SPIRULINA

Item

Title: SPIRULINA
extracted text: RF_NUT_10_SUDHA
DR. $.P. TEKUR
SEARCH SUBJECT: SPIRULINA
<i>

Authors
Lee JB. Srisomporn P. Hayashi K. Tanaka T. Sankawa U. Hayashi T.
Institution
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical & Pharmaceutical
University, Japan.
Title
Effects of structural modification of calcium spirulan, a sulfated
polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis, on antiviral activity.
Source
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49(1):108—10, 2001 Jan.
Abstract
Calcium ion binding with the anionic part of a molecule was replaced with
various metal cations and their inhibitory effects on the replication of
herpes simplex virus type 1 were evaluated. Replacement of calcium ion
with sodium and potassium ions maintained the antiviral activity while
divalent and trivalent metal cations reduced the activity.
Depolymerization of sodium spirulan with hydrogen peroxide decreased in
antiviral activity as its molecular weight decreased.
<2>

Authors
Singh DP. Singh N.
Institution
School of Environmental Sciences, B.B.Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025
India.
Title
Calcium and phosphate regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under the high light stress.
Source
Current Microbiology. 41(5):368-73, 2000 Nov.
Abstract
High light stress (40 W/m(2))-induced alterations in the nitrogen
assimilatory enzymes in Spirulina platensis were studied under the Ca(2+)
and phosphate (Pi)-supplemented as well as starved conditions. Results
revealed that activities of nitrate reductase (NR), amino acid
transferases (AST/GOT and ALT/GPT), and protease enzymes in the
high-light-incubated cells were relatively higher under the Ca(2+)- and
Pi-starved conditions. On the contrary, relative rates of glutamine
synthetase (GS) and ATPase activities were lower in the Ca(2+)- and
Pi-starved cells. But the Spirulina cells under the Ca(2+)~ and Pi-added
conditions showed enhanced activity of both GS and ATPase enzymes. During
the high-light stress, a decline in the GS activity, particularly under
the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions, was indicative of a nitrogen
starvation—like condition. This could be one of the reasons for induction
of the NR and protease enzymes. A higher rate of GS activity was recorded
under both the Ca(2+)- and Pi—supplemented conditions, perhaps owing to
the enhanced rate of ATPase activity in such conditions. But a declining
pattern of both NR and protease activities in the presence of Ca(2+) and
Pi, despite the higher rate of ATPase activity, might involve some other
mechanism like the protein—kinase system.
<3>
Authors
Verma K. Mohanty P.
Institution
School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
Title

Changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in Spirulina cyanobacterium by
sodium stress.
Source
Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung . Section C. Journal of Biosciences.
55(1-2):16-22, 2000 Jan-Feb.
Abstract
Spirulina platensis trichomes grown in Zarrouks medium having total Na+
concentration as 0.14 M when transferred to fresh Zarrouks medium
containing enhanced level of Na+ ions equal to 0.86 M showed 30% more
accumulation of Na+ intracellularly as compared to the control. An
inhibition of photosystem II activity to almost 66% was observed. Also due
to this exposure to high Na+, the room temperature absorption
characteristics of Spirulina trichomes and the thylakoid membrane
preparations were altered indicating changes in the chromophore protein
interactions and alterations in the phycocyanin/allophycocyanin ratio;
there by affecting the energy harvest and energy transfer processes. An
increase in the carotenoid absorption was two fold over the control in the
treated sample. Similarly, room temperature and low temperature (77 K)
fluorescence emission spectra collectively suggested alterations in the
chlorophyll a emissions, F 726 of photosystem I reflecting changes in the
lipid protein environment of the thylakoid. Our results indicate that in
Spirulina the enhanced Na+ level alters the energy harvest and transfer
processes. It also affected the emission characteristics of chlorophyll a
of photosystem I.

<4>
Authors
Watanabe F. Katsura H. Takenaka S. Fujita T. Abe K. Tamura Y.
Nakatsuka T. Nakano Y.
Institution
Department of Health Science, Kochi Women's University, Kochi 780-8515,
Japan. watanabe@cc.kochi-wu.ac.jp
Title
Pseudovitamin B(12) is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food,
spirulina tablets.
Source
Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 47(11):4736—41, 1999 Nov.
Abstract
The vitamin B(12) concentration of an algal health food, spirulina
(Spirulina sp.) tablets, was determined by both Lactobacillus leichmannii
ATCC 7830 microbiological and intrinsic factor chemiluminescence methods.
The values determined with the microbiological method were approximately
6-9-fold greater in the spirulina tablets than the values determined with
the chemiluminescence method. Although most of the vitamin B(12)
determined with the microbiological method was derived from various
vitamin B(12) substitutive compounds and/or inactive vitamin B(12)
analogues, the spirulina contained a small amount of vitamin B(12) active
in the binding of the intrinsic factor. Two intrinsic factor active
vitamin B(12) analogues (major and minor) were purified from the spirulina
tablets and partially characterized. The major (83%) and minor (17%)
analogues were identified as pseudovitamin B(12) and vitamin B(12),
respectively, as judged from data of TLC, reversed—phase HPLC, (1)H NMR
spectroscopy, ultraviolet—visible spectroscopy, and biological activity
using L. leichmannii as a test organism and the binding of vitamin B(12)
to the intrinsic factor.

<5>
Authors
Mazo VK. GmoshinskiCLatin small letter i with breve] IV.
Zorin SN. Danilina LL. Litvinova AV. Radchenko SN.
Title

Sokolova AG.

[Effect of biologically active food additives containing autolysate of
baker's yeast and spirulina on intestinal permeability in an experiment].
[Russian]
Original Title
Vliianie biologicheski aktivnykh dobavok k pishche, soderzhashchikh
avtolizat pekarskikh drozhzhe[Latin small letter i with breve] i
spirulinu, na pronitsaemost' kishechnika v eksperimente.
Source
Voprosy Pitaniia. 68(i):17-9, 1999.
Abstract
Influence of bioactive food supplements (BFA) intake on intestinal barrier
permeability to macromolecules of polyethylene glycol 4000 was studied in
rats with intestinal anaphylaxis and after external gamma-irradiation. BFA
studied included autolysed baker's yeast ("Vitasil") and edible algae
Spirulina platensis. Intake of complex additive Vitasil + Spirulina
resulted in significant diminution of permeability before irradiation and
its partial normalization (24% decrease) after irradiation. Spirulina
additive intake led to practically complete normalization of permeability
(1.84 times decrease) in anaphylactic rats. It is concluded that Spirulina
and Vitasil are promising BFA for organism general resistance elevation.

<6>
Authors
Parada JL. Zulpa de Caire G. Zaccaro de Mule MC. Storni de Cano MM.
Institution
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Argentina.
Title
Lactic acid bacteria growth promoters from Spirulina platensis.
Source
International Journal of Food Microbiology. 45(3):225-8, 1998 Dec 22.
Abstract
Spirulina has been used for many years as human food because of its high
protein content and nutritional value. Some strains also produce bioactive
substances that may inhibit or promote microbial growth. Lactococcus
lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were grown in rich media, MRS
and RM, as well as in minimal saline medium with and without addition of
extracellular products obtained from a late log phase culture of Spirulina
platensis in Zarrouk medium. In both MRS and RM media, the extracellular
products significantly promote the growth of the lactic acid bacteria
assayed. This stimulatory effect was observed in media with pH adjusted to
5.3, 6.3 and 7.0. No effect was observed in minimal saline medium.
<7>
Authors
Miranda MS. Cintra RG. Barros SB. Mancini Filho J.
Institution
Faculdade de Farmacia e Bioquimica, Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador, Brasil.
Title
Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima.
Source
Brazilian Journal of Medical & Biological Research. 31(8):1075-9, 1998
Aug.
Abstract
Spirulina maxima, which is used as a food additive, is a microalga rich in
protein and other essential nutrients. Spirulina contains phenolic acids,
tocopherols and beta-carotene which are known to exhibit antioxidant
properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant
capacity of a Spirulina extract. The antioxidant activity of a methanolic

extract of Spirulina was determined in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro
antioxidant capacity was tested on a brain homogenate incubated with and
without the extract at 37 degrees C. The IC50 (concentration which causes
a 50% reduction of oxidation) of the extract in this system was 0.18
mg/ml. The in vivo antioxidant capacity was evaluated in plasma and liver
of animals receiving a daily dose of 5 mg for 2 and 7 weeks. Plasma
antioxidant capacity was measured in brain homogenate incubated for 1 h at
37 degrees C. The production of oxidized compounds in liver after 2 h of
incubation at 37 degrees C was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid
reactant substances (TEARS) in control and experimental groups. Upon
treatment, the antioxidant capacity of plasma was 71% for the experimental
group and 54% for the control group. Data from liver spontaneous
peroxidation studies were not significantly different between groups. The
amounts of phenolic acids, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were
determined in Spirulina extracts. The results obtained indicate that
Spirulina provides some antioxidant protection for both in vitro and in
vivo systems.

CjZ—Ok-xl

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1 of 6
' TI: Effects of dietary Spirulina' maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor
responses of rat aortic rings.
AU: Paredes-Carbajal-MC: Torres-Duran—PM; Diaz-Zagoya-JC ; llascher-D;
Juarez-Oropeza-MA
AD: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
maj oSservidor.unam.mx
SO: Life-Sci. 1997; 61 CIS): PL 211-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima on
vasomotor responses of aorta rings from male Wistar rats fed on a purified
A.et. For this purpose, the animals (weighing 200-240 g) were allocated
^Randomly in two groups. One receiving purified control diet (A) and the other
receiving purified diet containing 57. Spirulina (B). Purified diets were
according to American Institute of Nutrition guidelines and adjusted to
Spirulina protein content. All animals were fed <20 g/day/rat) during two
weeks, receiving water ad libitum and 12 h» light-dark cycles. Spirulina maxima
effects were evaluated by concentration-response (CR) curves of aorta rings
with or without endothelium to phenylephrine (PE), both in presence and absence
of indomethacin (Indom) or indomethacin plus L—NAME (Indom. + L—NAME), and to
carbachol (CCh). Aorta rings with endothelium from group B showed, relative to
corresponding rings from group A: 1) a significant decrease in the maximaltension developed in response to PE. 2) this decrease was reverted by Indom. 3)
Indom. + L-NAME induced-an additional increase in the contractile responses to
PE. 4) a significant shift to the left of the CR curve to CCh. No significant
differences were observed i’n the tension developed in response to PE in rings
without endothelium from either group. These results suggest that Spirulina
maxima may decrease vascular tone by increasing the synthesis and release of
both a vasodilating cyclooxygenase-dependent product of arachidonic acid and
nitric oxide, as well as by decreasing the synthesis and release of a
Aisoconstricting eicosanoid from the endothelial cells.

2 of 6
TI: The Spirulina platensis adenylate cyclase gene, cyaC, encodes a novel
signal transduction protein.
AU: Kasahara-M; Yashiro-K; Sakamoto-T; Ohmori-M
AD: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,
University of Tokyo, Japan.
SO: Plant-Cell-Physiol. 1997 Jul; 38(7): 828-36
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: A cyaC gene encoding an adenylate cyclase of the filamentous cyanobacterium
Spirulina platensis was sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of the
C-terminal region of cyaC is similar to the catalytic domains of adenylate
cyclases in other cyanobacteria and eukaryotes. The sequences of other regions
art similar to those of proteins consisting of the bacterial two-component
signal transduction system: the sensory kinase and the response regulator. The
predicted gene product of cyaC contains, from the N-terminal end, a receiver
domain of the response regulator protein (Rl), a domain similar to the ETR1 of
Arabidopsis thaliana, a transmitter domain of the sensory' kinase protein, a
receiver domain of the response regulator protein (R2), and a catalytic domain

of adenylate cyclase. The cyaC gene was expressed as an affinity-tagged protein
in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified. The purified
protein had adenylate cyclase activity which was activated by Mu2+. The results
of Western blotting using an anti-CyaC antiserum and. the S.platensis cell
extract confirmed that cyaC gene is expressed in S. platensis.

3 of 6
TIs Thermal denaturation of glutathione reductase from cyanobacterium.Spirulina
maxima,
AU: Rojo—Dominguez-A; Hernandez-Arana—A; Mendoza-Hernandez—G; Rendon—JL
AD: Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
SO: Biochem-Mol-Biol-Int. 1997 Jul; 42(3): 631-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The thermal unfolding of glutathione reductase (NADCPlHsGSSG oxidoreductase
EC 1.6.4.2.) from cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima was monitored by differential
scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism at neutral pH. Covalent
cross-linking of enzyme at different temperatures revealed dimer as the species
^-.dergoing the thermal transition. A single endotherm was observed, but its
“nermodynamic parameters showed dependence on the scan rate. In the transition
ies was observed. Analysis of the enzyme

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1 o-f 1
TI: Fluorescence spectroscopy of the longwave chlorophylls in trimeric and
monomeric photosystem I core complexes from the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis.
AU: Karapetyan-NV; Dorra-D; Schweitzer-6; Bezsmertnaya-IN; Holzwarth-AR
AD: Max-Planck-Institut fur Strahlenchemie, Ruhr, Germany.
SO: Biochemistry. 1997 Nov 11; 36(45): 13830-7
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: From: 1964-1987
ISSN: 0006—2960
RY: 1997
LA: ENGLISH
CP: UNITED-STATES
ttB: The organization and interaction of chlorophylls (Chi) and the kinetics of
ehe energy transfer in the core antenna of photosystem I (PSI) trimeric and
monomeric complexes, isolated from Spirulina platensis with Triton X-100 have
been studied by stationary and time-resolved fluorescence. At 295 K both
complexes show an unusually intense long—wavelength emission band with
prominent peaks at 730 nm (trimers) or 715 nm (monomers), whose intensity is
independent of the redox state of P700. A broad band extending from 710 to' 740
nm in the absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra of trimers also
indicates the existence of the longwave Chis at 295 K. The 77 K fluorescence
emission of PSI trimers frozen after addition of dithionite under illumination
(P700 and the PSI acceptor side reduced) sho^s an intense band at 760 (F760)
and a smaller one at 725 nm (F725); when P700 is oxidized, the intensity of
F760 decreases about 15 times. In the 77 K spectrum of monomers only F725 is
present in the longwave region, and its intensity does not depend on the redox
state of P700. Bands of Chis with maxima near 680, 710, and 738 nm were found
in the 77 K excitation spectrum of trimers, and bands near 680 and 710 nm were
seen in the spectrum of monomers. Five spectrally different, red Chi forms in
PSI trimers and three red Chi in monomers have been resolved by deconvolution
of their 77 K absorption spectra. The difference absorption spectrum,
• imers-minuB-monomers, shows that the appearance of the 735 nm band in trimers
jus accompanied by a decrease of 708, 698, and 688 nm bands present in monomers.
The reversible changes of F760 intensity of Spirulina membranes as a result of
their salt treatment confirm the idea that the most longwave Chi form
originates from an interaction of Chis bound to different monomeric PSI
subunits forming the trimer. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra of PSI
trimers and monomers, measured at 287 K in the region 680-770 nm, are
substantially different, although a set of similar lifetimes (9, approximately
30, approximately 66, and 1400-2200 ps) was necessary for a good fit. No effect
of P700 redox state was observed on the fluorescence kinetics of both complexes
at 287 K.
MESH: Chlorophyll-metabolism; Cyanobacteria-metabolism; Energy-Transfer;
Kinetics-; Photosynthetic-Reaction-Center,-Bacterial-metabolism;
Spectrometry,-Fluorescence
MESH: *
Chlorophyl1-chemistry ; *
Cyanobacteria-chemistry ;
*F'ho tosyn thetic-Re

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1 of 13
TI: Solution structure of ferredoxin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus and its thermostability,
AU: Hatanaka-H; Tanimura-R: Katoh-S; Inagaki-F
AD: Department of Molecular Physiology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of
Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
SC: J—Mol—Biol. 1997 May 23; 263(5): 922-33
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The three-dimensional structure of ferredoxin, purified from the
thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, was determined in aqueous
solution by two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition to
fane 946 distance constraints from nuclear Overhauser effect connectivities, we
RTdded 241 distance constraints derived from the crystal structure of Spirulina
platensis ferredoxin to the 19 residues close to the E2Fe-2S3 iron—sulfur
center, where crosspeaks disappeared due to paramagnetic effects. The atomic
root-mean—square difference of the ten converged structures from the mean
structure was 0.61(+/—0.12) A for backbone atoms (N, C(alpha), C'). The
main-chain structure was almost the same as the crystal structures of other
mesophile ferredoxins, but comparison of the side-chain structures revealed an
extension of the hydrophobic core, a unique hydrophobic'patch on the surface of
the large beta-sheet, and two unique charge networks in this thermostable
ferredoxin structure, some of which might contribute to thermostability.

2 of 13
EThe prevalence, structure and clinical problems of multiple sclerosis in
Transcarpathian area based on epidemiological study data!
Buletsa-BA; Ihnatovych-II ; Lupych-PP; Pulyk-OR
Lik-Sprava. 1996 Oct-Dec(10-12): 163-5'
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: UKRAINIAN; MON-ENGLISH
fej: As many as 230 patients with disseminated sclerosis were examined in the
Transcarpathian region. Sick male- and female populations were found out to be
almost similar. There were more sick persons in the medium-range areas of the
Carpathian Mountains, with a mean age being 35 +/- 5 years. It has been
established that intake of spirulina makes for lengthening of remission in
those patients with disseminated sclerosis.
TI:
the
AU:
SO:

3 of 13
TI: Calcium spirulan as an inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator in
human fetal lung fibroblasts.
AU: Hayakawa-Y; Hayashi-T; Hayashi-K; Ozawa-T; Niiya-K; Sakuragawa-N
AD: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama,
Japan. hayakawaSms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1997 Mar 1; 1355(3): 241-7
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the
blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, has been found to have antiviral and
heparin cofactor Il-dependent antithrombin activities. We have obtained
evidence that' Ca-SP is a potent inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator
(t-PA) production. The addition of Ca-SP to a culture of IMR-90 human fetal

lung fibroblasts increased t-PA concentrations in the conditioned medium, in a
dose- and time-dependent manner, but in the cell lysate, t-PA concentrations
were unchanged, suggesting that t-PA-induced by Ca-SP is easily secreted into •
the conditioned medium. The amount of newly synthesized t-PA in IMR-90 cells,
as measured by labeling with C35Slmethionine and subsequent immunoprecipitation
of t-PA from conditioned medium, was significantly increased by
Ca-SP-stimulation. However, Ca-SP did not increase the t-PA mRNA levels. As
previously reported, thrombin stimulated t-PA gene transcription in IMR-90
cells, and the simultaneous treatment with Ca-SP and thrombin caused further
enhancement of t-PA production, in a synergistic manner. It would thus appear
that Ca—SP increases t—PA production through post-transcriptional processes.
IMR-90 cells also produce plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but
Ca-SP showed little effect on the PAI-1 production. H-SP, which was obtained by
removing the calcium from Ca-SP, had no effect on the t-PA production. Na-SP,
which was prepared by replacement of the calcium with sodium, stimulated the
t-PA production similarly to Ca-SP. Thus, Ca-SP specifically induces t-PA
production, and the molecular conformation of Ca-SP maintained by Ca or Na may
be essential for the stimulation of t-PA synthesis.
4 of 13
Tl : Enzyme immunoassay for phycocyanin as the main component of spirulina color
in foods.
AUs Yoshida-A; Takagaki—Y; Nishimune—T
AD: Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan.
SO: Biosci-Biotechnol-Biochem. 1996 Jan; 60(1): 57-60
’ this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for phycocyanin in foods was developed.
Anti-phycocyanin monoclonal antibodies were obtained from A/'J mice immunized
with phycocyanin. The phycocyanin in a food was extracted by dissolving the
sample in a borate buffer solution, pH 8.0 (BBS) and adjusting the pH value of
this solution to 8.0 with NaOH. The extract was then diluted more than 10 fold
with 17. gelatin in BBS. Phycocyanin was determined by avidin-biotin sandwich
EIA, using the P26-8 monoclonal antibody as the solid-phase antibody and the
P277-4 monoclonal antibody as the enzyme-labeled antibody. The working range
for a quantitative analysis was 100-1000 ng/ml, and the detection limit was 10
inicrograms/g of the original sample. Recoveries of phycocyanin from foods by
this assay were > 717. for candy, and > 667. for ice cream and sherbet.
■hycocyanin was assayed in 22 blue—, green—, purple-, and brown—colored
commercial foods, and detected in one green colored-jelly at 49 micrograms/g .

TI: A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan, isolated from
Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti—herpes simplex
virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities.
AU: Hayashi-K; Hayashi-T; Kojima-I
AD: Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
Japan.
,
SO: AIDS-Res-Hum-Retroviruses. 1996 Oct 10; 12(15): 1463-71
this source is not Availab1e in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: A sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) has been isolated
from a sea alga, Spirulina platensis, as an antiviral component. The anti-human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1
(HSV-1) activities of Ca-SP were compared with those of dextran sulfate (DS) as
a representative sulfated polysaccharide. Anti-HIV-1 activities of these agents
were measured by three different assays: viability of acutely infected
CD4-positive cells, or a cytopathology assay; determination of HIV-1 p24
antigen released into culture supernatants; and inhibition of HIV-induced
syncytium formation. Anti-HSV-1 activity was assessed by plaque yield

reduction. In addition, their effects on the blood coagulation processes and
instability in the blood were evaluated. These data indicate that Ca-SP is a
l/potent antiviral agent against both HIV-1 and HSV-1. Furthermore, Ca-SP is
Jquite promising as an anti-HIV agent because even at low concentrations of
Ca—SP an enhancement of virus—induced syncytium formation was not observed, as
was observed in DS-treated cultures, Ca-SP had very low anticoagulant activity,
and showed a much longer half-life in the blood of mice when compared with that
of DS. Thus, Ca-SP can be a candidate agent for an anti-HIV therapeutic drug
that might- overcome the disadvantages observed in many sulfated
polysaccharides. When the role of chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups
was examined by removing calcium or its replacement by sodium, the presence of
calcium ion in the molecule was shown to be essential for the dose-dependent
inhibition of cytopathic effect and syncytium formation induced by HIV-1.

6 of 13
TI: Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune
functions in chickens.
AU: Qureshi-MA; Garlich-JD; Kidd-MT
AD: Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
■F695-760B, USA,.
t!0:
Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 1996 Aug; 18(3): 465-76
this source is not Available in S. J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Cornell K-strain White Leghorns and broiler chicks were raised to 7 wks and
3 wks of age respectively, with diets containing various levels (0, 10, 100,
1,000 and 10,000 ppm) of Spirulina platensis from day of hatch. Chicks in all
treatment groups had comparable body weights. While bursal and splenic weights
did not change, the K-strain chicks had larger thymuses (P < or = .05) over the
controls (0 ppm group). No differences were observed in anti-sheep red blood
cells antibodies during primary response. However, during secondary response,
K-strain chicks in all Spirulina-dietary groups had higher total anti-SRBC
titers with 10,000 ppm group being the highest (6.8 Log2) versus the 0 ppm (5.5
Log2) group. In broiler chicks, a one Log increase in IgG (P < or = .05) was
observed in 10,000 ppm group over the controls. Similarly, chicks in 10,000 ppm
Spirulina group had a higher PHA-P-mediated lymphoproliterative response over
the 0 ppm controls. Macrophages isolated from both K-strain (10,000 ppm group)
and broilers from all Spirulina groups had higher phagocytic potential than the
0 ppm groups. Spirulina supplementation at 10,000 ppm level also increased
■p-cell activity by two fold over the controls. These studies show that
apirulina supplementation increases several immunological functions implying
that a dietary inclusion of Spirulina at a level of 10,000 ppm may enhance
disease resistance potential in chickens.
7 of 13
TI: Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in
cats.
A.U: Qureshi-MA; Ali-RA
AD: Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
27695-7608, USA.
SO: Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 1996 Aug; 18(3): 457-63
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C■Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages isolated from cats were cultured on
glass coverslips. Macrophages were exposed to a water—soluble extract of
Spirulina platensis in concentration range of 0 to 60 micrograms per mL for two
hours. Spirulina-extract exposure did not cause significant macrophage
cytotoxicity over untreated control cultures. Macrophage monolayers from
treated and control cultures were incubated with .sheep red blood cells (SRBC)
as well as viable Escherichia coli. The percentages of phagocytic macrophages
for both of these particulate antigens were higher (a two—fold increase in SRBC

phagocytosis and over 10% increase in’Escherichia coli uptake) in cultures
treated with various concentrations of Spirulina-extract. However, the numbers
of either types o-f particles internalized by phagocytic macrophage were not
different between the control and treated cultures. These data which showed
that Spirulina platensis extract enhances macrophage phagocytic function imply
that dietary Spirulina supplementation may improve the disease resistance
potential in cats.

8 of 13
TI: Electrostatic effects in electron transfer reactions of E2Fe-2Sl
ferredoxins with inorganic reagents.
AUs Vidakovic-M; Germanas-JP
AD: Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Texas 77204—5641, USA.
SO: Protein-Sci. 1996 Sep; 5(9): 1793-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C■Library
LA; ENGLISH
AB: The kinetics of electron transfer from the reduced C2Fe-2SJ ferredoxins
from the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 and the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
to select cobalt coordination compounds have been studied in order to gain
Mnsight into the mechanism of electron transfer and intrinsic reactivity of
L2Fe-2Sl active sites. With tripositive cobalt complexes, reactions of both
proteins displayed saturation kinetics; values of association constants of
12,900 and 1,400 M-l and limiting rate constants of 7.6 and 3.5 s-1 were found
for oxidation of T. vaginalis and Anabaena ferredoxins, respectively, by
Co(NH3)6(3+) at room temperature and I = 0.1 M. An activation enthalpy of 12.1
kcal/mol and activation entropy of -14.3 cal/mol K for oxidation of T.
vaginalis ferredoxin by Co(NH3)6(3+) contrasted with corresponding values of
13.4 kcal/mol and -10.5 cal/mol K for the Spirulina platensis protein, which is
homologous to Anabaena ferredoxin. The dependence of the reaction rates on
ionic strength were measured to probe the importance of electrostatics on the
reacti’vity of the proteins. Analysis of the ionic strength dependence of the
oxidation of the proteins by Co(NH3)6(3+) by the "parallel plate" model of
Watkins et al. (1994, Protein Sci 3:2104-2114) afforded values for active site
charges of -0.7 and -1.1 and limiting rate constants at infinite ionic strength
of 25,800 and 76 M-l S-1 for T. vaginalis and Anabaena ferredoxins,
respectively. These results suggest that the E2Fe-2SI center of the protozoal
ferredoxin is more accessible and adjacent to a less highly charged, more
compact patch of negative charges than the photosynthetic protein.

w
9 of 13
TI: Heparin cofactor Il-dependent antithrombin activity of calcium spirulan.
AU: Hayakawa-Y; Hayashi-T; Hayashi-K; Hayashi-T; Ozawa-T; Niiya-K; Sakuragawa-N
AD: Department of 'Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama
Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. hayakawaOms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp
SO: Hlood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 1996 Jul; 7(5): 554-60
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the
blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, enhanced the antithrombin activity of,
heparin cofactor II (HC II) more than 10000-fold. The apparent second-order
rate constant of thrombin inhibition by HC II was calculated to be 4.2 x 10(4)M-l min-1 in the absence of Ca-SP, and it increased in the presence of 50
micrograms/ml Ca-SP to 4.5 x 10(8) M-l min-1. Ca-SP effectively induced the
formation of a thrombin-HC II complex in plasma. In the presence of Ca-SP, both
the recombinant HC II variants Lysl73—>Leu and Arg 189—>His, which are
defective in interactions with heparin and dermatan sulfate, respectively,
inhibited thrombin in a manner similar to native rHC II. This result indicates
that the binding site of HC II for Ca-SP is different from the heparin- or
dermatan sulfate-binding site. When we removed the calcium from the Ca-SP, the
compound did not exert any antithrombin activity. Furthermore, Na-SP, which was
prepared by replacement of the calcium in Ca-SP with sodium, accelerated the

antithrombin activity of HC II as Ca-SP did. We therefore suggest that the
molecular conformation maintained by Ca or Na is indispensable to the
antithrombin activity of Ca-SP. The HC Il-dependent antithrombin activity of
Ca-SP was almost totally abolished by treatment with chondroitinase AC I,
heparinase or heparitinase, but not by treatment with chondroitinase ABC and
chondroitinase AC II, suggesting that a heparin- or dermatan sulfate-like *
structure is not responsible for the activation of HC II by Ca-SP. Ca-SP is
therefore thought to be a unique sulfated polysaccharide which shows a strong
antithrombin effect in an exclusively HC Il-dependent manner.
10 of 13
TI: [Pharmacology and toxicology of Spirulina algal
AUs Chamorro-G; Salazar—M; Favila-L; Bourges—H
AD: Toxicologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Institute Politecnico
Nacional, Mexico. D.F.
SO: Rev—invest—Clin. 1996 Sep-Oct; 48(5): 389-99
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
.LA: SPANISH; NON-ENGLISH
f. AB: Spirulina, a unicellular filamentous blue-green alga has been consumed by
jlBkan since ancient times in Mexico and central Africa. It is currently grown in
ramy countries by synthetic methods. Initially the interest in Spirulina was on
its nutritive value: it was found almost equal to other plant proteins. More
recently, some preclinical testing suggests it has several therapeutic
properties such as hypocholesterolemic , immunological, antiviral and
antimutagenic. This has led to more detailed evaluations such as nucleic acid
content and presence of toxic metals, biogenic toxins and organic chemicals:
they have shown absence or presence at tolerable levels according to. the
recommendations of international regulatory agencies. In animal experiments for
acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and
teratogenicity the algae did not cause body or organ toxicity. In all
instances, the Spirulina administered to the animals were at much higher
amounts than those expected for human consumption. On the other hand there is
scant information of the effects of the algae in humans. This area needs more
research.
11 of 13
TI: Toxic effects of blooms of marine species of Oscillatoriales on farmed
prawns (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus japonicus) and brine shrimp (Artemia salina).
■kJ: Smith-PT
h D:. Department of Biology, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW,
Australia.
SO: Toxicon. 1996 Aug; 34(8): 857-69
this source is not Available in S . J ■ M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Benthic and planktonic blooms of species of Osci1latoriales coincided with
mortalities of Penaeus monodon during four episodes at Australian prawn farms.
Oscillatoria corakiana was the dominant planktonic species at 65-90,000
cells/ml, but Spirulina sp., Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Nodularis sp.
were also identified from the water column, benthic layers or surface mats. The
levels and variety of Vibrionaceae in prawn tissue, suggest that mortalities
were caused by secondary infections of bacteria. However, experimental results
indicate that toxicity of the blooms of Osci1latoriales was the primary cause
of disease. Pond water and extracts from a tank culture of benthic
□sci11 atariales caused mortalities when injected into P. monodon and P.
japonicus. Immersion of artemia in extracts from the tank culture also caused
mortalities, with L.D50 values for the supernatant extract of 70 mg/litre for
artemia cysts and 50 mg/litre for adult artemia, and LD50 values for the pellet
extract of 110 mg/litre for artemia cysts and 200 mg/litre for adult artemia.
Experiments with artemia suggested the blooms of Osciilatoriales produced
water-soluble, heat-labile toxin/s. Mortalities may have been caused by a

neurotoxin because: (a) there was a lack of histopathological evidence of
damage to the digestive tracts of prawns during each episode; and (b) artemia
cysts immersed in extracts of.Dsci1latoriales died before they developed
digestive tracts. F'SF toxin, anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and microcystins were
not detected when pond water from a diseased pond was tested. It is proposed
that sub-lethal levels of toxin weakened the prawns, causing reduced feeding
behaviour and an impaired immune system. As a result, prawns were prone to
secondary infection by pathogenic bacteria. Because Oscillatoriales are
ubiquitous in prawn farms, the findings have significant implications for the
assessment of disease in the prawn farming industry.
12 of 13
TI: Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a
blue-green alga Spiritlina platensis.
AU: Hayashi—T; Hayashi-K; Maeda-M; Kojima-I
AD: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Medicine, Toyama Medical
and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
SO: J-Nat—Prod. 1996 Jan; 59(1): S3-?'
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
A: ENGLISH
3: Bioactivity-directed fractionation of a hot H20 extract from a blue-green
alga Spirulina platensis led to the isolation of a novel sulfated
polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) as an antiviral principle. This
polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose,
xylose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, sulfate, and calcium.
Ca—SP was found to inhibit the replication of several enveloped viruses,
including Herpes simplex virus type 1, human cytomegalovirus, measles virus,
mumps virus, influenza A virus, and HIV-1. It was revealed that Ca-SP
selectively inhibited the penetration of virus into host cells. Retention of
molecular conformation by chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was
suggested to be indispensable to its antiviral effect.

•

13 of 13
TI: Composition and phase behaviour of polar lipids isolated from Spirulina
maxima cells grown in a perdeuterated medium.
AU: Tropis-M; Bardou-F; Bersch-B; Daffe-M; Milon-A
AD: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologic Fondamentales du CNRS,
Llniversite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
Bj: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1996 Det 23; 1284(2): 196-202
this source is not Available in S.J.M■C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The lipid composition of Spirulina maxima cells grown in a perdeuterated
medium was determined by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fast
atom-bombardment-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as
well as conventional chemical methods. The extent of deuteration was determined
by mass spectrometry and was superior to 97.5%. The major lipids identified in
the strain were: non-polar lipids (9%), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (57.),
digalactosyldiacylglycerol (22%), phosphatidylglycerol (317.),
sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (32%), phosphatidylinositol (traces). The major
fatty acids were 16:0 (807.) and 18:1 (15%). These results demonstrate that the
adaptation of the cells to D20 did not imply a profound modification of the
lipid composition. The perdeuterated polar lipid mixture dispersed into an
excess of water organises spontaneously in a lamellar phase as seen by 31P and
deuterium solid state NMR and can therefore be used to prepare perdeuterated
model membranes with a well defined composition. Liposomes made using these
lipids have a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition in the range 15-27
degrees C and are in a fluid L alpha phase above this teSi1verPlatter 3.11

es revealed dimer as the species

Mg

he scan rate. In the transition
zone, aggregation of the dimeric species was observed. Analysis of the enzyme
heated at 80 degrees C revealed that the resultant species retained a high
content of secondary structure. The addition of low concentrations of
guanidinium hydrochloride resulted in a full cooperative thermal transition. A
model in which the dimeric protein undergoes a partial unfolding in a
kinetically controlled fashion is proposed, such that the experimental value of
delta H(cal) results from the simultaneous occurrence of endothermic and
exothermic events.
MESH; Calorimetry,-Differential-Scanning ; Circular-Dichroism; Dimerization-;
Guanidines-pharmacology; Hydrogen-Ion-Concentration; F'rotein-Denaturation
MESH: *
Bacterial-Proteins-chemistry ; fcGlutathione-Reductase-chemistry; *
Heat- ;
*Plant-Proteins-chemistry
TG: Support,—Non—U.S.-Gov' t
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: EC 1.6..4.2; 0; 0; 0; 0; 113-00-8
NM: Glutathione-Reductase; spirulina; Bacterial-Proteins; Guanidines;
Plant-Proteins; guanidine
AN: 97390886
LID: 9712
"

2 of 4
Marked in Search: #5
TI: cDNA sequence of a translational elongation factor Ts homologue from
Caenorhabditis elegans: mitochondrial factor—specific; features found in the
nematode homologue peptide.
AU: Watanabe-Y; Kita-K; Ueda-T; Watanabe-K
AD: Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering,
the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan, ywatanab@is.dal.ca
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1997 Jul 17; 1353(1): 7-12
this source is not Available in S■J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0006-3002
PY: 1997
LA: ENGLISH

CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: The cDNA -For a homologue of elongation -factor Ts which probably -functions
in mitochondria has been sequenced -from a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The
deduced amino acid sequence (316 amino acids long) has a possible transit
peptide sequence at the amino terminus and several common specific features for
mammalian mitochondrial EF-Ts. The amino acid identities in the protein from C.
elegans compared with those of bovine mitochondria and Escherichia coli are
29.5%. and 24.0%, respectively. The C. elegans sequence was classified as a long
EF-Ts (ca. 280 amino acids long) similar to peptides from mammalian
mitochondria and eubacteria other than Thermus and cyanobacteria (except.
Spirulina platensis), rather than short EF-Ts (ca. 200 amino acids long) as
those of Thermus, cyanobacteria and plastids.
MESH: Amino-Acid-Sequence; Base-Sequence; Molecular—Sequence-Data;
Sequence-Alignment
MESH: KCaenorhabditis-elegans-genetics; *
DNA ,-Complementary-genetics;
*Peptide-Elongation-Factors-genetics
TG: Animal; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
FT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE'
RN: 0; 0; 0
N M : e 1 o n g a t ion—f a c t o r—T s ; D N A , - C o m p 1 e m e n t a r y; P e p t i d e—E1 o n g a t i o n - F a c t o r s
fc': 97398133
TO: 9710
SI: GENBANK/D87850; GENBANK/Z78198; GENBANK/M79915; GENBANK/C08917;
6ENBANK/L37936; GENBAMK/L37935; GENBANK/V00347; GENBANK/U32719; 6ENBANK/X53651;
GENBANK/Z74024; GENBANK/U39730; GENBANK/AE000021; GENBANK/M31161; .
GENBANK/U60196; GENBANK/X83598; GENBANK/D90912; GENBANK/U38804; GENBANK/X67814

3 of 4
Marked in Search: #5
TI: Effect of growth temperature on the biosynthesis of eukaryotic lipid
molecular species by the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
AU:. Quoc-KP; Dubacq-JP
AD: Laboratoire de Photoregulation et Dynamique des membranes vegetales,Ecole
normale superieure, Department de Biologie, CNRS URA 18.10, Paris, France.
kietSwotan.ens.fr
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1997 Jun 23; 1346(3): 237-46
this source is not Available in S.J,M,C.Library
ISSN: 0006-3002
A
ENGLISH
"p; NETHERLANDS
AB: The incorporation of linoleic acid added at mmolar concentrations to the
culture medium.of the photosynthetic prokaryote Spirulina platensis results in
the synthesis of membrane glycerolipids with a eukaryotic distribution of fatty
acid chain length on the glycerol backbone (Pham Gluoc et al., Biochim. Biophys.
Acta C19931 1168, 94-99). This distribution contrasts with the usual
prokaryotic one found in lipids of cyanobacteria. A subsequent desaturation of
the exogenously supplied fatty acid resulted in a large increase of
gamma-linolenic acid. In order to estimate the capacities of S. platensis for
bioconversion of fatty acids in lipid classes, the effects of different
temperatures of growth were studied in linoleic acid-supplemented cultures. The
lipid composition was affected by growth temperature, the synthesis of SQDG was
stimulated at low temperature. The molecular species of each lipid were
isolated and analyzed. Whatever the temperature of growth, the biosynthesis of
eukaryotic C18/C18 lipid molecular species was observed in all lipid classes.
Furthermore, the proportion - of eukaryotic lipids increased at low temperature
(24 degrees C). The desaturation of CIS fatty acids at Cl and C2 positions of
the glycerol moiety occurred and was further stimulated when the growth
temperature was lowered. The resulting proportion of gamma—linolenic acid
increased significantly in cultures supplemented with linoleate at low

temperatures. Finally a pathway for the synthesis of eukaryotic lipids and the
desaturation of fatty acids esterified to the acyl lipids of
1inoleate-supplemented S. platensis can be suggested.
MESH: gamma-Linolenic-Acid-biosynthesis; Culture-Media;'
Cyanobacteria-growth-and-development; Diglycerides-biosynthesis;
Diglycerides-chemistry; Fatty-Acids-analysis; Fatty-Acids-metabolism;
Linoleic-Acids-metabolism; Lipids-chemistry; TemperatureMESH: *
Cyanobacteria-metabolism;
Lipids-biosynthesis
*
PT 5 JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 2197-37-7; 506-26-3
NM: Culture-Media; Diglycerides; Fatty-Acids; Linoleic-Acids; Lipids;
linoleic-acid; gamma—Linolenic-Acid
AN: 97363615
UD: 9710

4 of .4
Marked in Search: #5
TI: Studies on electron donation to photosystem I sites by exogenous donors in
Spirulina thylakoids.
AU: Kolli-BK; Sah-JF; Mohanty-P
■D: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
Wo: Indian-J-Biochem-Biophys. 1996 Dec; 33(6): 465-70
This source is Available in S.J.M.C Library
Call Number: From:£973,+
ISSN: 0301-1208
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: INDIA
AB: The kinetic parameters of different sites of electron donation to
photosystem I (PS I) were evaluated in Spirulina platensis thylakoids. Reduced
2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIPH2) exhibited two sites of electron donation,
with apparent K(m) values of 8 and 40 microM each. The corresponding value ‘for
reduced N-tetramethy1-p-phenylenediamine (TMPDH2) and diaminodurene (DADH2)
which donate electrons at a single site to PS I were 103 and 48 microM,
respectively. The electron donation by these three exogenous donors were
differentially inhibited by KCN (70 mM) affecting the apparent K(m) and Rmax
values to varying extent. This cyanide inhibition of PS I catalyzed electron
transport suggests the presence of plastocyanin in the photosynthetic electron
transport chain of Spirulina platensis.
■ESH: Chlorophyl1-metabo1 ism; Electron-Transport-drug-effects;
xndicators-and-Reagents-metabolism; Kinetics-; Oxygen-Consumption-drug-effects;
Phenylenediamines-metabolism; Plastocyanin-metabolism;
Potassium-Cyanide-pharmacology; Spectrophotometry-;
Tetramethylphenylenediamine-metabolism ; 2,6-Dichloroindophenol-metabolism
MESH: KCyanobacteria-metabolism ; *
Photosynthetic-Reaction-Center ,-Bacterialmetabolism
TG: Support, -Non-U . S . ^-Gov ‘ t
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN:. 0; 0; 0; 1406-65-1; 151-50-8; 27215-51-6; 3102-87-2; 479-61-8; 9014-09-9;
956-48-9
NM: Indicators-and—Reagents; Phenylenediamines;
Photosynthetic-Reaction-Center,-Bacterial ; Chlorophyl1: Potassium-Cyanide;
Tetramethylphenylenediamine; diaminodurene; chlorophyl1-a ; Plastocyanin;
2,6-Dichloroindophenol
AN: 97363066
UD: 9710

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MEDLINE (R) 1/96-1/97

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Subscription and License Agreement and the applicable Copyright and
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country and/or by International Convention.

1 of 9
TI: Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on the tissue phospholipid fatty
acid composition and the synthesis of eicosanoids in rats.
AU: Quoc-KP; Pascaud-M
AD: Laboratoire de Physiologic, Metabolique et Nutrition, Universite Pierre et
Marie Curie, Paris, France.
SO: Ann-Nutr-Metab. 1996; 40<2): 99-108
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0250-6807
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: .SWITZERLAND
AB: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of
■dietary gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) on the tissue phospholipid fatty acid
Composition and the synthesis of eicosanoids in growing rats. The
supplementation with different oils rich in GLA (borage oil, evening primrose
oil, or Spirulina oil) and poor in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or biomass
of Spirulina results in a significant dose-related increase of GLA and
dihomo-GLA in liver, erythrocyte, and aorta phospholipids in rats fed during 6
weeks different levels of GLA. The arachidonic acid (AA)/dihomo-GLA ratios
decreased with increasing intake of dietary GLA, but the AA proportions
remained stable. The dietary administration of GLA increased the in vitro
production by the aorta of prostaglandin El derived from dihomo-GLA, but did
not significantly influence the production of prostaglandin E2 derived from AA
by the aorta and the thromboxane B2 level in serum.
MESH: gamma—Linolenic—Acid-administration-and —dosage; Alprostadi1—analysis;
Aorta-metabclism; Araehidonic-Acids-analysis; Dinoprostone-analysis;
Dose-Response-Relationship,-Drug; Erythrocytes-chemistry; Phospha1ipids-bload;
Randam-Allocation; Rats-; Specific-Pathogen-Free-Organisms;
Thromboxane—B2-blood
MESH: *
gamma-Linolenic-Acid-pharmacology ; ^Aorta-chemistry;
Dietary-Fats , -Unsaturated-pharmacology ; *
Eicosanoids~-biosynthesis ;
B-iver-chemistry; *Phospholi pids—analysis
iG: Animal; Male; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: 0; 0; 0; 0; 363-24-6; 506-26-3; 54397-85-2; 745-65-3
NM: Arachidonic-Acids; Dietary-Fats,-Unsaturated ; Eicosanoids; Phospholipids;
Dinoprostone; gamma-Linolenic-Acid; Thromboxane-B2 ; Alprostadil
AN: 96369794
UD: 9701
2 of 9
TI: Uptake by cells and photosensitising effectiveness of novel pheophorbide
derivatives in vitro.
AU: Dagan-A; Gatt-S; Cerbu-Karabat-S; Maziere-JC; Maziere-C; Santus-R;
Engelhardt-EL; Yeh-KA: Stobbe-CC; Fenning-MC; et-al
AD: Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah School
of Medicine, Israel.
SO: Int-J-Cancer . 1995 Dec 11; 63(6): 831-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C»Library
ISSN: 0020-7136
PY: 1995

LA: ENGLISH
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: Pheophorbide a prepared -From the algae Spirulina was derivatized at the
C(7)—carboxy1ic group by linking amino alkyls of various lengths and terminal
■functional groups. The compounds were purified by thin-layer chromatography
(TLC) and by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Solubilization of
compounds by serum lipoproteins, the kinetics of compound uptake into mammalian
cells, and photosensitizing effectiveness when activated by 673 nm laser lighi;
have been studied. Optimal photosensitizer uptake into cells and the greatest
photosensitizing activity were observed with compounds having side-chain
lengths of 4-6 carbon atoms which terminated in -OH and -CHS groups. The most
effective compounds were 3 orders of magnitude more potent than Photofrin in
the degree of photoinactivation of cultured EMT—6 tumor cells. HDL and LDL
significantly promoted the efflux of these photosensitizing drugs from cells,
suggesting that their long-term retention in normal tissues in vivo would be
minimal and produce little phototoxicity.
MESH: Algae-; Chiorophy11-chemistry; Chlorophy11-chemical-synthesis;
Chlorophy11-metabolism; Chromatography,-High-Pressure-Liquid;
Chromatography,-Thin-Layer; Mice-; Photic-Stimulation;
Photosensitizing-Agents-chemistry; Photosensitizing-Agents-chemical-synthesis ;
fc.imor-Cel Is,-Cultured
WeSH: ^Chlorophy11-analogs-and-derivatives; *
Lipoproteins,-HDL-metabolism;
*Lipoproteins,-LDL-metabolism; *
Photosensitizing-Agents-metabolism
TG: Animal; Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Gov't; Support,-U.S.-Gov't,-P.H.S.
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
CN: CA52102CANCI; CA06927CANCI
RN: 0; 0; 0; 1406-65-1; 15664-29-6
NM: Lipoproteins,-HDL; Lipoproteins,-LDL; Photosensitizing-Agents; Chlorophyll;
pheophorbide-a
AN: 96112166
UD: 9612

3 of 9
TI: Molecular characterization of’an adenylate cyclase gene of the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
AU: Yashiro-K; Sakamoto-T; Ohmori-M
AD: Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of
Tokyo, Japan.
SO: Piant-Mol-Biol . 1996 Apr; 31(1): 175-81
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Libra ry
i SSN: 0167-4412
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: A cyaA gene, encoding an adenylate cyclase, was isolated from a filamentous
cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis, by functional complementation of a cya
mutant of Escherichia coli, defective in adenylate cyclase activity; The
predicted gene product of cyaA contains a signal peptide—like domain, a
putative sensor domain similar to the gene product of vsrA of Pseudomonas
solanacearum, a putative membrane-spanning domain and an adenylate cyclase-like
catalytic domain. Two other positive clones that complemented the E. coli
mutant were isolated from the same cyanobacterium, suggesting that several cya
genes are functioning in S. platensis.
MESH: Amino-Acid-Sequence; Base-Sequence; Cloning,-Molecular;
Cyanobacteria-enzymo1ogy; Cyc1ic-AMP—metabolism; DNA,—Bacteria1;
Molecular—Sequence-Data; Sequence-Homology,-Amino-Acid; Signal-Transduction
MESH: *Adenyl-Cyclase-genetics; *
Bacterial-Proteins-genetics ;
)(<Cyanobacteria-genetics; KProtein-Precursors-genetics
TG: Human; Support,-Non-U.S.-Goy't
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE

RN: EC 4.6.1.1; O; O; 0; 121889-91-6; 60-92-4
NM: Adenyl-Cyclase: Bacterial-Proteins; DMA,-Bacterial; Protein-Precursors;
cyclolysin; Cyclic-AMP
AN: 96309396
UD: 9611
SI: GENBANK/D49530; GENBANK/D55605 ; GENBANK/M35096 ; GENBANK/M87278;
GENBANK/L0550O; GENBANK/Z35309; GEMBANK/MS1887
4 of 9
TI: Effect of Spirulina maxima consumption on reproduction and peri- and
'postnatal development in rats.
AU: Salazar-M; Chamorro-GA; Salazar-S; Steele-CE
AD: Department of Toxicology. National School of Biological Sciences, National
Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City.
SO: Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1996 Apr; 34(4): 353-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0278-6915
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: ENGLAND
: Spirulina maxima, an edible micro-organism useful in human nutrition, was
examined for its effect on general reproductive performance and for peri- and
postnatal toxicity in rats at levels of 0, 10, 20 and 307. (w/w) incorporated
into the diet. There was no reduction in body weight gain in males or females
and no deaths or clinical signs of toxicity. Treatment was not associated with
any adverse effect on any measure of reproductive performance, including male
and female fertility and duration of gestation. There was no increase in the
number of abnormal pups at caesarean section or at birth. S. maxima consumption
did not result in adverse effects on developmental markers of the pups.
MESH: Animals,-Newborn—growth-and-development: Body-Weight; Fertility-;
Pregnancy-; Rats-; Rats,-Wistar
MESH: ^Cyanobacteria-; *
Diet-adverse-effects;
IPrenata 1-Exposure-Delayed--Ef f ects ; ^Reproduc tionTG: Animal; Female; Male; Support,—Non-U.S.—Gov' t
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
AN: 96218047
UD: 9609

5 of 9
Al: Purification, cDNA cloning, and regulation of lysophospholipase from rat
liver.
AU: Sugimoto-H; Hayashi-H; Yamashita-S
AD: Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi,
Japan.
SO: J-Biol-Chem. 1996 Mar 29; 271(13): 7705-11
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: Prop; 1952-1993 ’
ISSN: 0021-9258
PY: 1996
LA: ENGLISH
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: A lysophospholipase was purified 506-fold from rat liver supernatant. The
preparation gave a single 24-kDa protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. The enzyme hydrolyzed lys.ophosphatidylcholine,
lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol , lysophosphatidyIserine ,
and l-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at pH 6-8. The purified
enzyme was used for the preparation of antibody and peptide sequencing. A cDNA
clone was isolated by screening a rat liver lambda gtll cDNA library with the
antibody, followed by the selection of further extended clones from a lambda
gt.10 library. The isolated cDNA was 2,362 base pairs in length and contained an

open reading -frame encoding 230 amino acids with a Mr of 24,708. The peptide
sequences determined were found in the reading frame. When the cDNA was
expressed in Escherichia coli cells as the beta-galactosidase fusion,
lysophosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing activity was markedly increased. The
deduced amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to Pseudomonas
fluorescence esterase A and Spirulina platensis esterase. The three sequences
contained the GXSXG consensus at similar positions.' The transcript was found in
various tissues with the following order of abundance: spleen, heart, kidney,
brain, lung, stomach, and testis = liver. In contrast, the enzyme protein was
abundant in the following order: testis, liver, kidney, heart, stomach, lung,
brain, and spleen. Thus the mRNA abundance disagreed with the level of the
enzyme protein in liver, testis, and spleen. When HL-60 cells were induced to
differentiate into granulocytes with dimethyl sulfoxide, the 24-kDa
lysophospholipase protein increased significantly, but the mRNA abundance
remained essentially unchanged. Thus a posttranscriptional control mechanism is
present for the regulation of 24-kDa lysophospholipase.
MESH: beta-Galactosidase-biosynthesis; Amino-Acid-Sequence; Base-Sequence;
Carboxylic-Ester-Hydrolases-chemistry; Cel1-Differentiation;
Chromatography,-Gel; Chromatography,-Ion-Exchange; Cloning,-Molecular;
Consensus-Sequence; Cyanobacteria-enzymology; Dimethyl-Sul foxide-pharmacology ;
M IA, - - Complementary; Escherichia-co1i; Esterases-chemistry ;
^ene-Expression-Regulation,-Enzymologic-drug-effects; Gene-Library ;
HL-60-Cells; Kinetics-; Lysophospholipase-genetics; Molecular—Sequence-Data;
□pen-Reading-Frames; Organ-Specificity; Pseudomonas-fluorescens-enzymology;
Rats-; Rats,-Wistar; Recombinant-Fusion-Proteins-biosynthesis ;
Recombinant-Fusion-Proteins-isolation-and-purification ;
Recombinan.t-Fusion-Proteins-metabolism; RNA-Precessing ,-Post-Transcriptional;
RNA,-Messenger-metabolism; Sequence-Homology,-Amino-Acid
MESH: *
Gene-Expression-Regulation ,-Enzymologic ; JKLiver—enzymology;
*Lysophospholipase-biosynthesis ; *
Lysophospholipase-isolation-and-purification
TG: Animal; Comparative-Study; Human; Male
FT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: EC 3.1.; EC 3.1.-; EC 3.1.1; EC 3.1.1.5; EC 3.2.1.23; 0; 0; 0; 67-68-5
NM: Esterases; arginine-esterase; Carboxy1ic-Ester—Hydrolases;
Lysophospholipase; beta-Galactosidase; DNA,-Complementary ;
Recombinant-Fusion-Proteins; RNA,-Messenger; Dimethyl-Sulfoxide
AN: 96205961
UD: 9609

A
6 of 9
nl; Tertiary structure of E2Fe—2S2 ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis refined
at 2.5 A resolution: structural comparisons of plant-type ferredoxins and an
electrostatic potential analysis.
AU: Fukuyama-K; Ueki-N; Nakamura-H; Tsukihara-T; Matsubara—H
AD: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University.
SO: J-Biochem-Tokyo. 1995.May; 117(5): 1017-23
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0021-924X
PY: 1995
LA: ENGLISH
CP: JAPAN
AB: The structure of plant-type E2Fe-2Sl ferredoxin isolated from Spirulina
platensis.has been refined using diffraction data to 2.5 A resolution by
alternate cycles of simulated annealing and manual revision of the model. The
final R factor is 19.9% for 2,9.12 reflections with F > 2 sigma F between 8.0
and 2.5 A resolution. S. platensis ferredoxin, like other plant-type C2Fe-2S3
ferredoxins, has a major alpha-helix flanking a sheet consisting of four beta
strands. The present refinement revises the conformation of residues 56-71, in
which a one-turn helix was identified. Superposition of the Spirulina
ferredoxin structure on the structures of other ferredoxins that have been well

re-fined showed structural perturbation at a few residues on the amino and
carboxyl termini and the turn between the first and second beta-strands. The
root-mean-square deviations of the corresponding C alpha atoms of the pairs of
ferredoxins range from 0.90 to 1.17 A for all the residues, but from 0.64 to
0.70 A if -the few perturbed residues are excluded. Therefore, it may be
concluded that the main-chain foldings of all the plant-type C2Fe-2S3
ferredoxins are essentially the same. Electrostatic potential analysis showed
that the molecular surface around the cluster is negatively charged, whereas
that of the beta-sheet of the other side is positively charged. The interaction
between ferredoxin and ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase is discussed on the basis of
the charge distributions of these molecules and biochemical data.
MESH: Amino-Acid-Sequence; Bacterial-F'roteins-chemistry ; Binding-Sites;
Electrochemistry-; Ferredoxin-MADF'-Reductase-chemistry;
Ferredox in-NADP—Reductase—metabo1 ism; Ferredoxins—metabo1 ism;
Models,-Molecular;. Molecular—Sequence-Data; Plant-Proteins—chemistry
MESH: ^Crystallography,-X-Ray; Wyanobacteria-chemistry; ,
fcFerredoxins-chemistry; ^Protein-Structure,-Tertiary
TG: Comparative-Study
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: EC 1.1S.1.2; 0; 0; 0
B4: Ferredoxin-NADF'-Reductase; Bacterial-Proteins; Ferredoxins; Plant-Proteins
WlM: 96172567
UD: 9605

7 of 9
TI: Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis.
AU: Mathew-B; Sankaranarayanan-R; Nair—PP; Varghese-C; Somanathan-T ; Amma-BP;
Amma-NS; Nair-MK
AD: Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Kerala, India.
SO: Nutr-Cancer. 1995; 24(2): 197-202
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: ©163-5581
”
.
PY: 1995
LA: ENGLISH
CP: UNITED-STATES
AB: The blue-green microalgae Spirulina, used in daily diets of natives in
.Africa and America, have been found to be a rich natural source of proteins,
carotenoids, and other micronutrients. Experimental studies in animal models
have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Spirulina algae on oral
Barcinogenesis. Studies among preschool children in India have demonstrated
opirii 1 ina fusiformis (SF) to be an effective source of dietary vitamin A. We
evaluated the chemopreventive activity of SF <1 g/day for 12 mos) in reversing
oral leukoplakia in pan tobacco chewers in Kerala, India. Complete regression
of lesions was observed in 20 of 44 (45%) evaluable subjects supplemented with
SF, as opposed to 3 of 43- (77.) in the placebo arm (p < 0.0001). When stratified
by type of leukoplakia, the response was more pronounced in homogeneous
lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28 (57%) subjects with
homogeneous leukoplakia, 2 of 8 with erythroplakia, 2 of 4 with verrucous
leukoplakia, and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions. Within one year of
discontinuing supplements, 9 of 2© (45%) complete responders with SF developed
recurrent lesions. Supplementation with SF did not result in increased serum
concentration of retinol or beta-carotene, nor was it associated with toxicity.
This is the first human study evaluating the chemopreventive potential of SF.
More studies in different settings and different populations are needed for
further evaluation.
MESH: Adult-; Carotene-blood; Cyanobacteria-chemistry; Food,-Fortified; India-;
Leukoplakia,-Oral-blood; Leukoplakia,-Oral-diet-therapy; Middle-Age;
Mouth-Neoplasms-blood; Mouth-Neoplasms-diet-therapy; Remission-Induction ;
Vitamin-A-analysis; Vitamin-A-blood; Vitamin-A-standards ;
Vitamin-A-therapeutic-use

MESH: (< Cyano bacteria- ; *
Leukoplakia,-Bral-.prevention —and—control ;
*Mouth-Neoplasms-prevention-and-control
TBs Female; Human; Male; Support,—Non—U.S.-Bov't
PT: CLINICAL-TRIAL; JOURNAL-ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED-CQNTROLLED-TRIAL
RN: 11103-57-4; 36-88-4; 7235-40-7
NM: Vitamin-A; Carotene; beta-carotene
AN: 96117269
UD: 9605
8 of 9
TI: Evidence for incorporation of intact dietary pyrimidine (but not purine)
nucleosides into hepatic RNA.
AU: Berthold-HK; Crain-PF; Bouni-I; Reeds-PJ; Klein-PD
AD: Stable Isotope Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural
Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
SO: Proc-Natl-Acad-Sci-U-S-A. 1995 Oct 24; 92(22): 10123-7
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0027-8424
PY: 1995
A" ENGLISH
“p; UNITED-STATES
AB: The absorption and metabolism of dietary nucleic acids have received less
attention than those of other organic nutrients, largely because of
methodological difficulties. We supplemented the rations of poultry and mice
with the edible alga Spirulina platensis, which had been uniformly labeled with
13C by hydroponic culture in 13C02. The rations were ingested by a hen for 4 wk
and by four mice for 6 days; two mice were fad a normal diet and two were fed a
nucleic acid-deficient diet. The animals were killed and nucleosides were
isolated from hepatic RNA. The isotopic enrichment of all mass isotopomers of
the nucleosides was analyzed by selected ion monitoring of the negative
chemical ionization mass spectrum and the labeling pattern.was deconvoluted by
reference to the enrichment pattern of the tracer material. We found a-distinct
difference in the 13C enrichment pattern between pyrimidine and purine
nucleosides; the isotopic enrichment of uniformly labeled CM + 91 isotopomers
of pyrimidines exceeded that of purines EM + 101 by > 2 orders of magnitude in
the avian nuc

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1 of 12
TI: Estimates of the effect of feeding on whole-body protein degradation in
women vary with the amino acid used as tracer.
AU: Berthold—HK; Jahoor-F; Klein—RD; Reeds—PJ
AD: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
SO: J-Nutr. 4995 Oct; 125(10): 2516-27
This source is Available in S.J.M.C Library
Call Number: From :~~1969+
LA: ENGLISH
AB: We measured how feeding status affects the kinetics of multiple
indispensable amino acids in four adult female subjects studied both in fed and
pasted state. The subjects ingested one dose of uniformly 13C-labeled algae
\Spirulina platensis). The isotopic enrichments (measured with negative
chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) of the branched chain
amino acids, phenylalanine, lysine and threonine were followed for 24 h in both
the plasma and in VLDL-apolipoprotein B--100 (apoB-100). Fasting lowered body
protein degradation when measured with the branched chain amino acids,
increased it when measured with phenylalanine and had no statistically
significant effect when determined from the kinetics of lysine and threonine.
These apparent differences challenge the adequacy of current models of
whole—body protein turnover. The ratio of the peak labeling of amino acids in
plasma and apoB-100 was used as an estimate of the isotopic dilution in the
hepatic pool. In contrast to our earlier observations during intravenous tracer
amino acid . administration, in the present study fasting lowered the ratio of
the peak isotopic enrichments of apoB-100 and plasma amino acids. This supports
our contention that feeding increases the use of hepatic portal amino acids for
hepatic secretory protein synthesis.
2 of 12
TI: Sequence of the gamma-subunit of SfiiruXina platensis: a new principle of
fthiol modulation of F0F1 ATP synthase?
hU : Steinemann-D; Lill-H
AD: Universitat Osnabruck, Fachb, Biologie/Chemie, Abt. Biophysik, Germany.
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1995 Jun 1; 1230(1-2): 86-90.
this source is not Available in S.J.M„C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The gene encoding the gamma subunit of Spirulina platensis F0F1, the
relative of the chloroplast Fl subunit responsible for thiol activation, has
been cloned and sequenced. As in other cyanobacteria, a specific couple of
cysteines like those involved in thiol modulation of the chloroplast enzyme was
not found. Instead, two cysteine residues were identified in the Spirulina
subunit at positions unique amongst all so far sequenced gamma subunits.
Involvement of these cysteines in the thiol-modulation of the Spirulina enzyme
reported before (Hicks and Yocum (1986) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 245, 230-237,
and Lerma and Gomez-Lojero (1987) Fhotosynth. Res. 11, 265-277) would manifest
a re-invention of a regulatory mechanism.
3 of 12
Tl: Elnhibitive effects of spirulina on aberrant crypts in colon induced by
dimethyl hydrazine]
AU: Chen-F; Zhang-Q

AD: Hecgya'ng Medical College, Hengyang Hunan.
SO: Chung-Hua-Yu-Fang-I-Hsueh-Tsa-Chih. 1995 Jan; 29(1): 13-7
this source is not Available in S. J . M . C .Library
LA: CHINESE; NON-ENGLISH
AB: Precancerous pathological changes of colon was induced by single injection
in a short-term and multiple injection in a long-term intraperitoneally with
1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in NIH mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. And,
protective effects of spirulina, germanium-132 and vitamin E on colon aberrant
crypts induced by DMH were observed. Results showed either single injection or
multiple injection with DMH could induce aberrant crypts in colon. The number
of aberrant crypts scattered by short-term single injection was less than thats
by multiple one, and less of the aberrant crypts foci were formed by short-term
single injection. Spirulina powder, germanium-132 and vitamin E all could
inhibit the function of aberrant crypts of colon. In the ninth week during
multiple injection with DMH, a lot of aberrant crypts of colon had been
induced, and a certain amount of aberrant crypts foci had been generated. The
number of aberrant crypts and aberrant crypts' foci in the animals with tumor
increased with the length of DMH injection. In the ninth-, 13th- and 16th-week,
respectively, the number of aberrant crypts and aberrant crypts' foci was
Significantly less in animals protected by spirulina than in positive controls
TP < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between them during 21stand 24th-week of injections.
4 of 12
TI: A novel human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6KK) with rapid growth in
serum-free medium without extracellular matrix.
AU: Shinohara-K; Kong-ZL; Nagamine-K; Shiraishi-M; Murakami-H
AD: National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan.
SD: Agric-Biol-Chem. 1990 Oct; 54(10): 2599-603
this source is not Available in S.J■M■C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: A novel human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6KK) with a high growth rate in
a serum-free medium without extracellular matrix was developed from an original
one, HuH-6 cl5 (HuH). The original HuH cells (38 passages) did not proliferate
well in RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% fetal calf serum (FCS). The HuH cells
(HuH—6KK) with a high growth rate were selected by culturing them in an
enriched RDF containing 207. FCS and 0.017. mucous polysaccharide (spirulinan)
isolated from a blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa. The HuH-6KK cells showed a
hapid growth in serum-free eRDF medium containing insulin, transferrin,
ethanolamine, and selenite (eRDF-ITES medium) without fibronectin. The
proliferation of the original HuH cells was also observed in the eRDF-ITES
medium, but the growth was slow compared with the HuH-6KK cells. In the medium
without ITES, the growth of the HuH-6KK and original HuH cells'was slow. Among
the ITES ingredients, insulin promoted the growth of HuH-6KK cells the most.
5 of 12
TI: Isolation, crystal 1ization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of
allophycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis at 2.3 A
resolution.
AU: Brejc-K; Ficner-R; Huber-R; Steinbacher—S
AD: Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
SO: J-Mol-Biol. 1995 Jun 2; 249(2): 424-40
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The phycobiliprotein allophycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis has been isolated and crystallized. The crystals belong to space
group P6(3)22 with cell constants a = b = 101.9 A, c = 130.6 A, alpha = beta =
90 degrees, gamma = 120 degrees, with one (alpha beta) monomer in the
asymmetric unit. The three-dimensiona 1 structure of the (alpha beta) monomer
was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement. The crystal structure has been

re-fined in a cyclic manner by energy-restrained crystallographic refinement and
model building. The conventional crystallographic R-factor of the -final model
is 19.6% with data from 9.0 to 2.3 A. The molecular structure o-f the subunits
resembles other solved phycobiliprotein structures. In comparison to
C-phycocyanin and b-phycoerythrin the major differences arise from deletions
and insertions of segments involved in the protein-chromophore interactions.
The stereochemistry of the alpha 94 and beta 94 chiral atoms are C(2)-R, C(3)—R
and C(31>—R. The configuration (C(4)—Z, 6(10)—Z and C(15)—Z) and the
conformation (C(5)-anti, C(9)-syn and C(14)-anti) are equal for both
chromophores.

6 of 12
Occurrence of inosine kinase as a distinct enzyme in Spirulina platensis.
Ipata-PLj Gualerzi-C; Scolozzi-C; Tozzi-MG; Trinei-M; Barsacchi-D
Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Universita di Pisa, Italy.
Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun. 1995 Apr 17; 209(2): 547-53
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Among a series of purine nucleesides, 'inosine was found to be
phosphorylated at the highest rate by crude extracts of the cyanobacterium
Hpirulina platensis. The inosine phosphorylating activity could be separated
from hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. This result shows that
IMP formation may occur via the direct phosphorylation of inosine at its
5'-position, rather than via inosine phosphorolysis, followed by hypoxanthine
phosphoribosylation, and provides unequivocal evidence for the occurrence of
inosine kinase in nature.
TI:
AU:
ADs
SO:

7 of 12
TI: Denaturing behavior of glutathione reductase from cyanobacterium Spirulina
maxima in guanidine hydrochloride.
AU: Rendon-JL; Pardo—JP; Mendoza-Hernandez-G; Rojo—Dominguez—A;
Hernandez—Arana—A
AD: Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad .Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, DF.
SO: Arch-Biochem-Biophys. 1995 Apr 20; 319(2): 264-70
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The influence of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) on glutathione reductase
prom Spirulina maxima has been studied by measuring the changes in enzymatic
activity, protein fluorescence, circular dichroism, thiol groups accessibility,
and gel filtration chromatography. It was found that the denaturation process
involves several intermediate states. At low, Gdn-HCl concentrations (Cm = 0.4
M), reductase activity was fully lost. However, below 3 M Gdn-HCl, this
inhibition was freely reversible upon removal of the denaturing agent. Gel
filtration experiments revealed that this reversible inhibition was not due to
dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme. Structural studies strongly suggest that
the conformation of this intermediate state' is similar to that of native
enzyme. A model in which a local region of the polypeptide chain assumes an
extended conformation (D. T. Haynie, and E. Freire, Proteins 16,115-140) is
proposed for the reversibly inactivated enzyme. Between 3 and 4 M Gdn-HCl (Cm =
3.5), the enzyme activity was irreversibly lost, this inhibition being
concomitant with the loss of ellipticity, changes in both wavelength and
intensity at the maximum of fluorescence emission, and dissociation of the
enzyme into unfolded monomers; these results reveal that gross changes in the
protein conformation occur under these conditions. At 4 M Gdn-HCl an
equilibrium exists between the denatured forms of dimer and monomer, which is
completely shifted toward the unfolded monomers at 5 M Gdn-HCl. Irreversibi1ity
in the Gdn-HCl-induced denaturation of S. maxima glutathione reductase was not
due to aggregation of the unfolded enzyme.

8 of 12

TI: Nutritional value of the alga Spirulina.
AU: Dillon-JC; Phuc-AP; Dubacq-JP
AD: Institut National Agronomique, Nutrition Humaine, Paris, France.
SO: *
World-Rev-Nutr-Diet
1995; 77: 32-46
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
9 of 12
TI: Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis.
AU: Hayashi-O; Katoh-T; Okuwaki-Y
AD: Department of Health and Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado,
Japan.
SO: J-Nutr-Sci-Vitaminol-Tokyo. 1994 Oct; 40(5): 431-41
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
..•.LA: ENGLISH
11 AB: Mice fed a Spirulina piatensis diet showed increased numbers of splenic
7 antibody-producing cells in the primary immune response to sheep red blood
/ cells (SRBC). However, immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibody production’ in the
J^condary immune response was hardly affected. The percentage of phagocytic
^Tells in peritoneal macrophages from the mice fed S. platensis diet, as well as
the proliferation of spleen cells by either concanavalin A (Con A) or
phytohemagglutinin (PHAk was significantly increased. Addition of a hot-water
extract of S. platensis (SHW) to an in vitro culture of spleen cells markedly
increased proliferation of these cells, whereas culture of thymus cells was
scarcely affected. The Spirulina extract also significantly enhanced
interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from peritoneal macrophages. Addition to the in
vitro spleen cell culture of SHW as well as the supernatant of macrophages
stimulated with SHW resulted in enhancement of antibody production, that is, an
increase of the number of PFC. These results suggest that Spirulina enhances
the immune response, particularly the primary response, by stimulating
macrophage functions, phagocytosis, and IL-1 production.

I

10 of 12
TI: Electrochemical study of the redox properties of E2Fe-2SJ ferredoxins.
Evidence for superreduction of the Rieske C2Fe-2SJ cluster.
AU: Verhagen-MF; Link-TA; Hagen-WR
AD: Department of Biochemistry, Wageningen Agricultural University, The
Netherlands.
"□: FEBS-Lett. 1995 Mar 13; 361(1): 75-8
this source is not Available in S . J ■ M . C,. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Direct, unmediated electrochemistry has been used to compare the redox
properties of C2Fe-2SJ clusters in spinach ferredoxin, Spirulina platensis
ferredoxin and the water soluble fragment of the Rieske protein. The use of
electrochemistry enabled, for the first time, the observation of the second
reduction step, CFe(III)’ Fe(11)1 to CFe(II), Fe(II)J, in a biological C2Fe-2SJ
system. A water-soluble fragment of the Rieske protein from bovine heart bcl
complex exhibits two subsequent quasi-reversible responses in cyclic
voltammetry on activated glassy carbon. In contrast the ferredoxins from
spinach and Spirulina platensis only show one single reduction potential. These
results support a seniority scheme for biological iron-sulfur clusters related
cluster size to electron transfer versatility. Electrochemical reduction of
spinach ferredoxin in the presence of NADP+ and ferredoxin: NADP+
oxidoreductase results in the generation of NADPH. The second order rate
constant for the reaction between the ferredoxin and the reductase was
estimated from cyclic voltammetry experiments to be 7 3.10(5) M-l.s-1.

11
TI: Comparison of freeze-dried and extruded Spirulina platensis as yolk

of 12

pigmenting agents.
AU; Ross-E; Puapong-DP; Cepeda-FP; Patterson-PH
AD: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822.
SO: Poult-Sci.' 1994 Aug; 73(8): 1282-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Experiment 1 was an 8—wk study with Japanese quail fed 0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, and
,4.OX of freeze-dried spirulina or the dry equivalent of fresh spirulina
extruded with corn. Experiment 2 was a 16-wk repeat of Experiment 1 using
levels of 0, .25, .5, 1.0, and 2.07. spirul ina. In the third experiment, corn,
barley, and cassava were extruded with fresh spirulina equal to IX of the dried
product, and each feedstuff fed with 17. freeze-dried spirul ina. Four replicates
of five quail were assigned to each treatment. Yolk color increased with
increasing dietary levels of spirulina in Experiment 1. There also was a
consistent increase in yolk color with freeze-dried spirulina compared with the
extruded spiru1ina. This pattern was also seen in Experiment 2. In addition,
eggs from quail fed the extruded corn control diet had markedly lower yolk
scores than those from quail fed the untreated corn control diet. The mean
Roche yolk color score of eggs from quail fed corn, barley, or cassava extruded
^ith spirulina was 5.91, 3.55, and 6.70, respectively. These values were
respectively 1.41, 1.89, and 4.06 units greater than the corresponding control
values.
TI: Replacement value of blue-green alga (Spirulina platensis) for fishmeal and
a vitamin—mineral premix for broiler chicks.
AU: Venkataraman-LV; Somasekaran-T; Becket—EW
AD: Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Central Food Technological Research
Institute, Mysore, India.
SO: Br-Poult-Sci. 1994 Jul; 35(3): 373-81
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: 1. The effect of sun-dried Spirulina platensis in poultry diets was studied
in a 12-week. feeding trial by replacing either fishmeal (FM) or groundnut cake
(GO in a commercial diet with algae at isonitrogenous concentrations of 140
g/kg and 170 g/kg respectively. Additional vitamins/minerals were omitted from
the algal diets because Spirulina is rich in them. 2. Efficiency of food
utilisation, protein efficiency ratio and dressing percentage indicated that
Substitution of FM or GC by alga did not affect the performance of broilers. 3.
None of the diets affected the weights, compositions and histopathology of the
various organs of the chicks. 4. Meat quality remained unchanged except for a
more intense colour in the case of birds fed on the alga—containing diets.

Si IverPlatter

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1994

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1 of 5
TI: Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Spirulina
platensis.
AUs Lanfaloni-L; Cappanna-E; Gualerzi-CO
AD: Institute of Cell Biology, University of Perugia, Italy.
SO,: Microbioloqica . 1994 Apr; 17(2): 133-40
this source is not■Available in S.J■M■C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Three chlorate-resistant mutants of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
were obtained by UV irradiation and one of them (LL1) was further characterized
for its nutritional requirements and for the capacity to reduce nitrate in vivo
and in vitro. The results indicate that mutation leading to chlorate resistance
fee not due to inactivation of nitrate reductase but is most likely due to the
ioss of permeability to chlorate and nitrate. The other two mutants seem to
have properties similar to those of LL1.
2 of 5
TI: Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding an esterase from
Spirulina platensis.
AU: Salvi—S; Trinei—M; Lanfaloni—L; Pon—CL
AD: Department of Biology MCA, University of Camerino, Italy.
SO: Mol-Ben-Genet. 1994 Apr; 243(1): 124-6
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The gene encoding a 23 kDA serine esterase from the cyanobacterium
Spirulina platensis has been identified, cloned, characterized and expressed in
Escherichia colli The primary structure of the esterase deduced from the DNA
sequence displayed 327. sequence identity with the carboxylesterase (esterase
II) encoded by estB of Pseudomonas fluorescens; the highest degree of homology
is found in a stretch of 11 identical or highly conserved amino acid residues
corresponding to the GXSXG consensus motif found m the catalytic site of many
Berine proteases, lipases and esterases.

3 of 5
Obtaining axenic cultures of filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina.
Thacker-SP; Kothari-RM; Ramamurthy-V
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology and Thapar Corporate Research
Development Centre Patiala, India.
Biotechniques. 1994 Feb; 16(2): 216-7
this source is not Available in S.J■M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH

TI:
AU:
AD:
and
SO:

4 of 5
TI: Adaptation of a strain of Spirulina platensis to grow in cobalt- and
iodine-enriched media.
AU: Singh-Y; Kumar-HD
AD: Department of Botany, Bananas Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
SO: J-Appl-Bacteriol. 1994 Feb; 76(2): 149-54
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Cobalt- and iodide-enriched (adapted, tolerant) strains of the .protein-rich
cyanobacterium , Spirulina platensis, were produced by repeated sub-culturing in

increasing concentrations of the two trace elements. The strains enriched with
cobalt and iodide showed higher uptake of these elements than the controls. The
LD50 values for the parent and cobalt—adapted strains were 95 and 231 mumol 1-1
C02+, respective!
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country and/or by International Convention.

'

1 of 2
Marked in Search: #11
TI: Adaptation of a strain of Spirulina platensis to grow in cobalt- and
iodine-enriched media.
AU: Singh-Y; Kumar-HD
AD: Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
SO: J-Appl-Bacteriol. 1994 Feb; 76(2): 149-54
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0021-8847
Y: 1994
at&mglish

CP: ENGLAND
AB: Cobalt- and .iodide-enriched (adapted, tolerant) strains of the protein-rich
cyanobacterium, Spirulina-olatensis, were produced by repeated sub-culturing in
increasing concentrations of the two trace elements. The strains enriched with
cobalt and iodide showed higher uptake of these elements than the controls. The
LD50 values for the parent and cobalt-adapted strains were 95 and 231 mumol 1-1
C02+, respectively. Likewise, the LD50 values for parent and iodide-adapted
strains were 12 and 42 mmol 1-1 I—. The carotenoid:chiorophyl1 a ratio of the
parent strains increased after cobalt addition. The cobalt-adapted strain
showed a much higher ratio than the cobalt-grown parent (sensitive) cells which
remained unchanged after cobalt addition. Intracellular C02+ uptake by the
cells was concentration-dependent and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with
saturation in uptake occurring in the parent and adapted strains at 126 and 189
mumol 1-1 Co2+, respectively. At saturating concentrations, the maximum C02+
uptake was 39.73 and 158.43 nmol C02+ mg-1 protein, respectively for the parent
and adapted strains. The adapted strain also showed greater cobalt adsorption.
The Km of intracellular C02+ uptake was lower in the case of-adapted cells as
iompared with the parent, whereas Vmax showed an opposite trend. Thus, the
dapted cells appear to be more efficient than the parent strain in
intracellular uptake of cobalt. Differences between kinetic constants of both
the strains suggest that the strains may be physiologically different.
Likewise, iodide uptake was significantly higher in iodide-adapted cells than
in controls.
MESH: ^Adaptation,-Physiological; fcBacterial-Proteins-physiology;
*Cobalt-metabolism; *
Cyanobacteria-physiology ; *lodides-metabolism
PT: JOURNAL-ARTICLE
RN: 0; 0; 0; 7440-48-4
NM: spirulina; Bacterial-Proteins; Iodides; Cobalt
AN: 94193491
UD: 9407
2 of 2
Marked in Search: #11
TI: ESEEM studies of the iron-sulphur clusters of succinate dehydrogenase in
Arum maculatum spadix mitochondrial membranes.
AU: Shergill-JK; Cammack-R
AD: Centre for the Study of Metals in Biology and Medicine, King's College,
London, UK.
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1994 Mar 29; 1185(1): 43-9
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
ISSN: 0006-3002

F'Y: 1994
LA: ENGLISH
CP: NETHERLANDS
AB: We have per-formed ESEEM spectroscopy in order to obtain structural
information about the environment of the E2Fe-2S3 cluster and the E3Fe~4SJ
cluster of succinate dehydrogenase (Centres 1 and 3, respectively) in intact
Arum maculatum mitochondrial membranes. Both iron-sulphur clusters showed
modulations indicative of 14N in the three-pulse echo decay envelopes. We have
estimat

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Subscription and License Agreement and the applicable Copyright and
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country and/or by International Convention.
1 of 11
Distribution of types of microbial mats at the Ebro Delta, Spain.
Guerrero-R; Urmeneta-J; Rampone-G
Department of Microbiology, University' of Barcelona, Spain.
Biosystems. 1993; 31(2-3>: 135-44
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The distribution and types of microbial mats of the tbro Delta (Catalonia,
Spain) are described. The studied area is La Banya spit, formed by a narrow
sand bar and a peninsula, located south of the main body of the Ebro Delta. Sea
water can penetrate into the back shore through channel inlets, cutting the
B eper coastal bai rier of the open sea side of the; spit or through the complex
drainage channel system of the low-energy beaches in the inner Alfacs Bay. Sea
water can stay in the back shore almost permanently, trapped in isolated
depressions and lagoons. The surface distribution of microbial mats in La Banya
spit has been studied by means of a detailed interpretation of vertical aerial
photographs and field work consisting of mapping and sampling. The observed
different ratios of cyanobacteria, as well as the presence and thickness of the
layers of anoxygenic sulfur phototrophic bacteria, depend on the moisture
content, the system stability, and the age of the microbial mat. Lyngbya,
□soillatoria, and Spirulina are the first cyanobacteria able to colonize the
bare sediment. Lyngbya dominates in young microbial mats and in mats exposed to
frequent desiccation. Microcoleus is the second most important colonist in the
microbial succession. In relation to water, the alternation of emergence and
submergence is optimal for the maximal development of Microcoleus-domiriated
microbial mats. We classify the microbial mats of the Ebro Delta into five main
types: (i) Lyngbya—dominated type, in which the anoxygenic phototrophic
bacteria are absent and the black layer of sulfate-reducers is very thin; (ii)
Spirulina-daminated type; (iii) Oscillatoria-dominated type, which is found
only at one site and covers a small area—this type, like the Spirulina-type
Bat, is not common in the Ebro. Delta; <iv) Lyngbya/Microcoleus-transition type,
in which Microcoleus and Lyngbya coexist in similar proportions—in the more
developed mats of this group a layer of purple bacteria is usually present, and
the black layer of sulfate-reducers is usually also well developed; and (v)
Microcoleus-dominated type—in La Banya spit, this type is found in localities
with relatively stable conditions. These areas are wet during most of the year.
After appropriate conditions of diagenesis, the most highly developed microbial
mats may be preserved as laminated hard sediments. The field study has been
completed with cultivation, isolation, and identification of the main
cyanobacterial genera under laboratory conditions.
TIs
AU:
AD:
SO:

2 of 11
TI: Effect of inorganic phosphate on the self-associating properties of
glutathione reductase from Spirulina maxima.
AU: Rendon-JL; Mendcza-Hernandez-G
AD: Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional
Autonoma de Mexico, D.F. Mexico.
SO: Biochem-Mol-Biol-Int. 1993 Nov; 31(4): 701-8
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: In the presence of millimolar concentrations of inorganic phosphate, native
Spirulina maxima glutathione reductase (NADCP1H:GSSG oxidoreductase EC

1-6.4.2.) changes its aggregation state. The oligomeric structure of the enzyme
was notably dependent upon phosphate molarity, ranging from a dimer-tetramer
equilibrium at relatively low phosphate concentrations into a tetramer-octamer
equilibrium at moderate or high phosphate concentrations . In spite of the
changes in quaternary structure, the tetramer remains as the most stable and
abundant species. Sodium chloride solutions were not able to produce a similar
effect, thus discarding an unspecific ionic strength effect,

3 of 11
TI: The chromosomal location of genes for elongation factor Tu and ribosomal
protein S10 in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis provides clues to the
ancestral organization of the str and S10 operons in prokaryotes.
AU: Sanangelantoni-AM; Tiboni-0
AD: Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia A. Buzzati—Traverse, Universita di
Pavia, Italy.
SO: J-Gen—Microbiol . 1993 Nov; 139 ( Pt 11): 2579-84
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: From:1955-1977
B.:; ENGLISH
hE: The structural gene (rpslO) encoding ribosomal protein S10 of the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been localized both on chromosomal DNA
and the previously characterized recombinant plasmid pSp7 harbouring the
3'—terminal portion of the gene for elongation factor G (fus) and the gene for
elongation factor Tu (tuf). Alignment of the predicted S10 sequence of S.
platensis with the homologous sequences from cyanelles, bacteria, archaea and
eukarya showed that the cyanobacterial S10 shares a high degree of sequence
homology (74% amino acid identity) with the cyanellar protein. Unlike the
situation in Escherichia coli, the rpslO gene of S. plantensis is unlinked to
the S10 operon genes, being adjacent to the str operon genes. Since a similar
organization could be observed in cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa and in all
archaea so far analysed, this probably represents the ancestral state.

4 of 11
Trimeric forms of the photosystem I reaction center complex pre-exist in
membranes of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Shubin-VV; Tsuprun-VL; Bezsmertnaya-IN; Karapetyan-NV
A.N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
FEBS-Lett. 1993 Nov S; 334(1): 79-S2
this source is not Available in S■J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Oligomeric and monomeric forms of chlorophy11-protein complexes of
photosystem I (PSI) have been isolated from the mesophilic cyanobacterium
Spirulina E(1992) FEBS Lett. 309, 340-3423. Electron microscopic analysis of
the complexes showed that the oligomeric form is a trimer of. the shape and
dimensions similar to those of the trimer from thermophilic cyanobacteria. The
chlorophyl ratio in the isolated trimer and monomer was found to be 7:3. The
trimeric form of PSI complex in contrast to the monomeric one contains the
chlorophyll emitting at 760 nm (77K), which is also found in Spirulina
membranes and therefore could be used as an intrinsic probe for the trimeric
complex. The 77K circular dichroism spectrum of the trimeric form is much more
similar to that of Spirulina membranes than the spectrum of the monomer. Thus,
the trimeric PSI complexes exist and dominate in the Spirulina membranes.

TI:
the
AU:
AD:
Bu:

5 of 1 1
TI: Iron status and growth of rats fed different dietary iron sources.
AU: Kapoor-R; Mehta-U
AD: Department of Foods and Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Haryana, India.
SO: Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1993 Jul; 44(1): 29-34
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library

, LA: ENGLISH .
ABs The present study was carried out to investigate the availability of iron
•from spirulina, whole wheat, whole egg and standard -Ferrous sulphate in terms
o-F haemoglobin -Formation, serum and tissue iron levels. Male albino Wistar rats
were -First depleted of iron by giving low—iron diet <9 ppm) and bleeding 1—2 ml
blood at weekly intervals -For a period o-F 21 days. The anaemic rats were
' repleted with iron sources at a level o-F 35 ppm -for 21 days. Rats receiving
I whole egg gained significantly (p < 0.01) higher weight than the rest o-f the
three groups. The increase in haemoglobin was significantly, higher with ferrous
sulphate than with whole wheat (p < 0.05), spirulina and whole egg (p < 0.01).
Feeding of ferrous sulphate, whole egg and spirulina produced significantly
higher tissue iron levels than feeding of whole wheat. Thus, availability of
iron from spirulina and whole egg were found to be comparable to that of the
standard.
6 of 11
i TI : Preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fatty liver induced by a
-Fructose-rich diet in the rat, a preliminary report.
: Gonz a 1 e z -de-Rivera-C; Miranda-Zamora-R; Diaz-Zagoya-JC; Juarez-Oropeza-MA
AD: Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico, D.F.
SO: Life-Sci. 1993; 53(1): 57-61
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Cyanobacteria Spirulina maxima from Texcoco Lake in Mexico was administered
as a 57. component of a purified diet, to Wistar rats together with a high
percentage of fructose (607.) and its effect on several lipid fractions of
plasma and liver was studied and compared to those of rats fed purified diets
containing 60% of glucose or 607. of fructose. A preventive effect of Spirul ina
maxima on the fructose-induced increase of the liver triglycerides level was
observed together with an elevation of the phospholipid concentration in this
tissue. On bhe other hand Spirulina maxima produced a plasma cholesterol level
even lower than that observed in the control group.
7 of 11
TI: On the activation mechanism of the H(+)-ATP synthase and unusual
thermodynamic properties in the alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina
jlatensis.
: Bakels-RH; van-Wa1raven-HS; Krab-K; Scholts-MJ; Kraayenhof-R
AD: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
SO: Eur—J—Biochem. 1993 May 1; 213(3): 957—64
This source is Available only few issues in S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: From: 1967-1975
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The activation requirements and thermodynamic characteristics of ATP
synthase from the alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were studied
in coupled membrane vesicles. Activation by methanol increased the Vtnax, while
the Km for.MgATP was unaffected (0.7 mH). We propose that in Sp. platensis, as
in chloroplasts, the activating effect of methanal is based on .perturbation of
the gamma-epsiIon subunit interaction. Light-driven ATP synthesis by membrane
vesicles of Sp. platensis was stimulated by dithiothreitol. The characteristics
of the activation of the ATP synthase by the proton electrochemical potential
difference (delta mu H+) were analyzed on the basis of the uncoupled rates of
ATP hydrolysis as a function of a previously applied proton gradient. Two
values of delta mu H+, at which 507. of the enzyme is active, were found; 13-14
kJ.mol-1 for untreated membrane vesicles, and 4-8 kj.mol-l for 1ight-treated
and dithiothreitol-treated membrane vesicles. These values are lower than the
corresponding values for the oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of the
chloroplast tenzyme. Although no bulk proton gradient could be observed,
membrane vesicles of Sp. platensis were able to maintain an equilibrium

phosphate potential (delta Gp) of 40—43.5 kJ.mol-1, comparable to values found
for Synechococcus 6716 and Anabaena 7120 membrane vesicles.
Acid/base-transition experiments showed that the thermodynamic threshold, delta
mu H+, for ATP synthesis, catalyzed by light-treated and dithiothreitol-treated
Spirulina membrane vesicles, was less than 5 kJ.mol-1. The activation
characteristics and the low thermodynamic threshold allow ATP synthesis to
occur at low delta mu H+ values. The findings are discussed, both with respect
to differences and similarities with the enzymes from chloroplasts and other
cyanobacteria, and with respect to the alkalophilic properties of Sp.
platensis.

8 of 11
TI: Biosynthesis of eukaryotic lipid molecular species by the cyanobacterium
Spirulina platensis.
AU: Quoc-KP; Dubacq-JP; Justin-AM; Demandre-C; Mazliak-P
AD: Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, C.N.R.S., U.R.A.
1180, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1993 May 20; 1168(1): 94-9
B
this source is not Available in S . J .. M . C . Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: This report brings evidence that a prokaryotic photosynthetic organism can
synthesize eukaryotic molecular species of glycerolipids. When Spirulina
platensis PCC 8005 was supplemented with oleic acid, the sum of the percentages
of 18 carbon (CIS) fatty acids in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), the
major lipid class, became largely higher than 50 mol%. This was absolutely
unexpected from the well-known structure of cyanobacterial lipids. In these
organisms, C18 fatty acids usually account for less than 50 mol7. because they
are esterified on carbon 1 of the glycerol, exclusively. This classical feature
was 99% confirmed in control as well as in palmi.tate-supplemented cultures. The
major molecular species of MGDG, which resulted from the different
distributions of fatty acids on carbons 1’and 2 of glycerol, were 018/016 type,
belonging to the so-called "prokaryotic" type of lipids. By contrast, the
molecular species of MGDG from oleate-supplemented cultures consisted of only
74 mol7. of C18/C16 and the complementary 26 molZ were 018/018, the so-called
"eukaryotic" type of lipids. Furthermore, such C18/C18 lipids were also
evidenced as traces (< 17.) in control cultures. These results underline the
fact that the fatty acid specificity of 1-monoacy1glycerol-3-phosphateBcyl'transferase (in Spirul ina) is not as absolute as the widely accepted
concept of prokaryotic lipid would suggest. Oleate, supplemented at high
concentration, can be compelled to act as a substrate for the acyl transferase
and this results in the appearance of C18/C18 "eukaryotic" lipids in a
prokaryotic organism.
9 of 11
TI: Effect of supplementation of blue green alga (Spirulina) on outcome of
pregnancy in rats.
AU: Kapoor—R; Mehta-U
AD: Department of Foods and Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
India.
SO: Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1993 Jan; 43(1): 29-35
this source is not Available in S.J.M.0.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: To .study the supplementary effect of Spirulina, pregnant rats were fed 5
different kinds of diets (casein, Spirulina, wheat gluten, Spirulina + wheat
gluten, Spirulina-without additional vitamins and minerals), each providing 227.
protein during the period of pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy was assessed
from litter and dams' weight and litter size. Maternal weight gain was found to
be maximum with Spirulina + wheat gluten and least with the wheat gluten diet.
Rats receiving Spirulina containing diets produced significantly (p < 0.05)
hioher litter size than those receiving casein and wheat gluten. In spite of

having higher litter size, Spirulina containing diet groups produced pups with
ybirth weights comparable to those of casein. Spirulina appears to be a good
|dietary supplement during pregnancy.

10 o f 11
TI: Utilization of beta-carotene from Spirulina platensis by rats.
AU: Kapoor—R; Mehta-U
AD: Department of Foods & Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
India.
SO: Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1993 Jan; 43(1): 1-7
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The availability of beta-carotene from Spirulina as compared to standard
.all trans beta-carotene was studied by the liver and kidney vitamin A storage
method. After 21 days of vitamin A depletion, the rats were repleted with
beta-carotene from Spirulina and a standard source at two dietary levels (60
and 120 micrograms/day) for a 10 day period. At lower levels, the liver storage
levels of vitamin A and the percent of beta-carotene absorption were comparable
those of the standard. At higher levels both these parameters of the
Spirulina fed group were significantly (P < 0.01) inferior to the standard
source fed group. However, the Spirulina fed group showed better (P <. 0.05)
growth than the standard fed group did at both low and high levels of feeding.
11 of 11
)TI: Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in
, adult male rats fed a choline-deficient diet.
AU: Jenkins-MY; Sheikh-NM; Mitchell-GV; Grundel-E; Blakely-SR; Carter-CJ
' AD: Division of Nutrition, Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and
• Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204.
’ SD; Nutr—Cancer. 1993; 19(1): 55-65
this source is not Available in S.J.M.C.Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: In a study of the effects of carotenoids, canthaxanthin (CA),
beta-apo-8'-carotenal (BA), or beta-carotene in an extract of
Spirul ina-Dunal iel la algae (AE) was fed at 0“X, 0.17., or 0.27. in a
choline-deficient (CD) diet. In each of eight groups, 10 adult male Fischer 344
rats were fed diets with designated carotenoid sources and levels or a
Mfeholine—sufficient diet for 12 weeks. Carotenoids altered some of the changes
induced by the CD diet. Increases in enlargement of fatty livers and low plasma
cholesterol levels occurred in rats fed 0.27. BA. Plasma retinol was further
reduced 357. by BA or AE. BA and AE increased liver total vitamin A about 807.
and 305'Z, respectively. Liver lipid peroxidation was enhanced and plasma
alpha-tocopherol was reduced furthe

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' Food and Nutrition
» Spiruiina • Production & Potential
by Ripley D. Fox. 1998. Pub by Editions Edieud, La Calade, R.M.7. 13090 Aix-en-Province,
France Tef 42216144; Fax: 42215620.

Tumor compounds

Coconut ,Qii
Unsaturated fats

Food colcring

This book gives the most complete
consulted by health authorities end
ije used as z teaching text tn univer
popularly kno
*
requirements and methods far mam
scoie industrial farms). Health bene
combatting malnutrition Giant farm;
supplement tor the millions of melnc
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Spiruiina

* .Afgeeufwa; Spiraling. h&p® for * hungry wedd. by Ripley o. Fox. 1985. Pub. by Edleud, ZMxen-Pravince, France (in French).

Svlrullna and
Cholesterol

« Current knowledge an potential health benefits of ^rulina, by Amha Belay end Yoshimlchl
Ota 19&3. Pud. in Journal oi Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.

Spiruiina and
Cancer

Spiruiina is a microscopic algae, produced commercially and sold as a food supplement around
the world. Until recently,’interest inaplfuthrt wa-1 mainly in Ire nutritive value. This ie a critical
review of data on therapeutic effects of Spiruiina, ranging from reduction oi cholesterol and cancer
io enhancing the immune eyotern. increasing imeetinel leciobec-ilil. reducing nephrotoxicity by
heavy metals and drugs, and radiation protection.

Health and Spiruiina

Cigtoss and
Spiruiina

&mi mLswdtw and
spiruiina

* Health Benefits ef Spiruiina. by Denies Fox 1993. In Spiruiina. Algas of Life, April 199-3
Suiielin fin. 12. Pub. fay institute Oceanographique, Monaco.

• Large seals nutritional supplementation with spiruiina alga, by C.V. Seshadrt. 1993. All Indie
Coordinated Project on Spiruiina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chetliar Research Center (MCRC)
Madras, India.

Food, Nutrition and Spirulina

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* Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food, fay Alan Jassfay. 1983. In Algae and
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This is an evaluation of the food potential of micmalgse using proven technology. Mumerous
examples of traditional use of inland microalgae are cited from more than 15 countries. The
nutritional aspects oi' spirulina stand out. Spiruiina’s safety for human consumption, food
applications, economic and environmental aspects, world spfrutfmi production, production costs
and therapeutic applications are reviewed. How micraaigse can address world hunger problems is
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9 Spirulina, the edible organism, by Grip Cifern. 1-993. In Microbiological Reviews, Dec 1993. 651-578.
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in depth review of the history, biology, cherriieiry and potential of Spiruima as a human end animal food.
Subjects: tax r .
ph s
■ h h------ . c heroic
Tropacitiun, production, nutrition and t. . • : •
prospects for use as a food source.

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LIQUA SPIRULINA®
« All-natural energy booster o Glycogen - delivers a quick
source of energy.
• Naturally controls your appetite and cravings for sugar.
• 18 amino acids including 8 essential amino acids.
• Spindina is about 65% hi-quality protein.
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Liqua Spirufiua is the energy booster of the Re-Vita product line. Naturally, spiru
provides the highest nutrition from a. single plant source known to man. Spiraling
ancient plant form one cell wide, stacked end-to-end in spirals. Its cell walls an
protein in structure, unlike most plants with walls of cellulose, an (indigestible fo
carbohydrate. Spiraiina protein, however, is highly assimilatable..

Spitidina contains protein, 18 amino acids, including tire eight essential
xi
amino acids, most vitamins and minerals, and beta carotene. Plus, unlike
p«
most plants, spinitina stores its energy as pure glycogen, which tire body
can instantly convert into energy for better performance and stamina.
Research indicates that Spiralina may be helpful when used by athletes to
increase circulation and stimulate the production of adrenaline and
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because it is compact, high in protein mid an instant source of nourishment.
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Liqua Spiralina - Energy Boosting Nutrition from Nature

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Spirulina ... Food of the Future
Based on current production figures, an acre of spirulina can produce twenty time
protein than an acre of soybeans, suggesting that spirulina boasts the highest photi
efficiency of any known plant. Perhaps diet explains spirulina's extraordinary abi
produce the richest supply of nutrients known io man.

Spiniiina is 65% protein - spiruiina is higher in protein than nearly any other foot
C ompare spiralina at 65% versus eggs (45%), brewer's yeast (45%), soybeans (<
dried milk (35%), and beef (17%).
j
i i Spiniiina is rich in vitamins and minerals. It contains the entire B-comple
i
; vitamins. Previously, substantial amounts ofB-12 were thought to occur <
I
f animal sources. However, spirulina contains twice the Vitamin B-12 of li
i
naturally occurring source of B Vitamins, spirulina could replace the cwt
j
for synthetic B Vitamins. The main pigment in spindma is beta carotene, i
I
when absorbed by die body, is converted to Vitamin A. Two grams of spi
i____ provides more than 100% ofthe RD1 of Vitamin A. Spiralina contains cal
iron, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and many trace elements.

Spiniiina is a natural appetite suppressant. In rhe U.S. more and more people are
successfully using spiniiina to lose weight. Spirulina contains the amino acid
phenylalanine, thought by scientists to act directly on the appetite center of the br

Liqua Spirulina is an all- natural superior form of nutritional support produced by
process at temperatures below 118°F, thereby not destroying the enzymes. It is at
high-energy booster for athletes, health-conscious people, or anyone needing a b<
Spinning can be taken straight from the packet, mixed with mill;, juice, or any be’
your choice. Liqua Spirulina mixes easily, tastes great, has no aftertaste, and can
on an empty stomach. We put more than 200 mg of spirulina in every serving of o
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easy-to=use individual packets and can be taken as desired up to five times per d
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Liqua Spiraiins® Nutrition Information
Liqua Spirulina is an excellent high-energy booster for athletes,
health-conscious people or anyone needing an energy boost. Try it
mid-afternoon and see for yourself.

Directions: Mix I packet with 8 fl oz of the beverage of your
choice. Tastes delicious in milk!
ingredients: Fructose, Deionized Water, Natural Flavoi’s and Colors, Spirulina (2
Xanihan, Guar and Arabic Gums. Containing less than 1/10 of 1% Potassium Sor
Sodium Benzoate as preservatives.
Essential Pac - 60 servings - Item #1400, Natural Berry; Item #1401. Chocolate;
#1402, Butternut

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Liqua. Spirulina - Energy Boosting Nutrition from Nature

Butternut; Item #1453, Mixed (Your Choice)

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Food, Nutrition nnd Spirulina

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Food and
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Food and Nutrition
• Spirulina - Production & Potential
by Ripley D. Fox. 1996. Pub. by Editions Edisud, La Calade, R.N.7,13090 Aix-en-Province,
France. Tel: 42216144; Fax: 42215620.

Tumor compounds

Coconut Oil
Unsaturated fats

Food coloring

This book gives the most complete and practical information on growing spirulina. it should be
consulted by health authorities and development decisionmakers, by spirulina growers and it can
be used as a teaching text in universities. Dr. Fox explains the history of the cyanobacteria.
Arthrosoira platensis, popularly known as the blue-green algae spirulina.. its composition, growth
requirements and methods for managing the culture (from village level artisanal production to large
scale industrial farms). Health benefits are described, with emphasis on its usefulness for
combatting malnutrition. Giant farms using seawater are proposed for providing spirulina as a food
supplement for the millions of malnourished children living today. Dr. Fox sees spirulina as a
million dollar commodity in the neorlbture.

Turn or

Splrullna

SpIruUnaand
Cholesterol

SpIruUnaand
Cancer
Health and Splrullna

Diabetes and

Splrullna
Anti viral studies and

splrullna

• Algoculture: Spirulina, hope for a hungry world, by Ripley D. Fox. 1986. Pub. by Edisud. Aixen-Province. France (in French).
• Currant knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay and Yoshimichi
Ota. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.

Spirulina is a microscopic algae, produced commercially and sold as a food supplement around
the world. Until recently, interest in spirulina was mainly in its nutritive value. This is a critical
review of data on therapeutic effects of Spirulina, ranging from reduction of cholesterol and cancer
tp enhancing the immune system, increasing intestinal lactobacilli, reducing nephrotoxicity by
heavy metals and drugs, and radiation protection.
• Health Benefits of Spirulina. by Denise Fox. 1993. In Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993.
Bulletin No. 12. Pub. by Institute Ogeanographique, Monaco.
• Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga, by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India
Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettlar Research Center (MCRC)
Madras. India,

file://A:\HEAL.htm

6/14/01

Food, Nutrition and Spirulina

Page 2 of 2

Buv Organic

Organic food under
Are

Pesticides and
aggression

WELLNESS
PRODUCTS
For the home

A one year feeding program with 5,000 pre-school children showed a symptom of Vitamin A
' deficiency,’"Bitot's spot", decreased from’80% to 10%. These rural children near Madras consumed
1 gram of spirulina a day for at least 150 days. This small amount provided the daily requirement of
beta carotene (Vitamin A) which can help prevent blindness and eye diseases. In another study with
400 school children, a daily dose of beta carotene from spirulina increased their Vitamin A status
to the same level as those administered pure Vitamin A Spirulina was given to children in a
unique way: extruded noodles, sweetened with sugar to preserve the beta carotene. Called "SpiruOm“, it was well accepted by the children. This project was sponsored by the Indian Government.
o Microalgae as Food and Supplement by Robert A Kay.’1991. In Critical Reviews in Food
Science and Nutr. 30(B):555-573. Pub. by CRC Press. USA

The microalgae chlorella, dunaliella and scenedesmus, and the cyanobacteria spirulina and
aphanizomenon fios-aquae, are being used as nutrient dense foods and sources of fine chemicals.
They have significant amounts of lipid, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamins, minerals, and
unique pigments They may also have potent probiotic compounds that enhance health. Their
historical and current use is reviewed.

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• Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food, by Alan Jassby. 1988. In Algae and
Human Affairs, edited by Lembi and Waaland. Pub. by Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. UK.
This is an evaluation of the food potential of microalgae using proven technology. Numerous
examples of traditional use of inland microalgae are cited from more than 15 countries. The
nutritional aspects of spirulina stand out. Spirulina's safety for human consumption, food
applications, economic and environmental aspects, world spirulina production, production costs
and therapeutic applications are reviewed. How microalgae can address world hunger problems is
addressed with mention of harvesting wild algae and village scale production systems.

• Spirulina, the edible organism, by Orio Ciferri. 1983. In Microbiological Reviews. Dec 1983. 551-578.
Italy.

T ravel

In depth review of the. history, biology, chemistry and potential of Spirulina as a human and animal food.
Subjects: taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, chemical composition, production, nutrition and toxicology,
prospects for use as a food source.

Videos

Vitamins
SPIRULINA: | Antiviral | Ask the Doctor | Cancer I Cholesterol | Diabetes I Health Updates about Food |
Microclusters | Prevention | Royal BodyCare | Contact Distributor | 1 -888-217-5791 or
Rhinoman@ix.netcom.com
ART [AWARDS I BODY | BOOKS | CALENDAR | CONTACT US | ENNEAGRAM | FREE STUFF I
GUEST BOOK | HOLISTIC PSYCHOLOGY | HOME FURNISHINGS I HUMAN RIGHTS | LINKS |
MARKETING | MEDICAL FREEDOM I MILLENNIUM | MIND | NEWSLETTERS | ORDER |
PRACTITIONERS | PRODUCTS | RESOURCES | SCHOOLS | SITE SEARCH ENGINE | SERVICES.
I SITE MAP | SOUL | SUBSCRIBE TO FREE NEWSLETTER | HOME | E-mail us:
heall@heall.com or call (707) 476-9311, M-F, 9-5 MST
Disclaimer; Information Is provided for educational purposes only. It Is not Intended as diagnosis or recommendation for ■
treatment of disease. Please consult your physician for medical advice. No claim Is made to the therapeutic benefits of any

product or service listed on the HEALL web site. Copyright 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000. All rights reserved

file://A:\HEAL.htm

6/14/01

Feature Article - May 1997

Page 1 of?

I r-| O.STAN-r STAR

11

The Electronic Magazine of the First Millennial Foundation

May 1997

Spirulina-. Nutrition and Health Studies--------by Richai d Kozlenko, D.P.M., PhD., M.P.H.,
and Ronald Henson
Dr. Kozlenko is a world-renowned nutritional consultant and author, founder o
Wholistic Health and Nutrition Institute of Mill Valley. Mr. Henson is a vicepresident of Earthrise Corporation.
[This article is reprinted with permission from the October 1996 issue of Heal,
Natural Journal. ]

Spirulina has been gaining more and more attention from medical

scientists as a nutraceutical (nutritional health-enhancing agent) and
source of potential pharmaceuticals. There are several peer-reviewed
scientific studies about Spirulina's ability to inhibit viral replication,
strengthen both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system, and
cause regression and inhibition of cancers. While these studies are
preliminary and more research is needed, the results so far are exciting.
I

1 S f=>I

I ora provonts viral

In April 1996, scientists
from the Laboratory of
Vjral Pathogenesis,
Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Harvard
Medical School, and
Earthrise Farms,
Calipatria, California,
announced on-going
research saying, "Water
extract of Spirulina
platensis inhibits HTV-1
replication in humanderived T-cell lines and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A
concentration of 5-10 micrograms/ml was found to reduce viral
production." HIV-1 is the AIDS virus. Small amounts of Spirulina
extract reduced viral replication while higher concentrations totally
stopped its reproduction. Importantly, with a therapeutic index of> 100,
Spirulina extract was non-toxic to the human cells at concentrations
stopping viral replication.

Another group of medical scientists has published new studies regarding

file://A:\may_97_feat_spirulinal.htm

6/14/01

Feature Article - May 1997
a purified water extract unique to Spirulina named Calcium-Spirulan. It
inhibits replication ofHIV-1, herpes simplex, human cytomegalovirus,
influenza viruses, mumps virus, and measles virus in-vitro, yet it is vety
safe for human cells. It protects human and monkey cells from viral
infection in cell culture. According to a peer-reviewed scientific journal
report, this extract, "holds great promise for treatment of.. . HIV-1,
HSV-1, and HCM infections, which is particularly advantageous for
ADDS patients who are prone to these life-threatening infections."

Calcium-Spirulan is a polymerized sugar molecule containing both sulfur
and calcium; it is unique to Spirulina. Hamsters treated with this water
soluble extract had better recovety rates when infected with an
otherwise-lethal herpes virus. How does it work? When attacking a cell,
a vims first attaches itself to the cell membrane. However, because of
Spirulina extract, the vims cannot penetrate the cell membrane to infect
the cell. The vims is stuck, unable to replicate. It is eventually eliminated
by the body's natural defenses. Spirulina extracts may become useful
therapeutics that could help AIDS patients lead longer, more normal
lives.

Spirulina is a tradition.al food of some Mexican and African peoples. It
is a planktonic blue-green algae found in alkaline, warm-water, volcanic
lakes and it will adapt to a variety of saline environments. Wild
Spirulina sustains huge flocks of flamingos in the alkaline East African
Rift Valley lakes. It possesses an amazing ability to thrive in conditions
much too harsh for other algae. As might be expected, it has a highly
unusual nutritional profile. Spirulina has a 62%-amino-acid content, is
the world's richest natural source of vitamin B-12, and contains a whole
spectrum ofnatural mixed carotene and xanthophyll phytopigments.
Spirulina has a soft cell wall made of complex sugars and rotein that is
different from most other algae in that it is easily digested.
Millions of people worldwide eat Spirulina cultivated in scientifically
designed algae farms. Current world production ofSpirulina for human
consumption is more than 1,000 metric tons annually. The United States
leads world production followed by Thailand, India, and China. More
countries are planning production as they realize it is a valuable strategic
resource.

Spirulina is not Chlorella, nor is it the same as the blue-green algae
harvested from Klamath Lake, Oregon. Chlorella, a green micro-alga, is
a nutritious food but~does not have the same anti-viral, anti-cancer, and
immune-stimulating properties of Spirulina. The Chlorella cell wall is
made of indigestible cellulose, like grass grown on land, while the cell
w’all ofSpirulina is made of digestible complex proteins and sugars.
The Klamath Lake blue-green algae has the scientific name
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. There are serious concerns about the safety
of eating it because it can sometimes contain potent nerve to.xins. While
the scientific literature is full of information concerning the toxicity ofA
flos-aquae and its dangers to humans and animals, there are few, if any,

Page 2 of 7

file://A:\mayJ97_feat_spirulinal.htm

Feature Article - May 1997
peer-reviewed scientific papers regarding therapeutic benefit. In
contrast, tlie scientific literature is full of information concerning the
—■"benefits’and safely'-ofhumans and animalseaimg-dh.lrrrella. and
Spirulina.

ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS

Several studies show Spirulina or its extracts can prevent or inhibit
cancers in humans and animals. Some common forms of cancer are
thought to be a result of damaged cell ONA running amok, causing
uncontrolled cell growth. Cellular biologists have defined a system of
special enzymes called endonucleases which repair damaged DNA to
keep cells alive and healthy. When these enzymes are deactivated by
radiation or toxins, errors in DNA go unrepaired, and cancer may
develop.
In-vitro studies suggest the unique polysaccharides of Spirulina enhance
cell-nucleus enzyme activity' and DNA-repair synthesis. This may be why
several scientific studies, observing human tobacco users and
experimental cancers in animals, report high levels of suppression of
several important types of cancer after subjects were fed whole
Spirulina or treated with its water extracts.

Spirulina i$ a
powerfill tonic
for tlie immune
system, kt .
scientific studies
of mice,
hamsters,.
chickens,
turkeys, cats, and
fish, Spirulina
consistently
improves "
immune system
function.
Medical
scientistsfmd;
Spirulina not
only stimulates
the immune ’
system, it
actually
enhances tlie
body's ability to
generate new'
blood cells.
Important parts
of the immune

6/14/01

Page 3 of?

file://A:\iuay_97_feat_spiruliual.htm

Feature Article - May 1997

6/14/01

Page 4 of7

system, the bone marrow stem cells, macrophages, T-cells, and natural
killer cells, exhibit enhanced activity. The spleen and thymus glands
show enhanced function. Scientists also observe Spirulina. causing
macrophages to increase in number, become "activated" and more
effective'at.killing germs. Feeding studies show that even small amounts
of Spirulina build up both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune
system. Spirulina accelerates production of the humoral system
-(antibodies and cytokines), allowing it to protect against invading germs 2
better. Hie cellular immune system includes T-cells, macrophages, Bce.lls, and the anti-cancer, natural killer cells. These cells circulate in the
blood and are especially rich in organs like the liver, spleen, thymus,
lymph nodes, adenoids, and bone marrow. Spirulina up-regulates these
key cells and organs, improving their ability to function in spite of
stresses from environmental toxins and infectious agents.
Spirulina has a dark bhie-green color because it is rich in a brilliant blue
polypeptide called phycocyanin. This substance affects the stem cells
found in bone marrow. Stem cells are "grandmother" to both white blood
cells that make up the
cellular immune system
and red-blood cells that
oxygenate the body.
Chinese scientists have
documented phycocyanin
as stimulating
hematopoiesis (the
creation of blood),
emulating the effect of
the hormone
erythropoetin (EPO).
EPO is produced by
healthy kidneys and
regulates bone-marrow stem-cell production of red blood cells. Chinese
scientists claim phycocyanin also regulates production of white blood
cells, even wlien bone-marrow stem cells are damaged by toxic
chemicals or radiation. Based on this effect, Spirulina is approved in
Russia as a "medicine food" for treating radiation sickness. The children
of Chernobyl suffer radiation poisoning from eating food grown on
radioactive soil. Their bone marrow is damaged, rendering them
immunodeficient and unable to produce normal red or white blood cells.
They arc anemic and suffer from terrible allergic reactions. Children fed
just five grams of Spirulina tablets each day make dramatic recoveries
within six weeks. Children not given Spirulina remain ill.
Spirulina is one of the most concentrated known natural sources of
several nutritional factors. It contains all the essential amino acids, is
rich in chlorophyll, beta-carotene and its co-factors, and other natural
phytochemicals. Spirulina is the only green food rich in GLA essential
fatty acid. GLA stimulates growth in some animals and makes skin and
hair shiny and. soft yet more durable. GLA also acts as an anti
inflammatory agent, sometimes alleviating symptoms of arthritic

file.7/A:\may_97_feat_spirulinal.htm

Feature Article - May 1997

6/14/01

Page 5 of 7

conditions.
Spirulina acts as a functional food, feeding beneficial intestinal flora,
especially Lactobacillus and Bifidus. Maintaining a healthy population
of these bacteria in the intestine reduces potential problems from
opportunistic pathogens like E. coli and Candida albicans. Studies show
when Spirulina is added to the diet, beneficial intestinal flora increase.

Based on this preliminary research, scientists hope the use of Spirulina
and its extracts may reduce or prevent cancers and viral diseases. In
addition, bacterial or parasitic infections may be prevented or respond
better to treatment, and wound healing may improve.. Symptoms of
anemia^ poisoning, and immunodeficiency may be alleviated.

Scientists in the US, Japan, China, Russia, India, and other countries are
studying this remarkable food to unlock its potential. More research is
needed to determine its usefulness against AIDS and other killer
diseases. However, it is already clear that this safe and natural food
provides concentrated nutritional support for optimum health and
wellness.

References
Aychunie, S., Belay, A., Hu, Y, Baba, T., Ruprecht, R. 7th IAAA
Conference, Knysna, South Africa April 17, 1996. Inhibition ofHIV-1
replication by an aqueous extract ofSpirulina platensis (Arthrospira
pla.t&yisis)

Baojiang, G., et al. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal
Biotechnology, April 25-27,1994. p. 24 Study on Effect and Mechanism
ofPolysaccharides ofSpirulina platensis on Body Immune Functions
Improvement

Rabu, M., et al Nutrition and Cancer 1995. V. 24, No. 2, p.197-202.
Evaluation of Chemoprevention of Oral Cancer With Spirulina
fusiformis
Belay,'A., Ota, Y, Miyakawa, K., Shimamatsu, L, Journal of Applied
Phycolow 5:235-241,1993. Current knowledge on potential health
benefits ofSpirulina
Carmichael, et al. Scientific American, January' 1995. The Toxins of
Cyanobacteria

Evets, L.B. et al. Grodenski, State Medical University, January 15, 1994.
Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade, Patent Number: (19)
Ru (11) 2005486 Cl (51) 5 A 61K35/80 Means to Normalize the levels of
Immunoglobulin E Using the Food Supplement Spirulina

file.7/A:\may_97_feat_spirulinal.htm

Feature Article - May 1997 •

6/14/01

Page 6 of 7

Fukino, H., Takagi. Y., Yamane, Y., Eisei Kagaku 36: 5.,1990. Effect of
Spindina (S. Platensis)on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic
mercury and cisplatin

Hayashi, T."& Hayashi, K., et al. Journal ofNatural Products 1996. Vol.
59, No. 1, 83-87, American Chemical Society and American Society of
Pharmacognosy Calcium Spirulan, an Inhibitor ofEnveloped Virus
Replication, from a Blue-Green Alga Spirulina platensis
Hayashi, K., et al. Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 7, 76-80,1993. An
Extract from Spirulina platensis is a Selective Inhibitor ofHerpes
Simplex Virus Type I Penetration into HeLa Cells
Hayashi, 0., et al. Journal ofNutritional Sciences and Vitaminology, 40,
431 -441’, 1994.' Enhancement ofAntibody Production in Mice by Dietary
Spirulina platensis
jKqjman, A., et
Toxicology Letters, 48' (1989) 165-169 Elsevier,—
Radioprotective effect ofextract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone
marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test

Lishcng, L., et al. Marine Sciences, Qindao China N. 5,1991. 33-38
Innibitive Effective and Mechanism ofPolysaccharide ofSpirulina
platensis on Transplanted Tumor Cells in Mice
Pang, Qishen., et al. Acta Genctica Sinica (Chinese Journal of Genetics),
V15(5) 12. 374-381,1988. Enhancement ofEndonuclease Activity and
repair DNA Synthesis by Polysaccharide ofSpirulinaplatensis

Qureshi, M.A., Kidd, M.T., and Ali, R.A., Journal ofNutritional
Immunology V3(4) 1995. pages 35-45 Spirulinaplatensis Extract
Enhances Chicken Macrophage Functions After in vitro Exposure

Qureshi, M.A., Ali,. A., Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicoly,
1996. (submitted), Spirulina platensis Exposure Enhances Macrophage
Phagocytic Function In Cats
Qureshi, M.A., Gartich, J.D., Kidd, M.T., Immunopharmacology and
Immunotoxieology, 1996. (submitted), Dietary Spirulinaplatensis
Enhances Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Functions In Chickens
Zhang, C., et al. 1994. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Alga
Biotechnology, April 25-27, p.58, The Effects ofPolysaccharide and
Phycocyanin from Spindina platensis variety on Peripheral blood and
Hematopoietic system ofBone Marrow in Mice

ill This is G o
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|l||--------------~r-------------- ;---------------------------------------------j j These search terms have been highligspirulina nutrition

Spirulina Nutrition
Scot/Halbert (thor(a)flslsrv3, cr, uses, gov)
Tku/24Aug 1995 20:02:35 -0600

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I've got a bottle of spirulina pills here which look to be pretty much pure
compressed dried spirulinai 250 750mg pills (which cost $21.19!) '
Suggested dose (as a vitamin supplement I guess) 4 tablets daily
preferably at mealtimes.
Nutritional Info: per'4 tablets

-Calories: 11'----Protein: 2130 mg
Crude Fiber: 27 mg
Beta Carotene (Provitamin A) 9000IU (180% rda)
Vitamin B-12: 6 mcg (100% rda)
Calcium: 12 mg (1.2% rda)
Phosphorus: 27 mg (3% rda)
Iron: 3 mg (16.7% rda)
Magnesium: 14 mg (3.5% rda)
Potassium: 46 mg
Legend: Spirulina is a microscopic plant organism, made directly by the
interaction of sunlight and water (photosynthesis). It is the most concentrated
form of any known organic food and contains 18 ofthe known 22 amino acids
including all ofthe 8 essentials making it a complete protein.

med is kind a a wierd unit, but that’s what it says. I read that
milli-candella? no?
My fresh and sea water aquaculture book doesn't tell how to grow any plants

file://A:\SPIRULINA2.1itm

6/14/01

fmf-eng: Spirulina Nutrition

Page 2 of 2 .

like blue green algae, but they do mention encouraging its growth in fish
rearing
ponds, and say that a well managed pond will have a thick mat of such blue-green
algae as Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Spiiulina, Microcoleus, Chroococcus
and Gomphosphaeria as well as a list of diatoms, which I don't think we could
digest very well.
For what it's worth...

—Thor

file://A:\SPIRULINA2.htni

UC DAVIS STUDY SHOWS SPIRULINA BOOSTS IMMUNE SYSTEM

6/14/01

Page 1 of 2

!□!
December 1, 2000

CONTACT: Carole Gan
(916)734-9040

UC DAVIS STUDY SHOWS SPIRULINA BOOSTS IMMUNE SYSTEM
(SACRAMENTO, Calif.) - Adding spiralinato cultured immune system cells significantly increases
die production of infection fighting cytokines, say immunologists at UC Davis School of Medicine and
Medical Center. Their finding is published in the Fall issue of the Journal ofMedicinal Foods.

Spirulina are blue-green a]gae rich in antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. Used as a
food supplement for more than 20 years, spirulinagrows naturally in lakes with extremely high pH
levels, but it is also harvested from large-scale commercial ponds, where purity is monitored before
being dried and distributed iii tablet and powdered form.
A number of animal studies have shown spirulina to be an effective immunomodulator (an agent that
can effect the behavior of immune cells.) Tn rats spirulina inhibited allergic reactions by suppressing
Hie release of histamine in a dose-dependent fashion. In cats, spirulina enhanced the ability of
macrophages to engulf bacteria, and in chickens spirulina increased antibody responses and the activity
of natural killer cells, which destroy infected and cancerous cells in the body.
While extensive human studies have not been done, several reports also suggest spirulina has
therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and obesity. In one study, spirulina decreased total serum
cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while increasing high-density lipoprotein. A 1986
study of obese patients showed a significant reduction of body weight after including spirulina in the
diet for four weeks. In the UC Davis study, researchers evaluated the secretion of the cytokines
interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, and interleukin-1 beta in the lab to get a better understanding of.
spirulina's potential regulatory effect on the immune system.

"We found that nutrient-rich spiruHna is apotent inducer of interferon-gamma (13.6-fold increase) and
a moderate stimulator of both interleukin-4 and interleukin-lbeta (3.3-fold increase)," says Eric
Gershwin, professor and chief of the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology at
UC Davis. "Together, increases in these cytokines suggest that spirulina is a strong proponent for
■protecting against intracellular paihogens^nd parasites and can potentially increase the expression of—
agents that stimulate inflammation, which also helps to protect the body against infectious and
potentially haiinfi.il micro-organisms. Additional studies with individuals consuming spirulina are
needed to determine whether these dramatic effects extend beyond the laboratory."
In tlie body, the preferential increase in the production of interferon-gamma over interleukin-4 would
shift the immune system towards mounting a cell-mediated immune response instead of a humoral
response. A cell-mediated response includes the activation of T-cells and antibodies that work with
macrophages, another type of immune system cell, to engulf invading micro-organisms. Hence,
spirulina’s strength in protecting against intracellular pathogens and parasites. The moderate increase
in the secretion of interleukin-lbeta, a cytokine that acts on nearly eveiy ceil of the body to promote

file://A:\STUDY ON SPIRULINA.htin

UC DAVIS STUDY SHOWS SPIRULINA BOOSTS IMMUNE SYSTEM

6/14/01

■

Page 2 of 2

inflammation, works to support the overall immune response.

To evaluate the effects of spirulina on the immune system, the UC Davis immunologists collected blood
samples from 12 healthy volunteers, separating out the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These
cells, which include macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes, including B and T cells, work as a
team to mount an immune response. The researchers incubated these cell cultures with dilutions of
spirulina made from 429 mg capsules of dried, powdered spirulina from Earthrise Nutritionals, Inc.
(httn:/Avww.earthrise.com ). They added phytohemoglutanin, a known stimulator of lymphoid cells, to
half of cell cultures to assess spirulina’s effect on the immune system at rest and when stimulated to
mount an allergic response. After 72 hours, they measured changes in cytokine levels in all samples
using ELISA analysis. (ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a sensitive technique for
accurately determining the amount of protein in a given sample.)
"People have used foods like yogurt and spirulina throughout history," says Judy van de Water,
associate professor of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology at UC Davis. "Through research,
we are learning exactly how these foods improve immune system function and how they are a
beneficial addition to our diet."

This research was funded in part by a grant from Earthrise Nutritionals, Inc., and the National Institutes
of Health.'
Copies of all news releases from UC Davis Health System are available on the web at
http://news. uedme. uedavis, edu
Health Systerri School of Medicin^Medical Centef Medical Group
This page last updated November 27, 2000
Copyright UC Regents. All rights reserved.

2 of 19
TI: Supplementary effect of spirulina on hematological status of rats during
pregnancy and lactation.
Alls Kapoor-R; Mehta-U
AD: Department of Home Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
SO: Plant-Foods-Hum-Mutr. 1998; 52(4): 315-24
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LAs ENGLISH
AB: The effect of Spiru1ina on iron status was assessed based on hemoglobin,
packed cell volume, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and ferritin levels
of rats during pregnancy and lactation. Rats were fed 5 different kinds of
diets (casein, Spirulina. wheat gluten, Spirulina + wheat gluten, Spirulins
without additional vitamins and minerals) each providing 2.2 percent protein.
Diets containing Spirulina alone or in combination with wheat gluten resulted
in significantly higher iron storage and hemoglobin contents than casein and
wheat gluten diets during the first half of pregnancy and lactation. Wheat

gluten diet result in the smallest increase in hemoglobin levels and iron
stores compared to other diets. The values of serum iron and iron binding
capacity remained unchanged with different diets. Spirulina appears to be
effective in improving the iron status of rats during pregnancy and lactation.

3 of 19
TIs Organisation and role of the long-wave chlorophylls in the photosystem I of
the Cyanobacterium spirul ina ..
AUs Kar a pe ty an-NV
AD: Bath Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
•inbio®glas.acp.org
SQ: Membr-Cell-Biol. 1998; 12(5): 571-84
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LAs” ENGLISH "
AB: The data on the organization and function of the photosystem I
pigment—protein complexes of the cyanobacterium Spirulina and the
characteristics of pigment antenna of the photosystem I monomeric arid trimeric
core complexes are presented and discussed. We proved that the photosystem I
complexes in the cyanobacteria! membrane pre-exist mainly as trimers., though
both types of complexes contribute to the photosynthetic electron-'.transport. In
contrast to monomers, the antenna of the photosystem I trimeric complexes of
Spiru1ina contains the extreme long-wave chlorophyll form absorbing at 735 nm
and emitting at 760 nm (77 It). The intensity of fluorescence at 76(3 nm depends
strongly on the P700 redox state: it is maximum with the reduced R700 and
strongly decreased with the oxidized F700 which is the most efficient quencher
of fluorescence at 760 rim.. The energy absorbed by the extreme long-wave
chlorophy 11 form
*
is active in the p<hotooxidation of R700 in the trimeric;
complex. The data obtained indicate that the long-wave form of chlorophyll
originates from interaction of the chlorophyll molecules localized on monomeric
subunits forming the photosystem I trimer, Kinetic analysis of the F700
photooxidation and light-induced quenching of fluorescence at 760 nm (77 K)
allows the suggestion that the excess energy absorbed by the antenna monomeric
subunits within the trimer migrates via the extreme long-wave chlorophyll to
the P70S cation radical and is quenched, which, prevents the photodestruct.ion of
the pigment—protein complex.
4 of 19
TI: Class specific influence of dietary Spirulina platensis on antibody
production in mice.,
AU: Heyashi-G; Hirahashi-T; Katoh-T; Miyajima-H; Hirano-T; Qkuwaki-Y
AD; Department of Health and Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado,

So': 3-Mutr-Sci-Vitaminol-Tokyo . 1998 Dec; 44(6): 841-51
This source is available only few,back issues in the S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: from 1974-1986
LAs ENGLISH
AB: In the present study, we investigated.antibody productions of IgA and other
classes, such as IgE and IgGl, in mice as possible evidence of the protective
effects of Spirulina toward food allergy and microbial infection. An increase
of IgE antibody level in the serum was observed in the mice that were orally
immunized with crude shrimp extract as an antigen (Ag group). The? antibody
level, however, was not further enhanced by treatment with Spirulina extract
(SpHW). IgGl antibody, on the other hand, which was increased by antigen
administration, was further enhanced by Spirulina extract. It was noted that
the IgA antibody level in the intestinal contents was significantly enhanced by
treatment with Spirulina extract concurrently ingested with shrimp antigen, in
comparison with that of- the Ag group treated with shrimp antigen alone. An
enhancement of IgA antibody production by Spirulina extract was also observed
in culture supernatant of lymphoid cells, especially ' in the spleen and

mesenteric lymph node from mice treated with Spirulina extract for 4 weeks
before antigen stimulation™ These results suggest that Spirulina may at least
neither induce nor enhance allergic reaction such as food allergy dependent on
an IgE antibody, and that when ingested both concurrently with antigen and
before antigen stimulation, it may significantly enhance the IgA antibody level
to protect against allergic reaction.

5
T-I: Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirul ina maxima.
Alls Salazar-M; Martinez-E; Madrigal-E; Ruiz-LE; Chamorro-GA
AD: Departamento de Toxicologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas
(I™P.N.), Mexico D™F™, Mexico.
SO: 3-Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct; 62(3): 235-41

of 19

LA: ENGLISH
AB: The purpose of this, study was to evaluate the toxicity of Spirulina maxima,
a blue-green alga used as food supplement and food coloring, after 13 weeks of
treatment. Groups of ten mice of each sex were given S. maxima in the diet at
concentrations of S (control), IS, 20 or *430
(w/w) for 13 weeks. The alga
ingestion had no effect on behavior, food and water intake, growth or survival.
Terminal values in hematology and clinical chemistry did not reveal differences
between treated and control groups,. However, male and female mice showed
significant changes in serum cholesterol levels at 20 and 307. algal
concentrations, but a toxic effect of S. maxima was excluded. Post-mortem
examination revealed no differences in gross or microscopic, findings. Our
results show that. S. maxima up to high feeding levels did not produce adverse
effects in mice after subchronic treatment™
6 of 19
TIs Lactic acid bacteria growth promoters from Spirulina platensis.
AU: Parada-TL; Zulpa-de-Caire-G; Zaccaro-de-Mu1e-MC; Storni-de-Cano-MM
AD: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Ciudad Universitaria, Pab™ II, Argentina.
SD: Int-J-Food-Microbiol . 1998 Dec 22; 45(3): 225-8
This source is not available in the S.d.M.C™ Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Spiru1ina has been used for’ many years as human food because of its high
protein content and nutritional value. Some strains also produce bioactive
substances that may inhibit or promote microbial growth. Lactococcus lactis,..
Streptococcus thermophilus. Lactobacillus easel, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and
Lactobacillus hulgaricus were grown in rich media, MRS and RM, as well as in
minimal saline medium with and without addition of e.xtracel lular products
obtained from a late log phase culture of Spirulina platensis in Zarrouk
medium. In both MRS and RM media, the extracellular products significantly
promote the growth of the lactic acid bacteria assayed. This stimulatory effect
was observed in media with pH adjusted to 5.3, 6.3 and 7.0. No effect was
observed in minimal saline medium.

■7 of 19
TI: Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima.
AU: Miranda-MS; Cintra-RG; Barros-GB; Mane.ini-Filho-J
AD: Faculdade de Farmacia e Bioquimica, Universidade- Federal da Bahia,
Salvador, Brasil.
SO: Braz—J—Med-Bio1—Res. 1998 Aug; 31(8): 1075-9
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Spirulina maxima, which is used as a food additive, is a microalga rich in
protein and other essential nutrients. Spirulina contains phenolic acids,
tocopherols and beta-carotene which are known to exhibit, antioxidant

properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant
capacity of a Spirulina extract. The antioxidant activity of a methanolic
extract of Spirulina was determined in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro
antioxidant capacity was tested on a brain homogenate incubated with and
without the extract at 37 degrees C. The IC50 (concentration which causes a 50%
reduction of oxidation) of the extract in this system was 0.18 mg/ml. The in
vivo antioxidant capacity was evaluated in plasma and liver of animals
receiving a daily dose of 5 mg for 2 and 7 weeks. Plasma antioxidant capacity
was measured in brain homogenate incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The
production of oxidised compounds in liver after 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees
C was measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARS) in
control and experimental groups. Upon treatment, the antioxidant, capacity of
plasma was 71% for the experimental group and 54% for the control group. Data
from liver spontaneous peroxidation studies were not significantly different
between groups. The amounts of phenolic acids, alpha-tocopherol and
beta-carotene were determined in Spirulina extracts. The results obtained
indicate that Spirulina provides some antioxidant protection for both in vitro
and in vivo systems.
9 of 19
TI: Coevolution of actin and associated proteins: an alpha—actinin-like protein
in a cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis)'.
AU: Usmanova-A; Astier-C; Mejean-C; Hubert-Fj Feinberg-J; Benyamin-Y; Roustan-C
ADs UMR 5539 (CNRS), Universite de Montpellier 2, France.
SO: Comp-Biochem-Physiol-B-Biochem-Hol-Biol . 1993 Aug; 120(4): 693-700
This source is not available in the
Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Actin, together with associated proteins, such as myosin, cross-linking or
capping proteins, has been observed in all eukaryotic cells. Presence of actin
or actin-like proteins has also been reported in prokaryotic organisms
belonging to the cyanobacteria. Our aim was first to extend the
characterization of an actin-like protein to another prokaryotic cell, i.e.
Spirulina, then to compare the antigenic reactivity of this new protein with
that of Synechocystis and skeletal actins. We observed that some of the
conserved antigenic epitopes corresponded to actin regions known to interact
with cross—linking proteins. We also report for the first time that.
alpha-actinin and filamin purified from chicken gizzard both interact with a
prokaryotic actin-like protein. Finally, we searched for the occurrence of a
cross-linking protein in these cyanobacteria and identified a 105-kDa protein
as an alpha-actinin-like protein using specific antibodies.
9 of 19
TI: Further purification and structural analysis of calcium spirulan from
Spirulina p1atensi s.
AU: Lee-JB; Hayashi-T; Hayashi-K; Sankawa-U; Maeda-M; Nemoto-T; Nakamshi-H
AD: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Medicine, Toyama Medical
and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
SO: J-Nat-Prod. 1993 Sep; 61(9): 1101-4
This source is not, available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: An antiviral sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), isolated
from Spirulina platensis, was subjected to further purification. Ca-SP was
found to be composed of rhamnose, 3-0-methylrhamnose (acofriose),
2,3-di-0-methylrhamnose, 3-0-methylxylose, uronic acids, and sulfate. The
backbone of Ca-SP consisted of 1,3-linked rhamnose and 1,2-1 inked
3-0-methylrhamnose units with some sulfate substitution at the 4-position. The
polymer was terminated at the nonreducing end by 2,3-di-Q-methy1 rhamnose and
3-0—methy1x y1ose residues.

18 of 19
TI: News & notes. Efficient library construction with a TA vector and its
application to cloning of the phytoene synthase gene from the cyanobacterium
Spire1ina p1a ten b i s.
AU s Kawata-Y; Yano—8; Kojima—H
AD: Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and
Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563, Japan.
SO: Curr-Nicrobiol. 1998 Oct; 37(4): 289-91
This source is not available .in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGL ISH
AB: An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library is
presented by use of a TA cloning vector. It is based on sonicative cleavage of
genomic DNA and modification of the fragment ends with Tag DNA polymerase,
followed by ligation with a TA vector. This method was successfully applied to
cloning of the phytoene synthase gene crtB from Spirulina platensis. The method
is useful when the genomic DNA is not well digested with restriction enzymes
owing to methylation or other reasons.
11 of 19
TI: Hepatoprotective effect of C-phycocyanin: protection for carbon
tetrachloride and R-( + )--pulegone-mediated hepatotoxicty in rats.
AU: Vadiraja-BB; Gaikwad-NW; Madyastha-KM
AD: Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
560 012, India.
SO: Biochem—Biophys—Res—Commun. 1998 Aug 19; 249(2): 428—31
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Effect of C-phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis) pretreatment on
carbontetrachloride and R-(+)-pulegone-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was
studied. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (200 mg/kg) of a single dose of
phycocyanin to rats, one or three hours prior to R-(+)-pulegone (250 mg/kg) or
carbontetrachloride (0.6 ml/kg) challenge, significantly reduced the
hepatotoxicity caused by these chemicals. For instance, serum glutamate
pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity was almost equal to control values. The
losses of microsomal cytochrome P450, glucose-6-phosphatase and
aminopyrine-N-demethylase were significantly reduced, suggesting that
phycocyanin provides protection to liver enzymes. It was noticed that the level
of menthof uran, the proximate toxin of R-(-t-)-pul egone was nearly 707. more in
the urine samples collected from rats treated with R-(+)-pulegone alone than
rats treated with the combination of phycocyanin and R-(+)-pulegone. The
possible mechanism involved in the hepatoprotection is discussed. Copyright
1998 Academic Press.
12 of 19,
TI: Ultraviolet-B effects on Spirulina platensis cells: modification of
chromophore-protein interaction and energy transfer characteristics of
phycobi1isomes.
AU: Rajagopal-S; Jha-IB; Murthy-SD; Mohanty-F
AD: Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.
SD: Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun . 1998 Aug 10; 2.49(1): 172—7
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Exposure of ultraviolet-B (280-328 nm, 1.9 mW m-2 s-1) radiation of intact
Spirulina platensis for 9 h caused specific loss of the 85.5 KDa anchor protein
of phycobi1isomes, the major 1ight-harvesting antenna complex of photosystem
II. Associated with the loss of 85.5 KDa protein, the UV-B irradiation also
caused phctobleaching of phycobilins and alteration in the chromophore protein
interactions, as evidenced from the visible circular dichroic measurements, and
it also affected the energy transfer process within the phycobilisemes, as

inferred from the law-temperature, 77 K, fluorescence spectral analysis. Our
results, thus, clearly demonstrate for the first time that the phycobi1isomes
effectively act as targets for UV-B induced damage of. photosynthetic apparatus
in cyanobacteria.

13 of 19
TI: Photostable chlorophyll a conjugated with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-smectite
catalyzes photoreduction and hydrogen gas evolution by visible light.
AU: Itoh-T; Ishii-A; Kodera--Y; Matsushima-A; Hirot.o~M; Nishimura-H; Tsuzuki-T;
Ka^tachi-T; Okura-I; Inada-Y
AD: Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Materials Science
and Technology, Toin University of Yokohama, Japan.
SO: Bioconjug-Chem. 1998 May-dun; 9(3): 489-12

AB: Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to a synthetic smectite intercalated by
pely(vinyl pyrrolidone} (PVP) to form the chlorophyl1-PVP-smectite conjugate
(Chi~PVP-SME) having an absorption maximum at 677 nm. The conjugate was found
to be stable toward light illumination in comparison with chlorophyll-smectite,
chiorophy11 —PVP, and free chlorophyll a. Chi—PVP—SME had a photoinduced
Chi —PVP--SME, methyl viologen (ah electron carrier), 2-mercaptoethanol (an
electron donor), and hydrogenase was illuminated by visible light.

TIs Spirulina maxima prevents induction of fatty liver by carbon tetrachloride

LA: ENGLISH
AB: The aim of the present work was to assess the capacity of Spirulina maxima
to prevent fatty liver development induced in rats by an intraperitoneal single
dose (1 ml/kg) of carbon tetrachloride. Liver and serum lipids were quantified
two or four days after treatment with this agent. Liver lipid concentration did
not differ in rats fed on a purified diet with or without Spirulina „ However,
after carbon tetrachloride treatment, liver triacylglycerols were significantly
lower in rats fed on a diet with Spirul ina 57. than in rats without Spirul ina in
their diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased liver cholesterol values,
induced by carbon tetrachloride treatment, were not observed in rats that
received Spirulina. These results support the potential hepatoprotective role
of Spiru1ina.

TI: Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions
in rats by spirulina ,
AU: Kim-HM; Lee-EH; Cho-HH; Moon-YH
AD: Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University,
Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea, hmkim@med.wonkwang.ac.kr
SO: Biochem-Pharmacol. 1998 Apr 1; 55(7): 1071-6
____ This source is not available in the S.J„,M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: We investigated the effect of spirulina on mast cel 1-mediated
immediate-type allergic reactions. Spirulina dose-dependently inhibited the
systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats. Spirulina
inhibited compound 48/80-induced allergic reaction 1007. with doses of 100-1000

microg/g body weight, i.p. Spiru 1 ins (10-1000 microg/g body weight, i.p.) also
significantly inhibited local allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitropheny 1
(DNP) IgE. When rats were pretreated with spirulina at a concentration ranging
from 0.01 to 1000 microg/g body weight, i.p., the serum histamine levels were
reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Spiru1ina (0.001 to 10 microg/mL)
dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells
(RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in
RPMC, when spiru 1 ina (.10 microg/mL) was added, transiently and significantly
increased about 70—fold at .10 sec compared with that of control cells.
Moreover, spiru1ina (10 microg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on
anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. These results
indicate that spiru1ina inhibits mast' cel 1-mediated immediate-type allergic
reactions in vivo and in vitro,.
1& of 19
TI: Inhibition of HIV1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina
platensis (Arthrospira platensis).
AU: Ayehunie—8; Belay-A; Baba—TW; Ruprecht—RM
AD: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, MSA.
88: J-Acquir-Immune-Defic-Syndr-Hum-Retrovirol. 1998 May 1; .18(1): 7-12
: This source is not available in the S.3.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: An aqueous extract of the blue-green filamentous algae Arthrospira
platensis (previously called Spiru1ina platensis) inhibited HIV-1 replication
in human T-cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and
Langerhans cells (LC). Extract concentrations ranging between 0.3 and 1.2
microg/ml reduced viral production by approximately 507. (507. effective
concentration CEC50]) in PBMCs. The 507 inhibitory ■ concentration (IC50) of
extract for PBMC growth ranged between 0.8 and 3.1 mg/ml„ Depending on the cell
type used, therapeutic indices ranged between 200 and 6000. The extract
inactivated HIV-1 infectivity directly when preincubated with virus before
addition to human T-cell lines. Fractionation of the extract revealed antiviral
activity in the polysaccharide fraction and also in a fraction depleted of
polysaccharides and tannins. We conclude that aqueous A platensis extracts
contain antiretroviral activity that may be of potential clinical interest.
17 of 19
[Element composition of bacterial cells of various taxa]
Mikitin-DI; Sorokin-VV; Pitriuk-IA; Nikitina-ES
Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Prik 1-B.iokhim-Mikrobiol . 1998 Mar-Apr; 34(2): 180-2
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: RUSSIAN; MON-ENGLISH
AB: The elemental compositions of cells Of representatives of five bacterial
genera. (Hyphomonas vulgare NP-160, Caulobacter bacteroides NP-105,
Flectobaci1lus major Mm, Escherichia coli, and Spirulina platensis) was studied
by electron microscopic. x-ray microanalysis. The contents of P, S, Cl, K, and
Ca were determined. The bacterial species studied in this work substantially
differ by the contents of these elements. A high content of K is typical of S.
platensis, whereas F. major, an aquatic form, is rich in Cl. The other
bacterial species were had the levels of K, Ca, and the K/Ca index, which
correlated with the stability of their cell membranes- and resistance to stress.
In E. coli, the spectrum of the elemental composition and the values of P/S and
K/Ca are indicative of high energy potential and low tolerance of membranes.

TI:
AU:
AD:
SO:

IS of 19
TIs The cyanobacterium Spiru1ina platensis contains a long wavelength-absorbing
pigment C738 (F76077K) at room temperature.

AUs Koehne-B; Trissl-HW
AD: Abteilung Biophysik, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Uniyersitat Osnabruck,
FRG SBs Biochemistry. 1998 Apr 21; 37(16)1 5494-r~<®®
____ This source is avallabia only few back issues in the S.'I.M.C. Library
Call Number: from 1964—1987
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterium which usually lives under
high-light conditions. Nonetheless,, it is thought to contain the most
red-shifted antenna pigment of all known Chi a-containing phototrophic
organisms, as shown by its 77'K fluorescence peaking at 768 nm. To exclude
preparation artifacts and to exclude the possibility that long
wavelength-absorbing pigments form only when the temperature is lowered to 77
K, we carried out experiments with whole cells at room temperature. The
combined analysis of stationary absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as
fluorescence induction and time-resolved fluorescence, decays shows that the
pigment responsible for the 77 K fluorescence at 762! nm (i) has the oscillator
strength of approximately one Chi a molecule, (ii) absorbs maximally at 738 nm
(), (iii) is present only in the antenna system of PS I., (iv) participates in >
light collection, and (v) dcesi not e'ritail a low photochemical quantum yield.
Other, more abundant but less red-shifted Chi a antenna pigments lead to a.
significantly larger absorption cross section of the photosynthetic unit of PS
I above 70® nm compared to units that would not possess these long
wavelet t!
.• rbing pigments. These results support the hypothesis that the
physiological role of long wavelength-absorbing pigments is to increase the
absorption cross section at wavelengths of >700 nm when in densely populated
mats the■spectrally filtered light is relatively more intense at. these
wavelengths ETrissl, H.-W. (1993) Photosynth- Res. 35, 247-2633.
19 of 19
TI: Recovery of gold from thiourea.solutions using microorganisms.
AUt Savvaidis-I
AD: Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of loannina, Greece.
isa vvaid@cc,uoi.gr
SO: Biometals. 1998 Apr;■ 11(2 ) : 145-51
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The recovery of gold from gold-thiourea solutions using various types of
waste biomass was investigated. All organisms tested, namely, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Spirulina platensis and Streptomyces erythraeus removed gold
rapidly from gold-thiourea solutions. The process of gold accumulation was
pH-dependent for Saccharomyces ceresvisiae and Streptomyces erythraeus'and
independent of pH in the case of Spirulina platensis. Of all strains of
microorganisms examined, Spirul in a platensis had the highest affinity and
capacity for gold even at low pH values. Thus, all three microorganisms tested
for their ability to recover gold from gold-thiourea solutions can therefore be
used in biotechnological applications, especially Spirulina platensis which has
the highest binding capacity for gold at low pH values.

PC-SPIRS 3.40

MEDLINE (R) 1999

MEDLINE (R) 1999 usage is subject, to the terms and conditions of the
Subscription and License Agreement and the applicable Copyright and
intellectual property protection as dictated by the appropriate laws of your
country and/or by International Convention.
1 of 9
TI: Phycocyanin extract reduces leukotriene B4 levels in arachidonic
acid-induced mouse-ear inflammation test £ letterJ
AU: Romay-C; Ledon-N; Gonzalez-R
SC: J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 1999 May; 51(5): 641-2
This source is available only' few back issues in the S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: from 1959—1962

TI: Modulation of lead tonicity by Spirulina fusiformis.
AU: Shastri—D; Kumar-M; Kumar—A
AD: Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, India.
SC: Phytother-Res. 1999 May; 13(3): 258-60
LA: ENGLISH
AS: The modulatory effects of lead toxicity by Spirulina fusiformis
(Osci11atoreaceae) were observed on the testes of Swiss albino mice at a dose
of 800 mg/kg body weight. The Spirulina fusiformis was non-toxic at the dose
given. A significant enhancement in the survival time was observed in the preand post-treated Spirulina group compared with the control (lead treated)
group. Lead induced toxicity was also reduced in terms of testes weight, animal
weight, tubular diameter in the pre Spirulina treated group. The modulatory
effects of Spirulina may be attributed to the presence of the antioxidants,
beta-carotene and SOD enzyme.
3 of 9
TI: In vitro oligomerization of a membrane protein complex, liposome-based
reconstitution of trimeric photosystem I from isolated monomers,
AU: Kruip-J; Karapetyan-NV ; Terekhova-IV; Rogner-M
AD: Faculty of Biology, Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780
Bochum, Germany.
SC: J-Biol-Chem. 1999 Jun 25; 274(26): 18181-8
This source is available only few back issues in the S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: from 1952-1994
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Many membrane proteins can be isolated in different oligomeric forms.
Photosystem I (PSI), for example, exists in cyanobacteria either as a monomeric
or as a trimeric complex. Neither the factors responsible for the specific
trimerization process nor its biological role are known at present. In the
filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, trimers in contrast to monomers
show chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 760 nm. To investigate the
oligomerization process as well as the nature of the long wavelength
chlorophylIs, we describe here an in vitro reconstitution procedure to assemble
trimeric PS I from isolated purified PS I monomers. Monomers (and trimers) were
extracted from S. platensis with n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside and further
purified by perfusion chromatography steps. The isolated complexes had the same
polypeptide composition as other cyanobacteria (PsaA-PsaF and Psal-PsaM), as
determined from high resolution gels and immunoblotting. They were incorporated
into proteoliposomes, which had been prepared by the detergent absorption
method, starting from a phosphatidyIcholine:phosphatidic acid mixture

solubilized by octylglucoside. After the addition of monomeric PS I
( 1 ipid : chl or c-phy 11 , 25:1), octyIglucoside was gradually removed by the stepwise
addition of Biobeads. The 77 K fluorescence emission spectruiri of these
proteoliposomes displays a long wavelength emission at 760 nm that is
c haracteristic of PS I trimers, which indicates for the first time the
successful in vitro reconstitution of PS I trimers. In addition, a high
performance liquid chromatography analysis of complexes extracted from these
proteoliposomes confirms the- formation of structural trimers. We also could
show with this system 1) that at least-one of the stromal subunits PsaC, -D,
and -E is necessary for trimer formation and 2) that the extreme long
wavelength emitting chlorophyll is formed as a result of trimer formation.
4 of 9
TI: Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on carcinogen metabolizing
enzymes in Swiss albino mice.
AU; Mittal—A; Kumar-PV; Banerjee—S; Rao—AR; Kumar—A
AD: Department of Zoology,' University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
SO: Phytother-Res. 1999 Mar; 13(2): 111-4

LA: ENGLISH
AB: The modulatory potential of Spirulin,a fusiformis was observed on the
hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogen metabolizing-enzymes in Swiss albino mice
at a dose of 800 mg/kg b.w. given orally.' A significant reduction in the
hepatic cytochrome P-450 content was observed in the group treated with
Soiru1ina in comparison with the control group. The hepatic glutathione
S-transferase activity was induced significantly by Spirulina treatment. There
was no change in the extrahepatic glutathione S-transferase activity after the
animals were fed with Spirulina .
5 of 9
TI: £Effect of biologically active food additives containing autolysate of
baker's yeast and spirulina on intestinal permeability in an experiment!
AUs Mazo-VK; Gmoshinskii-IV; Sokolova-AG; Zorin-SN; Danilina-LL; Litvinova-AV;
Radc hen ko-SN
SQ: Vopr-Pitan. 1999; 88(1): 17-9
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: RUSSIAN; NGN-ENGLISH
AB: Influence of bioactive food supplements (BFA) intake on intestinal barrier
permeability to macromolecules of polyethylene glycol 4000 was studied in rats
with intestinal anaphylaxis and after external gamma-irradiation . BFA studied
included autolysed baker's yeast ("Vitasil”) and edible algae Spirulina
platensis. Intake of complex additive Vitasil
Spirulina resulted in
significant diminution of permeability before irradiation and its partial
normalization (247. decrease) after irradiation. Spiru1ina additive intake led
to practically complete normalization of permeability (1.84 times decrease) in
anaphylactic rats. It is concluded that Spirulina and Vitasil are promising BFA
for organism general resistance elevation.
& of 9
TI: Studies on the preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on fatty liver
development induced by carbon tetrachloride, in the rat.
AU: Torres-Duran-PV ; Miranda-Zamora-R; Paredes-Carbajal-MC; Mascher-D;
Ble-Castillo-J; Diaz-Zagoya-JC; Juarez-Oropeza-Mft
AD: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
SO: J-Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Feb; 84(2): 141-7
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The aim of the present work was to assess if the feeding of either the oil
extract Of Spirulina maxima or of its defatted fraction would prevent fatty

liver development, induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of carbon
tetrachloride (CC14). Liver and serum lipids Were evaluated 4 days after
treatment with this agent. Concentration of liver lipids did not differ in rats
fed on a purified diet either without or with one of the fractions of
Spi.ru 1 in a, except for total cholesterol, which showed a slight increase in the
group receiving the'oil extract of Spiralina. However, after CC14 treatment,
liver total lipids and triacylglycerols were significantly lower in rats fed on
a diet containing any fraction of Spiralina (defatted or the oil fraction) than
in rats without Spiralina in their diet. Furthermore, the increased.liver
cholesterol values, induced by CC14 treatment, were not observed in rats
receiving Spirulina. In addition, rats receiving whole Spiralina in their diet
and treated only with the /vehicle showed an increase in the percentage of HOL
values. The changes in VLDL and L.DL induced by CG14 treatment were not observed
in the whole Spiru1ina group. Furthermore, after CC14 treatment the values of
the liver microsomal thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were lower in the
whole Spirulina group than in the control group. These results support the
potential hepatoprotective role of Spirulina.
7

of 9

TIs Preparation of a genomic library using a TA vector.
AU: Kawata-Y; Yano-S; Thankappan-AK; Daniel-EC; Kojima-H
AD: Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and
SQ: Prep-Biochem-Biotechnol. 1999 Feb; 29(1): 91-108
This source is not available in the S.T.-M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library is
presented using a TA cloning vector. It is based on sonication cleavage of
genomic DNA, blunting of the fragment ends with mung bean nuclease, and
addition of a single 3'-deoxyadeny1 ate with Tag DNA polymerase, followed by
ligation with a TA vector. This method is useful for improving the quality of
genomic libraries for organisms whose genomic DNA is not well digested with
restriction enzymes owing to the presence of polysaccharides and/or DNA
m ethylation„
8 of 9
TIs Arthrospira ('Spirulina' ) strains from four continents are resolved into
only two clusters, based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis of the
internally transcribed spacer.
AU: Scheldeman-P; Baurain-D; Bouhy-R; Scott-M; Muhling-M; Whitton-BA; Belay-A;
Wi1motte-A
AD: Department of Botany B22, University of Liege, Belgium.
SO: FEMS-Microbiol-Lett„ 1999 Mar 15; 172(2): 213-22
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: We present the results of a phylogenetic study, based on amplified
ribosomal DNA restriction analysis of the rDNA operon, of 37 Arthrospira
('Spirulina') cultivated clonal strains from four continents. In addition,
duplicates from different culture collections or markedly different morphotypes
of particular strains established as clonal cultures were treated as separate
entries, resulting in a total of 51 tested cultures. The strain Spiru1ina
laxissima SAG 256.8S was included as outgroup. The 168 rRNA genes appeared too
conserved for discrimination of the strains by amplified ribosomal DNA
restriction analysis, and thus the internally transcribed spacer was selected
as molecular taxonomic marker. The internally transcribed spacer sequences
situated between the 168 and the 238 rRNA were amplified by polymerase chain
reaction and yielded amplicons of about 540 bp. Direct use of cells for
polymerase chain reaction seemed to inhibit the amplification reaction. This
was overcome by the design of a crude lysis protocol and addition of bovine

serum albumin in the polymerase chain reaction mix. The amplicons were digested
with four restriction enzymes (EcoRV, Hhal, Hinfl, Msel) and the banding
patterns obtained were analyzed. Cluster analysis showed the separation of all
the.strains into two main clusters. No clear relationships could be observed
between this division into two clusters and the geographic origin of the
strains, or their designation in the culture collections, or their morphology.

9 of 9
TIs Electron spin resonance studies on photosensitized formation of hydroxyl
radical by C—phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.
AU - Zhang-5; Xie—J; Zhang—J; Zhao—J; Jiang—L
AD? Institute of Photographic Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100101,
People's Republic of China.
SO? Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1999 Jan 4; 1426(1)? 205-11
■This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LAs ENGLISH
AB? Visible light (>470 nm) irradiation of an oxygen-saturated solution of
C-phycocyanin (C-PC) in the presence of the spin trap 5,,
5-dimethy1-1-pyrrcline—N—oxide (DMPO) gave an ESR spectrum characteristic of
the DMPG-hydroxyl radical spin adduct DMPO—OH. The signal intensities of
DKF’O—OH adduct were enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and partly inhibited
by catalase. It was partly responsible for the production of DMPO-OH that
superoxide' anion radical (0.-2) dismutated to generate hydrogen peroxide (H202)
which decomposed ultimately to generate the highly reactive ..OIL. In addition,
it can be concluded that singlet oxygen (1(22) was an important intermediate
according to the strong inhibitory action'of 1., 4-diazabicyc lo£2.2 2joct.ane
(DABCO) arid histidine oh DMPD-OH formation. The experimental results suggest
that photodynamic action of C-PC proceed via both, type I and type II
mechanisms. Furthermore, the decay kinetics of DMPO-OH adduct, the effects of
DMPO and C-PC concentrations as well as irradiation time on DMPO-OH adduct
formation were also discussed. Concentration of C-PC should be an important
factor to influence the ESR signal intensities of DMPO-OH. Therefore, it may be
concluded that reasonably lower concentration of C-PC might prolong the
duration of photosensitized formation of .OH and might strengthen the

PC-SPIRS 3.4g.

MEDLINE (R) 2080/11-2000/12

.200(3/12 usage is subject to the? terms and conditions of the
Subscription and License Agreement and the applicable Copyright and
intellectual property protection as dictated by the appropriate laws of your
country and/or by International Convention.
1 of 5
TIs The halotoierance and phylogeny of cyanobacteria with tightly coiled
trichomes (Spirulina Turpin) and the description of Halospirulina tapeticola
gen. nov,, sp. nov.
AU: Nubel-U; Garcia-Piche1-F; Muyzer-G
ADs Max-Planck-Institute for. Marine Microbiology , Bremen, Germany..
unuebel@montana.edu
SO: Int—J—Syst—Evol—Microbiol. 2000 May; 30 Pt 3: 1263—77
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The morphologies, halotolerances, temperature requirements , pigment
compositions and 16S rRNA gene sequences of five culture collection strains and
six novel isolates of cyanobacteria with helical, tightly coiled trichomes were
investigated,. All strains were very similar morphologically and could be
assigned to the genus Spirulina (or section Euspirulina sensu Geitler),
according to traditional classification. However, the isolates showed
significantly different requirements for salinity and temperature, which were
in accordance with their respective environmental origins. The genetic
divergence among the strains investigated was large. The results indicate the
drastic underestimation of the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of
these cyanobacteria by the current morphology-based classification and the
clear need for new taxa. Three of the isolates originated from hypersaline
waters and were similar with respect to their high halotolerance, broad
euryhalinity and elevated temperature tolerance. By phylogenetic analyses, they
were placed in a tight monophyletic cluster apart from all other cyanobacteria.
Thus it is proposed to rec 1assify highly halotolerant cyanobacteria with
tightly coiled trichomes in Halospirulina gen. nov., with the type species
Halospirulina tapeticola sp. nov.
2. of 5
TIs [The adaptive potentials of those who worked in the cleanup of the
aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station under
the influence of different treatment methods}
AU: Zozulia-IS; lurchenk.o—AV
SO: Lik—Sprava.. 2000 Apr—Jun ( 3—4) : 18—21
____ This source? is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: UKRAINIAN; NON-ENBL. ISH~
AB: A comprehensive evaluation was done in 162 patients-1iquidators of the
Chernobyl accident,. Qf these, 80 percen-t were diagnosed as having stage I and
II dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE), 20 percent were in stage III. It is
shown that DE progression is caused by great strain on and breakdown of
autoregulatory mechanisms, of different biological systems (vascular, central
nervous and vegetative, hormonal), and of central regulatory mechanisms as
well. Under certain conditions there may occur their breakdown, with syncopal
states, crises, and even insults developing in its wake. Treatment and
rehabilitation of DE liquidators with pyracetam, vinpocetine, cerebrolysme
with magne B6, and phytosorbents (spirulina, quercitrol, and vitapectine) lead
to reconditioning of central and autoregulatory compensatory-and-adaptive
mechanisms, long-lasting remission, provide complication prophylaxis and
promote work activity.

•hydroxybutyrate production from carbon dioxide by cyanobacteria.
AD: National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Ibaraki, japan.
mmiyake@ni bh.go.j p
SO: Appl-Biochem—Biote'chnol . 20(30 Spring; 84-86: 991-1002
____ This source is not available in the S..J..M.C,. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Genetic characterisation and enhancement of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
accumulation in cyanobacteria were investigated for efficient PHB production

from CD2. The genome DNAs in the PHB accumulating strains Synechococcus sp.
HA19 and Spirulina platensis MIES46 retained the highly homologous region to
phaC of Synechocystis PCC6S03, whereas low homology was detected in the
nonaccumulating strains Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Anabaena cylindrica
NIES19. Synechococcus sp. MA19, which accumulates PHB up to 307. of dry cell
weight from CQ2 as the sole carbon .source, was mutated by insertion of
transposon Tn5 to enhance the PHB accumulation. Genetic and physiological
analysis of the mutant indicated that decreased phospHptransacetylase activity
could trigger an increase of acetyl coenzyme A leading.to enhancement of PHB
accumulation. PHB synthase in Synechococcus sp. MA19 was probably attached to
thylakoid membrane since PHB granules were associated with pigments. A
genetically engineered cyanobacteria retaining soluble PHD synthase from
Ralstonia eutropha accumulated pigment-free PHB granules, which is an advantage
for the purification of PHB.
4 of 5
TI: C-phycocyanins a potent peroxy 1 radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro.
AL!: Bhat-VB; Madyastha--KM
AD: Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
560 012, India.
SO: Biochem-Biophys-Res-Commun . 2000 Aug 18; 275(1): 20-5
This source is not available in the S.J..M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: C-Phycocyanin (from Spirul ine. platens,is) effectively inhibited
CC1(4)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver in vivo. Both native and reduced
phycocyanin significantly inhibited peroxyl radical—induced lipid peroxidation
in rat liver microsomes and the inhibition was concentration dependent with an
IC(50) of 11.35 and 12.7 microM, respectively. The radical scavenging property
of phycocyanin was established by studying its reactivity with peroxyl and
hydroxyl radicals and also by competition kinetics of crocin bleaching. These
studies have demonstrated that phycocyanin is a potent peroxyl radical
scavenger with an IC(50) of 5.0 microM and the rate constant ratios obtained
for phycocyanin and uric acid (a known peroxyl radical scavenger) were 1.54 and
3.5, respectively. These studies clearly suggest that the covalently linked
chromophore, phycocyanobilin, is involved in the antioxidant arid radical
scavenging activity of phycocyanin. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

5 of 5
TI: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of spirulina platensis component
and removing the stench.
AU: Qiuhui-H
AD: College of Food Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,
China.
SC: J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 Jul; 47(7):- 2705-6
AB: The chemical component of spirulina was determined by supercritical CC(2)
extraction. The protein and essential amino acid contents of spirulina powder
were not significantly decreased through supercritical CG(2) extraction, but

the contents of total amino acid and lipids were reduced. The spiralina powder
had a stench smell before, but not after, supercritical 00^2) extractions. The
highest yield rate of lipids was obtained at an extraction pressure of 35 MPa
and an extraction time of 4 h. The lipids could be used as additives of health
foods containing gamma-linolenic acid.

PC-SPIRS 3.40

MEDLINE (R) 2000/01-2000/10

MEDLINE (R) 2000/81-2000/10 usage is subject to the terms and conditions of the
Subscription and License Agreement■and the applicable Copyright and
intellectual property protection as dictated by the appropriate laws of your
country and/or by International Convention.

1 of 10
TI: Physico-chemical parameters influencing DNase activity of the
cyanobacterium Spiralina platensis,,
AU: Cao-J; Liang-D; Xu-Z; Qiu-G; Li-E<; Vonshak-A
ADi Marine .Bidtec hnd logy Center, University of California, Ganta Barbara 93106,
USA. caoSlifesci.ucsb.edu
SC; Microbiol-Res. 2000 Apr; 155(1}: 59-63
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LAs ENGLISH
A8: The effects of temperature, Mg2+, EDTA concentration and rinsing on extraand intra-cellular DNase activity of Spiralina platensis strain SSP—14, were
investigated,. The results indicate that the tested strain contains very high
extra- and intracellular DNase activity, which actually hinders the transfer of
foreign gene(s) to S. platensis, a cyanobacterium with multiple economic
potentials. The extracellular DNase activity could easily be removed by rinsing
the cells with Zarrouk medium more than once. The intracellular DNase activity
could also be inhibited by (1) removal of Mg2+, (2) maintaining EDTA
concentration above 1 mmol l(-i), and (3} manipulating below 0-4 degrees C,
during all the incubation procedures. We suggest that, by using one or more of,
or combining, all those experimental conditions, the chances of foreign DNA
attempted to be introduced into S. platensis without being digested would be

TI: [The postradiation use of vitamin-containing complexes and a phycocyanin
extract in a radiation lesion in ratsj
AU: Karpov-LM; Brown-II; Poltavtseva-NV; Ershova-GN; Karakis-SG; Vasil'eva-TV;
Chaban—IuL
AD: Mechnikov Odessa State University, Ukraine.
SO: Radiats-Biol-Radioecol „ 2088 May-Jun; 40(3): 310-4
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: RUSSIAN; NON-ENGLISH
AB: Wister rats have been exposed to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy. Significant
decrease in dehydrogenase activity, energy—rich phosphate level and efficiency
of antioxidant defence and significant increase in pyruvate amount were
observed within 4 weeks. It was also found that the feeding of exposed rats
with phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae Spiralina platensis lead to
correcting effect. The same result was observed after injections of tocopherol
or complex of six water-soluble vitamins. The combination of above mentioned
compounds had more marked effect, especially at the presence unitiole and

3 of 10
TI: [Study of the factors of Cr(III) bioaccumulation on Spiralina platensisj
AU: Li—ZY; La-YG; Guo-SY; Li—L; Zhang-St
AD: School of Food & Biological Engineering, South China University of
Technology, Guangzhou.
SO: Sheng-Wu-Kung-Cheng-Hsueh-Pao. 2000 Jan; 16(1): 108-12
LA: CHINESE; NON-ENGLISH
AB: Some factors of Cr(III) bioaccumulation on Spiru1ina platensis were studied
in detail. It was found that the bioaccumulation of Cr(III) on Spiralina

platensis involved two steps: rapid adsorption and slow absorption.
Chromic(111) compounds with weaker chemical bond had higher bioaccumulation
efficiency. Under the same algal cell concentration, Cr(XII) bioaccumulation
rosed up with Cr(III) concentration. On the other hand , with Cr(XXI)
concentration not changed , the total bioaccumulation of Cr(IXX) on Spiralina
platensis increased with algal cell concentration, but the Cr(II.I)
bioaccumulation on unit, algae reduced. The study also showed that Spiru1ina
platensis powder could bioaccumulate more Cr(III) than fresh Spiru1ina
platensis., pH is a quite important factor and more suitable pH for Cr(XXX)
bioaccumulation is 7. It was also proved that Cr(III) bioaccumulation benefited
from the increase of temperature and light intensity. Cations had either
stimulation or inhibition effects on the Cr(III) bioaccumulation on Spiru1ina

4 of 10
TIi Effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on intact cells of the cyanobacterium
Spiru1ina platensis: characterisation of the alterations in the thylakoid
membranes.

radiation for .1-3 h induces losses in the CP47 and CP43 levels, but does not
induce the appearance of the 94 k.Da protein band in SDS-PAGE. These results
clearly demonstrate that prolonged exposure of Spiru!ina cells to moderate
levels of UV-E< affects the chlorophyll a—protein complexes and alters the
fluorescence emission spectral profile of the pigment-protein complexes of the
thylakoid membranes. Thus, it is clear that chlorophyll a antennae of Spiru1ina
platensis are significantly altered by UV-B radiation.
5 of 10
TI: CThe selenium haemostasis during experimental anaphylaxis reaction in rats
treated with reduced glutathione and selenium enriched spiru1ina J
AU: Golubkina-NA; Mazo-VK; Gmoshinski i-1’7; Zorin-SN; Tambiev-AKh; Kirikova-NN
AD: Institute of Nutrition, RAMS, Moscow.
SO; Vopr-Med-Khim. 2000 Jan-Feb; 46(1): 2.2-7
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: RUSSIAN; NON-ENGL I Sil’
AB: The main events caused by anaphilaxis in selenium haemostasis in rats
include significant increase of selenium excretion with urine (6.36
1 „ IS nN

Se/13 h. , n - 10, compared with 1.72 +/-- 0.33 nN Se/13 h. , n - 10) and decrease
of selenium plasma/selenium erythrocytes ratio from 0.939 to 0.791. Reduced
glutathione (G—SH) administration led to 1.5-fold decrease of plasma selenium
level and 1.3-fold increase of selenium concentration in intestinal walls of
sensitised rats (r = -0.720, F < 0.001). Chromatographic separation of plasma
proteins showed that intragastric intubation of G-SH to sensibilized rats
significantly decreased the protein P content and did not influence the
concentration of Se-GSHPx, thus indicating the local selenium acceptor role of
G—SH. G-SH administration did not influence the intestinal permeability in
sensitised rats while use of complex additive: G-SH and selenium enriched
spirulina-—normalized the latter parameter and the ratio of protein F/Se-GSHPx
in plasma.

6 of 10
TI: £Intracellular phosphorus pool in a culture of the cyanobacterium Spiru1ina
platensis]
AU; Bolsunovskii-AIa; Kosinenko-SV
AD: Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Krasnoyarsk, Russi a.
SD: Mikrobiologiia. 2000 Jan-Feb; 69(1): 135-7
This source is not available in the S.J.frt.C. Library
LA: RUSSIAN; NON-ENGLISH
AB: An intracellular phosphorus pool' in a monoculture of the cyanobacterium
Spirulina platensis was -assessed using radioactive and nonradioactive
phosphorus. The derived dependence of specific growth rate on the intracellular
content of mineral phosphorus can be presented in the form of the Droop’
equation. It was found that the stage of replenishment of the intracellular
phosphorus pool may affect the phosphorus turnover estimation in aquatic
environments from the results of short-term measurements of phosphorus uptake.
7 of 10
TI: Changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in Spirulina cyanobacterium by
sodium stress.
AU; Verma-K; Mohanty-P
AD: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
SC: Z-Naturforsch~C. .2000 Jan-Feb; 55(1-2): 16-22
This source is not available in the S.J.H.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Spirulina platensis trichomes grown in Zarrouks medium having total Na+
concentration as 0.14 N when transferred to fresh Zarrouks medium containing
enhanced level of Na+ ions equal to 0.36 M showed 307. more accumulation of Na+
intracellu1 arly as compared to the control. An inhibition of photosystem II
activity to almost 667. was observed. Also due to this exposure to high Na+, the
room temperature absorption characteristics of Spirulina trichomes and the
thylakoid membrane preparations were altered indicating changes in the
chromophore protein interactions and alterations in the
phycocyanin/allophycocyanin ratio; there by affecting the energy harvest and
energy transfer processes. An increase in the carotenoid absorption was two
fold over the control in the treated sample. Similarly, room temperature and
low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra collectively suggested
alterations in the chlorophyll a emissions, F 726 of photosystem I reflecting
changes in the lipid protein environment of the thylakoid. Dur results indicate
that in Spirulina the enhanced Na+ level alters the energy harvest and transfer
processes. It also affected the emission characteristics of chlorophyll a of
photosystem I.

8 of 10
TI: Temperature-independent and -dependent expression of desaturase genes in
filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis strain Cl (Arthrospira sp. PCC

9438) .
AU: Deshnium-P; Paithoonrangsarid-K; Suphatrakul-A; Meesapyodsuk-D;
Tanticharoen-M; Cheevadhanarak-S
AD: National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Rama VI Rd.,
Bangkok, Thailand, ippnium@cc.kmutt.ac.th
SC: FEMS-Microbiol —Lett. 2000 Mar 15; 184(2): 207-13
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The alteration of the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids
has been shown to be a key mechanism in the tolerance to temperature stress of
living organisms. The step that most influences the physiology of membranes has
been proposed to be the amount of di-unsaturated fatty acids in membrane
lipids. In this study, we found that the desaturation of fatty acid to yield
the di—unsaturated fatty acid 18:2(9,12), in Spirulina platensis strain Cl, was
not regulated by temperature. As shown by the fatty acid composition and gene
expression patterns, the levels of 18:1(9) and 18:2(9,12) remained almost
constant either when the cells were grown at 35 degrees C (normal growth
temperature) or 22 and 40 degrees C. The expression of desC (Delta9) and desA
(Deltal2) genes, which are responsible for the introduction of first and second
double bonds into fatty acids, respectively, was not affected by the
temperature shift from 35 to 22 degrees C or to .40 degrees C. Only the
expression and mRNA stability of the desD gene (Delta6) that is responsible for
the introduction of a third double bond into fatty acids were enhanced by a
temperature shift from 35 ,'to 22 degrees C, but not the shift frbm 35 to 40
degrees C. The increase in the level of desD mRNA elevated the desaturation of
fatty acid from 18:2(9,12) to 18:3(6,9,12) at 22 degrees C. However, the
increased level of 18:3(6,9,12) was observed after 36 h of incubation at 22
degrees C, indicating a slow response to temperature of fatty acid desaturation
in this cyanobacterium. These findings suggest that, the desaturation of fatty
acids might not be a key mechanism in the response to the temperature change of
S. platensis strain Cl.

9 of 10
TI: Pseudovitamin B(12) is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food,
spirulina tablets.
AU: Watanabe-E; Katsura-H; Takenaka-S; Fujita-T; Abe-K; Tamura-Y; Nakatsuka-T;
Mak ano-¥
AD: Department of Health Science, Kochi Women's University, Kochi 780-8515,
Japan. watanabe@cc.kochi-wu. ac. j p
SO: J-Agric—Food—Chem. 1999 Nov; 47(11): 4736-41
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: The vitamin B(12) concentration of an algal health food, spirulina
(Spirulina sp. ) tablets, was determined by both Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC
7830 microbiological and intrinsic factor chemiluminescence methods. The values
determined with the microbiological method were approximately 6-9-fold greater
in the spirulina tablets than the values determined with the chemiluminescence
method. Although most of the vitamin B(12) determined with the microbiological
method was derived from various, vitamin B(12) substitutive compounds and/or
inactive vitamin B(12) analogues, the spiru1ina contained a small amount of
vitamin B(12) active in the binding of the intrinsic factor. Two intrinsic
factor active vitamin 8(12) analogues (major and minor) were purified from the
spirul ina tablets and partially character ised. The major (837.) and minor (177.)
analogues were identified as pseudovitamin B(12) and vitamin B(12),
respectively, as judged from data of TLC, reversed-phase HPLC, (1)H NMR
spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and biological activity using
L ■ leichmannii as a test organism and the binding of vitamin B(12) to the
intrinsic factor.

10 Gf 10
TI: Characterization of the transient species generated by the photoexcitation
of C-phycocyanin from Spiral ina platensis: a laser photolysis and pulse
radiolysis study.
AU: Zhang-SP; Qian-SP; Zhao-OD; Yao-SD; Jiang-LJ
AD: Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy
of Sciences j E^eijing.
SO: Biochim-Biophys-Acta. 1999 Oct 18; 1472(1-2): 270-8
____ This source is not available in the S..1.M.C. Library
LA: ENGLISH
AB: Nanosecond laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis were used to
generate and characterize the triplet state and cation radical of C—phycocyani
(C-PC) from Spiral ina platensis. The transient absorption spectra of C-PC were
measured from direct excitation and acetone sensitization in aqueous solution
at room temperature by KrF (248 nm) laser flash photolysis. Laser—induced
transient species have been characterized by the method of acetone
sensitization and one-electron oxidation. In nitrous oxide-saturated phosphate
buffer saline (pH - 7.0) of C-PC, the produced intermediates are assigned to
the excited triplet state and the radical cation. Using acetone as
photosensitizer, the C-PC excited triplet states produced via triplet-triplet
energy transfer and the C-PC radical cation from electron transfer reaction
were further confirmed. Furthermore, the corresponding kinetic parameters were
determined. To our knowledge, the transient absorption' spectra of C-PC have
been ’reported for the first time.

('' <c. P 1 H

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country and/or by International Convention.

1 of 9
TIs Effects of phycocyanin extract on prostaglandin E2 levels in mouse ear
infl animation test.
AU: Romay,--C; Ledon,-N; Gonsalez,-R
AD: Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
Cientificas, CNIC, Habana, Cuba. Cheyla@quimica.cneuro.edu.cu
SO: Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Dec; 58(12): 1106-9
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: English
AB: Recently it vias demonstrated that phycocyanin, a biliprotein isolated from
microalgae Spirulina, exerts anti-inf1ammatory activity in several, animal
models of inflammation. In this report, the effects of phycocyamin on
prostaglandin E2 (FGE2) concentrations and phospholipase A2 (PLA2.) activity
were determined in arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-0-tetradecanoy1 phorbol
13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear oedema, respectively. Phycocyanin (50-280
mg/kg p.o.) inhibited in a dose—dependent manner PGE2 levels in mouse ear
treated 'with AA. Also, phycocyanin (180-400 mg/kg p.o.) moderately reduced PLA2
activity in TPA-induced mouse ear inflammation test. In this model
triamcinolone (10 mg/kg p.o.) used as reference drug exerted a remarkable
partially, from inhibition of PGE2 production and a moderate inhibition of PLA2
activity.
2 of 9
Tlu Novel testing of human gastric motor and sensory functions: rationale,
methods, and potential applications in clinical practice.
AU: K'im,-D-¥; Myung ,-S-- J ; Camilleri,-M
AD: Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester,
Minnesota 55905, USA.
SO: Am-d-Gastrbenterol. 2008 Dec; 95(12): 3365-73
This source is available only few back issues in the S.J.M.C. Library
Call Number: from 1975-1982
LA: English
AB: Sensitive and reproducible tests are essential to investigate the
mechanisms of gastric motility and sensation in healthy humans and patients
with unexplained upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Electrogastrography,
manometry, scintigraphic emptying, and barostat studies with an intragastric
balloon were initially used to understand physiology and pathophysiology of
gastric motility. However, manometry and barostat studies are time-consuming,
costly, and invasive, thus reducing their widespread clinical application. To
overcome these shortcomings, several novel approaches have been proposed:
water/nutrient drink test, paracetamol absorption test, 13C-octanoic acid or
spirulina breath tests, ultrasonography , (nagnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
single photon emission fc&mputed tomography (SFECT), and tensostat. The
water/nutrient (satiety) test is a noninvasive test proposed as an alternative
to sensory studies performed with an intragastric balloon. The satiety test
cannot measure gastric accommodation; interpretation of sensory tests usually
has required independent assessment of accommodation or compliance. The
tensostat can be used as a gastric sensation test because it measures gastric
wall tension, which is related to the perception of gastric distention. To

measure gastric emptying, the paracetamol absorption test, 130 breath tests,
ultrasound, or MR1 can be used. The paracetamol absorption test can measure the
gastric emptying of liquids. 130 breath test can measure the gastric emptying
of solids or liquids and can achieve accuracy comparable with gastric
scintigraphy. Ultrasonography requires special skills, and MRI requires costly
equipment. To measure gastric accommodation to a meal, ultrasound, MRI, and
SPECT have been proposed. The recently introduced SPECT requires an intravenous
injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate , which the gastric mucosa specifically takes
up, and specialized imaging and analysis, which have potential, to be automated.
Thus, novel, noninvasive approaches assess different dimensions of gastric
motility and sensation testing. With further development of these techniques,
refinement of their conduct and analysis, and validation of clinical
usefulness, they are likely to be applicable in cl’inical practice to enhance
cost-effective, evidence-based management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
Such applications may provide an alternative to sequential empirical trials for
symptoms.
3 of 9
TI: Calcium and phosp<hate regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under the high light stress.
Alls Singh,-D-P; Singh,—N
AD: School of Environmental Sciences, B.B.Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025,
India.
SO: Gurr-Microbiol. 2000 Nov; 41(5): 363-73
This source is not available in the S. J.M.C.. Library
LA: English
AB: High light stress (40 W/m(2))-induced alterations in the nitrogen
assimi 1 atc-ry enzymes in Spirulina plstehsis were studied under the Ca(2+) and
phosphate (Pi/-supplemented as well as starved conditions. Results revealed
that activities of nitrate reductase (NR), amino acid transferases (AST/SOT and
ALT/GPT), and protease enzymes in the high-light-incubated cells were
relatively higher under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions. On the contrary,
relative rates of glutamine synthetase (GS) and ATPase activities were lower in
the Ca(2+)~ and Pi-starved cells. But
no Sfii.ruJ.lna cells under the Ca(2+)- and
Pi-added conditions showed enhanced activity of both GS and ATPase enzymes.
During the high-light stress, a decline in the GS activity, particularly under
the Ca(2-f-)~ and Pi-starved conditions, was indicative of a nitrogen
starvation-1 ike condition. This could be one of the reasons for induction of
the NR and protease enzymes. A higher rate of GS activity was recorded under
both the Ca(2+)- and Pi-supplemented conditions, perhaps owing to the enhanced
rate of ATPase activity in such conditions. But a declining pattern of both NR
and protease activities in the presence of Ca(2+) and Pi, despite the higher
rate of ATPase activity, might involve some other mechanism like the
p r o t e i n - k .1 n a s e system.

4 of 9
TI: The presence of a SO molecule in ENiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio
vulgaris Miyazaki as detected by mass spectrometry.
Ad: Higuchi,-Y; .Toujou,—F; Tsukamoto,-K; ¥agi-,-T
AD: Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan.
higuchi@kuc.hem, kyoto-u. ac .. j p
SO: J-Inorg-Bicchem. 2000 Jul 1; 30(3-4): 205-11
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C._ Library
LA: English
AB: The active site of [NiFej hydrogenase is a binuclear metal complex composed
of Fe and Ni atoms and is called the Ni-Fe site, where the Fe atom is known to
be coordinated to three diatomic ligands. Two mass spectrometric techniques,
pyrolysis-MS (pyrolysis-mass spectrometry ) and TQF-SIMS (time-of-flight
secondary ion mass spectrometry), were applied to several proteins, including

native and denatured forms af EMiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Miyazaki F, EFe4S4j2- ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum,
£Fe,S23-ferredoxin from Spirulna platensis, and porcine pepsin. Pyrolysis-MS
revealed that only native hydrogenase liberated S0/SC2 (ions of m/z 48 and 64
at an equilibrium ratio of SO and S02) at relatively low temperatures before
the covalent bonds in the polypeptide moiety started to decompose. T8F-SIMS
indicated that native Miyazaki hydrogenase released S0/SG2 (m/z 47.97 and
63.96) as secondary ions when irradiated with a high-energy Ga«- beam. Denatured
hydrogenase, clostridial ferredoxin, and pepsin did not release SO as a
secondary ion. The FT—IR spectrum of the enzyme suggested the presence of CG
and CN. These lines of evidence suggest that the three diatomic ligands
coordinated to the Fe atom at the Ni-Fe site in Miyazaki hydrogenase are 58,
CO, and CM. The role of the SO.ligand in helping to cleave H2 molecules at the
active site and stabilizing the Fe atom in the diamagnetic Fe(II.) state in the
redox cycle of this enzyme is discussed.
5 of 9
TI: Thermal behavior of long wavelength absorption transitions in Spirulina
platensis•photosystem I trimers.
AG: Cometta.-A; Zucchelli,-G? Karapetyan,-hi-V; Engelmann,-E; Garlaschi,-F-M;
Jennings,-R-C
AD: Centro CNR Biologia Celiulare e Molecular© delle Piante, Dipartimento di
Biologia, Gniversita di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
SO: Biophys-J. 2000 Dec; 79(6): 3235-43
AB: In photosystem I trimers of Spiralina platensis a major long wavelength
transition is irreversibly bleached by illumination with high-intensity white
light. The photobleaching hole, identified by both absorption and circular
dichroism spectroscopies, is interpreted as the inhomogeneously broadened G(y)
transition of a chlorophyll form that absorbs maximally near 709 nm at room
temperatureAnalysis of the mean square deviation of the photobleaching hole
between 80 and 300 K, in the linear electron-phonon frame, indicates that the
optical reorganization energy is 52 cm(-l), four times greater than that for
the bulk, short-wavelength-absorbing chlorophylls, and'the in,homogenous site
distribution bandwidth is close to 150 cm(-l). The room temperature bandwidth,
close to 18.5 nm, is dominated by thermal (homogeneous) broadening.
Photobleaching induces correlated circular dichroism changes, of opposite sign,
at 709 and 670 nm, which suggests that the long wavelength transition may be a
low energy excitonic, band, in agreement with its. high reorganization energy.
Clear identification of the 709-nm spectral form was used in developing a
Gaussian description of the long wavelength absorption tail by analyzing the
changing band shape during photobleaching using a global decomposition
procedure. Additional absorption states near 720, 733, and 743 nm were thus
identified. The lowest energy state at 743 nm is present in substoichiometric
levels at room temperature and its presence was confirmed by fluorescence
spectroscopy. This state displays an unusual increase in intensity upon
lowering the temperature, which is successfully described by assuming the
•presence of low-lying, thermally populated states.

AD: Fachrichtung Biophysik und Physikalische Grundlagen der Medizin,
Gniversa. tat des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar , Germany.
SQ: J—Biol-Inorg-Chem. 2000 Aug; 5(4): 514-26
LAs English

AB: The 1H electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra in frozen
solutions of the reduced E2Fe-283 cluster in ferredoxin from Arthrospira
(Spiralina) platensis have been measured at low temperatures (5-20 K) and
simulated using orientational selection methods. The analysis confirmed the
existence of a single paramagnetic species with iron valence states II and III
connected uniquely to the cluster irons. The experimental ENDOR spectra were
■fitted to a model including the spin distribution on the centre, the
orientation of the g-matrix, and the isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine
couplings of the nearest protons in the crystallographically determined
structure. In order to partially simulate ENDOR line shapes, a statistical
distribution of the corresponding torsion angles between the Fe(III) centre and
one of the beta-CH2 protons was introduced.. From the analysis, four .of the
larger hyperfine couplings found were■assigned to the cysteine beta-protons
near the Fe(III) ion of the cluster, with isotropic hyperfine couplings ranging
from 1.6 to 4.1 MHz. The spin distribution on the two iron ions was estimated
to be +1.35 for the Fe(III) ion and -0.9 for the Fe(II) ion. The Fe(III) ion
was identified as being coordinated to 'the cysteine ligands Cys49 and Cys79,
confirming previous NMR results.. The direction of the g-tensor with respect to
the cluster was deduced. The gl-g2 plane is parallel to-the planes through each
iron and its adjacent cysteine sulfurs; the g2-g3 plane is nearly perpendicular
to the latter planes and deviates by 25 degrees from the FeSSFe plane. The gi
direction is dominated by the bonding geometry of Fe(Il') and does not align
with the Fe(11)-Fe(111) vector.

7 of 9
TI: Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase- -2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein
from Spiralina platensis.
AU: Reddy,-C-H; Bhat,-9-B; Kiranmai,-GJ Reddy,-M-N; Reddanna,--F; Madyastha,-K-M
AD: Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,
560 812, India. SO: Biochem-Biophys-Res.-Commun. 2000 Nov 2; 277(5) : 599—603
This source is not available in the S.J.M.C. Library
LA: English
AB: We report data from two related assay systems (isolated enzyme assays and
whole blood assays) that C-phycocyanin a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis
is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) with a very low IC(50)
COX-2/IC(50) COX-1 ratio (0.04). The extent of inhibition depends on the period
of preincubation of phycocyanin with COX-2, but without any effect on the
period of preincubation with COX-1. The IC(50) value obtained for the
inhibition of COX-2 by phycocyanin is much lower (-.1.80 nM) as.compared to those
of celecoxib (255 nM) and rofecoxib (401 nM), the well-known selective COX-2
inhibitors. In the human whole blood assay, phycocyanin very efficiently
inhibited CDX-2 with an IC(50) value of 80 nM. Reduced phycocyanin and
phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin are poor inhibitors of COX-2
without COX-2 selectivity. This suggests that apoprotein in phycocyanin plays a
key role in the selective inhibition of COX-2. The present study paints out
that the hepatoprot.eetive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties of
phycocyanin reported in the literature may be due, in part, to its selective
COX-2 inhibitory property, although its ability to efficiently scavenge free
radicals and effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation may also be involved.
Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

8 of 9
TI: Toxicity of triphenyltin to Spirulina subsalsa.
AU: Zhihui,-S; Guolan,-H
AD: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University,
Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
SO: Bui1-Environ-Contam-Toxicol. 2000 May; 64(5): 723-8
____ This source is not available in the S.J.M.C.. Library

TI: Lipid profile: a useful chemotaxonomic marker for classification of a new
cyancbacterium in Spirolina genus.
ALL; Romano,-I; Bellitti,-M-Rj Nicolaus,-B; Lama,-L.; Manca,-M-C; Pagnotta, -E;
Gambacor ta,—A
AD: Istitustd per la Chimica di Molecole di Interesse Biologico, CNR, Arco
Felice, Na., Italy.
SDs Phytochemistry. 2000 Jun; 54(3): 289-94
LA: English
AB: The morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of an isolate
>m hard sand of the lake Venere in the Pantelleria island
ibed. The isolate with a small-size coiled helix shape,
at pH 9.2-9.5 at 30 degrees C under continuous illumination
eased a 61.5 mo 17. of Guanine + Cytosine content of DMA. The
>ed the presence of mono-, di-glycosyl, sulphoquinovolosyl and
, DGDG, SGDG and PG). The fatty acid profile was also
ii’.ed by the absence of gamma—linolenic acid and the presence
onounsaturated C16 and Ci8. The latter was also present as a
The fatty acid composition was affected by growth
reasing the degree of desaturation at a lower temperature and
:<f shorter acyl chains. The effects of growth conditions other
physical, nutritional and chemical on lipid composition were
overall features of the cyanobacterium isolated from
red it into Spirulina genus.

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