Hedges brand name
stretching
to the front. We advertise the Benson and Hedges Bistro on
television and in the newspapers. The idea is to be smoker-friendly.
Smokers associate a coffee with a cigarette. The are both drugs of a
type.” BAT confirms it is also looking at selling Lucky Strike
clothing, John Player Special Whisky and Kent travel.106_________
February: Steven Goldstone, RJR Nabisco Chairman: “The
international tobacco business has become an increasingly important
The driver of
source of earnings for RJR Nabisco and can be the most significant
future growth
driver of our future tobacco earnings growth”.107______________
February: The Royal College of Physicians asks the British
Government to impose the same sort of restrictions on tobacco
We are not
introducing
tobacco to any
country
Ban this lethal
export
exports that it does for weapons exports, noting that exports had
risen in the last ten years from $645 million to $1.88 billion. Says
College President, George Alberti: “Tobacco kills roughly half of all
those who smoke and is thus as lethal in the long term as many of the
weapons the government is keen to prevent from being sold
overseas. We suggest the same approach should be taken to tobacco
exports”.108
1 ASH Questions and Answers to Imperial AGM, 1976, March [L&D Imp 24]
2 RJ Reynolds Research Department, Planning Assumptions and Forecast for the Period 1976-1986,
1976, 15 March [L&D RJR/BAT 9]
3 RJ Reynolds Industries Inc, Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, Form 8K, 1976,
September
4 Philip Morris,, Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, Form 8K, 1976, December:
Wall Street Journal, 1976, 28 December
5 P. Macadam, Response to Questions Asked by Ash, 1979, 14 March [c.7.1]
6 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl 28
7 BAT, Appreciation, 1980, 16 May [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
8 BAT Industries, Statement on BAT Industries ’ Tobacco Interests in Developing Countries, 1982, 9
June [c.7.6]
9 BAT UK, Letter to Baroness White, House of Lords, 1981, 12 June
10 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p247
11 G. Frankel, How Tobacco Firms and US Broke Down Barriers to East, 1996, International Herald
Tribune, 18 November, plO
12 BAT, Board Guidelines, Public Affairs, 1982, April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,866}
13 Quoted in J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl28
14 G. Connolly, Smoking or Health: The International Marketing of Tobacco, Tobacco use in America
Conference, 1989, 27-29 January, [C.7]
15 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1985, 17 July
16 G. N. Connolly, World-wide Expansion of Transnational Tobacco Industry, Journal of the National
Cancer Institute Monographs, 1992 [C.7]
17 Quoted in S. Sesser, Opium at War, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September [C.7]
18 R. Scull, Bright Future Predicted for Asia Pacific, World Tobacco, 1986, No94, p35
19 S. Sesser, Opium War Redux, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September, p78-89; N E Collishaw, Is the
Tobacco Epidemic Being Brought Under Control, Or Just Moved Around? An International
Perspective, Paper Presented at the 5th International Conference on the Reduction of Drug-Related
Harm, Toronto, 1994, 6-10 March
20 Quoted in C. Lowe Moma, Zimbabwe’s Tobacco Addiction, Multinational Monitor, 1987,
July/August, pl4
21 L. Heise, Unhealthy Alliance, World Watch, 1988, October, p20
22 M. Aung-Thwin, Insecurity Hindering Philippine Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Journal
International, 1987, June, p399
23 S. Sesser, Opium at War, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September [C.7]
24 G. Connolly, Smoking or Health: The International Marketing of Tobacco, Tobacco use in America
Conference, 1989, 27-29 January, [C.7]
25 M. McNeil, Cigarette Firms Look Overseas as the Market Dries up in US, South China Morning
Post, 1988, 26 January
26 BAT Uganda Ltd, 1984, Letter to the Director do Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Entebbe,
1988, 21 June [L&D BAT 34]
27 Quoted in L. Heise, Unhealthy Alliance, World Watch, 1988, October, p20 [C.7]
28 Quoted in L. Heise, Unhealthy Alliance, World Watch, 1988, October, p20 [C.7]
29 L. Heise, Unhealthy Alliance, World Watch, 1988, October, p20 [C.7]
30 J. Sweeney, Selling Cigarettes to the Africans, The Independent Magazine, 1988, 29 October
31 J. Sweeney, Selling Cigarettes to the Africans, The Independent Magazine, 1988, 29 October
32 G. Connolly, Smoking or Health: The International Marketing of Tobacco, Tobacco use in America
Conference, 1989, 27-29 January, [C.7]
33 C. Smith, Western Tobacco Sales are Booming in China, Thanks to Smuggling, Wall Street
Journal Europe, 1996, 18 December, pl
34 Tobacco Reporter , Growth Through 2000, 1989, February
35 A. Cockbum, Getting Opium to the Masses; the Political Economy of Addiction, The Nation, 1989,
30 October, p482-3
36 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1989, 10 November
37 C. Lee Shuang, Projecting Quality, Style in YSL Cigarette, New Sunday Times, 1990, 4 February
38 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1990. 9 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,509}
39 Sunday Times, Africa- Ashtray of the World, 1990, 13 May, [c.7]
40 Sunday Times, Africa- Ashtray of the World, 1990, 13 May, [c.7]
47 The Times, Tobacco Company “Exploiting Africa”, 1990, 14 May
42 BAT, Tobacco Strategy Review Team, 1990, 18 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,543}
43 BAT, Tobacco Strategy Review Team, 1990, 18 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,543}
44 Talk to TMDP, Chelwood, 1990, August [L&D RJR/BAT 16]
45 Speech at 1990 World Conference of Tobacco and Health, quoted in R. McKerrow, Going up in
Smoke, New Statesman and Society, 1992, 29 May [C.7]
46 Quoted in The Economist, The Search for El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21 [C.7]
47 D. Doolittle, Joe Camel Takes Reynolds Over the Hump, Tobacco Reporter, 1991, February,
48 R. Morelli, Packing it in, Marketing Week, 1991, 28 June, Vol. 14, No 16, p30-34
49 S. Sesser, Opium at War, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September [C.7]
50 D. Doolittle, BAT Lengthens its Global Reach, Tobacco Reporter, 1991, July [C.7]
51 D. Ibison, Rothman’s Joint Deal Opens Heavenly Gates, Window Magazine, 1992, No 4, 16 October
52 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Gold-rush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
53 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Gold-rush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
54 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Gold-rush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
55 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Gold-rush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
56 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Gold-rush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
57 W. Ecenbarger, America’s New Merchants of Death, Readers Digest, 1993 [C.7]
58 S. Sesser, Opium at War, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September [C.7]
59 Philip Morris, Memo Re: Mrs Thatcher, 1992, 31 March [c.7.5]
60 Positive Health, Lady Killer, 1992, Summer [c.7.5]
61 D. Simpson, Propaganda Hit Squad At Large, Tobacco Control, 1994, 3; 76-77; T. Dissanaike,
Anti-Smoking Campaign Comes Under Heavy Fire, The Island (Sri Lanka), 1993, 29 October
62 Philip Morris, 1992 Annual Report, 1993,
63 W. Ecenbarger, America’s New Merchants of Death, Readers Digest, 1993 [C.7]
64 S. Sesser, Opium at War, The New Yorker, 1993, 13 September [C.7]
65 W. Ecenbarger, America’s New Merchants of Death, Readers Digest, 1993 [C.7]
66 C. de Lion, Raising the Smoke-Screen, Central European, 1995, October, p 14
67 B. Moynahan, The Nicotine War, Hotair, 1994, October - December, pl2
68 B. Meier, Tobacco Industry, Conciliatory in US, Goes on the Attack in The Third World, New York
Times, 1998, 18 January, pA14
69 S. Mufson, Power Puff: World’s Biggest Cigarette Market Lights Up, International Herald Tribune,
1995, 3 July, p4
70 I. King, BAT Prospers From Heavy Tobacco Sales in the Third World, The Guardian, 1995, 9
November, p2
71 Financial Times, Tanzanian Move by RJR Reynolds, 1995, 23 December, p9
72 J. Rupert & G. Frankel, American Tobacco’s Seizure of Ukraine, International Herald Tribune,
1996, 20 November
73 BAT Industries, Annual Review and Summary Financial Statement, 1995
74 T. Stevenson, BAT Draws on Massive Third World Craving, The Independent, 1996, 7 March, p5
75 C. Smith, Western Tobacco Sales are Booming in China, Thanks to Smuggling, Wall Street
Journal Europe, 1996, 18 December, pl
76 A. Higgins & L. Doyle, BAT Plots China Offensive, The Guardian, 1996, 3 January, p8
77 Tobacco Reporter, Philip Morris Tops Import Sales, 1996, February, p20
78 C. Zimmerman Blackard, Fast on its Feet, Tobacco Reporter, 1996, March
79 T. Parker-Pope, Legal Pressures in the US Doesn’t Cloud Outlook for BAT Overseas, Wall Street
Journal Europe, 1996, 2 April, pl
80 H. Davidson, The Tobacco Giants’ Shopping Spree, Institutional Investor, 1996, May, p37
81 H. Davidson, The Tobacco Giants’ Shopping Spree, Institutional Investor, 1996, May, p37
82 S. Hendry, “Smoke home-made Brands or kick Habit”, Bloomberg Trading Week, 1996, 28 July
83 East European Markets, Case Study - Tobacco Giant BAT, 1996, 5 July
84 Tobacco Reporter, RJR Prints Health Warnings on Cigarettes, 1996, August, plO
85 F. Warner, Tobacco brands Outmanoeuvre Asian Advertising Bans, Wall Street Journal Europe,
1996, 7 August
86 D. Leigh, J. Calvert, Cigarette Giant in Aid Ploy, The Observer, 1996, 25 August, p2
87 D. Simpson, BAT “Experts” Grilled, Tobacco Control, 1996, 5; 262-264
88 B. Meier, Tobacco Industry, Conciliatory in US, Goes on the Attack in The Third World, New York
Times, 1998, 18 January, pA14
89 C. Smith, Western Tobacco Sales are Booming in China, Thanks to Smuggling, Wall Street
Journal Europe, 1996, 18 December, pl
90 J. Rupert & G. Frankel, American Tobacco’s Seizure of Ukraine, International Herald Tribune,
1996, 20 November
91 BAT Industries, Facts and Figures 1996
92 Tobacco Reporter, Cigarette Production Down: Contraband and Counterfeits Flourish, 1997, April,
p32
93 M. Brzezinski, Philip Morris to Build Plant in Russia, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1997, 17 April
94 J. Oliver, Imperial Lights Up Far East, The Express, 1997, 15 May
95 T. Tuinstra, Potential, Tobacco Reporter, 1997, June, p44
96 J. Perlez, Cigarette Makers’ Smoky Heaven: Eastern Europe, International Herald Tribune, 1997,
25 June
97 J. Harding, Whiff of Competition for Tobacco Industry, Financial Times, 1997, 3 July, p36
98 T. Tuinstra, Diversity, Tobacco Reporter, 1997, July, pl 8
99 T. Poole, “Cigarettes Set to Kill 10M by 2025”, The Independent, 1997, 25 August; S. Faison,
China: The New Tobacco Battleground, International Herald Tribune, 1997, 28 August, p4
100 A. Warpinski, BAT Readies Cigarette Plant Near Bucharest, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1997,
17 September, p4
101 M. Broughton, Attacks on Tobacco Industry, The Lancet, 1997, 20 September, Vol. 350, p890
102 J. Wheatly, Brazil Ruling Over Death of Smoker, Financial Times, 1997, 25 September, p6
103 Tobacco Reporter, Broughton Visits Cambodian Subsidiary During Asian Swing, 1998, February,
Po4
104 Tobacco Reporter, International Manufacturers Control Russian Market, 1988, Winter Issue, p6
Tobacco Reporter, Multinational Investment, 1988, Winter Issue, p36-37
106 P. Nuki, Tobacco Firms Brew up Coffee to Beat the Ban, The Sunday Times, 1998, 18 January
107 Tobacco Reporter, RJR Restructures World-wide Tobacco Business, 1998, February, plO
108 Tobacco Reporter, British Surgeons Argue Tobacco Should be Treated as Weapon, 1998,
February, pl2
pH I
!
i
Tobacco explained chronology:
PASSIVE SMOKING OR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS)
1970s
1972:
Increasing
problem
Salient problem
to make smoking
socially
unacceptable
ETS unimportant
ETS will become
important reduce side
stream
Make smoking a
socially
unacceptable
habit
Counteract
measures
Objectionable
habit
The minutes for the annual BAT Research Conference show that:
“passive smoking constitutes an increasing problem for the industry
which is readily and increasingly exploited. Replies to pressure have,
so far, successfully been handled on an industry basis”1.___________
1973: February: A Confidential Memo from B&W’s Assistant
General Counsel, outlines “salient problems now facing the cigarette
industry”, which includes Passive Smoking: “The anti-smoking lobby
is using the issue of the alleged health effect of smoking on the nonsmoker to generate media publicity. This trend has been growing
since 1970 ...There is no medical evidence concerning the health
effect of passive smoking. The real purpose is symbolic to make
smoking socially unacceptable and by limiting the public areas where
it is permitted”.2__________________________________________
1974: January: At the Annual BAT Research Conference: “it was
suggested by Dr. Green that now we have an objective sensory
difference test for assessing irritation of side-stream smoke, we
might write in to all new product developments a constraint in the
specification in this respect. This suggestion had a cool reception and
most members felt passive smoking was relatively unimportant.”3
3 May: A BAT document sets out certain “Assumptions” and
“Policies” on Smoking and Health, stating that “Smoking will
become an increasingly unacceptable habit ... passive smoking will
become more important as an issue .. to seek ways of limiting the
irritation of side-stream smoke in any new product”4._____________
1976: 15 March: An RJR Document outlining “Planning
Assumptions and Forecast for the Period 1976-1986” outlines that:
“The anti-smoking lobby ..will aim a major long-range thrust at
smoking in an attempt to stigmatise it as a socially objectionable and
lower class habit. One of the major tools in this endeavour will be
the campaign against the effects of environmental smoke which is
labelled ‘passive smoking’ ... areas [that] need to be considered:
a: Legislative activities of anti-tobacco forces aimed at prohibiting or
restricting smoking in public places such as restaurants, semi-public
places such as the working place in general, including offices,
factories etc. A concerted effort to counteract these activities is
being made by the Tobacco Institute; no RJR effort is needed______
b: The long-range, more important, second area is the unequivocal
declaration to level smoking an objectionable habit. Very little is
being done to contest this industry-wide, and an RJR-led effort could
be highly important” 5.______________________________________
Tobacco Reporter “RJ Reynolds is planning to strike back at the
increasing number of anti-smoking crusades in the nation by
launching its own smokers’ rights campaign”. The Chairman of the
Board of RJ Reynolds, says “The publication will deal with the socalled public smoking issue, the latest tactic by anti-smoking groups
in their effort to do irreparable damage to the tobacco industry”.
1977: 25 November: BAT Board Strategies on Smoking and Health
are outlined in a series of questions and answers:_________________
“Q: Do you not agree that passive smoking is harmful to the nonsmoker”_______________________________ _____________
A:
In our view this appears to be an area of exaggerated concern
An annoyance
..the question is not really one of a health hazard but perhaps more
of an annoyance”7.
___________________________________
27 November: Scientists at BAT replicate an experiment carried out
by Carl Becker from Cornell University showing that glycoproteins
Allergic
[which can induce allergic reactions] were present in tobacco smoke:
compounds in
A note after a biological research meeting shows that a BAT
smoke
scientist “explained that... Beaker’s findings in relation to the
presence of glycoproteins in mainstream and side-stream smoke had
been confirmed”8.__________________________________________
1978: April: Notes from the Annual BAT research conference show
that: “It is clear that in may countries there is concern over the level
of nitrosamines in foodstuffs. This explains in part the sensitivity to
Potential threat
the presence of nitrosamines in tobacco smoke and, particularly, the
levels in side-stream smoke, The latter is a potential threat to the
currently held view by many authorities that passive smoking does
not constitute a direct hazard.9”________________________ _____
August: B&W internal document “In an unaided poll a strong
Smoking should
majority said that public smoking should be banned. About half of
be banned
the people believe that ambient smoke is hazardous”.10____________
November: B&W and the other leading US tobacco companies
defeat Proposition 5, the California Clean Indoor Air Act of 1978, by
forming a front organisation called “Californians for Common Sense
(CCS)”, which was “A broad based citizen membership, operating
Californians for
Common Sense - under the partisan co-chairmanship of prominent and respected
Californians who had no past or present connection with the tobacco
a tobacco
industry ... The answer was a non-tobacco organisation with
industry front
leadership so prestigious and membership so broad that its
group
composition clearly belied the charge that only the tobacco
companies opposed Proposition 5 .. .the California voters’
perception of the tobacco industry’s credibility was very low. It
removed all doubts that this campaign had to be a [sic] Californiagrounded, with the Tobacco Institute as far in the background as
possible and with tobacco industry involvement limited to financial
contributions to a California citizens committee”.11______________
The three phase campaign included:____________________
“1. The first phase programme was to redefine the enemy. The
Redefine the
enemy CCS selected is the foe of every voter. He passes stupid laws
enemy
..Phase one: ‘They’re at it again’ .._____________________ _____
2: Phase two sharpened the picture of the enemy ..it
Smokers’ rights
campaign
Freedom dies one
step at a time
Read the fine
print
The most
dangerous
development yet
to the viability of
the tobacco
industry
No scientific
proof
Defensive and
offensive
measures
ETS a serious
risk to health
Need to reduce
side-stream
smoke
Non-smoking
women develop
lung cancer
introduced the thought that this kind of regulation is dangerously
precedent setting. Voters were reminded that freedom dies at bit at a
time. If they regulate smoking now, what will they regulate next?
Freedom of assembly? Freedom of Speech? Phase two “what will
they regulate next?”_______________________________________
3.Third phase asked for the order ..Objective was to convert
the doubt to a No vote .. .suggested they read it for themselves read the fine print - then decide. This not only made our point; it
suggested inferentially that the other side had something to hide and
CCS didn’t. Phase three: Read the fine print”12._________________
The Roper Organisation conducts a confidential study for the US
Tobacco Institute: “what the smoker does to himself may be his
business, but what the smoker does to the non-smoker is quite a
different matter ... six out of ten people believe that smoking is
hazardous to the non-smoker’s health, up sharply over the last four
years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it; nearly half of
all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous
development yet to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet
occurred ... The strategic and long run antidote to the passive
smoking issue is, as we see it, developing and widely publicising
clear-cut, credible, medical evidence that passive smoking is not
harmful to the non-smoker’s health”13.________________________
1979: April: A tobacco industry document on passive smoking
concludes that “there is no scientific proof that tobacco smoke in the
atmosphere causes diseases in non-smokers”.14__________________
October/November: A BAT Research conference concludes that
“concern for the passive smoker was regarded as likely to become a
key issue in the ftiture and the GR&DC [Group Research
&Development Conference] programme was regarded as of
importance - both for defensive and offensive (i.e. possible
commercial advantage) purposes.”15
_________________ 1980s_________________________________
1980: May: An article is published by James Repace and Alfred
Lowrey in Science, which concludes that; “ETS presents a serious
risk to the health of non-smokers. Since this risk is involuntary, it
deserves as much attention as outdoor air pollution”16.__________
September: BAT’s research conference concludes that “Research
into the attitude of smokers and non-smokers to substantial
reduction or elimination of side-stream smoke should be established.
Effort should be directed to developing a smoking article with
greatly reduced tobacco content to reduce the material available for
generation of side-stream”._________________________________
1981: The BMJ publishes a major epidemiological study by Takeshi
Hirayama that concludes non-smoking women married to smokers
were more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smoking women
married to non-smokers17.__________________________________
24 July: An internal memo from JK Wells, B&W’s corporate
counsel, talks about the Hirayama study, saying that both German
Study was correct and British scientists paid by the tobacco industry had reviewed the
work and “they believe Hirayama is a good scientist and that his non
smoking wives publication is correct...the TI [Tobacco Institute]
knew it and that TI published its statement about Hirayama knowing
that the work was correct.”18________________________________
Hirayama’s work was attacked in full page adverts by the US
On no it wasn’t
Tobacco Institute.19________________________________________
1982: 23 February: A memo by Philip Morris researcher J. L.
We know very
Charles states that “we know very little about the biological activity
little
of side-stream smoke”20.____________________________________
April: Secret BAT Board Guidelines include the assumption that:
ETS will increase “Passive smoking will increase in importance as an issue and be used
initially to develop the social unacceptability of smoking through
in importance
demands for further legislation restricting smoking in public places.
Further work on Passive Smoking will continue to provide a basis
Side-stream
for increasing allegations that constituents in side-stream smoke have
deleterious to
a deleterious effect on non-smokers “._________________________
health
Strategies include that “Companies should be aware that the
emergence of the social unacceptability of smoking in their markets
is the factor most likely to affect quitting rates, thus producing a
Counter
negative effect on industry growth. Consequently all allegations that
allegations
passive smoking is injurious to the health of non-smokers, in respect
strongly
the social cost of smoking as well as unreasonable demands for no
smoking areas in public places, should be countered strongly”21.
August/September: BAT’s Annual Research Conference concludes
Side-stream
that “the strong growth of medical, scientific and media concern and
smoke maybe
comment in this area was acknowledged .. .the biological activity
different
[carcinogenic] activity of side-stream may also be significantly
difference from mainstream. An early design of reduced side-stream
product developed at GR&DC [Group Research (^Development
Conference] has recently been screened .. .we must get hard data to
Design future
help counter anti-smoking attacks, and to support the design of
products
future products .
____________________________________
1983: An internal BAT memo shows that “The BCAC [BAT
Chairman’s Advisory Committee] confirmed two requirements:
1. Develop cigarettes with reduced side-stream emissions and/or
Reduce side
reduced smell and irritation._________________________________
stream_____
2. Conduct research to anticipate and refute claims about the health
Refute claims
effects of passive smoking”23________________________________
August: BAT’s Annual Research conference shows that: “The
programme of work set up in response to the BCAC directive was
Reduce
supported - but it was stressed that the programme should consider
carcinogenic
the reduction of biological [carcinogenic] activity, as well as the
activity
reduction of visible smoke irritation and unpleasant odour”.24_____
25-28 June: A BAT “Structured Creativity Conference” held at
Southampton discusses new products including the “low sidePre-empt volume stream/ameliorated aroma product”, whose purpose was “To pre-
decline
No scientific
evidence
Reduce side
stream_____
Refute claims
Erode confidence
Cannot ignore
issue
No convincing
counter
arguments
Further smoking
restrictions
Distorting Who’s
views
ETS should be
empt potential volume decline from smokers under pressure in social
and work environments providing them with an offer which
combines re-assurance in social smoking with taste and
satisfaction25.”____________________________________________
August: RJ Reynolds runs a series of adverts: “Second-Hand Smoke:
The Myth and the Reality”, stating “There is little evidence - and
certainly nothing that proves scientifically - that cigarette smoke
causes disease in non-smokers”.26_____________________________
-1984/85: BAT’s research programme’s “strategic objectives [of
side-stream smoke research] remain as follows:__________________
1. Develop cigarettes with reduced side-stream yields and/or reduced
odour and irritation.________________________________________
2. Conduct research to anticipate and refute claims about the health
effects of passive smoking”27________________________________
1985: 25 February: Anthony Colucci, a chief scientist from RJ
Reynolds, writes a memo about James Repace (working for the US
EPA) and Alfred Lowrey (Naval Research Laboratory), who are
leading researchers on ETS. “Repace and Lowrey will soon have
their analyses published ... We anticipate that if Repace runs true to
form, there will be a great deal of media copy written about their
analyses and thus we should begin eroding confidence in this work as
soon as possible”28.________________________________________
1 July: Richard Thompson, a consultant to RJ Reynolds, writes of
ETS that “Reynolds cannot ignore this issue and stay in the tobacco
business29.”______________________________________________
17 July: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy Review
Team show that: “The team accepted Dr. Thornton’s view that the
published work purporting to show adverse effects of passive
smoking was of questionable validity. However, it was also noted
that the Tobacco industry had failed to advance convincing counter
arguments^_____________________________________________
22 July: An internal B&W states that “Large numbers of [US] local
governments will adopt smoking restrictions which require
segregation of smokers in indoor areas with public access and
government office buildings .. .few smokers will complain about
these events and the press will continue to publish assessments that
smoking restrictions are seen by all parties concerned as working
well”31.__________________________________________________
1986: 5 February: The World Health Organisation writes to Forest:
“It has been brought to the attention of the WHO that you ... have
repeatedly published news items and letters in several newspapers,
which distort WHO’s view of the issue of passive smoking
...WHO’s stated view is that ‘tobacco smoke is carcinogenic to
humans’ and that ‘the available evidence leads to the conclusion that
passive smoking gives rise to some risk of cancer”32._____________
February / March: A report prepared for Imperial Tobacco (Canada)
states: “Should a decision be made to enter public debate, two
assumptions lead to a recommendation that the passive smoking
public focal point
- we can win
debate
Create a halo
Need a
sympathetic
doctor
Surgeon- General
ETS causes
cancer
Its no business of
yours
The covert
whitecoats
Resist and roll
back regulations
Restore smoker
confidence
Reverse
misconception
that ETS is
harmful
Set up team of
scientists to keep
the controversy
alive
issue is used as the focal point. The first is that, of all the health
issues surrounding smoking, it is the one which the tobacco industry
has the most chance of winning; that the evidence proclaimed by the
anti-groups is flawed. Secondly, and related to the first, is that it is
highly desirable to control the focus of the debate. A broad
discussion of smoking and health can only lead to a series of
barrages in areas which the tobacco industry would have extreme
difficulty in defending. And offence should be the watchword”.
“Passive smoking has high relevance to the socially-concerned. An
attack on the credibility of evidence presented to date may well
provide the rational argument to soften their attitudes. At the same
time, a halo would be created, bringing other undebated issues into
question by inference, providing reassurance and reinforcement for
the more emotionally-dependent health-concerned.” The report
recommends finding someone to put forward the industry’s position:
“the challenge will be to find a sympathetic doctor who can be
demonstrated to take a largely independent stance33.”____________
The US Surgeon General, Dr. Everett Koop, publishes a report on
the “Health Consequences of Involuntarily Smoking” stating that
“involuntary [passive ] smoking can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers”34.______________________________________________
1987: 28 September: Stephen Byres: Forest, “The State has no
business telling restaurant owners, bar managers or private
employers what the smoking policy on their premises should be35”.
December 87/ January 88: Covington and Burling, US lawyers
working for Philip Morris and the US Tobacco Institute, begin
setting up a “European Consultancy Programme” to counter
proposed restriction on ETS. The underlying theme is to covertly
recruit scientists or “Whitecoats” to work on Philip Morris’ behalf,
who will defend smoking and try and convince people that ETS is
harmless. Codenamed “Whitecoat” its “end goals” are:
• “Resist and roll back smoking restrictions
• Restore smoker confidence”
The “Pre-requites” are
• “Reverse scientific and popular misconception that ETS is
harmful
• Restore social acceptability of smoking”36.
17 February: A Meeting on ETS is held in London with
representatives from BAT, Rothmans, Philip Morris, Imperial and
Gallaher present. An internal BAT memo of the meeting summarised
that: “Philip Morris presented to the UK industry their global
strategy on environmental tobacco smoke. In every major
international area (USA, Europe, Australia, Far East, South
America, Central America & Spain) they are proposing, in key
countries, to set up a team of scientists organised by one national co
ordinating scientist and American lawyers, to review scientific
literature to carry out work on ETS to keep the controversy alive.
Public affairs
advantage______
We are becoming
social pariahs
because of ETS
Sick Building
Syndrome
ETS increases
cancer risk by
30%_______
No proof
PR campaign
needed to protect
smokers
No proof
European
Consultancy
Programme
Vigorous and
successful
Eliminate
unproductive
consultants
Reaching
They are spending vast sums of money to do so and on the European
Front, Covington and Burling, lawyers for the Tobacco Institute in
the USA are proposing to set up a London office from March 1988
to co-ordinate these activities”._______________________________
“ .. .It is generally felt that this kind of activity is already giving them
a marketing and public affairs advantage, especially in countries in
which, until recently, they have played a rather low profile37.”______
26 April: A B&W memo to BAT states “We’re becoming the
industrial equivalent of South Africa .. The lowered social
acceptability of smoking is tied directly to the (second hand smoke)
issue”.38____________________________________
31 October: BAT’s Tobacco Strategy Review team discuss how
“work being funded by the Tobacco industry in the USA on
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) was being funded jointly by
Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds rather than by the Tobacco Institute.
B&W had put money into privately funded projects at the University
of Kentucky and was active in promoting work on ‘sick-buildings’ to
research the degree to which radon and air conditioning systems
were important contributors to environmental health hazards”39.
1988: The Frogatt report maintains that passive smoking increases
the non-smokers’ risk of developing lung cancer by 10-30 per cent40.
1989: 19 July: A Turner, Tobacco Advisory Council: “No such
proof exists” that passive smoking could cause cancer41.__________
10 November: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Review Team, stipulate that “regarding the current debates on
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Addiction it was agreed that
while the Group must continue to be active in scientific debate ... a
more direct public relations/ political campaign might need to be
mounted, primarily based on protecting the rights of smokers”42.
US Tobacco Institute “No conclusive proof exists to support the
claim that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in public places
is a health risk to non-smokers.43”
__________________ 1990s______________________________
1 March: An internal memo from the London offices of Covington
and Burling summarises the status of the “European Consultancy
Programme”:
“In many respects the programme is, and should be, genuinely world
wide, and should therefore be assessed on a world-wide basis .. .we
belief that the consultancy programme in the EEC region is
particularly vigorous and successful. We are convinced that it provides
greater expertise, more spokesmen, more genuine scientific
competence, greater flexibility and better overall value for money than
any programme .. .we are actively eliminating those consultants who
have proved unproductive.... We believe the consultancy programmes
governments
Grateful for
PM’s help
Indoor Air
smoke-screen
Lancet editor
Select advisor
The birds., the
birds
in the EEC and EEMA regions continue to provide an important,
indeed indispensable, tool for the industry in reaching public, scientific
and governmental audiences .. We have regularly received very helpful
guidance from PM as to how best to use the consultant - where your
needs are, and how best those needs can be met. We are grateful for
that help”.
“Our consultants have created the world’s only learned scientific
society [Indoor Air International] addressing questions of indoor air
quality ..Our EC consultants have formed a consulting group called
ARIA (Associates for Research in Indoor Air) that has its own
brochure and is offering consulting services to companies and
governments on IAQ [Indoor Air Quality] issues”.
Under the heading “Lancet”, the document states: “One of our
consultants is an editor of this very influential British medical journal,
and is continuing to publish numerous reviews, editorials and
comments on ETS and other issues”.
Under political and scientific contacts, the memo says: “One
consultant is, for example, the advisor to a particularly relevant
committee of the House of Commons. One is the executive director of
a leading scientific society that considers workplace and related issues
..Others hold major professorships in leading universities and technical
schools.”
Under research, its states “Bird Keeping: the keeping of pet birds
appears to be a major risk factor for lung cancer - a far more serious
factor than anyone has ever alleged ETS to be.44”_________________
No cause for
1990: 17 August: TAC on ETS “there has been a lot of publicity
concern
about ETS; but there is no agreement between scientists that it is a
cause for concern”45.________________________________________
October: Ben Walsh of the Tobacco Advisory Council: “This [passive
smoking] is largely behind the pressures to ban or restrict smoking in
Disputed media public, or at work: the media hype saying smokers are damaging nonhype
smokers’ health by smoking in their presence is compelling, and
keenly felt by some. But the science is disputed and scientists do not
agree amongst themselves that ETS affects non-smokers”46._________
Class A
The 1990 US EPA draft report identifies environmental tobacco
Carcinogen
smoke (ETS) as a class A carcinogen47._________________________
1991: May: Confidential Key Area papers for BAT: “Our position
No evidence
continues to be that there is no convincing evidence that ETS causes
diseases, such as lung cancer and heart disease in non smokers”48.
26 June: A report in the American Journal ofPublic Health finds that
Harmful to non- 94 per cent of the scientists who get research money from the tobacco
smokers
industry believe that ETS is harmful to non-smokers.49_____________
1 July: A Philip Morris document outlining “A strategy for Europe,
Favouring a Rational Approach to Public Policy-Making in a Range of
WHO’s the real
scientific
authority
EPA: Class A
Carcinogen 3000 cancers
Fudge
ETS does not
cause disease
No evidence
Freedom of
choice
No evidence
therefore no
restrictions
ETS is not
harmful
Areas, Including Public Health” states: “The principal idea is to create
a foundation, society or institute whose goal is to become THE
scientific authority on a wide range of human concerns, thus putting
itself above WHO, FAO and other organisations who restrict
themselves to narrower fields. The idea is that the Foundation will
supersede the WHO and its Agencies as the principal advisors to the
European Community on a range of issues including public health ...
PM [Philip Morris] shall be the driving (and financing) force of the
Foundation50.______________________________________________
1993: January: The US EPA concludes that ETS is a Class A
carcinogen and estimates that it is responsible for 3000 lung cancers
annually among US non-smokers and ETS contributes 150,000 to
300,000 cases annually of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and
children younger than 18 months51._____________________________
1994: July: Philip Morris runs an advert in the US: “A large U.S.
study published in the American Journal ofPublic Health, found no
overall statistically significant link between second-hand smoke and
lung cancer. Why did the EPA not include this study?” Despite the
fact that the paper had concluded: “Our study and others conducted
during the past decade suggest a small but consistent elevation in the
risk of lung cancer in non-smokers due to passive smoking”52._______
July/August: Clive Turner, Tobacco Manufacturers Association:
“Tobacco smoke may in certain circumstances be annoying and a
nuisance for some people. But if a thorough assessment of the
scientific evidence is made, and all the available reports are considered
as a whole (and are not ‘cherry-picked’ to suit some anti-tobacco
campaigner’s personal agenda,) then the conclusion has to be that
ETS does not cause lung cancer, heart disease, or any other disease in
non-smokers”53.____________________________________________
23 October: Martin Broughton, CEO of BAT, “There is no evidence
to support the claims that smoking is damaging to non-smokers ... I
think there has been a huge amount of abuse of evidence to support
the claims in that line”54._____________________________________
1995: April: An Editorial in Tobacco International states:
“Communism is about the absence of choice, which is why it failed;
smoking is about the freedom of choice, which is why it survives”55.
30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip Morris
outlines key messages to respond to ETS: “We believe that world
wide data including eminent scientists and medical evidence, fails to
prove that ETS causes cancer, heart disease or other chronic diseases
.. .PM believes that neither the available scientific evidence nor the law
on ETS supports severe restrictions or bans on smoking in public
places”56.
12 July: B&W statement: “There is nothing in the reported documents
[published in the JAMA] which changes Brown & Williamson’s view
that ETS [environmental tobacco smoke] has not been established as
harmful to health57
Doubtful
Nonsense
Its no more
dangerous than
a biscuit
ASA - Oh yes it
is
Not
scientifically
justified
Just like
basketball
1996: January / February: Forest: “From its very beginning the theory
that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) or ‘passive smoking’ harms
non-smokers has been considered doubtful. Plain common sense tells
us that the notion is suspect”58.________________________________
January / February: Paul Rowlandson, writing in Forest’s Magazine
Free Choice, “The ‘passive smoking’ hoax is gradually being
unmasked as the nonsense it is”59.______________________________
May: Philip Morris runs a series of adverts in Europe stating that the
dangers from second-hand smoke are less than those from eating
cookies or drinking milk._____________________________________
16 October: The Advertising Standards Authority rules that a Philip
Morris campaign claiming that passive smoking posed no more of a
health hazard than eating biscuits or drinking water “gave the
misleading impression that passive smoking had been proved to pose
less danger to the health of UK consumers than the five activities”
cited by the advert60.________________________________________
A Philip Morris Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues,
produced, it is believed in 1996 for employees states about ETS: “The
claim that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke causes disease in
non-smokers is not scientifically justified. There is no conclusive
scientific evidence that environmental tobacco smoke poses any risk to
healthy non-smokers ... ANALOGY: Banning smoking simply because
some people object to tobacco smoke in the air would be like banning
baseball because some people object to the competition it engenders”
61
Causes disease
in non-smokers
ETS doubles
risk of heart
disease
Electronic
smoking system
1st lawsuit
settled
Eclipse
Unproven social
concern
1997: 23 June: As part of its $368 billion settlement deal in America,
the US companies agree to put stronger health warnings on the
packets including: “Tobacco Smoke Causes Fatal Lung Disease in
Non-Smokers”62.___________________________________________
July: Researchers at Harvard University release the results of a 10 year
study that tracked 32,000 non-smoking women and finds that ETS
doubles the risk of heart disease63.______________________________
October: Philip Morris launches an electronic smoking system, which
is designed to eliminate the smoke given off by the smoking tip - said
to be 90 % of smoke entering the environment64.__________________
October: US cigarette manufacturers agreed to pay $300 million to
settle claims by 60,000 non-smoking flights crews who worked in
smoking sections of airlines. It is the first “passive” smoking case to
be settled.65________________________________________________
October: RJ Reynolds begins limited marketing its low-smoke Eclipse
brand, which heats rather bums tobacco and reduces “odours” by
eighty per cent. Eclipse is also low in tar and nicotine66.____________
December: Paul Adams, the Director of Consumer Affairs and Chris
Proctor, head of BAT’s science and regulation give a speech at the
Annual Trade Fair on “Standing up for Tobacco”. Adams says that “it
is time to set the record straight. We have positions on the smoking
and health issues that are clear, well-informed, responsible and
credible”. Both Adams and Proctor say that the health risk of
Need to respond
Not persuasive
Childhood
asthma due to
ETS
Foul play on
WHO
WHO: Its
official ETS
causes cancer
and other
diseases
Concerned over
false allegations
SCOTH:
passive smoking
is cause of lung
cancer
No evidence
environmental tobacco smoke remains unproven, and as such is not a
health issue, but a social concern. They need to respond to both ETS
and addiction, which are the two most important areas for anti
tobacco activists, because in all other respects smokers make an
informed choice to accept health risks for themselves.67____________
1998: 29 January: Geoffrey Bible, the President and CEO of Philip
Morris testifies before the House Commerce Committee “we believe
that the evidence with respect to ETS is not persuasive” ”68._________
February: The Paediatrics Journal publishes the results of a study
which shows that 40-60 per cent of all early childhood cases of
asthma, bronchitis, and wheezing are attributable to exposure to
second-hand smoke69._______________________________________
9 March: The Tobacco industry is accused of “foul play” for
misrepresenting the findings of an unpublished WHO report. Chris
Proctor, head of research at BAT, claims that the report: “confirms
what we and other scientists have long believed that while smoking in
public may be annoying to some non-smokers, the science does not
show that being around a smoker is a lung-cancer risk”70.___________
9 March: WHO issues a press release to deny that it is suppressing
research and that “passive smoking causes lung cancer”. The study
found that there was an estimated 16 per cent increase of lung cancer
among non-smoking spouses of smokers. For workplace exposure the
estimated increased in risk was 17 per cent. Neil Collishaw, Acting
Chief of WHO’s Tobacco or Health Unit says: “From these and other
previous review of the scientific evidence emerges a clear global
scientific consensus - passive smoking does cause lung cancer and
other diseases”71.___________________________________________
The Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dr.
Paul Kleihues, who undertook the survey states: “We are very
concerned about the false and misleading statements recently
published in the mass media. It is no coincidence that this
misinformation originally appeared in the British Press just before the
No-Tobacco Day in the UK and the scheduled publication of the
report of the British Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health”72
11 March: The Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and
Health (SCOTH) is published: “ Passive smoking is a cause of lung
cancer and childhood respiratory disease. There is also evidence that
passive smoking is a cause of ischaemic heart disease and cot death,
middle ear disease and asthmatic attacks in children. Restrictions on
smoking in public places and work places are necessary to protect non
smokers”. The report concludes that living with a smoker increases a
non-smokers chance of contracting lung cancer by 25 per cent and
ischaemic heart disease by 23 per cent. In infants passive smoking
doubles the risk of sudden infant death and increases the risk of
serious respiratory disease by over 50 per cent”73._________________
11 March: A spokesperson for Gallahers responds by saying that there
is no statistical evidence linking passive smoking to cancer74.________
12 March: Also in response to the SCOTH report, John Carlisle, of
No evidence
Good science
1st UK legal
case
the Tobacco Manufacturers Association remarks: “There is no
statistical evidence linking passive smoking to lung cancer”. Martin
Broughton, CEO of BAT responded by saying: “There have been four
reports into passive smoking so far and none of them had been
statistically conclusive”75._________________________________
29 April: Daniel Donahue, RJ Reynold’s Deputy General Counsel,
says of the ETS issue: “Our only interest was in identifying and
promoting good science”76._______________________________
6 May: In the UK, a nurse, Sylvia Spanow, who had never smoked
but who developed asthma while working in a “smokers comer” at an
old people’s home, becomes the first person to sue in a British court
damages from passive smoking77.
1 BAT, Group R&D Conference, Chelwood, 1972 [L&D BAT file]
2 E. Pepples, Memo to J. Blalock, 1973, 14 February {1814.01}
3 S. Green, The Group Research & Development Conference at Duck Key, Florida, Notes, 1974,
January {1125.01}
4 S. Green, Notes on Group R&D Conference Held in Merano, N. Italy, 1975, 2-8 April, Minutes,
1975, 16 April, {1173.01}
5 RJ Reynolds Research Department, Planning Assumptions and Forecast for the Period 1976-1986,
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6 Tobacco Reporter, World Revolution in Tobacco Industry, 1976, 103 (7), p71-72; quoted in M.
Teresa Cardador, A.R. Hazan, S. A. Glantz, Tobacco Industry Smoker’s Rights Publications: A
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7 BAT Board Strategies, Smoking and Health, Questions and Answers, 1977, 25 November [L&D
BAT 26]
8 J. Esdterle, Biological Research Meeting, 1977, 27 November {1164.23}
9 S. Green, Notes on a Group Research & Development Conference, 1978, March, Minutes, 1978, 6
April {1174.01}
10 E. Pepples Re: Morgan’s Paper, Memo, 1978, 14 August, {2210.01}
11 E. Pepples, Campaign Report - Proposition 5, California, 1978, 1979, January {2302.05}
11 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p59
12 E. Pepples, Campaign Report - Proposition 5, California, 1978, 1979, January {2302.05}
12 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p59
13 The Roper Organisation, A Study ofPublic Attitudes Towards Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco
Industry in 1978, Vol., 1 1978
14 Author Unknown, Public Smoking, 1979, 18 April [L&D BAT 30]
15 L. Blackman, Notes on the R&D Conference, 1979, 29 October - 1 November, Minutes, 1979, 7
November
16 J. Repace, A. Lowrey, Science, 1980, Vol 208, No 464; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p496
17 T. Hirayama, Non-Smoking Wives of Heavy Smokers have a Higher Risk of Lung Cancer; A Study
from Japan, British Medical Journal, 1981, 282 (6259: 183-185); quoted in S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L.
A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of California Press, 1996, p59,
413
18 J. Wells, Re Smoking and Health - Tim Finnegan, Memo to E. Pepples, 1981, 24 July
19 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p416
20 J. L. Charles, Note to Dr. T. S. Osdene, Comments on “Future Strategies for the Changing
Cigarette”, National Conference on Smoking and Health, 1982, 23 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,523}
21 BAT, Board Guidelines, Public Affairs, 1982, April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,866}
22 L. Blackman, Research Conference, Montebello, 1982, 30 August -3 September; Minutes, 1982, 10
September
23 W. Irvin, Side-Stream Research, BAT, 1983 {1180.24}
24 L. Blackman, Research Conference at Rio de Janeiro, 1983, 22-26 August; Minutes, 1983, October
{1180.07}
25 Structured Creativity Conference, 1984, 25-28 June. R&DE, BAT, 1984 {1181.10}
26 RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, Second-Hand Smoke: The Myth and the Reality, Time, 1990, 20
August
27 Summary of GR&DC Activities on: Side-stream, Psychology,. R&DE, BAT, 1984?{ 1181.12; Minn
Trial Exhibit 11,190}
28 Quoted in S. L. Hwang, Memos Depict Passive-Smoke Assault, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1998,
29 April, p5
29 Quoted in S. L. Hwang, Memos Depict Passive-Smoke Assault, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1998,
29 April, p5
30 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1985, 17 July
31 J. Wells Memo to T. Ogles, 1985, 22 July
32 WHO, Letter to Sir Christopher Foxley-Norris, 1986, 5 February [C.7]
33 Creative Research group, Project Viking, Volume 11: Am Attitudinal Model of Smoking, 1986,
February- March, prepared for Imperial Tobacco Limited (Canada)
34 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p502
35 Forest, Throw “Edwina Currie-ism on to Mrs Thatcher’s Bonfire of Controls, Press Release, 1987,
28 September
36 J. P. Pupp, Letter to B. Brooks, Covington and Burling, 1988, 25 January; Proposal for the
Organisation of the Whitecoat Project, No Date {Bates No: 2501474296}
37 Dr. Sharon Boyse, Appendix of Meeting of UK Industry on ETS, London, 1988, 17 February:
Quoted in Tobacco Control, Industry Watch, 1997, No6, p236-239
38 Quoted in S. L. Hwang, Memos Depict Passive-Smoke Assault, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1998,
29 April, p5
39 BAT, Tobacco Strategy Review Team, 1988, 31 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,540}
40 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Goldrush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
41 C. Turner, Letters to the Editor, Birmingham Post, 19 July, 1989, p7
42 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1989, 10 November
43 The Tobacco Institute, Smokers’ Rights in the Workplace: An Employer Guide, 1989
44 Covington and Burling, Memorandum, Report on the European Consultancy Programme, 1990,
Describes events of the 1 March, {Bates No 2500048956}
45 T. Heyburn, In the Hot Seat, Convenience Store, 1990, 17 August [c.8.1]
46 B. Walsh, New Points in the Tobacco Debate, Catering in Scotland, 1990, October, [c.8.1]
47 Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Assessment of Lung Cancer
in Adults and Respiratory Disorders on Children, 1990, Publication EPA 600/6-90/006A
48 BATco, Key Area Paper - Smoking and Health - Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1991, 30 May
49 Quoted in Star Tribune, Scientists Funded by tobacco Say Smoking is Harmful, 1991, 26 June
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,799}
50 H. Gaisch, A Strategy for Europe, Favouring a Rational Approach to Public Policy-Making in a
Range of Areas, Including Public Health, 1991, 1 July {Bates No 2023856106}
51 Tobacco Control, EPA - Special Report - Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung
Cancer and Other Disorders, 1993, No2, p71-79
52 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, pl06
53 C. Turner, Don’t Let the Zealots Take Over, Lighting Up, 1994, July-August, p22-23
54 BBC, The Money Programme, 1994, 23 October
55 Tobacco International, 1995, April, p3
56 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
57 PR Newswire, Brown and Williamson’s Statement Regarding AMA Article, 1995, 12 July
58 Free Choice, Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Rotten Science, 1996, January/ February, p8
59 P. Rowlandson, Guilt ..and ‘Passive Smoking’, Free Choice, 1996, January/ February, pl 1
60 R. Oram, Passive Smoking Claims Invalid, Financial Times, 1996, 16 October, plO
61 Philip Morris, Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues, Believed to be 1996
62 R. Tomkins, When the Smoke Clears, Financial Times, 1997, 23 June, pl 9; National Centre for
Tobacco Free Kids, US Tobacco Litigation Settlement: Overview of the Deal, 1997; A. Freedman, S.
Hwang, E. Beck, Burning Question, Did Cigarette Makers Get Too Sweet a Deal in US Settlement,
Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1997, pl
63 Tobacco Reporter, ETS Report Claims Heart Disease Risk Doubled, 1997, July, pl2
64 R. Tomkins, Philip Morris Launches an Electronic Smoking Machine, Financial Times, 1997, 24
October
65 R. Tomkins, Tobacco Groups Agree to Pay Health Damages, Financial Times, 1997, 11 October, p3
66 Tobacco Reporter, RJR Broadens Marketing of Low-Smoke Eclipse, 1997, October, pl 4
67 T. Tuinstra, Speaking Up, Tobacco Reporter, 1997, December, p30-32
68 G. Bible, Testimony Before the US House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
69 M. Elias, Half of Kids’ Lung Ailments Tied to Adults’ Smoking, USA Today, 1998, 3 February;
Reuters, US Study Links Child Illness to Second-Hand Smoke, 1998, 2 February
70 S. Bosely, “Foul Play” By Tobacco Firm, The Guardian, 1998, 9 March, Pl
71 WHO, Passive Smoking Does Cause Lung Cancer, Do Not Let Them Fool You, Press Release,
1998, 9 March
72 WHO, Passive Smoking Does Cause Lung Cancer, Do Not Let Them Fool You, Press Release,
1998, 9 March
73 Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, Department of Health, 1998, 11 March
74 Interviewed on BBC, 9 O’Clock News, 1998, 11 March
75 G. Cooper, Living With A Smoker Can Kill You, The Independent, 1998, 12 March, pl; G.
Cooper, Tobacco Barons Refuse to Back Down in Passive Smoking Battle, The Independent, 1998, 12
March, p5
76 Quoted in S. L. Hwang, Memos Depict Passive-Smoke Assault, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1998,
29 April, p5
77 D. Ward, Nurse Sues Over Passive Smoking, The Guardian, 1998, 7 May, p4
pH 1.3
I
ADVERTISING and SPONSORSHIP
________________ Pre-1950________________________________
1928: In the US, American Tobacco’s Lucky Strike brand is
advertised.
Themes included targeting women’s weight concerns
Lucky Strike
targets women’s “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” and men’s health concerns
“it’s toasted. No throat irritation- No cough”1. The women’s
weight and
advertising campaign was associated with a rapid rise in sales taking
men’s health
the sales of Lucky Strike from 13.7 billion in 1925 (third ranked
brand) to over 40 billion and market leadership by 19302.
1929: Lucky Strike advertisements claim that “20,679 physicians
have confirmed the fact that Lucky Strike is less irritating to the
Physicians and
throat than other cigarettes” and that “Many prominent athletes
athletes
smoke Luckies all day long with no harmful effects to wind or
physical condition3.________________________________________
1930: Liggett & Myers advertise Chesterfield by saying: “Further it
is Chesterfield’s mildness - its entire freedom form harshness or
Mildness
irritation - that appeals so unfailingly to critical smokers”4.
As many as you 1934: Camel advertisements claim “Camels - smoke as many as you
want_________ want.. .they never get on your nerves.5”_______________________
Throat comfort B&W advertise Kool by stating that it is “The wining stroke in throat
comfort.”6______________
1936: A Philip Morris advert states: “their (group of doctors) tests
proved conclusively that on changing to Philip Morris, every case of
Approved by
irritation due to smoking cleared completely or definitely improved”
doctors
7
Nose and throat
Throat irritation
More doctors
No irritation
Deceptive
advertising
Massive female
and young adult
market
Health
1939: “Philip Morris - a cigarette recognised by eminent medical
authorities for its advantages to the nose and throat”8.
1942: The latest Philip Morris advert says : “Inhaling need not mean
throat-irritation for you” 9.________________________________
1946: 23 December: RJ Reynolds runs an advert in Life Magazine
“More Doctors Smoke Camels Than any Other Cigarette10”
1949: The latest Camel advert says: “ Not one case of throat
irritation due to smoking Camels!”11.
_________________ 1950s________________________________
1950: March The US Federal Trade Commission declares RJ
Reynolds' adverts to be false and deceptive. For example, claims that
smoking Camels “renews and restores bodily energy” were “clearly
false and deceptive, there being in tobacco smoke no constituent
which could possible create energy” .________________________
The United States Tobacco Journal concludes the following: “A
massive potential market still exists among women and young adults,
cigarette industry leaders agreed, acknowledging that recruitment of
these millions of prospective smokers comprises the major objective
for the immediate future and on a long term basis as well”13.
1952: Lorillard advertises Kent by stating: “If you think you are
among those sensitive smokers - if you worry about the harmful
protection
Double-barrel
Organs not
Affected
No fear
Marlboro
Cowboy
Safer Smoking
Deceptive
advertising
Deep throat
Advertising ban
lead to
monopoly
Figures
Advertising and
Cancer increase
effects of smoking .. .No other cigarette approaches such a degree of
health protection and taste satisfaction.”14_____________________
1953: An advert for Viceroy cigarettes says: “New King-Size
Viceroys give double-barrel health protection15.”________________
1953: The latest Chesterfield advert says: “Nose, Throat and
Accessory Organs Not Adversely Affected by Smoking
Chesterfields. The medical specialists, after a thorough examination
of every member of the group, stated: Tt is my opinion that the ears,
nose, throat and accessory organs of all participating subjects
examined by me were not adversely affected in the six-months period
by smoking the cigarette provided”16._________________________
1954: The latest Philip Morris advert states: “The cigarette that
takes the FEAR out of smoking”.________________________ ____
The Marlboro Cowboy is chosen to advertise Marlboro cigarettes,
“because he is close to the earth. He’s an authentic American hero.
Probably the only one. And it worked”. The advertising agent
responsible said “We asked ourselves what was the most generally
accepted symbol of masculinity in America”17.__________________
Imperial Tobacco (Canada) advertises its du Maurier brand as “A
new frontier in safer smoking”18._____________________
1958: 20 February: The US House Government Operations
Committee says the cigarette manufacturers have “deceived” the
public through their advertising of filter-tip cigarettes.
“Unfortunately, the much publicised health protection - that is, less
nicotine and tar - was an unpublicised causality, The filter cigarette
smoker is, in most cases, getting as much or more nicotine and tar
from the filter than he would get from the regular cigarette the
advertisers have persuaded him to abandon - for his health’s sake”19.
_________________ 1960s________________________________
1961: Kool’s new advert states: “Feel new smoothness DEEP in
your throat”20.___________________________
1962: 3 August: In a meeting at the Office of the Minister for
Science, R. Plumley, Managing Director of the Carreras Rothmans
UK Group of Companies states: “An agreement to limit advertising
expenditure could be said to be contrary to the principle of
competitive advertising and indeed of industrial competition. It
would hit hardest the smallest firms and in his view would be bound
in the long run to lead to monopoly in the industry” .
1963: 15 February: Figures from Imperial Tobacco show that
cigarette advertising in 1962 (the year of the RCP) report were £11
million - £2 million higher than in 196122.______________________
22 February: Representatives from Imperial and Glares meet the
President of the Board of Trade who comments that: “the opponents
of smoking could mount a most damaging case: cigarette
advertisements and cancer deaths had both increased in 1962 and
this showed the lack of response by the industry to a major national
problem23”.
Brand choice
Race targets
Come to
Marlboro
Country
Public opinion
survey
We want
legislation
24 January: R.W.S. Plumley, Managing Director of the Carreras
Rothmans UK Group of Companies: “Cigarette advertising at
present is concerned with influencing brand choice .. experience in
other countries has shown that the absence of any advertising has not
changed the consumption of cigarettes24”______________________
A report written around 1963 by Arthur Little for the Liggett Group
shows that the industry were targeting consumers by race. The
report states that “there must be a racial slant in the marketing
efforts ... Spanish and Negro groups like to purchase only the best
of everything - they are not looking for bargains”25.______________
Philip Morris change the Marlboro advertising to “Come to where
the flavour is ...Come to Marlboro country”. It would become one of
the most successful slogans ever.26____________________________
1964: 23 May: Arnold, Fortas and Porter, one of the two main law
firms advising the US tobacco industry, write to their clients that: “It
has been suggested to us by experts in the field of marketing and
communications ... that strong support for the industry position that
labelling and warnings in advertisements are not necessary might be
developed through a public opinion survey. Such as survey would
attempt to establish six basis propositions:
1. That there is greater public awareness of the charges against
smoking than there is of numerous other important public issues;
2. That a very high percentage of the American public believes
there are risks to health involved in habitual smoking of
cigarettes;
3. That the risk to health is estimated ..
4. That there is substantially greater public awareness of the
possible risk of cigarette smoking than there is of such other
health issues as the cholesterol question, drinking and obesity;
5. That persons who do not know of the health issues probably
would not be reached by warnings in any event;
6. That advertising does not have as much to do with the social
acceptability of smoking as do numerous other personal and
psychological factors.
... A draft questionnaire ..has been thoroughly revised with a view
toward seeking information on the above listed propositions without
raising extraneous issues .. .the survey is likely to establish these
propositions27.”__________________________________________
12 June: Abe Fortas, US a tobacco industry lawyer engaged in
negotiations with the Justice Department on the Cigarette
Advertising Code: “The companies want legislation. For your own
knowledge only, we hope legislation will come through this session.
A requirement that packages be labelled would be helpful in civil
FTC Unfair and
litigation.28”_____________________________________________
22 June: The US FTC publishes its proposed “Trade Regulation
Rule for the Prevention of Unfair or Deceptive Advertising and
Labelling of Cigarettes in Relation to the Health Hazards of Smoking
..” “To Allay anxiety on the ... hazards of smoking, the cigarette
Deceptive
advertising
No action
needed
A commercial
right
TV ads banned
in UK_______
Warnings
The Persuasion
Checklist
Smoking is the
hallmark of
integrity
Coupon
schemes
Pleasurable and
harmless
Ads should say
no scientific
evidence of
manufacturers have made no effort whatever, and have spent
nothing, to inform the consuming public of the mounting and now
overwhelming evidence that cigarette smoking is habit-forming,
hazardous to health, and once begun, most difficult to stop. On the
contrary, the cigarette manufacturers and the Tobacco Institute have
never acknowledged, and have repeatedly and forceful denied, that
smoking has been shown to be a substantial health hazard”29._______
25 June: Appearing before the Congressional Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce, the head of RJ Reynolds declares:
“ We do not believe that any government action is necessary at the
present time with respect to cigarette advertising or ... the right to
advertise is an essential commercial right and it is virtually destroyed
if one is required in every advertisement to caution against the use of
the product”30.___________________________________________
1965: 1 August: Cigarette advertising is banned on the television in
Britain31_____________________________________________
US Cigarette labelling law passes Congress, requiring health
warnings on packets32._____________________________________
In the book The Persuasion Industry, an industry ad man tells of his
check list for cigarette advertisements:
“1. Its an initiation symbol - proof that you are on your own and
have achieved independent manhood.
2. A nipple substitute - something you still feel the urge to suck in
times of stress.
3. A proof of sociability, to show you are liked and people like you
in return.
4. A virility symbol - a symbolic penis advertising the fact that you
can have a woman anywhere and at any time you want one” .______
—1965: A “strictly confidential” report by two scientists Francis Roe,
an independent tobacco consultant, and M C Pike, which is undated
but uses references up to 1965, states: “Advertising aims to do
precisely the opposite from that which we suggest parents, doctors
and teachers should be doing: it suggests that smoking is not only
socially desirable but that it is an important factor in living a full life.
Indeed, the advertisers would have us believe that the smoking of a
particular brand of tobacco is the hallmark of integrity. Ultimately, it
is hardly to anybody’s advantage to ignore the true facts of the
relationship between smoking and health, and the government should
be pressed to take action at least against this type of advertising”34.
1966: The Tobacco industry spends £20 million on free coupon
schemes35_______________________________________________
1967: Mid-year: The US FTC issues its first annual report to
Congress on the tobacco industry, advising that the tobacco industry
“continues to promote the idea that cigarette smoking is both
pleasurable and harmless”36._________________________________
10 November: B&W’s Vice President, J.W. Burgard, writes to
Tiderock Corporation, B&W’s PR company: “I think we should give
immediate attention to the possibility of running ads stating, in effect,
causation
Capitalise on
health risks
Set aside false
conviction
smoking causes
cancer
Restore dignity
Trial by lynch
law
No evidence
Doubt our best
product to
compete with
the body of
truth
Project Truth:
Defending Free
Speech
that there is no scientific evidence of a causal relationship between
smoking and lung cancer37”_________________________________
1968. A B&W report is written examining “New Product Concepts”.
The proposed marketing strategy for Vanguard is “To capitalise
upon a prevalent desire to lessen the health risk involved in his
smoking via a switch to a low tar cigarette with satisfying taste”. The
Advertising Objective is to “Communicate a dual smoker benefit:
low tar and satisfying taste” The Marketing Strategy for “modified
LIFE” is to “fully capitalise on health vs. cigarette smoking publicity
and publishing of tar/ nicotine data by marketing LIFE as the lowest
tar cigarette in the filter 85 segment”38________________________
1969:August: B&W’s Vice President, J.W. Burgard outlines key
objectives for an advertising campaign to be aimed at the public:
“Objective No 1: To set aside in the minds of millions the false
conviction that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and other
disease; a conviction based on fanatical assumptions, fallacious
rumours unsupported claims and the unscientific and conjectures of
publicity-seeking opportunists;______________________________
“Objective No 2: “To lift the cigarette from the cancer identification
as quickly as possible and restore it to its proper place of dignity and
acceptance in the minds of men and women in the marketplace if
American free enterprise; ...________________________________
“Objective No 5: “To prove that the cigarette has been
brought to trial by lynch law, engineered and fostered by uninformed
and irresponsible people and organisations in order to induce and
incite fear;______________________________________________
“Objective No 6: “To establish - once and for all - that no
scientific evidence has ever been produced, presented or submitted
to prove conclusively that cigarette smoking causes cancer ”______
This document was filed with another B&W proposal to “counter
the anti-cigarette forces”. ... “Here is a chart where I have defined
the basic marketing elements which I see in the smoking and health
problem. Our consumer I have defined as the mass public, our
products as doubt, our message as truth - well stated, and our
competition as the body of anti-cigarette fact that exists in the public
mind .. .doubt is our best product since it is the best means of
competing with the ‘body of fact’ that exists in the mind of the
general public. It is also the means of establishing a controversy ...
we cannot take a position directly opposing the anti-cigarette forces
and say that cigarettes area a contributor to good health. No
information that we have supports such a claim40.”______________
October: Advertising Agency Post-Keyes-Gardener starts work on
Project Truth for B&W, an advertising campaign aimed at decision
makers, shifting the argument from undercutting the science to one
of “rights”. Under the Heading “Who’s Next?” the Agency prepares
an Ad and booklet saying: “The cigarette industry is being
maliciously, systematically lynched. Who to say it won’t happen
elsewhere? ...Its more than cigarettes being challenged here. It’s
freedom. We will continue to bring to the American people the story
of the cigarette and any other legal product based upon truth and
taste. We believe that free speech and fair play are both the heritage
and promise in our society of free and responsible enterprise41”
“For twenty years the cigarette industry has remained silent while its
product has been viciously, maliciously, unjustifiably attacked.
No proof
Despite the claims of the anti-cigarette forces, no one has produced
One million cash conclusive proof that cigarettes cause cancer. Biologically,
scientifically, clinically or otherwise. We will pay one million dollars
in cash to any individual, group, organisation, or government source
who can prove scientifically, beyond all doubt, that cigarettes cause
cancer within the next twelve months”42.
Image important
TV ads banned
in US_________
50% not adverse
to ad ban
Mouse skins no
relation to
cigarette smoke
Advertising
effects sales
Sports and arts
Racing
Detectable
attributes
1970s________________________________
-1970: A 1971 Confidential Matinee Marketing Plan for Imperial
Tobacco states that: “Without price differentials and without easily
perceptible product differentiation (except for extremes, e.g.
Matinee versus Player’s ) consumer choice is influenced almost
entirely by imagery factors”43.______________________________
1971: 1 January: Cigarette advertising is banned from television in
the US44_______________________________________________
May: Internal BAT documents reveal that “Over 50 per cent of
smokers not adverse to advertising ban.45”____________________
B&W prepare adverts for local papers attacking mouse skin
painting experiments which were privately the standard test the
industry was using for testing tobacco smoke condensate for
carcinogenicity: “Much of the experimental work involves mouse
painting ..[where] smoke condensates are painted in the backs of
mice, and cancerous skin tumours have been produced in this
manner ... However, these condensates are artificially produced
under laboratory conditions and, as such, have little, if any, relation
to cigarette smoke as it reaches the smoker”.46________________
1972: November: A study by the Centre for Industrial Economic
and Business Research at the University of Warwick into
“Advertising and the Aggregate Demand for Cigarettes: An
Empirical Analysis of a UK Market” concludes that: “Our results
suggest that advertising has had a statistically significant effect on
the expansion of sales .. The ability of advertising to influence
decisions not only in the current period but also in future periods
causes the ten per cent increase in it [advertising] to lead to an
eventual 2.8 Per cent increase in sales”47.____________________
1973: The UK tobacco industry spends £17 million on sports and
arts sponsorship48._______________________________________
Philip Morris starts sponsoring its own five-car racing team49.
1974: January: The Annual BAT research conference concludes
that “With increasing restrictions in advertising, there will be less
opportunity for the creation of brands in traditional ways (imagery)
but an increasing requirement for products to have new visible,
demonstrable or detectable attributes”.5______________________
3 May: A BAT document sets out certain “Assumptions” and
“Policies” on Smoking and Health. Although the assumption is that
Delay restrictions “The industry will continue to be criticised for spending much more
on advertising than on health research” the policy outlined is “To
on advertising
delay (indefinitely if possible) the imposition of restraints or
restrictions on advertising, coupon trading and other types of
promotion ... warning notices in advertising should be resisted as
long as possible”51.
________________________________
1975: March: Sir John Partridge, Chairman of Imperial says that
the
total spent by the industry in the UK on advertising tobacco
How much?
goods was £23 million in 197452.____________________________
1976: 23 March: Imperial: “Our experience is that sponsorship has
Sponsorship no
no effect on the total size of the cigarette market”53.____________
effect
Ernest Pepples, B&W’s Vice President and General Counsel,
writes an internal memo entitled “Industry Response to the
Cigarette/ Health Controversy”, noting that “the reduction in
cigarette advertising seems to have made the industry stronger
Over come and
economically. Profits have increased. The ban on television and
exploit smoking
other broadcast advertising does not seem to have reduced
and health
consumption. The concomitant reduction in the number of anti
connection
cigarette commercials is considered to be a severe loss in the effort
to keep public concern and awareness of the controversy at a fever
pitch ... The manufacturers’ marketing strategy has been to
overcome and even to make marketing use of the smoking/health
connection”54.__________________________________________
December: A BAT Board Plan on Smoking and Health stipulates
that
“we should resist restrictions on media advertising but should
Resist restrictions
recognise at the same time that an intransigent attitude could hasten
a total ban”.55__________________________________
1977: March: A confidential paper prepared for Imperial Tobacco
on the “Player’s Family. A Working Paper” advocates “To position
the campaign against the target market on a demographic structure
15-35 bias
with a bias of fifteen to thirty-five and with equal male/female
emphasis”56.__________________________________________ _
14 April: An internal BAT marketing document states: “The new
approach to marketing, supported by suitable strategies, offers
distinct opportunities to create brands and products which reassure
consumers, by answering to their needs. Overall marketing policy
will be such that we maintain faith and confidence in the smoking
Reassurance main habit... this means that BAT will not remain on the defensive, by
simply reacting to alleged ‘health’ hazards and related competitive
object
challenges .. .The main objective for all tactics on publicity is
directed towards achieving reassurance amongst a variety of
‘publics’, including smokers ... particular reference was made to
the utilisation of ‘pressure groups,’ whom tobacco manufacturers
could influence, to bring favourable opinion to bear upon the
industry. These include:
Pull back from
brink over name
on cars
Market an
addictive product
in an ethical
manner
Silent editors
Good corporate
citizen?
Promotion
vehicle
a) Segments of the tobacco distributive trade;_________________
b) Tobacco growers
_________________________________
c) Suppliers /advertising and research agencies/ the media_______
d) Sports and cultural organisations in receipt of sponsorship
money57” ....____________________________________________
July: A Restricted UK strategy report for the UK tobacco industry
show that “Philip Morris, at an industry meeting with Mr. Denis
Howell, stated that they could not agree to removing the Marlboro
identification from their racing cars to comply with the Ministers
request that sponsorships in future should be limited to events
rather than participants .. .Philip Morris are still pressing their case
that brand or Company identification should be permitted in
‘capital intensive sports’. However they have indicated to BAT that
if, at a meeting they hope to have with the Minister this week, he is
adamant and will not agree to their proposal then they will ‘pull
back from the brink’”58.___________________________________
BAT Board Strategies on Smoking and Health are outlined in a
series of questions and answers:
“Q: Does cigarette advertising increase total consumption?
A: In our view there is no valid evidence to support this
contention”59._______________________________________
A memo from a New York City advertising agency on behalf of
B&W covers the importance of developing a low-tar cigarette, to
be considered by the public to be a health improvement. Among the
goals of the new cigarette, the agency said, was to "get across to
consumer that what he likes (NICOTINE) is not what hurts (TAR)
... position this cigarette [without] mentioning nicotine ... market
an addictive product in an ethical matter60.”___________________
1978: January: R.C. Smith, in The Colombia Journalism Review
surveys how periodicals had covered the smoking issue in the seven
years since it was banned on TV. Smith finds that cigarette
advertising has doubled and that: “In magazines that accept
cigarette advertising, I was unable to find a single article, in seven
years of publication, that could have given readers any clear notion
of the nature and extent of the medical and social havoc being
wreaked by the cigarette smoking habit ... advertising revenue can
indeed silence the editors of American magazines”.61____________
Philip Morris states in its Annual Report that: “Good corporate
citizenship is not an afterthought but an active concern in
everything we do .. .Our social activities are not pursued solely for
the sake of profit. They are mounted simply because that is the kind
of company Philip Morris is.”62_____________________________
1979: 29 March: A Philip Morris document discussing marketing
of Marlboro states that the company is looking for a “promotion
vehicle” which will provide: 1. A single point of interest (Marlboro
Cup); 2. the ability to control advertising; 3. Leads to a single event
or championship. 4. An event likely to be associated with Marlboro
and nobody else. 5. A situation where the medium and Marlboro
n
Beam into a
banned country
Explore non
tobacco products
to communicate
house name
Kim fashion
No evidence
between
advertising and
sales
Oops - forgot
sponsorship findings not
believed____
$2 billion
WHO - Ban
promotion
Promote lifestyle
imagery
need each other63.”______________________________________
May: BAT executives attend a five day conference on marketing.
“Among the most important BAT markets, the number completely
free of all bans and restrictions will have diminished from eight in
1979 to two. The restrictions primarily affect the persuasive nature
of advertising ... As advertising bans tend to fall unevenly on
countries within regions, companies should explore the
opportunities to co-operate with one another by beaming TV and
radio advertising into a banned country”64.____________________
“As health pressures increase, this ‘external environment’ has more
and more impact on marketing activities .. .The Company, its
position and prestige in society assures greater importance as the
cigarette industry comes under attack. The company image must be
enhanced by whatever publicity resources are available - not least
in order to attract new marketing recruits of high quality
.. .Opportunities should be explored by all companies so as to find
non-tobacco products and other services which can be used to
communicate the brand or house name, together with their essential
visual identifies. This is likely to be a long-term and costly
operation, but the principle is nevertheless to ensure that cigarette
lines can be effectively publicised when all direct forms of
communication are denied ..The importance of bringing plans to
fruition and initiating action well before bans or severe restrictions
are imposed is absolutely vital”65. _________________________
16 July: BAT Cigaretten-Fabriken licenses an Italian fashion
designer to use the graphics and colours of its “Kim” cigarettes66.
October: A report commissioned by Gallaher and Imperial into
“The relationship Between Total Cigarette Advertising and Total
Cigarette Consumption in the UK”, concludes that: “a
comprehensive statistical analysis of the UK situation covering the
last twenty years, no evidence has been found of a significant
association between the total level of media advertising and total
cigarette sales”. However the report is criticised for not even
considering the effect of sponsorship of sports and arts, and the
role of advertising on children. The Magazine Campaign writes
“these findings simply will not be believed” ._________________
The cigarette companies are believed to be spending $2 billion a
years advertising their products68.___________________________
The World Health Organisation issues a report called “Controlling
the Smoking Epidemic”, which recommends “a total prohibition of
all forms of tobacco promotion”69.__________________________
—1979: “Creative Guidelines” for Imperial Tobacco (Canada) state
that “All lifestyle images in Player’s ads will promoted the social
acceptability of smoking where appropriate. Scenarios and settings
for the lifestyle imagery will be selected to invite the reader to
associate a Player’s brand with a pleasant peer group situation
where product usage can be seen to be appropriate, acceptable and
enjoyable.” The documents highlight how the “Role of lifestyle is
to ... promote and reinforce the social acceptability among the peer
group to smoking as a relaxing, enjoyable, self-indulgence”70.
_________________ 1980s________________________________
1980:11 April: A BAT report states that “we have to face a future
Only the pack
in which the only form of cigarette advertising possible will be the
pack itself’71.__________________________________________
5 May: The advertising strategy for Imperial Tobacco’s (Canada)
du Maurier brand is to “Continue to develop advertising that
Aspiring imagery reflects a contemporary quality image, by ensuring that all
advertising reflects a contemporary even avant-garde, lifestyle and
materialism to which the target market would aspire to”72._______
George Weissman President of Philip Morris, says: “Let’s be clear
Self-interest
about one thing. Our fundamental interest in the arts is selfinterest”73.________________________________________ _____
1981: 14 December: The Presidents of the UK’s eight Royal
Colleges of Medicine (Physicians; Surgeons of Edinburgh; General
Practitioners; Pathologists; Obstetricians and Gynaecologists;
Radiologists; Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow; Physicians of
Edinburgh) write to the UK Government: “ Cigarette smoking is
the single most important preventable cause of death and disability
8 Royal Colleges in the UK ... In consequence, we are particularly concerned that
call for a ban on
sports sponsorship by tobacco interests will tend, in the minds of
tobacco
the young, to establish a paradoxical link between smoking on the
sponsorship
one hand and, on the other, enjoyable participation in healthy
sports. Moreover, tobacco sponsorship of sport is one method of
circumventing the legal ban on the advertising of cigarettes in
television .. .It would be all the more regrettable in the efforts of
health educators supported by government were to continue being
undermined by the contrary influence of the tobacco sponsorship of
sport, with its tendency to glamorise, in the eyes of the young, an
addictive and dangerous habit ...there should be a complete ban on
tobacco sponsorship of sport”74.
______________________
Sports and arts
The UK tobacco industry spends £50 million on sports and arts
sponsorship75. BAT announces a new two year £600,000
sponsorship of the du Maurier-Philharmonica orchestra76.________
Imperial’s “Player’s Filter Creative Guidelines” for the year
Young people
stipulate that “the activity shown should be one which is practised
aspire to
by young people sixteen to twenty years old, or one that those
people can reasonably aspire to in the near future.77”____________
The Chairman of Imperial Tobacco, Andrew Reid, explains the
reasons behind his company’s sponsorship of the “Imperial
Portrait award
Tobacco Portrait Award”: “For a number of years we have felt
strongly committed to supporting the arts because the cultural life
of this country has greatly influenced the way in which we, as a
nation, have developed. It also gives us in the tobacco industry an
opportunity to make contacts outside the industry - an activity
which greatly enhances the everyday running of our business.78”
Overtly black
No evidence
advertising
increases
consumption
Resist restrictions
Resist warnings
Unspecific
Kim sports wear
Year-long
coverage
Adventure and
virility
Good value
Smoky Rambo
A marketing plan for RJR outlines that: "The majority of blacks ...
do not respond well to sophisticated or subtle humour in
advertising. They related much more to overt, clear-cut story
lines”79._______________________________________________
1982: April: Secret BAT Board Guidelines include the assumption
that: “The industry will be criticised increasingly for spending
substantial sums on advertising which will be seen as encouraging
the smoking habit. Nevertheless, there will be no valid evidence in
the developed world that brand advertising increases total
consumption. In developing countries, research will not show
identical results”.________________________________________
Strategies include “Our primary objective must be to maintain,
despite the attacks on smoking and health grounds, a position in
which we are free to pursue our legitimate business interests
through the marketing of tobacco products ... We should resist
restrictions on media advertising on the basic ground that
advertising does not affect consumption ... We should resist
attempts to restrict our right to sponsor sporting, cultural and other
events. Beneficiaries of any such sponsorship should be encouraged
to help defend the sponsor against any attempt to restrict
sponsorship”.___________________________________________
Under “Marketing and Advertising”, the document mentions
“Warning Clauses”. In the face of Government pressures exerted
during negotiations, companies should accept the inclusion of a
warning clause on cigarette packs but should resist this in
advertising ..It [the warning clause] should be unspecific as
opposed to specific e.g. ‘smoking MAY cause ...’ ‘smoking
COULD cause’ as opposed to ‘Smoking CAUSES’. There should
be no specific mention of smoking related diseases.80”___________
The Kim Top line range of sportswear, is launched just before
Wimbledon. The US tennis star, Martina Navaratilova wins
Wimbledon in Kim colours81.______________________________
21 March: Newsweek runs a special Advertising Section on
Formula One: Bernie Ecclestone, at the time Formula One’s
Constructor’s President says “Where else can you get instant
identification. Its instant editorial space, of the kind you can’t just
go out and buy; not that consistent, year-long coverage”.
Marlboro’s Aleardo Buzzi: “We are the Number One brand in the
world. What we wanted was to promote a particular image of
adventure, courage, of virility. But our sponsorship is not just a
matter of commerce, it is a matter of love. We don’t just sign a
cheque. We support the sport”. Brian Wray, from John Player adds
: “Its expensive, but we’ve examined it closely and decided its good
value”82._______________________________________________
April: The actor Sylvestor Stallone agrees to smoke B&W
cigarettes in five upcoming movies, including Rhinstone Cowboy,
Godfather III, Rambo, 50/50 and Rocky IV, for $500,000. B&W
later terminates the contract due to disappointing results83._______
8 November: B&W discuss pulling out of the practice of placing
Cinema pull-out
cigarettes in movies because, in part, “the use of any cigarette by a
movie hero advertises all cigarettes. So let the competitors help
advertise our brands in this way”84._________________________
Sir Roy Shaw, Secretary-General of the Arts Council says on the
Life enhancing
eve of his retirement: “The arts are life enhancing. I find it very
and life denying
ironical that they should be linked with a product which is life
denying .. .1 reject the argument that advertising does not stimulate
demand, that it stimulates only brand competition. ”85___________
November: D. Redway from Imperial Tobacco: “However much
Not qualified
we might respect medical judgements, we do not accept that
doctors are best qualified to comment on the role of cigarette
advertising”.86__________________________________________
Barrie Gill, Chief Executive of Championship Sports Specialists
Ltd, a sports sponsorship company, says why tobacco companies
are so interested in motor racing: “Its the ideal sport for
Motor racing:
sponsorship. Its got glamour and world wide television coverage.
Its macho - its
If s a ten month activity involving sixteen races in fourteen
glamour it sells
countries with drivers from sixteen nationalities. After football its
cigarette
the Number One multinational sport. Its got total global exposure,
total global hospitality, total media coverage and 600 million
people watching it on TV every fortnight.. .It’s macho, it’s
excitement, it’s colour, it’s international, it’s glamour ...They’re
there to get visibility. They’re there to sell cigarettes”.87_________
RJ Reynolds begins a series of adverts /advertorials in the US press
Not proven
putting forward the industry perspective. The first advert: “Can we
have an open debate about smoking?” insists that a causal
relationship between smoking and disease had not been proven.88
-1984: Internal documents for Imperial Tobacco (Canada) discuss
an advertising campaign for Matinee Extra Mild Cigarettes, to be
targeted at women . “Our woman is front and centre. She is
unquestionably the star. She is happy and health. She is not a
Our woman is the physical fitness fanatic, but loves to take part in healthy fun
star
activities. And while she is good at them, she is not a champion
...As the strategy dictates, her activities are not too strenuous or
aerobic. Smoking a low T&N cigarette would be a logical
extension of the lifestyle depicted ...The theme Felling extra good.
Smoking Extra Mild, is a reflection of the feeling that seems to be
indicated by prior research, that is: ‘Even though I smoke, I like to
be active and look after myself - so I smoke an extra mild
cigarette”89.____________________________________________
330 hours of TV
1985: November: The Health Education Council calculates that
sponsorship
UK television is broadcasting more than 332 hours of tobacco
sponsored programmes a year90.____________________________
Ban advertising
December: the American Medical Association passes a resolution
calling for legislation to “ban the advertising of tobacco
products”91.
Philip Morris launches the Philip Morris Magazine with a
circulation of 125,OOP92.__________________________________
1986: February: Michael Whithead from Gallahers, explains why
the company is sponsoring the “Silk Cut South China Sea Race”,
Glamour and
because sponsorship “is a from of advertising which enables us to
excitement
introduce glamour and excitement93”.________________________
February - March: Extracts from Imperial Tobacco’s (Canada)
“Project Viking” include the following objectives: “Perhaps for the
first time, the mandate under consideration is not limited simply to
Combat forces
maximising the ITT franchises; it is now to include as well serious
against tobacco
attempts to combat those forces aligned in an attempt to
significantly diminish the size of the tobacco market in Canada ...
Unmet needs of smokers that could be satisfied by new or modified
Reassure smokers products, products which could delay the quitting process, are
pursued .. .The ability to reassure smokers, to keep them in the
franchise for as long as possible is the focal point here94.”________
March: Clive Turner, Tobacco Advisory Council: “Certainly no
tobacco advertising is concerned with encouraging non-smokers to
start or existing smokers to smoke more and it seems blindingly
No influence
obvious that, unless you are a smoker, tobacco advertising or
sponsorship has absolutely no influence whatsoever in persuading
or motivating a purchase”95________________________________
Summer: Camel sponsors the 1986 Soccer World Cup. According
to ISL Marketing, the World Cup Marketing Firm:” The launch of
World Cup 86
their Camel Filters in Mexico was arranged to coincide with World
Cup 86 .. .The team of Camel girls was stationed at each stadium
Independent
distributing free samples .. Sponsorship of World Cup 86 provided
Adventurous
Camel with a golden profile that reflected its product image of
Masculinity
independence, masculinity and adventure”96.
Tobacco adverts are banned in cinemas97.___________________ _
Banned
1987: March: Lester Pullen, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
of RJ Reynolds Tobacco International speaks at the announcement
of Camels sponsorship of the Lotus grand prix team. “We have
The showplace
been assessing the whole Grand Prix medium and its commercial
benefits for some time and came to the conclusion that this was the
world-wide showplace to be involved in. We were therefore
pleased to reach agreement with Team Lotus98.”_______________
April: Leading industry journal, Tobacco International, runs an
Rise in
consumption due article on cigarette consumption in Greece that includes the
sentence “the rise in cigarette consumption is basically due to
to advertising
advertising99.”__________________________________________
June: Canadian Tobacco Manufacturer’s Council: “Advertising
neither entices people (particularly young people) to start smoking,
Denial
nor does it encourage those who do to smoke more” 10°.
June: A. Buzzi from Marlboro: “There are some people who
..believe that the backing of sport by consumer product companies
Sporting denial
such as Philip Morris is equivalent to advertising. We do not
believe this to be the case at all”101.
PM magazine
Fuzzy feeling
An oversight
Sponsorship sales
Unfounded
Compelling
evidence to ban
promotion
Sales increase by
84 %
Can’t see
Opposed to
restrictions
Curious
conundrum
June: C Von Maerestetten from Rothmans: “No one hands over big
102
cheques just to give themselves a warm fuzzy feeling”.___________
July: Philip Morris responds to the April Tobacco International
article by saying that “the tobacco industry’s position in advertising
is that it may influence the choice of one brand over another but
has no effect on consumption ...lam sure the statement in question
was merely an oversight, but in the current climate of attempts to
ban tobacco advertising in nearly all our major markets, it is
certainly not helpful if critics can quote a tobacco industry trade
journal to support their claims. ”___________________________
September: Philip Morris’s EEC (now European Union) marketing
manager, says of the benefits of Formula One: “It doesn’t translate
into market share ... it translates into support for the brand .. .it’s
the age-old problem: if your sales go up, the sales department
claims the credit and the advertising agency wants its share - its
hard to tell who or what is responsible. Sponsorship is a very
strong part of our marketing programme”.____________________
October: Tony St Aubyn, Manager of Public Affairs information
service at the Tobacco Advisory Council, responds to the British
Medical Association’s campaign to ban cigarette advertising by
saying that: “Our objective is the show the doctors’ case is totally
unfounded.104”________ __________________________________
Winter: A study into Tobacco Advertising and Consumption by Joe
Tye, Kenneth Warner and Stanton Glantz remarks that: “A Simple
calculation shows that brand-switching alone, could never justify
the enormous advertising and promotional expenditures of the
tobacco companies .. advertising and promotion can be considered
economically rational only if they .. .attract new entrants to the
smoking marketplace .. .The evidence linking advertising and
promotion with increased smoking, and the resulting disease and
death, is sufficiently compelling to warrant that it not be permitted
by our society”.105_______________________________________
Lotus team manager, Peter Warr, talks about the effect of RJ
Reynolds investment in the Lotus Formula One team: “The
Brazilian market was a small one for Camel but since the Brazilian
Grand Prix its sales have increased by 84 per cent”106.___________
1988:_________________________________________________
January: A spokesperson from the Hong Kong Tobacco Institute
says that: “I don’t see how you can sell a product by sponsoring an
event”107._______________________________________ __
April: “Philip Morris is, in principle, opposed to advertising bans or
restrictions, such as those advocated by the World Health
Organisation”108.________________________________________
6 May: Bernard Barnett, former editor of Campaign magazine
says: “It is curious that the only two categories of advertising that
the industry suggests do not increase consumption (i.e. tobacco and
alcohol) are also those threatened with extinction by legislation in
the not too distant future.”
6 May: David Abbott, Chairman of advertising agency Abbott
Mead Vickers SMS, says: “I think arguments like shifting brands
Shallow insults
are just insulting in their shallowness. There is no other category
where you can spend between £70 million and £100 million and not
have an effect in protecting or increasing the market. I think
advertising has certainly slowed down the rate of decline. It has
certainly helped to introduce new smokers, be they women or be
they in the Third World. The other thing about cigarette
advertising, I do think it makes it more difficult for health
education in that it makes the Government’s attitude more
ambivalent109.”__________________________________________
Healthy and
June: RJ Reynolds: “If a sport is popular and healthy, I don’t see
popular appeal
why we would not be interested. Windsurfing, for instance, might
well get more money from sponsorship if it seemed right to us.”110
August: An executive of Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company in
Soccer has helped Hong Kong says why his company is investing in local soccer: “We
sales
had a very good response from last season ..We were launching a
relatively new brand into the market and our association with
soccer has helped sales,111”________________________________
October: An article in the Journal Cancer concludes that: “Certain
forms of promotion, especially sports sponsorship, have allowed
Sports
the tobacco industry to circumvent the ban on cigarette advertising
sponsorship helps in the broadcast media that went into effect in 1971 .. .The
circumvent ad
increasing emphasis on promotion suggests that the industry is
ban
preparing for the eventuality that cigarette advertising will undergo
greater regulation, perhaps even be banned, in the future. With
widespread promotional efforts already underway, the industry will
have mechanisms in place to continue to maintain high public
Gives impression visibility for its product. Moreover, sponsorship of socially valued
of good corporate activities and institutions is an attempt to create an ‘aura of
citizens
legitimacy and wholesomeness’ for tobacco companies and , not
only does it give the impression that tobacco companies are
corporate good citizens, it also fosters partial dependence of other
social institutions on the tobacco industry,112”_________________
October: Advertising Executive Emerson Foote, former Chairman
of the Board of McCann-Erickson, which handled $20 million in
Cigarette industry tobacco accounts: “The cigarette industry has been artfully
talks complete
maintaining that cigarette advertising has nothing to do with total
nonsense
sales. This is complete and utter nonsense. The industry knows it is
nonsense. I am always amused by the suggestion that advertising, a
function that has been shown to increase consumption of virtually
every other product, somehow miraculously fails to work for
tobacco products” 113.____________________________________
Corporate Medici The Wall Street Journal calls Philip Morris “a twentieth-century
corporate Medici, the art world’s favourite company”114_________
Imperial Tobacco internal documents show that “the following
Support social
philosophies effectively governed ITL marketing planning and
acceptability
activities .. .support the continued social acceptability of smoking
How do you sell
death?
Image more
important than
design
Joe Camel
Draconian
measures would
lose jobs
Sports helps
reputation
Confidence in the
brand that says
something about
you
Borrowed
imagery
through industry and /or corporate actions115”._________________
Fritz Gahagan, once a marketing consultant for five tobacco
companies adds insight to his business: “The problem is how do
you sell death? How do you sell a poison that kills 350,000 people
per year, a 1,000 people a day? You do it with the great open
spaces ... the mountains, the open places, the lakes coming up to
the shore, They do it with healthy young people. They do it with
athletes. How could a whiff of a cigarette be of any harm in a
situation like that? It couldn’t be - there’s too much fresh air, too
much health - too much absolute exuding of youth and vitality that’s the way they do it”116._______________________________
Imperial Tobacco (Canada) outlines how imagery attributes are
“derived from product and package design or the association of a
brand with certain advertising campaigns or sport or cultural
activities”. According to Imperial the image of a cigarette “may be
as important as the physical characteristics of the cigarette in
satisfying consumer needs”117.______________________________
RJ Reynolds launches a $75 million a year promotional campaign, a
cartoon “Joe camel”, said to “appeal younger, male smokers, who
had been deserting Camel in droves”118.______________________
1989: January: Mrs J. Swift Public Affairs Manager of Imperial
Tobacco says that the “fanatical elements of the anti-smoking lobby
would like to see tobacco brand advertising banned. In fact, such
an unrealistic Draconian measure would lead to much more intense
competition on price, not quality. Foreign low-cost brands would
have an additional competitive edge over UK produced brands and
adversely influence UK industry jobs”119._____________________
February: Gallahers spokesperson: “Top quality Benson and
Hedges sponsorships of cricket, golf, tennis and snooker, which are
televised, and grass-roots sponsorship of the arts and sports help to
maintain the reputation of the company name120”.______________
10 April: The Canadian magazine Maclean’s writes a report that
Imperial Tobacco “company officials said that they value the golf
connection - including sponsorship of the $600,000 du Maurier
Classic on the pro women’s circuit - because that helps to instil
confidence in a brand and spurs positive associations in smokers’
minds with a so-called upscale event. Said Imperial President
Wilmat Tennyson: Tf you stay with it long enough, the benefits are
enormous because you are conveying a message to people that is
much more memorable’. Donald Brown, Imperial’s Vice-President
of marketing, said that even less affluent smokers may favour the
brand because of its link with a comfortable lifestyle and because
that ‘says something about you’”121._________________________
May: Michael Whitehead, from Gallahers explains some of the
motives for his company’s sponsorship of the Jaguar motor racing
team by Silk Cut: “We wanted to take Silk Cut into Europe where
the brand wasn’t known at all. This could have been a very
expensive advertising business, using conventional advertising. Silk
Cut had .. an undemonstrative branding, with a rather female bias
.. .clearly, we weren’t going into truck racing. But in term of
‘borrowed imagery’, Jaguar allowed us to take some of the
attributes associated with it; British, high quality, strong on exports
... all things we wanted”122._______________________________
June: The Centre for Science in the Public Interest issues RJ
Reynolds an award for one of the most misleading advertisements
of the past year, for a “brazen violation of practically every
Smooth moves
provision of even it [sic]own advertising code”. The advert suggest
are misleading
“smooth moves” for Camel smokers to make including “Run into
the water, grab someone and drag her back to the shore, as if
you’ve saved her from drowning. The more she kicks and screams,
the better”123.__________________________________________
July: At the opening hearing of the US Subcommittee of the
Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of
Representatives, it is disclosed that the cigarette companies spread
“their message in ways that do not appear even to be
advertisements such as paying to have cigarettes in the movies
Cigarettes are a
.. .for example, Philip Morris paid $42,000 in 1979 to have
Licence to Kill
Marlboro cigarettes appear in the movie ‘Superman IT and paid
$350,000 last year to have the Lark cigarette appear in the new
James Bond movie ‘Licence to Kill’ ...Philip Morris told us in
1987 and 1988 it supplied free cigarettes and other props for 56
different films”124._______________________________________
September: Wayne Robertson, RJR: “We’re in the cigarette
business. We’re not in the sports business. We use sports as an
avenue for advertising our products .. We can go into an area
Sports increases
where we’re marketing an event, measure sales during the event
sales
and measure sales after the event, and see an increase in sales ”.
Surgeon-General: September: Dr. Everett Koop, Surgeon General of the US Public
Health Service: “It is a curious public policy that we, as a society,
Curious that
greatest source of allow the most important preventable cause of death to be one of
the most heavily advertised consumer products ... In my opinion,
death - most
heavily advertised much of today’s advertising for tobacco products is deceptive.
Many advertisements portray smoking as a safe, if not healthful,
activity, and no advertisements disclose many of the serious and
Deceptive
extensive health effects of smoking, such as stroke and nicotine
addiction126”.__________________________________________
December: US based Multinational Monitor names Philip Morris
as one of the top ten worst companies for running adverts
Deceptive
promoting the 200th Anniversary of America’s Bill of Rights127.
December: An American advertising account executive for a
Express feminine leading feminine cigarette brand states “we try to tap the emerging
independence and self-fulfilment of women, to make smoking a
independence
badge to express that”128.
________________ 1990s_________________________________
Best friend
1990: 28 February: Motor Cycle News: “Cigarettes are a grand prix
team manger’s best friend129.”______________________________
Philip Morris: ’’Years of consistent execution of the campaign have
Its become real
made Marlboro Country a very real place in the minds of millions
of people”130.___________________________________________
1991: A study in the American Medical Association Journal finds
that Joe Camel appeals far more to children than adults. Children as
young as six could identify Joe Camel as easily as they could
Old Joe must go
Mickey Mouse. The Journal Advertising Age, publishes an editorial
saying that “Old Joe must go 131.___________________________
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine finds
that during the 1989 Marlboro Grand Prix in the US on 16 July
6000 logos
1989 which was broadcast for 94 minutes, the Marlboro logo was
seen or mentioned 5933 times, on 49 per cent of the air-time.132
1992:_________________________________________________
May: Due to the Joe Camel campaign, Camel’s share of sales
among 18- to 24 year olds has increased from 4.4% to 7.9%. One
Turned round
analyst says “Before the [Joe Camel] campaign, the brand was in
free fall
free fall. The turnaround has been miraculous”133.______________
August: Janet Sackman, the original Lucky Strike girl, “At the time
Its not easy to die I was the Lucky Strike girl, I didn’t realise that the tobacco
companies were making money on peoples’ lives. Now I realise it.
And its not easy to die”1 .________________________________
October: The “Smee” Report into the “Effects of Tobacco
Advertising on Tobacco Consumption” is published by the
Economics and Operational Research Division of the Department
Ad bans lead to
of Health. Dr. Smee, the Chief Economic Advisor finds that
reduction in
tobacco advertising bans led to a reduction in consumption in
consumption
Norway, Finland, Canada and New Zealand of 4 to 16 per cent.
Smee concludes that sports sponsorship “may cultivate ... positive
attitudes “ and “brand advertising may lead some people to start
smoking even if the firm does not intend this result”135.__________
14 December: Tobacco Advisory Council “It is our absolute
conviction that a ban on advertising would not reduce the level of
Oh no they don’t smoking, and that is a conviction based on the facts .. .the reasons
why people smoke or start to smoke are well researched. They
include a complex web that does not include advertising as a
No evidence
determining factor .. .There is no convincing evidence that cigarette
advertising in the United Kingdom increases total consumption or
the number of people who chose to smoke .. .nowhere is
sponsorship or advertising ..one of the key motivation factors of
people starting to smoke, whether young people or adults.”______
Tobacco companies spend $8 billion a year on advertising,
$8 billion
promotions and sponsorships in America and Europe ._________
1993: 24 September: One of the papers presented at the Annual
Tobacco Symposium in Moscow, quotes a report from BAT’s
subsidiary Souza Cruz: “The inspired person who designed a
i n
Inspired invention
No evidence
Battalion
$6 billion
Reg is dropped
Most powerful
advertising space
Unrelated
Bans don’t work
Bans increase
smoking
Don’t target
youth
Target adults
who already
smoke
Removal
No effect on size
of market
cigarette made it masculine in men’s hands; feminine in women’s
hands. Sophisticated among the sophisticated; rough among the
rough. To the young a token of rebellion; to the elderly, a tool of
quietness ... a warm ally in the moments of action and a solitary
companion during reflection”138.____________________________
The Tobacco Advisory Council: “Tobacco advertising promotes
competition between brands. There is no convincing evidence to
show that tobacco advertising encourages anyone, including
children, to start smoking, or that bans on tobacco advertising lead
to a reduction in overall consumption”.139_____________________
BAT launches “Project Batallion” to integrate different tobacco
businesses and regain the world’s number one marketing spot.140
US companies spend over $6 billion advertising their products this
year, according to the US Federal Trade Commission. Over $2.5
billion is spent on coupons141_______________________________
Imperial Tobacco drops the Embassy Regal “Reg” campaign after
it is followed by a significant rise in teenage smoking142._________
1994: An advert in a tobacco journal reads that it is now possible
to sponsor a Formula One racing car “for a fraction of the cost
often associated with Formula One and you can sponsor it on a
race-by-race basis that suits your marketing strategy ... This
Formula One car is the most powerful advertising space in the
world. It will carry your brand to viewers in 102 countries”143.
1995: 30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip
Morris outlines the company’s key arguments on advertising and
sponsorship:____________________________________________
• “ In a mature market such as cigarettes, advertising and
consumption are unrelated______________________________
• Tobacco product advertising bans in overseas countries have
failed to achieve reductions in smoking incidence among adults
and young people_____________________________________
• Tobacco product advertising bans in Australia, for example,
have coincided with an increase in the incidence of young
people smoking.______________________________________
• Cigarette manufacturers do not sponsor sporting or cultural
events directed at youth________________________________
• Our branded sponsorship efforts are aimed at those adults who
have made the decision to smoke. They are designed to obtain
and maintain the loyalty of adult smokers and to encourage
adult smokers of competing brands to switch. Branded
sponsorships are not designed to encourage people - young or
old - to choose to smoke”144.___________________________
In the US, Philip Morris bows to Government pressure to remove
advertising boards out of view of television cameras at 30 sports
arenas across the country ._______________________________
1996: January: Liz Buckingham, Trade Development Manager at
Imperial: “We have always maintained that cigarette advertising has
no effect on the size of the market”146.
Smoky scholars
Brand stretching
A bad precedent
Bans don’t work
Record label
Marlboro is No 1
Smoking is here
already
Can’t regulate
advertising
Favourable
research
Nothing to do
In March, Cambridge University announces that it is to receive a
£1.6 million donation from BAT. The University issues a Press
Release which states that: As part of its commitment to education,
BAT Industries is to endow a Professorship of International
Relations at Cambridge in honour of Sir. Patrick Sheehy who
retired as Chairman of BAT at the end of December”.147
August: The Wall Street Journal Europe reports how tobacco
companies are getting around the advertising bans in Asia by
marketing brands through clothing, records, music and holidays.
Internal documents from RJ Reynolds International reveal how that
“Salem Attitude [a clothing store] is established to extend the
trademark beyond tobacco category restrictions .. The Salem
Attitude image will survive marketing restrictions148”.___________
A Philip Morris Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues,
produced, it is believed in 1996 for employees states about
advertising: “Banning speech about a legal product would set a
dangerous precedent. If cigarette advertising and promotion were
banned, there are those who would seek to ban the advertising of
other controversial products, such as alcohol, red meat, sugar, and
high-performance sports cars. Countries with tobacco advertising
bans in place, such as Norway and Finland, have seen tobacco
consumption rise year after year. Countries with few restrictions on
tobacco advertising and promotion, such as the United States and
Great Britain, have been experiencing declines in tobacco
consumption ... Cigarette advertising no more makes people
smoke than soap ads make them wash, or car ads make them
drive ... We don't advertise to recruit smokers. We advertise to
encourage adult smokers of other brands to try ours, and to
encourage brand loyalty among those adults who already smoke
our brands”, [emphasis added]149___________________________
1997: January: Philip Morris introduce a new record label to
promote the brand Virginia Slims. “Woman Thing Music” will only
be available by purchasing cigarettes150.______________________
February: A global survey of brand names finds Marlboro the top
placed cigarette151.______________________________________
23 March: Elizabeth Cho from Philip Morris: “We don’t cause the
smoking. The smoking is there. We’re marketing in order to switch
people over to our brands” .______________________________
April: A US Judge rules that the Food and Drug Administration
can regulate tobacco, declaring that cigarettes were “drug delivery
devices” for the delivery of nicotine, although the ruling said the
FDA could not regulate advertising and promotion_____________
18 April; A Survey by the Psychology Department at Washington
College in the US, concludes that “researchers acknowledging
tobacco industry support were considerably more likely to arrive at
a conclusion favourable to the tobacco industry than were
researchers not acknowledging industry support”154.____________
8 May: Clive Turner, Tobacco Manufacturers Association:
with the young
“Advertising is all about which company gets the biggest market
share. It’s nothing to do with persuading young people to smoke”
155
No effect on
consumption
Marketing does
not necessarily
mean advertising
Committed to
banning
advertising
Nothing to
reduce
consumption
No evidence
No
encouragement
Commercial
mileage
Bill includes ban
Simply ludicrous
Bans don’t affect
consumption
8 May: Paul Sadler of Imperial Tobacco: “Advertising has
absolutely no effect on consumption, it is all about brand
loyalty”156._____________________________________________
11 May: A spokesperson for Gallahers responds to the
Government’s announcement on tobacco advertising: “There are
plenty of ways of marketing products without advertising. We have
strong brands that we have built up over the years and they will
continue to be promoted”157._______________________________
14 May: Tessa Jowell, UK Minister of State for Public Health,
speaking after the Queen’s speech announces that the government
intends to ban tobacco advertising: “the Government is fully
committed to banning tobacco advertising. This is an essential first
step in building an effective strategy to deal with smoking” ._____
15 May: Gareth Davies, Chief Executive of Imperial Tobacco, says
of Labour’s proposed advertising ban: “Obviously I am very much
against anything that tries to reduce consumption of a legal product
that is used by adults .. .an advertising ban will do nothing to
reduce consumption”15 .__________________________________
15 May: Clive Turner, spokesperson for the Tobacco
Manufacturer’s Association: “There is no evidence that advertising
persuades people to smoke. All it does is persuade smokers to
change brands”160._______________________________________
15 May: World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association:
“Tobacco sponsorship in sport does not encourage people to
smoke, We feel it encourages existing smokers to change
brands”161______________________________________________
17 May: The Chairman and CEO of Gallahers, Peter Wilson,
responds to the Government initiative by stating: “We are not
going to sponsor something that we are not going to get
commercial mileage out of’. Wilson also says “I don’t believe it
[the ban] will have any impact on tobacco consumption ...there is
no evidence that advertising has any effect on smoking”162._______
19 May: Frank Dobson announces that that the Government’s draft
bill on tobacco advertising will include a ban on sports
sponsorship163.__________________________________________
20 May: Clive Turner, Executive Director of the Tobacco
Manufacturers’ Association: “Can you really imagine that a nonsmoker watching a piece of sponsored sport is then going to rush
out and start smoking? It’s ludicrous to make such a suggestion.
The Government’s prime objective is to reduce consumption. If a
ban on advertising comes, that objective will not be reached. It’s as
simple as that”164._______________________________________
23 May: John Carlisle, Tobacco Manufacturer’s Association: “If
you look at countries where there have been advertising bans, the
facts show that it doesn’t affect consumption”165.
14 June: “The industry spent $50 billion in the past twenty years on
image” says Greg Connolly, Director of the Massachusetts
Tobacco Control Programme”166.________________________
23 June: As part of the $368 billion settlement plan in the US, the
Settlement means tobacco industry agrees to ban advertising on billboards, in sports
stadiums and arenas and on the Internet. Human and cartoon
bye, bye Joe
figures, such as the Marlboro man and Joe Camel would be banned.
Merchandise cigarette logos would be banned, so too, would be
product placement in movies and TV .______________________
26 June: Martin Broughton, Chief Executive of BAT: “All of our
Ban means no
experience is that a ban on advertising makes absolutely no
difference
difference to the number of smokers or the number of
cigarettes”168.________________________ __________________
July: RJ Reynolds drops the cartoon, Joe Camel, from its
Joe goes
advertising169._________________________
15 August: The Committee for Monitoring Agreements on
Tobacco Advertising and Sponsorship finds 30 direct breaches of
30 violations
the industry’s voluntary advertising code170___________________
Sponsor whoever 21 August: BAT says: “We think that sports should be able to
accept sponsorship from whoever they like. We do not think that
you like
tobacco sponsorship encourages smoking”171.
60% support ban 12 September: The Health Education Authority reveals that almost
60 per cent of people support a ban on tobacco advertising .
18 September: Ian Birks, Head of Corporate Affairs, Gallaher:
Its all about brand “Advertising is all about brand choice and competition between
brands. It is used to increase brand loyalty and increase market
choice
share. An advertising ban is unlikely to prompt people to give up
smoking”173._______________________________________ ____
4 November: British Government announces that Formula One will
Formula One
be exempt from further restrictions in advertising, saying that it is
exempt
pressing for a voluntary code174.____________________________
6 November: The Guardian reports that a recent study in the US
6,000 sightings in had found that there was almost 6,000 sightings or mentions of
tobacco company names or logos during a 90-minute broadcast of
90 minutes
a major motor-racing event”175.____________________________
Through the back 14 November: BAT confirms that it will renew its involvement in
Formula One. David Bacon, a BAT spokesperson says: “We’re not
door
trying to get in through the back door. We still have the means to
get our message across in markets without restrictions”176._______
28 November; The Government announces that UK tobacco
advertising would be banned from 1st November 2000 under the
European Union’s Directive. Sponsorship of sports and arts would
Fl will not be
continue for two more years until 2002. Formula One will have a
exempt
further period to find alternative sponsorship, but will not be
indefinitely exempt177.____________________________________
December: EU Health Ministers vote for a ban on tobacco
Health Ministers
advertising and sponsorship in sport from 2006._______________
say yes to ban
BAT launches a new corporate identity, changing its name to
$50 billion on
image
New corporate
identity
Circumventing
ban
Regulators don’t
have a case
Prove the link
British American
Racing
EU votes for a
ban
British American Tobacco and redesigning its logo. Says David
Bacon, head of Corporate Communications, of the golden tobacco
leaves and bright sunburst logo: “The leaves signify we’re in the
tobacco business. Sunshine represents energy, dynamism and
vitality. And sun is essential to tobacco growing. Gold stands for
confidence in a bright future, while the blue stresses pride and a
rich heritage178”. ______________________________________
1998: 18 January: It is revealed that BAT is thinking of
circumventing the EU ban of cigarette advertising and sponsorship
by legally promoting their cigarette brand names in new ranges of
coffee products. The scheme is already being tested in Kuala
Lumpur. Says the shops manager in the Malaysian capital: “Of
course this is all about keeping the Benson and Hedges brand name
to the front. We advertise the Benson and Hedges Bistro on
television and in the newspapers. The idea is to be smoker-friendly.
Smokers associate a coffee with a cigarette. The are both drugs of
a type.” BAT confirms it is also looking at selling Lucky Strike
clothing, John Player Special Whiskey and Kent travel.
David Bacon, head of corporate communications at BAT: “ Yes,
these products share the trademarks of our tobacco products luxury products have done that for years - but they should not be
caught by any marketing restrictions because we are not selling
cigarettes with them The [advertising] regulators could rightly be
suspicious if the products do not stand on their own feet but as
serious revenue-generating products then I think the regulators do
not have a case”.179_____________________________________
6 March: FIA President, Max Mosley announces that it is prepared
to negotiate an earlier end to tobacco report, by 2002, if it could be
proved that tobacco advertising /sponsorship encourages smoking:
“The FIA has consistently said that, if presented with evidence of a
direct link between tobacco advertising/ sponsorship and smoking
it would act to eliminate [it] from Formula One.” Current estimates
of sponsorship are though to be: £35 million to Ferrari from
Marlboro; £22 million to McLaren-Mercedes by West; £18 million
to Jordon from Benson and Hedges; £25 to Williams by Winfield
and £18 million to Prost by Gauloises.
BAT will pay £200 million over five years from 1999 when its team
takes over from Tyrell, under the name of British American Racing.
Tom Moser, head of sponsorship for BAT says, “We plan to be
there for a long time”.180__________________________________
13 May: The EU votes to ban all tobacco advertising on radio,
print and television from 2001. All sporting events will cease to be
advertised by tobacco by 2006 .
1 R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development
Research Centre, 1996, pl76; S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The
Cigarette Papers, University of California Press, 1996, p28 {1700.04}
2 J. P. Pierce, E. A. Gilpin, A Historical Analysis of Tobacco Marketing and the Uptake of Smoking
by Youth in the United States: 1890-1977, Health Psychology, 1995, Vol 14, No 6, p500-508
3 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p28 {1700.04}; B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette
Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,962}
4 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
5 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
6 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
7 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
8 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
9 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
10 Life Magazine, 1946, 23 December
11 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
12 FTC, 1950 quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the
Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996,
pl30
13 United States Tobacco Journal, Cigarette Executives Expect Added Volume, 1950, 154 (26), 3,
quoted in US Department of Health and Human Services, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young
People, A report of the Surgeon General, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1994, pl66
14 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
15 Quoted on www.tobacco.org
16 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
17 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p29; R. Kluger, Ashes to
Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of
Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl81
18 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
19 New York Times, ‘Deceit’ is Charged on Filter-Tip Ads, 1958, 20 February
20 B&W, A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising, 1937-1964, No date, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,962}
21 Note of a Meeting with Representatives of the Tobacco Advisory Committee, 1962, 31 July [L&D
Gov/Pro38]
22 Imperial Tobacco Company, Memorandum for the President of the Board of Trade, 1963, 15
February [L&D Gov/Pro 32]
23 Note of a Meeting With Imperial Tobacco Company and Gallahers, 1963, 22 February [L&D
Gov/Pro 40]
24 R.W.S. Plumley, Managing Director of the Carreras Rothmans, Letter to the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, 1964, 28 January [L&D Gov/Pro 43]
25 International Herald Tribune, Smokers Targeted by Race, 1997, 2 April
26 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p294
27 Arnold, Fortas, &Porter, Letter 1964, 23 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 21,483}
28 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p284
29 FTC, Trade Regulation Rule for the Prevention of Unfair or Deceptive Advertising and Labelling
of Cigarettes in Relation to the Health Hazards ofSmoking and Accompanying Statement on Basis
and Purpose of Rule, 1964, 22 June
30 Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives,
1964, 25 June
31 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p98
32 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p91
33 L. Magure, Light My Fire, Midweek, 1989, 17 August,
34 F. J. C. Roe, M.C. Pike, Smoking and Lung Cancer, Undated, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,041}
35 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl05
36 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p303
37 J. Burgard, Letter to R. Reeves, 1967, 10 November {2101.09}
38 B&W, New Product Concepts, -1968 {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,723}
39 J. Burgard, Memo to R. Pittman, 21 August, 1969
40 Smoking and Health Proposal, 1969? {2111.01}
41 Post-Keyes-Gardner Inc., Project Truth, Proposed Text for “Who’s Next?” Ad, Prepared for B&W,
1969, 17 October {2110.01}
42 Post-Keyes-Gardner Inc., Project Truth, Proposed Text for Advertising Brochure, Prepared for
B&W. 1969, 17 October {2110.03}
43 Imperial Tobacco Limited, - 1970, 1971 Matinee Marketing Plan, Exhibit AG-29, RJR Macdonald
V. Canada (Attorney General);quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian
Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p80
44 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p335
45 BAT, Smoking and Health Session, Chelworth, 1971, 28 May [L&D UK Ind 24]
46 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl 87; Project Truth: The Smoking/ Health Controversy: A View from the
Other Side, Prepared for B&W, 1971, {2110.06}
47 T. McGuiness & K, Cowling, Advertising and the Aggregate Demandfor Cigarettes: An Empirical
Analysis of a UK Market, Centre for Industrial Economic and Business Research at the University of
Warwick, 1972, November, Number 31
48 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl09
49 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p399
50 S. Green The Group Research &Development Conference at Duck Key, Florida, Notes 1974, 12
January
51 S. Green, Notes on Group R&D Conference Held in Merano, N. Italy, 1975, 2-8 April, Minutes,
1975, 16 April, {1173.01}
52 Sir John Partridge, Chairman of Imperial, Answers Questions Put at the AGM by ASH, 1975[L&D
Imp 23]
53 ASH Questions and Answers to Imperial AGM, 1976, March [L&D Imp 24]
54 E. Pepples, Industry Response to the Cigarette/Health Controversy, 1976, Internal Memo
{2205.01}
55 BAT Board Plan, Smoking and Health - Strategies and Constraints, 1976, December [L&D BAT
24]
56 Spitzer, Mills and Bates, The Player’s Family, 1977, 25 March
57 P.L Short, Smoking and Health Item 7: The Effect on Marketing, 1977, 14 April {Trial Exhibit
10,585}
58 Smoking and Health: UK strategy Report, 1977, July
59 BAT Board Strategies, Smoking and Health, Questions and Answers, 1977, 25 November [L&D
BAT 26]
60 D. Phelps, Documents Reveal Tobacco Firms’ Inner Workings Over 40 Years, Star Tribune, 1998,
26 February
61 R.C. Smith, Columbia Journalism Review, 1978, January; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p433
62 Quoted in P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p31
63 Philip Morris, Marlboro, 1979, 29 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,808}
64 B AT, Post Jesterbury Conference, “Future Communication Restrictions in Advertising, 1979, 10
July [c.7.1]
65 B AT, Post Jesterbury Conference, “Future Communication Restrictions in Advertising, 1979, 10
July [c.7.1]
66 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl 09
67 Metra Consulting, The Relationship Between Total Cigarette Advertising and Total Cigarette
Consumption in the UK, 1979, October; Campaign, Cigarette Ads: Latest Report Can Only be
Harmful, 1980, 25 January; M. T-N, Tobacco: How Not to Play a Hand, Financial Times, 1980, 17
January
68 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p44
69 Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Smoking Control, Controlling the Smoking Epidemic,
1979,p72
70 Imperial Tobacco Limited, -1979, Creative Guidelines, Exhibit AG-29, RJR-MacDonald Inc. v.
Canada (Attorney General)', quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco
War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p80
71 BAT, Brainstorming 11, What Three Radical Changes Might, Through the Agency of R&D Take
Place in this Industry by the End of the Century, 1980, 11 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,361}
72 Imperial Tobacco Limited, du Maurier Trademark F’81 Advertising, 1980, 5 May Exhibit AG-35,
RJR-MacDonaldInc. v. Canada (Attorney General)’, quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors,
The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p81
73 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p620
74 Letter entitled Sponsorship of Sport by Tobacco Companies, British Medical Journal, 1982, 6
February, Vol 284, p395-6
75 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl09
76 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p28
77 Imperial Tobacco Limited, “Player’s Filter 1981 Creative Guidelines”
78 ABSA, Business and the Arts, A Guide for Sponsors, 1981
79 {Minn, www.tobacco.org}
80 BAT, Board Guidelines, Public Affairs, 1982, April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,866}
81 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl 10
82 Newsweek, The Sponsors Racing Formula, Special Advertising Section, 1983, 21 March
83 S. Stallone, Letter to R. Kovoloff, 1983, 28 April {2404.02}; J. Coleman, Memo to T. McAlevey,
1984, 8 February {2400.07}
84 E. Pepples, Memo to J. Coleman, 1983, 8 November
85 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p 125-126
86 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
87 87 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl01-3
88
R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p574
89 Imperial Tobacco Ltd, Matinee Extra Mild Creative Phase 2 Rationale, RJR-Macdonald Inc. v.
Canada (Attorney General)
90 Health Education Authority, Tobacco Sponsored Sport on Television - Why the Health Education
Council Believes it Should be Phased Out, 1985, 20 November
91 M. Mintz, The Smoke Screen, Multinational Monitor, 1987, July/ August, pl5 [C.7]
92 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p626
93 South China Morning Post, Plain Sailing on Promotion for South China Race, 1986, 22 February
94 Creative Research group, Project Viking, Volume 11: Am Attitudinal Model of Smoking, 1986,
February- March, prepared for Imperial Tobacco Limited (Canada)
95 C. Turner, Cigarette Ads: The Aim is Branding, Campaign, 1986, 14 March
96
J. DeParle, Warning: Sports Stars May be Hazardous to Your Health, The Washington Monthly,
1989, September, p34-49
97 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Goldrush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
98 Lotus World, Team Goes Camel, 1987, March, Vol. 5, Issue 12
99 Tobacco International, 1987, 17 April
100 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
101 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
102 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
103 Tobacco International, 1987, 24 July
104 Marketing, Tobacco and Ad Men Attack BMA Ban Call, 1987, 25 October
105 J. Tye, K. Warner, S. Glantz Tobacco Advertising and Consumption: Evidence of a Causal
Relationship, Journal of Public Health Policy, 1987, Winter, p492-508
106 D. Guest, Racing Uncertainties for the Tobacco Giants, Marketing Week, 1987, 11 September,
p45-47
107 Hong Kong Standard, Sport May Lose Tobacco Funds, 1988, 14 January
108 Philip Morris International, The Activities of Philip Morris in the Third World, 1988, April
109 E. Clark, Time to Smoke out Double Standards, Campaign, 1988, 6 May, p44-45
110 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
111 E. Passes, Sponsors’ Boost for Top Division, Hong Kong Standard, 1988, 23 August
112 V. 1. Emster, Trends in Smoking, Cancer Risk, and Cigarette Promotion, Cancer, 1988, 15
October, Vol. 62. pl702-1712
113 L. Heise, Unhealthy Alliance, World Watch, 1988, October, p20
114 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p619
115 Imperial Tobacco, 1988 Overview
116 Quoted in World in Action, Secrets of Safer Cigarettes, 1988
117 Imperial Tobacco Limited, 1988, quoted in; R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian
Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p65
118 The Economist, The Search for El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21
119 Tobacco, No Smoke Without Fire, 1989, January, p23-24
120 M. Stone, Brand Support Leads to Success, Tobacco Reporter, 1989, February, p30
121 Maclean’s, Openly Canadian, 1989, 10 April, 10 April, p62; quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke
and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p95
122 C. Fleming, And Now A Word From Our Sponsor, Intercity, 1989, May, p25-28
123 B. Horovitz, Booby Prizes Handed Out for Deceptive Advertising, International Herald Tribune,
1989, 14 June [c.7.6]
124 Tobacco Issues, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of
the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, HP 1250. 1989, 25 July
{2406.01}
125 J. DeParle, Warning: Sports Stars May be Hazardous to Your Health, The Washington Monthly,
1989, September, p34-49
126 C. Everett Koop, A Parting Shot at Tobacco, 1989, JAMA, Vol 262, No20, 24 November,
127 R. Mokhiber, The Ten Worst Corporations of 1989, Multinational Monitor, 1989, December, p 1011 [C.7.5]
128 P. Waldman, Tobacco Firms Try Soft, Feminine Sell, Wall Street Journal, 1989, 19 December, p,
Bl,B10
129 Motor Cycle News, Marlboro Team Roberts, 1990, 28 February
130 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
131 Quoted in The Economist, The Search for El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21 [C.7]
132 A. Blum, Sounding Board - the Marlboro Grand Prix - Circumvention of the Television Ban on
Tobacco Advertising, the New England Journal ofMedicine, 1991, Vol 324, Nol3, p913-916
133 The Economist, The Search for El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21 [C.7]
134 J. di Giovanni, Cancer Country - Who’s Lucky Now?, The Sunday Times, 1992, 2 August, pl2
[C.7.5]
135 Department of Health, Effects of Tobacco Advertising on tobacco Consumption, A Discussion
Document, Review of the Evidence, Economics and Operational Research Division, 1992, October
136 House of Commons Health Committee, The European Commission’s Proposed Directive on the
Advertising of Tobacco Products, 1992, HMSO, pvii, 2, 8
137 The Economist, The Search for El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21 [C.7]
138 U. Heartier, Untitled Paper Presented at the World Tobacco Symposium, 1993, 22-24 September,
Moscow, p 3 citing Report of Souza Cruz; quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The
Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p66
139 Tobacco Advisory Council, The Economic Impact of the Tobacco Industry, 1993,
140 C. Zimmerman Blackard, Focused, Tobacco Reporter, 1996, June, p28
141 Quoted in H. Moore, US Advertisers Unite to Resist Clinton’s Tobacco Restrictions, Campaign
International, 1996, 11 October, pl
142 R. McKie, M. Wroe, Legal Killers That Prey on Our Kids, The Observer, 1997, 23 March, pl 8; J.
Kerr, S. Taylor, Tide is Burning, Daily Mirror, 1997, 22 March, p2
143 Quoted in A. Henry, E. MacAskill, This is Not a Cigarette Advert, The Guardian, 1997, 6
November, p21
144 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
145 R. Tomkins, Marlboro Signs to be Moved, Financial Times, 1995, 7 June, p31
146 Y. Murphy, No Smoke Without Fire, The Grocer, 1996, 6 January, p29
147 Tobacco Control, Blood on the Chair, 1996, 5.2, p 106
148 F. Warner, Tobacco brands Outmanoeuvre Asian Advertising Bans, Wall Street Journal Europe,
1996, 1996, 7 August
149 Philip Morris, Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues, Believed to be 1996
150 P. Reilly, Philip Moms Brand Gets A Music Label, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1997, 16 January,
p7
151 Tobacco Reporter, Survey Finds Marlboro Top Cigarette Brand, 1997, February, plO
152 N. Neusner, Advertising Restrictions Don’t Stop the Tobacco Barons, Trading Week , 1997, 23
March
153 R. Tomkins, Judge Backs FDA Tobacco Regulation, Financial Times, 1997, 26 April
154 C. Turner, G. Spilich, Research into Smoking or Nicotine and Human Cognitive Performance:
Does the Source of Funding Make A Difference, Addiction, 1997, 92 (11), pl423-1426
155 J. Palmer, P. Allen, New Labour, No Smoking, The Mirror, 1997, 8 May, p2
156 J. Palmer, P. Allen, New Labour, No Smoking, The Mirror, 1997, 8 May, p2
157 D. Rushe, Ban Sparks Price War on Cigarettes, Financial Mail on Sunday, 1997, 11 May, pl
158 Department of Health, Government Fully Committed to Banning Tobacco Advertising - Tessa
Jowell, Press Release, 1997, 14 May
159 B. Potter, Tobacco Chief to Fight Advert Ban, Daily Telegraph, 1997, 15 May; R. Tieman,
Imperial Chief Hits At Advertising Ban, Financial Times, 1997, 15 May, p24
1601. Murray, Sport Sponsorship in Danger, The Times, 1997, 15 May, plO
I6/ The Independent, Fear of Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms, 1997, 15 May, p30
162 R. Tieman, Gallaher Calls for Clarification, Financial Times, 1997, 17 May; M. Grimond,
Gallaher To Lobby Government on Planned Tobacco Advertising Ban, The Independent, 1997, 17
May, p22
163 N. Timmins, R. Tieman, Tobacco Advertising Ban to Include Sport Sponsorship, Financial Times,
1997, 20 May, p24
164 N. Varley, Tobacco Loophole for Motor Racing, The Guardian, 1997, 20 May, p3
165 R. Gray, Making a Play for the Ashes, PR Week, 1997, 23 May, p24
166 M. Fisher, J. Schwartz, Tackling a Burning Desire, The Guardian, 1997, 24 June, pl4
167 R. Tomkins, When the Smoke Clears, Financial Times, 1997, 23 June, pl9; National Centre for
Tobacco Free Kids, US Tobacco Litigation Settlement: Overview of the Deal, 1997,
168 R. Tomkins, BAT Chief Fumes at US Tobacco Deal, Financial Times, 1997, 26 June, p3
169 International Herald Tribune, Joe Camel to Become Extinct, 1997, 11 July
170 Department of Health, Number ofBreaches of Tobacco Advertising Agreement Doubles in 12
Months, Press Release, 1997, 8 August
171 C. Merrel, BAT Races into £250M Formula One Row, The Times, 1997, 21 August
172 Health Education Authority, Public Support Ban on Cigarette Advertising, Press Release, 1997, 12
September
173 CTN, \W1, 18 September
174 I. Murray, Formula One Tobacco Ban Stalls, The Times, 1997, 5 November, p3
175 Quoted in A. Henry, E. MacAskill, This is Not a Cigarette Advert, The Guardian, 1997, 6
November, p21
176 E. Beck, BAT Set to Renew Ties With Formula One Racing, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1997, 14
November, p5
77 Campaign, Government Reveals European Timetable for Tobacco Ad Ban, 1997, 28 November, p7
178 T. Tuinstra, A New Face, Tobacco Reporter, 1998, January, p20-22
179 P. Nuki, Tobacco Firms Brew up Coffee to Beat the Ban, The Sunday Times, 1998, 18 January
180 S. Bates, A. Hendry, Formula One Offers A Pipe of Peace, The Guardian, 1998, 6 March, Sport
98, pl 1; T. Buerkle, Advertisers Find a Formula They Like in Auto Racing, International Herald
Tribune, 1998, 6 March, pl
181 M. Walker, EU Votes to Ban All Advertising, The Guardian, 14 May, pl6
pH I p
If
Tobacco Explained cronologies: CIGARETTE MANIPULATION / SAFE CIGARETTES
1950s
1954:
Real progress if
reduce
carcinogens
Cancer-free
cigarette
29 March: The Research Chief, Frederick Darkis, at Liggett remarks
that “if we can eliminate or reduce the carcinogenic agent in smoke we
will have made real progress”1.________________________________
-1955:
A Hill and Knowlton memo quotes a tobacco company lawyer as
saying “Boy! Wouldn’t it be wonderful if our company was first to
produce a cancer-free cigarette. What we could do to the
competition”2.__________________________________________
1956:
Add nicotine
RJ Reynolds experiments by adding nicotine to tobacco stem3.
1958:
Reduced tar
cigarette will
take the market
Dilemma: to
keep up or
reduce nicotine
Health problem
means a lower
A scientist at Philip Morris writes to his head of Research “Evidence
is building up that heavy smoking contributes to lung cancer”. He then
recommends an “all-synthetic aerosol to replace tobacco smoke, if
necessary ... I know this sounds like a wild programme, but I’ll bet
that the first company to produce a cigarette claiming a substantial
reduction (say 50 per cent less that the present Parliament or Kent) in
tars and nicotine, or an ersatz cigarette whose smoke contains no
tobacco tars, and with good smoking flavour, will take the market”4.
1959:
A BAT research paper comments that “On the question of nicotine
and its effects on the smoker there can be two extreme forms of
approach (1) Keep up the nicotine content of cigarettes in order to maintain the,
as yet, firmly entrenched nicotine habit.
(2) Reduce the nicotine per cigarette.
To follow No. (2) too closely might end in destroying the nicotine
habit in a large number of consumers and prevent it ever being
acquired by new smokers. True, deprived of an increasing amount of
nicotine per cigarette, consumers may tend to smoke more cigarettes,
but this can only go on up to a point.”5_________________________
Robert DuPuis, Philip Morris’s Research Director, writes a memo
regarding future desirable products asking if his department could
“correlate our chemical knowledge with medical knowledge” to
produce a product lower in tar and nicotine but with “good flavour
and burning properties .. We must consider not only what is
1
tar product
technically sound, but what is forced on us by the press, enemies and
competitors .. The health problem over-rides all of our research and is
probably the most important and most difficult problem facing the
industry”6.
1960s
1960:
Increase
nicotine
Philip Morris studies the effect of adding nicotine, in the form of
nicotine maleate, to blended leaf tobacco to increase the nicotine
content of cigarettes7.___________________________________
1961:
Medically
acceptable
cigarette
15 November: Helmut Wakeham, Philip Morris, Head of Research and
Development, spells out a three-part “Research and Development
Programme Leading to a Medically Acceptable Cigarette” including:
1. “Reduction of Irritating Factors in Smoke...
2. Controlled nicotine in filler and Smoke
3. Reduction of the General Level of Carcinogenic Substances in
Smoke.
Ten years work
because
carcinogens in
every class of
smoke
The nicotine
conundrum
Increase
nicotine to tar
The last goal Wakeham believes will take seven to ten years because it “
will require a major research effort, because carcinogens are found in
practically every class of compounds in smoke ... The best we can hope
for is to reduce a particularly bad class, i.e. the polynuclear
hydrocarbons or phenols”. Wakeham concedes that the problem is
exacerbated because “Flavour substances and carcinogenic substances
come from the same class, in many instances ... Low irritation and low
nicotine cigarettes for commercial exploitation will be develop in the
course of our present R&D programme during the next two to five
years ... a medically acceptable low-carcinogenic cigarette may be
possible. Its development will require
TIME
MONEY
UNFLATERING DETERMINATION (as original)”8.______________
Also this year, Wakeham writes: “Even though nicotine is believed
essential to cigarette acceptability, a reduction in level may be desirable
for medical reasons .. How much nicotine reduction will be acceptable
to the smoker”9_____________________________________________
1962:
19 March: Internal Philip Morris correspondence discusses the “High
nicotine to TPM [total particulate matter , post-combustion material
known as tar] Ratio of All RJ Reynolds brands” noting that “if nicotine
were added to the extracted filter, probably in the form of nicotine
molate, the T. P.M level would not increase as much percentage wise as
the nicotine level. Hence the ration of nicotine to TPM would be
Get rid of
chemical culprit
Constrained by
PR
Are we
negligent?
Develop a
medically
acceptable
cigarette
Any level of
nicotine ..
But we want an
optimum level
of nicotine
Precision
raised”10.___________________________________________________
Sir Charles Ellis, from BAT R&D Department addresses the Annual
BAT research conference: “ Conversely, and this is always a possibility
the biological effect may increase as the condensate is used fresher and
fresher. This possibility need not dismay us, indeed it would mean that
there really was a chemical culprit somewhere in smoke, and one,
moreover, that underwent a reaction fairly quickly to something else, I
feel confident that in this case we could identify this group of
substances and it would be worth almost any effort, by preliminary
treatment, additives, or filtration to get rid of it”.11__________________
One discussion at the conference shows the tension between public
denial of the health risks and the potential break through of a “safer
cigarette”: “ Mr. Reid suggested that no industry was going to accept
that is product was toxic, or even believe it to be so, and naturally when
the health question was first raised we had to start by denying it at the
PR level. But by continuing that policy we had got ourselves into a
comer and left no room to manoeuvre. In other words if we did get a
break though and were able to improve our product we should have to
about-face, and this was practically impossible at the PR level. If we
could ease the approach a bit then when we did make positive
contributions we could at least say so without having to crawl behind
the door” 12.________________________________________________
BAT were also considering the implications of the fact that a US
manufacturer, Lorillard had modified its filter to remove 90 per cent of
phenols from smoke: Addison Yeoman, B&W’s lawyer asks: “In this
state of knowledge [that phenols reduce cilia action and that they can be
reduced] is it negligence on the part of a cigarette manufacturer either
to fail to remove phenols, or to fail to warn consumers of the product of
its potential danger”.13________________________________________
1963:
21 November: Helmut Wakeham, Philip Morris, Head of Research and
Development, writes a memo outlining research plans for the following
year, hoping to “develop a ‘medically acceptable’ cigarette in light of
the present health attitude”14.__________________________________
B&W researcher R.B. Griffith says: “It may well be to remind you,
however, that we have a research program in progress to obtain, by
genetic means, any level of nicotine”15.__________________________
A letter from B&W to BAT discusses “optimum levels” for nicotine in
cigarettes, stating: “Certainly, the nicotine level of B&W cigarettes
.. .was not obtained by accident.. .we can regulate, fairly precisely, the
nicotine and sugar levels to almost any desired level management might
require .. .It should be recognised that nicotine and sugar levels are not
the only things important in determining smoking quality. It should be
emphasised that these are but two constituents in a very complex
tobacco leaf and that there are other materials in the leaf which must
affect smoking quality. I am certain that when these have been
identified, ways can be found to control their level just as we can
manufacture
control nicotine and sugar levels and we will some days achieve the
goal of precision manufacture.”16____________________________
1964:
2 January: An internal BAT memo reads “..any work undertaken must
Doing best to
be with a commercial or political motive as well as a scientific motive.
supply a “safe”
In other word, we should like to be able to say that certain of our
cigarettes provide smoke in which certain suspect ingredients have been
cigarette
diminished, and that the smoke from these cigarettes has been
scientifically proved to produce less change than other cigarettes on
animal tissues. From this would follow the conclusion that in the light of
all available knowledge, the Company is doing its best to supply a
‘safer’ cigarette” 7____________________________________________
4 February: On behalf of BAT, the Battelle Institute in Geneva patents
“Ariel” - an alternative nicotine delivery system - in its search for the
safer cigarette. The idea was that the consumer would inhale a water
Ariel - The
based aerosol enriched in nicotine but relatively deficient in the “tar”
alternative
found in cigarette smoke. The patent stipulates that the invention
nicotine device
intended “to provide an improved smoking device which delivers an
improved smoke stream if a controlled character and which does not
contain the products of combustion”18.___________________________
11 February: A BAT meeting is held to “Discuss Present Position of
ARIEL and its Possible Future Continuance”. At the meeting it is
Success with
Ariel
discussed that ARIEL “has achieved sufficient success to render it
certain that we shall wish to continue with the further development of
this type of smoking device”19._________________________________
18 February: Helmut Wakeham, Vice President for Research and
Development at Philip Morris asks for increased corporate support for
“development by year end of a superior filter cigarette with acceptable
taste having high gas phase absorption and very low TPM [total
particulate matter or tar] ... the hoped-for results of these efforts will be
Health approved cigarettes approved on all major health questions” providing “a
substantive basis for vigorous health advertising by publication of
cigarettes
articles in the technical literature ...The industry must come forward
with evidence to show that its products, present and prospective are not
harmful. Medical research must be done for this purpose ...The industry
should abandon its past reticence with respect to medical research.
Indeed, failure to do so could give rise to negligence charges”20._______
October: Philip Rodgers and Geoffrey Todd visit the US on behalf of
the Tobacco Research Council. Their report states “Mr. Walker
Low tar/low
[American Tobacco], in Carlton, had followed Dr. Wynder’s idea of a
nicotine
low tar, low nicotine cigarette. Dr. Seevers [Chair of the Committee for
Research on Tobacco and Health] informed us that he had specifically
told Dr. R----- , Director of Research of American Tobacco [AT.co],
Or
that it was important to keep up the nicotine content of the smoke,
while reducing anything that ought to be reduced. Dr. Seevers'
recommendation was that AT. Co. should add nicotine in cut tobacco
Do we add
and then reduce both nicotine and tar by filter and porous paper as in
a
nicotine
Minimum
nicotine level
Maximum
nicotine for
minimum tar
Need at least
one safe brand
Ammonia is
used
Keep them
hooked
Carlton. Dr. Wakeham described Philip Morris' objective as a ‘high
flavour/low delivery’ cigarette, but it was low delivery of some smoke
constituent that contributed largely to a biological reaction in some
short term test”21.___________________________________________
A Philip Morris memo states: “nicotine delivery level should by 0.7 mg
minimum”. The company is also “investigat[ing] purchasing nicotine”22.
1965:
Dr. R. B. Griffith, Head of R&D at B&W tours the TRC’s research
laboratories at Harrogate and Imperial’s at Bristol: “Their approach
seems to be to find ways of obtaining maximum nicotine for minimum
tar. Approaches being used include ..nicotine fortification of cigarette
paper .. .addition of nicotine containing powders to tobacco .. ”23._____
In July, on returning from his visit to the UK, Dr. Griffith recommends:
“The company should take steps to place itself in the best possible
position to minimise chances of Government intervention by (a) having
at least one brand on the market which is ‘safest’ possible cigarette on
the basis of knowledge to date; (b) obtaining biological test data to
indicate the degree to which the cigarette is ‘safer’”.24______________
According to RJ Reynolds, Philip Morris begins using ammoniated
sheet this year and “increased use of the sheet periodically from 1965 to
1974. This time period corresponds to the dramatic sales increase Philip
Morris made from 1965 to 1974”25._____________________________
An internal memo written by a Philip Morris researcher reads:
“Determine minimum nicotine drip to keep normal smokers ‘hooked’”
26
Never be a safe
cigarette
Ariel is our
insurance
BAT sets up its own toxicology programme called Project Janus,
undertaken by the Batelle Institute.______________________________
-1965: A “strictly confidential” report by two scientists Francis Roe, an
independent tobacco consultant, and M C Pike, which is undated but
uses references up to 1965, states: “We conclude that, the physical
nature of tobacco smoke makes it difficult to conceive of ways of
making cigarette smoking safe by means of selective filtration ...
because known carcinogens are produced from such a wide variety of
organic materials during the process of pyrolysis, it is most unlikely that
a completely safe form of tobacco smoking can be evolved”27.________
1966:
28 July: A BAT report outlines the reason for “Project Ariel”. “Project
ARIEL was a research topic aimed at the development of a smoking
device from which a smoker can receive, in a suitable form, sufficient
nicotine to give satisfactory physiological and psychological responses,
unaccompanied by the products of combustion and pyrolysis associated
with normal cigarette smoking ... it would seem sensible to anticipate a
worsening situation and ARIEL could be an insurance which the
Company cannot afford to neglect”28.___________________________
30 September: A BAT survey finds that “the reaction of a smoker to
the strength of the smoke from a cigarette could be correlated to the
Extractable
nicotine
Ariel
manufacture
feasible
“Safe” designs
Health
orientated
cigarette
Increase
nicotine
Double nicotine
Two types of
cigarette:
“Health image”
to reassure the
customer and
“health
orientated”,
with lowered
biological
activity
Health
reassurance
amount of ‘extractable’ nicotine in the smoke, rather than to the total
nicotine content... “a smoke with a higher ‘extractable’ nicotine, and
hence higher concentration of nicotine base, will have an appreciable
amount of the nicotine in the vapour phase. Rapid absorption of vapour
phase nicotine could explain a rapid transfer of nicotine to the brain”29.
1967:
2 March: Dr. Green from BAT research, summarises recent findings:
“Methods have been worked out by which the ratio of nicotine to tar
can be increased and it has been shown for at least one brand that this
ration can be increased by lowering the tar without adversely affecting
consumer preference ... The ARIEL smoking device is smokeable,
would probably be safer to smoke than an ordinary cigarette and
manufacture now appears feasible”.30____________________________
July: Dr. Robert Johnson from R&D at B&W returns from two weeks
at BAT’s Southampton’s laboratories: “Current studies on the design of
‘safe’ cigarettes fall into several main approaches. These are:
(1) synthetic tobacco substitutes,
(2) cigarettes incorporating a large percentage of air-cured tobacco
(3) smoking products delivering smoke with a high nicotine/tar ration,
and
(4) selective filtration”31.______________________________________
24 -27 October: BAT’s Annual Research Conference is held in
Montreal. Minutes of the meeting comment that “ It might be possible
to market a health-orientated cigarette without prior biological
testing”32.______________________________________________ A study by BAT finds that “treatment of a filter with polyethleneimine
(PEI) increases the delivery of ‘extractable nicotine’”33._____________
American Tobacco begin investigating the production of nicotine from
“n rustica”, a plant with almost double the concentration of nicotine34.
1968:
September: DR Green from BAT addresses the Annual BAT research
conference: “Research staff should lay down guidelines against which
alternative products can be chosen in everyday operations. Although
there may, on occasions, be conflict between saleability and minimal
biological [carcinogenic] activity, two types of product should clearly
be distinguished, viz:
a) A health-image (health reassurance) cigarette
b) A Health-orientated (minimal biological activity) cigarette, to be
kept on the market for those customers choosing it35.”
17 November: Dr Green from BAT writes a paper on “Cigarettes with
Health Reassurance” stating: “We should attempt to make continued
improvement in our current brands, removing anything from smoke
which may be harmful or alleged to be harmful ..a second approach
which could be made both with existing brands and with new brands is
to aim at a lower smoke production per cigarette (i.e. lower tar) while
pH and nicotine
maintaining ‘normal’ nicotine ...the third phase in our approach might
be to produce cigarettes low both in smoke yield and in nicotine. This
would, if course, be aimed to meet the expected criticisms of nicotine
... The next phase in our approach on this might be to design cigarettes
predominately orientated towards health considerations36”.__________
A report by BAT’s research Department found that “nicotine retention
appears to be dependent principally on smoke pH and nicotine
content”37._________________________________________________
1969:
“Safe”
prototype
Humans don’t
smoke like
machines
Must have
“safer”
cigarettes
Alter tobacco
advantageously
June: At the Annual BAT Research Conference the “conference
considered what the characteristics of the ‘safest’ cigarette might be
.. .it was decided to accept as a research objective that such a prototype
cigarette be developed”38._____________________________________
June: The Canadian Tobacco Industry tells an all-Party Health
Committee, called the Isabelle Committee that “human smokers differ
greatly in the frequency and intensity of their puffing and the amount of
each cigarette they smoke. Thus there may be little relation between the
figures reported from the machine and the actual exposure of any given
smoker with any given cigarette”39._____________________________
September: DJ Wood from R&D at BAT gives a presentation to
company executives: “It is our belief that the cigarette of the future
must have reduced biological activity, and when I speak of biological
activity I mean the adverse effects such as tumour production on mice
which I have just mentioned ...The cigarette must also have acceptable
smoke quality ... The assumption is that a cigarette which shows
reduced biological activity by any or all of these tests is likely to be
‘safer’ to humans ...The intention at R&DE is to use whatever
biological tests are available in the development of a ‘safer’ cigarette...
Ways of reducing biological activity: 1) Filtration, 2) Choice of
Tobacco. 3) Treatment of tobacco; 4) Cigarette design; 5) Synthetic
materials”40.________________________________________________
Late 60’s/ early 70s: An undated report about Project Janus indicates
that: “additive-treated tobacco and sheet materials show considerable
merit biologically, indicating that tobacco can be altered
advantageously”41.
1970s
1970:
Never imply its
safe
There is only a
June: A BAT document on “Smoking and Health”, says that “the
industry should however never put itself in the position that by offering
to publish tar/nicotine figures it is implying that some cigarettes are
‘safer’. If there is to be any suggestion of this, it must come from the
government ._______________________________________________
October: The Annual BAT Research conference concludes that “the
smoking and health problem is at least partially amenable to a research
partial solution
Got to reduce
carbon
monoxide
Vary
nicotine/tar
Exploit “safer
for health”
“Safe”
cigarettes are
key to industry’s
future
Increase
nicotine
Reassure with
“healthy” brands
Increasing pH to
increase nicotine
Manipulate
nicotine
solution”. Three years previously, in 1967, the scientists had concluded
that “the smoking and health problem is amenable to a research
solution” [emphasis added]43.________________________________
October: The BAT Biological Tasting Committee considers: “that it is
still very important to reduce the level of carbon monoxide in cigarette
smoke. It is a known poison present in relatively large amounts and,
despite the lack of success in developing a suitable filter, efforts should
be continued44”._________________________________________
31 December: An internal Philip Morris memo about “nicotine/tar ratio
study” shows that the company “are initiating a study of the effect of
systematic variation of the nicotine/ tar ratio upon smoking rate and
acceptability measures. Using the Marlboro as a base cigarette, we will
reduce the tar delivery incrementally by filtration and increase the
nicotine delivery incrementally by adding a nicotine salt. All cigarettes
will be smoked for several days by each of a panel of 150 selected
volunteers”45.___________________________________________
~ 1970: A 1971 Confidential Matinee Marketing Plan for Imperial
Tobacco states under “Opportunities” that: “Due to continuing anti
smoking publicity, the public continues to be aware of and concerned
with the suggested hazards of cigarette smoking. Matinee is then is an
ideal position to take advantage of this situation with its low T&N and
‘safer for health’ propositions”46._____________________________
1971: May: BAT internal documents show that “The ‘safer’ cigarette is
in my view the key to the industry’s future ... push on as fast as possible
with the search for the safer cigarette - in this connection there are signs
that Governments and medical authorities are more prepared than they
used to be to say that low tar/nicotine brands are ‘safer’. Hence all
associated brand companies should have their brand programmes
adjusted to meet this trend ... Industry must avoid any ‘safer’
implication on itself47”____________________________________
30 June: An internal BAT document shows that “Mr. H. G. Horsewell
continues to work with alkaline filter additives which selectively
increase nicotine delivery”48.________________________________
21 October: P Short from BAT writes a report on “A New Product”:
“Manufacturers are concentrating on the low TPM [total particulate
matter, tar] and Nicotine segment in order to create brands ...which
aim, in one way or another, to reassure the consumer that theses brands
are relatively more “healthy” than orthodox blended cigarettes”49
16 December: A Liggett document articulates that: “Increasing the pH
of a medium in which nicotine is delivered increases the physiological
effect of the nicotine by increasing the ratio of free base to acid salt
form, the free base from being more readily transported across
physiological membranes. We are pursuing this project with the
eventual goal of lowering the total nicotine present in smoke while
increasing the physiological effect of the nicotine which is present, so
that no physiological effect is lost on nicotine reduction.5Q”_________
An internal Philip Morris memo outlines that “our plans are to
concentrate upon that nicotine delivery range between 0.3 and 1.2 mg
o
with a systematic manipulation of the nicotine/tar ratio”51.___________
Philip Morris launches Marlboro Lights in the US, with a tar yield of 13
compared to 17 for normal Marlboro with the slogan “For smokers who
prefer the lighter taste of a low-tar cigarette”52.____________________
1972: March: An RJR internal document states: “There is a gap in
present cigarette product lines, hence an opportunity to market a unique
Opportunity to
type of cigarette ...[whichjshould deliver about 1.3 mg of nicotine and
market unique
13 mg of‘tar’, hence would have a uniquely low ‘tar’-to-nicotine ...I
cigarette
believe that for the typical smoker nicotine satisfaction is the dominant
desire, as opposed to flavour and other satisfactions ... In theory, and
probably in fact, a given smoker in a given day has a rather fixed per
hour and per day requirement for nicotine. Given a cigarette that
delivers less nicotine than he desires, the smoker will subconsciously
Smokers
adjust his puff volume and frequency and smoking frequency, so as to
compensate
obtain and maintain his per hour and per day requirement for
nicotine”53._________________________________________________
An internal Liggett Group document indicates they were researching
Adjust pH to
the effects of adjusting pH levels with the “eventual goal of lowering
manipulate
the total amount of nicotine while increasing the effect of the
nicotine
nicotine”54._________________________________________________
1973: 22 January: A Liggett report summarises that “The purpose of
the research under this project was to develop a method for increasing
If you increase
the smoke pH of a cigarette. A low smoke solids, low nicotine cigarette
pH then you
increase nicotine with an increased smoke pH would then have relatively more free
nicotine in its smoke. Consequently, a higher nicotine impact would
result producing a more satisfying smoke”55.______________________
“Safe” Cigarette 8 February. In the US the federally supported Tobacco Working Group
(TWG), chaired by Dr. Gori, is initiated and starts working on the idea
of a safe cigarette56.__________________________________________
13 February: An internal BAT memo written to Dr. Green about Safer
Cigarettes outlines “Product Development” (to cope with current
governmental S&H [smoking and health] pressures). This is what our
management really expects R&D to do. Things like marketable low tar
Doesn’t matter
is “safe” actually and nicotine cigarettes ..The question as to whether such cigarettes are
really safer does not matter, although privately even our Health people
means “safe”
wonder whether low tar and nicotine cigarettes are a good idea. I think
the researches going on into the smoker’s response to such modified
cigarettes comprise genuine inquiry in the smoking and health field,
examining what I call the ‘involuntary moderation’ concept of a safer
cigarette”57._________________________________________________
12 July: An RJ Reynolds scientist writes that “Our analysis suggests
that pH does not correlate as closely with share performance as does
Got to free
free nicotine. Our emphasis should be directed toward free nicotine
nicotine
Marlboro Lights
launched
while pH would provide us with a measure of or tool to effect free
Deliberate
nicotine”58._________________________________________________
Claude Teague, a scientist at RJ Reynolds, writes that “All evidence
indicates that the relatively high smoke pH (high alkalinity) shown by
Marlboro (and other Philip Morris brands) and Kool is deliberate and
n
control of pH
Give youth a
nicotine kick
through pH
regulation
Smokers adjust
smoking pattern
Reconstituted
tobacco
Nicotine
removal_____
People smoke
more than
machines - so
lets keep the
machines
Winston Lights
launched
Liggett
“eliminate”
cancer from
cigarettes
More ammonia
Need normal
nicotine but low
tar
Low delivery
Healthy
controlled .. .These differences in nicotine impact and other smoke
qualities arising from smoke pH increases would be expected to give
rise to differences in consumer response, hence market performance”59
An internal RJ Reynolds Memo, entitled “Cigarette concept to assure
RJR a larger segment of the youth market”, says that “Any desired
additional nicotine ‘kick’ could be easily obtained through pH
regulation60.”_______________________________________________
1974: 12 January: Notes from the Annual BAT Research Conference
show that a BAT German study has shown that “whatever the
characteristics of cigarettes as determined by smoking machines, the
smoker adjusts his pattern to deliver his own nicotine requirements”61.
5 June: R.M. Irby, Chief of Research for the New Products Division at
American Tobacco, responds to a query from American’ Vice
President, who had requested to know “our knowledge regarding
increasing the nicotine content of reconstituted tobacco”62.__________
26 November: An internal RJ Reynolds document outlines how “we are
working on a cigarette in which 95% to 98% of the nicotine has been
removed from the tobacco and smoke”63.________________________
An internal Philip Morris document details : “Some unexpected
observations on tar and Nicotine and Smoker Behaviour .. .Generally,
people smoke in such a way that they get more than predicted by
machines. This is especially true for dilution (i.e. low tar, low nicotine)
cigarettes ..The FTC’s [Federal trade Commission] standardised test
should be retained: It gives low ratings”64.___________________
RJ Reynolds launches Winston Lights in the US, with the slogan “A
new cigarette that’s lighter in taste, low in tar”65.___________________
Scientists at Liggett pioneer a cigarette using a palladium treated
cigarette with a charcoal filter that in tests on mice achieved up to a 100
per cent drop in tumorigenicty and a 50 per cent drop in cocarcinogenic
promoters66. James Mold, one of the key scientists involved recalls :
“This was a very exciting period for our research because we had been
able to get rid of the material which was causing the cancers, which had
now consumed something like 20 years ... and we were prepared to go
ahead and develop a cigarette that incorporated this finding ... I think
that we were very ecstatic over the fact that we had been able to do
something that no one else was able to do and that was to eliminated
their cancer causing materials from cigarette smoke.67”_____________
RJ Reynolds introduces “ammoniated sheet filler in the Camel filter
cigarette”. According to the company, because of this, “better market
performance was indicated in the subsequent years”68.______________
1975: 16 April : At the Annual BAT Research conference “the need for
normal nicotine low tar cigarettes which appeal to the consumer was
identified”69.________________________________________________
October: An internal Philip Morris research paper states: “Our goal is to
come up with a low delivery cigarette that will appeal to current low
delivery cigarette smokers ..some proportion of current low delivery
smokers may desire to switch to a more flavourful cigarette and others
may follow as consumer experience results in changing the image of
1A
Normal nicotine
/ low tar
Smokers adjust
habit
Tobacco
substitutes
Light doesn’t
mean light
Compensation
Give up tar not
smoking
Tar / nicotine
reduction
Maintain
nicotine
Need PR
initiative
low delivery cigarettes so that smokers believe a flavourfiil cigarette can
really be ‘healthy’”70._________________________________________
October: An internal RJ Reynolds memo states: “There may be an
opportunity for a new cigarette with no/very low ‘tar’ but a ‘normal’
amount of nicotine”71.________________________________________
A Chronology of B&W’s Smoking and Health Research stipulates that
a “compensation study conducted by Imperial Tobacco, a BATco
affiliate, [shows that a smoker] adjusts his smoking habits when
smoking cigarettes with low nicotine and TPM [total particulate matter]
to duplicate his normal cigarette intake”72.________________________
In the UK, the Hunter Committee gives tobacco substitutes a lukewarm
endorsement: “The product may be no more dangerous to health than a
similar product containing tobacco only and could be less injurious73”.
L. Meyer, from Philip Morris writes an internal memo, outlining that
“The smoker profile data reported earlier indicated that Marlboro
Lights cigarettes were not smoked like regular Marlboros. In effect,
the Marlboro 85 smokers in this study did not achieve any reduction in
smoke intake by smoking a cigarette (Marlboro Lights).”74___________
1976: 30 January: A BAT Research document entitled “Compensation
for Changed Delivery” concludes that “many established smokers do
compensate for changed delivery in an attempt to equalise nicotine
delivery, when this is possible75”________________________________
2 February: A B&W advert for Vantage in Newsweek claims that: “How
many times have you decided to give up smoking? Nobody these days is
telling you not to give up smoking. But if you’ve given it up more times
than you'd like to remember, the chances are you enjoy it too much to
want to give it up at all. If you're like a lot of smokers these days, it
probably isn't smoking that you want to give up. It's some of that 'tar'
and nicotine you've been hearing about.”76________________________
March: Imperial: “There has been a steady reduction in the tar and
nicotine content of cigarettes on sale in this country in recent years, and
both here and abroad we notice a growing preference for lower tar and
nicotine levels77.”____________________________________________
9 March: An internal Lorillard memo states that “It is recognised in the
tobacco industry that it is desirable to maintain the nicotine content of
tobacco at a constant level in order to provide a satisfactory smoking
product. This is difficult to accomplish since the nicotine content
depends upon the type of tobacco, where it is grown, uniformity of
various blends, type and efficiency of filter used and the processing78.”
15 March: An RJR Document outlining “Planning Assumptions and
Forecast for the Period 1976-1986” outlines that: “The third effort of
the anti-tobacco lobby could be labelled indirect prohibition. This refers
to the efforts of the anti-tobacco lobby to enforce over a period of time
a steady lowering of tar and nicotine, especially the latter, will
eventually lead current smokers to stop altogether and the ‘new
smoker’ not to start. Very little is being done on an Industry-wide basis
to counteract this, and an RJR initiative seems warranted. It is
important that efforts on this point be made, not only in the United
11
States, but also overseas ...____________________________________
“Current simplistic emphasis of direct reduction of smoke ‘tar’ and
nicotine will remain high but may be replaced gradually by emphasis on
selected reduction of specific smoke components alleged to be harmful,
with shift from ‘prohibition-total cessation’ to development of an
“Safer” cigarette allegedly ‘safer’ cigarette ...Substantial progress will result toward
what is alleged to be a ‘safer’ cigarette from use of a combination of
many techniques .. .There may be a limited market for a quality
cigarette delivering essentially no nicotine .. .A cigarette with ‘normal’
smoke nicotine and significantly lowered ‘tar’, e.g. with unique
‘tar’/nicotine ratio of 10 or less, may achieve a significant place in the
market”79.__________________________________________________
25 March: A BAT document on “The Product in the Early 1980s”
Danger nicotine argues that “There is a danger in the current trend of lower and lower
cigarette deliveries - i.e. the smoker will be weaned away from the
will be reduced
below threshold habit. If the nicotine delivery is reduced below a threshold ‘satisfactory’
level, then surely smokers will question more readily why they are
indulging in an expensive habit... Looking further down the
Need health re road filters might offer a selective means of controlling smoke
toxicity ... Well before that date, however, opportunities exist for filter
assurance
and cigarette designs which offer the image of “health re-assurance”80.
4 May: An internal Lorillard memo, regarding the “Nicotine
Augmentation Project”, outlines that: “Recommendations from health
oriented agencies and pressure from competitive companies make it
imperative that Lorillard develop a flavourful cigarette delivering lower
tar while at the same time delivering a level of nicotine higher than
Got to keep
could be obtained normally by conventional cigarette construction. This
nicotine high
goal is almost an absolute necessity for brands delivering less than 8 mg
of tar. If achieved, the technology may be applied to all classes of
cigarette to achieve lower tar delivery while maintaining or enhancing
current nicotine levels”81._____________________________________
8 June: A Lorillard Research report shows how “nicotine was applied
as free nicotine and nicotine tartrate to different tobaccos for the
purpose of increasing the nicotine to tar ration in the cigarette smoke ..
Increase
Random taste panelling implied that only a small addition of free
nicotine
nicotine was needed to provide the impact of a higher nicotine
cigarette.82”________________________________________________
Dozen solutions 16 June: A further Lorillard “Nicotine Augmentation Project” memo
to adding
states: “About a dozen approaches have been recognised as a possible
nicotine
solution to the problem of delivering more nicotine in the smoke of low
tar cigarettes”83.____________________________________________
12 July: A Lorillard Research Centre report into “pH of Smoke, A
Review” “The question that must be addressed .. .is whether a smoker
smokes for nicotine or for flavour .. .if nicotine satisfaction were the
only
criteria, increasing the pH would be the obvious step .. .It is
To increase
probably no coincidence that these same full flavour cigarettes have the
nicotine,
increase the pH higher pH’s ... The market leaders appear to have the higher pH’s, and
hence the higher concentration of free base nicotine. If the desired goal
is defined to be increased nicotine yield in the delivered smoke ...
increase the pH, which increases the ‘apparent’ nicotine content without
changing the absolute amount”84.________________________________
21 September: A RJ Reynolds report states that “as the pH increases,
Increase pH =
the nicotine changes its chemical form so that it is more rapidly
Increased
absorbed by the body and more quickly gives a ‘kick’ to the smoker”85.
nicotine kick
9 November: An internal RJ Reynolds memo into nicotine research
Two schools of outlines that under “Smoking and Health”, “Two basic schools of
thought exist currently: A. Reduce both ‘tar’ and nicotine to achieve
thought
safety, B. Reduce ‘tar’ and increase (or hold level) nicotine.86”________
December: A BAT Board Plan on Smoking and Health stipulates:
“Where imposition of maximum tar and nicotine yields is likely , as for
league tables, this should be resisted, but if resistance is not successful
There is a way
round increasing attempts should be made to get levels fixed sufficiently high to cover
the majority of brands .. .Because of the legal and public relations
nicotine
problems .. .nicotine, as an isolated identifiable chemical material,
should not be added in our products. However, these objections do not
refer to ... tobacco extracts which contain nicotine”87.______________
10 December: A Lorillard research report outlines how: “A review has
been made of the literature of smoke-dose nicotine with the goal of
Smokers control discovering some indications of threshold dose and optimum doses of
nicotine in the average cigarette smokers ... it seems that, within limits,
nicotine intake
smokers can and do control their nicotine intake from smoke by varying
their smoking techniques ... It would seem desirable to have a low tar
need low tar /
cigarette with a nicotine content between the threshold and optimum
high nicotine
doses level. Such a product would optimise the nicotine and minimise
cigarette
the carbon monoxide and tar effects, respectively”88.________________
Ernest Pepples, B&W’s Vice President and General Counsel “The
industry has moved strongly toward filter cigarettes, which have
increased from 0.6 per cent in 1950 to 87 per cent in 1975 .. .The new
Filters make no
filter brands vying for a pierce of the growing filter market made
difference to
extraordinary claims ... In most cases, however, the smoker of a filter
health
cigarette was getting as much or more nicotine and tar as he would
have gotten from a regular cigarette. He had abandoned the regular
cigarette, however, on the grounds of reduced risk to health”89._______
A BAT lawyer writes of the dangers of product liability using Non
Tobacco Material (NTM) in cigarettes to make them “safer”: “All
Can’t imply
assertions that NTM is ‘safe’ (or even ‘safer’) should be avoided. Not
tobacco isn’t
least because of the subsidiary implications that tobacco is not ‘safe’ (or
safe
less ‘safe’).90”_______________________________________________
Liggett and Myers set a task-force to develop “TAME,” the palladium
“safe cigarette”. James Mold recalls what happened next: “We were
approached by the Legal Department, and told that everything that we
Researchers
were doing, any memorandum we wrote and report s that were written
TAMEd by the
and conferences that were held, that they would be attended by a legal
lawyers
representative. Correspondence and reports would be written from and
to someone in the Legal Department and all would be stamped with
Confidential and Lawyer - Client Privilege. It became apparent that the
1 o
lawyer wanted the project to fail.
A TAME end
Need healthorientated
cigarette
Mold believes that Liggett was being pressurised not only by their own
lawyers, but also those from other companies. “If they [other tobacco
companies] were going to compete with the product, all their products
were going to become obsolete - if one considers the market in terms of
each of the company’s own interests - one can easily conclude that
there had been an attempt to discourage this product to go out”91. The
product was never marketed.________________________________
A B&W marketing report outlines how “consumers’ growing interest
and concern about the smoking and health issue justifies new product
development in this area ... it is recommended, therefore, that new
product work be focused on the development of a health-orientated
brand which offers the consumer selective gas filtration, lowered tar/
nicotine and good taste ... effectively convey the concept that certain
gases in cigarette smoke may be undesirable and the proposed brand’s
unique ability to selectively filter these gases while remaining low in tar
and tasting good”.
“Strategies: Decrease the delivery of the noxious gases in cigarette
smoke by 25 per cent... All communications will focus on the
familiarising consumers with the effect of cigarette smoke gases on
‘health’ and tobacco taste. These communications will simultaneously
establish the proposed brand as the only cigarette on the market that
decreases the harmful components in smoke, including tar/nicotine,
while maintaining good tobacco taste”.
“Objectives: In logical sequence, explain to consumers the implications
of certain gases in cigarette smoke as they effect taste and smoker
‘safety’. Capitalise on consumers’ already existing attitude about the
‘hazards’ or tar and nicotine. Maker known that the product selectively
reduces those same gases and has low tar and
nicotine thus is a ‘safer’ and better tasting cigarette”92._____________
1977: March: William Dunn, a research scientist at Philip Morris co
authors a report: “We find that our smokers [were] smoking cigarettes
in 1972 that delivered significantly less tar and nicotine than in 1968. At
the same time they were smoking more cigarettes as well as more of the
rod [farther down the tobacco portion] from each cigarette. These
Smokers
smoking more = findings suggest ...that a tar and nicotine quota mechanism may be
operative. That is they may be smoking more ...to compensate for the
compensation
decreases in the tar and nicotine delivery of their cigarettes”93._______
12 April: A Lorillard Research report shows how “an investigation into
Increase
increasing the nicotine content of our present type of reconstituted leaf
nicotine
Capitalise on
health concerns
has been made94.”________________________________________________
Nicotine
enrichment
13 April: A further Lorillard Memo outlines how “for a little less that
the past year the Research Department has been working on a
succession of projects which collectively may be called the nicotine
enrichment project ...Tobacco scientists know that physiological
1 A
satisfaction is almost totally related to nicotine addiction. The objective
of the Research Department in this project has been to find how the
nicotine delivery of the new product could be maximised”____________
“ ... The most direct solution to the problem of increasing nicotine
delivery in the new product would be to add nicotine alkaloid directly to
the tobaccos used in the new blend. The direct approach involved
determining at which pointing the manufacturing process the nicotine
could be added, and secondly, determining where the necessary quantity
Add nicotine
of nicotine to support a major brand could be obtained. The direct
approach involves some serious problems, mainly centring around the
intensely poisonous nature of nicotine alkaloid, and economic problems
in obtaining a source of nicotine95.”______________________________
14 April: P. L Short, from BAT writes a paper on “ Smoking and
Health: the Effect on Marketing”, commenting that “All work in this
Provide
area should be directed towards providing consumer reassurance about
consumer
cigarettes and the smoking habit. This can be provided in different
reassurance by
ways, e.g. by claiming low deliveries, by the perception of low
claiming low
deliveries and by the perception of‘mildness’. Furthermore, advertising
delivery and
for low delivery or traditional brands should be constructed in ways so
perception of
as not to provoke anxiety about health, but to alleviate it, and enable
mildness
the smoker to feel assured about the habit and confident in maintaining
it over time ”.96______________________________________________
August: An advertising conference undertaken for B&W examines the
Free nicotine
goals of how to “Develop a Low Tar High Nicotine Cigarette and
“have FREE NICOTINE as opposed to BOUND”97.________________
12 August: The TWO was officially terminated98___________________
26 August: Dr Green from BAT outlines suggested questions for the
Chairman’s Advisory Conference including: -“How far should BAT go
Should we cheat in attempting to decrease the risk of smoking, both generally and
specifically by product modifications? - Should we market cigarettes
smokers?
intended to re-assure the smoker that they are safer without assuring
ourselves that indeed they are so or are not less safe? For example,
should we ‘cheat’ smokers by ‘cheating’ League Tables?99”__________
21 September: A BAT memo outlines how “it should now be possible
to design a number of cigarettes which would have the same smoking
Design to
machine delivery but different deliveries to the compensating smoker.
compensate
Broadly speaking, this could be achieved by developing cigarettes with
a knowledge of the smoker’s response to such factors as pressure drop,
ventilation, irritation, impact, nicotine delivery, etc100.”______________
25 November: In a BAT Board paper on Strategies on Smoking and
Less harmful
Health it states: “we have progressively modified our products to
reduce those smoking constituents which are alleged to be
‘harmful’”101.________________________________________________
Maintain
An internal Lori Hard memo outlines that: "The trend toward low-tar
satisfaction
cigarettes necessitates that ways be found to maintain nicotine
satisfaction”102______________________________________________
-1977: Arthur D. Little, a consulting organisation write a paper on
“The Development of a Flavour System for Acceptability to Smokers of
Candidate Less Hazardous Cigarettes” noting that: “The less hazardous
cigarette may be defined as one which does not result in a risk to
tobacco-related diseases which is significantly different from that of the
non-smoking population, and epidemiological evidence indicates that
such cigarettes are feasible. As this report indicates, the Smoking and
Health Programme has been successfill in testing and developing
methods that can be utilised in the manufacture of the less hazardous
cigarette”103________________________________________________
1978: An RJR memo outlines “Specific undertakings for 1978 include
Determine
“Determine minimum ‘tar’/ nicotine levels for smoker satisfaction
minimum tar /
through panel and consumer testing and study effect of varying nicotine
nicotine for
levels and smoke pH on low ‘tar’ blends ...determine means to control
smoker
‘tar’/nicotine ratio and to increase nicotine impact”104.______________
satisfaction
1 March: A B&W document identifies that “Those familiar with the
physiological aspects of smoking have suggested that low ‘tar’
Switching
smokers smoke consumers are not satisfying their nicotine need. In addition, focus
group work has shown that when smokers switch from a high ‘tar’ to a
more
low ‘tar’ brand they claim to smoke more. This may be empirical
evidence of a need to satisfy some physiological urge, perhaps
nicotine.105”________________________________________________
March: The Annual BAT research conference concludes: “it may be
Develop
worth studying epidemiologically the current smokers of low tar
alternative
products over the next decade. But until this evidence is available
products
alternative products should be developed”106._____________________
14 April: A BAT report states that “we have found a trend within the
We find
compensation
department for smokers to increase the volume of smoke drawn from
cigarettes as the standard deliveries have been reduced by
and smokers
don’t smoke like manufacturers ... we also observed ... a degree of compensation for
reduced delivery when a ventilated cigarette was smoked .. .We have
machines
not yet observed a smoker who smokes to the same patterns as a
standard smoking machine”107._________________________________
15 May: Dr. Conning from Liggett writes a paper on “The Concept of
Less Hazardous Cigarettes”. “There are broadly two sets of problems
which attend the concept of a safer cigarette. The first is concerned
with the ethical question: ‘ Is it morally permissible to develop a safe
method for administering a habit-forming drug when, in so doing, the
number of addicts will increase?’. The second relates to the technical
feasibility of achieving greater safety ... But, where the end product
Is a “safe”
cigarette ethical cannot be free of hazard, there could be a case for prohibition ...The
question , therefore becomes: ‘How feasible would it be to banish
smoking from among human activities?’ The crusaders would have us
believe that it is merely a question of prohibitive expense and a change
of image - away from the virile masculine stereotype, or liberated
woman, towards weak, degenerate, dependent characteristics. If we can
implant this concept in the minds of adolescents, smoking will be
banished for ever”...__________________________________________
“We should devote ourselves towards reduction of the perceived risks
... we may conclude that there is nothing unethical in the concept of a
Less hazardous
cigarette
Helpless in face
of hazards
Cut out safe
Smokers are
Pavlov’s dogs
Smokers
compensate
Its difficult to
ignore health
advice
safer cigarette; that the use of artificial means to control mood is a very
human characteristic; that we should not seek to expand but cannot
dispel the habit; and , that our real duty lies in diminishing the adverse
consequences. The technical problem of achieving this is truly
formidable, mainly because of the complex nature of tobacco smoke,
and our lack of knowledge of basic human toxicology. Smoking is
associated, classically, with three sets of diseases -pulmonary cancer,
chronic bronchitis and emphysema (chronic obstructive airway disease)
and cardiovascular disease - and despite the expenditure of enormous
resources in terms of money, manpower and thought, we have little
understanding of the proximate constituents of tobacco smoke which
result in these disease processes, or of the mechanism involved. That
they are multifactorial is certain, but this only adds to our helplessness
in the face of immediate hazards”108._____________________________
In Mid-1978, a marketing management constancy, submits a draft
proposal to B&W regarding a “low delivery project”, exploring the
marketing opportunities for “low tar” cigarettes, stating “The
parameters of a ‘safe’ cigarette have been defined by Dr. Gori of the
Federal Government, although his definition of‘safe’ is believed to be
as yet largely unrecognised by the medical community at large”. The
word ‘safe’ was systematically excised from the final draft109._________
June: David Creighton from BAT writes a paper on “Compensation for
Changed Delivery”: "It is generally accepted that a large number of
habitual smokers are influenced in their smoking habit by the amount of
nicotine that they draw from a cigarette. Over a period of time, during
which they are learning to smoke effectively - that is so they do not
make themselves feel ill, but do derive pleasure and satisfaction from
smoking - they probably build up an association in their minds between
the mouth sensations such as flavour, irritation and "impact" and the
amount of smoke that gives them the satisfaction of smoking. This is a
similar mechanism to Pavlov's dogs”.
“A smoker is likely to compensate for changed delivery if given a
cigarette brand with different standard machine smoked deliveries to his
usual brand so that as far as possible he maintains a constant blood level
of nicotine ... Compensation may be defined as:- ‘Subconscious changes
made to the smoking pattern by a smoker in an attempt, which may or
may not be successful, to equalise the deliveries of products which have
different deliveries when smoked by machine under standard
conditions...’
“Numerous experiments have been carried out in Hamburg, Montreal
and Southampton within the company, as well as many other
experiments by research workers in independent organisations, that
show that generally smokers do change their smoking patterns in
response to changes in the machine smoked deliveries of cigarettes ... It
is difficult to ignore the advice of Health Authorities who advise
smokers to give up smoking or change to a lower delivery brand but
Low tar
cigarettes retain
quitters
Will doctors
back “safer”
cigarettes?
Tar reduction
led to cancer
reduction
Low tar
cigarettes may
increase risk of
smoking
Partial
compensation
there is now sufficient evidence to challenge the advice to change to a
lower delivery brand, at least in the short term. In general a majority of
habitual smokers compensate for changed delivery, if they change to a
lower delivery brand.”110
A report for Imperial Tobacco (Canada) says that: “We have evidence
of virtually no quitting among smokers of those brands [of under 6 mg
of tar], and there are indications that the advent of ultra low tar
cigarettes has actually retained some potential quitters in the cigarette
market by offering them a viable alternative”111.
1979: March: A marketing report prepared for B&W states that “The
concept of a cigarette that is low in tar and nicotine with a filter that
greatly reduces known deleterious gasses was exposed to them [a
survey of doctors]. It was generally well received .. .at this early stage
in our research there seems to be hope for an educational programme
that would lead to acceptance by the medical profession of a ‘safer’
cigarette.”112________________________________________________
18 July: The Research Co-ordinator for the Tobacco Advisory Council,
P. Lee, writes a paper on “Reduction in Tar Yields and Trends in Male
Lung Cancer Rates”: It seems not unreasonable to conclude that
switching to lower tar cigarettes is genuinely associated with a
reduction of lung cancer ... it could well be correct that the reduction in
‘tar’ delivery of cigarettes has indeed been a major factor in the
decrease of risk among younger men.113”_________________________
19 July: P. Lee writes another paper on tar reduction and nicotine
compensation: “It has been suggested by a number of workers that
nicotine may be addicting and therefore the smoker may adjust his
smoking pattern to keep his nicotine at some optimal level. As nicotine
and tar yields are closely correlated it follows that, if the smoker
equalises the amount of nicotine he gets from a cigarette, he is likely to
approximately equalise his tar intake also ... the effect of switching to
low tar cigarette may be to increase, not decrease, the risks of
smoking”.
.. .’’the evidence seems to indicate that a smoker, when switching to a
brand with a lower nicotine yield, will tend to ‘compensate’ mainly by
altering inhalation patterns but partly perhaps by a small increase in
consumption”114.____________________________________________
9 August: The TAC write a memo to the Independent Scientific
Committee on Smoking and Health: “There are circumstances in which
smokers when switching to a brand with reduced tar yield, will tend to
‘compensate’ whether consciously or sub-consciously, if they find some
aspect of a new cigarette less acceptable than that of a normal brand
.. .taken together, the evidence- much of which is conflicting - suggests
that although ‘compensation’ can and does occur under these
circumstances it will, more often than not, be only partial so that
reduced tar yield will in fact mean reduced tar intake to the smoker,
although the reduction in tar intake will be relatively smaller than the
reduction in notional tar yield115.”
1 o
De-nicotined
Achieve the
acceptable
cigarette
Goal to
determine
minimum level
of nicotine
Nicotine
preponderance
Chemically
engineered
cigarette
Hole-blocking
of low-tar
increases smoke
by up to 300%
Can’t make a
“safe” cigarette
as that implies
others are
dangerous
SurgeonGeneral: There
isn’t a “safe”
cigarette
Philip Morris designs a “de-nicotined” cigarette called “Next”116.
The Annual BAT research conference concludes: “There has been no
change in the scientific basis for the case against smoking. Additional
evidence if smoke-dose incidence of some diseases associated with
smoking has been published. But generally this has long ceased to an
area for scientific controversy ... The meeting affirmed that cigarettes
acceptable on all counts can probably be achieved by research and,
indeed, may in fact be available”117.
___________________ 1980s__________________________________
1980: 13 February: An internal Lorillard memo about a meeting
declares that the “Goal” is to “Determine the minimum level of nicotine
that will allow continued smoking. We hypothesise that below some
very low nicotine level, diminished physiological satisfaction cannot be
compensated for by psychological satisfaction”118.__________________
24 March: William Dunn, a research scientist at Philip Morris writes
that “If only some smokers smoke for the nicotine effect (I personally
believe most regular smokers do) then in today’s climate we would do
well to have a low TPN [total particulate matter - tar] and CO [carbon
monoxide] delivering cigarette that can supply adequate nicotine ... I
think of a 5 mg cigarette delivering.75 mg to 1 mg of nicotine, the task
being to overcome the taste problem typically reported with such a
preponderance of nicotine”119.__________________________________
11 April: A Brainstorming session a BAT considers the “Chemically
Engineered cigarette” “The product would be low tar, normal nicotine
and high flavour and would imply the growth of tobacco not for leaf but
as a source of nicotine and flavour” 12°.___________________________
A study published by Lynn Kozlowski in the American Journal of
Public Health finds that if smokers block the holes of low-tar
cigarettes, this could increase toxic by-products of smoke by up to 300
121
per cent.___________________________________________________
Victor DeNoble, a research scientists is employed by Philip Morris from
1980-1994, to work on nicotine and a manmade substitute. “The
company was convinced in the 1970’s that nicotine was causing
cardiovascular hear t disease. My job was to find a man-made
substitute, a drug that would substitute nicotine in cigarettes.” DeNoble
was to find a nicotine substitute, which could have been used to make a
“safer cigarette”, but he recalls that: “They lawyers said we couldn’t say
it- we couldn’t make a ‘safe cigarette’ because that implies that the
cigarettes the manufacturers make aren’t safe, and that would make the
company liable so the programme was shelved.122__________________
1981: January: The Surgeon General concludes that there is “no such
thing as a safe cigarette .. .An additional concern is that the production
of cigarettes with lower “tar” and nicotine yields may involve the
increasingly use of additives for tobacco processing or flavouring. Some
additives available for use are either known or suspect carcinogens or
give rise to carcinogenic substances when burned. The use of these
additives may negate beneficial effects of the reduction of ‘tar’ yield, or
1A
might pose increased or new and different disease risks”123.__________
28 January: A Lorillard research scientist writes a proposal to
Nicotine
“Continue Project B412- Nicotine Manipulation” .. Recent findings
manipulation
have indicated that certain additives, when added to the tobacco, can
accelerate the rate of migration of nicotine.124”____________________
June: The Objective of a RJ Reynolds “Nicotine-Satisfaction Study” is
Minimum
“To develop an understanding of minimum/optimum nicotine delivery
/optimum
and optimum ‘tar’/nicotine (T/N) limits which maximise consumer
nicotine delivery acceptance utilising fuller flavour low-‘tar’ (FFLT) prototypes in a
by nicotine and
consumer study”. In the study “nicotine and sugar were manipulated by
sugar
substitution of speciality tobaccos while maintaining overall CAMEL
manipulation
LIGHTS blend proportions ... The major conclusions that were
obtained from this study are Optimum T/N is 10.5 to 11.5 for FFLT
cigarettes ... reduced casing and /or lowered sugar levels may increase
satisfaction125”.______________________________________________
August: The Annual BAT research conference concludes strategic
objectives for filters: “To develop novel filters and novel filter
technology aimed at the development of marketable low-tar products,
paying particular regard to human smoking patterns”. The conference
Need to pay
also “felt that he time is close when Government agencies world-wide
attention to
will take more notice of compensation - and of the scale of the
differences, for a given commercial product, between smoking machine
compensation
numbers and the dose of smoke actually obtained by smokers .. .If no
other reason than defence, we must pay increasing attention as to how
our products -especially new products - are smoked by different
categories of smokers126.”_____________________________________
1982: 7 April: A BAT study into Human Smoking Behaviour states:
“What the standard machine data does not tell you is what a human
Humans don’t
smoker will give himself when he smokes a particular brand”. The
smoke like
machines - they company results showed that “compensatory changes are made to the
way in which individual cigarettes are smoked, rather than smoking all
compensate
cigarettes in the same way and altering the number of cigarettes smoked
per day.. .It is difficult to ignore the advice of the Health Authorities
who advice smokers to give up smoking or change to a lower delivery
Difficult to
ignore advice to brand but there is now sufficient evidence to challenge the advice to
change to a lower delivery brand, at least in the short-term. In general a
give up
majority of habitual smokers compensate for changed delivery, if they
choose a lower delivery brand than their usual.” REF_______________
7 May: A Marketing report, entitled Project Plus/ Minus, prepared for
Imperial Tobacco (Canada), states: “The third objective [of Project
Don’t quit Plus/ Minus] was to explore brand selection patterns and the
smoke Lights
perceptions of light brands. The latter was approached in particular as
regard the view of light brands as potential substitutes for quitting”127.
July: Another marketing report for Imperial Tobacco (Canada) says
“LTNs [low tar and nicotine] allow consumers to smoke under social
duress. As a category, the low-tar brands are seen as a means to yield
Low tar allays
to health considerations, social pressures and personal guilt feelings ..
guilt fears
The desire to quit smoking altogether and the rationalisation offered by
nn
many consumers that their going down in tar and nicotine brings them
closer to the inevitable step of giving up smoking may actually increase
the market considerably” [emphasis in original]128.__________________
2 July: A B&W report in to the “Obstacles / Enemies of a Swing to a
Low ‘Tar’ and What Action Should we Take” states: “B&W will
undertake activities designed to generate statements by public health
opinion leaders which will indicate tolerance for smoking and improve
Identify friendly the consumer’s perception of ultra low ‘tar’ cigarettes (5 mg or less).
scientists to say The first step will be the identification of attractive scientists not
previously involved in the low delivery controversy who would produce
low delivery studies re-emphasizing the lower delivery, less risk concept. Through
low risk
political and scientific friends, B&W will attempt to elicit from the
administrative and legislative branches of the federal government, and
perhaps voluntary health groups, statements sympathetic to the concept
that generally less health risk is associated with ultra low delivery
cigarette consumption”129._____________________________________
9 August: A draft RJ Reynolds position paper on “Ammonia” states:
“Ammonia is used by RJRT in the following tobacco processing
operations. 1. Denicotinisation of burley tobacco 2. Ammonisation of
reconstituted tobacco ...During the 1950’s Dr C.E. Teague Jr.
Ammonia
influences pH of investigated the ammoniation of tobacco and tobacco stems and
smoke
reported dramatic improvements in the smoking qualities of
ammoniated tobacco stems. ... These studies [further studies in the 70s]
led to the following observations and conclusions. The pH of cigarette
smoke is important to smoke quality and can be used as a measure of
the physiological strength of smoke. Ammonia in smoke is one the
major pH controlling components ... Philip Morris introduced the use
of added ammonia in their cigarettes products in 1965 .. .Philip Morris
brands, especially Marlboro, began growing in sales very rapidly after
the introduction of added ammonia”130.___________________________
September: BAT’s annual research conference concludes that “despite
intensive research over the past 25 years, the biological activity
[carcinogenic] of smoke remains a major challenge. In particular, it is
Health risk of
not known in quantitative terms whether the smoke from modern low
low products
and ultra-low delivery products [cigarettes] has a lower specific
unknown
biological activity than that from previous high delivery products”.131
1983: 16 February: L. Blackman from BAT writes a report of a meeting
of Tobacco company directors: “Compensatory smoking - This is also a
Need to counter particularly tricky subject. On the one hand it is commercially sensitive.
On the other, it must be in the interest of the industry to get data and
compensation
speak out against those who claim that the low delivery programme is
misleading in that smokers compensate for the low deliveries.”132______
25 July: An internal RJ Reynolds memo outlines how “smokers smoke
differently than the FTC machine and may well smoke to obtain a
Smokers smoke
differently from
machines and
smoke for
certain level of nicotine in the their bloodstream. If a given level of
nicotine in the blood is the final goal of the smoker, one would predict
that he would smoke an FFT [full-flavour tar] and ULT [ultra-low tar]
cigarette differently. If the smoker could obtain the same nicotine in his
bloodstream from an FFT and ULT cigarette by modifying his
puffing/inhaling pattern, it would be expected that he blood cotinine
level would be the same after smoking either cigarette on a regular
basis. This all falls under the area of smoker compensation which we
Interested in
compensation
have been interested in for some time now”133.___________________
27 July: An internal BAT research document argues that: “The current
status of Vitamin A as an anti-cancer agent should be reviewed in the
Add vitamin A
context of the possible addition of Vitamin A (or some derivative) to
tobacco”134.____________________________________________
August: The Annual BAT research conference, this year held in Rio de
Need to counter Janeiro shows that the company was concerned that: “Compensation is
compensation or now attracting the interest of Government and medical authorities in
many parts of the world .. .There is now an urgent need to assess
turn it to a
whether there are ways in which the industry can either counter the
competitive
situation or alternatively turn it to a competitive advantage.135”_______
advantage
6 December: A Lorillard Research report finds that charcoal-filtered
cigarettes containing 20% w/w phenethylamine absorbed onto the
charcoal showed increased smoke pH and a six-fold increase in free
Filters
nicotine while mainstream nicotine and CPM levels remained almost
unchanged136____________________________________________
Philip Morris determines that acetaldehyde can enhance the positive
reinforcing effect of nicotine. The company sets out to find the ratio of
Optimum re
enforcing effects acetaldehyde to nicotine which will have “optimal reinforcing effects”.
The company monitors the effect of the presence of acetaldehyde on
sales137._______________________________________________
1984: 6-8 June: At a BAT “Nicotine Conference”, it is revealed that the
“trend in product deliveries over time of both tar and nicotine for the
leading brands within the UK market have been examined in an attempt
Tar is down but to relate possible changes in delivery with sales. In general, over the 10
year period examined only a slight decrease in the delivery of tar was
nicotine is up
observed in middle tar products and no substantial change in low
delivery products. The nicotine delivery of middle and low tar products
has increased slightly over this time period”._____________________
It is also discussed why BAT are interested in nicotine to “identify
Need maximum minimum dose of body nicotine ..maximum impact from a minimum of
nicotine ...modification of smoke by pH manipulation ..enhancement of
impact from
tobacco character from low tar products ...can such products be
minimum
balanced through product design.”____________________________
nicotine
The conference heard how “we can disturb the status quo either directly
or indirectly ... addition of nicotine/salts/derivatives to the blend,
increase/decrease nicotine availability through pH manipulation .. .There
is evidence that the level of free (unprotonated) to bound (protonated)
nicotine has an effect on the assessment of impact and product strength
... the ratio of free to bound nicotine is pH dependent with relatively
We can disturb
small changes in smoke pH having potentially substantial changes in
the status quo
free nicotine levels ..Smoke pH and hence free to bound nicotine can be
affected by many factors including tobacco type, blend consumption,
tobacco processing and cigarette design parameters. Air cured tobaccos
nicotine
no
have higher free: bound nicotine ratios compared to flue and sun cured
tobaccos. Expanded tobacco has a lower ratio generally .. .These
studies indicate how the level of free: bound nicotine levels can be used
to modify product strength perception”138.________________________
Product
Session VI of the conference is called “Product modification for
modification for maximal nicotine effects” in which it is discussed that “In general terms
maximum
the cigarette can be considered as a nicotine aerosol delivery device
effects
which is controlled by the mouth as a mechanism for determining the
maximum per puff delivery; the frequency of puffing determining the
overall product delivery .. .The balance between inhalation
assessment/product acceptability and the possible need to satisfy a
Nicotine dosing whole body pharmacological requirement is crucial to understanding the
controlling and motivating factors for the smoking process ...[which]
can be considered as a means of nicotine dosing”139.________________
25-28 June: A BAT “Structured Creativity Conference” held at
Southampton discusses “Compensatable filters: to make it easier for
Compensation
smokers to take what they require from a cigarette. This means in effect
and free nicotine that the filter will be compensatable and implies a high taste to tar ratio.
Free Base nicotine: More efficient utilisation of in situ nicotine in
cigarette smoke140”___________________________________________
Nicotine is the
July: At a Smoking Behaviour -Marketing Conference, BAT scientists
driving force
decide that “It is accepted that nicotine is both the driving force and the
behind
signal (as impact) for compensation in human smoking behaviour”. One
compensation
session at the conference is entitled “Product Modification for Maximal
Nicotine Effects”: “Sufficient is known to begin to improve the quality
and characteristics of current products in terms of sensory and whole
body effects based on nicotine modification”.
Aiding
compensation
Develop
acceptable
cigarettes
Unethical
alternative
designs?
Active nicotine
T.Riehl, Vice-President for R&D at B&W, gives a presentation on
Project Aries. According to Riehl “Aries’ smoke chemistry differs”
because it provides “nicotine enrichment in latter puffs”. Ian Ayres,
group research manager, explains that the company is exploring ways of
“designing products which aid smoker compensation”.141_____________
September: At a BAT research conference it is stated that “The basic
objectives of the Biological Programme are unchanged., i.e. to develop
acceptable cigarettes with minimum biological activity”142,___________
12 September: A BAT research document explores the ideas of
“Elastic/ Compensatible Products”: “Irrespective of the ethics involved,
we should develop alternative designs (that do not invite obvious
criticism) which will allow the smoker to obtain significant enhanced
deliveries should he so wish”.143_________________________________
12 November: An internal BAT document discusses Project SHIP.
Discussed in the document is how “Nicotine may be presented to the
smoker in at least three forms:
(1) Salt form in the particulate phase,
(2) Free base form in the particulate phase
(3) Free base form in the vapour phase.
It has long been believed that nicotine presented as in (2) Z(3) is
considerably more ‘active’”144._________________________________
Victor DeNoble, the research scientist at Philip Morris, says that one of
the most important research findings into nicotine was that “the
Reduce tar but
increase nicotine company began to realise that they could reduce the tar, but increase
the nicotine, and still have the cigarette be acceptable to the smoker”143.
1985: June: R. Sandford from B&W writes an internal memo on
“Compensation - It exists; most smokers practice it, but we need to
Take advantage understand it better before advantage can be taken in the marketplace.
of subconscious Here, I believe designing to the subconscious is preferred to
requiring the smoker to commit a conscious act [emphasis
added].”146_________________________________________________
1986: February - March: Extracts from Imperial Tobacco’s (Canada)
“Project Viking” include the assumption that “Quitters may be
discouraged from quitting, or at least kept in the market longer, by
either of two product opportunities noted before. A less irritating
Stop quitters
cigarette is one route (Indeed, the practice of switching to lower tar
quitting
cigarettes and sometimes menthol in the quitting process tacitly
recognises this). The safe cigarette would have wide appeal, limited
mainly by the social pressures to quit”147.”________________________
August: A BAT research document notes that “the pH of the smoke is
Critical pH
critical in determining the amount of nicotine absorbed”148.___________
18 December: A Confidential memo written by Patrick Sheehy, the
head of BAT, objects to a proposal for a “safe cigarette” because “In
You can’t
develop a “safe” attempting to develop a ‘safe’ cigarette you are, by implication in
danger of being interpreted as accepting that the current product is
cigarette
‘unsafe’ and this is not a position that I think we should take”149.______
1987: A BAT document “covering the period October 1986 to
February 1987” states that “The specific activity of condensate of a
plain Virginia cigarette made in 1959 has been found to be lower than
’59 cigarettes
that of a sample manufactured in 1986 to the same design and
lower than ‘86
composition, as far as that is possible. It was also compared with
condensates from the top five brands from the UK market and found to
be lower than them”150._______________________________________
13 January: A BAT document states that “The ‘compensation’ theory
Compensation
of smoking suggests that smokers increase the ‘vigour’ of smoking lowtar cigarettes because they are attempting to obtain their habitual dose
of nicotine”151.______________________________________________
September: RJ Reynolds launch “Premier”, which is heated rather than
burnt, producing no ash, and little side-stream smoke. Edward Horrigan
from Reynolds remarks that since the products normally associated with
cigarettes “are eliminated or greatly reduced, including most
Premier
compounds that are often associated with the smoking and health
launched controversy. Simply put we think this is the world’s cleanest cigarette
tobacco heated
...we are not saying its a safe or safer cigarette. We’re saying many
not burnt
allegations about the burning of tobacco and elimination of those
compounds should be greatly reduced with this product”152._________
New product
At a private meeting with top health officials, Peter Hutt from law firm
Covington and Burling, an attorney to Reynolds admits that the new
less risk -
H/1
product would provide “important health benefits by reducing the risk
of cancer in smokers” and RJR’s researchers would work to “find ways
to reduce the nicotine and carbon monoxide levels so as to reduce the
risk of heart disease”. The company later said Hutt was misquoted153.
1988: 17 June: James Mold, the former employee of Liggett, testifies
before Congress that “During 1976 a Project task Force was established
A TAME testify to expedite the product development of the Safer Cigarette (also known
as Tame, or XA). The Legal Department established procedures by
which a representative of the Legal Department must be present at all
subsequent meetings Re: Project Tame. All notes taken were to be
Lawyers take
over
collected by the lawyer. Any memos, reports or correspondence, were
to be written as originating from the Legal Department or addressed to
the Legal Department and all written materials were to be stamped as
Confidential with Lawyer-Client Privilege. The procedures were
adhered to from that point (28 June 1976)”_______________________
“ ... In early 1984 I was advised ..that it was now proposed to produce
the ‘safer cigarette’ in Durham, NC for sale in the US and I would
No intent, no
consent to staying on for this purpose. Again I said yes .. .At this time it
capability
became apparent that there was no serious intent to market the product
and furthermore, there was not the capability within the company to
provide the technical support nor the marketing expertise to accomplish
this.154”____________________________________________________
20 August: BAT undertakes “Project Verso” which concludes that “this
Confirm humans experiment has once again confirmed the observation that conventional
aren’t machines standard machine smoking is not representative of typical human
smoking behaviour. Subjects adjust smoking behaviour depending on
the product presented to them”155._______________________________
Optimum
1989: A RJR memo reveals that the company had a “nicotine
optimisation” programme from 1978 to 1984156.___________________
nicotine
June: Notes of a B&W “Ammonia Technology Conference” held the
Most
previous month show how “all US manufacturers except Liggett use
manufacturers
some form of AT [ammonia technology] in some cigarettes products.
use ammonia
Its widespread use by PM [Philip Morris] has led the consumer to
associate AT with good tobacco taste ... The US cigarette industry
Secret of
uses about ten million pounds of ammonia compounds a year .. the
Marlboro is
secret of Marlboro is Ammonia ...While B&W can now mimic
ammonia
Marlboro’s taste properties, we have not yet matched Marlboro’s
impact”157.__________________________________________________
10 November: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Review Team show that “the chairman stressed the importance of
introducing ammonia treatment as the means for producing an authentic
US taste ...Work on the pick-up of nicotine and flavours by various
aerosols streams in continuing .. .It was noted that experience had
Oops misquote
Introduce
shown that there was little demand for a cigarette with a very low
Ammonia
nicotine content.. .The alternative approach of trying for a low-tar
cigarette (i.e. an increased nicotine to tar ration- was thought to be
more promising. There were two approaches to this; through leaf
developments and through cigarette design including the use of
increased concentrations of humectants (e.g. glycerol) ...it was noted
that y-1 tobacco, yielding high nicotine and low tar had been developed
exclusively by B&W by DNA-P and was now being grown in Brazil
.. .it was noted that B&W hoped to launch a brand based in Y-1
tobacco in 1990”158.
Legal scope?
Low tar /
enhanced
nicotine
Each smoker
has a nicotine
requirement
Low tar
advertising is
misleading
Ammonia
liberates
nicotine
Ammonia code
word
__________________ 1990s_________________________________
1990: 26 November: An RJ Reynolds report into “Project XB” asks
“How good do we feel that legal group will allow us to sell product
we visualise - i.e. take out tar vs. add nicotine?”159.______________
An undated RJ Reynolds report shows how in 1990 “Project GTX
Studies” finds that “ULT [ultra low tar] cigarettes with enhanced
nicotine yields and good smoking characteristics can be
produced160.”____________________________________________
Another undated RJR report “The Over-Smoking Issue”, using data
from 12 November 1990, states: “It has been argued for several
years that low tar and ultra-low tar cigarettes are not really what
they are claimed to be .. .Each individual smoker has his or his own
nicotine requirement from each cigarette. Virtually all cigarettes can
be made to yield the desired amounts of nicotine depending on the
size of the puff taken and the extent to which the puff is inhaled”.
The document claims that “the argument can be constructed that
ULT advertising is misleading to the smoker ..Smokers of low yield
cigarette adjust their smoking manoeuvre to obtain some desired
level of nicotine and therefore concomitantly increase their tar
intake.161”_______________________________________________
1991: February: A B&W leaf blenders handbook states: “Ammonia,
when added to a tobacco blend, reacts with the indigenous nicotine
salts and liberates free nicotine. As a result of such change, the ratio
of extractable nicotine to bound nicotine in the smoke may be altered
in favour of extractable nicotine. As we know, extractable nicotine
contributes to impact in cigarette smoke and this is how ammonia
can act as an impact booster ... Ammonia liberates additional flavour
compounds, including free nicotine, from the blend, because of this
phenomenon, such compounds can transfer more efficiently into the
smoke, this means that, at the same blend alkaloid content, a
cigarette incorporating RT [reconstituted tobacco] will deliver more
flavour compounds, including nicotine, into smoke than one without
it”162____________________________________________________
1 March: A BAT internal memo states: “The Tobacco Strategy
Review Team has identified a need to add greater confidentiality to
our use of ammonia technology throughout the BAT Group. They
have asked that for commercial confidentiality, we substitute a code
word in place of the expression ‘ammonia technology’”163.________
3 May: A RJ Reynolds report, with a subheading “Controlled
Need to control
nicotine
Ammonia
technology
Table - a new
nicotine delivery
system
Nicotine Process” outlines a “Goal” to “develop a viable process for
the total control of nicotine in product.” The “Basis” behind this is
"It is in the best long term interest for RJR to be able to control and
effectively utilise every pound of nicotine we purchase. Effective
control of nicotine in our products should equate to a significant
product performance and cost advantage164.”___________________
1992: 26 October: An internal B&W document reveals that the
company analysed “Philip Morris’ Global Strategy” and “Marlboro
Product Technology”: the Marlboro brand and what made it so
successful. The report concludes that: “What product technology,
then, makes Marlboro a Marlboro? Looking at all of the technology
employed in Marlboro on a world-wide basis, ammonia technology
remains the key factor .. .Ammonia technology is critical to the
Marlboro character, taste and delivery Key desirables are: Ammonia
in smoke .. smoke pH increase, free nicotine/nicotine transfer165”.
An undated Philip Morris report, with data as late as 1992 outlines a
proposal for a “safer” cigarette code named Table. “Philip Morris
has chosen to pursue a nicotine delivery device that, like RJR's
Premier, continues the cigarette tradition of sucking on a cylindrical
mouthpiece to inhale flavourings and nicotine form a tobacco based
product. The approach of heating rather than burning the tobacco
produces a cleaner, safer smoking experience. Known by the code
name of Table, the product has the potential to replace the
conventional cigarette -- in much the same way that cigarettes
replaced chewing tobacco over a hundred years ago — as a more
socially acceptable form of tobacco use. As preparations are made to
consider launching Table, two key challenges face Philip Morris:
• Can Philip Morris build a world-class nicotine delivery device
that can compete successfully with conventional cigarettes as
well as pharmaceutical company cessation products?
• Will the consumer find this revolutionary nicotine delivery device
uniquely appealing?”166.
FDA - Evidence 1994: 25 February: US FDA Commissioner, David Kessler says that
there is “mounting evidence” that tobacco companies control levels
companies
control nicotine of nicotine167.____________________________________________
Donald Johnston, Chief Executive of the American Tobacco
No we don’t
Company, tells Henry Waxman, the Congressional Committee
Chairman: “At no point in the manufacturing process is nicotine
content controlled, adjusted, or restored to compensate for nicotine
lost during the manufacturing process”168._____________________
25 March: FDA Commissioner, David Kessler, testifies before the
Congressional Health and Environment Subcommitte, that: “It is a
myth that people who smoke low nicotine cigarettes are necessarily
Dispel the myth going to get less nicotine that people who smoke high nicotine
cigarettes” because smokers compensate “by altering puff volume,
puff duration, inhalation frequency, depth of inhalation, and number
of cigarettes smoked.”169
We don’t
control nicotine
We don’t
manipulate
nicotine
We reduce
nicotine
Nicotine is for
taste
We blend for
taste
Do not
manipulate
nicotine
Y-l- the high
nicotine plant
Don’t increase
nicotine
25 March: Charles Whitley, a senior consultant at the US Tobacco
Institute testifies before the Congressional Health and Environment
Subcommitte, “Commissioner Kessler suggested that the cigarette
manufacturers ... deliberately manipulate the amount of nicotine
in cigarettes in order to ‘produce and sustain addiction’ ... I am
here today to tell you - unequivocally - that these suggestions
are false - Nicotine levels are a function of ‘tar’ levels. When
‘tar’ levels are set, nicotine levels follow” [emphasis added] 17°.
27 March: Brennan Dawson, Vice President, Tobacco Institute,
“The industry does take the position that.. .not only do they not add
nicotine, but they don’t manipulate nicotine. So Congress has been
told formally by every cigarette manufacturer in the US that this
claim is without foundation”171._______________________________
13 April: Brennan Dawson, Tobacco Institute: “The Manufacturing
process that takes the blended tobacco and makes it into cigarettes
results in a reduction in the levels of nicotine”172._________________
14 April: Thomas Sandefur, the head of B&W, testifying before the
Congressional Health and Environment Subcommittee, admits that
the companies blend different types of tobacco to “reduce the tar and
maintain the nicotine”. Sandefur is also asked whether: “nicotine
delivery is an important product feature for consumers”, to which he
replies “nicotine in terms of taste, as a constituent of taste, is
important, yes, sir ...Without nicotine, cigarettes simply would not
taste like cigarettes”173._____________________________________
The Vice President of B&W, T.F. Riehl, also testifies before the
Subcommittee. Q: “My question is do you deliberately mix the
tobacco of the Barclay cigarette so that it will have a much higher
concentration of nicotine?”
Riehl: “No sir. We blend for taste, not nicotine”174._______________
Also testifying before Congressional Subcommittee, the head of
Philip Morris, says that “Philip Morris does not ‘manipulate’ nor
independently ‘control’ the level of nicotine in our products
..nicotine levels are measured at only two points in our
manufacturing process, prior to the tobaccos being blended and then
18 months later, when those leaves have been manufactured into
finished cigarettes”.175______________________________________
17 June: FDA Officials meet with representatives of B&W, who
admit growing a high nicotine yielding tobacco plant ¥-1. The
company’s chief product developer admits “It was going to be a
blending tool, so that when we lowered the tar we could maintain the
nicotine level”. FDA officials respond that “this was a fantastic
admission, because it flies in the face of everything they have said.
They have said over and over that nicotine is not set, but it follows
tar levels. Now we had a top product developer for the world’s third
largest company telling us what they said in public was not true”176.
The CEO of RJ Reynolds states: “We do not increase the level of
nicotine in any of our products to ‘addict’ smokers.177”___________
B&W state in a press release: “B&W does nothing in the
no
manufacture of its tobacco products that increases the level of
nicotine above which is naturally found in the tobacco plant, nor
does it artificially increase nicotine.178”________________________
The Tobacco Institute issues a Press Release, stating: “Cigarette
manufacturers do not ‘manipulate’ the level of nicotine in various
Don’t
brands, Nicotine levels follow ‘tar’ levels - as manufacturers have
manipulate
reduced ‘tar’ levels and yields over the years to satisfy changing
cigarettes
consumer tastes, nicotine levels and yields have fallen
correspondingly” J79_______________________________________
1995: March: Dr. Hinrich Elmenhorst, head of Science, Smoking
and Health at Rothmans Cigaretten (Germany); “What we can do is
We can reduce
adjust the properties of our products in such a way as to reduce the
risk
elements linked to alleged risk”180.____________________________
30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip Morris
responds to the accusations of “spiking” of cigarettes and
“compensation”: “Philip Morris does no such thing. There is less
We don’t raise
nicotine in a finished cigarette than in the natural tobacco materials
nicotine
from which it is made. None of the processes in the manufacture of
cigarettes raises the naturally occurring nicotine levels in tobacco In
fact most of the processes reduce the yields of all smoke
components, including 'tar' and nicotine”..._____________________
“Smokers could, theoretically, compensate for the ‘lower yields’ by
smoking more frequently or intensively, but most don’t. The
Compensation
'compensation' that does take place tends to be slight, temporary and
insufficient to make up for the decrease in product yields”181.______
November: Dr Wigand, ex-Chief of Research at B& W, from
January 1989 to March 1993, testifies in a legal case in New
Orleans:
Question: “And what did they [senior B&W personnel and lawyers]
eliminate, the stuff that said cigarettes were harmful”?
Eliminate safe
Wigand: “They eliminated all reference to anything that could be
cigarettes
discovered during any kind of liability action in reference to a safer
cigarette. Statements were made that anything that eludes [alludes]
to a safer cigarette clearly indicates that other cigarettes are unsafe,
and it, furthermore, would acknowledge that nicotine is addictive” ..
Question: “Would you say generally, Mr. Sandefur was receptive to
your ideas to find a safe cigarette? .. .Was he receptive to your
advice and counsel about trying to find a safe cigarette?”
Wigand: “No”
Question: “What did he say to you in general in the various times
you recommended a search for a safe cigarette?”
No research into Wigand: “That there can be no research for a safer cigarette. Any
research on a safer cigarette would clearly expose every other
safe cigarette
product as being unsafe, and therefore, present a liability issue in
terms of any type of litigation”.
Wigand is also asked why Brown and Williamson manipulated
nicotine levels, to which he replies “yes”
Did manipulate
Question: “How did B&W manipulate levels of nicotine in
Don’t increase
nicotine
nn
cigarettes?
Wigand: “There are a number of ways you manipulate nicotine
levels. One way is to use additives. These additives are usually in the
form of nitrogenous bases”.
Question: “What does nitrogenous bases mean?”
Wigand: “Nicotine as it exists in a plant of tobacco is locked up in
And other
an inactive form as a salt. In order to free that salt to be
compounds
pharmacologically active, you need to change the pH. You need to
change the pH of the tobacco. You also need to change the pH of
the smoke, such that you convert total nicotine to free nicotine. Free
nicotine is pharmacologically active. Nicotine as a salt, as in tobacco
itself, is not pharmacologically active ...”
...Y-l was a project dedicated towards increasing the tar-to-nicotine
ratios. If you can have less mass of tobacco at higher nicotine, you’d
essentially be reducing the negative character of smoking, as you’d
be reducing tar or maintaining the nicotine delivery at a constant
level” ...
Question: Are the other ways that B&W manipulated nicotine, to
your knowledge?
Wigand: “You can do it through cigarette design, through filtration,
through paper design, through blend. The primary form of managing
or manipulating nicotine delivery .. is by use of ammonia compounds
... Any compound that can change pH creates an equilibrium in the
rod that frees up nicotine ...”
Question: “Did B&W, to your knowledge, use acetaldehyde
knowingly in cigarettes to enhance the effects of nicotine on the
smoker?”
Wigand: “Yes .. .acetaldehyde was an additive that was used”.182
June: Philip Morris: “There is no indication that ammonia
Ammonia
compounds in our cigarettes alter the amount of nicotine the smoker
doesn’t alter
inhales”183._______________________________________________
nicotine
18 October: A former Associate Director of the Council for
Tobacco Research, John Kreisher, remarks, “Ammonia helped the
More bang
industry lower the tar and allowed smokers to get more bang with
less nicotine. It solved a couple of problems at the same time”184.
19 October: Philip Morris says it “does not use ammonia in the
Ammonia not to cigarette manufacturing process to increase the amount of nicotine
increase nicotine inhaled by the smoker or to ‘affect the absorption of nicotine inhaled
by the smoker’ or to ‘affect the rate of absorption of nicotine on the
bloodstream if the smoker’”185._______________________________
19 October: BAT denies doctoring cigarettes, stating that “There is
We wouldn’t
enhance nicotine no way we add anything to enhance the nicotine”186.______________
1996: March: William Farrone, who worked for Philip Morris for
seven years from 1976 as the Director of Applied Research, signs an
affidavit for the US FDA: “It is well recognised within the cigarette
Key objective of industry that there is one principle reason why people smoke - to
20-30 years was experience the effects of nicotine .. .clearly by the 1970s and early
to reduce tar
1980s the tobacco industry had established that smokers required a
nicotine
and increase
nicotine
They monitor
nicotine
minimal level of nicotine within a cigarette ... It was common
knowledge within the industry that cigarettes without nicotine would
not sell. Nicotine free cigarettes in the 1959s and 1980s were
failures. If we accept the premise -as the cigarette industry surely
does - that cigarettes are a nicotine delivery system ... then it
becomes a desirable technical challenge to decrease the ‘tar’ in a
cigarette while maintaining the delivery of nicotine. This has been a
key objective of the cigarette industry over the last 20-30 years,
some industry documents now reveal ... product developers and
blend and leaf specialists were responsible for manipulating and
controlling the design and production of cigarettes in order to satisfy
the consumer’s need for nicotine”.187__________________________
March: Jerome Rivers, who worked for Philip Morris for 23 years,
also signs an affidavit for the FDA: “During the manufacture of
reconstituted tobacco, we frequently monitored the alkaloid
[nicotine] content of the by-products, the slurry, and the final
reconstituted tobacco sheet.. we would measure the alkaloid
[nicotine] content of the final product approximately once per hour”
188
Do not
manipulate
nicotine
No bull
The future is
lower
Greeks launch
Biofilter
Nicotine free
We can’t
promote safe
because we
don’t know
April: Philip Morris responds to the whistle-blower accusations by
stating that: “The simple fact is that Philip Morris does not
manipulate or independently control for nicotine, and the assertions
that nicotine is monitored are just plain wrong”189._______________
October: RJ Reynolds re-launches its Winston brand without any
additives, “All taste. No additives. No bull”190,__________________
October: Allen Kassam, Vice President of R&D, Philip Morris
Europe: “The future is clearly going to be a rapid drive to lower and
lower tar”191._____________________________________________
1997: The Greek cigarette firm launches BF “biofilter” cigarettes,
which claim that “Biofilter has the unique ability to neutralise various
harmful compounds in cigarette smoke ...[BF] is the first world
wide cigarette equipped with the Biofilter, giving higher protection
to the filter”. Golden Filter which developed the filter says that the
Biofilter “can be considered as an artificial lung, which enables all
harmful reactions to be carried out within the filter and not within
the body”.192_____________________________________________
August: Alternative Cigarettes of New York announces that it has
obtained the exclusive rights from the North Carolina State
University for an invention to eliminate nicotine in tobacco.
Alternative Cigarettes announces that it will market nicotine-free
cigarettes in 1998193._______________________________________
December: Paul Adams, the Director of Consumer Affairs and Chris
Proctor, head of BAT’s science and regulation give a speech at the
Annual Trade Fair on “Standing up for Tobacco”. They say that the
industry has been taking note of public health concerns by
developing “lighter” products, but “we cannot promote these
products as ‘safer’ cigarettes because we simply don’t have sufficient
understanding of all the chemical processes to do so”.194
O 1
References
1 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl 65
2 Star Tribune, Tobacco on Trial: Week in Review, 1998, 22 February
3 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 73 (1), RJR 501052852, p 852}
4 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p26 quoting CV Mace, Memo to R N DuPuis, Untitled, 1958, 24 July
5 BAT Research & Development, Complexity of the P.A.5.A. Machine and Variables Pool, 1959, 26
August [Minn 10,392]
6R. DuPuis, Memo to Board 1959, 30 September [Cipollone 320] quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes
- America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p220
y
Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 74 (1), PM 1001919941, p941}
8 H. Wakeham, Tobacco and Health - R&D Approach, 1961, 15 November
{Cipollone 608; Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,300}
9 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 44 (1) PM 1000277423, p441}
10 RM Wiley, Re High Nicotine to TPM Ratio of All RJ Reynolds Brands, 1962, 19
March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,602}
11 A. McCormick, Smoking and Health: Policy on Research, Minutes of. Southampton Meeting, 1962
{1102.01}
12 A. McCormick, Smoking and Health: Policy on Research, Minutes of Southampton Meeting, 1962
{1102.01}
13 A. McCormick, Smoking and Health: Policy on Research, Minutes of Southampton Meeting, 1962
{1102.01}
14 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p233 quoting H. Wakeham,
Project 0100 - Objectives for ’64, 1963, 21 November, [Cipollone 610]
15 R. B. Griffith, Memo, 1963 [Minn Att. Gen]
16 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 56 (1) BATCo 1026303333, p336}; .B. Griffith, Letter to John
Kirwan, B.A.T, 1963
17 Prichard? Letter to E. Finch, 1964, 2 January {1804.01}
18 S. A.Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p77
19 BAT, Note of a Meeting to Discuss Present Position of ARIEL and its Possible
Future Continuance, 1964, 11 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,417}
20 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p275-6 Quoting H.
Wakeham, Memo, 1964, 18 February [Cipollone 324]
21 P. Rodgers, G. Todd, Strictly Confidential, Reports on Policy Aspects of the Smoking
and Health Situations in USA, 1964, October
22
Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs 57 (1), PM 1001896774, p774}
23 R. Griffith, Report to the Executive Committee [of a site visit to TRC Harrogate Research
Laboratories], 1965 {1105.01}
24 R.Griffith, Memo to E. Finch, J. Grume, and A. Yeaman, 1965, 19 July
25 RJ Reynolds, Ammoniation, Undated, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,141}
26 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, p247
27 F. J. C. Roe, M.C. Pike, Smoking and Lung Cancer, Undated, {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,041}
281. W. Hughes, R. G. Hook, P. J. Nichol, N. E. Willis, Nicotine Administration: Ariel
Smoking Device, Report No RD.410-R, BAT, 1966, 28 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit.
11,077
29 BAT R&D Establishment, Further Work on ‘Extractable Nicotine’, 1966 {BW-W2-1615} [L&D
BAT file 4]
30 S. Green, Note to Mr. D.S.F Hobson, 1967, 2 March
31 Current Chemistry Research at Southampton, 1967, 14 July [L&D RJR/BAT 26]
32
BAT R&D Conference Montreal, 1967, 24-27 October, Minutes written 8 November {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 11,332}
33 BAT, Relation Between ‘Extractable Nicotine’ Content of Smoke and Panel Response, 1967 {BWW2-11807} [L&D BAT file 4]
34
Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 77 (1) AM 00881318, p318}
35 S. Green, Research Conference Held at Hilton Head Island, S.C. Minutes, 1968, 24
September{l 112.02}
36 SJ Green, Cigarettes With Health Reassurance, 1968, 17 November [Pollack 27]
37 BAT R&D Establishment, The Retention of Nicotine and Phenols in the Human Mouth, 1968,
{BW-W2-11691}
38 BAT, Research Conference Held at Kronberg, 1969, 2-6 June [L&D BAT file 4]
39 Ad Hoc Committee of the Canadian Tobacco Industry, A Canadian Tobacco
Industry Presentation on Smoking and Health, A Presentation to the House of
Commons Standing Committee on Health, Welfare and Social Affairs, in House of
Commons Standing Committee on Health, Welfare, and Social Affairs, Minutes of
Proceeding and Evidence, 1969, 5 June, pl 579-1689 quoted in Quoted in R.
Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International
Development Research Centre, 1996, pl62
40 D. Wood, Aspects of the R&DE Function, Notes for a Talk, Given at Chelwood, 1969, {1184.02}
41 Frankfurt, Battelle Institute, 19?? {1138.01}
42 G.C. Hargrove, Smoking and Health, 1970, 12 June [L&D BAT 9]
43 Summary and Conclusions: BAT Group Research Conference, Quebec, 1970 9-13 November
{1170.01}
44 Minutes of 18th Biological Testing Committee Held at R&DE, Southampton, 1970, 5 May
{1164.05}
45 Project 1600, Nicotine / Tar Ratio Study, Project Leader W.L Dunn, 1970, 31 December quoted by
P. Pringle, Nicotine Test Lays Tobacco Open to US Drug Laws, The Independent, 1995, 8 June, pl4
46 Imperial Tobacco Limited, ~ 1970, 1971 Matinee Marketing Plan, Exhibit AG-29,
RJR Macdonald V. Canada (Attorney General);quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and
Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre,
1996, p80
47 BAT, Smoking and Health Session, Chelworth, 1971, 28 May [L&D UK Ind 24]
48 R. R. Johnson, Comments on Nicotine, Notes of a meeting held on 30 June, 1971
49 PL Short, BAT Co. A New Product. 1971, 21 October, {Minn Trial Exhibit 10,306}
50 Liggett, Re Project TE-5001, 1971, 16 December {Minn Trial Exhibit 11,903}
00
51Quoted by P. Pringle, Nicotine Test Lays Tobacco Open to US Drug Laws, The Independent, 1995, 8
June, pl4
52 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p394
53 C. Teague, Memorandum, 1972, 28 March [L&D RJR/BAT 3]
54 Liggett, 1972 [Minn.Att.Gen]
55 Liggett, Summary of Progress During 1972 on Project TE-5001, 1973, 22 January
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,904}
56 S. A.Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl55
57 R. M. Gibb, Memo to Dr. S. Green, 1995, 13 February [L&D RJR /BAT 23]
58 R. A. Blevins, Letter to Mr. W. S. Smith, Jr, 1973, 12 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit
13,155}
59 C. Teague, Implications and Activities From Correlation of Smoke pH with Nicotine
Impact, Other Smoke Qualities, and Cigarette Sales, RJR, -1973, {Minn. Trial Exhibit
13,155}
60 RJ Reynolds, Cigarette Concept to Assure RJR a Larger Segment of the Youth Market, 1973 [Minn.
Att.Gen]
61 S. Green, The Group Research & Development Conference at Duck Key, Florida, 1974, 12 January
{1125.01}
62 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p43 quoting R M Irby, 1974, 5 June
63 R. J. Reynolds, Domestic Operating Goals, 1974, 26 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit
12,377}
64 A. Freedman, US to Overhaul the Tar and Nicotine Ratings Tobacco Companies Use in Cigarette
Ads, Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1995, 29 December, p4
65 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p379
66 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p455-461
67 Quoted in World in Action, Secrets of Safer Cigarettes, 1988
68 RJ Reynolds, Ammoniation, Undated, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,141}
69 S. Green, Notes on Group R&D Conference Held in Italy, 1975, 2-8 April; Minutes 1975, 16 April
{1173.01}
70 Philip Morris, Low Delivery Cigarettes and Increased Nicotine/Tar Rations, 1975, October [L&D
BAT file 4]
71 RJ Reynolds, “Tar” and Nicotine Awareness And Attitude Study, 1975, October,
{Minn Trial Exhibit 12,484}
72 Chronology of B&W’s Smoking and Health Research, 1988
73 73 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p95-96
74
L.F. Meyer, Inter-office memorandum to B. Goodman. Philip Morris USA, 1975, 17 September
[Minn trial exhibit 11,564]
75
BAT Group Research and Development Centre, Compensation for Changed Delivery, Report No.
RD. 1300, Restricted, 1976, 30 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,540}
76 B&W, Vantage Advert, Newsweek, 1976, 2 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit: TE10539}
77 ASH Questions and Answers to Imperial AGM, 1976, March [L&D Imp24]
78 JR Reid, Re: Concerning Literature on Nicotine - Application and Source, 1976, 9 March, {Minn.
Trial Exhibit. 10,108}
79 RJ Reynolds Research Department, Planning Assumptions and Forecast for the Period 1976-1986,
1976, 15 March [L&D RJR/BAT 9]
80 BAT Co. The Product in the Early 1980s, 1977, 25 March { Minn 11,386]}
81 H, J, Minnemeyer, Re: Nicotine Augmentation Project (NAP), 1976, 4 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10015}
82 T. M. Larson, J. P. Morgan, Application of Free Nicotine to Cigarette Tobacco And
the Delivery of that Nicotine in the Cigarette Smoke, Lorillard Research Centre, 1976,
8 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,107}
83 H, J, Minnemeyer, Progress Report on Nicotine Augmentation Project (NAP), 1976, 16 June
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 10014}
84 L. Chen, pH of Smoke, A Review, Lorillard Research Centre, 1976, 12 July {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 10,110}
85 J. L. McKenzie, Product Characterization Definitions and Implications, 1976, 21
September {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,270}
86 W.M. Henley, Nicotine Research, RJR Memo, 1976, 9 November {Minn Trial
Exhibit 12,673}
87 BAT Board Plan, Smoking and Health - Strategies and Constraints, 1976, December [L&D BAT
24]
88 Dr. H. S. Tong, The Pharmacology of Smoke-Dose Nicotine: A Review of Current
Literature, Lorillard Research Centre, 1976, 10 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,007}
89 E. Pepples, Industry Response to the Cigarette/Health Controversy, 1976, Internal Memo
{2205.01}
90 BBC Panorama, 1993, 10 May
91 Quoted in World in Action, Secrets of Safer Cigarettes, 1988
92 B&W, Concept Description and Potential and Marketing Plan, -1976, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,657}
93 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p417
94 J. P. Morgan, T.M. Larson, Enrichment of Reconstituted Leaf Nicotine Content by
Direct Addition of Nicotine Alkaloiod to the RL Slurry, 1977, 12 April {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 10.039}
95 H. J. Minnemeyer, Re: Present Status of the Nicotine Enrichment Project, Lorillard,
1977, 13 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,005}
96 PL Short, Smoking and Health Item 7: the Effect on Marketing, 1977, 14 April { Minn Trial
Exhibit 10,585}
97 Hawkins, McCain &Blumenthal, Inc, Conference Report, 1977, 28 July {Minn Trial
Exhibit 13,986}
98 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl61
99 S. Green, Suggested Questions for CAC.III, 1977, 26 August [L&D BAT 25]
100 F. Haslam, Memo Re, Compensation, 1977, 21 September {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,488}
101 BAT Board Strategies, Smoking and Health, Questions and Answers, 1977, 25 November [L&D
BAT 26]
102 {Minn, www.tobacco.org}
103 Arthur D. Little, “The Development of a Flavour System for Acceptability to Smokers of Candidate
Less Hazardous Cigarettes”, Date Unknown -1977
104 RJR, Project: 1250 Smoking Satisfaction and “Tar’7 Nicotine Control, -1978,
{Minn Trial Exhibit 12,560}
105 MM Matteson, First Step in New Product Process for Low ‘Tar’ Satisfaction Project, B&W, 1978,
1 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,652}
106 S. Green, Notes on group Research & Development Conference, Sydney, 1978, March; Minutes,
1978, 6 April {1174.01}
107 D E Creighton, Measurement of the Degree of Ventilation of Cigarettes at Various
Flow Rates, Report No RD. 1576, Restricted, 1978, 14 April, {Minn. Trial Exhibit
17,777}
108 Dr. D. M. Conning, The Concept of Less Hazardous Cigarettes, 1978, 15 May
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,792}
109 S. A.Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl61-2 quoting Note, 1978, 12 June
110 D. Creighton, Compensation for Changed Delivery, BATCo, 1978, 27 June [Minn 11,089]
111 Imperial tobacco Limited, Response of the Market and of Imperial Tobacco to the Smoking and
Health Environment, Exhibit AG-41, RJR-MacDonaldInc. Versus Canada (Attorney General);
Quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International
Development Research Centre, 1996, pl64
112 Dugan/ Farley Communications Associates, Physician Attitudes towards Cigarette Smoking,
Personal Interviews, 1979, March {2127.01}
113 P.N. Lee, Reduction in Tar Yields and trends in Lung Cancer Rates, 1979, 18 July [pollock 110]
114 P.N.Lee, Note on Tar Reduction For Hunter, Tobacco Advisory Council, 1979, 19 July [L&D UK
Ind 33]
115 Tobacco Advisory Council, Reductions in Sales Weighted Average Cigarette Brand Tar Yield;
Problems Associated with the Suggestion to Achieve Further Stages According to a Fixed ‘TimeTable’ - Memorandum for Members of the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health,
1979, 9 August [pollock 122]
116 L. McGinley, T. Noah, FDA Campaign Led to Proposed US Tobacco Rules, Wall Street Journal
(Europe), 1995, 23 August, p8
117 S. Green, Notes on group Research & Development Conference, Sydney, 1978, March; Minutes,
1978, 6 April
118 R. Smith, Secret Memorandum, 1980, 13 February [Minn]
119 W. L. Dunn, Re: High Nicotine, Low TPM Cigarettes, 1980, 24 March {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 10,529}
120 BAT, Brainstorming 11, What Three Radical Changes Might, Through the Agency of R&D Take
Place in this Industry by the End of the Century, 1980, 11 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,361}
121 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p433
122 Quoted on Channel 4, Big Tobacco, Dispatches, 1996, 31 October
123 J. B. Richmond, Statement, Surgeon-General, 1981, 12 January; Surgeon-General, The Health
Consequences ofSmoking: The Changing Cigarette, A Report of the Surgeon-General, 1981, US
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, p8
124 M. S. Ireland, Re: Proposal to Continue Project B4122 - Nicotine Manipulation,
Migration & Reaction Mechanisms, 1981, 28 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,107}
125 RJR, Re: Nicotine-Satisfaction Study, 1981, 26 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,213}
126 L. Blackman, Research Conference, Austria, 1981, 24-28 August, Minutes, 1981, {1178.01}
127 Kwechansky Marketing Research, Project Plus / Minus, Prepared for Imperial
Tobacco, 1982, 7 May, Exhibit AG-217, RJR-Macdonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney
General)', Quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco
War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl64
128 Marketing Systems Inc. Project Eli Focus Groups Final Report, Prepared for
Imperial Tobacco, 1982, July, Exhibit AG-40, RJR-Macdonald Inc. v. Canada
(Attorney General)', Quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian
Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl64
129 B&W, What are the Obstacles/ Enemies of a Swing to Low ‘Tar’ and What Action
Should we Take?, 1982, 2 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,185}
130 RJR, Ammonia, Draft, 1982, 9 August, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,800}
131 L. Blackman, Research Conference, Canada, 1982, 30 August -3 September; Minutes, 1982, 10
September {1179.01}
132 L. Blackman, Notes of a Meeting of Tobacco Company Research Directors, Imperial Head Office,
1983, 16 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,259}
133 J. H. Robinson, Re: Critique of “Smokers of Low-Yield Cigarettes Do not
Consume Less Nicotine”, 1'983, 25 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,648}
134 R. Thornton, Biological Meeting Held at Gr&Dc, 1983, 19-20 May; Minutes, 1983, 27 July
135 L. Blackman, Research Conference, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 1983, 22-26 August, Minutes, Draft,
1983, 9 September {1180.09}
136 Lorillard Research Centre, Six-Fold Increase in Percent Free Nicotine Using
Phenethylamine as A Filter Additive, 1983, 6 December {Trial Exhibit 14,026}
137
Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number C1-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 90 (1), PM 1000413881, 889, p889; 91 (1), PM 2022261214}
138 BAT, Nicotine Conference, 1984, 6-8 June {Minn trial exhibit 18,998}
139 BAT, Nicotine Conference, 1984, 6-8 June {Minn trial exhibit 18,998}
140 BAT, Structured Creativity Conference, 1984, 25-28 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,190}
141 Proceedings of the Smoking Behaviour-Marketing Conference, July 9-12, 1984, Session 111,
1984, {1226.01}
142 BAT, Research Conference, Proposed Revisions for 1985-1987, 1984, September
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,190}
143 BAT Co. R&D views on potential marketing opportunities, 1984, 12 September, [Minnl 1,275]
144 BAT, Project SHIP, Review of Progress, 1984, 12 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,752}
145 P. Hilts, G. Collins, Philip Morris Secretly Studies Nicotine’s Effects, International Herald
Tribune, 1995, 9 June, p3
146 R.A Sandford, Internal Memorandum to EE Kohnhorst, Brown & Williamson, Research
Development and Engineering, 1985, 1985, 28June [ Minn Trial Exhibit 13,250]
147 Creative Research group, Project Viking, Volume 11: Am Attitudinal Model of
Smoking, 1986, February- March, prepared for Imperial Tobacco Limited (Canada)
148 Note on Recommendations For Future Research Interests Given at the 2nd Meeting of the Scientific
Research Group, 1986, 6-8 August, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,169}
149 P. Sheehy, Confidential Internal Memo, 1986, 18 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit.
10,821}
150 R. R. Baker, Batuke R&D Centre, Fundamental Research Programme, Status
Review Notes Covering October 1986 to February 1987, 1987, {Minn Trial Exhibit
1 1,985}
151 BAT, Note on Recommendations for Future Research Interests Given at the 2nd
Meeting of the Scientific Research Group, 1986, 6-8 August, Notes written 1987, 13
January, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,169}
152 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p600
153 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p600
154 J. Mold, Testimony before Congress, 1988, 17 June [pollock 150]
155 BAT, Project Verso, 1990, 20 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,113}
156 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 71 (1), RJR 507028876}
157 Dr. R. R. Johnson, Ammonia Technology Conference Minutes, Louisville,
Kentucky, 18-19, May, 1989, 12 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit. 13,069}
158 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team, 1989, 10 November
159 RJ Reynolds, Subject Project XB, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,245}
160 RJ Reynolds, Undated {Minn. Trial Exhibit. 13,129}
161
RJ Reynolds, The Over-smoking Issue (Tar to Nicotine Ratio), Undated, {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 13,139}
162 B&W, Root Technology, A Handbook for Leaf Blenders and Product Developers, 1991, February,
163 A. L. Heard, Memo, 1991, 1 March, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 19,300}
164 RJ Reynolds, Rest Programme Review, 1991, 3 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,165}
165 B&W, PM’s Global Strategy: Marlboro Product technology, 1992, 26 October
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,001
166 A. Freedman, Philip Morris Memo Likens Nicotine’s Effect to Drugs, Wall Street Journal
(Europe), 1995, 11 December, p6; Philip Morris, Draft Report into “Table, Undated but using data
from 1992
167 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, p33
168 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p43 quoting United States House of Representatives, subcommittee on Health and the
Environment, Majority Staff Report, Evidence ofNicotine Manipulation by the American Tobacco
Company, 1994, 20 December
169 D. Kessler, Testimony before the Congressional Health and Environment Subcommitte, 1994, 25
March; quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public
Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p746
170 C. Whitley, before the Congressional Health and Environment Subcommitte, 1994, 25 March
[L&D BAT file 4]
171 B. Dawson, Face the Nation, 1994, 27 March [L&D BAT file 4]
172 Larry King Live, The Smoking Controversy, CNN, 1994, 13 April, {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 18,302}
173 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, pl 49; Statement of Thomas Sandefur, Before the Health and Environment subcommittee,
1994, 14 April
174 T. F. Riehl, Before the Health and Environment Subcommittee, 1994, 14 April [L&D BAT File 4]
175 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p207
176 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, pl89
177 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number CI-94-8565, 1998, 8
March {Minn Plaintiffs Exhibit 33 (1) RJR 513193867, p 867}
178 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number C1-94-8565, 1998, 8
March {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit, 34 (1), BAT Ind 202337394, p 394}
179 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number C1-94-8565, 1998, 8
March {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit, 32 (1). TI 0328214, p214}
180 D E Doolittle, Pleasurable Choice: From a Pre-eminent Scientist, a German Perspective on
Smoking, Health and Science, Tobacco Reporter, 1995, March
181 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
182 J. S. Wigand, Testimony, 1995, 29 November
183 A. Freedman, “Impact Booster “ - Tobacco Firm Shows How Ammonia Spurs Delivery of
Nicotine, Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1995, 19 October, pl
184 Quoted in the Wall Street Journal, 1995, 18 October quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p744
185 A. Freedman, “Impact Booster “ - Tobacco Firm Shows How Ammonia Spurs Delivery of
Nicotine, Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1995, 19 October, pl
186 The Guardian, Cigarette Tampering Denied, 1995, 19 October, p23
187 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p205-6; quoting the FDA statement made by W. Farone, The Manipulation and Control of
Nicotine and Tar in the Design and Manufacture of Cigarettes: A Scientific Perspective, 1996, March
TO
188 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p207-8 quoting FDA, Declaration of Jerome Rivers, 1996, March
189 M. Geyelin, Proving Tobacco Chiefs Lied is Difficult, Wall Street Journal Europe, 1996, 22
March, p4
190 C. Glass, Pure Tobacco, Tobacco Reporter, 1996, October, p42
191 C. Glass, Coming up with the Goods, Tobacco Reporter, 1996, October, p52-54
192 C. Glass, A “Safer” Cigarette, Tobacco Reporter, 1998, February, p22-26
193 Tobacco Reporter, Company Obtains Exclusive Rights for Nicotine-Free Tobacco, 1997, August,
pl4
194 T. Tuinstra, Speaking Up, Tobacco Reporter, 1997, December, p30-32
on
I
Tobacco Explained cronologies: Children
1950s
1950:
The young: a
massive
potential exists
And they stick
to you like glue
An article in the US Tobacco Journal notes that: “A massive
potential market still exists among women and young adults,
cigarette industry leaders agreed, acknowledging that recruitment of
these millions of prospective smokers comprises the major objective
for the immediate future and on a long term basis as well” A Philip
Morris executive was quoted as saying that /’Students are
tremendously loyal. If you catch them, they’ll stick with you like
glue”.1_________________________________________________
1957:
More efficient
A Philip Morris Executive writes that “hitting the youth can be more
efficient even though the cost to reach them is higher, because they
are willing to experiment, they have more influence over others in
their age group than they will later in life, and they are far more loyal
to their starting brand “2.
Late 50’s:
The cowboy out to capture
youth’s fantasy
Philip Morris starts using the Cowboy image on its commercials,
because the image “would turn the rookie smokers on to Marlboro ..
the right image to capture the youth market’s fancy ..a perfect
symbol of independence and individualistic rebellion” As one
executive who worked on Marlboro recalled “When you see teenage
boys- people the cigarette companies aren’t supposed to be targeting
in the first place - going crazy for this guy, you know they’re hitting
their target3.
And he makes
them go crazy
1960s
1962:
Its illegal
We will still
advertise to
young ... oops
but not to
children
even though its
not harmful
7 March: Tobacco Advisory Council: “It is illegal to sell tobacco to
children under 16 whether for their own or anothers' consumption. It
is possible that this is not generally appreciated, and the
manufacturers would be glad to assist in any measures to make the
law more widely known4.”_____
12 March: John Partridge, the Chairman of the Tobacco
Manufacturers Standing Committee, who works for Imperial,
appears on the BBC’s Panorama Programme. On the programme,
Partridge is asked “would you agree that we must stop young people
smoking?” To which he replies “No, I would not”. He later says “We
are prepared to go on advertising our products”, to which he is
asked “To young people? and he replies “Yes indeed ... but not to
children ... I happen to think that neither tobacco, nor alcohol are
harmful, in moderation5. ’’
1
5 April: Carreras Rothmans respond to the RCP report in a letter to
the President of the Board of Trade: “We support the Government’s
concern to prevent the purchasing of cigarettes by children”6.
1963: In the US, a survey shows that out of some 850 college
newspapers,
cigarette adverts accounted for 40 per cent of the
40% of revenue
papers’ entire advertising revenue.”7._________________________
Cowboy appeals 1965: 28 December: Robert Wald, Counsel for Lorillard’s complains
that Marlboro’s campaign proceeds with a “great campaign with
to kids - he’s
probably the greatest appeal to kids: the gnarled, weather beaten
the hottest
cowboys - the hottest virility, sexual symbol going8.”
symbol going
1968: Philip Moms produces Virginia Slims, a cigarette targeted
Virginia slims
exclusively at women, running the slogan: “You Have Come Along
slogan doubles
Way
Baby”. Within six years of the Slims launch, the percentage of
teen smoking
teenage women who smoked had nearly doubled”9.
A B&W report is written examining “New Product Concepts”. One
of which is the “Young Male Cigarette”.
“Strategy : To improve B&W’s position in attracting young male
New product
concepts: Direct smokers by making as direct an appeal as possible in product,
appeal to youth packaging, and advertising to young males ...
Advertising: Product (cigarette or cigaral) will be positioned as the
smoking product especially made for men. Copy and illustration will
appeal directly to young men.
Market Potential - Direct Target Group: 6.3 million 16-25 year old
smokers of king-size and long-size plain filter cigarettes who
consumed 35 billion cigarettes in 1967”10._____________________
1969: 23 May: A report for Philip Morris identifies that over 15 per
cent of female smokers aged 15, and 23 per cent of male smokers
Youth share
aged 15, smoke Marlboro11.________________________________
Autumn: A draft report to the Board of Directors of Philip Morris
A cigarette
states: “a cigarette for the beginner is a symbolic act. I am no longer
means I am no
my mother's child, I'm tough, I am an adventurer, I'm not square ...
longer my
As the force from the psychological symbolism subsides, the
mother’s child
pharmacological effect takes over to sustain the habit”12
We support
Government
concern
Lower age limit
keep at 14
Abandons
electric shock
study on teens
Add honey?
Unfairly
constrained
from youth
market
__________________ 1970s_________________________________
1971: 7 April: An internal RJR Reynolds document outlines that “the
lower age limit for the profile of young smokers is to remain at 14”13.
1972: Philip Morris abandons administrating electric shocks to college
students as part of a study into stress and smoking behaviour because
they had concluded “fear of shock is scaring away some of our more
valuable subjects”14._______________________________________
A B&W document notes that “It's a well-known fact that teen-agers
like sweet products. Honey might be considered.15”_______________
1973: 2 February: Claude Teague, Assistant Chief in R&D at RJ
Reynolds, writes a paper: “Some Thoughts About New Brands of
Cigarettes for the Youth Market” ; “ At the outset it should be said
that we are presently, and I believe unfairly, constrained from directly
promoting cigarettes to the youth market... if our company is to
survive and prosper, over the long term we must get our share of the
youth market; I believe it unrealistic to expect that existing brands
identified with an over-thirty ‘establishment’ market can ever become
the ‘in’ products with the young group. This we need new brands
designed to be particularly attractive to the young smoker, while
Influence pre
ideally at the same time appealing to all smokers ... Perhaps these
smokers to
questions may be best approached by consideration of factors
smoke
influencing pre-smokers to try smoking, learn to smoke and
become confirmed smokers.” [emphasis added]_________________
Teague continues: “thus a new brand aimed at the young smoker must
Create the “in”
somehow become the ‘in’ brand and its promotion should emphasise
brand to
togetherness, belonging and group acceptance, while at the same time
overcome:
emphasising individuality and ‘doing one’s own thing’. The teens and
early twenties are periods of intense psychological stress, restlessness
Stress,
and boredom. Many social awkward situations are encountered. The
boredom,
minute
or two required to stop and light a cigarette, ask for a light,
awkward
find an ash tray, and the like provide something to do during periods
situations
of awkwardness and boredom .. .The fragile, developing self-image of
the young person needs all of the support and enhancement it can get
.. .This self-image enhancement effect has traditionally been a strong
Need to study
promotional theme for cigarette brands and should continue to be
youth jargon
emphasised ... a careful study of the current youth jargon, together
with a review of currently used high school American history books
and like sources for valued things might be a good start at finding a
good brand name and image theme. This is obvious a task for
marketing people, not research people” 16.______________________
Need to counter 14 February: A Confidential Memo from B&W’s Assistant General
Counsel, outlines “salient problems now facing the cigarette industry”,
programmes
designed to stop which includes “increased educational programmes to prevent young,
young smoking non-smokers taking up the practice of smoking”.17________________
8 March: A document prepared by the William Esty Company for RJ
Reynolds states that: “ Marlboro’s share among the 14-15 segment is
Need to uncover a phenomenal 51.0% ... Many manufacturers have 'studied' the 14-20
market in hopes of uncovering the ‘secret’ of the instant popularity
the secret
some brands enjoy to the almost complete exclusion of others.
Creating a ‘fad’ in this market can be a great bonanza ”. Under “Next
Create a fad
Steps” the document states that “The Recent strategic reviews
(updated 2/8) focus sharply on the real need to become more
Need to be
more aggressive aggressive against young adult males in major metro markets ...
While WINSTON’s position among the young adult age group can
against young
certainly be improved, all the data we have in hand does not paint as
black a picture versus Marlboro (or 45 other brands) as we may
sometimes feel due to our current preoccupation with the ‘youth’
market”,18________________________________________________
12 April: An RJ Reynolds document articulates that: “In view of the
need to reverse the preference for Marlboros among younger smokers,
I wonder whether comic strip type copy might get a much higher
Use comic strip readership among younger people than any other type of copy. It
would certainly seem worth testing a heavy dose of this type of copy
in a test market to get a research reading on percentage of readership
and copy recall”.19_________________________________________
18 May: The Philip Morris Marketing Research Department highlight
Study as young how a “probability sample of 452 teen-agers ages 12-17” finds that 13
as 12
per cent smoke an average of 10.6 cigarettes per day and how “the
data from the study are consonant with the findings of other such
studies, both at Philip Morris and without20.”____________________
November: A RJ Reynolds Marketing Plan, written by the William
Go after the
Esty Company states: “we believe the greatest potential for Winston
young, affluent
lies not in expanding its sales among its current franchise, but rather
male
by aggressively going after the much larger Marlboro Box franchise the young, affluent, urban male”. The report examines smokers as
young as 1421._____________________________________________
4 December: A RJ Reynolds Inter-Office on a “Cigarette Concept to
Assure RJR A Larger Segment of the Youth Market” summarises that
Develop a youth “It has been suggested to develop a new RJR youth-appeal brand
appeal brand
based on the concept of going back - at least halfway - to the
technological design of the Winston and other filter cigarettes of the
1950s .. .These cigarettes had the following three main characteristics
as distinguished from today’s cigarettes:________________________
More flavour,
1. They delivered more flavour (tar).
kicks and puff
2. They delivered more ‘enjoyment’ or ‘kicks’ (nicotine).
3. They delivered more puffs - at least 20 per cent more”22.
An internal B&W memo shows that “Kool has shown little or no
Younger
growth in share of users in the 26 [plus] age group. . . Growth is from
smokers more
16-25-year-olds. At the present rate, a smoker in the 16-25 year age
important
group will soon be three times as important to Kool as a prospect in
any other broad age category”23.______________________________
-1973: An undated B&W report, but quoting other reports from
Long
1973, states: “Those who start to smoke at a comparatively early age,
experiment time at ten or twelve, go through a long period of experimenting with
if start at ten
cigarettes before taking up smoking seriously”. The document quotes
a report which shows that “at the age of sixteen, 57 per of boys and
63 per cent of girls were smoking as many as one cigarette a day. It
was during this period that the foundations of the smoking habit were
Unlikely to
laid. Four out of five young people who had smoked more than one
smoke once 20
cigarette subsequently became regular smokers. Conversely .. if a
youngster were still a non-smoker at twenty, he would be unlikely to
take up the habit”24.________________________________________
1974: 3 July: An internal RJ Reynolds from the marketing research
executive D Tredennick, notes “Over 50% of men smokers start
Young smokers smoking fairly regularly before the age of 18 and virtually all start by
“wear”
the age of 25 ... The user ‘image’ that has become associated with a
cigarettes
particular brand. To some extent young smokers ‘wear’ their cigarette
and it becomes an important part of the T they wish to be, along with
their clothing and the way they style their hair”. He concludes that:
Image of brand
“The main causes of initial brand selection; i.e, the influence of friends,
related to
people starting
to smoke
the user image a brand project and differentiated product
characteristics are logically related to the reasons a young persons
begins to smoke”25.________________________________________
July: “A Study of Smoking Habits Among Young Smokers” prepared
Conformity a
for Philip Moms, finds that “Both Marlboro (among whites) and Kool
boost
(among both blacks and whites) have their largest share among very
young smokers (18 and younger) - suggesting the propensity toward
conformity in this age group gives both brands a boost in that group”.
Internal Philip Morris documents show that “the Roper Organisation
No lower age
was commissioned to undertake the study .. .with the intention of
limit
probing the dynamics of the market among smokers below the age of
24 ... no lower age limit was set26.”___________________________
30 September: A RJ Reynolds Marketing plan for 1975 outlines one
of the four “Key Opportunity Areas” are to “Increase our young adult
Increase share
franchise ... in 1960, this young adult market, the 14-24 age group,
of young as they represented 21% of the population ... they will represent 27 % of the
represent
population in 1975. They represent tomorrow's cigarette business. As
tomorrow’s
this 14-24 age group matures, they will account for a key share of the
cigarette
total cigarette volume — for at least the next 25 years ...Thus our
business
advertising strategy becomes clear for our established brands: Direct
advertising appeal to the younger smokers ... For Winston, we’ve
followed this strategy in developing the new ‘candid’ advertising
campaign .. it is especially designe [sic] to appeal to young adults ..”
“We have also increased our media efforts toward young adults for
our brands, these include:___________________________________
• Increased advertising insertions in traditional young adult
Young
magazines like Sports Illustrated, Playboy and Ms.
Magazines
• Have added new young adult special interest magazines like road
and track and motorcycling.__________________________________
Max. exposure
• Expanded outdoor with selective locations for maximum young
to young
adult exposure..”__________________________________________
.. “For Camel Filter, we have developed a new strategy. While Camel
cannot match the media dollars spent by Marlboro, the brand will have
Pinpointed
pinpointed efforts against young adults through its sponsorship of
sports car
sports car racing and motorcycling. Sports car racing reaches 300,000
sponsorship to
spectators -85% under 35 years of age ... we use newspaper and
appeal to youth programme advertising for image association ...you might logically
ask ‘what does all of this means in sales?’ Our research indicates that
among racing fans, Winston’s share of smokers is 67 per cent greater
than among non-racing fans ...our research indicates a dramatic
increase in purchase rate among fans attending.”27________________
September: A B&W document, entitled “The New Smoker” outlines
Young smokers how the “The younger smoker is of pre-eminent importance:
are of pre
significant in numbers, ‘lead in’ to prime market, starts brand
eminent
preference patterning, still volatile in habits ... But frustrating to
importance
reach: values and behaviour at variance with rest of the population,
sceptical, intense peer pressure, public policy difficulties ... Study the
Market and Customer, maintain a continuing dialogue with the ‘New’
Smoker ..behaviour patters - what they do; Attitudes- what they
think; Directions - where they’re headed; ... Explore and Implement;
Create a ‘Living Laboratory” 28.______________________________
26 November: An internal RJ Reynolds document outlines its primary
“Marketing goals” for 1975. These include “Increase our Young
Direct
Adult Franchise: 14-24 age group in 1960 was 21% of the population;
advertising to
appeal to young in 1975 will be 27%. As they mature, will account for key market
share of cigarette volume for next 25 years ... We will direct
advertising appeal to this young adult group without alienating the
brand’s current franchise” ._________________________________
12 December: A B&W document highlights that the “Target audience
Target 15 year
for the sampling effort on KOOL King Size” includes both Men and
olds
Women in the 15-24 age group30._____________________________
Philip Morris researchers are said to have tracked 60,000 children in a
60,000 school
Virginia school to study whether hyperactive children were more
kids tracked likely to become smokers. “We wonder whether such children may
Are hyperactive not eventually become cigarette smokers in their teenage years as they
kids more likely discover the advantage of self-stimulation of nicotine .. .It would be
good to show that smoking is an advantage to at least one sub-group
to smoke?
of the population”31._______________________________________
A Philip Morris documents outlines that: “We are not sure that
Can’t stop
anything can be done to halt a major exodus if one gets going among
the young. This group follows the crowd, and we don't pretend to
exodus
know what gets them going for one thing or another . . . Certainly
Target whites
Philip Morris should continue efforts for Marlboro in the youth
market, but perhaps as strongly as possible aimed at the white market
rather than attempting to encompass blacks as well”32.____________
1975: 23 January: An internal RJR Reynolds memo, stimulates that
Young are
“Our attached recommendation to expand nationally the successfully
tomorrow’s
tested ‘Meet the Turk’ ad campaign and new Marlboro-type blend is
cigarette
another step to meet our marketing objective: To increase our young
business
adult franchise. To ensure increased and longer-term growth for
CAMEL FILTER, the brand must increase its share penetration
among the 14-24 age group which have a new set of more liberal
values and which represent tomorrow’s cigarette business”33._______
24 January: An internal B&W memo outlines that “when describing
Young adult
market categories and target audiences we use references such as
smokers means
‘young smokers’, ‘young market’ ‘youth market’ etc ...in the future
young smokers
when describing the low-age end of the cigarette business please use
the term ‘young adult smoker’ or ‘young adult smoking market’”34,
March: Sir John Partridge, Chairman of Imperial: “It has not, and it
Never directed
has never been, the company’s wish or policy that our tobacco
advertising at
products should be smoked by children. Accordingly we have never
children
directed our advertising or promotion towards them. We have no
evidence that advertising has encouraged children to smoke.35”
March: Marketing and Research Counsellors, undertakes research for
I B&W into marketing the company’s “Viceroy” cigarette. One
Create a living
laboratory
Cigarettes are
an illicit
pleasure like
beer, sex, and
smoking ‘pot’
Chapter looks at how “young starters” can be introduced to Viceroy:
“For the young smoker, the cigarette is not yet an integral part of life,
of day-to-day life, in spite of the fact that that they try to project the
image of a regular run-of-the-mill smoker. For them, a cigarette, and
the whole smoking process, is part of the illicit pleasure category .. .In
the young smoker’s mind a cigarette falls into the same category with
wine, beer, shaving, wearing a bra (or purposely not wearing one),
declaration of independence and striving for self-identity. For the
young starter, a cigarette is associated with introduction to sex life,
with courtship, with smoking ‘pot’ and keeping late studying hours”
36
Adult initiation
Illicit pleasure
Relate to pot,
beer and sex,
Don’t mention
health
It’s a losing war
Marlboro’s
growth rate due
to young
smokers
Rationalise
smoking repress health
concern
Establish brand
for 14-18 year
olds to maintain
position
The document suggests how young starters can be attracted to
Viceroy
“ -Present the cigarette as one of a few initiations into the adult world.
- Present the cigarette as part of the illicit pleasure category of
products and activities.
- In your ads create a situation taken from the day-to-day life of the
young smoker but in an elegant manner have this situation touch on
the basic symbols of the growing-up, maturity process.
- To the best of your ability (considering some legal constraints) relate
the cigarette to ‘pot’, wine, beer, sex.
-Don’t communicate health or health related points37”
The documents refer to the health issue by advising: “Start out from
the basic assumption that cigarette smoking is dangerous to your
health - try to go around it in an elegant manner but don’t try to fight
it - it’s a losing war”38._____________________________________
A report by a Philip Morris researcher Myron E. Johnston to the head
of Research at Philip Morris, Robert B. Seligman outlines that:
“Marlboro's phenomenal growth rate in the past has been attributable
in large part to our high market penetration among young smokers ...
15 to 19 years old . . . my own data, which includes younger
teenagers, shows even higher Marlboro market penetration among 1517-year-olds ... Marlboro smokers, being on the average considerably
younger than the total smoking population, tend to have lower than
average incomes .. the decline in the popularity of Marlboro Red
among younger smokers will probably continue and , thus, further
reduce its rate of growth”39._________________________________
1976: March: B&W’s Advertising Objective for Viceroy is to
“Communicate effectively that Viceroy is a satisfying, flavourful
cigarette which young adult smokers enjoy, by providing them a
rationalisation for smoking, or, a repression of the health concern they
appear to need”40.___________________________________
15 March: An RJR Document outlining “Planning Assumptions and
Forecast for the Period 1976-1986” outlines that: “Evidence is now
available to indicate that the 14-18-year old group is an increasing
segment of the smoking population. RJR-T must soon establish a
successful new brand in this market if our position in the industry is to
be maintained over the long term”41.___________________________
23 March: Imperial: “It is not and it has never been, the company’s
Children
wish or policy that our tobacco products should be smoked by
shouldn’t smoke children. Accordingly, we have never directed our advertising towards
them”42._________________________________________________
Philip Morris
12 August: An internal RJ Reynolds memo entitled “Share of Smokers
increases 14
by Age Group”, includes “Younger Smokers”: “From a Corporate
year olds
standpoint, Philip Morris posted a 4 point gain among 14-17 year old
smokers (RJR and B&W each lost 2 points)43.___________________
30 November: A Lorillard memo outlines the “rightness” of “focusing
Enriched
Company effort against Smokers’ health concerns”. One company
nicotine for the
strategy is “enriched nicotine (a break through solution) for both taste
young
and satisfaction and low numbers; especially for young adult
smokers”44._______________________________________________
1977: 7 March: A B&W document highlights how the “third major
Opportunities
opportunities for KOOL Super Lights gains could come from full taste
from young
85 smokers and from starters. Young (age 16-25) males account for a
starters
disproportionate amount of both these segments ... KOOL has the
highest attraction rate (along with Marlboro) for new starters in the
full taste menthol and non-menthol segments”45.__________________
25 March: A working paper prepared for Imperial Tobacco outlines:
“Rationale
1. By younger smokers, we mean people ranging from starters of the
Position brand
smoking habit up to and through the seeking and setting of their
to appeal to
independent adult lifestyle. Relevant lifestyle is the key to the
lifestyle - taste
brand’s positioning, and the youthful emphasis is a psychological
not important
not a chronological one.
2. Ata younger age, taste requirements and satisfaction in a cigarette
are thought to play a secondary role to the social requirements.
Therefore, taste, until a certain nicotine dependence has been
developed, is somewhat less important than other things”46.______
18 October: Kwechansky Marketing Research undertakes “Project
16” for Imperial Tobacco (Canada). Although it is illegal to sell or
Observational
cigarettes to under-18, and the industry’s code prohibited the
sessions on
companies from doing so, 16/17 year old students, who smoked five
teens
or more cigarettes a day are booked into a hotel for “observational
sessions”, although “recruiting was carried out in such a manner that
the respondents had no idea that the subject was to be smoking” 7,
The purpose of Project 16 is outlined: “Since how the beginning
smoker feels today has implications for the future of the industry, it
Leam how
smoking begins, follows that a study of this area would be of much interest. Project 16
was designed to do just that - to leam everything there was to leam
about how smoking begins, how high school students feel about being
smokers, and how they foresee their use of tobacco in the future.”
The summary of the findings are that: “There is no doubt that peer
Peer pressure
group influence is the single most important factor in the decision by
important
an adolescent to smoke .. .Serious efforts to leam to smoke occur
Start at 11
between ages 12 and 13 in most case [sic] ....However intriguing
n
smoking was at 11, 12 , or 13, by the age of 16 or 17 many regretted
Want to stop by their use of cigarettes for health reasons and because they feel unable
to stop smoking when they want to. By the age of 16, peer pressure to
16
initiate others to smoking is gone. 48”__________________________
RJ Reynolds; Salem Annual Marketing Plan: “Through the association
of Salem and its brand styles with emulatable personalities and
Exploit
aspirations and
situational elements that are compatible with the aspirations and
lifestyles of contemporary young adults, this important target segment
lifestyles
will be attracted to the brand 49”.______________________________
1977/78: The CEO’s of all the major US tobacco companies decline
to give 10 per cent of their advertising budget to assist a special
Advertising is
campaign to stop teenagers and children from smoking. George
not effective in
Weismann, Chairman of Philip Morris says he does not think
altering teen
“advertising is effective in altering the behaviour of teenagers in
behaviour
regard to the use of cigarettes”. The President of the Liggett group
replies that “the mothers and fathers of this nation, whether smokers
or non-smokers, should continue to have freedom of choice in the
education and training of their children.50”______________________
1978: 30 August: An internal Lorillard memo states that: “Our
problem is the younger consumer that does not desire a menthol
cigarette. If that person desires a non-menthol, but wants to part of
Need an “in”
the Tn- group”, he goes to Marlboro .. .Is Marlboro as strong with the
early beginning consumers as the New port brands. Could we end the
menthol brand
for youth
success story for Marlboro by furnishing the young adult consumers
with a total category of “In” brands? I think the time is right to
develop a NEWPORT NATURAL (non-menthol)( cigarette to attract
the young adult consumer desiring a non-menthol product”51._______
The Research Committee of the Tobacco Advisory Council (BAT,
No more
Carreras Rothmans, Gallaher, Imperial Tobacco, Philip Morris),
studying of
recommends that “there was a consensus of opinion that further
youth
studies on smoking by young people should not be carried out as the
results could be used against the industry”52._____________________
1979: A Philip Morris memo states that “Marlboro dominates in the
Marlboro
dominates youth 17 and younger age category, capturing over 50 percent of the
market”53.________________________________________________
~ 1979: “Creative Guidelines” for Imperial Tobacco (Canada) outline
Advertising will “When image advertising [for Player’s Filter] is used in response to
reflect lifestyle
specific strategies, creative will continue to reflect a lifestyle
realisation
of youthful self-expression, independence and freedom with
aspirations
subject matter that is particularly relevant to young males [emphasis
in original],54”
Avoid
advertising that
is directed at
young
_________________ 1980s________________________________
1980: January: TAC: “The industry agrees voluntarily to co-operate
with H.M.G” by “avoiding styles of brand advertising and promotion
which self-evidently are directed to children or which might be
thought to have the effect of positively encouraging the smoking
habit itself55”.
Marlboro
dominates youth
market
Need to correct
these trends
Associate
Marlboro with
youthful
activities_____
Today’s teen is
tomorrow’s
regular
customer
Teens make
initial brand
choice
Marlboro red
success due to
youth
Advertising not
directed at
young
Teens and tax
22 July: R.J Reynolds inter office correspondence outlines that “Last
January, a report was issued on this subject [Teenage Smokers (1417)] that indicated that Philip Morris had a total share of 59 [%]
among 14-17 year old smokers, and specifically, Marlboro had a 52
[%] share. This latest report indicates that Philip Morris’ corporate
share has increased by about 4 points: however, Marlboro remains
the same at 52. Importantly, the report indicates that RJR continues
to gradually decline and between the spring and fall 1979 periods,
RJR’s total share declined from 21.3 to 19.9 [%]. Hopefully, our
various planned activities that will be implemented this fall will aid in
some way in reducing or correcting these trends”56.______________
Jean-Pierre Paschoud, Philip Morris Marketing Director, “What we
are trying to do is associate Marlboro with activities which are
favoured by younger people. This means sports and music, rock
music et cetera”. 7________________________________________
1981: 31 March: a Philip Morris researcher Myron E. Johnston
sends a memo to Robert B. Seligman, then Vice President of
research and development at Philip Morris in Richmond: “It is
important to know as much as possible about teenage smoking
patterns and attitudes. Today's teenager is tomorrow's potential
regular customer, and the overwhelming majority of smokers first
begin to smoke while in their teens .. ..it is during the teenage years
that the initial brand choice is made: At least a part of the success of
Marlboro Red during its most rapid growth period was because it
became the brand of choice among teenagers who then stuck with it
as they grew older .. .We will no longer be able to rely on a rapidly
increasing pool of teenagers from which to replace smokers through
lost normal attrition. . . Because of our high share of the market
among the youngest smokers, Philip Morris will suffer more than the
other companies from the decline in the number of teenage
smokers”. The report analyses data for smokers as young as 12 .
July: B&W deny acting on the Marketing advice for Viceroy
cigarettes in the 70’s saying: “We stand firmly behind the integrity of
our advertising .. .B&W’s published advertising is not deceptive, nor
misleading, nor is it geared towards young people59”.____________
17 September: An internal Philip Morris memo on “Teenage
Smoking and the Federal Excise Tax on Cigarettes” says “It is worth
noting that government actions designed to reduce smoking in the
late 1960’s and early 1970’s served to moderate an underlying
upward trend in teenage smoking, while any government action
taken now will accelerate its present downward trend. Given a price
elasticity of -0.4 for total cigarette sales and -1.2 for teenage
smoking participation, a 25 per cent increase in the excise tax could
be expected to reduce industry sales to about 1.2 per cent below
what would be expected in the absence of such an increase
.. .because of demographic trends and the improved economic
outlook an increase at this time would probably be less harmful than
it would have been at any other time in the past decade.60”
The Journal of the American Medical Association finds that adverts
for Joe Camel are effective in reaching children. In one study more
Joe Camel ads
than half of the children aged three to six who were presented with a
reach children as variety of products matched the Joe Camel logo with a photo of a
young as three
cigarette. Six year olds were found to be nearly as familiar with Joe
Camel as Mickey Mouse. The study finds that when children were
shown Joe Camel adverts, 96 per cent correctly identified the brand,
compared with only 67 per cent of adults61.____________________
“Player’s Filter 1981 Creative Guidelines Guidelines” recommend
Young
“the activity shown should be one which is practices by young
aspirations
people 16 to 20 years old, or one that those people can reasonably
aspire to in the near future”62.______________________________
1982: 22 March: An internal report for the Canadian company RJRMacdonald states: “it is hypothesised that very young starter
Masculinity and smokers choose Export ‘A’ because it provides them with an instant
rebellion
badge of masculinity, appeals to their rebellious nature and
establishes their position amongst their peers. As they mature, they
Can’t hold
gain more confidence through experience (move from the
brand through
educational environment into the workforce), acquire other symbols
maturing
of their masculinity (cars, clothing, etc) and strive for social and peer
process
group acceptance. It is at this transition point (ages 18-24) that
Export ‘A’ is declining in its ability to hold the young adult males, as
they go through the maturing process, due to its outdates, irrelevant
image63.”_______________________________________________
7 May: Kwechansky Marketing Research undertakes a further study
Lights used to
for Imperial Tobacco into why young people smoke to examine
stop quitting
whether light brands could be “potential substitutes for quitting”, as
well as to probe the area of quitting among both smokers and former
smokers. The study found that:______________________________
Starters believe
“Starters no longer disbelieve the dangers of smoking, but they
risks don’t apply almost universally assume these risks will not apply to themselves
to them
because they will not become addicted. Once addiction does take
place, it becomes necessary for the smoker to make peace with the
Desire to quit
accepted hazards. This is done by a wide range of rationalisations
starting earlier
.. .The desire to quit seems to come earlier now than before, even
prior to the end of high school. In fact, it often seems to take hold as
soon as the recent starter admits to himself that he is hooked on
Sports is a
smoking. However the desire to quit, and actually carrying it out, are
reason for
two different things, as the would-be quitter soon learns .. .the single
quitting
most commonly voiced reasons for quitting among those who had
done so was .. .sports64”__________________________
26 August: Earnest Pepples from B&W writes a letter to Senator
Wendell Ford, stating “We do not try to entice kids to smoke. We
Baseless charge never have .. .Cigarette advertising is constantly libelled (sic) as
being designed to appeal to teenagers, but any reasonable person
looking at cigarette advertising in recent years could only conclude
that the charge is baseless”65.
____________
27 September: A memo from Diane Burrows, of R.J.R Tobacco's
Young are
sensitive to
price
Lets market
half-packs to
appeal to young
Teens and price
Teens needed to
replace older
smokers
Kids can
recognise
cigarette
advertising
11 year olds
remember most
publicised
brands
Encouraging
news: teen
smoking
increased
Teen
consumption
linked to sports
sponsorship
Young are
marketing development department, discusses the findings of the
National Bureau of Economic Research on relative price sensitivities.
“A key finding is that younger adult males are highly sensitive to
price. This suggests that the steep rise in prices expected in the
coming months could threaten the long term viability of the industry,
by drying up the supply of new/younger adult smokers entering the
market. It could also undermine the long range growth potential of
brands which rely on new /younger smokers, including Marlboro and
Newport .. .RJR has an opportunity to break this price barrier with a
brand targeted to younger adult males, the most sensitive group ... I
recommend marketing ‘half-packs because .. .younger smokers seem
more sensitive to cost outlay than cost per cigarette”66.___________
Another memo from Diane Burrows, of R.J.R Tobacco's marketing
development department, outlines research on price sensitivity for
tobacco consumers -- including teen-agers --“ In terms of immediate
impact, the effect of price on males 35+ is most important. Half
(50%) of the total drop in industry volume is attributable to males
35+, compared to 24% from younger adult males, and 7% from
teenagers ... But, the loss of younger adult males and teenagers is
more important to the long term, drying up the supply of new
smokers to replace the old. This is not a fixed loss to the industry; its
importance increases with time. In ten years, increased rate per day
would have been expected to raise this group's consumption by more
than 50%”67.____________________________________________
A study undertaken by the Advertising Research Unit at the
University of Strathclyde in Scotland, finds that the majority of
children aged between 6 and 11 years can recognise cigarette
advertisements from highly prominent, long-running campaigns, and
that many can correctly identify cigarette brands in cryptic
advertisements which do not show brand names.68_______________
1983: January: Dr Frank Ledwith, a Research Fellow at the
Department of Community Medicine at Edinburgh University finds
that, in a survey of eleven year olds, the three most widely publicised
tobacco brands on television (Embassy Regal, Benson and Hedges
and John Player) are the three most commonly remembered cigarette
brands69.________________________________________________
18 February: A Philip Morris interoffice memo states that: “I have
just received data on the graduating class of 1982 and the results are
much more encouraging and corroborate the Roper data [a survey
that tracked smoking trends] . . . These data show that smoking
prevalence among these 18-year-old high school seniors has
increased from 1981 to 1982”.70_________________
An Australian study of teenagers finds that the four most popular
brands, accounting for 80 per cent of consumption, are also the four
most commonly linked with TV sports sponsorship. They are not the
most popular brands amongst adults .________________________
1984: 29 February: A RJR report, entitled “Young Adult Smokers:
Strategies and Opportunities” states that "Younger adult smokers
critical factor
have been the critical factor in the growth and decline of every major
brand and company over the last 50 years. They will continue to be
just as important to brands/companies in the future for two simple
reasons: The renewal of the market stems almost entirely from 18year-old smokers. No more than 5 percent of smokers start after age
24. The brand loyalty of 18-year-old smokers far outweighs any
tendency to switch with age ... Once a brand becomes welldeveloped among younger adult smokers, ageing and brand loyalty
Young only
will eventually transmit that strength to older age brackets ...
source of
Brands/companies which fail to attract their fair share of younger
replacement
adult smokers face an uphill battle. They must achieve net switching
smokers
gains every year to merely hold share... Younger adult smokers are
the only source of replacement smokers... If younger adults turn
away from smoking, the industry must decline, just as a population
which does not give birth will eventually dwindle.”______________
“Younger adult smokers are critical to RJR’s long term performance
and profitability .. ..because of the sensitivity of the younger adult
Young are
smoker market, brand development / management should encompass
critical to our
all aspects of marketing mix and maintain a long-term, single minded
long term
focus to all elements - product, advertising, name, packaging, media,
performance
promotion and distribution .. .Marlboro’s key imagery was not
masculinity, it was younger adult identity/ belonging -the brand for
average younger adults, popular and acceptable among younger
adult friends, not Too different’.72____________________________
Need to know
1984: July: a Smoking Behaviour-Marketing Conference is held in
why people
Canada, attended by Imperial Tobacco Limited (Canada, a subsidiary
smoke and why of BAT). The conference report, concludes that “since our future
continue to
business depends on the size of this starter population set, it was
smoke
considered important that we know why people start to smoke and
this may be more important than why they continue to smoke”.73
16 year olds are 14 September: B&W outlines its “media target audience for
target
BELAIR”, one of its brands, includes Males and Females aged “1629”74
November: Gordon Watson, General Manger of BAT in Hong Kong
Motor racing is on sponsorship of the Macau Grand Prix “We’re not handing out
a fast, trendy
money for nothing. We have gone into this very thoroughly and the
sport for the
entire JPS publicity is built around motor racing, seen as a fast,
young
exiting, trendy sport for the young and, if you like, the young at
heart. That’s who we are aiming at in the local market and early
indications are that we’re on target”75.
_____________
RJ Reynolds runs a series of adverts “We don’t advertise to children
We don’t
..First of all, we don’t want young people to smoke. And we’re
advertise to
running ads aimed specifically at young people advising them that we
children
think smoking is strictly for adults ..Kids just don’t pay attention to
cigarette ads, and that’s how it should be.76”____________________
Children most
A Study published in the Health Education Journal finds that
aware of brands “children were most aware of the cigarette brands which are most
with greatest
I frequently associated with sponsored sporting events on TV .. .This
sports
sponsorship
Due to
importance of
young we need
to advertise to
youth
Need brands to
appeal to young
Get out of this
unscathed
Younger teens
find cigarette
advertising
attractive
Appealing
advertising
Use peer
pressure
/acceptance to
make people
smoke CAMEL
Masculine, self
confident full
smoking
demonstrates that the TV sports sponsorship by tobacco
manufacturers acts as cigarette advertising to children and therefore
circumvents the law banning cigarette advertisements on TV”77.
1985: 1 February: A R.IR Marketing Research Report into the
“Camel Younger Adult Smoker Focus Groups” stresses how: “Due
to the importance of younger adult smokers, CAMEL has developed
a new advertising campaign which is directed solely towards this
group”78.________________________________________________
17 July: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Review Team reveal that under “Competition with Marlboro/ Brand
Strategies”: “Marlboro is particularly strong in attracting young
smokers and it was important to have brands which appealed to this
group ..It was agreed that, in competing against Marlboro, the
market segment at which a particular Group brand was being
directed should be carefully defined and all aspects of the promotion
and marketing should be clearly targeted on the chosen customer
group”79.________________________________________________
The Tobacco Institute responds to efforts by the state of Minnesota
to reduce teenage smoking: “Since Minnesota has seen fit to
designate itself, as Surgeon General Koop stated, 'a model for the
country' with regard to anti-smoking legislation, our only choice in
this matter is a complete victory. Anything less could be used against
us in other states....Every possible legislative, political, social and
theoretical angle is being utilised in our efforts to get out of this
session unscathed”.80______________________________________
A Survey into “Children’s perceptions of Advertisements for
Cigarettes” by the Advertising Research Unit, Department of
Marketing at the University of Strathclyde finds that “some 12 years
olds and most 14 t ol6 year olds perceive cigarette advertisements
much in the way that young adults do; therefore advertising
campaigns targeted at older teenagers and young adults are likely to
present qualities which younger teenagers find attractive”81.________
1986: 12 March: A secret internal RJR memo “Re: New Advertising
Campaign Development” outlines that:________________________
1. “Target Audience: It is recommended that creative efforts reflect
a primary focus on developing advertising which is highly relevant,
appealing and motivational to 18-24 male smokers”...____________
2. “Advertising Objective: Overall, CAMEL advertising will be
directed toward using peer acceptance / influence to provide the
motivation for target smokers to select CAMEL. Specifically
advertising will be developed with the objective of convincing
target smokers that by selecting CAMEL as their usual brand
they will project an image that will enhance their acceptance
among their peers” [emphasis added].________________________
3. “Strategic Approach. The underlying strategic approach guiding
advertising development will be to leverage positive and distinctive
aspects of CAMEL’s product / user heritage including: 1) delivery of
full /authentic smoking satisfaction, 2) masculinity and 3) non-
satisfaction
Aspirational
appeals
Self-confident
cool attitude
Sponsorship
does not make
kids smoke
Children name
cigarette brands
and sports
Sponsorship
circumventing
the law
Fast cars
Kids watch
sponsored sport
Share concern
over kids
smoking
conformist, self-confident user perceptions. Creative will present
these brand assets in a relevant, appealing manner to address image
wants to target smokers”.__________________________________
4. “General Creative Guidelines ... Advertising will rely on clearly
aspiration appeals (the me I want to be rather than the me I am) to
provide the motivation for target smokers to select CAMEL .._____
5. “Copy Strategy ... “The objective of the advertising is to leverage
the non-conformist, self-confident mindset historically attribute to
CAMEL users so that the brand becomes a relevant, appealing
choice for today’s younger smokers ... to create this objective, the
advertising will create the perception that CAMEL smokers are non
conformist, self-confident cool attitude which is admired by their
peers”82._______________________________________________
April: Clive Turner: Tobacco Advisory Council: “Sports
sponsorship by tobacco interests has existed for 25 years and has
absolutely no bearing whatsoever on persuading children to smoke.
It never has done and there is no substantive evidence to the
contrary83”._____________________________________________
August: A survey into “Children’s awareness of cigarette brand
sponsorship of sports and games in the UK” by the Advertising
Research Unit, Department of Marketing at the University of
Strathclyde finds that “about a third of the 10- and 11-year-olds and
more than half of the secondary school children were able to name
cigarette brands and sponsored sports. This shows the power if
sports sponsorship in putting cigarette brand names and associated
sports imagery into children’s memories. Thus sponsorship of sports
by tobacco companies works in direct opposition to the spirit of the
British Code of Advertising Practice (1983) which forbids cigarette
advertisements that have a special appeal to the young ... it is likely
that children learn about connections between cigarette brands and
sports by watching television. Thus it seems that television sports
sponsorship by cigarette manufacturers acts as advertising and
therefore circumvents the law banning cigarette advertising on
television”.
___
__________________________
The study finds that, although only nine per cent of the primary
school children named Marlboro or John Player Special as
sponsoring motor racing, 47 per cent pointed to adverts for these
brands, which did not mention motor racing, as being liked by
“someone who likes excitement and fast racing cars”.84___________
October: According to the Health Education Council, over the
pervious year, forty-four per cent of 10-15 year-olds in the UK
watched the Benson and Hedges snooker, and 56 per cent watched
Embassy snooker, and 39 per cent of the audience for the final for
the Embassy darts was under 1885._____________________
November: Clive Turner, Tobacco Advisory Council: “The tobacco
industry shares everybody else’s concern that the under 16s have
been able to obtain cigarettes all too easily - we have no brief for
under-age smoking - son in April we launched a new campaign,
costing £lm. a year for three and a half years, to help reduce the
incidence of illegal sales”86._________________________________
6 November: An advertising Report by McCann-Erickson
Advertising of Canada for RJR-Macdonald states:
If you are young “Advertising Implications. Export should continue to appeal to
and play sports, younger [sic] males who
drink beer, listen • Are sports orientated
to music, wear
• Drink beer
jeans - its OK
• Enjoy popular music
to smoke
• Are most comfortable in blue jeans and T-shirts
.. .Export’s masculine, rugged image needs to be placed in a more
social/socially acceptable context communicating that it’s alright to
smoke, especially Export87”_________________________________
A study published in the Health Education Journal concludes that
“children are receiving the positive message from cigarette
Nine year olds
advertisements even as young as the impressionable age of nine years
get positive
when they are most likely to try their first cigarette, although the
message
advertisements are supposedly not for them. They may see these
messages as generic to smoking and the positive impressions they
gain from them could be one of the important influences in their
decision to smoke”88.______________________________________
1987: 19 March: A study published in the New England Journal of
Cigarette
Medicine finds that: “cigarette advertisements continue to appear in
adverts appear
publications with large teenage readerships. In Glamour, one fourth
in teen
of whose readers are girls under 18 years of age, cigarette
magazines
advertisements were $6.3 million in 1985. In Sports Illustrated, one
third of whose readers are boys under 18 years of age, cigarette
advertising expenditures were $29.9 million in 1985 ...TV Guide,
Emphasise
which receives more cigarette advertising revenue than any other
vigour, sex and magazine ($36 million in 1985), informs its advertising clients that
independence
each issue reaches 8.8 million teenagers 12 to 17 years old. Themes
in cigarette advertising that emphasise youthful vigour, sexual
attraction, and independence are likely to be especially appealing to
teenagers and young adults grappling with these issues89.”_________
15 October: An internal RJ Reynolds memo examines “Project LF
Target 13 year
Potential Year 1 Marketing Strategy”, “Project LF is a wider
olds
circumference non-menthol cigarette targeted at younger adult male
smoker (primarily 13-24 year old Marlboro smokers)90.___________
What else can I December: Dutch Cigar executive on falling demand: “I don’t know
do?
what else to do except try and make products that younger smokers
will buy”91.______________________________________________
A study into Tobacco Advertising and Consumption by Joe Tye,
60% start
Kenneth Warner and Stanton Glantz remarks that:” Approximately
smoking by 13
years - 90%
before they are
20__________
90 % start with
60 per cent of smokers start by the age of 13 and fully 90 per cent
before the age of 20. These statistics translate in to the need for
more than 5,000 children and teenagers to begin smoking every day
to maintain the current size of the smoking population.92”_________
An estimated 90 per cent of American children who start smoking,
start smoking Marlboro93.__________________________________
-1987/ 88: Imperial Tobacco’s (Canada) marketing plan states: “If
the last ten years have taught us anything, it is that the industry is
Industry
dominated by the companies who respond most to the needs of
dominated by
younger smokers. Our efforts on these brands will remain on
companies who maintaining their relevance to smokers in these younger groups
respond to
in spite of the share performance they may develop among older
young - need to smokers .... Re-establish clear distinct images for ITL brands with
re-establish
particular emphasis on relevance to younger smokers. Shift
image
resources substantially in favour of avenues that allow for the
expression and reinforcement of these image characteristics”. The
document defines “target groups” for various brands as “men 12-17”
and “men and women 12-34.94______________________________
1988: February: RJ Reynolds introduce Joe Camel, a new cartoon
character. A survey, commissioned by the US Centre For Disease
Welcome Joe
Control finds that the highest increase in youth smoking between
Camel
1980-1988 is the year that Joe Camel is introduced95.____________
April: Philip Morris: “We have stated frequently that cigarette
smoking is an adult choice and we strive to avoid identifying our
Cigarettes are
company and brands with events that might encourage an association
an adult choice
between young people and smoking. Nevertheless, and when
children in our communities are in need, our concern for people is
more important than our concern for our critics”96.______________
A survey by the Advertising Research Unit, Department of
Marketing at the University of Strathclyde finds that “children are
Children
highly sensitive to the advertising of cigarette brands, and provide
sensitive to
further support for recent research indicating that cigarette
advertising
advertising promotes and reinforces smoking among the young. ,,97
Ron Bremen, from the Tobacco Institute of Australia: “I think,
No one’s
irrespective of how many children take up smoking in a year, no
immortal
one’s immortal - everyone dies sooner or later ”,_______________
1989: September: Dr. Everett Koop, Surgeon General of the US
Public Health Service: In my opinion, much of today’s advertising
Surgeonfor tobacco products is deceptive ... An advertisement for Kool
General:
cigarettes lor Kool cigarettes clearly targets young people; it shows
Cigarette
a young-looking couple in teenage attire, with macho anti
advertising is
establishment facial expressions, standing next to a motorcycle
deceptive
.. .Cigarette promotions placed in movies such as Superman 11
expose large numbers of children and adolescents to these
messages99,> .____________________________________________
A memo from RJ Reynolds raises the question of how to attract
young smokers, a critical element amid accusations about marketing
Doomsday
to teens. Worried that their Winston brand was losing market share
scenario: no
to industry leader Marlboro, Reynolds planners write: “It’s what
young adult
we’ve been calling the ‘doomsday scenario’: an acute deficiency of
smokers
young adult smokers, apparently implying Marlboro’s final
domination and our utter demise within a generation”100._________
I A study by the Department of Community Medicine United Medical
Marlboro
Sports
sponsorship is
bypassing
agreement and
influencing
young
and Dental School at St. Thomas’s Hospital in London concludes
“By sponsoring major sporting championships which are then
televised to millions of young viewers, tobacco companies are
bypassing the codes of the voluntary agreement and are advertising
their products to the young ... cigarette advertisements and
promotional activities do indeed have an impact on the young, and
probably influence their smoking behaviour”101.
__________________1990s________________________________
1990: 10 January: Clive Turner, Tobacco Advisory Council: “Its not
Not a pandemic a pandemic. Figures show that the number of child smokers are
steadily falling102”._______________________________________
10 January: A Memo written by a RJ Reynolds division manager, to
sales representatives says: “I need all of you to study the attached ...
Put in stores
list of monthly accounts in your [area] that are currently doing more
near young
than 100 Cartons Per Week, for purposes of denoting stores that are
adults
heavily frequented by young adult shoppers. These stores can be in
close proximity to colleges, high schools or areas where there are a
large number of young adults frequent the store [sic]”.103_________
5 February: A study published in the Medical Journal ofAustralia
Advertising
finds that “Children’s perceived responses to cigarette advertising
works
showed the strongest and most consistent evidence of an effect on
the uptake of smoking by children who initially were nonsmokers”104.____________________________________________
9 February: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco Strategy
Young Lucky
Review Team, show that “Lucky Strike [ a BAT brand] appealed to
Strike
younger smokers and was making encouraging progress in most
markets”,105.____________________________________________
19 February: Clive Turner, Tobacco Advisory Council: “Children do
Children know
indeed see and remember advertisements of all kinds, for all product
what’s good for categories, but they exercise a highly efficient filter, possibly
unwittingly. I repeat that youngsters instinctively know what is and
them
isn’t aimed at them106”.____________________________________
A confidential 1990 R.J.R promotions memo outlines: “ Camel
Brand Promotion Opportunities” including “ Attitudinal and lifestyle
considerations ... Target smokers are approaching adulthood, hence
Target smokers they arc sensitive to peer group perceptions regarding their maturity
are approaching and masculinity. Incentives which reinforce the perception that they
are ‘smart shoppers’ who ‘spend their money wisely’ are more
adulthood sensitive to peer effective than those which connote frivolity. Given their age and
environmental/economic conditions, target young adult smokers
pressure -want
more for their
have limited disposable incomes. Therefore, they try to get as much
as they can for their dollar spent. Quality, known brand names and
money
high perceived value considerably influence their purchase decisions.
Buying something Tow in quality’, not needed, or contrary to
desired perceptions is seen as wasteful and undesirable”._________
“Young adult target smokers are active, sociable and fun-loving in
nature. Their key interests include girls, cars, music, sports and
i n
Accommodate
attitudes and
lifestyles
dancing - all of which can include family and friends and can be
accomplished on a limited budget. Therefore, Total Marketing's
tactical recommendations are organised to accommodate those
attitudinal and lifestyle consideration. Major sections herein focus on
entertainment and fun-oriented incentives and utilitarian items. High
quality standards are a ‘given’ throughout”107.__________________
A Survey by the Advertising Research Unit, Department of
Under-age
Marketing at the University of Strathclyde finds that “promotional
effect
devices which help determine and reinforce adult cigarette brand
preferences have an even greater effect on under—age smokers”.108
1991: 11 December: A study in The Journal of the American
Medical Association finds that Joe Camel appeals far more to
children than adults. Thirty per cent of three year olds and 91 per
cent of six year olds knew that Joe Camel was connected with
cigarettes . The researchers found that “Old Joe, the cartoon
Joe Camel
character promoting Camel cigarettes had the highest recognition
appeals more to rate among the tested cigarette logos .. .Market researchers believe
kids than adults that brand awareness created in childhood can be the basis for
product preference later in life. It has been shown that children
prefer the brands they see advertised .. .The children in this study
demonstrated high recognition rates of brand logos for products that
are targeted to both children and adults ...cigarette advertising no
longer appears on television and very young children cannot read.
Yet by the age of 6 years, Old Joe is as well recognised as Mickey
Mouse”109.______________________________________________
Joe Camel
11 December: Another study published in The Journal of the
influences
American Medical Association, finds that “in just three years
children’s
Camel’s Old Joe cartoon character has had an astounding influence
smoking
on children’s smoking behaviour. The proportion of smokers under
behaviour
18 who choose Camels has risen from 0.5% to 32.8%. ...children
are much more familiar with Camel’s Old Joe cartoon character than
Sponsorship is
are adults .. .The tobacco industry’s sponsorship of sporting events,
designed to stop such as the Camel Superiors motorcycle race, should be seen in
teens quitting
relation to its need to discourage teenagers from quitting ...Our
study provides further evidence that tobacco advertising promotes
A ban is based
and maintains nicotine addiction among children and adolescents. A
on sound
total ban of tobacco advertising and promotions, as part of an effort
science
to protect children from the dangers of tobacco, can be based on
sound scientific reasoning”110._______________________________
Perception of
11 December: A further study published in JAMA finds that “not
advertising
only was the perception of Camel advertising highest among 12 to
highest in 12-13 13 year olds, but it was also particularly high among those
year olds
adolescents who were at considerable risk of starting to smoke
.. .We conclude that tobacco advertising, particularly of Camel
Advertising
cigarette has been effective in targeting adolescents in the US .. .Our
causally related results suggest that tobacco advertising is causally related to young
to addiction
people becoming addicted to cigarettes”111._____________________
In response, The Journal Advertising Age, publishes an editorial
saying that “Old Joe must go”112. RJ Reynolds James Johnston
responds that “advertising is irrelevant to a young person’s decision
to smoke” 113____________________________________________
December: The Confederation of European Community Cigarette
We do not
Manufacturers Limited: “The reality is that the industry does not
advertise to
youth________ advertise to youth”114._____________________________________
A further survey by the Advertising Research Unit, Department of
Advertising
predisposes and Marketing at the University of Strathclyde finds “cigarette
reinforces
advertising lias predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on
children’s attitudes and behaviour with respect to smoking”.115_____
A survey by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, in
Advertising
increases the
Berkeley, California finds that “Exposure to smoking advertisements
likelihood young does affect the likelihood that young people will smoke ... young
will smoke
people who retain more brand-related information from cigarette
advertisements are most at risk of smoking experimentation”116.
1992: 26 February: Minutes from a meeting of BAT’s Tobacco
Promote where
Strategy Review Team, reveal that “it was noted that the average
the young
age of Lucky Strike smokers was generally thought to be lower than
congregate
for Marlboro. However, Brazil was an exception and the Chairman
suggested that action should be taken to rectify this situation with
promotions at places where young adults congregated”117.________
March: A document entitled “The Viability of the Marlboro Man
Motor racing is Among the 18-24 Segment” prepared for Philip Morris, concludes:
designed to
“The ‘Racing’ advertising was perceived to be consistent with the
update the
cowboy image, but with a more modem and younger focus. It
cowboy
complimented the Marlboro campaign within a narrow audience. It
seemed best used tactically in specific markets where racing is
prominent and in magazines targeted to this audience. The Marlboro
‘Motorcycle’ advertising presented even a more modem Marlboro
Man. It had the same limitations as the racing ads (i.e., being a
sponsorship), however, it took the spirit of adventure and going to
the edge further.”________________________________________
Racing makes
Under the heading “Race Car”: the document outlines how “Racing
advertising was created to compliment the core campaign; it is an
Marlboro
younger
extension of the Marlboro ...Made the Marlboro attitude younger
and more up to date ... Make the Marlboro promotions more leisure
Sexual prowess oriented. Sexual prowess is of much concern. The Marlboro man can
have whomever he wants because he is at the top of the dominance
hierarchy118.”____________________________________________
May: Barry Bramley from BAT gives a talk entitled “The World
Cigarette Market and BAT”, stating that: “Benson and Hedges is
Revitalise brand one of the top selling UK International Brands in the world. It has
appealed to generation after generation of smokers, who are looking
for young
for great taste, superior quality and a prestige brand .. .we plan to
revitalise the brand and make it more attractive to younger adults
Lucky Strike
.. .Lucky Strike is demonstrating some of the best potential of our
appeal to young US International brands, mainly because of its appeal to younger
through
adult smokers ... the brand enjoys a high international profile
Old Joe must go
motorcycling
through its sponsorship of the Lucky Strike Suzuki 250 and 500cc
Grand Prix motorcycle racing teams”119.________________ ______
We do not
December: The Tobacco Advisory Council gives evidence to the UK
encourage kids
House of Commons Select Committee on Health: “we do not
to smoke
encourage a young person to make that initial decision [to start
smoking]”.120___________________________________________
A review of “Direct Tobacco Advertising and its Impact on
So much
Children” in the Journal of Smoking Related Diseases concludes
evidence that
that “There is now so much evidence that children identify sports
sponsorship is
sponsorship and brand-stretching as cigarette advertisements, and
advertising that that advertisements aimed at adults have an even greater effect on
affects kids
under-age children, that statements from the tobacco industry that it
does not advertise to children are irrelevant.121”_________________
Dave Goerliiz, lead model for RJ Reynolds for seven years, says his
I was a scam marketing brief was to “attract young smokers to replace the older
selling an image ones who were dying or quitting .. .1 was part of a scam, selling an
to young boys
image to young boys. My job was to get half a million kids to smoke
by 1995” l22._____________________________________________
Candy cigarettes Polish customs stop lorries carrying “Marlboro candy cigarettes”,
intended for East European children123.________________________
Ads make kids
A study published in the Health Education Journal states: “Research
smoke
continues to show that cigarette advertisements can influence nonsmoking children to smoke and reinforce their decisions to do so”124.
1993:__________________________________________________
September; The Health Education Authority releases the results of a
survey into the Embassy Regal “Reg” campaign, concluding “Young
teenagers find the Embassy Regal ‘Reg’ campaign more appealing
than the general adult population. Young smokers particularly like
“Reg” appeals
the campaign, identify with the humour, and say it gives them a
more to kids
reason to continue smoking. More boys as young as 9 and 10 like
than adults
the campaign than adults. Most adults do not identify with the
campaign, and say they believe the campaign will appeal to young
people. Latest smoking prevalence amongst teenagers in the North
of England (where the campaign was being shown) is significantly
higher than in 1992, whilst smoking prevalence in the non-campaign
areas has remained stable across the same time scale, The biggest
differences are amongst 14-15 year-old boys”125.________________
October: A survey undertaken by the Centre for Social Marketing,
University of Strathclyde, and published in the BMJ finds that
Reg getting
Embassy’s Regal Reg campaign “was getting through to children
through to kids
more effectively than it was to adults and held most appeal for
teenagers, particularly 14-15 years old smokers. It clearly
contravened the code governing tobacco advertising, which states
that advertising must not appeal to children more than it does to
adults, and it may have had a direct impact on teenage smoking”126.
Reg dropped
Imperial Tobacco drops the Embassy Regal “Reg” campaign127.
December: BAT adopts a Statement of Business Principles, stating:
“BAT Group companies will adhere to the principle that smoking is
Adults only
Peer pressure
and family not
advertising are
why people
smoke
Joe is attractive
to kids
$170 million for
a customer for
life
Ads exploit
vulnerable
Ads effect
attitudes
Evidence of
dose- response
relationship
One too many
Average age
start smoking is
14
Heavily
advertised
brands are the
most smoked
an adult custom and will direct marketing and sales efforts to adult
customers. Programmes directed to those under 18 are strictly
forbidden” 12'\____________________________________________
Chris Bullock, Tobacco Advisory Council: “it is generally accepted
that peer pressure and the influence of the family are the main
reasons why children smoke, It therefore follows that the
responsibility to ensure they do not smoke is one for society as a
whole - parents, teachers and others in authority. Removing the
tobacco industry’s marketing freedoms will not make a blind bit of
difference,”129___________________________________________
Ex Philip Moms executive: “You don’t have to be a brain surgeon
to work out what’s going on. Just look at the ads. Its ludicrous for
them to denv that a cartoon character like Joe Camel is attractive to
kids”130. _____________________________________________
Joe Tyre, Tobacco Free Youth Reporter, “American tobacco
companies spend more than £170 million every year giving away
cigarettes, many of which are smoked by children and teenagers. If
they can get a youngster to smoke a few packets, chances are he’ll
be a customer for life”131.___________________________________
1994: 12 October: A paper given at the 9th World Conference on
Tobacco and Health, by Joseph DiFranza, from the University of
Massachuseits Medical Centre states: “Tobacco advertising exploits
the vulnerabilities of youths by offering tobacco as the key to the
desired self-image, as a badge of independence, and as the key to
acceptance by their peers. Research demonstrates that children’s
attitudes and behaviour regarding tobacco are influenced by
advertising. In addition to promoting brand switching, tobacco
advertising increases the number of youths who smoke ... a dose
response relationship is also evident in that the more familiar and
comfortable children are with tobacco advertisements the more likely
they are to smoke1'2 _____________________________________
23 October: Walter Merryman, US Tobacco Industry Spokesperson:
“As far as I am concerned, if one child is smoking, that is one too
many .. we have done more than any other industry to try and
discourage the sale and use of its products by a potential audience or
potential group of consumers”133.____________________________
An article published by the US Department of Health and Human
Services Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report states
“Approximately three million US adolescents are smokers, and they
smoke nearly one billion packs of cigarettes each year. The average
age at which smokers try their first cigarette is 14 Yz years, and
approximately 70% of smokers become regular smokers by age 18
years .. .Of the 103 I current smokers aged 12-18 years interviewed
in 1993, 70% reported they usually brought their own cigarettes
..Marlboro, Camel and New port were the most frequently
purchased brands for 86 % of the adolescents ... The three most
commonly purchased brands among the adolescent smokers were the
three most heavily advertised brands in 1993. In 1993, Marlboro,
Camel and Newport ranked first, second, and third, respectively, in
advertising expend]lures .. .legislation may be needed to restrict
cigarette advertising to which young persons are likely to be
exposed”134._____________________________________________
We don’t want
RJ Reynolds runs an advert called “Smoking in a Free Society” in
kids to smoke
the USA; “We do not under any circumstances want kids to smoke
and we actively sponsor programmes to enforce age restrictions”135.
It’s a
1995: 30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip Morris
community
outlines key issues on targeting of children. “Juvenile smoking is a
problem
community problem. As part of the community Philip Morris and the
tobacco industry is doing its part to combat the problem ...________
• Over the years, Philip Morris has established strict standards to
Don’t market to ensure that marketing efforts are directed solely towards adults who
minors
choose to smoke. We don't market cigarettes to minors and we are
committed to discouraging minors from using tobacco products
• Philip Morris believes that 18 ought to be the legal age to
18 age limit
purchase cigarettes and supports strict laws to prohibit the purchase
of cigarettes by people under this age and penalties for retailers who
knowingly breach the law.__________________________________
Numerous studies, .Australian and overseas indicate that the primary
Don’t sponsor
determinants of smoking for young people are parents, peers and
sports or arts
older siblings. Peer identity , self-image and acquiring powers are
aimed at youth
also primary motivators. Tobacco advertising does not play a role ...
Cigarette manufacturers do not sponsor sporting or cultural
events directed at youth [emphasis added]”136._________________
27 June: Philip Morris announces the “Action Against Access”, a
Action against
campaign to slop children from smoking. “The best way to keep kids
access
from cigarettes is to keep cigarettes away from kids”, says James
Morgan, company’s president137._____________________________
Philip Moms runs further adverts: “No one should be allowed to sell
Minors
cigarettes to minors. Minors should not smoke. Period. That is why
shouldn’t smoke ____
Philip_____
Morris developed a comprehensive programme to prevent
| sales of cig;~arettes to minors”.138
Clinton’s FDA
package to free
kids from
addiction
Ronnie versus
Joe
Suing to stop
No kids - no
problem
Advertising
greater factor in
encouraging
kids to smoke
than peer
pressure
Peer pressure
versus
advertising
Who should be
responsible for
your kids
10 August: In the US President Clinton announces that nicotine is an
addictive drug and gives his support to the FDA to regulate the
promotion, sales and distribution of cigarettes. The set of measures
are intended to “free our teenagers from addiction and dependency
..Children are especially susceptible to the deadly temptations of
tobacco and its skilful marketing”. The proposals include:
• Banning cigarette vending machines and only allowing cigarettes
to be sold from behind a counter;
• Only allowing sales to over 18s, with proof of age required;
• Banning sales of individual cigarette and packs with fewer than 20
cigarettes; Forbidding brand name advertising at sports events and
on T-shirts and hats;
• Requiring tobacco companies to pay for a $150 million campaign
to discourage young people from smoking.
• Forbidding outdoor tobacco ads within 1,000 feet of schools and
playgrounds
• Restricting advertising in publications with a significant readership
among children and teenagers
• Making manufacturers, distributors and retailers responsible for
halting underage sales_____________________________________
One of the studies cited by the FDA for an advertising ban, was the
December JAMA study which found that 30 per cent of three year
olds and 91 per cent of six-year olds could identify Joe Camel as a
symbol of smoking, even though cigarette adverts were banned. In
contrast, 62 per cent of six-year olds could identify Ronald
McDonald, a character advertised freely on television140.__________
RJ Reynolds, Philip Morris, Brooke Group, Lorillard, B&W and
Liggett announce they are suing the FDA to stop the measures141.
17 August: Steve Parrish, Vice President, Philip Morris, “As we
have said in the past, though, we believe that if every person
underage stopped smoking, it would not have a material impact on
our business”142.__________________________________________
October: A study carried out by the University of California finds
that tobacco advertising is a stronger factor than peer pressure in
encouraging under 18 children to smoke. One of the authors, Dr.
Pearce, says: “It is not that children see an ad and start smoking, but
seeing the ads and handling the cigarette packets and the
promotional gifts lessens their resistance, weakens their resolve, so
later on they will be somewhat more willing to accept a cigarette
from a peer when it is offered”143.____________________________
30 October: Rance Crain, Editor-in-Chief, Advertising Age,
“Cigarette people maintain peer pressure is the culprit in getting kids
to start smoking and advertising has little effect. That’s like saying
cosmetic ads have no effect on girls too young to put on lipstick.
Don’t brand preferences start forming early on?.”144_____________
In the Autumn, The US industry launches a counter-attack against
the proposed FDA regulations. Adverts asked: “Who should be
Responsible for your Children, a Bureaucrat, or You?” “Can we
Marketing
increases
smoking
Especially in the
young
Ads recruit new
smokers
Ads increase teen smoking
increases
Teens
responsive to
eye-catching ads
Its easy to tempt
the teen
Vending deal
Clinton’s plan to
cut teen
smoking by
50% in 7 years
Really Make ilie Underage Smoking Problem Smaller by Making the
Federal Bureaucracy Bigger? We all agree we must do something to
keep cigarettes out of the hands of children under the age of
eighteen. A proven solution is to teach young people how to resist
peer pressure and to enforce existing laws”145.__________________
An “Historical Analysis of Tobacco Marketing and the Uptake of
Smoking by Youth in the United States from 1980-1977” finds that
“Throughout the history of the cigarette industry we have
distinguished four distinct periods in which we could relate the
impact of marketing strategies to the uptake of smoking .. .marked
increases in the rate of smoking uptake in the particular gender
group targeted by these campaigns were coincident with the
beginning of each. Such an effect was not observed among the non
targeted gender... it would appear that the effectiveness of tobacco
marketing practices in encouraging non-smokers to start smoking
may now be limited to the adolescent population”146._____________
A survey undertaken into Tobacco advertisements and adolescents
by the Department of Preventative Medicine and Institute for
Prevention Research, University of Southern California, concludes
“that tobacco advertisements ostensibly targeted to adult smokers
may have the effect of recruiting new adolescent smokers147.”_____
1996:__________________________________________________
3 April: A study into twenty years of cigarette advertising by
Professor Richard Pollay of the University of British Colombia,
published in. i/ie Journal ofMarketing examined nine cigarette
brands and found that whenever a brand’s advertising increased,
teenage smoking of that brand was three times more likely than adult
smoking to increase. Teenagers were more responsive to eye
catching adverts - Marlboro, with the Marlboro Man, with 12.7 per
cent of industry advertising, accounted for 59.5 percent of
advertising. Camel with 4.9 per cent of advertising won 8.7 per cent
of the teenage market. “Its quite easy to tempt the teen”, concludes
Pollay148.____________________________________________
16 May: Philip Morris proposes a deal by which all vending
machines would be banned in the US to reduce teenage smoking in
return for continued exemption from the FDA. Steven Parrish, Philip
Morris’s Senior Vice President for Corporate Affairs: “Everyone
agrees that kids shouldn’t use tobacco”149._____________________
23 August: President Clinton declares nicotine addictive and
announces measures designed to cut teenage smoking by 50 per cent
in 7 years. Although the measures fall short of the 1995 proposals,
Clinton’s plan includes banning:
• Tobacco company sponsorship of sports events
• Cigarette sales from vending machines accessible to minors
• Tobacco billboards within 1000 feet of schools
• Pictures on any tobacco billboards
• Colour picture advertisements in youth publications
• Tobacco brand-names on publicity trinkets150.
Total ban?
Wee have never
marketed our
products to kids
£100,000 gift
They got lips,
we want them
We don’t want
kids to smoke
We don’t want
kids to smoke
Ads give kids
positive image
about smoking
Of course, we
market to youth
August: Philip Morris responds to the FDA by arguing that the
measures are not designed to reduce teenage smoking, rather “We
believe the FDA’s real goal is to restrict and regulate the sale of
cigarettes to adults, possibly including a total ban of the product”151.
A Philip Morris Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues,
produced, it is believed in 1996 for employees states about children:
“ Q: why is the tobacco industry so concerned about young people
smoking all of a sudden? It isn't ‘all of a sudden.’ We have observed
a stringent product advertising code for decades. It has never been
Philip Morris's policy to market its tobacco products to minors. We
were ahead of our time. The American public and the tobacco
industry at large arc just beginning to catch up to Philip Morris.
ANALOGY: When it comes to the youth issue, our critics are
running to the front of the parade, where we've been marching for
years ... We'>'c never marketed our products to children, and we
will never do so .... reports of us trying to sell cigarettes to
minors have simply been fabricated.[emphasis added]”152.
BAT gives £ 100,000 to a school in south-west London to turn it into
a Technology College15 .___________________________________
Terence Sullivan a sales rep in Florida for RJ Reynolds: “We were
targeting kids, and I said at the time it was unethical and maybe
illegal, but I was told it was just company policy”. Sullivan
remembers someone asking who exactly were the young people were
that RJR were targeting, junior high school kids or even younger.
The reply was “They got lips? We want them”.154_______________
1997: 7 March: Jan Smith, Spokeswoman for RJ Reynolds
Company: “We don't want kids to smoke and with five and a half
trillion cigarettes sold around the world every year, there is a large
enough market for us without going after kids. But we also don’t
think that advertising makes people smoke”.155__________________
9 March: Richard Williams, RJ Reynolds, “We do not want children
of any race to smoke. While target marketing is an option for some
companies it is not an option for cigarette companies”156._________
23 March: Researchers from Strathclyde University find that children
are able to recognise as many as five different cigarette
advertisements. “It is now beyond doubt that, whatever the
intentions of the tobacco industry, children are very familiar with
cigarette advertisements and that they take positive messages about
smoking from them”1'7.____________________________________
25 March: US tobacco company, Liggett, becomes the first
company to acknow ledge that the tobacco industry markets to
‘youth’, which means “those under 18 years of age, and not just
those 18-24 years of age.” Liggett also promises to “scrupulously
avoid any and all advertising and marketing that would appeal to
children and adolescents”.__________________________________
8 April: A survey undertaken by MVA Consultants concludes that
children are keenly aware of cigarette advertisements in magazines
(81 per cent) around shops (84 per cent) and on posters and
Kids aware of
cigarette adverts billboards (70 per cent). Two thirds believed that they had seen
adverts on TV. The most commonly cited brands are Benson and
Hedges, Silk Cut and Marlboro, which are also the most heavily
advertised159.___________________________________________
29 May: The US Federal Trade Commission charges RJ Reynolds
with unfair advertising practices, alleging that its Joe Camel
campaign targets children. As part of its evidence, the FTC cites an
US FTC: Joe
RJR survey which shows that 86 per cent of children aged 10 to 17
Camel is unfair
recognise Joe Camel, with 95 per cent knowing that he is selling
advertising
cigarettes. In response RJR says “There is no factual basis on which
to found this suit. Joe Camel has become the government’s
scapegoat for issues our society has been unable to resolve160._____
23 June: As part of the landmark deal in the US, the tobacco
industry agrees conduct a $500 million campaign to reduce under
30% reduction
age smoking. Target reductions are 30 per cent in five years, 50 per
in five years
cent in seven years, and 60 per cent in 10 years. Also included in the
settlement is a ban on all vending machines, and the placement of
cigarettes behind shop counters in order to reduce under-age
smoking161.
Break the rules
- shock their
parents
New standards
of rebellion
An alternative
to drugs
Need a kick
Rebellion,
glamour of
danger
15 August: Florida lawyers claim that a two-page BAT memo,
believed to have been written in the late seventies shows that the
company considered unusual marketing techniques to attract young
smokers. The document, called Project Kestrel, outlined its objective
to “To develop a brand which "breaks the rules", to appeal to a new
Generation and shock their parents, to make conventional brands
look bland and weary .. It was felt that the literate youth of today,
being very image-oriented, would require a brand of cigarettes which
was not an attempt to match any other brands, like Marlboro for
instance, but which was completely unconventional, which set new
standards encouraging their rebellion, not necessarily just against
parents certainly against the market norm. It would respond to the
person's individuality with the possibility of being an alternative to
drugs”.
“It was felt that the cigarette should incorporate some sort of "kick"
of a similar nature to the Coca-Cola "kick", giving the cigarette a
physiological effect. A possible route for this would be to
incorporate the AMTECH technology, using ammonia to generate
nicotine enhancement during pH distortion to liberate nicotine.
“The cigarette should have a totally new brand name so that no
preconceived ideas could be formed, and should reflect the durable
youth values discussed (rebellion, glamour of danger, etc.). The type
of packaging was also discussed and it was felt that the pack should
be in some way distinctive without being over-sensational. It was felt
that the youth of today tend to associate with the colour black, so it
would be important to distinguish the black pack from other brands
such as J PS, Raffles, etc.
“In short then, anything goes. The cigarettes should not be judged in
any way by the normal smoker but purely by the literate youth. A
trial and error basis should be incorporated so this may involve many
different flavours, most of which would probably be abhorrent to
‘Mr. Average Smoker’”. In response BAT maintains that the
company “has never and will never target under-age smokers”162.
20 September: BAT “We firmly believe that smoking is for adults
Adults only
only. We do nothing to encourage adults who have chosen not to
smoke to begin smoking, and we actively assist governments in
efforts to eliminate under-age smoking”163._____________________
14 November: Campaign magazine highlights how the magazine has
Campaign aimed come “across some Brazilian tobacco ads for BAT’s Free brand last
at youth
week, aimed directly at getting young people to smoke. ‘It’s always
rebellion
worth taking risks’ was the gist of one; ‘first we go crazy, then we
see what happens’, was another. They unashamedly try to make
smoking an act of teenage rebellion”1 ._______________________
14 November: The Cancer Research Campaign reveals that boys are
Boys twice as
twice as likely to become regular smokers if they are motor racing
likely to smoke
fans. “This is damning evidence that tobacco sponsorship encourages
Anything goes
that will abhor
Mr Average
young boys to take up smoking and that sponsorship encourages
brand recognition.165”__________________________________ ___
16 December: A US Study of children in Vermont and New
Hampshire finds that school children who wear sports clothing and
other items with cigarette names and logos on them are four times
Cigarette
clothing leads to more likely to smoke than other children. 32 per cent of the children
owned promotional material, with Marlboro and Camel the most
smoking
popular brands. 22 per cent said that they had acquired the
merchandise from stores or directly from cigarette companies. Each
cigarette item taken to school was seen by at least ten other children,
forcing the researchers to conclude that the findings “raised the
possibility that children were becoming the means through which
cigarettes were being promoted to other children”166._____________
1998: 29 January: Nick Brookes, Chairman and CEO of B&W
testifies before die House Commerce Committee: “I think that we
can all agree on our primary goals: to reduce youth smoking while
Children should protecting the rights of adults who choose to smoke ...The cigarette
companies still have a right to market their products to adults. But
not smoke
today we are drawing the line on children, fulfilling our obligation as
adults to protect them from influences that too often are stronger
than they are ... B&W emphatically agrees that smoking should be an
adult choice. Children should not smoke. They should not have
access to tobacco products. For many years, we were content
simply to assert that position. In retrospect, I believe that it was a
Peer pressure,
mistake not to fight youth smoking more aggressively. We should
parental
influence not
have come out swinging at the problem years ago ... common senseadvertising
and an increasing body of research - indicate that a minor’s
reason kids
decision to smoke is driven by peer group pressure, parental
smoke
influence, and other factors that are completely outside the
control of the tobacco companies” [emphasis added]167._________
29 January: .Also appearing before the House Commerce
Committee, the Chairman of RJR, Steven Gladstone says: “ It is
Not ethical
simply not acceptable under any circumstance to review, much less
commission, marketing research on minors. It has never been
acceptable, or in my view ethical, to target underage smokers”168.
18 February: A US study published in the Journal of the American
Medical Association provides “the first longitudinal evidence to our
Marketing is
knowledge that tobacco promotional activities are causally related to
causally related the onset of smoking”169. According to the authors it “provides clear
to smoking
evidence that tobacco industry advertising and promotional activities
can influence non-susceptible never-smokers to start the process of
becoming addicted to cigarettes ... our data establish that the
34%
influence of tobacco promotional activities was present before
experimentation adolescents showed any susceptibility to become smokers ... we
due to
estimate that 34 per cent of all experimentation in California between
promotional
1993 and 1996 can be attributed to tobacco promotional
activities
activities”1/(J._____________________________________________
18 February: Another study published in the JAMA concludes that
________________
if racing fans
Young
magazines
We don’t track
14 year olds
today
Starting
behaviour as
young as five
cigarette brands popular among young adolescents are more likely
than adult brands to advertise in magazines with high youth
readerships171.__________________________________________
6 March: Andrew J. Schindler, President and CEO of R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Company testified at the Minnesota trial. Shown RJR
documents that had targeted children, he said: “I’m embarrassed for
the company. We don't track 14-to 17-year-olds today. I think it is
wrong, frankly stupid and unnecessary. It certainly doesn't happen
today. We shouldn't be discussing 14-year-olds in any way, shape or
form”172._______________________________________________
8 March: In the Minnesota trial, Ramsey County District Judge
Kenneth Fitzpatrick cites a document by BAT’s Canadian subsidiary
as a reason to order 39,000 industry documents to be released. The
document, a report on youth marketing studies conducted for the
company, states that “the studies reported on youngsters' motivation
for starting, their brand preferences, etc. as well as the starting
behaviour of children as young as five years old”. In addition, the
studies, the document states, examine “young smokers' attitudes
toward 'addiction' and contain multiple references to how many
young smokers believe that they cannot become addicted, only to
later discover, to their regret, that they are”173.
1 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p66,76-77
2 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Trinh Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
P?7
3 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p67
4 Tobacco Advisory Committee, Smoking and Health, Comments on the Report of a Committee of the
RCP, 1962, 7 March [L&D UK Ind 19]
5 Panorama, BBC TV, 1962, 12 March [L&D Pro/Gov 39]
6 R.W.S. Plumley, Managing Director of the Carreras Rothmans UK Group of Companies, Statement
in Relation to Smoking and Health, 1962. 5 April [L&D Gov/Pro 33]
7 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p68
8 R. Wald, Memo, 1965, 28 December; quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's HundredYear Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A.
Knopf, New York, 1996, p300
9 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s 1 fundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alt red A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p316-7
10 B&W, New Product Concepts. -1968 'Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,723}
11 M.E. Johnston, Confidential Note Re Marlboro Market Penetration by Age and Sex, 1969, 23 May
{Minn Trial Exhibit 2555}
12 Philip Morris Vice President for Research and Development, Why One Smokes, First Draft, 1969,
Autumn {Minn. Trial Exhibit 3681}
13 RJ Reynolds, Summary of Decisions Made in MRD-ESTY Meeting, 1971, 7 April {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 12,258}
14 I. Katz, US Firm in ‘Shock’ Smoking fests, The Guardian, 1995, 26 July, p2
15 {Minn, www.tobacco.org}
16 C. Teague Jnr, Research Planning Memorandum on Some Thoughts About New Brands of
Cigarettes for the Youth Market, 1973, 2 February [L&D RJR/BAT 2]
17 E. Pepples, Memo to J. Blalock. 1973, 14 Febmary {1814.01}
18 William Esty Company, NFO Preference Share Data “Youth Market,” For RJ Reynolds, 1973, 8
March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13105}
19 RJ Reynolds, No Title, 1973, 12 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 24,144}
20 Philip Morris Marketing Research Department, Incidence of Smoking Cigarettes, 1973, 18 May
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,801}
21 William Esty Company, Winston Box Marketing Plan, for RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, 1973,
November {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,355}
22 F. G. Colby, Re: Cigarette Concept to Assure RJR A Larger Segment of the Youth Market, 1973, 4
December {Minn Trial Exhibit 12,464}
23 B&W, Internal Memo, 1973 [Minn. Att.Gen]
24 B&W, Secondary Source Digest, -1973 {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,809}
25 D. W. Tredennick, Memo to F. H. Christopher Re: “What Causes Smokers to Select their First
Brand of Cigarette, 1974, 3 July [L&D RJR/ BAT 10]
26 Roper Organisation, A study of Smoking Habits Among Young Smokers, Prepared for Philip
Morris, 1974, July (Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,497}; Philip Morris, Highlights of Special Roper Study
on Young Smokers, 1974, 25 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,621}
27 RJR, 1975 Marketing Plans Presentation, 1974, 30 September {Minn Trial Exhibit 12,493}
28 B&W, New Ventures Project/The New Smoker/Stage 11, 1974, September {Minn. Trial Exhibit
13,996}
29 R. J. Reynolds, Domestic Operating Goals, 1974, 26 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,377}
30 B&W, Target Audience Appendix, 1974, 12 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,811}
31 I. Katz, US Firm in ‘Shock’ Smoking Tests, The Guardian, 1995, 26 July, p2
32 Quoted on www.tobacco.org
33 J. F. Mind, Memo to C.A. Tucker, 1975, 23 January
34 R.A. Pittman, Memo, 1975, 24 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,724}
35 Sir John Partridge, Chairman of Imperial, Answers Questions Put at the AGM by ASH, 1975[L&D
Imp 23]
36 Documents were placed in the record of the Hearings before the House Commerce Committee Sub
committee in Oversight and Investigations, on “Cigarette Advertising and the HHS[ US Department
of Health and Human Services] Anli-Smoking Campaign”, 1981, 25 June, Serial Number: 97-66.
37 Documents were placed in the record of the Hearings before the House Commerce Committee Sub
Committee in Oversight and Investigations, on “Cigarette Advertising and the HHS[ US Department
of Health and Human Services] Anli-Smoking Campaign”, 1981, 25 June, Serial Number: 97-66.
38 Documents were placed in the record of the Hearings before the House Commerce Committee Sub
committee in Oversight and Investigations, on “Cigarette Advertising and the HHS[ US Department
of Health and Human Services] Anti-Smoking Campaign”, 1981, 25 June, Serial Number: 97-66.
39 M. Johnston, The Decline in the Rate of Growth of Marlboro Red, 1975, 21 May {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 2557}
40 Documents were placed in the record of the Hearings before the House Commerce Committee Sub
Committee in Oversight and Investigations, on “Cigarette Advertising and the HHS[ US Department
of Health and Human Services] Anti-Smoking Campaign”, 1981, 25 June, Serial Number: 97-66.
41 RJ Reynolds, Tobacco Company Research Department, Secret Planning Assumptions and Forecast
for the Period 1976-1986, 1976, 15 March [L&D RJR/BAT 9]
42 Imperial, ASH Questions and Answers. 1976, 23 March
43 T. Key, Share of Smokers by Age Group, 1976, 12 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,238}
44 R. E. Smith, Re: 1976 Switching Study. Lorillard, 1976, 30 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,193}
45 B&W, KOOL Super Lights Menthol Hi-Fi Switching Gains Analysis, 1977, 7 March {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 13,697}
46 Spitzer, Mills & Bates, The Player’s Family; A Working Paper Prepared for Imperial Tobacco,
12977, 25 March, Exhibit AG-33, RJR-Macdonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General)’, quoted in R.
Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research
Centre, 1996, pl72
47 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry cover-up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p82-83; R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International
Development Research Centre, 1996, pl 66 quoting Kwechansky Marketing Research, Project 16,
Report for Imperial Tobacco Limited, 1977, 18 October: Exhibit AG-216, RJR-MacDonald Inc. v.
Canada (Attorney General)
48 Kwechansky Marketing Research, Project 16, Report for Imperial Tobacco Limited, 1977, 18
October: Exhibit AG-216, RJR-MacDonald Inc. r. Canada (Attorney General)-, quoted in R.
Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research
Centre, 1996, pl66-7
49 J. Anderson & T. Capaccio, Washington Post, 1981, 22 June: quoted in P. Taylor, Smoke Ring The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl78
50 J. A. Califano, Jnr, Governing America: An Insider’s Report from the White House and the
Cabinet, Simon and Schuster, 1981; : quoted in P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco,
1984, Bodley Head, p214-5
51 T. L. Achey, Product Information, Lorillard, 1978, 30 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,195}
52 Tobacco Advisory Council, Research Committee Recommendations for Research, 1978, 21
November [L&D UK Ind 29]
53 Philip Morris, Memo, 1979 [Minn.Att.Gen]
54 Imperial Tobacco Limited, ~1979, Creative Guidelines, Exhibit AG-29, RJR-MacDonald Inc. v.
Canada (Attorney General)-, quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco
War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p80
55 Preliminary Response by TAC to Sir George Young’s Letter of 24 January, 1980, January [L&D
UK Ind 37]
56
G. H. Long, Re: MDD Report on Teenage Smokers (14-17), 1980,22 July {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 13,101}
57 J-P. Paschoud, Philip Morris Marketing Director, 1980, Quoted in the Washington Post Magazine,
1994, 20 February
58 M. Johnston, Re: Young Smokers - Prevalence, trends, Implications, and Related Demographic
Trends, 1981, 31 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,339}
59 B&W, Media Statement following an article in Lexington Sunday Herald, 1981, 5 July
60 M. Johnston, Re Teenage Smoking and the Federal Excise Tax on Cigarettes, 1981, 17 September
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,560}
61 Quoted in T. Houston, P. Fischer, J. Richards Jnr, The Public, The Press and Tobacco Research,
Tobacco Control, 1992, Nol, pl 18-122
62 A. Ferriman, C. Macrae, Tobacco Giant Lured 12-Year-Olds, The Observer, 1981, 10 November,
P1
63 RJR-Macdonald, Export Family Strategy Document, 1982, 22 March, Exhibit AG-222, RJRMacdonald v. Canada (Attorney General): quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The
Canadian Tobacco War, International De\ elopment Research Centre, 1996, p 171
64 Kwechansky Marketing Research, Project Plus / Minus, Report for Imperial Tobacco Limited,
1982, 7 May: Exhibit AG-217, RJR-MacDonald Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General)
65 E. Pepples, Letter to Senator Ford, 1982, 26 August {2218.01}
66 D. S. Burrows, Marketing Implications of the NBER Models, 1982, 27 September {Minn.Trial
Exhibit 12,682}
67 Pioneer Press, Tobacco Memo Concerning Economic Research on Smokers, 1998, 12 March
68 P.P. Aitkin, D. S. Leathar, and F.J O’ Hagan, Children’s Perceptions of Advertisements for
Cigarettes, Social Science and Medicine, 1985, No 21, p785-797; 68 P.P. Aitkin, D. S. Leathar, and
F.J O’ Hagan, S.I. Squair, Children’s Awareness of Cigarette Advertisements and Brand Imagery,
British Journal ofAddiction, 1986; Quoted in P.P. Aitkin, D. S. Leathar, S. I. Squair, Children’s
Awareness of Cigarette Brand Sponsorship of Sports and Games in the UK, Health Education
Research, 1986,Vol 1 No3, p203-211
69 Quoted in A. Henry, E. MacAskill, This is Not a Cigarette Advert, The Guardian, 1997, 6
November, p21
70 M. Johnson, Re: Still More on Trends in Cigarette Smoking Prevalence, Interoffice Memo, 1983,
18 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,525}
71 Quoted in A. Henry, E. MacAskill, This is Not a Cigarette Advert, The Guardian, 1997, 6
November, p21
72 RJ Reynolds, “Young Adult Smokers: Strategies and Opportunities”, 1984, 29 February {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 12,579}
13 Proceedings of the Smoking Behaviour-Marketing Conference, 9-12 July, 1984, Session 1, 1984
74 B&W, Belair 1984 Media Plan, 1984, 14 September, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,783}
75 R. Parke, Masterminding a Special Gamble, South China Morning Post, 1984, 18 November
76 RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, We Don’t Advertise to Children, 1984
77 F. Ledwith, Does Tobacco Sports Sponsorship on Television Act as Advertising to Children?,
Health Education Journal, 1984, Vol 43, No4, pS5-88
78 RJ Reynolds, Marketing Research Report, Camel Younger Adult Smoker Focus Groups, 1985, 1
February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,811}
79 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team. 1985, 17 July
80 Tobacco Institute, Internal Memo, 1985 [Minn.Att.Gen]
81 P.P Aitken, D. S. Leathar, F. J. O’Hagan, Children’s Perceptions of Advertisements for Cigarettes,
Soc. Sci. Med., 1985, Vol. 21, No 7, p785-797
82 R.T Canfield, To D. N. lauco, CAMEL New Advertising Campaign Development, 1986, 12 March
83 C. Turner, Teenage Smoking, East Anglian Daily Times, 1986, 4 April
84 P.P. Aitkin, D. S. Leathar, S. I. Squair, Children’s Awareness of Cigarette Brand Sponsorship of
Sports and Games in the UK, Health Education Research, 1986,Vol 1 No3, p203-211
85 J. Hitchins, Letter to David Simpson, Re: Voluntary Agreement on Sports Sponsorship by Tobacco
Companies, 1986, 17 October
86 C. Turner, Under-Age Smoking: Check the Facts, Portsmouth News, 1986, 27 November
87 McCann-Erickson Advertising of Canada, RJR-MacDonald Brand Family and Smokers
Segmentation Study (85), Key Findings and Communications Implications, 1996, November Exhibit
RJR-175 RJR-Macdonald v. Canada (Attorney General).
88 A. Charlton, Children’s Advertisement-Awareness Related to Their Views on Smoking, Health
Education Journal, 1986, Vol. 45, No2, p75-78
89 R. M. Davis, Current Trends in Cigarette Advertising and Marketing, New England Journal of
Medicine, 1987, Vol. 316, No 12, 19 March
90 J. E. Miller, Re: Project LF Potential Year 1 Marketing Strategy, 1987, 15 October
91 P. Manus, Wanted: More Overseas Customers, Tobacco Reporter, 1987, December
92 J. Tye, K. Warner, S. Glantz Tobacco Advertising and Consumption: Evidence of a Causal
Relationship, Journal of Public Health Policy, 1987, Winter, p492-508
93 D. Stoffman, To the Last Gasp, Report on Business Magazine, 1987, September, p23 [C.7]
94Imperial Tobacco, Overall Market Conditions - F88, Exhibit AG-214, RJR-Macdonald v. Canada
(Attorney General)’, Quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War,
International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl70
95 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl62-3
96 Philip Morris International, The Activities of Philip Morris in the Third World, 1988, April
97 P.P Aitken, D. S. Leathar, A. I. Scott, S. I Squair, Cigarette Brand Preferences of Teenagers and
Adults, Health Promotion, Oxford University Press, 1988, Vo2, No3, p219- 226
98 P. Ward, Cigarette Lobby to Spend a Packet, The Weekend Australian, 1988, 19-20 March
99 C. Everett Koop, A Parting Shot at Tobacco, 1989, JAMA, Vol 262, No20, 24 November,
100 D. Phelps, Documents Reveal Tobacco Firm's Inner Workings Over 40 years, Star Tribune, 1998,
26 February
101 D. Young, A. Swan, J. Melia, Cigarette Advertising and the Youth Market, Health Education
Journal, 1989, Vol 48, No?, pl 13-116
102 J. Sherman, Parents Fieht Sale ol'Tobacco to Young, The Times, 1990, 10 January
103 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Tt nth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p96 quoting J P. McMahon. Division Manger in RJR Sales, Memo to Sales Reps, Young
Adult Market, 1990, 10 January
104 B. K. Armstrong, N. 1 . de Klerk, R. F. Shean, D. A. Dunn, P. J. Dolin, Influence of Education
and Advertising on the Urtake of Smoking By Children, The Medical Journal ofAustralia, 1990, 5
February, Vol 152, pl 17-: 24
105 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team. 1990. 9 February
106 C. Turner, Children Filter Advertising. Letter to the Scotsman, 1990, 19 February
107 Pioneer Press, Excerpt from Confidential 1990 R.J.R Promotions Memo, 1998, 12 March
108 P.P Aitken, D. R. Eadie, Reinforcing Effects of Cigarette Advertising on Underage Smoking,
British Journal ofAddiction, 1990, No 85, p399-412
109 P. M. Fischer, P. Meyer, M D. Swartz, J. W. Richards, A. O. Goldstein, T. H. Rojas, Brand Logo
Recognition by Children Aged 3 to 6 Years, JAMA, 1991, Vol 266, 11 December, p3145-3148
110 J. R. DiFranza, J W. Richards, P. M. Paulman, N. Wolf-Gillespie, C. Flecther, R. Gaffe, D.
Murray, RJR Nabisco’s Cartoon Camel Promotes Camel Cigarette to Children, JAMA, 1991, Vol 266,
No 22, 11 December, p3149-3153
111 J. P. Pierce, E. Gilpin, D. Burns, E. Whalen, B. Rosbrook, D. Shopland, M. Johnson, Does
Tobacco Advertising Target Young People to Start Smoking?, JAMA, 1991, Vol. 266, No 22, 11
December, p3154-3158
112 Quoted in The Economist, The Search lor El Dorado, 1992, 16 May, p21 [C.7J; R. Kluger, Ashes
to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette I Tar, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of
Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knop:', New York, 1996, p 702
113 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 702
114 The Confederation of European Community Cigarette Manufacturers Limited, CECCM Sets the
Record Straight, 1991, 16 December
115 P.P Aitken, D. R. Eadie, G. B. I fastings, A. J. Haywood, Predisposing Effects on Cigarette
Advertising on Children’s Intern ions to Smoke When Older,, British Journal ofAddiction, 1991, No
88, p383-390
116 M. Klitzner, P. J. Gruenewahl, E. Bamberger, Cigarette Advertising and Adolescent
Experimentation with Smoking. British Journal of Addiction, 1991, 86, p287-298
117 BAT, Tobacco: Strategy Review Team. 1992, 26 February
118 Bruce Eckman Inc, The Viability of the Marlboro Man Among the 18-24 Segment, 1992, March
{Trial Exhibit 11,823}
119 B. Bramley, BAT Industries International Tobacco Conference, Budapest, 1992, May {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 19,982}
120 House of Commons Health Committee, The European Commission’s Proposed Directive on the
Advertising of Tobacco Products, 1992,1IMSO, pvii, 2, 8
121 J. Mindell, Direct Tobacco Advertising and Its Impact on Children, Journal of Smoking Related
Disease, 1992, 3(3), p275-284
122 J. di Giovanni, Cancer Country - Who's Lucky Now?, The Sunday Times, 1992, 2 August, pl2
[C.7.5]
123 Positive Health, Lady Killer. 1992, Summer [c.7.5]
124 E. Nelson, D. While, Children’s Awareness of Cigarette Advertisements on Television, Health
Education Journal, 1992, Vol 51/1, p34-33
125 Health Education Authority, An Investigation of the Appeal and Impact of the Embassy Regal
‘Reg’ Campaign on Young People, 1993, September
126 G. B. Hastings, H. Ryan, P. Tecr, A M MacKintosh, Cigarette Advertising and Children’s
Smoking: Why Reg Was Withdrawn, BMJ. 1994, Vol 309, 8 October, p933-937
127 R. McKie, M. Wroe, Legal KiIlers That Prey on Our Kids, The Observer, 1997, 23 March, pl8; J.
Kerr, S. Taylor, Tide is Burning. Daily Mirror, 1997, 22 March, p2
128 BAT Industries, Statement of Business Conduct, 1993, December
129 H. Jamieson, Big three Battle it Out Under Fire, CTN, 1993, 7 May [C.7, 1993]
130 W. Ecenbarger, America’s New Merchants of Death, Readers Digest, 1993 [C.7]
131 W. Ecenbarger, America’s New Merchants of Death, Readers Digest, 1993 [C.7]
132 J. diFranza, The Effects of Tobacco Advertising on Children, A paper Given at the 9th World
Conference on Tobacco and Health, Paris, 1994, 12 October
133 BBC, The Money Programme, 1994, 23 October
134 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Changes in the Cigarette Brand Preferences of Adolescent
Smokers - United States, 1989-1993, 1994, 19 August, Vol43, No32 {Minn. Trial Exhibit 4,991}
135 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p91
136 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
137 G. Colins, Marlboro’s Make: to Caution Youths, International Herald Tribune, 1995, 29 June, pl2
138 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p91
139 International Herald Tribune, Clinton Tells Federal Agency to Curb Teen Smoking, 1995, 11
August
140 Quoted in P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998,
pl 66-7
141 Wall Street Journal (Europe), Cigarette Makers Sue FDA To Block New Regulations, 1995, 11
August, p2
142 S. Parrish, All Thirds Considered, National Public Radio, 1995, 17 August
143 P. Hilts, Ads Linke ' to Smoking By Children, New York Times, 1995, 18 October, pB9
144 R.Crain, Advertising Age, 1995, 30 October
145 P. Pringle, Dirty Business — Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl 71
146 J. P. Pierce, E. A. G ilpin, A Historical Analysis of Tobacco Marketing and the Uptake of Smoking
by Youth in the United States: 1890-1977, Health Psychology, 1995, Vol 14, No 6, p5OO-5O8
147 J. B. Unger, C. Anderson Johnson, L. A. Rohrbach, Recognition and Liking of Tobacco and
Alcohol Advertisements Among Adolescents: Relationships with Susceptibility to Substance Use,
Preventative Medicine, 1995, 24, p461-466
148 L. Neergaard, Study Argues Teens More Responsive to Cigarette Ads, Associated Press, 1996, 3
April
149 R. Tomkins, Philip Morris Plan to Curb Teen Smoking, Financial Times, 1996, 16 May, p3
150 P. Waldmer, R. To: kins, US Bid to Stub out Teenage Smoking, Financial Times, 1996, 24
August, p3
151 C. Glass, Fighting < nart, Tobacco Reporter, 1996, August, p28
152 Philip Morris, Pos: : .on Statement On A Wide Range of Issues, Believed to be 1996
153 The Times, Tobacco Giant will Sponsor New College, 1996, 22 May
154 P. J. Hilts, Smoker reen - The Truth Behind (he Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, p96-8
155 A. Arrarte, Group Internet Ads Court Children, Miami Herald, 1997, 7 March
156 N. Stancill, New Camel Menthols criticised as a Direct Assault on Black Teens, Charlotte
Observer, 1997, 9 March, pl A
157 R. McKie, M. Wn . Legal Killers That Prey on Our Kids, The Observer, 1997, 23 March, pl8
158 S. L. Hwang, Liggett Heats Up US Tobacco Debate, Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1997, 25
March; R. Newton, R. divlin, The Smoking Gun, Sunday Telegraph, 1997, 23 March
159 D. Mills, Cigarette ds reach Places d’hey Shouldn’t, Daily Telegraph, 1997, 8 April, p27; C.
Marshall, Survey Slab s 'fobacco Ad Curbs as Pointless, Campaign Magazine, 1997, 4 April, p2
160 Financial Times, F C Brands Joe Camel Unfair, 1997, 29 May; Tobacco Reporter, FTC Targets
Joe Camel, Alleges Unfair Advertising, 1997, July, p6
161 R. Tomkins, When the Smoke Clears. Financial Times, 1997, 23 June, pl9; National Centre for
Tobacco Free Kids, US Tobacco Litigation. Settlement: Overview of the Deal, 1997; A. Freedman, S.
Hwang, E. Beck, Burning Question, Did Cigarette Makers Get Too Sweet a Deal in US Settlement,
Wall Street Journal (I 'trope), 1997, pl
162 C. Pretzick, BAT 1 ?nies Targeting Under-Age Smokers, Daily Telegraph, 1997, 15 August, p27;
BAT, Project Kestrc’, ndated
163 M. Broughton, Atta :• s on Tobacco Industry, The Lancet, 1997, 20 September, Vol 350, p890
164 Campaign, More E n sty Needed in Tobacco Ad Discussions, 1997, 14 November, p31
165 Cancer Research C ■. yaign, New Research Fuels Formula One Row, Press Release, 1997, 14
November
166 T. Monmaney, Pro: olional Items Arc Strongly Linked to Youth Smoking, International Herald
Tribune, 1997, 16 December, p3
167 N. Brookes, Testin my before the House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
168 S. Gladstone, Testimony before the House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
169 J.P. Pierce,; W.S. ''hoi; E.A. Gilpin; A.J. Farkas; C.C. Berry, Tobacco Industry Promotion of
Cigarettes and Adolest nt Smoking, JAMA, 1998, 18 February, 279:511-515
170 S. Boseley, Cigaret: Adverts “do Persuade Adolescents to Smoke”, The Guardian, 1998, 18
February
171 C. King III; M. Sic 1; C. Celel ucki: G. N. Connolly; Adolescent Exposure to Cigarette
Advertising in Magazi es - An Evaluation of Brand-Specific Advertising in Relation to Youth
Readership, JAMA, 1 GM, 18 February, 279:516-520
172 Pioneer Press, Youth tobacco marketing denied, R.J. Reynolds head: Files unknown to him, 1998,
6 March; D. Phelps, Youths and smoking dominate again at tobacco trial, Star Tribune, 1998, 6
March
173 J. Schwartz, Tobacco Firms Ordered to Turn Over Documents, Washington Post, 1998; 8 March, p
A02
pH V G
I
Tobacco explained chronology: NICOTINE
1940s- 1960s
1945:
Nicotine is
major factor in
habit
A study supported by the American Tobacco Company into the
“Role of Nicotine in the Cigarette Habit” concludes that, “with some
individuals, nicotine becomes a major factor in the cigarette habit”1.
1961:
What’s relation
between
nicotine and
addiction
Sir Charles Ellis, BAT R&D Department notes the increasing use of
tranquillisers and “pep pills” as potentially “very serious competitors
to smoking ... If the competition is to be met successfully it must be
important to know how tranquillising and stimulating effects of
nicotine are produced, and the relation of addiction to the daily
nicotine intake”.2_________________________________________
Sir Charles Ellis, “smokers are nicotine addicts” ._______________
1962:
Nicotine addicts
13 February: A BAT Private and Confidential memo “The Effects of
Smoking” states: “The force of the habit or the strength of addiction
is not such as to give any grounds for complacency in the face of
alternative methods of stimulating the body to meet stress ... What
we need to know above all things is what constitutes the hold of
smoking, that is, to understand addiction ... some device which
Need to
delivered the nicotine in an acceptable form without the harmful
understand
combustion products would be possibly more desirable .. .We now
addiction
possess a knowledge of the effects of nicotine far more extensive
than exists in published scientific literature .. .it is well known that
An alternative
nicotine delivery the craving for nicotine in a confirmed smoker who stops smoking
device that’s not persists for ten, twenty or thirty days ... we believe that we have
found possible reasons for addiction ... I still do not believe we
harmful is
could be complacent because the drug industry disposes of very
desirable
powerful resources and may at any time attempt to invade the
cigarette smoke field by alternative drugs”4.
Ex-smokers
crave nicotine
Smoking a habit Sir Charles Ellis, from BAT “..smoking is a habit of addiction
.. .nicotine is ... a very fine drug ”5.____________________
of addiction
1963:
Strength of
addiction no
grounds for
complacency
Study shows
nicotine key
factor
May: An internal report on “The fate of Nicotine on the body”
prepared by the Batelle Memorial Institute for BAT states: “There is
increasing evidence that nicotine is the key factor in controlling,
through the central nervous system, a number of beneficial effects of
tobacco smoke ..the alkaloid appears to be intimately connected with
the phenomena of tobacco habituation (tolerance) and /or addiction”
• I
6
Hippo Explain
tolerance and
addiction
Hypothesis on
Nicotine
addiction
Body craves
drug
Submission
undesirable
Nicotine is
addictive - we
are in the
business of
selling an
addictive drug
Physiological
effects
SurgeonGeneral:
Tobacco use
reinforced and
perpetuated by
nicotine
People smoke
because of
nicotine
Also in 1963, the Batelle finishes its “Hippo” study for BAT, which
had been examining nicotine: “A quantitative investigation of the
relations with time of nicotine and of some possible brain mediators on adreno-corticotrophic activity could give us the key to the
explanation of both phenomena of tolerance and of addiction, in
showing the symptoms of withdrawal. ”_______________________
The Batelle scientists also write a confidential essay for BAT called
“A Tentative Hypothesis on Nicotine Addiction” in which the
authors state: “Chronic intake of nicotine tends to restore the normal
physiological functioning of the endocrine system, so that everincreasing dose levels of nicotine are necessary to maintain the
desired action ... [the] body craves for renewed drug intake .. .This
unconscious desire explains the addiction of the individual to
nicotine8.”______________________________________________
3 July: Addison Yeaman, Vice President and General Counsel for
B&W, writes a memo stating “submission Battelle or Griffith
developments to Surgeon General undesirable”9.________________
17 July: Addison Yeaman now writes: “The determination by
Battelle of the ‘tranquillising’ function of nicotine, as received by the
human system in the delivered smoke of cigarettes, together with
nicotine’s possible effect on obesity, delivers to the industry what
may well be its first effective instrument of propaganda counter to
that of the American Cancer Society, et al, damning cigarettes as
having a causal relationship to cancer of the lung ... Moreover
nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of selling
nicotine, an addictive drug [emphasis added].”10______________
A further BAT document outlines: “Nicotine is by far the most
characteristic single constituent in tobacco, and the known
physiological effects are positively correlated with smoker
response”.11_____________________________________________
1964:
The US Surgeon General concludes that: “The habitual use of
tobacco is related primarily to psychological and social drives,
reinforced and perpetuated by the pharmacological actions of
nicotine on the central nervous system, the latter being interpreted
subjectively as stimulant or tranquillising dependent upon the
individual response”12._____________________________________
October: Philip Rodgers and Geoffrey Todd visit the US on behalf of
the Tobacco Research Council. Their report states “Mr. Galloway
(RJR) thought that a reasonable amount of nicotine was necessary in
a cigarette. Mr. Blunt [Liggett and Myers] firmly held the view that
people smoked because of the nicotine” 13._____________________
1967:
Pharmacological 2 March: Dr. Green from BAT research, summarises recent findings:
effects of
“there has been significant progress in understanding why people
nicotine
important Clinically we
administer
nicotine
Smoking is an
addictive habit
Oops it’s only a
habit
Smokers smoke
for
pharmacological
effects of
Nicotine
Industry
administers
nicotine to
consumers
Keep
pharmacology
of nicotine
under review
Its is drug, but
keep quiet
Nicotine has
well
smoke and the opinion is hardening in medical circles that the
pharmacological effects of nicotine play an important part ... It may
be useful, therefore, to look at the tobacco industry as if for a large
part its business is the administration of nicotine (in the clinical
sense).14”_______________________________________________
24 -27 October: BAT’s 1967 Research Conference is held in
Montreal. Draft minutes list “Assumptions made by R&D scientists”:
“Smoking is an addictive habit attributable to nicotine and the form
of nicotine affects the rate of absorption by the smoker ... It was
likely, moreover, that tobacco would be involved in legislation of a
food or drug administration nature in respect both of product and of
manufacturer.” A hand-written not changes “addictive habit” to
“habit”. The completed minutes state that “There is a minimum
necessary level of nicotine. Smoking is a habit attributable to
nicotine. The form of nicotine affects the rate of absorption by the
smoker”15.______________________________________________
The Tobacco Research Council publishes research undertaken
between 1963-66 including that of Dr Clark of UCL, which
concluded: “that there was much evidence to support the assumption
that smokers smoked in order to obtain the pharmacological effects
of the nicotine in the tobacco”16._____________________________
1968:
April: In a summary of BAT Group research it states: “There appear
to be four recognisable types of smoking behaviour: 1. Habitual, 2.
Addictive .. .There are several identifiable reasons why people start
and continue to smoke ... psychopharmacological .. .it seems a good
assumption that nicotine plays a predominant role for many smokers.
So that a good part of the tobacco industry is concerned with the
administration of nicotine to consumers”17.____________________
September: Minutes from the Annual BAT research conference,
show: “In view of its pre-eminent importance, the pharmacology of
nicotine should continue to be kept under review and attention paid
to the possible discovery of other substances possessing the desired
features of brain stimulation and stress-relief without direct effects
on the circulatory system. The possibility that nicotine and other
substances together may exert effects larger than either separately
(synergism) should be studied and if necessary the attention of
Marketing Departments should be drawn to these possibilities”18.
1969:
February: A memo from Philip Morris scientist, William Dunn says
“Do we really want to tout cigarette smoke as a drug? It is, of
course but there are dangerous FDA implications to having such
conceptualisations go beyond these walls”.19__________________
September: D.J. Wood from R&D at BAT gives a presentation to
company executives: “Nicotine has well documented
pharmacological action. It is claimed to have a dual effect, acting
documented
pharmacological
action
Rats become
habituated to
smoke
Primary reason
for smoking is
pharmacological
effect of
nicotine
both as a stimulant and a tranquilliser. It is believed to the
responsible for the ‘satisfaction’ of smoking, using this term on the
physiological rather than the psychological sense ”20._____________
3 October: RD Carpenter from Philip Morris writes a report on “RJ
Reynold’s Biological Facilities” stating that: “Reynolds has
developed an inhalation smoking machine which we also saw. The
machine has obviously been in use for some time and is being used to
expose rats to cigarette smoke .. .the rats have become habituated to
the smoke.21”____________________________________________
Autumn: The Vice President for R&D at Philip Morris writes a draft
report on “Why One Smokes”, stating “... the primary motivation
for smoking is to obtain the pharmacological effect of nicotine. In
the past, we at R&D have said that we’re not in the cigarette
business, we’re in the smoke business. It might be more pointed to
observe that the cigarette is the vehicle of smoke, smoke is the
vehicle of nicotine, and nicotine is the agent of a pleasurable body
response”.22
1970s
1970:
Smokers modify
habit for nicotine
Its all due to taste
We are in a
nicotine industry
Industry
dependent on
nicotine
Without nicotine,
there is no
smoking
The Tobacco Research Council publishes research undertaken
between 1967-69, included those undertaken at the University of
Newcastle which showed that “smokers may require ‘optimum’
doses of nicotine and that in order to obtain them from cigarettes
of different nicotine content or availability they modify their
smoking habits accordingly23”.___________________________
Horace Kornegay from the US Tobacco Institute says: “There is,
of course, no way to know that any given levels [of tar and
nicotine] are of any relevance beyond simple matters of taste to
individual smokers”24.__________________________________
1971:
30 June: An internal BAT document shows that “Sir Charles
[Ellis] started the meeting by saying that he had first brought out
the concept that we are in a nicotine rather than tobacco
industry”25.____________________________________________
A postdoctoral fellowship into Nicotine Analogues supported by
BAT, stipulates that “It has been suggested that a considerable
proportion of smokers depend in the pharmacological action of
nicotine to continue smoking. If this view is correct, the present
scale of the tobacco industry is largely dependent on the intensity
and nature of the pharmacological action of nicotine”.26_________
William Dunn Jr. of Philip Morris addresses a conference in the
Caribbean: “The majority of the conferees would go even further
and accept the proposition that nicotine is the active constituent of
cigarette smoke. Without nicotine, the argument goes, there would
be no smoking .. .no one has ever become a cigarette smoker by
smoking cigarettes without nicotine. Most of the physiological
The cigarette is
not a product, but responses to inhaled smoke have been shown to be nicotine-related
.. .The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a
a package. The
package. The product is nicotine .. .Think of the cigarette pack as a
product is
storage container for a day’s supply of nicotine .. .Think of a
nicotine
cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine. Think of a puff
of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine ..Smoke is beyond question the
most optimised vehicle of nicotine and the cigarette the most
optimised dispenser of smoke”27.____________________________
Claude Teague from RJR writes: “If, as proposed, nicotine is the
We must make a
sine qua non of smoking, and if we meekly accept the allegations of
stand to defend
our business - the our critics and move toward reduction or elimination of nicotine in
our products, then we shall eventually liquidate our business. If we
manufacture and
intend to remain in business and our business is the manufacture
sale of dosage
forms of nicotine and sale of dosage forms of nicotine, then at some point we must
make a stand”28.________________________________________
Another RJR Reynolds documents mentions the “habituating level
Habituating
of nicotine”, and asks “how long can we go on?”_______________
1972:
A potent drug
Tobacco is the
vehicle for
delivery of
nicotine
Nicotine is the
product
Dependent on
nicotine
Dependent on
nicotine
Reject if nicotine
level too low
April: An internal RJR Memo on the “nature of the tobacco
business and the crucial role of nicotine” states “Tobacco products,
uniquely, contain and deliver nicotine, a potent drug with a variety
of physiological effects .. .nicotine is known to be a habit-forming
alkaloid, hence the confirmed user of tobacco products is primarily
seeking the physiological “satisfaction” derived from nicotine .. .His
choice of product and pattern of usage are primarily determined by
his individual nicotine dosage requirements .. .Thus tobacco
product is, in essence, a vehicle for delivery of nicotine”3 ._______
22 June: A Philip Morris report entitled “Motives and Incentives in
Cigarette Smoking” summarises that “The question is put as to
why people smoke. The answer is proposed that one smokes to
obtain nicotine. It is contended in this paper that nicotine, specially
packed, is the cigarette industry’s product”31.__________________
July: Dr Green from BAT writes a memo on the “Association of
Smoking and Disease”, stating: “the tobacco smoking habit is
reinforced or dependent upon the psycho-pharmacological effects
mainly of nicotine”32._____________________________________
November: A BAT report states: “It has been suggested that a
considerable proportion of smokers depend on the pharmacological
action of nicotine for their motivation to continue smoking. If this
view is correct, the present scale of the tobacco industry is largely
dependent on the intensity and nature of the pharmacological action
of nicotine”33.___________________________________________
A further BAT report recognises that if cigarette’s nicotine level: “
is so low that the nicotine is below the threshold of
pharmacological activity then it is possible that the smoking habit
would be rejected by a large number of smokers”34,
An internal Philip Morris memo by a company scientist says that:
More people
“A widely held theory holds that most people smoke for the
smoke for
narcotic effect (relaxing, sedative) that comes from the nicotine.
nicotine than taste The taste comes for the ‘tar’ delivery (particulate matter) delivery.
Although more people talk about ‘taste’, it is likely that greater
numbers smoke for the narcotic value that comes from the
nicotine”35.____________________________________________
Nicotine both
Claude Teague from RJ Reynolds says “happily for the tobacco
unique and
industry, nicotine is both habituating and unique in its variety of
physiological actions”36__________________________________
habituating
1973:
February: Ernest Pepples, B&W’s assistant general counsel writes
to J. Blalock, Director of Public Relations, regarding topical issues
surrounding tobacco: “Addiction - Some emphasis is now being
placed in the habit-forming capacities of cigarette smoke. To some
extent the argument revolving around “free choice” is being
negated on the grounds of addiction. The threat is that this
argument will increase significantly and lead to further restrictions
on product specifications and greater danger in litigation”37.______
pharmacologically June: A BAT glossary describes nicotine as a “pharmacologically
active__________ active material present in tobacco and tobacco smoke”38.________
Delivery level
RJ Reynold’s Claude Teague, writes: “Nicotine should be delivered
at about 1.0-1.3 mg/cigarette, the minimum for confirmed
smokers”39.____________________________________________
Claude Teague from RJ Reynolds writes that “In essence, a
cigarette is a system for the delivery of nicotine to the smoker in an
attractive, useful form”40__________________________________
-1973: An undated B&W report, but quoting other reports from
1973, states: “The sensorimotor manipulation aspect of smoking is
Self-administer
important to people but perhaps not as important as nicotine.
nicotine
Therefore a nicotine injection would still leave a smoker hungry
and undersatisfied. Cigarettes allow people to self-administer
nicotine and at a self-determined rate ...
Free choice over
smoking being
negated by
nicotine
Physical
dependence and
withdrawal
Physical dependence involves changes which are physiological.
Firstly, this is shown by the smoker’s tolerance to the effects of
nicotine ... Secondly, when the intake of nicotine is reduced or
discontinues, the smoker may experience withdrawal symptoms,
resulting from the lessening of overactivity at the synapses
.. .withdrawal of cigarettes from heavy smokers may reduce them
to a subjectively distressed state, with symptoms of anxiety,
depression, irritability, restlessness, intense craving as well as
Monkeys inject
nicotine just like
other dependence
difficulty in concentration ...”.____________________________
“Monkeys can be trained to inject themselves with nicotine for its
own sake, just as they will inject other dependence-producing
drugs e.g. opiates, caffeine, amphetamine, cocaine. Research has
shown that stimulation of the medical forebrain bundle of the
drugs - opiates,
cocaine,
amphetamines
As quick as the
junkie’s fix
In half an hour
need more
hypothalamus can pleasurably preoccupy an animal to the exclusion
of all other basic activities e.g.. Eating, drinking, sexual activities.
It seems likely that nicotine and other dependence-producing drugs
owe part of their effectiveness to influencing this centre”.________
“This effect in the case of cigarette smoking is rapid but passing.
The absorption of nicotine through the lungs is as quick as the
junkie’s ‘fix’. The blood-brain barrier is no barrier to nicotine
which reaches the brain within a minute of a person lighting up. Its
effect is short-lived. In twenty to thirty minutes after the smoker
has finished his cigarette, most of the nicotine has left his brain for
other organs -stomach, liver and kidneys - and this is just about
the time that the heavily dependent smoker needs his next
cigarette .____________________________________________
1974:
Experiments on rates at the Tobacco Research Council
Laboratories in Harrogate showed that “dependence of nicotine is
related to the stressfulness of the situation.”42________________
Smokers need
A Philip Morris scientists report states that consumers “smoke to
habitual quota
achieve [their] habitual quota of the pharmacologically active
components of smoke” and that giving up smoking produces
Withdrawal is like reactions “not unlike those to be observed upon withdrawal from
any number of habituating pharmacological agents”43.
other drugs
Dependence due
to stress
But its not a drug
Without nicotine
people would
blow bubbles
Nicotine
important
Smoking is an
addiction not an
habituation
A BAT memo states: "Classification of tobacco as a drug should be
avoided at all costs”44.____________________________________
MAH Russell from the Addiction Research Unit at London’s
Institute of Psychiatry: "There is little doubt that if it were not for
the nicotine in tobacco smoke, people would be little more inclined
to smoke than they are to blow bubbles or to light sparklers”45.
1975:
April: Dr Green from BAT writes a paper on the “Basis for
Research in Smoking”: “we know that the pharmacological effects
of nicotine and / or other agents are likely to be very important for
some smokers”46._______________________________________
14 July: Mrs A. K. Cromer, a research scientist at BAT writes: “
Smoking is said by some to be an habituation rather than an
addiction since smokers tend not to increase their drug dose over a
period of time. This is not necessarily true, since smokers may
increase their cigarette consumption over a period of years ... In
summary, it appears most workers who are not directly concerned
with the tobacco industry use the term ‘addiction’ or ‘dependence’
Anti-smoking
campaigns
ineffective
because of
rather than ‘habituation’, and can be considered quite correct in
doing so ... i f cigarette smoking is as addictive as the evidence
suggests, it is not surprising that anti-smoking campaigns are so
ineffective, and moves towards the safer cigarette are the only
sensible way forward47.”
addiction
Without nicotine
cigarette market
would collapse
Marijuana and
nicotine gum to
rival cigarettes?
Exploit cigarettes
with subliminal
levels of
marijuana
Stimulant drug
Pharmacological
effect due to
nicotine
Smokers seek
nicotine
Active in the
brain
Nicotine
dependent
Danger in lower
cigarette
deliveries
Unable to stop
F J Ryan of Philip Morris, writes a memo warning of the dangers of
reduced nicotine: “The nicotine deliveries of these products may be
low enough to constitute a partial weaning of the smoker”.
Another memo states that without nicotine “the cigarette market
would collapse [Philip Morris] would collapse and we’d all lose our
jobs and consulting fees”.
1976:
March: A BAT report entitled “The Product in the Early 1980’s”
states that “Forecasts based upon the emergence of a rival to the
cigarette are rare, but the use of marijuana and nicotine-containing
chewing-gum . . . have been suggested . . . Nearly ten years ago, a
French paper discussed numerous plants which might replace
tobacco. The only material which has received a lot of attention is
marijuana, and the controversy on whether or not to legalise soft
drugs has been frequently aired ... in the illicit use of marijuana,
relatively large doses of the active principal are involved. If the use
of such drugs was legalised, one avenue for exploitation would be
the augmentation of cigarettes with near subliminal levels of the
drug”49.._______________________________________________
October: BAT Research paper: “Nicotine is generally considered to
be a stimulant drug”50.____________________________________
10 December: A Lorillard research report outlines how: “the
predominant systemic pharmacological effects of smoking are most
likely due to nicotine”51.__________________________________
A BAT Research paper concludes that “the majority of smokers
who actually buy cigarettes and smoke them regularly are directly
or indirectly seeking the effects of the nicotine content of smoke”.52
A further BAT view on the role of nicotine in smoking behaviour:
“It would therefore be surprising if nicotine, which is known to be
pharmacologically active in the brain (unlikely cotinine), and which
is obtained in the ways most likely to enable it to reach the brain
unchanged, were not involved in the reasons why people
smoke”.53______________________________________________
Also at a BAT research conference that year it is recognised that:
“There will be increasing recognition by some medical authorities
that smoking is a nicotine-dependent activity”54._______________
Dr. Green from BAT, writes, “Taking a long-term view, there is a
danger in the current trend of lower and lower cigarette delivers
[sic] - i.e. the smoker will be weaned away from the habit ...
nicotine is an important aspect of‘satisfaction’ and if the nicotine
delivery is reduced below a threshold ‘satisfaction’ level, then
surely smokers will question more readily why they are indulging in
an expensive habit”55____
1977:
19 May: A memo from Dr. Jagger of BAT’s Brazilian subsidiary
Prefer to stop
Addiction versus
ethics
Bury results if
similar to
morphine
We are digging
our own grave
Lets use another
drug?
Offer alternative
to nicotine
Antagonist would
put us out of
business
Addictive poison
Souza Cruz: “If you ask people why they carry out a practice
which they are unable to stop (by and large) and which they would
basically prefer to stop (if they could) it is reasonable to expect
them to take considerable refuge in justifications - i.e. enjoyment,
pleasure, taste, satisfaction, tension relief, etc”56._______________
August: An advertising conference undertaken for B&W examines
the goals of how to “market an ADDICTIVE PRODUCT in an
ETHICAL MANNER”57._________________________________
3 November: A Note from Philip Morris researcher William Dunn
states: “I have given Carolyn approval to proceed with this study.
If she is able to demonstrate, as she anticipates, no withdrawal
effects of nicotine, we will want to pursue this avenue with some
vigour. If, however, the results with nicotine are similar to those
gotten with morphine and caffeine, we will want to bury it.
Accordingly, there are only two copies of this memo, the one
attached and the one I have” ._____________________________
29 November: T. S. Osdene, from Philip Morris writes an internal
memo expressing amazement at the “trend that the CTR work is
taking. For openers Dr. Donald Ford, a new staff member, makes
the following quotes: ‘Opiates and nicotine may be similar in
action’; ‘We accept the fact that nicotine may be habituating’.
‘There is a relationship between nicotine and the opiates’ .. .It is my
strong feeling that with the progress that has been claimed, we are
in the process of digging our own grave ... I am very much afraid
that the direction of the work being taken by CTR is totally
detrimental to our position and undermines the public posture we
have taken to outsiders”59._________________________________
BAT scientists discuss the drug etorphine, noting that it “is 10,000
as effective an analgesic as morphine and has addictive
characteristics .. .perhaps a regular dose of 0.2 ug/day would
generate an addictive craving for the source. If so, 6 ug in, say, 30
cigarettes would provide such a dose ... Do you think the
possibility that competitors might use such a route to create brand
allegiance for low delivery cigarettes ought to be discussed at the
Research Managers Conference”60.__________________________
A Lorillard letter discussing new products outlines that "I don't
know of any smoker who at some point hasn't wished he didn't
smoke. If we could offer an acceptable alternative for providing
nicotine, I am 100 percent sure we would have a gigantic brand”61.
1978:
5 January: At a Council for Tobacco Research meeting “Dr.
Seligman brought up the grant by Dr. Abood in which one of the
stated aims was to make a clinically acceptable antagonist to
nicotine. This goal would have the potential of putting the tobacco
manufacturers out of business.62”___________________________
24 August: An internal B&W memo says: “Very few consumers
are aware of the effects of nicotine, i.e. its addictive nature and that
nicotine is a poison”63.
1979:
Nicotine
responsible for
tobacco use
Smokers are
dependent
Searching for a
socially
acceptable
addictive product
People need to be
dependent to
sustain profit
30 July: An independent research paper prepared for the Tobacco
Advisory Council states: “Nicotine is one of the most
pharmacologically-active compounds in tobacco smoke ... there is
now increasing evidence that the presence of nicotine may be the
major factor responsible for the widespread use of tobacco in all
human societies ..whilst smoking fulfils a psychological need in
certain individuals it is only the inhaling cigarette smoker who is
likely to gain psychopharmacological satisfaction from nicotine and
become dependent on it.. cigarette smoking may induce
psychological dependence in certain individuals as a result of
nicotine’64._____________________________________________
28 August: A BAT document outlines “Key Areas - Product
Innovation over the Next 1- Years for Long-Term Development:
“We have to satisfy the ‘individual’ who is either about to give up
or has just done so, i.e., in other words, customers in danger of
extinction ...we are searching explicitly for a socially acceptable
addictive product involving: - A pattern of repeated consumption A product which is likely to involve repeated handling - the
essential constituent is most likely to be nicotine or a ‘direct’
substitute for it”.
“...We also think that consideration should be given to the
hypothesis that the high profits additionally associated with the
tobacco industry are directly related to the fact that the consumer is
dependent upon the product. Looked at another way, it does not
follow that future alternative ‘Product X’ would sustain a profit
level above most other product/ business activities, unless, like
tobacco, it was associated with dependence65.”
1980s
1980:
No longer
making an adult
choice
Drug company
Smoking is
addictive
I January: Dr Green writes that “It has been suggested that cigarette
smoking is the most addictive drug. Certainly large numbers of
people will continue to smoke because they can’t give it up. If they
could they would do so. They can no longer be said to make an adult
choice”66._______________________________________________
II April: A memo by BAT scientists “BAT should learn to look at
itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco company67”.
16 May: A strictly private and confidential report for BAT states:
“Unlike dangerous sports and other high risk activities (except the
drinking of alcohol) smoking is addictive/ habituative in addition to
being an additional risk, and many smokers would like to give up the
Nicotine is
extremely active
We sell nicotine
Can’t defend
“free choice” if
person addicted
Determine
minimum level
of nicotine
Rats addicted to
nicotine
A drug of abuse
and addiction
Research totally
contradictory to
public
statements
Addicted rats
ruin billion
dollar business?
Lawyers don’t
like the word
“drug”
Build up
requirement
habit if they could”68.______________________________________
21 May: A report for BAT states that “Nicotine is an extremely
active biological compound capable of eliciting a range of
pharmacological, biochemical and physiological response in vivo ...
In some instances, the pharmacological response of smokers to
nicotine is believed to be responsible for an individual’s smoking
behaviour, providing the motivation for and the degree of
satisfaction required by the smoker”69.________________________
August: A Philip Morris scientist, T. S. Osdene, states in a memo to
the company’s Directors, “I believe the thing we sell most is
nicotine”70______________________________________________
9 September: A USA Tobacco Institute memo says: “I’m told, that
the entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a
prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancer / cigarette case. We
can’t defend continued smoking as ‘free choice’ if the person was
‘addicted’”71.____________________________________________
A Memo to the highest levels of Lorillard’s management sets out the
following research goal: “Determine the minimum level of nicotine
that will allow continued smoking. We hypothesise that below tome
very low nicotine level, diminished physiological satisfaction cannot
be compensated for by psychological satisfaction. At this point
smokers will quit, or return to higher T&N brands.”72___________
Victor DeNoble, is employed by Philip Morris from 1980 to 1984,
working on nicotine. During that time he undertook experiments on
rats who had nicotine injected directly into their hearts. The results
showed that the rats would administer a further dose of nicotine by
pushing a lever. “Nicotine has properties of a drug of abuse. It has
properties of drug addiction ...This [The results] was completely
contradictory to the industry’s position that nicotine is in cigarettes
for taste. We know they [ the rats] pressed the lever because of the
drug effects on the animals brain. We also know from studies that if
the substance was cocaine or morphine or alcohol the rates would
continue to press the lever. We found the same in nicotine”._______
When DeNoble took his findings to senior management he is asked:
“Why should I risk a billion dollar industry on rats pressing levers
for nicotine”. Increasingly his work is monitored by the lawyers.
Says DeNoble “Reports were constantly monitored. The most
interesting thing was that they wanted me to change certain words. I
basically said ‘Nicotine is a drug that is widely used’ and they told
me to write that ‘nicotine is a compound’. They do not want the
word drug used - they were adamant about that. We were not
allowed to talk about nicotine or anything in tobacco as a drug”.73.
1981:
December: George Mackin, Philip Morris: “Cigarettes are not just
habit-forming, but the body builds up a requirement for them” 74.
1982:
A potent
pharmacological
agent
23 February: A memo by Philip Morris researcher J. L. Charles
states that “Let’s face facts... Nicotine is a potent pharmacological
agent. Every toxicologist, physiologist, medical doctor and most
chemists know that. It's not a secret”75._______________________
April: Secret BAT Board Guidelines include the assumption that:
“Psychopharmacological aids (marijuana, nicotine chewing gum etc)
Nicotine
will continue in wide use. Certain drugs will be permitted and
dependency will become accepted for social use ... nicotine dependency will be
attacked and claims made that nicotine is addictive. Consequently,
be attacked
manufacturers will be encouraged to lower nicotine levels further
and / or improve the ratio of nicotine to tar76”._________________
7 April :A BAT study into Human Smoking Behaviour states “It is
generally accepted that a large number of habitual smokers are
Pharmacological influenced in their smoking habit by the amount of nicotine that they
draw from a cigarette .. .nicotine is the most pharmacologically
agent
active constituent in tobacco smoke and is probably the most usual
factor responsible for the maintenance of the smoking habit....”
Where does the
addiction
threshold lie?
Addicting agent
“It is possible to consider nicotine as the component of cigarette
smoke that controls the amount of smoke that a smoker takes from a
cigarette ... If delivery levels are reduced too quickly or eventually
to a level which is so low that the nicotine is below the threshold of
pharmacological activity then it is possible that the smoking habit
would be rejected by a large number of smokers. It is not known
where this threshold between just acceptable and rejection lies”77.
A B&W document on getting smokers to switch brands states that:
“Nicotine is the addicting agent in cigarettes”.78_________________
1983:
We cannot
16 February: At a meeting of research directors from Imperial,
Gallahers, Rotlimans, BAT and Philip Morris, “The role of nicotine,
at the relevant lower range of nicotine dosage, in perpetuating the
smoking habit” is discussed. “This is a particularly sensitive area for
the industry ... If any study showed that nicotine was, or was not,
associated with perpetuating the smoking habit, industry could well
be called upon to reduce or eliminate nicotine from the product (A
heads we lose, tails we cannot win situation) .”________________
16 March: An internal Philip Morris document states that: “The third
edition of the American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders defines substance
dependence as ‘.. .requires physiological dependence, evidenced by
defend tolerance
either tolerance or withdrawal’. The key word is either. We can
Heads we lose,
tails we cannot
win
successfully defend the absence of withdrawal under controlled
experiments, but we cannot defend tolerance. Tolerance to nicotine
is a well established fact”80._________________________________
25 March: A B&W researcher, A. J. Meilman writes that “People
smoke to maintain nicotine levels; stress robs the body of nicotine,
Addicting agent
Urgent need
Taste
unimportant
Addicted to
nicotine
implying a smoker smokes more in times of stress due to withdrawal,
not to relax, whatever ... Nicotine is the addicting agent in
cigarettes”81.___________________________________________
August: The Annual BAT research conference, recommends that
“there is an urgent need to prepare a status review in all major
aspects of the pharmacological influences in the smoking process”.82
1
October: An internal RJ Reynolds document states that: “The
cigarette’s taste is a relatively unimportant benefit of smoking ... a
cigarette supplies nicotine to the consumer in a palatable and
convenient form ... One feature of nicotine which leads to repeated
usage is its 10 minute to 1 hour half-life in the human body.83”_____
An internal B&W memo outlines how the company perceives its
customers, as it contemplates introducing coupons for its Raleigh
and Belair brands. “Raleigh and Belair smokers are addicted to
smoking. They smoke primarily to reduce negative feeling states
rather than for pleasure. Given their low income, smoking represents
a financial drain on family resources. Saving coupons for household
items helps reduce guilt associated with smoking”84,_____________
1984:
20 March: A Report for Philip Morris into the “Cigarette Consumer”
85 % regret
highlights how “People continue to smoke because they find it too
smoking
uncomfortable to quit. Over 85 per cent of smokers agree strongly/
very strongly to T wish I had never began smoking’. Over 80 per
cent claim to have had attempted to quit”85.____________________
6-8 June: At a BAT “Nicotine Conference”, an “attempt was made
to explain how nicotine produces its effects within the nervous
Nicotine
system (both central and peripheral) by action at ‘nicotine receptors’,
conference
and to describe studies on the nature of these receptors and how they
may be altered by chronic nicotine administration”86._____________
July: G. Read from Imperial Tobacco gives a lecture at a BAT
Smoking Behaviour /marketing conference in Montreal, saying: ”in
Metered dose
its simplest sense puffing behaviour is the means of providing
nicotine dose in a metered fashion” Another “hypothesis” put
forward at the conference is that “If smokers are addicted to nicotine
Other nicotine
then
sources
(1) the nicotine smokers get from cigarettes may be replaced by
nicotine from other sources.
Smokers will
(2) Cigarettes of different strengths should be smoked differently
compensate
e.g. . smokers given a low/reduced delivery cigarette should
smoke it more intensively (and vice versa)87.________________
16 August: Ernest Pepples, B&W’s Senior Vice President and
General Counsel, writes to E. E. Kohnhorst, Vice President of RDE,
discussing a report entitled “The Functional Significance of Smoking
in Every Day Life” : .. “the report seems to concede that many
Pharmacological potential criteria for addiction identification are met by smoking
function difficult behaviour. For example, the report urges the position that the
to defend in
primary motivation for smoking is ultimately tied to a
court
Acceptance that
cigarettes are
addicting
Reject claims
May want to
involve the
lawyers
No addiction
warning
Nicotine and
central nervous
system
pharmacological ‘psychoactive’ function of nicotine .. .the report
presents some potential for an apparent inconsistency among B&W’s
scientists, which could cause some difficulty in court”.___________
“..The authors of the report attempt to draw a fine line between
‘addiction’ and ‘functional’ behaviour .. .our opponents would
probably disregard such a distinction and contend that this was an
acceptance by the authors of the report of the basic allegation that
cigarette smoking is addictive .. .in the current legislative and
litigation environment, claims of addiction have been and will be
used against B&W and the other companies by our adversaries. Such
claims have been vigorously opposed in order not to give a claimant
an unjustified weapon to use against the company or the industry. In
addition, the possibility of FDA involvement would be heightened by
company or industry promotion of the theme of this report as it will
be generally perceived.88”__________________________________
28 August: Ernest Pepples, expresses further concern about the
report to the Deputy Chairman, stating that “You may want to
consider involving them [lawyers] more closely in both the
conceptual and the drafting stages of these projects89.”___________
The US tobacco industry accepts the latest round of health warnings
on packets, but successfully lobbies not to have the word “addiction”
on any warnmg90 ._________________________________________
Proposed BAT research includes Smoke Pharmacology: “The work
will continue to identify the mechanisms of nicotine interaction
within the central nervous system”91.__________________________
1985:
8 times worse
than alcohol and
more resistant
than heroin
Dr. William Poll in, National Institute on Drug Abuse, states that
tobacco could be eight times deadlier than excessive alcohol abuse
and more resistant to treatment than heroin addiction: “Our society
should seek some appropriate way to inhibit the present degree of
freedom to push its most prevalent drug of abuse - nicotine92”
1987:
Minimum
amount
A Philip Moms research scientist notes: “a minimum amount of
nicotine is needed for the smoker’s satisfaction (0.8 mg/cig)”.93
1988:
SurgeonGeneral:
Cigarettes are
addicting
Claims that
cigarettes are
addictive
contradict
common sense
The US Surgeon General officially declares that “cigarettes and
other forms of tobacco are addicting”. The pharmacological and
behavoural processes “similar to those that determine addiction to
drugs such as heroin and cocaine”.94__________________________
16 May: The Tobacco Institute responds to the Surgeon-General by
stating that “claims that cigarettes are addictive contradict common
sense ... The claim that cigarette smoking causes physical
dependence is simply an unproven attempt to find some way to
differentiate smoking from other behaviours ... The claims that
smokers are ‘addicts’ defy common sense and contradict the fact that
Without medical
or scientific
foundation
Analogs studied
for
pharmacological
effects
Not addiction
Unwarranted
addiction
Its not addictive
people quit smoking every day ... An escalation of antismoking
rhetoric .. .without medical or scientific foundation95”
7 October: RJ Reynolds publishes an internal paper “An Integrated
Research Programme for the Study of Nicotine and Its Analogs”.
The company is studying hundreds of analogues for their
pharmacological effects, including their effect on the same receptors
in the brain that are affected by nicotine. The company finds that
levulinic acid “can enhance the binding of nicotine to nicotinic
receptors in rat brain membrane preparations (unpublished
observations). This appears to be a pharmacologically specific effect
since it occurred at very low concentrations of levulinate96”.______
1989:
Forest: “Smoking is not a form of ‘addiction’ with consequences
akin to those of drug addiction97.”___________________________
March: Tobacco Institute of Hong Kong: “Many anti-smokers claim
that cigarette smoking is ‘addictive’ .. .This claim is unfortunate and
unwarranted .. .There is not even agreement in the medical and
scientific literature about the very definition of the term
‘addiction’”.98___________________________________________
May: Chairman of Philip Morris, Hamish Maxwell, says he quits
smoking “for a month or so, every so often, just to show I can. It’s
not addictive .
1990s
1990:
Legitimate
addiction?
Optimum
deliveries
Repeat sales
Nicotine
business
Cannot imitate
nicotine
March: P. Maglione from Philip Morris: “We’ll never get children of
crack and heroin, if we keep comparing their terrible addiction to the
legitimate use by hundreds of millions of people to legal products
like cigarettes, beer, fast food and coffee” 10Q.___________________
Three Philip Morris scientists state that “have shown that there are
optimal cigarette nicotine deliveries for producing the most
favourable physiological and behavourable responses”.101_________
Philip Morris: The Marlboro Story: “Cigarettes are a repeat sales
business - the customer buys the product every day”,102__________
1991:
3 May: A RJ Reynolds report states: “We are basically in the
nicotine business 1Q3.”_____________________________________
8 August: Linda Rudge, a BAT Information Scientist, writes about
“Smoking Cessation Methods”, commenting that: “Overall, most
methods have achieved, at best, only moderate success because they
cannot imitate the unique property of inhaled cigarette, the delivery
of unchanged nicotine to the brain occurring a few seconds after
taking a puff’104.
1992:
To sell or not to
sell nicotine
patches:
Danger of
addiction
Need to fill the
void left by
unacceptable
tobacco
Liability
problem
FDA
jurisdiction?
Admitting
people smoke
for nicotine
Argument runs
square
treatment of
nicotine
dependence
Patches are not
cigarettes
Nicotine is a
poisonous drug
3 April: Internal BAT documents argue the pros and cons of BAT
entering the market selling Transdermal Nicotine (nicotine patches)
or chewing gums. The disadvantages of nicotine gum as seen as
“The danger of addiction”. Under Alternatives, a documents states
that the “disadvantages of rapid nicotine intake similar to that
achieved with a cigarette is seen in the danger of people becoming
dependent on it. Successes in breaking the smoking habit are
therefore seen in a combination of slow and fast-working nicotine
release systems tailored to individual needs ... We should be
looking for opportunities to fill the void for products that provide
satisfaction in a form that is acceptable to market segments that find
currently available tobacco products unacceptable”105.____________
24 April: An internal memo “outlines the major regulatory and
product liability issues associated with B&W or any BAT affiliated
company becoming involved in the sale of devices designed to
deliver nicotine ... We obviously need to make sure that we don’t do
anything in the nicotine delivery device area which could lead to the
FDA asserting or obtaining jurisdiction over cigarettes .. .While we
would structure any entry into the nicotine delivery business to avoid
any linkage to the tobacco business, we would still face strong
arguments that by being associated with any such business, B&W or
BAT would be admitting that the real reason people smoke is for the
nicotine. This new device would be characterised as being just an
alternative to smoking as a vehicle for delivering nicotine ..The
marketing of any nicotine delivery system undercuts our position on
addiction, particularly the way the patch products are being
marketed. To be involved even peripherally in a product whose
purpose is to chemically help smokers quit runs square into our
argument that 50 million people have quit smoking without the
assistance of smoking cessation programmes or aids”106.__________
19 May: The BAT Tobacco Strategy Review Team continue the
discussion on “transdermal nicotine”. “Pharmaceutical companies
manufacturing nicotine patches are currently marketing them for
‘treatment of nicotine dependence - as a smoking cessation aid,
claiming for example, the psychopharmacological stimulant effects of
nicotine underlie the tobacco nicotine addiction’ .. .those who quit
using parches relapse at about the same time as everyone else ... six
months after having stopped using the patches, the share of subjects
not smoking ranged from 0 to 48% compared with a rate of 0 to 40
% of those who did not use them”.___________________________
The document also highlights how the patches would “need to be
clearly positioned as not being an alternative to cigarette smoking,
since this would erroneously suggest that the cigarette itself is a
simple nicotine delivery device ... Patches may focus debate on
nicotine as a psycho-active component of cigarettes, diverting
attention from other valid aspects of smoking satisfaction (taste,
texture, visual/tactile stimuli) and potentially focusing on nicotine as
Addiction is
ideological
Nicotine linked
to cocaine,
atrophine and
morphine
FDA - evidence
accumulating
that companies
maintain
addiction
40 million quit its not addictive
It has taste
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
Its not addictive
a drug and a poison.”1____________________________________
Philip Morris issues a pamphlet stating: “Those who term smoking
an addiction do so for ideological - not scientific -reasons.108”
An undated Philip Morris draft report, written by Barbara Reuter,
director of portfolio management for Philip Morris’ domestic
tobacco business, examines the a “safer” cigarette, code-named
“Table” . It uses data from late 1992, and is used by the Wall Street
Journal in December 1995. The report states: “Different people
smoke for different reasons. But the primary reason is to deliver
nicotine into their bodies. Nicotine is an alkaloid derived from the
tobacco plant. It is a physiologically active, nitrogen containing
substance. Similar organic chemicals include nicotine, quinine,
cocaine, atropine and morphine [emphasis added]109”._________
1994:
25 February: David Kessler, the Commissioner of the Food and
Drug Administration in the US, writes: “Evidence brought to our
attention is accumulating that suggests that cigarette manufacturers
may intend that their products contain nicotine to satisfy an addiction
on the part of some of their customers”. It was the FDA’s
understanding that tobacco companies “commonly add nicotine to
cigarettes to deliver specific amounts of nicotine.” If the FDA made
a ruling to this effect “it would have a legal basis on which to
regulate these products”11Q._________________________________
20 March: Steven Parrish, Philip Morris USA General Counsel, tells
a reporter how he had responded to his daughter on some questions
relating to cigarettes: “And I told her that a lot of people believe that
cigarette smoking is addictive but I don’t believe it. And I told her
the Surgeon General says some 40 million people have quit smoking
on their own”.111__________________________________________
27 March: Brennen Dawson, Vice President, Tobacco Institute,
“Nicotine is essential. It has taste. It has what’s called a mouth
feel”112._________________________________________________
13 April: Brennan Dawson, Tobacco Institute: “nicotine is not
addictive”113.____________________________________________
14 April: Seven US tobacco CEO’s testify before Congressional
Health and Environment Subcommittee:_______________________
Thomas Sandefur, Chief Executive of Brown and Williamson says “I
do not believe that nicotine is addictive” 114.____________________
William Campbell from Philip Morris: “I believe nicotine is not
addictive”.______________________________________________
Donald Johnston, from American Tobacco: “Cigarettes and nicotine
clearly do not meet the classic definitions of addiction. There is no
intoxication”_____________________________________________
Joseph Taddeo, US Tobacco Company : “I don’t believe that
nicotine or our products are addicting”________________________
Edward Horrigan, Liggett Group, “I believe nicotine is not addictive;
James Johnston, RJ Reynolds: “And I too believe that nicotine is not
Of course its
addictive
It’s a habit - its
not addictive
Its not like
heroin
Addiction has
no meaning
Video games
Psychoactive
No tolerance
No physical
reaction
It’s a habit
Nicotine does
not replace
cigarettes
Its easy to quit
FDA — Nicotine
is a drug______
Regulate
nicotine
addictive”115.____________________________________________
6 October: Ross Johnson, ex-Chief Executive of RJ Reynolds, is
asked whether nicotine is addictive: “Of course it’s addictive. That’s
why you smoke the stuff’1 6.
23 October: Martin Broughton, CEO of BAT: “We contend very
forcibly that cigarette smoking is habit forming. It is not addictive.
There is a mass of discussion of course, between the bounds of what
is addiction and what is habit forming. I think that common sense
really says for most people that cigarette smoking is a habit” 117.
1995:
30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip Morris 8 key
"Messages” on addiction:__________________________________
• The picture of smoking as a personally and socially destructive
craving (like heroin addiction) is not justified.___________________
• ‘Addiction’ no longer has any legitimate scientific meaning and it
is commonly used when referring,, to chocolate, smoking, coffee and
exercise - as ’addictive*. The US_____________________________
• Surgeon General has even called video games addictive._______
• Nicotine can be described as 'psychoactive' - like caffeine or
adrenaline produced by, exercise but it is not an intoxicant e.g. it
does not impair a smoker's functioning, even in complex tasks like
driving a car.____________________________________________
• A substance such as heroin produces ‘tolerance’ - users need to
take increased dosages to reach the same level of intoxication
Nicotine does not produce tolerance, a smokers average number of
cigarettes a day can remain stable for years_____________________
• Nicotine, unlike heroin, cocaine, even alcohol does not produce
serious physical reactions - quitting smoking requires little if any
medical attention._________________________________________
• In terms of being difficult to give up: smoking is a habit and habits
can be difficult to break Giving up smoking can be compared to
trying to loose weight or give up coffee._______________________
• If the ‘nicotine addiction’ theory were true, giving smokers
nicotine - through gum, a patch or intravenously - would eliminate
'withdrawal' and the desire to smoke. Most studies indicate that
simply replacing the nicotine does not satisfy a smoker's desire for
cigarettes. Nicotine therapies have, at best, a small effect on
successful quitting________________________________________
• Smokers do not have a problem stopping smoking if they have a
personal desire to do so. 98% of people quit without assistance
July: The US FDA concludes that nicotine is a drug and should be
regulated119._____________________________________________
August: In the US President Clinton announces that nicotine is an
addictive drug and gives the FDA responsibility to regulate the
promotion, sales and distribution of cigarettes120
i n
8 June: B&W statement: “We continue to believe that nicotine is not
addictive because over 40 million Americans have quit smoking, 90
per cent of them without any help at all”121.____________________
29 November: Dr Wigand, ex-Chief of Research at B& W from
1989-1993, testifies in a legal case in New Orleans.______________
Question: How many conversations would you say you had between
1989 and 1993 when you were dismissed by Mr Sandefur, about
cigarette smoking and the addictive nature of nicotine”?.__________
We are in the
Wigand: “There have been numerous statements made by a number
nicotine delivery of officers, particularly Mr. Sandefur, the president of the company,
business
that we’re in the nicotine delivery business and tar is nothing but
negative baggage”________________________________________
Question: “Were you in the presence of Mr. Sandefur, the president
of the company, when he voiced the opinion and the belief that
nicotine was addictive?____________________________________
Wigand: “Yes”__________________________________________
Question: “Did he express that view on numerous occasions”?_____
Generally
Wigand: “Frequently .. .1 think it was generally recognised that
recognised that
nicotine was addictive”
nicotine is
Question: “Generally recognised by whom?
addictive
Wigand: “By most of the scientists and management of B&W”_____
Question: What is the basis for your opinion, professional scientific
opinion, that nicotine is addictive?”__________________________
Wigand : “I think nicotine is addictive in a number of aspects. First
of all, nicotine is a pharmacologically active compound. I think it has
Nicotine is
been clearly demonstrated that nicotine elicits pharmacological
Pharmacological effects .. .Nicotine also mimics many of the endorphins, which are
the body’s natural analgesic compound, painkillers. I think the
ly active
reinforcing effect of nicotine is one, I think it is clearly documented
in the scientific literature outside the tobacco industry that nicotine is
an addictive substance and a drug”.122_________________________
1996:
Its not addictive
Clinton: Its an
addictive drug
Fudge not
addiction
Compulsive
behaviour
24 August: President Clinton declares nicotine an addictive drug,
and puts sales and distribution of tobacco under the control of the
FDA123_________________________________________________
24 August: Clive Turner, an Executive Director of BAT, on whether
cigarettes are addictive: “It depends on how you define addiction.
People talk very loosely about being addicted to alcohol, sex,
gambling, chocolate. What they mean is that they enjoy it, not that
they can’t give it up. The British Medical Association itself advises
doctors not to use the word addiction with smokers, because it
implies they won’t be able to quit”124._________________________
24 August: Dr Martin Jarvis, Director of Imperial Cancer research
Fund’s Health Behaviour Unit at University College, London: “Half
of those who have had a lung removed and 40 per cent with heart
disease return to smoking .. .smoking is a compulsive behaviour that
people find hard to stop”125,
31 October: Martin Broughton, Chief Executive BAT: “We have not
concealed, we do not conceal and we will never conceal ... we have
No research
show smoking is no internal research which proves that smoking causes lung cancer
or other diseases or, indeed, that smoking is addictive.126”_________
addictive
A Philip Morris Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues,
produced, it is believed in 1996 for employees states: “Comparing
Cigarettes are
not a drug
cigarettes with illegal drugs, such as heroin and crack cocaine,
trivialises the enormous social crisis of illegal drug abuse in this
country. Cigarettes are legal and socially acceptable in every
country in the world. More than 40 million Americans have quit
smoking. More than 95 percent quit without any organised
program. They simply made the decision to stop smoking and they
did so. The same cannot be said for users of truly addictive drugs,
Addiction is
such as heroin and cocaine. Cigarettes neither alter a person’s mood,
ideological not
nor do they impair an individual's ability to function. Smokers do not
scientific
rob or kill to acquire cigarettes. Those who term smoking an
addiction do so for ideological — not scientific -- reasons127
[emphasis added]”,_______________________________________
1997:
Smoking is
addictive
Oh, no its not
There are no
more addictive
than sweets
Drug delivery
devices
Its meaningless
Cover-up?
Smoking is
addictive
March: US tobacco company, Liggett, become the first company to
acknowledge “that smoking is addictive”. The company plans to
start putting warnings on its packs, “smoking is addictive”128.______
In response to the Liggett admission a spokesperson for the
Rothmans International Group maintains that: “Under the scientific
definition of addiction we do not believe cigarettes are addictive”129.
April: The President of Philip Morris’ US tobacco division, James
Morgan, testified that cigarettes are no more addictive than the
sweets, Gummy bears. “If they are behaviourally addictive or habit
forming, they are much more like caffeine, or in my case Gummy
Bears. I love Gummy Bears .. .and I want gummy bears and I eat
Gummy Bears and I don’t like it when I don’t eat my Gummy Bears,
but I’m certainly not addicted to them”130._____________________
25 April: US Judge Osteen rules that the Food and Drug
Administration can regulate tobacco, declaring that cigarettes were
“drug delivery devices” for the delivery of nicotine. The industry
says it will appeal.131______________________________________
28 April: Paul Sadler, Manager for External Affairs at Imperial says
that the concept of nicotine addiction was a “meaningless discussion.
We accept that some smokers find it hard to give up smoking, but
then some people find it hard to giving up watching Neighbours, or
drinking coffee”.132_______________________________________
4 May: It is announced that the FBI has been assigned to examine
whether US companies lied to Congress, Government, and agencies
and withheld data on the addictive nature of nicotine”133.__________
2 June: The US company Liggett puts a new health warning on some
products: “Warning: Smoking is addictive”134.__________________
23 June: As part of a landmark deal in the US, the tobacco industry
Warning:
Smoking is
addictive
Funding closed
for “getting too
close”
agrees that the FDA can regulate nicotine, which will have the
power to reduce nicotine levels and also ban it after 2009. However,
before the FDA can take this step it would have to prove that the
move would not create a “significant demand for contraband”, a
move that most commentators think is untenable. Also included in
the deal are extra health Warnings, including “Cigarettes are
Addictive”135.____________________________________________
20 September: Dr. Gary Huber was the principal investigator in
charge of the research program at Harvard University relating to
smoking and health. The program was funded in part by a five-year
grant, and a three-year extension of that grant, from the tobacco
industry. He testifies in The State of Texas v. American Tobacco
Company, et. al. US District Court, Eastern District of Texas.
Q: “Did you ever have a meeting in a hotel in Boston with industry
officials who expressed concern that your research was, ‘getting too
close to some things’”?
A “Yes”.
Q. “Who was that, sir?”
A. “It was with industry attorneys”.
Q. “Can you tell us approximately when that happened, Doctor?”
A. “I would anticipate it was in 1980. But I would have to check the
records to be sure.”
Q. “Were the implications of your work at Harvard on human
subjects with nicotine, with respect to such issues as whether or not
nicotine may be a dependent-producing substance or addictive
substance”?
A. “It would support — it would support the concept that it was a
dependent-producing substance”.
Q. “Did you tell officials of the cigarette companies that, the
implications of what you had proved”?
A. “We presented it to them in great detail”.
Q. “And was your funding reviewed to continue that study”?
A. “No”136.
October: The proposed labelling of cigarettes as addictive reflects
the view of public-health bodies and not industry, cigarette
companies tell the US Congress.
Under some
definitions its
addictive, but
not ours
RJ Nabisco CEO Steven Goldstone writes that “we certainly accept
that these warnings are true and acceptable reflections of the
predominant public-health view”. Philip Morris states: “We
recognise that nicotine, as found in cigarette smoke, has mild
pharmacological effects, and that, under some definitions, cigarette
smoking is ‘addictive’”, however smoking does not adhere to other
“hysterically accepted and objective criteria, such as intoxication and
physical withdrawal, as important markers” of addiction.
Not
scientifically
proven
Its addictive
Oh no its not
Under some
definitions it
addictive
Its not addictive
Its just habit
forming
Addiction is an
emotive subject
Definitions have
changed
Smoking does
not intoxicate
B&W “continues to believe that the term ‘addiction’ ceases to have a
useful meaning when it is applied indiscriminately to substances with
such different physical and psychological effects as coffee and
heroin”137.___________________________________________
December: Paul Adams, the Director of Consumer Affairs at BAT
says that the notion that smoking is addictive has not been
scientifically proven and that there is no clear definition of
addiction.138_____________________________________________
1998:
January: Chairmen of Philip Morris, RJR Nabisco and UST, who are
appearing before the US House Commerce Committee, all answer
affirmatively when asked whether they believe nicotine is addictive.
Only Nicholas Brookes of B&W states “It [addiction] is not a term
Fd use in relation to cigarettes.”_____________________________
Geoffrey Bible, Chairman of Philip Morris: “We recognise that
nicotine, as found in cigarette smoke, has mild pharmacological
effects, and that, under some definitions, cigarette smoking is
‘addictive’”139.___________________________________________
February: Three CEOs give testimonies at the Minnesota Trial: “I
wouldn’t personally, in a serious debate about smoking, label
tobacco as addictive”, says Nick Brookes, chairman and CEO of
Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp. “What addiction, in my use of
that word, means, is that people can’t quit”.
Both Vincent Gierer Jr. of U.S. Tobacco, and Steven Goldstone of
RJR Nabisco say cigarettes are habit-forming, as opposed to being
addictive. At the Congress Committee last month, Goldstone and
Gierer appeared to concede that tobacco is addictive140.__________
1 March: Dr. Chris Proctor from BAT responds to an editorial in the
Observer which stated “For years the companies maintained that
cigarettes were not addictive. That was a lie”. According to Proctor
“the truth is more complex. .. .Addiction is an emotive subject and it
is certainly possible to define the term broadly enough to include
smoking. It is often forgotten that the public’s understanding has
changed significantly over recent decades. Whereas earlier
definitions were based on objective criteria, the current definition is
more colloquial, reflected in terms like ‘chocaholic’ and ‘Addicted to
love’ as in a recent movie. This colloquial definition is all inclusive
and certainly applies to the use of many common substances that
have familiar pharmacological effects to cigarettes, such as coffee,
tea, chocolate and cola drinks”.______
“British American Tobacco believes that for addiction to have any
useful meaning, it needs to be based in objective criteria such as
intoxication, physical dependence or tolerance levels. Smoking does
not intoxicate, does not induce physical dependence and does not
require increasing doses. Put another way, would you rather fly with
the pilot who has a pack of Lucky Strike in his pocket or the one
A change in
definition
Its easy to quit
Addiction
sustains
smoking
epidemic
Nicotine
depresses
brain’s ability to
feel pleasure
with the syringe in his garment bag or alcohol in his blood?________
... “Our critics enjoy pointing out that a different Surgeon General
widened the definition in 1988 to include nicotine. But this only
reflects changes in definition and does not mean that those believing
the objective definition were lying .. .the experiences of millions of
smokers who have stopped without any medical intervention flatly
contradict the claim that any smoker is incapable of quitting”141.
11 March: The Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and
Health (SCOTH) is published: “Addiction to nicotine is now known
to sustain the smoking epidemic ... Addiction to nicotine sustains
cigarette smoking and is responsible for the remarkable intractability
of smoking behaviour”142.__________________________________
May: A team of neuropharmacologists publish a survey in Nature
into nicotine and rats, which finds that nicotine depresses the brain’s
ability to “feel pleasure leading to withdrawal symptoms similar to
those giving up cocaine, amphetamines, heroin and alcohol. They
conclude: “The decreased function in brain reward systems during
nicotine withdrawal is comparable in magnitude and duration to that
of other drugs of abuse and may constitute an important motivational
factor that contributes to craving, relapse and continued tobacco
consumption in humans
1 Majority Staff, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, US House of Representatives, 1994,
quoted in. R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War, International
Development Research Centre, 1996, pl56
2 2 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 44 (1) BATCo 301083862, p 863}
3 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit, 38 (1), BATCo 301083862, p 863}
4 BAT, The Effects of Smoking, 1962, 13 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,938}
5 A. McCormick, Smoking and Health: Policy on Research, Minutes of Southampton Meeting, 1962
{1102.01}
6 H. Geissbuhler, C. Haselbach, The Fate ofNicotine on the Body, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1963,
May {1213.01}
7 C H Haselbach, O Libert, Final Report on Project Hippo 11, Geneva, 1963, {1211.03}
8 C. Haselbach, O Libert, A Tentative Hypothesis on Nicotine Addiction, BAT, 1963 {1200.01}
9 A. Yeaman, Letter to A McCormick, 1963. 3 July {1802.03}
10 A. Yeaman, Implications of Battelle Hippo 1 & 11 and the Griffith Filter, 1963, 17 July, Memo
{1802.05}
11 BAT Document, 1963, {On the website of the Minn.Att.Gen}
12 C. Haselbach, O Libert, Final Report on Project Hippo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1963,
{1211.03}
13 P. Rodgers, G. Todd, Strictly Confidential, Reports on Policy Aspects of the Smoking
and Health Situations in USA, 1964, October
14 S. Green, Note to Mr. D.S.F Hobson, 1967, 2 March
15 BAT, R&D Conference, Montreal, Proceedings, 1967, 24 October {1165.01}; BAT R&D
Conference Montreal, 1967, 24-27 October, Minutes written 8 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,332}
16 Tobacco Research Council, Review of Activities 1963-66, 1967, London [L&D UK Ind 27A]
17 SJG/BGM, BAT Group Research, 1968, 9 April [Pollock 24]
18 Minutes of Research Conference Held at Hilton Head Island, 1968, 24-30 September [L&D BAT
file 4]
19 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 41 (1), PM 1003289921, p921}
20 D. Wood, Aspects of the R&DE Function, Notes for a Talk, Given at Chelwood, 1969, {1184.02}
21 R.D. Carpenter, Memo Re: RJ Reynolds Biological Facilities, 1969, 3 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit
2545}
22 Philip Morris Vice President for Research and Development, Why One Smokes, First Draft, 1969,
Autumn {Minn. Trial Exhibit 3681}
23 Tobacco Research Council, Review of Activities 1967-69, 1970, London [ L&D UK Ind 27B]
24 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p371
25 R. R. Johnson, Comments on Nicotine, Notes of a meeting held on 30 June, 1971
26 K. Kilburn, J. Underwood, Preparation and Properties of Nicotine Analogues, Southampton,
GR&DC, BAT, 1970. RD.953-R {1220.01}
27 W. Dunn. Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking, Philip Morris Reset Centre, 1971, {Minn
-www. tobacco. org}
28 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 43 (1), RJR 500915683, p688}
29 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiff s Exhibit 58 (1) RJR 504210018 p018}
30 C. Teagre, Research Planning Memorandum on The Nature of the Tobacco Business and the
Crucial Role of Nicotine Therein, 1972, 14 April
31 W. Dunn, Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking, 1972, 22 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,423}
32 S. J. Green, The Association of Smoking and Disease, 1972, 26 July [L&D BAT 16]
33 BAT, Preparation and Properties of Nicotine Analogues, 1972, 9 November {BW-W2-12079}
[L&D BAT file 4]
34 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 56 (1) B&W 660913609, p 620}
35
The Guardian, Kool Cigarettes “Keep you High for Longest”, 1996, 24 October, pl5
36
C. Teague, Research Planning Memo, RJR, 1972, [Minn, www.tobacco.org]
37
E. Pepples, Memo to J. Blalock, 1973, 14 February
38
Objectives of the Research and Development Presentation, 1973, 26 June [L&D BAT 17]
39
Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 60 (1) RJR 502987357, p361}
40 C. Teague, Implications and Activities From Correlation of Smoke pH with Nicotine Impact, Other
Smoke Qualities, and Cigarette Sales, RJR, -1973, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,155}
41 B&W, Secondary Source Digest, -1973 {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,809}
42 C. Morrison, Effects of Nicotine and Its Withdrawal on the Performance of Rats on Signalled and
Unsignalled Avoidance Schedules, Psychopharmacologicia, 1974, No 38 [L&D UK Ind 25]
43 D. Usbome, Investors Get Go-Ahead to Sue Philip Morris, The Independent, 1997, 10 April, p23
44 BAT, Memo, 1974 [Minn Att.Gen]
4:1 Quoted on www.tobacco.org
46 Dr. Green, Basis for Research in Smoking, 1975, 29 April [Pollock 56]
47 Comments on a Talk Given by MAH Russell at a Meeting of the Experimental Pathology Club at
the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Buildings, London, Attended by Mrs. AK Cromer and Dr. RE
Thornton on 27 June 1975, 1975, 14 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,999}
48
The Scotsman, Smoke Signals in War Against Weed, 1995, 30 August, pl7
49
BAT, The Product in the Early 1980’s, 1976, March {Minn}
50 BAT, Bench Level Discussions on Smoking Behaviour and Puff Duplication, 1976, 12 October
[L&D BAT file4]
51 Dr. H. S. Tong, The Pharmacology of Smoke-Dose Nicotine: A Review of Current Literature,
Lorillard Research Centre, 1976, 10 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,007}
52
BAT Group Research and Development Centre, Compensation for Changed Delivery, Report No.
RD. 1300, Restricted, 1976, 30 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,540}
53 A.K. Comer, Current Views on the Role of Nicotine in Smoking Behaviour, BAT, Presented at
BAT Conference on Smoking Behaviour, 1976 {BW-W2-02145} [L&D BAT file 4]
54 D. Phelps, Documents Reveal Tobacco Firm’s Inner Workings Over 40 years, Star Tribune, 1998,
26 Februaiy
55 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 40 (1) BATCo, 110069974, p975}
56 J. A. Jagger, Smoking Enjoyment -Dr. M. Oldman, CIA Souza Cruz Ind. E. Comercio, 1977, 19
May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,130}
57 Hawkins, McCain &Blumenthal, Inc, Conference Report, 1977, 28 July {Minn Trial Exhibit
13,986}
58 W. L. Dunn, Memo Re: Proposed Study by Levy, 1977, 3 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit 3708}
59 T. S. Osdene, Re Some Comments About the CTR Programme, 1977, 29 November {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 11,624}
60 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 82 (1), BATCo 107467542, p 542}
61 Quoted on www.tobacco.org
62 T. S. Osdone, Re: CTR Meeting, New York City, 5 January, Philip Morris Inter-Office
Conespondence, 1978, 10 January
63 H.D. Steele, Future Consumer Reaction to Nicotine, Memo to M. J. McCue, 1978, 24 August
64 Dr. Roe, Nicotine Monograph, Paper for Tobacco Advisory Council, 1979, 30 July [L&D UK Ind
34]
65 BAT, Key Areas - Product Innovation - Over Next Ten Years For Long-term Development, 1979,
28 August [Minn 11,283]
66 Dr S J Green, Transcript of Note By SJ Green, 1980, 1 January [pollock 129]
67 BAT, Brainstorming 11, What Three Radical Changes Might, Through the Agency of R&D Take
Place in this Industry by the End of the Century, 1980, 11 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,361}
68 BAT, Secret - Appreciation - Draft No3, A New Company Approach to the Smoking and Health
Issue, 1980, 16 May [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
69 BAT, Method for Nicotine and Cotinine on Blood and Urine, 1980, 21 May {BW-W2-10041}
[L&D BAT file4]
70 T.S. Osdene, Memo Re: Evaluation of Major R&D Programmes, 1980, 12 August {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 3680}
71 Mr. Knopick, Memorandum to Mr Kloepfer, 1980, 9 September {Minn. Trial Exhibit 14,303}
72 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 68 (1) LOR, 01394380, p380}
73 Quoted on Channel 4, Big Tobacco, Dispatches, 1996, 31 October
74 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
75 J. L. Charles, Note to Dr. T. S. Osdene, Comments on “Future Strategies for the Changing
Cigarette”, National Conference on Smoking and Health, 1982, 23 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,523}
76 BAT, Board Guidelines, Public Affairs, 1982, April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,866}
77 BAT, Human Smoking Behaviour, Paper 16, 1982, 7 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,668}
78 B&W, Document on Switching Brands, 1982, [Minn Att.Gen]
79 Notes of Meeting of the Tobacco Company Research Directors, Imperial Head Office, 1983, 16
February {Mimi. Trial Exhibit 11,259}
80 J. L. Charles, Re Why People Smoke, Philip Morris, 1983, 16 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 2536}
81 A. J. Mellman, Project Recommendations, B&W, 1983, 25 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,344}
*
82 L. Blackman, Research Conference, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 1983, 22-26 August, Minutes, Draft,
1983, 9 September {1180.09}
83 RJ Reynolds, Brainstorming: Flavours and Biobehaviour, 1983, 13 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit
12,743}
84 D. Phelps, Documents Reveal Tobacco Firms’ Inner Workings Over 40 Years, Star Tribune, 1998,
26 February
85 Philip Morris, The Cigarette Consumer, 1984, 20 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,899}
86 BAT, Nicotine Conference, 1984, 6-8 June {Minn trial exhibit 18,998}
87 Proceedings of the Smoking Behaviour-Marketing Conference, July 9-12, 1984, Session 111, 1984,
{1226.01}
88
E. Pepples, Memo to E. Kohnhorst, 1984, 16 August {1831.01}
89
E. Pepples, Letter to Ray Pritchard, 1984, 28 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,206}
90
S. A.Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p59-60
91 Proposed Revisions for 1985-87 to BAT GR&DC Research Programme, Smoker Behaviour, 1984,
September {BW-W2-022013} [L&D BAT file 4]
92 International Herald Tribune, 1985, 24/25 November quoted by J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The
Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl2
93 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 70 (1)PM 2023186690, p690}
94 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 672
95 The Tobacco Institute, Claims That Cigarettes are Addictive Contradict Common Sense, 1988, 16
May {Minn Trial Exhibit 14,384}; Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Law and Recommendations Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial
Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8 March {Minn Plaintiffs Exhibit 22(1), TI 00125189, pl89}
96 RJ Reynolds, An Integrated Research Programme for the Study of Nicotine and its Analogs, 1988, 7
October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18, 239}; Also quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact,
Conclusions of Law and Recommendations Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial
Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8 March, {Minn. Plaintiffs 85 (1), RJR 514894567, p583,
867}
97 Forest, Author Makes Christian Case for the Right to Smoke, 1989, 31 July
98 Tobacco Institute of Hong Kong Limited, Introducing the Tobacco Institute, 1989, March [C.7]
99 C. Leinster, Selling Cigarettes to Fewer Americans and More Japanese, Fortune, 1989, 8 May
[c.7.5]
100 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
101 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, {Minn. Plaintiffs Exhibit 72 (1), PM 2028813366, p366}
102 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
103 RJ Reynolds, Rest Programme Review, 1991, 3 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,165}
104 L. Rudge, Smoking Cessation Methods, 1991, 7 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 12,392}
105 R. Salter, Memo on Transdermal Nicotine, 1992, 3 April [L&D RJR/BAT 35]
106 M. McGraw, Nicotine Delivery Systems, Memorandum on Nicotine Delivery Systems, 1992, 24
April [L&D RJR/BAT 36]
107 BAT, Note for the Tobacco Strategy Review Team, Transdermal Nicotine, 1992, 19 May {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 12,523}
108 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March {Minn Plaintiffs Exhibit, 25 (1), PM 2023916742, p 745}
109 Philip Morris, Draft Report into “Table”, Undated but using data from 1992
110 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 742
t
1,1 Quoted in the New York Times Magazine, 1994, 20 March; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p751
112 B. Dawson, Face the Nation, 1994, 27 March [L&D BAT file 4]
113 Larry King Live, The Smoking Controversy, CNN, 1994, 13 April, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,302}
1,4 S. A.Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl00
115 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison
Wesley, pl23
116 Quoted in the Wall Street Journal, 1994, 6 October, pl quoted in P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The
Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley, p64
117 BBC, The Money Programme, 1994, 23 October
1,8 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
119 P. J. Hilts, Gingerly, Agency Urges Regulation of Nicotine, International Herald Tribune, 1995,
14 July, p3
120 International Herald Tribune, Clinton Tells Federal Agency to Curb Teen Smoking, 1995, 11
August
121 Brown and Williamson, Statement to Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995, 8 June
122 J. S. Wigand, Testimony, 1995, 29 November
123 P. Waldmer, R. Tomkins, US Bid to Stub out Teenage Smoking, Financial Times, 1996, 24
August, p3
124 L. Hunt, Won’t Give it up, or Can’t Give it up?, The Independent, 1996, 24 August, p4
125 L. Hunt, Won’t Give it up, or Can’t Give it up?, The Independent, 1996, 24 August, p4
126 T. Stevenson, BAT Denies Smoking Claims, The Independent, 1996, 31 October, p20
127 Philip Morris, Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues, Believed to be 1996
128 G. Alexander, Tobacco Giants Act to Stub out Threat to Profits, Sunday Times, 1997, 23 March
129 J. Kerr, S. Taylor, Tide is Burning, Daily Mirror, 1997, 22 March, p2
130 Lexington Herald, Gummy Bear Habit, 1997, 3 May, pA12
131 R. Tomkins, Judge Backs FDA Tobacco Regulation, Financial Times, 1997, 26 April
132 R. Phillips, Tobacco’s Tough Future, Independent on Sunday, 1997, 20 April, pl
133 G. Beaton, FBI to Move in on Cigarette Companies, Sunday Express, 1997, 4 May
134 R. Tomkins, Warning: Messages Are Ignored, Financial Times, 1997, 2 June, pl9
135 R. Tomkins, When the Smoke Clears, Financial Times, 1997, 23 June, pl9; National Centre for
Tobacco Free Kids, US Tobacco Litigation Settlement: Overview of the Deal, 1997; A. Freedman, S.
Hwang, E. Beck, Burning Question, Did Cigarette Makers Get Too Sweet a Deal in US Settlement,
Wall Street Journal (Europe}, 1997, pl
136 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
137 Wall Street Journal Europe, Tobacco Companies Deny Addictiveness of Nicotine, 1997, 6
October, p2
138 T. Tuinstra, Speaking Up, Tobacco Reporter, 1997, December, p30-32
139 G. Bible, Testimony Before the US House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
140 G. Gordon, Tobacco Executives Waver on Question of Nicotine Addictiveness, Star Tribune, 1998,
25 February
141 Dr. C. Proctor, BAT Industries - Smoking Gun?, Statement in the Observer, 1998, 1 March, pl3
142 Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, Department of Health, 1998, 11 March
143 T. Radford, Withdrawal Symptoms, The Guardian, 1998, 7 May, p4
pH b A-.
4b
SMOKING AND HEALTH
1940s - 1950s
1946.
“carcinogenic
properties” in
tobacco
H.B. Parmele, a scientist working for Lorillard in the US, writes a
memo to the company’s manufacturing committee: “Certain scientists
and medical authorities have claimed for many years that the use of
tobacco contributes to cancer development in susceptible people. Just
enough evidence has been presented to justify the possibility of such a
presumption ...benzpyrene is presumed to be a combustion product of
burning tobacco and, by animal experiments, it has been shown to
possess definite carcinogenic properties”.1
1950:
27 May: Dr. Ernst Wynder and Dr Evarts Graham form Washington
University, publish a study in the Journal of the American Medical
Association which shows that 95.6 per cent of lung cancer patients
were moderately heavy chain-smokers; the majority whom had
Independent
Evidence begins smoked for twenty or more years. The scientists conclude: “It appears
to mount linking that the less a person smokes the less are the chances of cancer of the
lung developing and the more heavily a person smokes the greater are
smoking and
his chances of becoming affected with this disease”2.
lung cancer
30 September: Dr. Richard Doll and Professor Bradford Hill publish
an article in the BMJ, which states that there is a “real association
between carcinoma of the lung and smoking”3._________________
1951:
Key
Government
group advice
“case is proven”
Evidence
increases
27 March: The Central Health Services Committee (CHSC), Standing
Advisory Committee on Cancer and Radiotherapy, the key
Government group examining smoking and health report that
“Professor Bradford Hill and Dr. Doll are satisfied that the case
against smoking as such is proven”4.__________________________
1952:
6 November: Representatives from Imperial Tobacco (John Partridge,
Secretary and Director, D. A. Clark and G. F. Todd) meet Dr. Green
from the MRC and Professor Bradford Hill and Dr. Doll. According
to Green: “It was pretty clear to me that Mr Partridge and his
colleagues felt that Hill had answered all their queries in a way which
left hardly any loophole for doubt, though they were reluctant to
concede this5.”____________________________________________
13 December: Dr. Doll and Professor Bradford Hill publish a second
paper in the BMJ__________________________________________
Internal documents about B& W research activities record that “the
0
At the same
time, company’s
own research
finds
carcinogens
Tennessee Eastman cellulose acetate filter known as the “Health
Guard Tip” is reported to be in production. Cigarettes with the filter
produce 42-46 % less tar and 19-35% less nicotine than the non
filtered competitors ... Cancer is ‘investigated from a literature
standpoint’ in light of ‘frightening testimony’ from epidemiological
studies. A carcinogenic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene, is partially
isolated from tobacco leaf and smoke”6._______________________
A B&W advertisement in the Press states: “New Health-Guard Filter
makes Viceroy better for your health than any other leading
cigarette”7.______________________________________________
1953:
Industry
research
confirms link
between
smoking and
lung cancer
2 February: Claude Teague for RJ Reynolds writes a “Survey of
Cancer Research with Emphasis upon Possible Carcinogens from
Tobacco”, which concludes that: “On the basis of the information at
hand it would appear that polynuclear aromatic compounds occur in
the pyrolytic [burned] products of tobacco. Benspyrene and ‘Nbenspyrene [sic]’, both carcinogens, were identified in the distillates
... Studies of clinical data tend to confirm the relationship between
heavy and prolonged tobacco smoking and incidence of cancer of the
lung”8,_____________________ _____________________________
February: Imperial Tobacco submits a report by G. F. Todd, Assistant
Manager of the Statistical Department of Imperial to the CHSC
attempting to disprove Doll and Bradford Hill’s assertion that
“smoking is a factor in the production of carcinoma of the lung9.”
17 March: The Chairman of Imperial Tobacco statement to
Shareholders: “If it should ever be proved that there exists something
harmful in tobacco, even in the minutest quantities, which could
conceivably make smoking one of the causes of this disease [cancer],
we should, I hope, be the first to take steps to eliminate it10”,________
6 November: The Statistical Panel appointed by the Chief Medical
Officer, dismisses Todd’s assertions of bias and state “we are
therefore of the opinion that the main conclusion reached by Doll and
Hill, that there is a real association between smoking and cancer of the
lung, is firmly established”11._________________________________
December: The US journal Cancer Research publishes details of
experiments undertaken by Dr. Ernest Wynder on mice, which show
that 44 per cent of animals whose skin was painted with smoke
condensate developed cancerous tumours. Wynder notes that the
“suspected human carcinogen has thus been proven to a carcinogen
for a laboratory animal” .___________________________________
14 December: Timothy Hartnett, B&W’s President writes a memo
Industry tries to
disprove link in
private.
But publicly
respond to
health problem.
Association
between
smoking and
Cancer
established
US evidence
accumulates
urging “excessive caution ..in the methods we adopt to counteract
Industry needs
two pronged
attack to
“delicate”
problem
these claims”, recommending a two-pronged PR attack to “get the
industry out of this hole”. (1) “unstinted assistance to scientific
research”, although this caused a problem of “how to handle
significantly negative research results if, as and when they develop”
and (2) “the best obtainable” PR company since there “has never been
handed so real and yet so delicate a multimillion problem (italics in
original).13”______________ ______________________________
15 December: The leading American tobacco companies meet in New
York to develop a campaign to counter the negative publicity
surrounding cigarettes. Minutes show that The industry is strongly
convinced that there is no sound scientific basis for the charges that
US industry
meets to devise have been made .. .They realise that the industry should not engage in
a merely defensive campaign ... They should sponsor a public
PR campaign
relations campaign which is positive in nature and entirely ‘procigarettes’”14.
________________________
The PR company Hill and Knowlton is hired to formulate a campaign
which includes setting up a Research Committee, which will sponsor
“independent” scientific research into smoking and health, and to
announce this new initiative to the press15. A Hill & Knowlton memo,
Stop public
outlines that: “We have one essential job - which can be simply said:
panic and
Stop public panic ... There is only one problem — confidence, and
restore
how to establish it; public assurance, and how to create it. . . And,
confidence
most important, how to free millions of Americans from the guilty fear
that is going to arise deep in their biological depths — regardless of
any pooh-poohing logic — every time they light a cigarette_________
22
December: In the UK the Standing Cancer And Radiography
Link between
Advisory Committee subsequently recommend to the Minister of
smoking and
Health that: “It must be regarded as established that there is a
lung cancer
relationship between smoking and cancer of the lung” .
established.
26 December: An early draft of the US press initiative, called the
Frank Statement, includes the following text, which is struck out
before publication: “We will never produce and market a product
Frank statement shown to be the cause of any serious human ailment.. .The Committee
will undertake to keep the public informed of such facts as may be
draft
developed relating to cigarette smoking and health and other pertinent
matters”18.
1954:
4 January: The formation of the US Tobacco Industry Research
committee (TIRC) is announced in “A Frank Statement to Cigarette
Smokers”. It read: “Recent reports on experiments with mice have
given wide publicity to a theory that cigarette smoking is in some way
Frank
linked with lung cancer in human beings .. .We accept an interest in
Statement Industry pledges people’s health as a basic responsibility, paramount to every other
consideration in our business. We believe that the products which we
research
make are not injurious to health .. .We are pledging aid and assistance
to the research effort into all phases of tobacco use and health”._____
26 January: A memo from the UK Health Minister for the Cabinet
UK government Home Affairs Committee states: I have “come to the conclusion that
the statistical evidence does point to a causal relationship between
accepts
tobacco smoking and lung cancer, but that there are important
statistical link
points to causal qualifications. There is no precise evidence of how tobacco smoking
causes lung cancer or indeed of the extent to which one causes the
link
other19”._______________________________________________ __
An amendment to the memo states “the Medical Research Council
have recently received an offer from certain British tobacco companies
to put up money for research into the causation of cancer of the lung.
UK industry
This offer is under active consideration at this time ... The tobacco
pledges secret
companies are said to be very anxious to remain anonymous, and
cash for
certainly their negotiations with the MRC have been carried out in
research
secrecy20”._____________________________________________ __
26 March: John Hill from Hill and Knowlton writes of a meeting he
and a London based colleague had had with Sir Robert Sinclair and
John Partridge of Imperial and Mr D Oppenheim, Chairman of BAT.
US PR company According to Hill: “The British Tobacco group is vitally interested in
what we do because the repercussions of what happens in the US will
meets UK
affect Great Britain and vice versa. The British tobacco industry is
industry
particularly unhappy over the positive statement of the British
Minister of Health that ‘There is a relationship between smoking and
cancer of the lung’. No proof exists of any such relationship, said Sir
Robert”.
UK companies
follow US lead.
Whilst publicly
offering money,
they also cause
doubt by
shifting
emphasis on
how disease is
caused_______
Stop business
Tomorrow if
harmful
Evidence
mounts in UK
and USA
“It was pointed out by the British group that by contributing to the
Medical Research Council they were supporting research
unconditionally and at Government level into the cause of cancer
generally, and not just into the problem of the relation of Tobacco to a
particular form of cancer. This, they feel, helps to point up their view
that there is no connection between lung cancer and Tobacco, and that
they are making a contribution in the broad public interest.. .They
believe their approach has had the effect of satisfying public opinion,
and quieting public criticism”. The two industries agree on informal
liaison21._________________________________________________
30 March: A “Statement issued by A Group of Leading Tobacco
Manufacturers in the UK”, including BAT, Gallaher and Imperial,
states: “There is no proof that smoking is a cause of lung cancer ...
Until medical science discovers how the disease is caused, it is
impossible to prove or disprove suggestions that smoking or anything
else may contribute to it... The tobacco manufacturers recognise the
importance of accelerating medical research designed to ascertain the
true causes of this disease. Accordingly they arranged in December
last to make available over the next seven years a fund of £250,000 in
aid of such research [to the MRC].”22._________________________
31 March: George Weissman, Vice President of Philip Morris says the
cigarette industry would “stop business tomorrow” if it believed
smoking was harmful23 ._____________________________________
June: Cuyler Hammond from the American Cancer Society along with
Daniel Hom publish an interim study on 187,766 men aged between
50-69, showing that 65 per cent more smokers than non-smokers had
died in the 50-54 age range and 60 per cent greater in 55-59 and 102
per cent greater in 60-64 age range24.
>*
Industry denies
link
Industry
researchers’ say
must look at
problem
26 June: The British Medical Journal publishes a study by Doll and
Bradford Hill that had examined British doctors: of the 789 doctors
who had dies, 35 had died of lung cancer, all of them smokers25.
13 October: Timothy Hartness, chairman of the TIRC, states: “no
clinical evidence has yet established tobacco to be the cause of human
cancer”26.
24 November: E. A. Darr, President of RJR, states “there still isn't a
single shred of substantial evidence to link cigarette smoking and lung
cancer directly”27._________________________________________
Dr. I. W. Tucker, first full-time director of B&W’s Technical
Research Department, says that “tobacco companies’ research
departments must now conduct work on smoke constituents not only
for technological improvements but also for better understanding of
their products as a result of the smoking and health controversy”28.
1955
Inform public of March: CHSC advises the Minister for Health: “that it was desirable
that appropriate action should be taken constantly to inform the public
risks
if the known connection between smoking and cancer of the lung and
of the risks involved in heavy smoking.29”_______________________
TIRC Privately April: The Scientific Director of the US TIRC writes that “essentially
admits to
the major purposes of the TIRC are Research and Public Relations.
research and PR Our job is to maintain a balance between the two”________________
1956:
Evidence
mounts
Publicly TIRC
says job to fmd
truth
No proof
Fudges the issue
I
24 February: Dr. Ernest Wynder presents his latest study which shows
that cigarette smoking is the “single most important external factor”
associated with lung cancer31.________________________________
March: Clarence Little, the Scientific Director of the US TIRC, writes
in Cancer Research that its “one objective” is “namely to find the
whole truth and see that it is made known as quickly and effectively as
possible”32________________________________________________
9 March: John Partridge, the Secretary from Imperial Tobacco, writes
to Sir John Hawton, Ministry of Health outlining the company’s draft
statement for its forthcoming AGM: “We would regard it an
elementary duty and responsibility to leave nothing undone that we
can do to secure the eradication of anything in tobacco which is found
to be harmful to health ... I state that in our considered opinion there
is no proof at all that smoking causes lung cancer and much to suggest
that it cannot be the cause”33._________________________________
26 March: The Imperial Tobacco Chairman’s statement to
shareholders does not include the draft text, but says, in part:
“Excessive smoking -like excessive eating or excessive drinking cannot be good for anyone; but equally obviously what is excessive to
one person may be harmless to another”34.______________________
7 May: The Minister of Health, Mr. R. H. Turton, states in the House
of Commons, that: “Two known cancer-causing agents have been
identified in tobacco smoke, but whether they have a direct role in
UK Government producing lung cancer, and if so what, has not been proved ..the fact
that a causal relationship has not yet been recognised should not be
accepts link
allowed to obscure the fact that there is, statistically, an
incontrovertible association between cigarette smoking and the
incidence of lung cancer ... mortality from cancer from the lung is
twenty times greater amongst heavy smokers than amongst nonsmokers35.”
________________________________________
7 May: The leading UK companies once again make a statement on
Smoking and Health: “The evidence on the possible relationship of
lung cancer and smoking is conflicting and incomplete ... The industry
has
consistently favoured a scientific and objective approach to this
UK companies
deny and delay- question. Quite apart from our own chemical research into the
constituents if tobacco and tobacco smoke we have assisted, and will
more research
continue to assist, research in every way we can; and we make this
statement with a full sense of our duty to the public.36”
20 July: Philip Morris’ Research Director, Robert DuPuis, sends a
memo, noting that in ventilated cigarettes there was a “proved
Internal research decrease in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide plus an increase in
points to cancer oxygen content of the smoke”. The foimer “was related to decreased
harm to the circulatory system as a result of smoking”, whilst the later
meant there was less chance of depriving cells of oxygen and hence
“of starting a possible chain of events leading to the formation of a
cancer cell”37.______________________________________
August: The British Tobacco manufacturers announce the formation
of the Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee (TMSC)38.
Scientists admit Alan Rodgmen, a chemist for RJ Reynolds, writes a paper called “The
Analysis of Cigarette Smoking Condensate” in which he states: “Since
there is a
it now well established that cigarette smoke does contain several
problem and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and considering the potential and
that problem
actual carcinogenic activity of a number of these compounds, a
should be
method of either complete removal or almost complete removal of
removed
these compounds from smoke is required.39”_____________________
1957:
March: An internal BAT Memo describes work underway at BAT’s
Industry
laboratories in Southampton, using code words for lung cancer
scientists start
using code word “ZEPHYR” : “As a result of several statistical surveys, the idea has
for cancer - say arisen that there is a causal relationship between ZEPHYR and
there is a causal tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking. Various hypothesis
have been propounded” one of which is that “tobacco smoke contains
link
a substance or substances which may cause ZEPHYR”40.
7 May: The Cabinet Committee on Cancer of the Lung reports that
the
“tobacco companies ...would be certain to embark on a powerful
Government
expects industry campaign of publicity in opposition to the Central Council For Health
Education” [‘s publicity campaign on the link between smoking and
opposition
cancer]41.
31 May: Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee (TMSC)
reports that it has “established a close liaison with the Tobacco
Industry Research Committee in the US”42.______________________
27 June: The MRC publishes the results of five years research in its
report “Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung”, stating that: “ A
very great increase has occurred during the past 25 years in the death
UK Government rate from lung cancer in Great Britain and other countries .. .Evidence
from many investigations in different countries indicates that a major
accepts cause
part of it is associated with tobacco smoking, particularly in the form
and effect
of cigarettes. In the opinion of Council, the most reasonable
relationship
interpretation of this evidence is that the relationship is one of direct
cause and effect. The identification of several carcinogenic substances
in tobacco smoke provides a rational basis for such a causal
relationship”. The Government accepted the MRC’s findings43.______
The TMSC responds by saying that: “It has not been established with
any certainty whether and to what extent there may be a causal
Industry denies
relationship
between smoking and cancer of the lung. At this stage any
it
conclusions are a matter of opinion44”._________________________
US - Increasing 12 July: The US Public Health Service states that there is “increasing
and consistent evidence that excessive cigarette smoking is one of the
evidence of
cause and effect. causative factors in lung cancer”45.____________________________
December: The TMSC issues a report “Smoking and Lung Cancer The Conflict of Opinion” commenting that it illustrates “the conflict
Industry adds
of opinion that exits about the factors that may be active in lung
conflict
46»>
cancer.__________________________________________________
Paul Kotin, a pathologist from the University of California, who is on
the TIRC’s Scientific Board, writes that the statement “to the effect
that ‘ the sum total of scientific evidence establishes beyond
reasonable doubt that cigarette smoke is a causal factor in the rapidly
Industry
scientists accept increasing incidence of human epidermoid cancer of the lung’,
represents a view with which concur” ,47________________________
link
Sir Ronald Fisher, a consultant for the British Tobacco industry
concedes that epidemiological evidence has established a real
association between smoking and lung cancer.48__________________
1958:
Industry
increases PR
The Tobacco Institute is formed in the US and takes over the
efforts
industry’s PR efforts._______________________________________
23 April: A confidential Philip Morris memo states: “All of us, or at
least most of us, in the tobacco industry are caught between a guilt
Real conflict
complex and a power complex. The guilt complex is a simple matter.
inside industry
We tend to suffer from the sternly repressed fear that our opponents
are right and we are wrong on the health question and that we are thus
devoting our business lives to the propagation of lung cancer”49._____
May: D.G. Felton from BAT and two other leading British tobacco
scientists visit officials and scientists from the U.S. and Canadian
tobacco industries , including those at the TIRC, Liggett, Philip
Morris and the American Tobacco Company. One object of the visit
UK and US
industry liaison
US / Canadian
tobacco
scientists agree
cause and effect
relationship
Industry
privately admits
that TIRC is a
con
Research
scientists see
benefits in
admitting
harmful
product.
Canadian
industry accepts
statistical
evidence
was to find out “the extent in which it is accepted that cigarette smoke
'causes' lung cancer”. The scientists note: “With one exception
(H.S.N. Greene) [not formally affiliated with any tobacco company]
the individuals with whom we met believed that smoking causes lung
cancer if by ‘causation’; we mean any chain of events which leads
finally to lung cancer and which involves smoking as an indispensable
link .. .we found general acceptance of the view that the most likely
means of causation is that tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic
substances present in sufficient quantity to provide lung cancer.”
The scientists conclude “ Although there remains some doubt as to the
proportion of the total lung cancer mortality which can be fairly
attributed to smoking, scientific opinion in the U.S.A, does not now
seriously doubt that the statistical correlation is real and reflects a
cause and effect relationship.”50_______________________________
The British scientists also observe that: “Liggett & Meyers stayed out
of T.I.R.C. originally because they doubted the sincerity of T.I.R.C.'s
motives and believed that the organisation was too unwieldy to work
efficiently. They remain convinced that their misgivings were justified.
In their opinion T.I.R.C. has done little if anything constructive, the
constantly reiterated ‘not proven’ statements in the face of mounting
contrary evidence has thoroughly discredited T.I.R.C., and the S.A.B.
of T.I.R.C. is supporting almost without exception projects that are
not related directly to smoking and lung cancer”51.
24 July: Dr. C Mace, a scientist at Philip Morris writes to his head of
Research “Evidence is building up that heavy smoking contributes to
lung cancer”. Mace then writes of the benefits for the company if they
had the “intestinal fortitude to jump on the other side of the fence”
admitting that cigarettes are hazardous. “Just look what a wealth of
ammunition would be at his disposal” to attack the other companies
who did not have safe cigarettes. “We would have to be careful to
infer that the reason for the change in dress was the continuing
evidence link cigarette smoking with health (problems) and the
although the evidence is not altogether irrefutable, we have decided
upon this course if action in the public interest”52.________________
13 August: In Canada Rothmans takes out a full page advert in the
Toronto Daily Star stating: “Rothmans Research Division accepts the
statistical evidence linking lung cancer with heavy smoking. This is
done as a precautionary measure in the interest of smokers. The exact
biological relationship between smoking and cancer in mankind is still
not known and a direct link has not been proved ... Rothmans
Research Division welcomes this opportunity to reiterate its pledge to
continue its policy of all-out research, to impart vital information as
soon as possible, and to give smokers of Rothmans cigarettes
improvements as soon as they are developed. In conclusion, as with all
good things of modem living, Rothmans believes that with moderation
smoking can remain one of life’s simple and safe pleasures.53”_______
1959:
n
Publicly we are
doing all we can
More PR
needed to
counter claims
Distinct
possibility
smoke
carcinogenic
February: Imperial Tobacco sends a booklet “Research + Control =
Quality” to all its shareholders, employees and customers in the UK.
“We have also devoted great efforts in recent years to research in to
the alleged effects of smoking upon health”, says the booklet54.
July: PR company Hill and Knowlton writes a memo to RJ Reynold’s
new CEO, also serving as the head of the newly formed Tobacco
Institute. The memo outlines the need for intensified measures “to
cope with attacks based on ‘^care’ charges”, arguing the need to
reaffirm “through all means possible the position that the role of
tobacco in health and particularly lung cancer is not proved and that
evidence mounts to dispute the broad charges against tobacco ... The
health of the nation is constantly improving, along with the increased
use of tobacco”55._________________________________________
An RJR scientist, Alan Rodgman, concludes that there is a “distinct
possibility” that substances in cigarette smoke could have a
carcinogenic effect”56.
1960s
1960:
After a decade
of increasing
evidence,
industry carries
on the denial
and maintains
causation
unproved
21 April: RJ Reynolds Chairman Bowman Gray says of the
relationship between smoking and cancer: “I just don’t believe it.
People are hearing the same old story, and the record is getting
scratched”57.
In the US, the TIRC’s Scientific Advisory Board issue a report:
“Causation Theory of Smoking Unproved” alleging that: “The
continued failure of evidence which is qualitatively different or of
increased significance to appear leaves the causation theory of
smoking in lung cancer, heart disease and other ailments without
clinical and experimental proof’ .
Industry
research
confirms
March: Dr. Bentley, from Imperial’s Research Department writes
about research on Smoking and Lung Cancer by the Tobacco
Manufacturers’ Standing Committee: “It was about this time, namely
7 years ago, that attention was first drawn to the fact that tobacco
smoke contains very small amounts of carcinogenic polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons of which 3:4 benzopyrene was the one of most
immediate topical interest. It was therefore logical for the tobacco
manufacturers’ research departments to take an interest in
benzopyrene in tobacco smoke not because it followed that this
carcinogenic
nature of smoke
Industry
consultants
admit cigarette
smoking is
cancer causing
and promoting
Industry
research finds
42 carcinogens
in cigarette
smoke
Top industry
scientist quits as
industry refuses
to accept
causation. Re
employed on
condition it no
longer denies
causation
compound was necessarily responsible for causing cancer of the lung,
because in fact subsequent evidence makes it most unlikely that this
could be so, but because benzopyrene provided a particularly suitable
indicator substance for work on chemical carcinogens in tobacco
smoke ... The general conclusion of all this work were that if it was
thought likely that benzopyrene in cigarette smoke was the cause of
human lung cancer then a means could almost certainly be found to
eliminate it from smoke”.
“TMSC has been concerned in three major collaborative experiments
in the last 3 or 4 years .. .Professor Blacklock ... has found that
cigarette smoke condensate, in large quantities, is capable if it enters a
bronchus of causing hyperplasia and squamous mataplasia and
isolated instances bronchial carcinoma .. .Dr Day ..has confirmed that
this material [cigarette smoke condensate neutral fraction] is in fact
capable of producing paillomata and carconomata of the mouse skin
.. .Tobacco smoke condensate is by any standard generally agreed to
be a very feeble carcinogen.59”_______________________________
15 March: A Confidential memo from consulting firm Arthur. D.
Little, working for the US Liggett, reviews the results of seven year’s
research work; “There are biologically active materials present in
cigarette smoking. These are a) cancer causing b) cancer promoting c)
poisonous d) stimulating, pleasurable and flavourful”60.
15 November: Helmut Wakeham, Philip Morris, Head of Research
and Development writes a memo on Tobacco and Health: “Evidence
linking Cancer and Tobacco: Based on two main points:
1) Statistical evidence that certain diseases are more prevalent
among smokers than non-smokers. Lung-cancer; Bladder cancer;
Cardiovascular disease. These associations suggest that smoking
may be a causative factor.
2) Physiological tests in which animals treated with smoke
condensates, extracts, or compounds therefrom, suffer from
increased tumour frequency”.
Wakeham lists 42 compounds in cigarette smoke, identified as
carcinogens.61.___________________________________________
Early 1960’s : Todd has dinner with Doll who recalls: “Mr. Todd
invited my wife and myself to dine with him, whilst he was still
employed by the industry, as he had resigned because the industry
would not accept his advice that a causal connection between
smoking and lung cancer had been proved. A few days later he
phoned to say that he had accepted re-employment on the
understanding that the industry would not publicly deny the causal
relationship.62”
1962:
1st landmark
7 March: The Royal College of Physicians issues the first major report
report into
smoking by
RCPcigarettes cause
cancer
Industry
attempts to
discredit RCP
Its business as
usual - we
won’t even stop
young people
smoking
Its old news
even if we don’t
know what’s in
smoke
Premature to
draw link to
cancer although we
don’t deny it
New Research
Director tells
BAT to accept
causation
Our public
denial has
nothing to do
with the fact
that we make
cigarettes
on “Smoking and Health”, which concludes: “Cigarette smoking is a
cause of lung cancer and bronchitis ... cigarette smoking is the most
likely cause of the recent world-wide increase in deaths from lung
cancer, the death rate from which is at present higher in Britain than
in any other country in the world; that it is an important predisposing
cause of the development of chronic bronchitis .. .Cigarette smoking
probably increases the risk of dying from coronary heart disease,
particularly in early middle age63.____________________________
12 March: John Partridge, the Chairman of the Tobacco
Manufacturers Standing Committee, and Deputy Chairman for
Imperial, appears on the BBC’s Panorama Programme. Calling the
RCP report an “unbalanced picture”, Partridge does not “accept the
sweeping assertions in the [RCP] report, incriminating smoking .. .1
do not believe that you will stop the people of this country from
smoking .. .they know the odds are heavily against their coming to
any real harm from it”.
On the programme, Partridge is asked “would you agree that we must
stop young people smoking?” To which he replies “No, I would not”.
He later says “We are prepared to go on advertising our products”, to
which he is asked “To young people? and he replies “Yes indeed ...
but not to children ... I happen to think that neither tobacco, nor
alcohol are harmful, in moderation64.”_________________________
7 March: The Tobacco Advisory Committee responds to the RCP by
stating that “all the scientific evidence in the report is well known to
the industry” and “ the harmful constituents of smoke, if any, are not
known65”.________________________________ __ ____________
March: G.F. Todd responds in detail to the RCP on behalf of the
TMSC, saying that: “ it seems premature therefore to draw
conclusions about the relative contributions of either smoking or air
pollution to lung cancer”. His remarks are seen as “clever” although
“there is no denial of the almost certain relationship between smoking
and cancer of the lung although all possible is done to confuse the
issue”66._____________________________________
Dr Jim Green joins BAT as Director of Research immediately after
the RCP report. He suggests that the company should “adopt the
attitude that the causal link between smoking and lung cancer was
proven - because we could not be any worse off [in denial of the
link]”67._________________________________________________
20 March: R W S Clark, Chairman of Imperial Tobacco Company
addresses the AGM: “.. It has been said or implied in a number of
quarters that the position taken up by the manufacturers is heavily
biased by the fact our commercial interests are involved. I want to say
quite categorically that any such imputation is completely unjustified
and unfair. It is, of course, self-evident that the industry’s commercial
interests are involved, but the tobacco manufacturers also fully
recognise their responsibility to the public .. .a general condemnation
of cigarette smoking is neither justified nor constructive68”.
Do not deny
association of
lung cancer still deny
causation
Lets keep things
in perspective Overindulgence
in anything is
bad for you
No effort will be
spared to
remove harmful
elements
We dread the
word cancer
But we
recognise
smokers cough
We also know
that tobacco
condensate is
carcinogenic
Joint research
facilities open
Causes
unknown
21 March: A Memo of a meeting between Government Civil
Servants and John Partridge, Deputy Chairman of Imperial and C.F.
Todd representing the Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee,
shows that Partridge and Imperial “did not dispute the association of
lung-cancer with smoking; they did deny the proof of any causal
connection69”.
___________________________________
5 April: Carreras Rothmans respond to the RCP report in a letter to
the President of the Board of Trade: “We believe it is particularly
important that the subject of health and smoking should be kept in
perspective and considered positively and constructively. We must all,
surely, accept that over indulgence in any pleasure could always be
harmful: moderation in all things is a good maxim”.
“Inevitably most smokers wish to continue a custom from which they
derive considerable enjoyment and it is only fair to assume that their
reaction is to require assurance from the Government and the
Tobacco industry that no effort will be spared to find out what, if any,
are the harmful elements in cigarette smoke and if they do exist, that
action will be taken regarding their removal”70.__________________
July: Sir Charles Ellis, from BAT R&D Department addresses the
Annual BAT research conference, downplaying the RCP report:
“..We who have been immersed in the subject for many years know
that this report produced no new fact, produced no new arguments,
indeed, except for the contribution of an emotional gloss, left the
subject untouched. We know only too well that there are no
conclusive proofs; that there are few, if any, cold scientific facts.
However emotional conclusions cannot be disregarded .. .The most
important is the dread word ‘cancer’ .. .smoker’s cough is a real
phenomenon and obvious to everyone, and we should recognise that
it is a factor in the emotional build-up”.
“.. The Board recognises that this problem must be tackled from two
sides, the first being medical research on the origin of lung cancer and
bio-assay on the biological effects of smoke, and the second being the
composition of smoke and the possibilities of modifying it ... the
central fact in this subject is that in sufficient doses tobacco
condensate acts as a carcinogen when painted on to the backs of
mice, or when injected subcutaneously into rats.”71_______________
September: The TMSC opens chemical and biological laboratories at
Harrogate..____________________________
The Tobacco Institute issue a press release stating that: “The causes
of cancer are not now known to science. Many factors are being
studied along with tobacco. The case against tobacco is based largely
RCP disservice
to scientific
research
on statistical associations, the meanings of which are in dispute”72.
The TIRC’s Annual Report for 1962 states that the RCP report
“contains no new or original data but amounts to a statement of
opinion, is a disservice to scientific research”73._________________ _
Alan Rodgman, a research chemist with RJ Reynolds writes his
Company
scientists say
Smoking
increases risk of
lung cancer
Worried that
company denies
in public, what it
knows in private
- scientists are
concerned and
want to find
solution
company’s sixth report on “The Smoking and Health Problem”: “It
has been shown in thirty retrospective and in four prospective
statistical studies that the incidence of lung cancer is low in nonsmokers, proportional to cigarette consumption, greater in cigarette
smokers that in cigar or in pipe smokers, greater in cigarette smokers
who inhale than in those who do not inhale, greater in cigarette
smokers continuing the habit that in ex-smokers ... These findings
indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing lung
cancer. Many authorities believe the relationship to be one of causeand-effect.
Rodgman is worried that the company is publicly denying a link
between smoking and cancer in public, whilst the company’s own
research shows there is a link. “What would be the effect on this
company of not publishing these data now, but being required at some
future data to disclose such data, possibly in the unfavourable
atmosphere of a lawsuit? .. .It is recommended that the Company’s
management recognise that many members of its Research
Department are intensely concerned about the cigarette smoke-health
problem and eager to participate in its study and solution.74”________
1963:
Name change
Confuse
Accept causal
link between
smoking and
lung cancer but we won’t
submit report
Panic - we are
in a grave crisis
Lawyers warn
that cigarette
smoking
important in
causing lung
cancer -
January: The TMSC becomes the Tobacco Research Council.______
February: The US TIRC’s President writes that: “Our scientific
advisers tell us that the causes of lung cancer are still not known and
that, as a matter of fact, recent research has tended to point up many
new possible causes.”75
_______________________________
1 April: In the US, Liggett hires Arthur D. Little to write a report to
submit to the Surgeon General. The company concludes: “we accept
the inference of a causal relationship between chemical properties of
ingested tobacco smoke and the development of carcinoma ... all
types of smoking are associated with increased mortality from all
causes combined”. Cigarettes caused increased death “for coronary
artery diseases, for all carcinoma combined, for lung cancer, for
genito-urinary system cancers and for cancers of the buccal cavity
[mouth and throat]”. The report was never submitted76.
18 June: The US tobacco industry is in a state of panic over the
forthcoming Surgeon General’s report: The Director of Public
Relations at B&W writes: “The consensus is that the industry is in a
‘grave crisis’ and the philosophy is ‘to expect the worst and work for
the best’”77.___________________________________
17 July: Addison Yeaman, Vice President and General Counsel of
B&W is also worried about the Surgeon-General’s report: “Certainly
one would hope to prove there is no etiological [cause of disease]
factor on smoke but the odds are greatly against success in that field.
At the best, the probabilities are that some combination of
constituents of smoke will be found conducive to the onset of cancer
or to create an environment in which cancer is more likely to occur
.. .1 have no wish to be tarred and feathered, but I would suggest the
industry might serve itself on several fronts if it voluntarily adopted a
package legend such as ‘excessive use of this product may be
injurious to health of susceptible persons’ .. .This is so controversial a
suggestion - indeed shocking- that I would rather not try to anticipate
the arguments against it in this note but reserve my defence”78._____
September: Business Week quotes an unnamed source in Philip
Public statement Morris who says: “If they tell us tomorrow that a cancer-causing
element has been identified in tobacco smoke, we could remove it the
of bravado
day after”79._____________________________________________
24 October: Helmut Wakeham from Philip Morris writes a “technical
forecast outlining those areas where the cigarette industry might be
Meanwhile
privately its not most subject to criticism and suggesting those elements in smoke
just lung cancer which might be most accused by either the medical profession or
exploited by our competitors”. He outlines that “We believe that the
we are worried
health critics are following three main lines of attack:
about - its
bronchitis and
1) Chemical carcinogenesis of the lungs by smoke constituents;
emphysema and 2) Irritation from smoke components leading to chronic bronchitis
and emphysema; and
cardiovascular
problems too
3) Cardiovascular effects due mainly to nicotine in the smoke.”
maybe need
warning on
packets
It will be hard to ..We believe that the next medical attack on cigarettes will be based
on the cocarcinogen idea. With the hundreds of compounds in smoke,
contest
this hypothesis will be hard to contest.. .Irritation problems are now
carcinogenic
nature of smoke receiving greater attention because of the general medical belief that
irritation leads to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These are
serious diseases involving millions of people ... A number of experts
have predicted that he cigarette industry ultimately may be in greater
trouble in this area than in the lung cancer field .. .The cardiovascular
effects in smoke are believed to be mainly due to nicotine ... if forced
to, we could produce a fairly tasty low nicotine product.80”________
29 November: President of Philip Morris, Joseph Cullman, says:
Cigarettes will
be exonerated - “While I do not minimise the health problem, I think that eventually
cigarettes will be exonerated ...I don’t think the present product will
they are not a
prove
to be a major health hazard. I also believe that changes can be
health hazard
made in the product if they are indicated81.”____________________
Frederick Darkis, Research Chief at Liggett and Myers in the US,
What good has
calls the TIRC “mostly a publicity organisation. They have given
TIRC served,
millions to various research analysts, but it is very difficult to know
despite the
what purpose the money has served. ________________________
millions spent?
1964:
1st landmark
study by the
Surgeon General.
Cigarette
smoking is
11 January: First Report of the US Surgeon-General, “Smoking and
Health”, concludes: “Cigarette smoking is causally related to lung
cancer in men; the magnitude of the effect of cigarette smoking far
outweighs all other factors. The data for women, though less
extensive point in the same direction ... Cigarette smoking is much
more important than occupational exposures in the causation of lung
cancer of the general population ... Cigarette smoking is the most
important of the causes of chronic bronchitis in the US, and increases
the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema .. .Cigarette
smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the US to
warrant appropriate remedial action” .________________________
Nothing harmful In response to the Surgeon General, Howard Cullman, a Board
member of Philip Morris states: “We don’t accept the idea that there
in tobacco
are harmful agents in tobacco”84.
causally related
to lung cancer
Opportunity to
benefit
commercially by
modifying
product as little
basis for
disputing
charges. We
could be
negligent if we
don’t..
Evidence
mounts
I’m not
qualified. I’m
just human.
Due to threat of
litigation,
situation being
run by lawyers
and no health
research being
done in US
18 February: Helmut Wakeham, Vice President for Research and
Development at Philip Morris responds to the Surgeon General’s
report by stating that: “The onus of proof has been moved by the
report from its usual position with the industry’s accusers to the
tobacco industry itself. Meeting this challenge affords Philip Morris a
splendid opportunity to gain a competitive edge through effective
technical activity. Positive programmes to cure ills cited in this report,
whether real or alleged, are recommended as little basis for disputing
the findings at this time has appeared .. the hoped-for results of these
efforts will be cigarettes with distinguishing new product properties
which are biologically approved on all major health questions. Such
products should be advertised vigorously on the basis of studies so
conducted .. .failure to do such research could give rise to negligence
charges”85.________________________________
26 February: An internal BAT document states that “epidemiological
evidence showed clearly that cigarette smoke caused lung cancer”86.
June: Appearing before the Congressional Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce, the head of RJ Reynolds, Bowman Gray,
declares: “The tobacco industry is profoundly conscious of the gravity
of questions concerning smoking and health ... I am neither a doctor
or scientist, and I am, therefore, not qualified to participate in a
debate on the medical or scientific questions relating to tobacco and
health .. .If it is proven that cigarettes are harmful, we want to do
something about it regardless of what somebody else tells us to do.
And we would do our level best. This is just being human”87.
October: Philip Rogers and Geoffrey Todd visit the US on behalf of
the Tobacco Research Council. Their report states “The main power
on the smoking and health situation undoubtedly rest with the lawyers
.. Smoking and health research by U.S. manufacturers is largely
conditioned by two factors:
1. The personal beliefs of the Presidents that nothing against smoking
has been proved....
2. The dilemma posed by the law suits. The manufacturers have to
choose between (a) Doing no smoking and health research and being
represented in law suits as negligent (although "to meet public
concern" they finance C.T.R. and AMA research), (b) Doing smoking
and health research and being forced to admit in law suits that their
experiments have caused cancer in animals and yet that they have
made no changes in tobacco smoke to eliminate the tumours”. The
manufactures have chosen (a)”
Not looking to
solve problem
Informal
agreement not
to make health
claims
Privately admit
cancer link, but
we don’t know
what causes it.
Americans are
worried about
UK research as
its shows causal
link.
“ ...the U.S. cigarette manufacturers are not looking for means to
reduce the long term activity of cigarettes ... There is a general feeling
that the policy since the S.G.A.C. [Surgeon-General’s] report of NOT
making public statements, unless these are really necessary, has
proved much more satisfactory than the previous policy”88.
Rogers and Todd also outline how the “informal agreement between
TRC members not to make health claims was explained to Philip
Morris. Mr. Weissman said that he was not prepared to bind himself
and had to reserve freedom of action as there was no definition of
what constituted a ‘health claim’ .... Assuming a reasonable
definition of health claims, he would subscribe to the spirit of not
making health claims in the U.K” .___________________________
1965:
September: Internal documents from BAT ‘s Research and
Development Establishment outline the objectives to research: “These
stem from the simple commercial one of selling more tobacco
products; because of the present connection between smoking and
cancer (accepted in this essay as valid), research objectives fall into
two groups, the first connected with health, the second with quality
and costs .. .Is the effect of smoke, either as a source of pleasure or of
cancer, attributable to a few, or to all, of its constituents, or to
physical features in of the aerosol?”90.
October: An internal B&W memo sent to the company’s president,
Mr. Finch, outlines a meeting with Mr. Hardy, one of the industry
lawyers after he had returned from a trip to England. The memo
outlines concerns about the UK industry research centre at Harrogate:
“Harrogate has been very active in testing biological activity of
smoke condensate on the shaven backs of mice. I understand them to
be very active in fractionating smoke, developing ‘instant’
condensate, and in determining the relative biologic activity of
individual elements of smoke. Substantially, all Harrogate has
accomplished up to now is validation of the work of Wynder et al in
the general area of biological activity of smoke condensate.
Publication of this material, while adding nothing new of a damning
nature, would have the effect of dignifying and confirming the
significance of the Wynder-type work. Certainly it will renew interest
in this phase of the cigarette/ health problem”.
“I think it fair to say that the Harrogate work (1) accepts, at least as a
basis for going forward, the existing epidemiological evidence of a
causal connection between smoking and health, (2) accepts, for the
purpose of going forward, the significance of biological activity on the
skins of mice and (3) more disturbingly may be creating a situation in
which unwarranted or undue significance might become attached to
the relative biological activity of a particular constituent or
constituents produced by pyrolysis, of tobacco. The American
tobacco industry is deeply concerned with the matter of Harrogate’s
approach and its research programmes, and more importantly,
troubled by the publication of Harrogate results”. The memo also
expresses concern that Geoffrey Todd, Executive Director of the
TRC “has in the past given explicit indication of the existence of the
causal relationship between smoking and health”91.
Smoke is
carcinogenic
and should
reduce problem
Health warnings
Can’t research
anything as it
could be
construed as
libellous
Tobacco
industry
consultants say
people should
not smoke
US wants to
“slant” UK
research
Dr. R. B. Griffith, Head of R&D at B&W: “Scientists with whom I
talked [at BAT’s laboratories in the UK] were unanimous in thenoption that smoke is weakly carcinogenic under certain conditions and
that efforts should be made to reduce this activity”92.______________
Health Warnings are put on cigarette packets in America: “Caution:
Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health”.93____________
In the US, an attorney for American Tobacco, Janet Brown, writes
that: “The law imposes on a manufacturer the duty to know what can
be known about its product ... the question will be raised, for jury
resolution, whether a reasonably prudent manufacturer capable of
conducting biological research would not have instituted biological
testing programs in the 1920s, 1930s or 1940s, eras in which ... red
flags of warning respecting serious health questions were being raised
in the scientific literature ... Instituting a biological program today
will be argued to be an implied admission that the company believes it
has not in the past been doing all it could and should have been doing
to find the scientific facts respecting tobacco use and health”.94_____
-1965: A “strictly confidential” report by two scientists Francis Roe,
an independent tobacco consultant, and M C Pike, which is undated
but uses references up to 1965, states: “There is a definitive and
undeniable positive association between tobacco smoking, especially
of cigarettes, and lung cancer ... from the point of view of present
day public health there can be no question that people should be
encouraged not to smoke .. .the individual smoker’s death-rate from
lung cancer is almost exactly directly proportional to his daily
consumption .. .if the immediate complete discontinuation of smoking
were feasible for all smokers, then the recommendation that this be
done need have been our only conclusion, since it is clear that every
form of smoking increases the risk of lung cancer”95.______________
1966:
28 February: A letter from B&W to BAT expresses concern at the
bioassay research being undertaken at Harrogate and its forthcoming
report: “We are troubled lest that approach be taken to concede a
significant causal relation between the use of tobacco and cancer of
the lung. To reassure you, I have no intention of agitating the
question, but the difference existing, we would hope to be afforded
the opportunity of consulting with the people on your side concerning
the way Harrogate’s work is presented, admittedly with the hope of
‘slanting’ the report” [emphasis added]96.______________________
April: A Report undertaken by the Research Services Psychology
Unit for the Tobacco Intelligence Department at Imperial states: “The
Internal
statistical association between cigarette smoking and certain
evidence mounts mortalities has now been observed repeatedly, in a number of different
countries and by different observers. The statistical association with
lung cancer, or at any rate with certain types of lung cancer, is
particularly close97.”_______________________________________
28 July: A BAT report outlines the reason for “Project Ariel”.
Internal
“Evidence was, and is, available which suggests that normal cigarette
evidence mounts smoke is tumorigenic and biologically irritating, and that these actions
may be due to various chemical components arising from the pyrolysis
- need a safer
of tobacco. Thus any device which eliminates these provides a safer
smoke
smoke”98.
Internal
25 October: A Philip Morris memo, entitled “Project 6900”,
evidence mounts highlights how “The objective of Project 6900 is to advise Philip
Morris in biology as related to smoking and smoking products”.
Under “Long term Inhalation Studies” it states that “Available
information from these studies indicates that gross lung pathology can
be induced by smoking cigarettes”99.__________________________
A book written by a smoker, Harcourt Kitchin, called You May
But we will use Smoke is published in the UK. Carreras buys 7,000 copies. Kitchin is
anything to deny subsequently approached by the Tiderock Corporation, a PR firm
it
working for B&W in the US, asking him to publish in the US, and to
debunk the Surgeon General’s report100.________________________
Covert research In the US, the Council for Tobacco Research in the US, starts
funding “special projects”, awarded by tobacco industry lawyers to
to assist
“produce research that could be used to defend the industry is court”
litigation
101
US Lawyers
don’t like the
UK research
8 March: A meeting takes place between American and British
tobacco lawyers in New York. One of the American lawyers
“immediately stated in the strongest possible terms that TRC
[Tobacco Research Council] had been unwise to carry out any
biological research at all, that we were being very foolish in reporting
it, and although scientifically we had discovered nothing new, we
were likely to embarrass the United States’ industry severely by the
course which we were following”.
We need a
warning on the
packet to get us
off the hook
... “The American position is as follows. The causation theory
remains an unproved hypothesis and there is no further scientific data
to confirm it .. .to avoid legal liability of one sort or another, there is a
strong argument in favour of a general cautionary statement on
cigarette packets such is now adopted in the USA. The printing on
the packet or advertising of ‘tar’ and nicotine figures such as in the
case of ‘Carlton’ or ‘True’ represents simply an approach to a
marketing situation which is (as far as the manufacturers are
concerned) unconnected with health ...
UK authorities
convinced
causation valid
- we need to
reduce tar to
avoid being
sued
Representatives from the United Kingdom made the following points
... The medical profession in the United Kingdom is unanimously
convinced that the causative hypothesis is valid and this is taken for
granted in regard to their attitude to smoking .. .The legal advice
which we had received had made it clear that the UK industry would
be subject to an increasing risk of law suits if steps were not taken to
make the public aware of the ‘tar’ content of cigarette brands .. .The
Americans misunderstood the position if they believed that a political
pressure group to push the irrelevance of the health issue in regard to
smoking would find much favour in the UK” .
20 June: G.F. Todd of the Tobacco Research Council, writes a letter
to Mr. Addison Yeaman, Vice President and General Counsel of
Brown & Williamson: “The only real difficulties that we encountered
arose out of the unavoidable paradox at the centre of our operations Stuck in a
namely that, on the one hand the manufacturers control TRC's
paradox
operations and do not accept that smoking has been proved to cause
lung cancer while, on the other hand, TRC's research program is
based on the working hypothesis that this has been sufficiently proved
for research purposes. In addition, the Council senior scientists accept
that causation theory . . . We have not yet found the best way of
handling this paradox”.103_________________________
3 October: The TIRC publishes “What are the Facts”, stating that the
“Tobacco industry has a special responsibility to help find the true
Lets confuse the facts about tobacco and health”. It asks the question “Is there
‘Mounting Evidence’ to Link Cigarette Smoking with Lung Cancer?:
issue
“The ‘evidence’ is not medical in the usual sense, because clinical and
experimental research does not bear out the anti-cigarette theory.
There is no scientific cause-and-effect proof. Only statistical studies
provide the ‘evidence’”104___________________________________
3 October: B&W issues an employee booklet, entitled “Smoking and
Health”, where the company gives answers to certain questions
Lets confuse the regarding health:
“ASSERTION: People who smoke are select prospects for
issue again
cancer and other diseases,
FACT: People who do not smoke suffer from all the diseases
that have been selectively linked with smoking.
ASSERTION: 300,000 adult smokers die prematurely each
year because of cigarette smoking;
FACT: No one can accurately make that statement, because
there is no valid supporting evidence”105.
3 October: Paul Smith, Vice President of Philip Morris attacks “the
Public Health service forces” who are “frustrated by ‘an extreme
Lets ignore all
the evidence
shortage of evidence necessary to nail down the indictment against
smoking and a slowly accumulating body of evidence which is
beginning to weaken their major statistical case ... Nobody has yet
been able to find any ingredient as found in tobacco or smoke that
causes human disease106”.___________________________________
No inhaling: no 24 October: BAT’s Annual Research Conference is held in Montreal.
lung cancer.
Draft minutes show: “If there is no inhaling, there is no lung cancer or
Health issue
respiratory disease ... It was agreed that smoking is likely to be
isn’t going away associated with health continuously in the future and that it will not be
a passing phase.”107.________________________________________
9 November: W. Bates from the Tobacco Institute writes that “in my
So far we have
opinion the tobacco industry has a very serious problem in the current
responded with tobacco- health controversy and it is rapidly becoming worse .. .In the
a PR, not
last fourteen years this problem has become more complex, more
scientific
involved and much more serious. Although this problem has public
campaign
relations, business, legal and political components, it is basically a
scientific one. So far, however, the major efforts of the industry to
cope with this problem have been other than scientific”.108_________
1968:
And lets carry
on that way
Research the
disease not
tobacco as it’s a
good smoke
screen
January: An article “To Smoke or Not to Smoke” appears in True
Magazine by journalist Stanley Frank who concludes “the hazards of
cigarette smoking may not be so real as we have been led to believe”.
An internal B&W memo shows that “We will receive a copy of the
outline. If it is unfavourable, we can exert sufficient influence to
change the ‘tone’ before the final article .. .We are assured by Joe that
Frank has the desired point of view ..we will pay Frank $500.00 for
his time and expenses in preparing the article”. The Tobacco industry
circulated 600,000 copies of the article109.
19 January: A B&W document states that “Janet Brown [an attorney
with American Brands]” gave a “ well reasoned argument in defence
of the long established policy of CTR [Council for Tobacco
Research], carried out through SAB to ‘research the disease’ as
opposed to researching questions more directly related to tobacco ..
the argument seems to be that by operating primarily in the field of
research of the disease we do at least two useful things:
First, we maintain the position that the existing evidence of a
relationship between the use of tobacco and health is
inadequate to justify research more closely related to tobacco,
and
Secondly, that the study of the disease keeps constantly alive
the argument that, until basic knowledge of the disease itself is
further advanced, it is scientifically inappropriate to devote the
major effort to tobacco”110.
20 February: In a Supplementary Memorandum to the Ministry of
Health, Imperial comments on the Publication of Cigarette Smoke
UK company
reduces tar on
health grounds
The more
research the
more we ignore
it.___________
Yet publicly we
say we have led
way
What we want
is:
Controversy
Contradiction
Mouse House
research finds
emphysema
Gentleman’s
agreement not
to do research
Industry agree
to no longer
deny disease
Composition Data. “Taken together”, says Imperial, “the RCP
recommendations [from 1962 report] and our experimental results which established the significance of ‘tar’ for mouse skin cancer
beyond reasonable doubt - have obliged Imperial to assume that there
are now sufficient grounds to justify ‘tar’ reduction in our brands;
Gallaher and Carreras have confirmed their agreement with this view
in their submissions to the Minister. Accordingly, each of us has
reduced the ‘tar’ delivery of important filter cigarette brands during
the last eighteen months .. .It is not technically difficult to reduce ‘tar’
yield of a filter cigarette .. .Imperial has therefore not felt obliged to
assume that there was a case on health grounds for reducing nicotine
pro rate with ‘tar’111”.______________________________________
April: Philip Morris’ new President George Weissman: “No clear-cut
case against cigarette smoking has ever been made despite millions
spent on research ...The longer these tests go on, the better our [the
industry’s] case becomes”112._________________________________
17 August: The Tobacco Institute attacks the Surgeon General’s task
force for a “shockingly intemperate defamation of an industry which
has led the way in medical research to seek answers in the cigarette
controversy”113.___________________________________________
18 October: Carl Thompson from Hill and Knowlton writes a letter
to the Tobacco Institute’s new head of PR, William Kloepfer, on the
best angles for the industry magazine, Tobacco and Health Research:
“The most important type of story is that which casts doubt in the
cause and effect theory of disease and smoking”. Eye-grabbing
headlines were needed and “should strongly call out the point Controversy! Contradiction ! other Factors! Unknowns!”114.________
A research report is written by the Director or RJ Reynolds Biological
Testing Laboratory, known as the “Mouse House” to the Murray
Senkus, Reynolds' Research Director, regarding “Smoking Rats”:
“The chronic exposure of rats to smoke is continuing. The number of
exposures was increased to two a day on July 16, 1968. Three rats
were lost after bleeding tissues were taken for histology.
No gross
pathology was noted. The histology of the tissues from the rat which
had smoked TEMPO cigarettes via an indwelling tracheal cannula has
been completed with the results given on the following page. A
diffuse, marked emphysema throughout the lungs”115._____________
Philip Morris Vice President Helmut Wakeham, writes about a
‘gentleman’s agreement,’ under which the companies had agreed to
refrain from conducting in-house biological experiments on tobacco
smoke: “We have reason to believe that in spite of gentlemans [sic]
agreement from the tobacco industry in previous years that at least
some of the major companies have been increasing biological studies
within their own facilities116.”________________________________
1968/69: Dr. Doll recalls a meeting that took place between the RCP
and Imperial, at “which the industry representatives agreed that they
would no longer deny that tobacco caused disease, but they would
continue to sell their product on the ground that people enjoyed it117”.
100,000 die in
UK from
smoking
Smoking whilst
pregnant is bad
for you
No causal
relationship
Public fudge
Privately we
worry about
lung cancer,
bronchitis and
emphysema
Carrots are
harmful to
health too
No causal
relationship
Inescapable
evidence
1969: The Chief Medical Officer advises that because of cigarette
smoking “some 80,000 premature deaths probably occur in England
and Wales each year and for the whole of the United Kingdom the
number must approach 100,000118”.___________________________
10 January: An internal Philip Morris memo is written by Helmut
Wakeham: “Now we have a study of the effect of smoking in
pregnancy which supports previous conclusions that smoking mothers
produce smaller babies. The position of the medical people is that
smaller babies have detrimental effects all through life119.”_________
3 February: Council for Tobacco Research in the US: “There is no
demonstrated causal relationship between smoking and any disease ...
the whole field of smoking and health requires a great deal more
research and information before a proper evaluation can be made” .
April: Joseph Cullman, CEO and Chairman of the Board of Philip
Morris: “Its a hazardous world we live in - and cigarettes are far
down the list of hazards”121._________________________________
2-6 June: The Annual BAT research conference ends with the
conclusion that: “At the present time the industry has to recognise the
possibility of distinct adverse health reactions to smoke aerosol: (a)
122
lung cancer (b) emphysema and bronchitis.”
5 June: Imperial Tobacco (Canada) President Paul Pare gives
evidence to the Canadian all-party House of Commons Standing
Committee on Health, Welfare and Social Affairs, as the principal
spokesperson for the industry: “The tobacco industry - in Canada as
elsewhere - has been and continues to be deeply concerned over the
question of tobacco’s possible effect on some people and has been
doing something about this through scientific research and
investigation .. .efforts are made to blame cigarettes for every ailment
with which they may be statistically associated .. .It is actually as
disservice to those millions who enjoy smoking to be constantly
assaulted with some of the extreme and unsubstantiated propaganda
that is spread about the so-called evils of smoking ... With respect to
people who should not have carrots but eat them, carrots could then
be described as being harmful to health.123”_____________________
July: The US Tobacco Institute issues a statement: “The case against
smoking is based almost entirely on inferences drawn from statistics,
and no causal relationship has been established.” 124________________
September: Helmut Wakeham writes a memo states that “A review of
recent mouse skin painting data from Harrogate Laboratories
appearing in progress reports of the Tobacco Research Council
(Great Britain) indicates strong support for previously published data
on the following points: Cigaret [sic] smoke condensate painted on
the backs of mice over a two year period produces tumours in
numbers proportionate to the amount of condensate applied. In other
words, the dose-response relationship is clearly being followed in
these experiments ..The mouse skin painting carcinogenicity test,
despite all of its short-comings, is widely accepted as the critical test
Research
produces
emphysema
There is still no
causal
relationship
for biological activity of cigaret [sic] smoke. Even the tobacco
industry is now hung on this one .. .The conclusion from all of this is
inescapable: We should start testing our products now because it will
be two years before we know the answer125.”___________________
15 December: A memo is written by a Philip Morris scientist, and
copied to senior Philip Morris scientists, Tom Osdene and Helmut
Wakeham, entitled “R.J. Reynolds Biological Research Program”. It
states: “I met Dr. Price from R.J. Reynolds at the CTR-USA meeting
of December 11 and 12, 1969. He mentioned doing chronic cigarette
smoke exposure studies with rats. The animals received up to 500
cigarettes and emphysema was produced”126.___________________
The CTR issue a press release stating that “There is no demonstrated
causal relationship between smoking and any disease....If anything,
the pure biological evidence is pointing away from, not toward, the
causal hypothesis”127.
1970s
1970:
Auerbach’s
beagles: first
time cigarettes
directly caused
lung cancer in
an experiment
5 February: A Philip Morris memo about Oscar Auerbach’s “smoking
beagles” study says: “This is the first time that cigarette smoke as a
direct agent has produced lung cancer in an animal in any reliably
conducted experiment.. Tn these researchers’ tests it appears that all
of the factors examined were worse the greater the duration and
degree of smoking”128.______________________________________
6 February: The New York Times carries the banner headline about
Auerbach’s “smoking beagle” study: “12 Dogs Develop Lung Cancer
Auerbach’s
smoking
in Group of 86 Taught to Smoke”. This was the first ever experiment
beagles: lung
that had produced malignant tumours in large animals by exposing
cancer produced them to tobacco smoke. The New York Times concludes that the
findings “effectively refute” the contention by the tobacco industry
that there was no proven link between cigarettes and lung cancer.
Auerbach recalled later that: “I knew what we had. We’d been able to
duplicate all the changes we’d found earlier in human beings who
smoked and suffered from lung cancer. And so the hypothesis [that
smoking can induce cancer] was answered in the affirmative”129._____
24 February: A memo from Joseph Cullman, the president and CEO
Lets move
of Philip Morris, discusses the benefits of conducting research
research to
overseas, stating: “The possibility of getting answers to certain
Europe
problems on a contractual basis in Europe appeals to me and I feel
presents an opportunity that is relatively lacking in risk and
unattractive repercussions in this country” 13°.____________________
25 February: R. Fagan, a scientist at Philip Morris writes a memo to
An effective
Helmut Wakeham about “Auerbach’s Smoking Beagles saying that: “I
experiment that would say that the experiment is a crude one but effective in that
has found
carcinoma in dogs has been produced ..The crux of the situation is
cancer and
whether there is general agreement by qualified pathologists that [sic]
emphysema
carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma has indeed been produced. And
even if the cancer production is invalidated, the obvious emphysema
produced cannot be denied”131. ______________________________
11 March: BAT scientists meet with Thomas Osdene from Philip
A waste of
Morris. According to Osdene the “CTR did virtually no useful work
money?
and cost a vast amount of money132.”__________________________
March: RJ Reynolds Biological Research Division, employed in the
“Mouse House” is abruptly closed. “We are here today to inform you
Two months
about a significant reorganisation of the Research Department and a
after the
reorientation of research programs. In-house biological testing in the
smoking beagles smoking health area such as work we have been doing for the
study, the
Scientific Advisory Board of the Council for Tobacco Research has
Mouse House is been terminated. Any further biological testing that may be needed in
closed
further developing smoking machines, etc. will be referred to qualified
independent research organisations...The Biological division is being
dissolved.”133. ____________________________________________
One of the leading scientists at RJ Reynolds, Joe Bumgamer, later
recalls his work at the Mouse House and the reasons for its closure:
“the research we were doing at the time was state of the art... it was
Lab had
extremely exciting. We felt we were on the road to making a
produced
discovery of a cause and effect relationship to a clinical disease ... I
emphysema
think the company’s lawyers felt that the type of work we were doing
was potentially damaging to the company itself and policy was that
that wouldn’t happen and that was the legal Department’s policy”.
One of the research projects with rabbits had shown that “4-6 Winston
Filter Kings inhaled for 6-7 months produce emphysema like changes
in the lungs of rabbits”134. _________________________________
Another scientist sacked by RJ Reynolds recalls that the “decision to
shut it down was made because Reynolds did not at that time want to
be collecting information that might be detrimental to itself-which
Ignorance is
would be telling the public what its product does. Ignorance is
bliss
bliss”135._________________________________________________
3 April: The General Manager of Research at Gallaher Limited writes
a memo to the Managing Director regarding the work that Auerbach
had
undertaken on beagles: “We believe that the Auerbach work
The smoking
proves beyond all reasonable doubt that fresh whole cigarette smoke
beagles prove
is carcinogenic to dog lungs and therefore it is highly likely that it is
beyond doubt
carcinogenic t o human lungs ... the results of the research would
causation
appear to us to remove the controversy regarding the causation
of the majority of human lung cancer ... to sum up we are of the
opinion that the Auerbach’s work proves beyond reasonable
doubt the causation of lung cancer by smoke [bold added]136”
7 April: Philip Morris subsequently acquire an interest in a research
facility in Cologne, known as INBIFO. A memo from Helmut
Wakeham, Head of Research and Development of Philip Morris
Move research
states: “Since we have a major program at INBIFO, and since this is a
to Cologne
locale where we might do some of the things which we are reluctant
to do in this country, I recommend that we acquire INBIFO either in
toto or to the extent of controlling interest”137.
Our inflexible
attitude is
beginning to
cause problem
Causation an
open problem need more
research
Its only going to
get worse
No careless
statements
Can do in-house
research
Although others
close theirs
12 June: A Strictly Confidential internal BAT document on “Smoking
and Health”, says that “the overriding policy of BAT is to discourage
and delay the process of restrictive legislative action by governments
in every way possible .. .While in the past it has seemed good sense for
the industry to contest the validity of all the evidence against smoking
(and may still be necessary to avoid damages in lawsuits), there is little
doubt that the inflexibility of this attitude is beginning to create in
some countries hostility and even contempt for the industry among
intelligent, fair-minded doctors .. .it is thought that we should
reconsider our basic answer on causation which it is suggested should
be expressed in future as follows”:
“ As tobacco manufacturers we are not competent to express any
authoritative view on a medical matter. We recognise that a
substantial number of medical authorities have expressed the opinion
that a causal relationship has been established between cigarette
smoking and lung cancer and certain other diseases, while some
doctors and other scientific experts have expressed doubts about the
evidence. It seems to us that, in the absence of clinical proof of the
mechanism involved, causation at the present time remains an open
question. A solution to the problem will only be found through
research and, since the matter first arose, the industry has made and is
continuing to make the major contribution in this field”138.__________
14 July: S Green from BAT writes a memo stating that: “The cigarette
industry is now irreversibly connected with health. Cigarettes will be
connected increasingly with a wide range of diseases”139.
20 August: One of the US’s principal outside lawyers, David Hardy
writes to B&W about the legal implications of “Careless” statements
by company scientists: “In our opinion, the effect of testimony by
employees or documentary evidence from the files of either BAT or
B&W which seems to acknowledge or tacitly admit that cigarettes
cause cancer or other diseases would likely be fatal to the defence of
either or both companies in a smoking and health case .. therefore,
employees in both companies should be informed of the possible
consequences of careless statements on this subject”140.
10 September: A Report written for Philip Morris concludes that the
difference in toxicity of five sampled cigarettes is due to “nicotine
delivery”141.________________ _________________________
16 September: After a meeting with Helmut Wakeham from Philip
Morris, a BAT official writes “One result of the greater influence
which Wakeham has with Mr. J. Cullman has been the agreement,
albeit reluctant, to permit Philip Morris to do ‘in-house’ biological
work. When this was first mooted, Wakeham was told that there was
a tacit agreement between the heads of US companies that this would
not be done. Wakeham had countered by saying that he knew that
Reynolds, Lorillard and American were all undertaking some and that
Liggett and Myers had never been party to the agreement. Cullman
had been incredulous and had phoned Galloway, the President of RJ
Reynolds ... there had been a sudden reorganisation at Reynolds,
resulting in the closure of the biological section”142._______________
October: BAT’s Annual Research Conference is held in Quebec.
Three years previously the scientists had agreed that “If there is no
inhaling, there is no lung cancer or respiratory disease” However
Lets modify
minutes for the 1970 modify the statement, saying “It was accepted,
history
that without inhalation, no association between smoking and
respiratory disease could reasonably be alleg [sic] ... In 1967 the
corresponding statement was not agreed143.”____________________
8 December: Helmut Wakeham, Head of Research and Development
of Philip Morris, writes a memo about the CTR to the President of
Lets be truthful Philip Morris, Joseph Cullman. “It has been stated that CTR is a
program to find out The truth about smoking and health’. What is
for once
truth to one is false to another. CTR and the Industry have publicly
and frequently denied what others find as ‘truth’. Let’s face it. We
are interested in evidence which we believe denies the allegations
that cigarette smoking causes disease [emphasis added].144”______
28 December: BAT has managed to advance proofs of the
forthcoming RCP report. In a confidential Memo, GC Hargrove
writes that: “The agreed policy of the UK tobacco industry on the
publication of this report is to say as little as possible at this stage and
Lets shut up
avoid any form of controversy. No representatives of the industry will
be appearing on TV or Radio programmes or granting press
interviews. Enquiries on scientific or research matters will be dealt
with on behalf of the industry by the Tobacco Research Council”145.
Health is outside In turn, the TRC’s statement is that the RCP’s medical “conclusions
are outside the functions of the Council which recognises that these
our remit
are the concern of the health authorities”146._____________________
Although we need The CTR issues a further press release saying: “The deficiencies of the
more research
tobacco causation hypothesis and the need of much more research are
becoming clearer to increasing numbers of research scientists”147.
1971:
Not unsafe
4 January: Joseph Cullman, the CEO of Philip Morris, says that
cigarettes “ have not been proved to be unsafe” to human health148.
The Royal College of Physicians publish their second report, Smoking
and Health Now”, referring to the death toll by cigarettes as “the
RCP 2nd report
present holocaust”. “The suffering and shortening of life resulting
- cigarettes
from smoking cigarettes have become increasingly clear as the
causing a
evidence accumulates. Cigarette smoking is now as important a cause
holocaust
of death as were the great epidemic diseases such as typhoid, cholera,
and tuberculosis that affected previous generations in this country149.”
2 February: Liggett consider funding research into the “Immunologic
Aspects of Cancer” as the “project is designed to attack the disease
Fund research
itself’ and “is in no way correlated with the smoking habits of the
that won’t
persons concerned ... I do not see how it could ricochet to our
backfire
detriment since the smoking habit has no part in the study and , as I
said at the outset, the project is not involved in finding causation.150”
8 February: B&W statement: “It is our opinion ... that the repeated
assertion without conclusive proof that cigarettes cause disease however well-intentioned- constitutes a disservice to the public”151.
Joe Cullman, CEO of President of Philip Morris tells the Annual
Causal
Shareholders meeting that: “A causal relationship of tobacco and
relationship
open to question various ills is increasingly open to question”152.___________________
May: BAT internal documents reveal that the company’s policy was
for to take a “Responsible attitude - avoid controversy don’t fight
back - avoidance of press interviews and TV and radio - success of
We will lose the this in that attacks directed at the Government and consumer ... we
must face the facts that the medical authorities. Governments and all
war
publicity media and many of the public are against. Therefore if we
have a war it will be one which we will lose in the end. A flat denial of
causation only arouses hostility and contempt. That is why we have
softened our official answer on causation153”.____________________
Health warnings are put on cigarettes in Britain: “Warning by HM
UK: Health
Government: smoking can damage your health”154._______________
warnings
Richard Dobson: shortly to become Chairman of BAT: “Its hard to
More good than argue that filling your lungs with smoke can be actually good for you
...But surely it is a question of moderation and I do sincerely believe
harm
that the tobacco industry, in total, does more good than harm”155.
The Tobacco Institute issues a press release concerning finding the
“keys”, which might unlock the door between statistical evidence and
causation: “Any organisation in a position to apply resources in the
Sowing doubt
search for those keys - and which fails to do so - will continue to be
guilty of cruel neglect of those whom it pretends to serve”156.
1972:
Disservice to
public
Its been a
brilliant PR
campaign, but
time to change
tact.
Hollow “we are
not doctors”
1 May: A Memo from Fred Panzer of the US Tobacco Institute says:
“It is my strong belief that we now have an opportunity to take the
initiative in the cigarette controversy, and turn it around. For twenty
years, this industry has employed a single strategy to defend itself on
three major fronts - litigation, politics and public opinion. While the
strategy was brilliantly conceived and executed .. .it is not - nor was
it intended to be - a vehicle for victory. On the contrary, it has always
been a holding strategy, consisting of
- Creating doubt about the health charge without actually denying it
- Advocating the public’s right to smoke, without actually urging
them to take up the practice
- Encouraging objective scientific research as the only way to
resolve the question of health hazard”157.___________________
26 July: Dr Green from BAT writes a memo on the “Association of
Smoking and Disease”, stating: “I believe it will not be possible
indefinitely to maintain the rather hollow ‘we are not doctors’ stance
and that, in due course, we shall have to come up in public with a
more positive approach towards cigarette safety .. .The basic
assumptions on which our policy should be built must be recognised
and challenged or accepted ... The association of cigarette smoking
Lethal weapon
So we should
stop making it
Don’t make
explicit health
claims
and some disease is factual”158._______________________________
The Department of Health’s Chief Medical Officer describes the
cigarette as “the most lethal instrument devised by man for peaceful
use”159._____________________________ ____________________
James Bowling, a Vice President of Philip Morris, says “If our product
is harmful... we'll stop making it. We now know enough that we can
take anything out of our product, but we don't know what ingredients
to take out”160._________________ _________________________
1974:
3 May: A BAT document sets out certain “Assumptions” on Smoking
and Health, stating that “The association of smoking with various
diseases will continue to be a major threat to the tobacco industry ...
On legal grounds alone, it will continue to be to the industry’s
advantage not to make explicit health claims”. On “Policies” it states:
“Not to make explicit health claims .. to avoid any representative of
the tobacco industry appearing on the television in connection with
smoking and health unless the alternative is even more undesirable”.
“Strategies” include “Research on the perceived benefits of smoking
should be continued .. .BAT will accept that reduction in biological
activity per cigarette is sufficient evidence of acceptability on health
grounds as a basis for work on alternative smoking materials, both
tobacco and non-tobacco.”
And we’ll forget A draft of the document says, under “Policies”: “Not to encourage
smoking. (1) by children (2) by pregnant women (3) to excess”.
about pregnant
However “pregnant women” is subsequently crossed out and does not
women
appear in the final version.161_________________________________
24 June: Alexander Spears, Head of R&D at Lorillard writes a memo
to his company’s president, summarising the purpose for the whole
range of industry research, whose: “ programs have not been selected
Sought an
against specific scientific goals, but rather for various purposes such
alternative
as public relations, political relations, position on litigation etc”. The
hypothesis
research has been “ primarily aimed at seeking alternative hypothesis
[sic] of disease causation [other than tobacco induced] ... in general,
these programmes have provided some buffer to public and political
attack of the industry, as well as background for litigious strategy”162.
The UK tobacco industry’s joint research facilities in Harrogate are
Close down
closed down163._____________________
research
1975:
March: Sir John Partridge, from Imperial: “As a company we do not
make, indeed we are not qualified to make, medical judgements. We
We are not
are therefore not in a position either to accept or to reject statements
qualified
made by the Minister of Health164”.____________________________
April: The Annual BAT Research Conference concludes: “The
Irreversibly
associated with meeting agreed that the earlier conclusions that cigarette smoking is
now irreversibly associated with health issues is still valid165.”_______
health
April: Dr Green from BAT writes a paper on the “Basis for Research
Causally related
to lung cancer
Best insurance
money can buy
But it can’t get
any worse
No scientific
proof
But the
evidence grows
We walk a
tightrope
We have
retreated behind
impossible
demands for
“scientific
proof’
in Smoking”: “smoking is associated with a number of diseases and
evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that smoking may well
be causally related to lung cancer”166.__________________________
Addison Yeaman, B&W’s lawyer says of the CTR that it is the “best
and cheapest insurance the tobacco industry can buy, and without it,
the industry would have to invent CTR or would be dead”167._______
1976:
15 March: An RJR Document outlining “Planning Assumptions and
Forecast for the Period 1976-1986” outlines that: “The negative effect
of the smoking-health controversy on consumer behaviour is
approaching a maximum, i.e. no new adverse data would be expected
to materially change the attitude of the public toward smoking and
health”168._______________________________________________
18 March: BAT “In the absence of scientific proof we do not accept
that 50,000 deaths or any other number of deaths are caused in this
count&£by smoking though we are of course aware that certain
diseases are seen by members of your profession [physicians] to be
statistically associated with smoking”169.________________________
April: A Report for BAT to “Determine the Costs to Society of
Smoking and Abuse of Alcohol, Drugs and Food,” notes “More than
thirty retrospective studies in ten countries and seven prospective
studies in Canada, the UK and USA have shown that the risk of lung
cancer increases directly in relation to the number of cigarettes
smoked ... the very strong suspicion of causal relationship between
cigarette smoking and cancer can be understood .. 17°”_____________
22 October: Dr. Green, Head of Research and Development at BAT
and a Board Member writes a report on the “Safety Evaluation of
Cigarettes”. “..The cigarette manufacturers, in my opinion, are entitled
to say: ‘As long as there is insufficient consensus on risk (but not until
there is clinical proof of the mechanism) we are not able to make
useful safety judgements - this is in effect the tight rope. Coupled with
my previous argument on general (probabilistic) and special
(mechanistic) causality which enables the manufacturer to say, even if
there ever is consensus on risk, this can only be construed as a general
causal relationship applying to the incidence of disease in populations
and is not applicable to any unique individual, these are very effective
defensive PR and legal positions ... I believe we are in the best public
position obtainable in the circumstances”171._____________________
27 October: Dr S. Green, writes a paper on Cigarette Smoking and
Causal Relationships”: “The public position of the tobacco companies
with respect to causal explanations of the association of cigarette
smoking and diseases is dominated by legal considerations
.. .companies are actively seeking to make products acceptable as
safer while denying strenuously the need to do so ... The industry
has retreated behind impossible demands for ‘scientific proof
whereas such proof has never been required as a basis for action
in the legal and political fields .. .It may therefore be concluded
Rename
Resist
Evidence
mounts
Keep the
controversy
open
Death in the
West - the film
they didn’t want
you to hear
We don’t kill
people
that for certain groups of people smoking causes the incidence of
certain diseases to be higher than it would otherwise be”
(emphasis added .________________________________________ _
In the US, the TIRC is renamed the Council for Tobacco Research
(CTR).__________________________________________________
December: A BAT Board Plan on Smoking and Health stipulates “if
Governments suggest wording [on cigarette packs] implying or stating
smoking causes certain diseases, companies must strenuously resist
with all means at their disposal, until legislation makes it inevitable
.. .We should not encourage the introduction of product league tables
since this leads to implied health claims”173.______________________
10 December: A Lorillard research report outlines how:
“Epidemiological studies indicate that smokers showed increased
morbidity and morality {sic} attributable to coronary heart disease”174.
Ernest Pepples, B&W’s Vice President and General Counsel, writes
an internal memo entitled “Industry Response to the Cigarette/ Health
Controversy”, noting that the industry had responded by producing
“more filter brands with lower tar delivery. Support scientific research
to refute unfavourable findings or at a minimum to keep the scientific
question open ... The significant expenditures on the question of
smoking and health have allowed the industry to take a respectable
stand along the following lines - ‘After millions of dollars and over
twenty years of research, the question about smoking and health is still
open
________________________________________
In the UK, Thames Television airs “Death in the West - the
Marlboro Story", a film about real cowboys in America dying of lung
cancer, made by journalist, Peter Taylor. Philip Morris succeeds in
obtaining an injunction preventing Thames ever showing, or
distributing, the film again. In the film Taylor interviews Jim Bowling,
Vice President of Philip Morris:
Q: If you were convinced that cigarettes were killing people , would
you stop making them?
Bowling: “I’m not in the business of killing people .. .If I thought that
was so, I would not smoke myself, nor permit my wife or my children
to smoke”.
Q: As a manufacturer of the worlds largest selling cigarette, are you
concerned that the World Health Organisation says that cigarettes are
the cause of a world-wide epidemic of a disease, which at present kills
hundreds of thousands of smokers per year.
Bowling: “I am concerned that people make claims, including those
against our products, without adequate knowledge. There has not
been the sort of research really that would allow anyone to say that
.. .From our standpoint, if anyone ever identified any ingredient in
tobacco or in smoke as being hazardous to human health or being as
something that shouldn’t be there, we could eliminate it”.
Q: It is just possible that your refusal to accept the evidence [that
smoking may be a health hazard] may be coloured by the fact that you
make cigarettes?
Moralistic
company
Apple sauce is
harmful
German
research closed
down
Bowling: “Is that possible? Well of course that is possible. I think I’m
a fairly reasonable human being and not anyway removed from the
others of society. I certainly wouldn’t be in the business if I thought
cigarettes were harmful to people”.
Taylor also interviews Helmut Wakeham, also now a Vice President,
who says: “I think that if the company, as a whole, believed that
cigarettes were really harmful, we could not be in the business. We are
a very moralistic company. I think the management of Philip Morris is
sincere in this position. I think there is a great deal of doubt as to
whether cigarettes are harmful .. .there is a great deal of doubt with
regard to whether smoking causes all these diseases which are alleged
to be caused by smoking .. .None of the things which have been found
in tobacco smoke are at concentrations which can be considered
harmful. Anything can be considered harmful. Apple sauce is harmful
if you get too much of it176”.
The world-famous industry research laboratories in Hamburg, West
Germany are suddenly closed down. When asked why, one scientist
says “we suppose that the Institute was closed down because of the
results we were getting from our experiments into arteriosclerosis. If a
connection between smoking and vascular disease was established, the
cigarette industry would be pushed ever more into the firing line.”177
According to Dr. Green from BAT, speaking after his retirement,
“The director was put on full salary for life if he didn’t talk about it”
178
1977: The Royal College of Physicians issues its third report
3rd RCP Report
“
Smoking or Health”: “Deaths from coronary heart disease are
- causal
relationship with responsible for about half of the total excess deaths among cigarette
smokers ... the association between smoking and heart disease is
heart disease
largely one of cause and effect” ____________________________
31 March: A memo from Robert Seligman, a Philip Morris research
official,
describes the elimination of written contact between the
Eliminated
INBIFO research facilities in Cologne and Philip Morris: “We have
contact apart
gone to great pains to eliminate any written contact with INBIFO, and
from our
dummy address I would like to maintain this structure .. .perhaps we should consider a
‘dummy’ mailing address in Koln for the receipt of samples.” 18°.
14 April: P. L Short, from BAT writes a paper on “ Smoking and
Health: the Effect on Marketing”, commenting about the “Benefits of
Lets look at the Smoking” “The importance of this work is that a direct cause-andeffect relationship can be demonstrated, scientifically, between
benefits
smoking and improved behaviour in individual ‘subject’, in the course
of experiments: something which cannot be demonstrated on the
negative (disease) side in humans”.181_____________________________
Worked out a
formula for
death from
19 August: Dr. Jim Green from BAT sends a note to Patrick Sheehy
regarding a “Safety Index for Cigarettes”, which uses a formula that
includes: “The average loss of life expectancy due to disease”; the
relative biological activity of’ a component from one cigarette
compared to another and the “proportion of deaths caused by
cigarettes - but
its not
something we
should do
Just don’t have
the evidence
Fudge
We can’t admit
smoking is bad
for you
smoking”. Assumptions to be used are “95 of all lung cancer deaths
are caused by smoking cigarettes”, “average loss of expectation of life
due to smoking related diseases are as follows: Lung cancer - 2 years;
cardiovascular diseases - 5 years, bronchitis 1 year.” Green
recommends that “it is not a path we should encourage anyone to
follow182.”_______________________________________________
November: BAT Board Strategies on Smoking and Health are
outlined in a series of questions and answers:
“Q: Do you accept that smoking causes lung cancer and other
diseases?
A: This has often been suggested but generally the idea of a single
cause for such diseases, I understand, is regarded as much too simple.
Certainly the great majority of smokers enjoy smoking without injury
to their health, and certainly these terrible diseases affect non-smokers
as well as smokers .. .Cigarette smoking may be hazardous, it may
not be .. .we just don’t have the evidence either way”183.___________
A pamphlet from the US Tobacco Institute states: “Has the Surgeon
General's report established that smoking causes cancer or other
disease? No”184.___________________________________________
1978
16 February: Thomas S. Osdene, then Philip Morris's Vice President
for science and technology, writes that “ an admission by the industry
that excessive cigarette smoking is bad for you is tantamount to an
admission of guilt with regard to the lung cancer problem. This could
open the door to legal suits in which the industry would have no
defence185.”______________________________________________
March: The Annual BAT research conference concludes: “There has
been no change in the scientific basis for the case against smoking.
No scientific
Additional evidence of smoke-dose incidence of some diseases
controversy
associated with smoking has been published. But generally this has
long ceased to an area for scientific controversy ... The meeting
affirmed that cigarettes acceptable on all counts can probably be
achieved by research and, indeed, many in fact be available”186.______
21 April: A hand-written memorandum by C.H. Judge187, former
Lorillard chief executive and a member of the CTR board, complains
Lawyers rule the that: “We have again abdicated the scientific research directional
roost
management of the Industry to the ‘Lawyers’ with virtually no
involvement on the part of the scientific or business management side
of the business”___________________________________________
1 June: A memorandum from Dr. Colby from RJR about BATco’s
Chief Scientist Dr. Felton states: “We have known for many years the
Dr. Felton basically agrees with the views of the anti-tobacco
scientists, who allege that it has been proven beyond reasonable doubt
Flat earth
that smoking ‘causes’ lung cancer and other smoking associated
society
diseases. Dr. Felton totally disagrees with my own convictions and the
position of the American Industry in general, that, regarding smoking
and health, there is a controversy regarding all the diseases alleged to
Our window on
the world
Keep the case
open
Lets look at the
benefits
Not proven
The Continuing
Controversy
be associated with smoking. As an example for Dr. Felton’s attitude, I
would only like to cite that he has labelled me repeatedly as a member
of the ‘flat earth society’”.188_________________________________
29 September: Ernest Pepples, B&W’s Vice President and General
Counsel, disclosed in a Memo how B&W had responded in a legal
case to the question concerning what the company had been doing to
keep abreast of the science surrounding smoking and health: “.. Our
answer says CTR is our window on the world of smoking and health
research. This avoids the research dilemma presented to a responsible
manufacturer of cigarettes, which on the one hand needs to know the
state of the art and on the other hand cannot afford the risk of having
in-house work turn sour ”._________________________________
November: Philip Morris executive, Robert Seligman writes a memo
about the CTR: “...Bill Shinn [attorney at Shook, Hardy] described
the history, particularly in relation to the CTR. CTR began as an
organisation called Tobacco Industry Research Council (TIRC). It
was set up
as an industry ‘shield’ in 1954.... Bill Shinn mentioned
that the ‘public relations’; value of CTR must be considered and
continued....A very interesting point, made by Bill Shinn, is the
opposition's, ‘the case is closed with regard to smoking and disease’..
It is extremely important that the industry continue to spend their
dollars on research to show that we don't agree that the case against
smoking is closed....There is a 'CTR' basket that must be maintained
for PR purposes”190.________________________________________
21 November: Minutes of a meeting of the Research Committee for
the Tobacco Advisory Council (TAC) (Members are BAT, Carreras
Rothmans, Gallaher, Imperial Tobacco, Philip Morris),) show that “it
was suggested TAC actively encourage research on the benefits of
smoking ... in view of the possible difficulties with work on benefits
(for example, the problem of the definition of ‘addiction’ and the fact
that the results might be used against the industry) it was suggested to
the EC [Executive Committee] that within-company research might be
more appropriate”191..______________________________________
A further pamphlet from the US Tobacco Institute states: “The flat
assertion that smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease and that
the case is proved is not supported by many of the world's leading
scientists”192._____________________________________________
1979:
The day before the latest Surgeon-General’s report is published, the
US Tobacco Institute issues a booklet “Smoking and Health, 19641979: The Continuing Controversy. Its preface is written by the
Institute’s President, Horace Kornegay: “The process of making
public policy is better served when areas of scientific unknowns are
illuminated by the light of reasoned deliberation rather that the heat of
emotional rhetoric ...It is time for all parties to this [smoking and
health] controversy to admit that there is much that is unknown193.
The latest Report of the US Surgeon-General concludes: “cigarette
Surgeon
General Smoking
causally related
to lung cancer
smoking is causally related to lung cancer in both men and women
.. .is a significant causative factor in the cancer of the larynx ..is a
significant causal factor in the development of oral cancer ... is a
causal factor in the development of cancer of the oesophagus ... is
related to the cancer of the pancreas ... is one of the three major
independent risk factors for heart attack.194”____________________
9 February: P.N. Lee of BAT responds both to the Surgeon-General’s
report and the Tobacco Institute’s publication, The Continuing
Controversy, which is also identified as TA73. Lee calls the Surgeon
General’s report “impressive ..sound, scientific and unemotive”, whilst
calling TA73 “misleading”, writing that:
“TA73 is so highly selective on what material is presented that one
almost gets the false impression there is hardly any case to answer at
Industry admits all.. .TA73 does not appear to understand what causation is ...
SurgeonDiscussion of the role of other factors can be particularly misleading
General is sound when no discussion is made of relative magnitudes of effects. For
example, heavy smokers are observed to have 20 or more times the
and that
Tobacco
lung cancer rates of non-smokers. Sure, this does not prove smoking
causes lung cancer, but what it does mean, and TA73 never considers
Institute is
this, is that for any other factor to explain this association, it must
misleading
have at least as strong an association with lung cancer as the observed
association for smoking (and be highly correlated with the smoking
habit)... TA73 seems ready to accept evidence implicating factors
other than smoking in the aetiology of smoking associated disease
without requiring the same stringent standards of proof that it requires
to accept evidence implicating smoking. This is blatantly unscientific”
195
No conclusive
proof
Most smokers
want to give up
Not proven
Philip Morris responds to the Surgeon-General’s report by stating that
“Although much of the research was concentrated on finding evidence
that smoking causes disease, no conclusive medical or clinical proof
has been discovered ... the tobacco industry continues to maintain the
controversy can be resolved only by medical and scientific
knowledge,”196____________________________________________
23 April: A BAT report states: “it is now nearly thirty years since
Wynder and Graham reported that tobacco smoking ‘ seems to be an
important factor in the induction of bronchiogenic carcinoma’ .. .more
than sixty percent of the UK smoker population .. .wish to stop
smoking. For more than half of those smokers who had attempted to
quit, general or specific health reasons were cited. Of the forty per
cent of non-smokers who used to smoke, three quarters were
motivated to give up smoking by health concerns” .______________
June: The International Committee on Smoking Issues (ICOSI), a
tobacco lobby organisation based in Brussels issues a series of
Briefing Sheets. One says that “Scientific research does not support
the conclusion that tobacco smoke or constituents in tobacco smoke
have been proven to cause disease in humans"___________________
15 June: In an internal memo, B&W lawyers discuss the mechanisms
by which scientific reports are received from BAT in the UK:
“Continued Law Department control is essential for the best argument
for privilege .. .The general policy should be clearly stated that access
to the documents and storage of the documents is under control of the
Law Department and access is granted only upon approval of
request”199.___________________ ___________________________
18 June: Forest, the Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy
Smoking Tobacco, is launched in London, whose aim is “to restore
Forest formed
and establish freedom of choice .. .we are medically unqualified to
comment or make judgements [on the health issue]”200.____________
18 July: A BAT memo from the Group Research Development
Centre,
lists one of B&W’s “concerns”: “We become more ‘politically
Remember what
pays our salaries sensitive’ in the areas of smoking and health, e.g., reporting of
‘nasties’ and biological studies generally. (Remember what pays all
our salaries.)”201
Need lawyer
control of
reports
1980s
1980:
We have
misled them
successfully
with demands
for “scientific
proof’
Demand for
proof is usually
the sign reaction
of the guilty
Clear dose
response
relationship
Subjects to
avoid
Continuing
1 January: Dr Green from BAT writes a paper on Cigarette Smoking
and Causality: “The cigarette industry has made a great issue of cause
and effect relationships in response to the many published studies
associating smoking with various diseases. Some might say that the
industry has led the anti-smoking forces up the garden path by
emphasising so much the issue of causality; in fact scientific proof
never has been, is not and should not be the basis for political and
legal action on social issues; the test is ‘What would a reasonable man
do faced with the evidence?’ Nevertheless many have been led or
misled successfully with ‘scientific proof ._____________________
1 January: A further draft of Dr. Green’s paper “Cigarette Smoking
and Causality” states: “A demand for scientific proof is always a
formula for inaction and delay and usually the first reaction of the
guilty .. .By repudiation of any causal role for cigarette smoking in
general, lawyers hope to cut off any claim for liability without further
consideration of the specific cause in this particular case”203.________
24 January: An internal BAT memo outlines how “The results from
the Ames test [mutagencity] show a clear dose-response relationship
between the total nicotine alkaloid (TNA) content and mutagenicity of
the condensate”204._________________________________________
March: A letter from Robert Seligman from Philip Morris, outlines
“potential long-term scientific studies” including “subjects to be
avoided”. The latter included “Developing new tests for
carcinogenicity; Attempt to relate human disease to smoking; and
conduct experiments which require large doses of carcinogen to show
additive effect of smoking205”________________________________
14 April: Patrick Sheehy, writes to BBC Panorama which is due to
screen a programme on smoking and health: “On behalf of my Board,
I wish to make it absolutely clear that it is this company’s view that
there is a continuing controversy in scientific circles regarding
causation, and scientists are no means unanimous regarding smoking
and health issues ... we would therefore ask you to ensure that the
programme disassociates the views of the scientist in question [Dr.
Green] from those of this company by making an appropriate
statement to this effect in the programme206._____________________
Ex-scientist says On Panorama, Dr Green, now retired from BAT, admits: “I am quite
sure that it [smoking] is a major factor in lung cancer in our society”.
smoking factor
Meanwhile, Alan Long, President of Santa Cruz, a BAT subsidiary in
in lung cancer
Brazil: “The medical evidence as far as I am aware is of a statistical
meanwhile
nature. It is, as you know, the industry’s view that no evidence has
been produced to establish a causal relationship between smoking and
any of the diseases with which it has been associated” .
16 May: A secret BAT document shows that “The company’s position
on causation is simply not believed by the overwhelming majority of
On causation we independent observers, scientists and doctors .. .The industry is unable
are not believed to argue satisfactorily for its own continued existence, because all
arguments eventually lead back to the primary issue of causation, and
anymore
this point our position is unacceptable .. .our position on causation,
which we have maintained for some twenty years in order to defend
our industry is in danger of becoming the very factor which inhibits
our long term viability ”.____________________________________
The document then recommends the disadvantages and advantages to
“continue to maintain our present position on causation” or “we can
move our position on causation to one which acknowledges the
By giving
probability that smoking is harmful to a small percentage of heavy
nothing we
smokers ...On balance, it is the opinion of this department that
stand to lose
...we should now move to position B, namely, that we
everything
acknowledge ‘the probability that smoking is harmful to a small
percentage of heavy smokers’.. .The ideas suggested above are in
some cases a radical departure from our current practice although
Smoking is
nearly all of them have echoes in our overall policy and attitudes. The
harmful
problem to date has been the sever constraint of the American legal
position. This problem has made us seem to lack credibility in the eyes
of the ordinary man in the street. Somehow we must regain this
credibility. By giving a little we may gain a lot. By giving nothing we
stand to lose everything ”208 [emphasis added]___________________
An Appendix of the document outlines a new stance on Smoking and
Health: “It has never been proven that smoking causes any ill health.
Nevertheless, we recognise that there is a body of responsible medical
opinion which believes that smoking (either on its own or in
But its not
combination with other environmental or genetic factors) causes or
proven
contributes to various diseases in a minority of smokers”209.
Another BAT document put forward “Possible positions on smoking
and health”. In answer the question: “Does BAT think that smoking
causes diseases such as cancer?” The “Moderate” reply is “Yes, we
But it can cause think that some people can contract disease through cigarette smoking
especially if they smoke excessively”. Another answer, under the
cancer
controversy
And is
dangerous
heading, “Portmandean”, the answer is “Yes, and even though there is
no medical proof, we think the statistical evidence is enough to
demonstrate that for some individuals cigarette smoke will act with
other factors to cause disease of the lung” .
16 May: A further BAT document, Draft Number Three on “A New
Company Approach to the Smoking and Health Issue, says: “We now
accept that the smoking of tobacco products, combined with other
factors such as genetic pre-disposition, air pollution, and
psychological temperament is dangerous to the health of a small
minority of smokers and can be a cause of lung cancer, emphysema
and other respiratory and coronary diseases, many of which are fatal”.
211
Dangerous
research too.
PR and
marketing take
over
And the truth
won’t do
August: Dr. A. Sanford, Vice President of Research and Development
at B&W outlines the research priorities at BAT’s Annual conference.
Talking about irritation and inhalation of smoke he writes:
“Dangerous area. Please do not publish or circulate. No more work
needed on biological side” . ______________________________
1981:
February: Notes of an interview with Dr Jim Green after his
retirement, who for 20 years the head of research at BAT summarises
the decades of health research. “At the beginning of the sixties the
tobacco companies realised there was serious evidence connecting
smoking and ill health. Their first reaction was to spend money on
research to see if this was true, in the hope that it wasn’t, so they
could win the argument. When this failed, the research effort was
directed to finding a safe cigarette, through the development of
substitutes. When this flopped in the mid-seventies there was a sharp
change of direction. New, corporate careerists were now in charge of
the companies and they had fewer qualms about the business they
were in; research was redirected to serve the interests of marketing.
This development coalesced rather well with the attitude that the
companies had taken towards the health risk and regulation policy. On
the advice of their PR man , they pursued a ‘tight-rope’ policy on
health ... and entered into voluntary agreements because this bought
them time”213.
20 February: Notes of a meeting between Professor Adlkofer, the
Director of the Scientific Division of the Verband, the German
Tobacco research organisation and executives from RJ Reynolds,
show that Adlkofer is asked to resign his post within the tobacco
industry for stating that: “Smoking is a risk factor for certain diseases
which have multi-causal origins and that smoking plays a more or less
significant role”. However “such a position by a scientist in a
responsible position could not be tolerated for ever by the industry
because of the current product liability in the US and, possibly later, in
the EC.”214__________________
11 September: Dr. J. G. Esterle, Manager of Smoking and Health
Affair at B&W, writes a memo about a “suggested programme for
testing biological activity of our cigarette additives”, in which he
states that “the regulatory and anti-smoking agencies have identified,
Additives are a
at least from a PR standpoint, a weakness. That is that the additives
problem too
are potentially altered during smoking which may provide a new
health risk to the smoker”.215_________________________________
25 September: In an internal memo to B&W, an attorney from Shook,
Hardy and Bacon proposes that; “if company testing began to show
Destroy the data adverse results pertaining to a particular additive, the company control
would enable the company to terminate the research, remove the
additive and destroy the data”216._________________________
November: Dr. L. Blackman: Director of R&D, BAT: “Despite a
never-ending stream of research on the possible health hazards of
No proof
smoking, there is no proof of a cause and effect relationship between
cigarette smoking and various alleged smoking diseases”217.________
November: Chairman of RJ Reynolds: “We believe that the campaign
against tobacco is based on statistical inferences unsupported by
No proof
clinical findings”218.
_ _______________________________
1982:
SurgeonGeneral: Most
important public The new US Surgeon-General confirms all the findings of his
predecessors by concluding that: “Cigarette smoking .. .is the chief,
health issue of
single, avoidable cause of death in our society, and the most important
our time
public health issue of our time” ._______________________________
2 February: The Chairman of the Board of RJ Reynolds appears on
television to state: “It is not known whether cigarettes cause cancer”
Still we deny
220
We are in
trouble
Lets face facts:
Cigarettes are
biologically
active
No
breakthrough
envisaged
23 February: A memo by Philip Morris researcher J. L. Charles states
that “This company is in trouble. The cigarette industry is in trouble. If
we are to survive as a viable commercial enterprise, we must act now
to develop responses to smoking and health allegations from both the
private and the government sectors. The anti-smoking forces are out
to bury us ... The Surgeon General’s press conference was disturbing.
For the first time associations between cancers other than the lung and
cigarette smoking are being made in an emphatic manner. Associating
cigarette smoking with 30 per cent of all cancer deaths should make
someone sit up and take notice .. .Let’s face facts: Cigarette smoke is
biologically active. Nicotine is a potent pharmacological agent. Every
toxicologist, physiologist, medical doctor and most chemists know
that. If s not a secret. Cigarette smoke condensate applied to the backs
of mice causes tumours.. .”221.
____
April: Secret BAT Board Guidelines include the assumption that:
“Associations of various diseases with smoking are regarded by
authorities, the media and the general public in developed countries as
having been established .. .no sudden breakthrough is envisaged to
solve the smoking and health problem ... carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, nitrosamines and other constituents will become increasingly
regarded by certain scientific experts as health hazards for
smokers222”.
________________________ _______
n
There is no
scientific
controversy
Oh yes there is
And don’t ask
us
We are
committed to
the task
And take it
seriously
But it remains
unresolved
And still open
Associated with
lung cancer
Look at the
benefits again
Continuing
4 May: Francis Roe, an independent scientist acting as a consultant for
BAT reviews the company’s draft publication entitled “The Issues of
smoking”. He summarises that “it falls a long way short of credibility
and it would be disastrous to release it as BAT’s considered view in
this country .. .It is not trues, as the American Tobacco industry
would like to believe that there is a raging world-wide controversy
about the causal link between smoking and certain diseases.” In
conclusion Roe says the documents “reads to me like a mixed
marriage between traditional American lawyer exhaled gas and
discretely coughed-up Anglo-Saxon phlegm” .__________________
June: Sir Peter Macadam Chairman of BAT: “The company is aware
.. .of the statement made by the US Surgeon General. However, our
company holds the view that statistical data is far from conclusive and
that the continuing controversy that surrounds smoking is best
resolved by research”224._____________________________________
September: On the issue of smoking and health, the Chairman of
Rothmans says that the company “never comments on opinions
expressed by members of the medical profession” ._______________
The Tobacco Institute publishes a pamphlet in which it writes: “Since
the first questions were raised about smoking as a possible health
factor, the tobacco industry has believed that the American people
deserve objective, scientific answers. The industry has committed itself
to this task”226._______________________________ _____________
P. Sheehy: The new Chairman of BAT: “Smoking and health is an
issue that my company and the industry takes very seriously” .
Edward Horrigan, the Chief Executive of RJ Reynolds, exclaims that:
“After three decades of investigation and millions of dollars invested
by the government, the tobacco industry and private organisations, the
smoking and health controversy remains unresolved”228.___________
Around 1982: BAT issues a document “Cigarette Smoking: the Issues
and the Facts” stating that BAT “believes this remarkably extensive
research reflects an intense scientific controversy over the entire range
of questions about smoking and health and shows that the issues,
including causation. Are still very much open”229._________________
1983:
16 February: Notes of a meeting of the Research Directors from
Imperial, Gallahers, Rothmans, Philip Morris and BAT summarises the
“main views of the scientists. “Epidemiological data suggests a lower
incidence of bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease among smokers
of filter as opposed to plain cigarette - though generally the
association is weaker than that with lung cancer .. .it is widely held
that the particulate or tar component of whole smoke is associated
with lung cancer230”.___________________________________
March: BAT’s Chairman Advisory conference decides that the “the
subject of perceived benefits to the smoker is important for the future
and should be used in public relations.231”_______________________
P. Sheehy: Chairman of BAT addresses the AGM: “Although a vast
controversy
Keep all
research results
out of the US
4th RCP report:
Smoking still
kills
No evidence
smoking is bad
for you
Open
controversy
Trotting out
statistics
Benefits of
people dying
young
Genuine
scientific
sum of money has been spent on research into the question of smoking
and health, the issue is still a matter of controversy”232.____________
27 October: Dr Blackman visits B&W in the US. He reports that:
“B&W are keen to participate in the programme conceived at the
BCAC and further development at the Research Conference. They
recognise, however, severe legal implications regarding product
liability which have yet to be resolved by the lawyers. Until guidelines
are issued, any contact between GR&DC and B&W should be by
telephone. Two possibilities being considered are:
1. Do not assess the biological activity of commercial US products
but use representative blends
2. Use the commercial products but keep all results in
Southampton233.”_______________________________________
November: The fourth report of the Royal College of Physicians is
published: “Smoking still kills, and at a time when some 100,000 of
our citizens are dying prematurely from its effects every year and
millions more will die elsewhere, the RCP would be failing in its duty
if it did not urge the government to reverse its present attitude of
inactivity and even of encouragement towards the tobacco industry
and tackle this hidden holocaust.234____________________________
In part it examines how company officials have responded to
questions of smoking and health. It quotes the Chairman of Rothmans
International, Sir David Nicholson, who said, as a Member of the
European Parliament: “There is no medical evidence to prove that a
few cigarettes -say ten to fifteen a day - are bad for you”.235_________
An RJR advertisement proclaims: “It has been stated so often that
smoking causes cancer, it's no wonder most people believe this is an
established fact. But, in fact, it is nothing of the kind. The truth is that
almost three decades of research have failed to produce scientific
proof for this claim...in our opinion, the issue of smoking and lung
cancer is not a closed case. It's an open controversy”236.___________
1984:
January: The trade journal Tobacco, responds to the RCP by accusing
it of “trotting out the usual unverifiable statistics in smoking-related
premature deaths”237._______________________________________
February: Leaked minutes of a meeting between Forest’s Stephen
Eyres and the Centre for Policy Studies on smoking deregulation,
show that Mr Eyres, “accepted that smoking might cause premature
death, but this would if anything reduce the cost to the NHS, and the
taxes paid by smokers (£4,000 million) anyway far outweighed the
costs £155-300 million).238”__________________________________
March: A BAT document outlines “Legal Considerations On Smoking
and Health Policy, stating: “it [smoking] may be responsible for the
alleged smoking related diseases or it may not. No conclusive
scientific evidence has been advanced and the statistical association
does not amount to proof or cause and effect. Thus a genuine
scientific controversy exists. The Group’s position is that causation
controversy
Industry labs
close
Mutagenic
League tables
Need more
lawyers
Because
smoking is
carcinogenic
Science is on
our side
Smoking isn’t
bad
has not been proved and that we do not ourselves make health claims
for tobacco products. Consequently the group cannot participate in
any campaigns stressing the benefits of a moderate level of cigarette
consumption, of cigarettes with low tar and /or nicotine deliveries or
any other positive aspects of smoking except those concerned with the
dissemination of objective information and the right of individuals to
choose whether or not they smoke”239._________________________
5 April: In the US, the Philip Morris laboratories are closed. A
scientist was told the company did not want generated inside the
company, that it was information that would not be favourable to the
company in litigation”240.____________________________________
9-11 April: At a BAT “Biological” Conference held at Southampton,
“Project Rio” is discussed, which is a project designed to organise the
company’s research on cigarettes having reduced biological activity.
Notes from the meeting show that, using the Ames test, which is a
measure of mutagenicity, “it is clear that: (1) Cigarette brands can be
readily distinguished. This is in contrast with the earlier mouse skin
painting results. An unfortunate side-effect is that the sensitivity
increases the probability of an Ames [mutagenicity] League Table
appearing. A further unfortunate examination is that, to date, it is not
uncommon for BAT brands to have a higher result than those from the
opposition”241.____________________________________________
June: J.K. Wells, B&W’s Corporate Counsel writes a memo: “Direct
lawyer involvement is needed in all BAT activities pertaining to
smoking and health from conception through every step of the
activity. The problem caused by BAT scientists and frequently used
consultants who believe cause is proven is difficult242”._____________
July: A joint BAT R&D Marketing conference, heard results of
Project Rio, which “appear to indicate ... that human smoking does
influence biological [carcinogenic] activity relative to standard
conditions” ,243____________________________________________
17 July: Retiring President of Philip Morris, George Weissman says:
“I’ve always felt science was on our side ...and that we had more
regard for the scientific truth as it existed”244.____________________
RJ Reynolds runs a $20 million advertising campaign in America:
“Over the years you have heard so many negative reports about
smoking and health and so little to challenge these reports that you
may assume that the case smoking is closed. This is far from the truth”
... there is “considerable evidence to contradict the common
assumption that smoking is bad for you”245._____________________
1985:
17 January: B&W’s Corporate Counsel outlines a plan to deal with
Lets remove
“deadwood”
certain company documents relating to smoking and health: “I
suggested that Earl have the documents indicated on my list pulled,
put into boxes and stored in the large basement storage area. I said
that we would consider shipping the documents to BAT when we had
completed segregating them. I suggested that Earl tell his people that
this was part of an effort to remove deadwood from the files and that
neither he nor anyone else in the department should make any notes,
memos or lists246.”____________________________________
Good corporate February: Rothmans: “We are very good corporate citizens and we
citizens
recognise our responsibilities to our staff and customers and to the
social structures of the countries where we operate”247.___________
Adverse effects March: Forest: “Whatever the adverse effects of smoking on health,
of not smoking
there are also beneficial effects of smoking and adverse effects of not
smoking248”
________________________________________
26 April: EE Kohnhorst, Manager of B&W Development Centre,
Marketing needs responds to a letter from BAT, regarding carbon monoxide (CO) in
dictate
cigarettes, stating: “I do not see involving ourselves in designing
products with the limited objective of reducing CO in the near future
unless marketing needs dictate otherwise249.”____________________
30 April: An internal BAT letter discusses a talk by an expert for the
6/2 years less if American Cancer Society on death rates in the US: “Male smokers
you are a
have a life expectancy 6.6 years less than non-male smokers at age 35
smoker
.. smoking has a greater statistical effect on life expectancy than either
ill-health or gender250.”_____________________________________
Respected by
September: BAT Director: “We are respected by most people. We
most people
maintain standards and impartially and just get on with doing our
job”.251__________________________________________________
September: The five priorities for BAT R&D are outlined:
1. “Product/smoke quality to be as good as, and preferably better
Need a step
than, competitors;
forward for
2. Develop technology to be the lowest cost producer and others
smoking and
necessarily of a longer term nature;
health
3. Produce a recognised step forward on the S&E1 [smoking and
health] issue;
4. Remove concern for passive smoking by various initiatives
including superior products
5. Develop alternative products”252___________________________
2 November: Anne Johnson, from BAT’s legal Department, writes a
Memo, one section which is entitled “Reasons for Making Public
Risk more
Statements on Smoking and Health”: “If we fail to make the facts and
restrictions
our views known in smoking and health, we run the risk of seeing the
introduction of more and more restrictions - some unacceptable and
unwarranted - on our products, our commercial objectives and our
freedom to operate. If we have no statement to make, the new lose
credibility with government, and the public (including shareholders
and employees)”.__________________________________________
“We have a responsibility - both legal and moral - as a cigarette
manufacturer to ensure that people are aware of the facts relating to
Need a balanced our products, that a factual and balanced picture is presented, and that
picture
inaccuracies and imbalance are corrected .. .we recognise that there
are legal constraints in the US which we must observe and we
appreciate the practical problems of discussing causation...” Johnston
Need more
then outlines the arguments that BAT should make regarding the
research
Wrong to say
smoking is safe
BAT closes in
house research
Not been
scientifically
established
Living is
hazardous
Time to change
tact again
Smoking Kills?
Health question
health effects of smoking: “There is a lot of evidence which links
smoking statistically with certain diseases .. .statistics alone cannot
prove cause and effect.. .research is needed to clarify the situation”.253
Johnson’s Memo contains an Appendix by Dr. Ray. Thornton, the
smoking and health advisor at BAT’s research centre, who states that,
it is “impossible to claim as a fact that smoking is the only or main
cause of lung cancer and other diseases .. it is equally impossible and
quite wrong -factually and morally - to suggest or imply that smoking
is safe or free from risk or that the risks are not particularly great”.254
BAT terminates in-house biological research. An internal memo
states: “All animal work to be terminated a.s.a.p. Finish current work
on animal tissues (inc. tissues from animals just killed) and report
within 3 months. All in-house animal work will cease and future
studies involving animals will be done externally under contract. . . .
More resources will be provided for research into means of enhancing
nicotine transfer to smoke and experimental combustion research,
including cigarette paper effects”255.____________________________
RJ Reynolds state the official Company position in the lawsuit
Browner vs. Reynolds’. “Smoking has not been scientifically
established as the cause of any human disease. Scientists simply do not
know the cause or causes of the diseases claimed to be associated with
smoking. Nor do they understand the mechanism or mechanisms
whereby these diseases develop256”.____________________________
The new President of Philip Morris, Hamish Maxwell, says of the
health risk: “What I feel is that living is hazardous. Most of the things
you want to do are more hazardous than just breathing. As time goes
on, smoking will be seen in that context”257._____________________
1986:
13 June: An internal RJ Reynolds memo states: “ As a long-term
solution to the public’s view of tobacco, I think the companies should
reverse the position that problems don’t exist with tobaccos. We
should explain to the public that thresholds for biological effects exist,
the concept of biochemical individuality and that we are attempting to
make new products which address their concerns ... the tobacco
industry has not been able to adjust to the ‘baby-boom’ adults who
currently are the main economic force in the market. This population
is concerned with perception, health, group rights and quality of
lifestyle. Our marketing Department has taken advantage of these but
R&D has not. We need to adjust our products in light of these
concepts for the present time period”258.________________________
August: Clive Turner of the Tobacco Advisory Council on the new
health warnings on packets: “We weren’t prepared to accept a
‘smoking kills’ label. These are draconian messages and we are under
no obligation to accept them”259.______________________________
The US Tobacco Institute states that “Industry support of independent
research is in excess of $130 million and has resulted in publication of
nearly 2,600 scientific papers. Eminent scientists believe that questions
unresolved
relating to smoking and health are unresolved and the tobacco
industry will make new commitments to help seek answers to those
questions”260.__________________________________________
1987:
Not
scientifically
proven
September: PJ Hoult, RJR Macdonald in Canada: “The tobacco
manufacturers do not believe that the alleged dangers to health have
been scientifically proven, but agree that smokers should continue to
be made aware of such allegations”261._________________________
24 November: In Canada, Jean-Louis Mercier, President of Imperial
Tobacco Canada, appears before a House of Commons Committee.
Asked whether he believed that any Canadian died of smoking-related
disease, he replies: “No I do not .. .[the] role, if any, that tobacco or
smoking plays in the initiation and the development of these diseases
is still very uncertain. The issue is still unresolved.262”_____________
27 November: Patrick Sheehy, Chairman of BAT talks about
Multinationals: Economic Power and Responsibility: “While there is
concern about the statistical relationship between smoking and certain
diseases, scientific causality is not proven”263.
William Kloepler: US Tobacco Institute: “Smoking may or may not be
harmful to some individuals. We say that we do not know and we do
not think that anyone else knows either. We certainly do not go about
telling people its all poppycock”264.____________________________
1988:
~
Unresolved
Scientific
causality not
proven
In fact no one
knows
I did nothing
Nothing proves
anything
Legal opinion
No proof
17 February: Milton Harrington, former President and CEO of
Liggett, who had headed the company when the Surgeon-General’s
report was issued in 1964, appears in the Cipollone trial in the US.
Q: “What, if anything did you do in response to the Surgeon
General’s report”?
A: “I read the report”.
Q: “What else did you do”.
A: “Nothing”....
Q: “What does the phrase ‘smoking and health’ mean to you”?
A: “Not anything particularly, really .. I didn’t think about anything
about smoking and health other than smoking was not harmful to you
in any way”265.____________________________________________
February: Joseph Cullman, retired Chainnan of Philip Morris, appears
at the Cipollone trial at the US District Court in New Jersey: “There
was nothing at the time - and there still isn’t - that proves causally that
cigarettes cause lung cancer”266.______________________________
6 February: Judge Lee Sarokin who is presiding over the Cipollone
trial, writes that it would be reasonable for a jury to conclude that the
US TIRC was “nothing but a hoax created for public relations
purposes with no intention of seeking the truth or publishing it”
April: A Philip Morris booklet on Activities in the Third World says
“there is no conclusive proof of a cause-and effect relationship
between cigarette smoking and chronic diseases, and the Company
Cigarettes
contain flavours
to fungicides
Sincere attempt
Judgement day
Opinionated
statement
Neutral stance
will continue to challenge allegations to the contrary” .__________
1 November: An industry memo outlines a non-exhaustive
classification of non-tobacco material that might be found in
cigarettes: “flavours, sugars, humectants, casings or sauce materials,
insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, pesticides, water
conditioners and manufacturing machine lubricants and other
chemicals which come in contact with the tobacco and may leave
residues on the tobacco269”._________________________________
29 December: RJ Reynolds on the CTC: “Long before the present
criticism began, the tobacco industry, in a sincere attempt to
determine what harmful effects, if any, smoking might have on human
health, established the Council for Tobacco Research”270.__________
1989:
March: Tobacco Institute of Hong Kong: “The view that smoking
causes specific diseases remains an opinion or a judgement, and not an
established scientific fact”271_________________________________
September: Steve Weiss, Philip Morris, responds to a question about
whether there is a contradiction between the vigour of athletes and
disease caused by smoking: “I disagree with your premises ..You’re
saying that cigarette smoking causes a disease ... That’s a very
opinionated statement. I’d appreciate a little more open-mindedness ..
I disagree with a journalists who calls and issues a very opinionated
statement, when the credo of journalism is balance, fairness and
accuracy272”._____________________________________________
October: C. Burrell, Rothmans: “All the tobacco industry can do is to
adopt its traditional neutral stance”273.
1990s
1990:
It is proven Oops - no its
not
Smoking is not
a health threat
More research
needed
9 January: A Mr. Olli Laiho, takes up his position as the new
Managing Director of the Amer Tobacco Company in Finland: “The
causal relationship between smoking and cancer has been totally
proven.” To which his boss, replies “Oh, hell”. The following day Mr
Olli Laiho makes a further statement: “It has not been proven that
tobacco would cause those disease. Statistical relationships, which I
meant, is not identical to causal relationship”274.__________________
March: Forest organises a Conference “In Defence of the Right to
Smoke”. Says Forest’s Chris Tame: “Smoking is not a health issue,
but an ethical and political one”275.____________________________
August: A talk by a Senior BAT Executive at Chelwood outlines that:
“On the issue of scientific evidence, a statistical association between
the habit of smoking and certain diseases has been claimed in
epidemiological studies. However, the mechanisms of these diseases
are not understood and it has it been established what role, if any,
smoking plays in the initiation or development of the diseases. It is the
view of BAT that further research is required on this complex subject.
A statistical association alone is not proof of causality”276.__________
Not the cause of P. Sheehy: Chairman of BAT: “BAT’s policy on smoking is very
clear. Our view is that smoking has not been established to be the
disease
cause of disease”277._______________________________________
Philip Morris states in its Annual report: “ We have acknowledged
that smoking is a risk factor in the development of lung cancer and
certain diseases, because a statistical relationship exists between
Smoking is a
smoking and the occurrence of these diseases. Accordingly we insist
risk factor
that the decision to smoke, like many other lifestyle decisions, should
be made by informed adults. We believe that smokers around the
world are well aware of the potential risks associated with tobacco
use, and have the knowledge necessary to make an informed decision”
278
Don’t know
cause of the
disease
A RJ Reynolds public relations executive writes: “. . . scientists do not
know the cause or causes of the chronic diseases reported to be
associated with smoking ...Our company intends, therefore, to
continue to support [research] in a continuing search for answers”279.
1991:
Not
scientifically
established
May: Confidential Key Area papers for BAT: “The company’s
position is that whether or not smoking is a cause of human disease
has not been scientifically established ... BATco’s views on smoking
and health should be clearly communicated to key audiences whenever
suitable opportunities arise” ._______________________________
26 June A report in the American Journal of Public Health finds that
91 per cent of the scientists who get research money from the tobacco
industry believe that the majority of lung cancer deaths are caused by
tobacco.281_______________________________________________
New health warnings are introduced in Britain: “Smoking Kills”282.
1992:
Smoking kills
2 February US Judge Sarokin rules in the tobacco case Haines v.
Liggett Group that: “All too often in the choice between the physical
health of consumers and the financial well-being of business,
Damning legal
concealment is chosen over disclosure, sales over safety, and money
opinion
over morality. Who are these persons who knowingly and secretly
decide to put the buying public at risk solely for the purpose of
making profits and who believe that illness and death of consumers is
an apparent cost of their own prosperity. As the following facts
disclose, despite some rising pretenders, the tobacco industry may be
the king of concealment and disinformation”283._________________
2 June: An actor promoting RJ Reynolds products asks an Executive
why
he does not smoke. He is told: “We don’t smoke that s***. We
We don’t smoke
just sell it. We just reserve the right to smoke for the young, the poor,
that s***
the black and the stupid”284.
August: Brennan Dawson from the US Tobacco Institute says that the
Causation not
established
Scientist says its
time for the
truth
No laboratory
proof
No proof - no
comment
I would tell my
daughter it isn’t
safe to smoke
But it doesn’t
cause death
Institute “on behalf of the industry recognises that smoking may be a
risk factor for different diseases. The scientific evidence, however, is
based on epidemiological studies. Those studies show risk factors, not
causation. Causation has not been established” 285.
September: Anthony Colucci, a former scientist with RJ Reynolds,
states: I’m a scientist who says: ‘It’s about time they quit this charade.
I’m sick and tired of the way they distort and ignore the science. It’s
time for them to tell the truth ... They had a responsibility early on to
tell what their own researchers were finding out. Instead, they ignored
it and made a mockery of it. I think it’s time for the tobacco industry
to say: ‘ This stuff kills people. We know that. Smoke at your own
risk’”.286________________________ _____________________
1993:
October: BAT organises Press Conference in South Africa and Sri
Lanka to try and “restore the balance” of the public health risks of
smoking. The same month United Tobacco Company Limited, BAT’s
South African Subsidiary paid journalists from Southern Africa to a
seminar in Mauritius to hear a number of speakers refute allegations
over smoking and health. Dr Sharon Boyse head of the Smoking
Issues Department at BAT says: that “Smoking has not been proven
to be a cause of disease, and that smoking is simply a ‘risk marker’ for
diseases like lung cancer, in the same way that driving licences are risk
markers for car accidents” According to Boyse, there is “absolutely”
no laboratory proof that smoking is directly related to lung cancer or
heart disease287.____________________________________________
December: BAT adopts a Statement of Business Principles: “It is
important that statements made concerning cigarette smoking and
health related issues be factually and scientifically accurate: It is the
considered view of the Group that
(1) scientific causation between smoking and diseases allegedly related
to smoking has not been established and that
(2) the group should not make health claims for tobacco products in
connection with product promotion”288._____________________
1994:
20 March: Steven Parrish, Philip Morris USA General Counsel, tells a
reporter how he had responded to his daughter, and would respond on
cigarettes and health: “If she asked me about the health consequences,
I would tell her that I certainly don’t think it is safe to smoke. It’s a
risk factor for lung cancer. For heart disease. But it’s a choice. We’re
confronted with choices all the time. Still, I’d have to tell her that it
might be a bad idea”289______________________________________
14 April: Seven US tobacco CEO’s testify before Congress. Andrew
Tisch from Lorillard, says whether he stands by his statement that he
did not believe that smoking causes cancer, to which Tisch replies: “I
do sir ..We have looked at the data and the data we have been able to
see has all been statistical data that has not convinced me that smoking
No view
Don’t know
Tomato juice
causes tumours
Pregnant
woman
Total recall
Smoking is a
risk factor - but
that doesn’t
mean causation
Might or might
not
causes death”29Q.__________________________________________
April: At the AGM of Imasco, Imperial Tobacco’s (Canada) parent
company, which in turn is controlled by BAT, Chairman Purdy
Crawford, is asked how many deaths are caused by tobacco use, to
which he replies: “We have no view on that291.”__________________
1 September: Imperial Tobacco (Canada) spokesperson, Michel
Descoteaux tells CTVNational News “we don’t say that smoking is
good for you, we don’t say that smoking is bad for you. All we are
saying is that in the state of current knowledge we do not know”292.
Thomas Sandefur, testifies before the Waxman Committee, and
responds to the question about how he can consider smoking not to be
harmful, when their company experiments, especially with mice, show
that it is: “I can tell you that I’m told you can take concentrated
tomato juice and put it on mice - the skin of mice and create the same
type of tumours .. I have also been told that fresh smoke has never
demonstrated anything like this” .___________________________
1995:
28 April: Geoffrey Bible, CEO of Philip Morris, “It would be
sensible for pregnant women not to smoke”294 _________________
May: Philip Morris recalls 8 billion cigarettes saying that a
contaminant in the filters had produced a toxic chemical that is used as
a pesticide. Philip Morris said that continued use of the chemical
could “result in temporary discomfort, including eye, nose, and throat
irritation, dizziness, coughing and wheezing”295.
30 May -1 June: An internal Training Manual for Philip Morris
outlines 3 key messages on health:
- “PM acknowledges that smoking is a risk factor in the
development of lung cancer and certain other human diseases, as
indicated by the statistical relationship between smoking and the
occurrence of those diseases.
- Risk factors associated with human diseases are often incorrectly
equated to causes. Statistical association between an exposure and
an illness or condition does not mean that the exposure caused
illness or death. For example, the causes and origins of lung cancer
remain unresolved and there is still an ongoing debate as to
whether smoking can be linked to cause.
Philip Morris insists that any decision to smoke should be made
by informed adults - it is their choice, which they make when fully
aware of the health hazards involved”296.________________
1996:
10 March: Sharon Boyce: the former BAT scientist, now acting as a
consultant for the company: “:We’re not trying to sell anybody a line.
We just think that sometimes the emotion of the debate gets in the
way of science ... The only point the tobacco industry and many other
independent scientists are trying to make is that at the moment we
really don’t know, smoking might cause disease or it might not”297.
4n
Keep in
Cologne
Revise history?
We do not
conceal
Always been
open
The missing
link?
Everything
involves risk
First company
to admit health
problems
No causal link
19 September: Lawyers in Minnesota uncover an undated Philip
Morris memo which discusses research documents: “1. Ship all
documents to Cologne, Germany ...2. Keep in Cologne. 3. OK to
phone and telex (these will be destroyed).. If important letters or
documents have to be sent, please send home -1 will act on them and
destroy”298.______________________________________________
9 October: A spokesperson for BAT says: “We’ve always said that
smoking was a risk factor in certain diseases but that the precise
mechanism that causes those diseases is not fully understood”299.
31 October: Martin Broughton, Chief Executive BAT: “We have not
concealed, we do not conceal and we will never conceal... we have
no internal research which proves that smoking causes lung cancer or
other diseases or, indeed, that smoking is addictive.300”____________
31 October: Lord Cairns, Chairman of BAT “Insisted the company
had never kept from the public ‘any conclusion establishing that
smoking causes diseases’”301.________________________________
December: Science magazine reports finding of a study at the
University of Texas that reports to have found the “missing [causal]
link” in cancer. RJR responds by saying: if this turns out to be a viable
study that identifies a compound that could be cancerous, I guarantee
you the tobacco industry on a very competitive basis is going to work
like crazy to put out a product that removes that compound from
cigarette smoke”302.________________________________________
A Philip Morris Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues,
produced, it is believed in 1996 for employees, says: “We
acknowledge a statistical association between smoking and some
human diseases. Most scientists would agree that statistical
associations do not prove causation ... We acknowledge that smoking
is a risk factor for some human diseases and we think that consumers
should be aware of these potential risks; but we also believe that they
are aware. There have been warning labels on each pack of cigarettes
sold since 1966, and on all cigarette advertisements since 1971.
Virtually every activity involves some potential risk, whether it be
smoking, skiing, swimming, or driving a car. ANALOGY: The fact
that an activity involves potential risk does not prove that it is a cause.
Eating high-fat food is a risk factor for heart disease, but it may not be
a cause of heart disease”303.__________________________________
1997:
March: US tobacco company, Liggett, become the first US company
to admit the health problems of smoking. “We at Liggett know and
acknowledge that, as the Surgeon General and respected medical
researchers have found, cigarette smoking causes health problems,
including lung cancer, heart and vascular disease and emphysema.304”
20 April: Paul Sadler, Manager for External Affairs at Imperial:
“There is a statistical link between smoking and cancer, but no causal
link has been proven”305.___________________________________
20 June: As part of the landmark deal in the US, the tobacco industry
Landmark deal
People might
have died
Might play a
part
Common
knowledge
The wrong
research results?
agrees to pay out $368.5 billion over 25 years to pay for the costs of
smoking related disease in 40 states that had sued the companies.
After twenty five years, the industry will pay $15 billion annually, “in
order to get the $368 billion, we need to keep people smoking. This is
the real paradox that’s very troubling”, says the Attorney General of
Maryland. The settlement still has to be passed by Congress. As part
of the settlement companies will have to put new labels on cigarettes,
including “Cigarettes Cause Cancer” and “Smoking Can Kill You”306.
22 August: Geoffrey Bible, CEO of Philip Morris, concedes that about
100,000 Americans “might have” died from diseases caused, at least in
part, by smoking307.________________________________________
23 August: Steven Goldstone, CEO of RJ Reynolds: “Rightly or
wrongly, I have always believed that smoking plays a part in causing
lung cancer. What that role is, I don’t know, but I do believe it”308.
26 August: The US tobacco companies agree to pay $11.3 billion to
the state of Florida in compensation for smoking related illnesses309.
17 September: President Clinton announces that, although he endorses
the $368 billion settlement, and wants Congress to pass it into law, the
draft agreement needs further working on310._____________________
18 September: Ian Birks, Head of Corporate Affairs, Gallaher: “Of
course Gallaher recognises that there are studies which indicate a
statistical association between smoking and some diseases, such as
lung cancer. That’s common knowledge. Also we acknowledge that it
is reasonable for public health authorities to conclude that smoking
contributes in some degree to the incidence of lung cancer in smokers.
Over the years Gallaher has co-operated with successive governments
based on that presumption. Adult smokers are able to make an
informed decision as to whether or not to smoke”311.______________
20 September: Dr. Gary Huber was the principal investigator in
charge of the research program at Harvard University relating to
smoking and health. The program was funded in part by a five-year
grant, and a three-year extension of that grant, from the tobacco
industry. He testifies in The State of Texas v. American Tobacco
Company, et. al. US District Court, Eastern District of Texas.
Q: “Now, Dr. Huber, do you believe, sir, that if you had been able to
continue your experiments with rats with respect to the rats breathing
smoke and developing emphysema, do you believe that you would
have been able many years ago to have found the exact way that
cigarette smoke causes emphysema”?
A. “Yes”
Q: “Why do you say that sir”?
A. “We had important information on — that was advancing science
on the mechanisms by which these processes could occur”.
Q: “And you requested funding from the cigarette companies to
continue it”?
A. “Yes”.
Q: “It was not forthcoming”?
A: “Correct”312.
1998:
Plays a role
Strong
statistical
association
We were too
confrontational
But it has never
been established
I’m unclear
Evidence
mounts
29 January: Appearing before the House Commerce Committee, the
Chairman of RJR, Steven Gladstone, admits that smoking “plays a
role in lung cancer ... When you sell a legal product with significant
health risks, you should be co-operating with government not fighting
it”313.
Philip Morris’ Geoffrey Bible says: “We recognise that there is a
substantial body of evidence which supports the judgement that
cigarette smoking plays a causal role in the development of lung
cancer and other diseases in smokers. We previously have
acknowledged that the strong statistical association between smoking
and certain diseases, such as lung cancer and emphysema, establishes
that smoking is a risk factor for and, in fact, may be a cause of those
diseases. For example, of all the risk factors for lung cancer that have
been identified, none is more strongly associated with the disease, or
carries a greater risk, than cigarette smoking; a far greater number of
smokers than non-smokers develop lung cancer”314.______________
29 January: Nick Brookes, Chairman and CEO of B&W testifies
before the House Commerce Committee: “Even up to the late 1970s,
the industry and the government made real efforts to cooperage on
health issues ... I suspect that we probably would not need to be here
today if our industry had done more to cooperage with public health
authorities in the past... Looking back, I believe that the industry and B&W- was too confrontational. We should have tried harder to
cooperage with the government and public health groups to solve
problems rather than argue about them. I acknowledge that B&W
contributed to this adversarial environment”315.__________________
Jan /Feb: Murray Walker, Vice President and Chief Spokesperson for
the Tobacco Institute, testifying at the Minnesota Trial: “We don't
believe it's ever been established that smoking is the cause of
disease.316”______________________________________________
3 March: Geoffrey Bible, Chairman of Philip Morris, testifies at the
Minnesota trial: “I'm unclear in my own mind whether anyone dies of
cigarette smoking-related diseases,”___________________________
11 March: The Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and
Health (SCOTH) is published: “Smoking is a major cause of illness
and death from cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and
cancer of the lung and other sites. It is the most important cause of
premature death in developed countries and accounts for one fifth of
all deaths in the UK: some 120,000 deaths a year. The avoidance of
smoking would prevent one third of the deaths due to cancer in
Britain and one sixth of the deaths from other causes”318.
1 T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28 September
2 New York Times, Smoking Found Tied to Cancer of Lungs; 94.1 % of Males Studies Used Cigarettes,
1950, 27 May; R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl36
3 Dr. Bradford Hill, Letter quoted in Central Health Services Council, Standing Cancer and
Radiotherapy Advisory Committee, Note by the Secretary, 1952, May
4 The Central Health Services Committee, Standing Advisory Committee on Cancer and Radiotherapy,
Smoking and Cancer of the Lung, Note by the Secretary, 1951, 27 March [L&D Gov/Pro 4]
5 F.H.K. Green, Notes of a Meeting at London School of hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1952, 6
November [Gov/Pro 2]
6 B&W, Chronology of Brown and Williamson Smoking and Health Research, 1988 {1006.01}
7 B&W, [Chronology of advertisements and media coverage of Viceroy cigarettes 1950-56], Date
Unknown, {1703.01}
8 C. Teague, Survey of Cancer Research with Emphasis Upon Possible Carcinogens from Tobacco, 1953,
2 February
9 Central Health Services Committee, Standing Advisory Committee on Cancer and Radiotherapy,
Smoking and Cancer of the Lung, Note by the Secretary, 1953, February [L&D Gov/Pro 14]
10 Chairman of Imperial Tobacco, Statement to Shareholders, 1953, 17 March
11 Statistical Panel Appointed by the Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health, Report to Sir John
Charles, CMO, 1953, 6 November [L&D Gov/Pro 18]
12 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p4; R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 161 -2
13 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl63-4
14 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, 1996, University
of California Press, p33; Background Material on the Cigarette Industry Client, Minutes of Meeting,
1953, 15 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,905}
15 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Bames, The Cigarette Papers, 1996, University
of California Press, p33; Background Material on the Cigarette Industry Client, Minutes of Meeting,
1953, 15 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,905}
16 Hill and Knowlton, Memo, 1953, December; quoted on www.tobacco.org
17 Central Health Services Committee, Standing Advisory Committee on Cancer and Radiotherapy,
Minutes of a Meeting, 1953, 22 December [L&D Gov/Pro 21]
18 A Frank Statement to the Public by the Makers of Cigarettes, 1995, 26 December [L&D RJR/BAT 1]
19 Minister of Health, Memorandum on Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung to the Cabinet Home
Affairs Committee, 1954, 26 January {L&D Gov/Pro 25]
20 Minister for Health, Note By Hand, 1954, 26 January
21 J. W. Hill, Letter to Paul Hahn, President, American Tobacco, 1954, 26 March
22 Statement Issued by A Group of Leading Tobacco Manufacturers in the UK, 1954, 30 March [L&D
UK Ind. 1]
23 Quoted in Pioneer Press, 1954, 31 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,499}
24 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl 67-8
25 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, pl 68
26 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, quoting Pioneer Press, 1954, 13 October
27 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, quoting Pioneer Press, 1954, 24 October
28 B&W, Chronology of Brown and Williamson Smoking and Health Research, 1988 {1006.01}
29 Central Health Services Committee, Standing Advisory Committee on Cancer and Radiotherapy,
Smoking and Cancer of the Lung, Note by the Ministry of Health, 1956, 22 December [L&D Gov/Pro
27]
30 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p205 quoting from Capillone
documents (Plaintiffs Exhibit 8762)
31 New York Times, Cancer is Linked Anew To Smoking, 1956, 25 February
32 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p206
33 E J Partridge, Letter to Sir John Hawton, 1956, 9 March
34 Imperial Tobacco Company, Chairman’s Statement to Stockholders, 1956, 20 March [L&D Imp 6]
35 H. Turton, Quoted in Hansard, 1956, 7 May, pp893
36 Statement By A Group of Leading Tobacco Manufacturers in the UK, 1956, 7 May [L&D UK Ind. 3]
37 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 168 quoting plaintiffs
exhibit 600A in the Cipollone trial.
38 Formation of Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, 1956, 3 August [L&D UK ind 3]
39 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl 30-1
40 RD 14 Smoke Group Programme for Coming 12-16 Week Period, Southampton Research and
Development Establishment [R&DE], British American Tobacco Company, Ltd, 1957
41 Cabinet Committee on Cancer and the Lung, Meeting of the Committee, 1957, 7 May [L&D Gov/Pro
28]
42 Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, First Annual Report, 1957, 31 May [L&D UK Ind 4]
43 The Times, Lung Cancer Increase “Due to Smoking” - Medical Findings Accepted by Government,
1957, 28 June
44 Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, Smoking and Lung Cancer, 1957, 3 July [L&D UK
Ind 5]
45 B. Furman, US Links Cancer with Cigarettes, New York Times, 1957, 13 July
46 Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, Smoking and Lung Cancer - The Conflict of Opinion,
1957, December [L&D UK Ind 7]
47 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl 31
48 R. A. Fisher, Dangers of Cigarette Smoking, British Medical Journal, 1957, 2, 297-298 quoted in S.
A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl23
49 Philip Morris, Re: Two Complexes, a Compound and a Campaign, 1958, 23 April {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 10,686}
50 Report on Visit to USA and Canada by H R. Bentley, DGI Felton and WW Reid, 1958, 17 April - 12
May {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,028}
51 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
52 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p26 quoting C. V. Mace, Memo to R. N. DuPuis, untitled, 1958, 24 July
53 Rothmans Research Division, The International Cancer Congress and Cigarette-Smoking Advertisement, Toronto Daily Star, 1958, 13 August, p5 quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors,
The Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p47
54 Imperial Tobacco Company, Research + Control = Quality, 1959, February
55 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p210 [Capillone 2702A}
56 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
57 Time, 1960, 21 April Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War,
the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1996
p212
58 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p211
H.R. Bentley, Research on Smoking and Lung Cancer by the Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing
Committee, 1961, March [L&D Imp 14]
60 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
pM- quoting A. D. Little, Confidential Limited Memo, L&M - A Perspective Review, 1961, 15 March
Wakeham, Tobacco and Health - R&D Approach, 1961, 15 November {Cipollone 608; Minn.
Trial Exhibit 10,300}
62 Dr. Doll, Report on the Effects of Smoking, 1995, 3 November [L&D Imp 30]
63 Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health. A Report of the Royal College ofPhysicians on
Smoking in Relation to Cancer of the Lung and Other Diseases, Pitman Medical Publishing Company,
1962, p43
64 Panorama, BBC TV, 1962, 12 March [L&D Pro/Gov 39]
65 Tobacco Advisory Committee, Smoking and Health, Comments on the Report of a Committee of the
RCP, 1962, 7 March [L&D UK Ind 19]
66 G.E. Todd, Comments on the Report on Smoking and Health by a Committee of the Royal College of
Physicians, 1962; Assessment of Comments Made by Mr. Todd of the TMSC for Research into The
Effects of Smoking on Health on the report of the Royal College of Physicians, 1962, 21 March [L&D
UK Ind 16/17]
67 Quoted in P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl 34
68 R.W.S. Clarke, Chairman of Imperial Tobacco, Statement to Shareholders, 1962, 20 March [L&D
Gov/Pro 2]
69 Minutes of Meeting, 1962, 21 March [L&D Pro/Gov 35]
70 R.W.S. Plumley, Managing Director of the Carreras Rothmans UK Group of Companies, Statement
in Relation to Smoking and Health, 1962, 5 April[L&D Gov/Pro 33]
71 A. McCormick, Smoking and Health: Policy on Research, Minutes of Southampton Meeting, 1962
{1102.01}
72 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Hon-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
73 P. Pringle, Dirty Business - Big Tobacco at the Bar ofJustice, Aurum Press, 1998, pl34
74 A. Rodgman, A Critical and Objective Appraisal of The Smoking and Health Problem, 1962, {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 18,187}
75 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p227 Quoting the New
Englander, 1963, February
76 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p31 quoting Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company Research Department and Arthur D. Little, Cunent
Status of Studies on Smoking and Health, Paper to be Presented to he Surgeon-General, 1963, 1 April
77 j. Blalock, Memo to J. Burgard, 1963, 18 June {1902.01}
78 A. Yeaman, Implications of Battelle Hippo 1 & 11 and the Griffith Filter, 1963, 17 July, Memo
{1802.05}
79 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p233
80 H. Wakeham, Technical Forecast, 1963, 24 October {Minn. Trial exhibit 11,604}
81 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p233 Quoting the New York
Times, 1963, 29 November
82 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p208 quoting the Consumers
Union, Report on Smoking and the Public Interest, 1963, pl 12
83 US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Smoking and Health, Report of the Advisory
Committee to the Surgeon-General of the Public Health Service, US Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, 1964, Public Health Service Publication No 1103
84 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p260
85H. Wakeham, Smoking and Health - Significance of the Report of the Surgeon General’s Committee
to Philip Morris Incorporated, 1964, 18 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,322}
86 BAT, Re: Discussion with Dr. Roe at Sutton, 1964, 26 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,982}
87 Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 1964,
25 June; T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28
September
88 P. Rogers, G. Todd, Strictly Confidential, Reports on Policy Aspects of the Smoking
and Health Situations in USA, 1964, October
89 P. Rogers, G. Todd, Strictly Confidential, Reports on Policy Aspects of the Smoking
and Health Situations in USA, 1964, October
90 W. B. Fordyce, Research and Development Establishment, Memo to Dr Green, 1965, 24 September
[L&D BAT5]
91 B&W, Memo to Mr. Finch, 1965, 8 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,194}
92 R. Griffith, Report to the Executive Committee [of a site visit to TRC Harrogate Research
Laboratories], 1965 {1105.01}
93 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pll
94J. Brown, Memo to Cyril Hesko, Vice President And General Counsel, 1965 {www.tobacco.org}
95 F. J. C. Roe, M.C. Pike, Smoking and Lung Cancer, Undated, {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,041}
96 B&W, Letter to AD McCormick, 1966, 28 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,228}
97 Research Service Psychology Unit, Personality and Smoking - A Review of the Problems and
Techniques, Prepared for the Tobacco Intelligence Department, 1966, April [L&D Imp 16]
981. W. Hughes, R. G. Hook, P. J. Nichol, N. E. Willis, Nicotine Administration: Ariel Smoking Device,
Report No RD.410-R, BAT, 1966, 28 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit. 11,077
99 P. C. Luchsinger, Project 6900, 1966, 25 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,328}
100 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl80
101 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, p290
102 First Meeting With US Company Lawyers, 1967, 8 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,325}
103 GF. Todd, Letter to A. Yeaman, 1967, 20 June {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,913}
104 TIRC, Cigarette Smoking and Health: What are the Facts? 1967, 3 October {1903.02}
105 E. Finch, Smoking and Health, Memo, 1967, 3 October
106 P. Smith, Cigarette Executive Says the Shortage of Evidence Weakens Health Service Premises in
Smoking Controversy, Philip Morris, 1967, 3 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,081}
107 BAT, R&D Conference, Montreal, Proceedings, 1967, 24 October {1165.01}
108 W. W. Bates, Re: Establishment of Scientific Task Force, 1967, 9 November {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,891}
109 S. A. Glantz, J. Slade, L. A. Bero, P. Hanauer, D. E. Barnes, The Cigarette Papers, University of
California Press, 1996, pl74 quoting J. Blalock, Re. Stanley Frank Article, Memo, 1967, 28 March
{2101.11}
110 B&W, Internal Letter, 1968, 19 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 21,804}
111 Imperial Tobacco, Publication of Cigarette Smoke Composition Data, Supplementary Memorandum
to the Ministry of Health, 1968, 20 February [L&D Imp 17]
112 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p325 quoting Duns Review,
1968, April
113 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March, quoting Pioneer Press, 1968, 17 August
114 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p324 quoting C. Thompson,
Memo to Kloepfer, 1968 18 October [Cipollone 2725]
115 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
116 S. Karnowski, 'Gentlemen's Agreement' is one key to State's Tobacco Case, AP/Minneapolis-St. Paul
Star Tribune, 1998, 23 February; H. Wakeham, Need for Biological Research by Philip Morris, Research
and Development, undated {Minn. Trial Exhibit. 2544}
117 Dr. Doll, Report on the Effects of Smoking, 1995, 3 November [L&D Imp30]
118 Cigarette Smoking and Health, Report by an Interdepartmental Group of Officials, 1971, October
[L&D Gov/pro 44]
119 H. Wakeham, Smoking and Baby Weight, 1969, 10 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,269}
120 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p322 quoting CTR, Press
Release, 1969, 3 February, [Cipollone 2920B]
121 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p328 quoting Newsweek,
1969, April
122 S. Green, Research Conference Held at Kronberg, 1969, 2-6 June; Minutes, 1969, 23 June
123 P. Pare, House of Commons Standing Committee on Health, Welfare and Social Affairs, Minutes of
Proceedings and Evidence, 1969, 5 June, pl 537-1578; R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The
Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, p55-56
124 T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28 September
125 H. Wakeham, Memo to C.H. Goldsmith, 1969, 9 September
126 Philip Morris, Re: RJ Reynolds Biological Research Programme, 1969, 15 December {Minn. Trial
Exhibit 10,465}
127 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
128 R. N. Saleeby, Re: American Cancer Society News Release, 1970, 5 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit.
10312}
7 7
, ,
129 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p349-353
130 J. Cullman, Memo to H. Wakeham, 1970, 24 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit, 2548}
131 R. Fagan, Re: Auerbach’s Smoking Beagles, 1970, 25 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,387}
132 BAT, Supplementary Report on Discussions with Osdene (Philip Morris), 1970, 11 March {Minn.
Trial Exhibit 11,434}
133 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
134 BBC Panorama, 1993, 10 May
135 J. Castanoso, Closing the Doors at the “Mouse House”, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28
September
136 Gallaher Limited, Re, Auerbach/Hammond Beagle Experiment, 1970, 3 April {Minn trial exhibit
21,905]
137 H. Wakeham, Memo Re: Acquisition of INBIFO, 1970, 7 April {Minn Trial Exhibit 2554}
138 G.C. Hargrove, Smoking and Health, 1970, 12 June [L&D BAT 9]
139 S. Green, Planning Conference, 1970, 14 July; [L&D BAT 10]
140 D. Hardy, Letter to D. Bryant, 1970, 20 August
141 R. D. Carpenter, Acute Toxicity of Cigarette Smokes With Varying Nicotine Contents, 1970, 10
September {Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,122}
142 BAT, Meeting with Dr. Helmut,. Wakeham, Vice-President and Director of Research, Philip Morris
Inc., 1970, 10 September {Minn Trial Exhibit 2549}
143 Summary and Conclusions: BAT Group Research Conference, Quebec, 1970 9-13 November
{1170.01}
144 H. Wakeham, “Best Program for CTR, 1970, 8 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,586}
G.C. Hargrove, Memo to All No.Is of Associated Companies, The Royal College of Physicians
Report on Smoking and Health, 1970, 28 December [L&D BAT 12]
146 TRC Statement on RCP Report, [L&D BAT 12]
147 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998 8
148 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565 1998 8
March, quoting Pioneer Press, 1971, 4 January
149 Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health Now. A Report of the Royal College of Physicians,
Pitman Medical Publishing Company, 1971, p9
150 Liggett, Re: Proposal on Research Dealing with Immunlogic Aspects of Cancer, 1971, 2 February
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,501}
151 B&W, Presentation called The Smoking /Health Controversy: A View from the Other Side, 1971, 8
February {BW-W2-03113} {L&D BAT file 4]
152 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - Atnerica’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p409
153 BAT, Smoking and Health Session, Chelworth, 1971, 28 May [L&D UK Ind 24]
154 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl 1
155 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p412
156 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
157 F. Panzer, Memorandum Re The Roper Proposal, 1972, 1 May [L&D BAT 15]
158 S. J. Green, The Association of Smoking and Disease, 1972, 26 July [L&D BAT 16]
159 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, pl3
160 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
161 BAT: To All Members of the Conference, Smoking and Health, 1974, 3 May, {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,602}
162 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p362 quoting A, Spears,
Memo, 1974, 24 June, [Cipollone 939]; Also quoted on www.tobacco.org
163 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p40
164 Sir John Partridge, Chairman of Imperial, Answers Questions Put at the AGM by ASH, 1975 [L&D
Imp 23]
165 S. Green, Notes on Group R&D Conference Held in Italy, 1975, 2-8 April; Minutes 1975, 16 April
{1173.01}
166 Dr. Green, Basis for Research in Smoking, 1975, 29 April [Pollock 56]
167 D. Pollock, Deceive to Survive: Endanger to Profit, Address to the ASH All Party Parliamentary
Group, 1996, 21 February
168 RJ Reynolds Research Department, Planning Assumptions and Forecast for the Period 1976-1986,
1976, 15 March [L&D RJR/BAT 9]
169 ASH Questions and Answers to BAT AGM, 1976, March [L&D Imp 24]
170 GIRA, Final Report of a Study to Determine the Costs to Society ofSmoking and Abuse ofAlcohol,
Drugs and Food, for BAT, 1976, April
171 S. Green, Safety Evaluation of Cigarettes, 1976, 22 October [pollock 67]
172 S. Green, Cigarette Smoking and Causal Relationships, 1976, 27 October {2231.07}
173 BAT Board Plan, Smoking and Health - Strategies and Constraints, 1976, December [L&D BAT 24]
174 Dr. H. S. Tong, The Pharmacology of Smoke-Dose Nicotine: A Review of Current Literature,
Lorillard Research Centre, 1976, 10 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,007}
175
’ E. Pepples, Industry Response to the Cigarette/Health Controversy, VFlf), Internal Memo {2205.01}
176
’ Thames Television, Death in the West, 1976
177
7 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p 19
178
5 Notes of an Interview with Jim green, 1981, February, [L&D BAT 37]
179
> Royal College of Physicians, Smoking or Health, Pitman Medical Publishing Company, 1977, p72-3
180
j R. Seligman, Personal and Confidential Letter, 1977, 31 March {Minn. Trial Exhibit 2,688}
181
PL Short, Smoking and Health Item 7: the Effect on Marketing, 1977, 14 April { Minn Trial Exhibit
10,585}
182 S. J. Green, Note to P Sheehy, 1977, 19 August {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,382}
183 BAT Board Strategies, Smoking and Health, Questions and Answers, 1977, 25 November [L&D
BAT 26]
184 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
185 T. S. Osdene, Roper Study Proposal to Tobacco Institute, 1978, 16 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit
3697}
186 S. Green, Notes on group Research & Development Conference, Sydney, 1978, March; Minutes,
1978, 6 April
187 C. H. Judge, Notes: Re, Scientific Research Liaison Committee, 1978, 21 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,165}
188 Memorandum For the Rerecord/File Re: Telephone Conversation Between Dr. Bentley and Dr.
Colby, 1978, 1 June [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
189 E. Pepples, Memo to C. McCarty, 1978, 29 September {Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,222}
190 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
191 Tobacco Advisory Council, Research Committee Recommendations for Research, 1978, 21
November [L&D UK Ind 29]
192 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
193 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p463
194A Report of the Surgeon-General, Smoking and Health, US Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, 1979, Public Health Service, pl-22
195 P. N. Lee, 1979 Surgeon General’s Reports - Some Comments, 1979, 9 February {Minn. Trial
Exhibit. 10.483}
196 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p90
197 M. Oldman, Cigarette Smoking, Health and Dissonance (project Libra), Report No, RD, 1670,
Restricted, 1979, 23 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,094}
198 BBC Panorama, A Dying Industry, 1980
199 J. Wells, Re: Procedure for Handling BAT Scientific Documents, Memo to E. Pepples, 1979, 15 June
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 26,202}
200 P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, pl34
201 BAT, Visit to ITL, Montreal & B&W Louisville, 3-12 July, 1979, 18 July {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,202}
202 S.J. Green, Cigarette Smoking and Causality, 1980, 1 January [pollock 127]
203 S.J. Green, Smoking, Associated Diseases and Causality, 1980, 1 January [pollock 128]
204 M. H. Bilimoria, , Re: The Mutagenicity by the Ames Test of Condensates Obtained from Cigarettes
Belonging to the Janus B14 Series, 1980, 24 January {Minn. Trial Exhibit 10,783}
205 R. Seligman, Philip Morris, 1980, 31 March [L&D BAT 36]
206 P. Sheehy, Letter to the BBC, 1980, 14 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,550}
207 BBC TV, Panorama, A Dying Industry, 1980, 14 April
208 BAT, Secret - Appreciation, 1980, 16 May [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
209 BAT, New Stance on Smoking and Health, 1980, 9 May [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
210 BAT, Possible Positions on Smoking and Health -, Appendix A2 [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
211 BAT, Secret - Appreciation - Draft No3, A New Company Approach to the Smoking and Health
Issue, 1980, 16 May [L&D RJR/BAT 8]
212 R. Sanford, Letter to A. Heard, 1980, 18 August
213 Notes of an Interview with Jim green, 1981, February, [L&D BAT 37]
214 Dr. Adlkofer, Re: Mr. Denbach’s Conversation with Dr. Colby on 20 February, 1981 {Minn Trial
Exhibit 12,786}
215 J. G. Esterle, Memo to R. Sanford, 1981, 11 September {1315.01}
216 J. Wells, Memo to E. Pepples, 1981, 25 September
217 Confectionery and Tobacco News, 1981, 6 November
”18 RJ Reynolds Industries, Presentation to Security Analysts, 1981, 8-11 November
A Report of the Surgeon-General, The Health Consequences of Smoking. Cancer, US Department of
Health, and Human Service, 1982, pxi
220 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
221 J. L. Charles, Note to Dr. T. S. Osdene, Comments on “Future Strategies for the Changing
Cigarette”, National Conference on Smoking and Health, 1982, 23 February {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,523}
222 BAT, Board Guidelines, Public Affairs, 1982, April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,866}
223 F. Roe, Comments on Draft Entitled “The Issues of Smoking”. 1982, 4 May {Minn. Trial Exhibit
10,623}
224 Sir P. Macadam, BAT Response to Questions put by ASH at the AGM, 1982, 9 June [C.7.6]
225 Chairman of Rothmans, Answers to Questions from ASH at AGM, 1982, 15 September
226 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
227 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
228 ” T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28
September
229 BAT, Cigarette Smoking - The Issues and the Facts, -1982 [L&D RJR/ BAT 25]
230 Notes of Meeting of the Tobacco Company Research Directors, Imperial Head Office, 1983, 16
February {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,259}
231 BAT, Minutes of BATCo Chairman’s Advisory Conference, March, 1983, {Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,310}
232 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p92
233 Report by Dr Blackman, of a Visit to B&W/ Research and Product Development, 3-7 October, 1983,
27 October {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11290}
234 Quoted in P. Taylor, Smoke Ring - The Politics of Tobacco, 1984, Bodley Head, p281
235 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p93
236 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
237 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p93
238 A. Rusbridger, Diary, The Guardian, 1984, 1 February
239 BAT, Legal Considerations on Smoking and Health Policy, 1984, March {Minn. Trial Exhibit
2,726}
240 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p40
241 BAT, Biological Conference, Held Southampton, 1984, 9-11 April, {1181.06; Minn. Trial Exhibit
11,190}
242 J. Wells, Re: Conference with BAT Legal on US Products Liability Litigation, Notes to File, 1984, 12
June
243 Proceedings of the Smoking Behaviour-Marketing Conference, July 9-12, 1984, Session 111, 1984,
{1226.01}
244 R. Weissman, Tobacco and Candy Journal, 1984, 17 July quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p487-8
245 J. Wilkinson, Tobacco - The Facts Behind the Smokescreen, 1986, Penguin, p95
246 J. Wells, Re; Document Retention, Memo to File 1985, 17 January
247 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
248 Birmingham Post, Smoke War Flares Again, 1985, 13 March
249 E. Kohnhorst, Letter to J. Kellagher, 1985, 26 April {1136.01}
250 G. P. Mann, Re USA: Smoking, Health and Mortality, 1985, 30 April {Minn. Trial Exhibit 11,160}
251 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
252 A. Heard, Group Tobacco Research and Development Notes on a CAC R&D Meeting, Wallingford,
1985, 5-6 September, Minutes, 1985, 18 September {1182.01}
253 A. Johnson, Smoking and Health Issues, BAT, 1985 {1831.01}
254 A. Johnson, Smoking and Health Issues, BAT, 1985 {1831.01}
255 Quoted in Report ofSpecial Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions ofLaw and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
256 T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28 September
257 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p581
258 Dr. Robert. Suber, Comments on 1987 Strategic Plan, 1986, 13 June, {Minn Trial Exhibit 12,856}
259 T. Prentice, Peering Through the Health Warnings Smokescreen, The Times, 1986, 18 August
260 K. Warner, Tobacco Industry Scientific Advisors: Serving Society or Selling Cigarettes? American
Journal ofPublic Health, 1991, July, Vol 81, No 7, p839 [C.7]
261 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
262 J-L. Mercier, House of Commons Legislative Committee on Bill C-204, Minutes of Evidence, 1987,
24 November; Quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War,
International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl3
263 P. Sheehy, Multinationals: Economic Power and Responsibility, The Ampleforth Journal, 1987, 27
November
264 D. Seligman, Don’t Bet Against Cigarette Makers, Fortune, 1987, 17 August
265 M. Harrington, Testimony, 1988, 17 February; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s
Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip Morris, Alfred
A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 656-657
266 J. Cullman, Testimony, 1988, 23,24,25 &29 February; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph ofPhilip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p 666-667
267 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
p21
268 Philip Morris International, The Activities of Philip Morris in the Third World, 1988, April
269 R. Benner, E Clements, Re: Non-Tobacco Additive or Ingredient Documents, Memo to B&W, 1988,
1 November {1324.01}
270 Jo. Spach, Letter to Elaine Olson, 1988, 29 December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 13,334}
271 Tobacco Institute of Hong Kong Limited, Introducing the Tobacco Institute, 1989, March [C.7]
272 J. DeParle, Warning: Sports Stars May be Hazardous to Your Health, The Washington Monthly,
1989, September, p34-49
273 Quoted By D. Simpson, “What the Industry Would Say if it Were Here”, Paper Presented at the 7th
World Conference on Smoking and Health, 1990, Australia
274 Article entitled Hyvat, Pahat, Rumat, Journal Unknown, 1990, Information sent by Finnish Cancer
Society to ASH
275 Forest, In Defence of the Right to Smoke, A One Day Conference, 1990, 10 March
276 Talk to TMDP, Chelwood, 1990, August [L&D RJR/BAT 16]
277 Quoted in Tobacco Control, Blood on the Chair, 1996, 5.2, p 106
278 Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health,
and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p617
279 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings ofFact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
280 BATco, Key Area Paper - Smoking and Health, 1991, 30 May
281 Quoted in Star Tribune, Scientists Funded by tobacco Say Smoking is Harmful, 1991, 26 June
{Minn. Trial Exhibit 18,799}
282 M. Macalister, Making a Packet - the New Tobacco Goldrush, the Observer Magazine, 1992, 8
November [C.7]
283 R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes - America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the
Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p676
284 Thames TV, First Tuesday, Tobacco Wars, 1992, 2 June
285 T. Wireback, Lorillard was Warned in ’46, News and Record [Greensboro], 1992, 26-28 September
286 J. Castanoso, Man Who Once Helped Now Criticises Reynolds, News and Record [Greensboro],
1992, 26-28 September
287 D. Simpson, Propaganda Hit Squad At Large, Tobacco Control, 1994, 3; 76-77; T. Dissanaike, Anti
Smoking Campaign Comes Under Heavy Fire, The Island (Sri Lanka), 1993, 29 October
288 BAT Industries, Statement of Business Conduct, 1993, December {Minn. Trial Exhibit 3,036}
289 Quoted in the New York Times Magazine, 1994, 20 March; Quoted in R. Kluger, Ashes to Ashes America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip
Morris, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1996, p751
290 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
pl23
291 J. Heinrich, Imasco Posts Record lst-Quarter Profits of $75 Million, Montreal Gazette, 1994, 29
April, pDl-D2; quoted in R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The Canadian Tobacco War,
International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl4
292 CTV National News, Transcript, 1994, 1 September; R. Cunningham, Smoke and Mirrors, The
Canadian Tobacco War, International Development Research Centre, 1996, pl3
293 P. J. Hilts, Smokescreen - The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up, 1996, Addison Wesley,
pl51
294 G. Collins, Philip Morris Meeting Subdues Tobacco Protest, New York Times, 1995, 28 April
295 R. Waters, Marlboro Cigarettes Recalled in US After Filter Scare, Financial Times, 1995, 27 May,
p20
296 Philip Morris, Issues Training Manual, 1995, 30 May - 1 June
297 Sunday Life (Barbados) 1996, 10 March; Quoted in Tobacco Control, Blood on the Chair, 1996, 5.2,
p 107
298 A. Freedman, M. Geyelin, Philip Morris Accused of Hiding Research, Wall Street Journal (Europe),
1996, 19 September ; {Minn. Trial Exhibit 2501}
299 The Guardian, BAT Denies it Knew About Smoking-Cancer Link in 1980, 1996, 9 October, p21
30° rp gtevensonj baT Denies Smoking Claims, The Independent, 1996, 31 October, p20
301 M. Curphey, BAT Dents Hopes of Imminent Demerger, The Times, 1996, 31 October
302 Quoted in Tobacco Reporter, Study Claims Discovery of ‘Missing Link’ to Cancer, 1996, December,
p6
303 Philip Morris, Position Statement On A Wide Range of Issues, Believed to be 1996
304 S. L. Hwang, Liggett Heats Up US Tobacco Debate, Wall Street Journal (Europe), 1997, 25 March
305 R. Phillips, Tobacco’s Tough Future, Independent on Sunday, 1997, 20 April, pl
306 R. Tomkins, When the Smoke Clears, Financial Times, 1997, 23 June, pl9; National Centre for
Tobacco Free Kids, US Tobacco Litigation Settlement: Overview of the Deal, 1997; A. Freedman, S.
Hwang, E. Beck, Burning Question, Did Cigarette Makers Get Too Sweet a Deal in US Settlement, Wall
Street Journal (Europe), 1997, pl
307 B. Knowlton, Smoke Alarm: Philip Morris Chief Admits Possible Harm, International Herald
Tribune, 1997, 22 August, pl
308 International Herald Tribune, 2d Tobacco Executive Sees Cancer Link, 1997, 23 August, p3
309 T. Varadarajan, Florida Wins $11 Billion From Tobacco Giants, The Times, 1997, 26 August, pl 1
310 C. Mollenkamp, A. Levy, J. Menn, J. Rothfeder, The People vs. Big Tobacco - How the States Took
on the Cigarette Giants and Won, Bloomberg Press, 1998, p 244
311 CTN, 1997, 18 September
312 Quoted in Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations
Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims, Minnesota Trial Court File Number Cl-94-8565, 1998, 8
March
313 S. Gladstone, Testimony before the House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
314 G. Bible, Testimony Before the US House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
315 N. Brookes, Testimony before the House Commerce Committee, 1998, 29 January
316 M. Walker, Testimony at the Minnesota Trial, 1998 {Minn.Att.Gen]
317 D. Shaffer, No proof that Smoking Causes Disease, Tobacco Chief Says, Pioneer Press, 1998, 3
March
318 Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, Department of Health, 1998, 11 March
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