INTEGRATED HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT-ORISSA
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- INTEGRATED HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT-ORISSA
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OK'SSO —'B.
RF_IH_10_SUDHA
ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF
KUTIA-KONDHS AND PAURI BHUINYAS- A FIRST STEP IN
DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE MODELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH
CARE PROGRAMMES FOR THE PRIMITIVE TRIBES OF ORISSA.
by
Dr. Almas Ali, Special Officer (Tribal Health),
Tribal and Harijan Research-cum-Training Institute,
Bhubaneswar - 751 014.
Orissa has the second largest tribal population in
Indiat
In terms of percentage of tribal population it ranks
firsti It has been the epitome of 62 tribes numbering over
5 million according to the 1971 census. This forms 25.18
percent of the State's population of 22 million.
Unfortunately the tribals have little or no access
to even the most elimentary form of health care.
The
health problems faced by most of the primitive tribal
communities of Orissa are yet to be identified and the
present health and nutritional status to be assessed.
However, general observation show that their health and
nutritional status is unquestionably low and they are in a
very precarious state of existence.
Our study reveals that
many of the recognised threats to health like diarrhoea, upper
respiratory tract infections, malnutrition, worm infestations,
etc. which are common in tribal areas are preventible.
Thus
an effective programme of preventive medical care should
be taken up.
A different strategy for health coverage in
tribal areas is to be evolved depending upon the actual
health needs and existing health status of different tribal
communities.
It is therefore time to seriously look into
the possibilities of microlevel planning for health in
tribal areas.
The paper will discuss over-all aspects of
primary health care programme of tribal population.
CCr.U'JNITY !Z:ALTH CEL!.
■: :.;g. ) 31. Marks Road
,
■'
660 OOH
£
ofcissA- r,
PERCEPTION OF COHi.UNITY HEALTH VOLUNTEERS
BY SELF AND OTHERS
BY
Dr, Saraswati Swain, SOB Medical College
CUTTACK
The study was undertaken to evaluate the subjective
'^perceptionVof the role of the CSVs in the state of Orissa.
So far nine out of 15 districts have been covered. The
present report is a preliminary formulation based on the
data collected from only 5 PHCs selected at random out of
18 already covered.
Five sets of questionnaires were developed each
for one category of persons.
The number of respondents
in each category weresCommunity
members
Community
leaders.
C..E.V.
M.P.W.
275
108
55
25
Profess
ionals.
7
The following were the suggestions offered for the
improvement of the scheme by both the providers and consu
mers of service.
It has been observed that the CHV scheme has received
wide acceptance and massive support from the community.
Their suggestions for improvement of the scheme have already
been incorporated in this report.
Though the findings of the study are of very limited
in nature, still some strong and weak areas of the programme
have been clearly brought out in this preliminary report.
HEAR AREASr
I.
Community participation was extremely poor. The
selection and supervision of the CHVs was mostly done
by and left to the Govt.officials. In fact, this was
perceived to be a govt.scheme and there was recommen
dations for raising the honorarium,providing prenito
nal opportunities and for offering the CHVs the full
status of a govt.servant making them permanent in
their job.
Some even expected the CHVs to do their duties on
Continue/ ...
-..-mTH CEtt
2
full time'basis.
education.
All these indicate lack of community
2.
Supply of drugs was stated to be inadequate and irregular
and there was no suggestion to subsidize it which indicate
lack of self reliance attitude of the community.
3.
The preventive and promotive health work of the CHVs
were found to be below expectation, who were mostly
engaged in curative job. The MCH and F.P.Services were
not emphasised and were given rather low priority(Only)
56.02/ ladies were offered advice in family planning and
5.6o/ for tetanus toxoid) These indicated the need for
a revision of their training curriculum.
4.
There was gross under registration of the various
categories of data, and the maintenance of records were
poor.
The duration and content of the training was considered
to be inadequate by most of the respondents. There was
higher demand for more training in homeopathic system
of medicine though no such need was felt for other
systems. However, the training in allopathic system was
considered to be adequate and satisfactory.
5;
6.
Some of the medical officers were not properly oriented
and suggested the training of the CHVs to be carried out
in a medical college setting though indicating at the
same time that the training of the.CHVs should be geared
to meet the situation in rural areas.
They even suggested that the CHVs to be selected by the
CDMO.A few also recommanded to abandan the scheme
completely and instead appoint oneMPW/2ooo population.
This indicated the antagonistic attitude of the medical
personnel.
7.
Even though the medical care was delivered at the door
step of the villagers, the medical officers and the
community members suggested for a clinic type of situation
from where they expected the personal health care to be
delivered to all. This clearly indicated that they
expected the CHV to be a minidoctor though otherwise the
medical officers were antagonistic for this scheme.
8.
All categories of personnel pleaded for higher remuneration
to be paid to the CHVs which indicated their sympathy
for his work and more, because they considered it as a
paid job.
STRONG POINTS:
I.
The general awareness of the community was high though
on specific occasions it was found to be low.
Contd./..
-12.
There was wide acceptance of the CHVs.
3.
The utilisation of the PHO services increased due to
the referal and better field work.
4.
Sone of the MPWs felt and recommended for the
continuing education of the CHVs which indicated their
practical approach and real interest to develop the
programme.
It is established by the study that community health
volunteer scheme has crea-ted health awareness among the
general public. As the administration of better health care
can qualitatively be assessed though the satisfaction of the
people the present contact through this survey work would
increase the inclination of the public towards better health
services.
Basing on the response of the villa.gers it was
observed tha.t the accessibility, acceptability and adaptabi
lity of the Community health volunteers were high and the
guide lines would work as an effective indicator to account
for the social feasibility of the scheme to be implemented
in future.
-53
AGRICULT0B3 TRAINING C3HEB3
The Agriculture Training Centre, Gopalwadi-, P.O. Antemada
Vias Rayagoda 765001, Dt. Koraput, Orissa, is a reorganised
institution from its original form. of a training centre run by
Sarva Sova Sangh.
It was given a reorientation in 1971 when it
was registered as a Society.
The obscure tribal village where the institution is located
took the mce of Gopalwadi when Shri Annasaheb Sahasrabuddhe,
General Secretary of Sarva Seva Sangh, established lire a snail
cattle farm. Since then Gopalwadi bad been a centre of training
for yourg workers engaged in Khadi and Villa ge industries prog
rammes.
The training centre was discontinued as a casualty of
the erargency.
But oven before this, the centre was adopted by
rhe Society for Developirg Gramdans in view of a concentration
of Gramdan villages in the area.
Programmes ;
Agricultural development is the main concern of the centre.
It has a 30 acre demonstration farm at the centre itself and
£?
spread out its activities in live villages, covering 150 families,
food crops like paddy, wheat, sorghum, maize, groundnut and
vegetables are grown.
A dairy fam was developed with fire jersy mixed-breed
cows.
At present trail’ number is 15.
Agricultural training io conducted for local tribal youth,
not only belonging to tin five villages which have been adopted
for intensive work but also for those who come from various areas
of Eoraput district.
A processing unit bn ^iSoen installed at the centre for the
milling of paddy, wheat and crushing of oil seeds.
"■
m*
COMMUNITY HEALTH PROGRAMME
IN THE DIOCESE OF
RRRBAMPUR, ORISSA.
2
a
a
COMMUNITY HEALTH PROGRAMME
SN THE DIOCESE OF
BERHAMPUR, ORISSA.
The diocese of Berhampur was erected on January
24th, 1974, comprising of the three southern districts of
Orissa, namely Ganjam, Koraput and Kalahandi. It has
a geographical area of 51025.5 Sq. KMs and a pouplation
of 6,449,808 according to the latest census available.
Koraput and Kalahandi are the most backward districts^
of Orissa. Koraput has a schedule caste and schedule tribe’
population of 69.75% and that of Kalahandi is 49.90%.
The percentage of literacy in Koraput is 15.83 and in
Kalahandi 19.35. Ganjam has a higher percentage of
literacy i.e. 30.78. But the areas where our Health Centres
are situated have a percentage of literacy that is only
7.9% and a schedule tribe and schedule caste population
of 59.9%.
agriculture and above all on community health care. In
order to multiply the manpower, and to make health
care economically cheap and, available on the spot, the
people’s participation were found to be necessary, and also
the need of training Health Workers at the village level.
Thus the V.H.W’s training began and the 1st batch
completed its 1st phase of training on Nov. 20th 1978.
Aim of the Programme :
Is to render preventive and curative health care to
Wre rural masses, through their own people, and at
Minimum expense and thus enabling them to take care of
their own health.
Health Centres :
At present we have 15 health centres in the
diocese. Each H. C. caters to the needs of 30-100 villages.
All the centres have mobile clinics too.
The Socio-economic Condition :
Selection of the Health Worker :
The majority of the people are small farmers, mini
traders and casual agricultural labourers. Their average
per capita income is only Rs. 250/- per year. They live in
ignorance, illiteracy and superstition, are the victims of
exploitation by the rich and are deprived of the basic
human needs. From the educational and health point of
view the SC and ST are the most vulnerable group in
Orissa and the medical facilities are beyond their reach
because most of them live in mountaneous forest areas
and do not have the financial means to get the medical
aid.
The V.H.W’s are selected by the people themselves.
We conduct motivation camps in villages in which people
are stirred to discuss their health problems, the difficulties
they face in reaching the existing health services and the
possibility of training the local personnel. Finally the
requirements and qualities of a future health worker are
placed before them.
How the V. H. W's Programme started :
Seeing this deplorable situation of the rural poor,
Msgr. Thomas Thiruthalil, C. M., Bishop of Berhampur
had initiated an orientation seminar on ‘Development’,
for all those who are involved in socio-educational
developmental programmes in his diocese. The seminar
was conducted by ISI MOTT team, and they gave proper
orientation on development stressing on education,
”
—She must be settled in the village and should be
available always.
—Hence as far as possible preference to married
people.
—Should be a well
community.
accepted
person in
the
—Must have interest in her future work, besides
a spirit of dedication and service.
The villagers elect their health worker, irrespective
of caste and creed.
Training :
The training is imparted by the diocesan health
team, with the help of ISI, MOTT, in 3 phases. Each
phase terminates with an oral and a practical test- The
duration of each phase is 2-3 weeks. These sessions are
arranged with a gap of 3-5 months between them so that
the trainee gets a thorough practical experience before
the final phase. The instructions are given on basic health
care, applied nutrition, child care, first aid, home nursing
and Natural Family Planning. On successful completion
of the course, the trainees are each supplied with a
medical kit containing some simple drugs, alongwith the
standing order and certificate, which are officially
approved and distributed by the chief district medical
officer.
Methodology :
After studying the life style of the people, we
realized that the. most favourite and quick means of
learning among the people of that particular area, was
through songs and dances. Therefore the whole syllabus
is covered in the form of song, dance, role play, group
discussion etc. Films and slides are also used as teaching
aids.
Functions of the V.H.W. :
Each village health worker takes cate of 1-4 villages,
consisting of 1G0-200 families. She conducts regular house
visits detects common diseases at their early stages, and
provides timely treatment of minor ailments; she uses
every occasion to impart health and nutrition education.
Much emphasis is laid on simple preventive methods.
She informs the health authority of a current health
problem and works as an organiser as well as a community
builder.
New Role of the Health Centre :
The V.H-Ws are placed under the guidance and
supervision of the respective health centre staff. They
depend very much on them for support, encouragement
and timely help. They need continuous guidance to face
4
5
the numerous challenges of their changed role in the
village. Therefore, either weekly, fortnightly or monthly
(according to the distance) on a day fixed mutually, the
V.H.Ws come to their respective health centres to discuss
their problems and exchange their experiences and
views. Each one’s report is checked and medical kit
refilled by the H. C. sister and the V. H. W. hands
over the cash received by the administration of medicines.
The sister makes use of this occasion to revise their
lessons also.
some of the essential elements for the success of this
programme. There is an attitudinal change in most of the
V. H. Ws. They have grown in their capabilities as
organisers and educators.
Achievements
With the introduction of this programme the H.Cs
are undertaking a more responsible role. Hence, it is
important that the health centre personnel are well
oriented, thoroughly trained, enthusiastic and have
correct understanding and optimism towards the entire
programme. Realizing these facts, we have periodical
seminars & meetings in the diocesan as well as district level.
Training Courses Held :
So far we have trained 150 V. H. Ws, in five
batches. On the diocesan level, 16 refresher Courses have
been held for them. It is surprising to note that they
learn quite fast though majority of these women are
illiterate.
Remuneration :
Each V. H. W. works for about 2-3 hours in the
evening She is paid Rs. 30/- per • month during the period
of her training. After the final phase of training is
completed, she is entitled to Rs. 50/- per month. Gradually
this programme is expected to become self-supportive.
We are asriving for people’s contribution.
The Overall Supervision
of this programme is being undertaken by the
diocesan health team, headed by the health co-ordinator
and they conduct regular follow up visits and refresher
courses.
Observations :
Selection of trainees, place of implementation,
(distance) follow up and, a well motivated H. C. staff are
Through the V.H.Ws constant effort is being made,
to educate the people, and to arouse a critical awareness
of their situation and gradually a radical change in their
life style is evolving.
The V.H.Ws are not merely taking care of t^
health but are also helping in solving social, economi™
and other problematic issues of the community, such as
drinking, family disputes ect. Some of the V.H.Ws were
able to organise their people to get the land which was
leased out many years ago and also to get ‘Pattas’
(receipts) for the remaining land. Often they are a most
accessible channel between health centre, govt, officials
and the Villagers.
Collaboration with Government :
The medical officers from the 3 districts are
associating actively with the programme. They are involved
in training and in testing the trainees, and then in issuing
certificates and standing orders. They cooperate and
collaborate with us and we keep them informed about
the training. Thus this programme is integrated with the
official health programme of this area.
Conclusion :
To run a Community Health Programme effectively
we have to think first and foremost about the village
health worker and her crucial role in the community.
The V.H.W. is the key personnel of the whole programme
and is indispensable to have access to the rural people.
We have found that this programme has always been a
success wherever implemented. Therefore it is rewarding
and promising to endeavour to bring relief and joy to the
many hearts still looking forward to it.
1 sin o ’ s House
BERHAMPUR-760001
Ganjam, Orissa.
October 23rd 1 981
ALTERNATE DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES FOR KORAPUT.
VINOD VYASULU
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
BANGALORE 560027-
ALTERNATE DE ^EL0PI4ENT
STRATEGIES FOR KORAPUT.
Vinod Vyasulu*
Indian Institute of Management,
Bangalore 560027.
Paper Presented At The Seminar On
"Alternate Development Strategies -
Their Relevance to India"
Giri Institute of Development Studies,
Lucknow, February 21 - 22, 1981 .
I am indebted to T.S.Kannan for encouraging
me to study Koraput and for help, support
and stimulating discussions; I acknowledge
with thanks the support and assistance of
A.A.Khalid and Subhash Chandra, all of the
National Small Industries Corporation Ltd.,
New Delhi. I have also benefitted from the
comments of the participants at the'GIDS
Seminar. The ongoing work is supported by
ICSSR. None of these individuals and insti
tutions, however necessarily share my opinions
and errors.
INTRODUCTION
A recent international seminar discussed
alternative development strategies for the future of
Asia over a week, and with about 150 contributions
from all over the world,Yet, in the base paper
for this Seminar, Bhushan Joshi bluntly asks, "Is
Growth Relevant?"
After his masterly survey of the
relevant development literature, we are indeed a lot
wiser about'the complexities of the development process.
However, when it comes to alternate strategies, there
is a feeling of unease, for the theme of this seminar
is not on the alternate strategies, but on their
relevance to India.
In fact, in the Seminar itself,
little time was devoted to alternate strategies; most
of it to an analysis of the past.
And only K.P.Gupta
raised issues about the transition from here to there.
In this paper an effort will be made to discuss
alternate approaches to development policy in the case
of one backward district - Koraput in Orissa.
The
discussion is meant as ta background to an action research
project concerned with field experiments in development
policy.
1
"Alternate Development strategies and the Future of
Asia" An International Conference organized by
UNITAR and other Indian institutions, Vigyan Bhavan,
March 1980.
2
I
KORaPUT TODAY
Koraput is the second largest district (after Baster
in Madhya Pradesh) in the country, and in area it is
larger than Kerala.
Koraput, the district headquarters,
was built by the British; it was the office of the
Political Agent and the first collector, R.C.S.Bell, who
is the author of the first District Gazetteer.
The
district was formed by a merger of Zamindaris of the
area, mainly Kashipur and JAypore.
The Zamindars were
Oriya speaking, but a large number of people in the
district
are Telugu speaking with close links to
neighbouring Andhra Pradesh.
Before 1936, the district
was part of the Madras Presidency.
However, since 1936,
it has been part of Orissa Province, under the Bengal
Presidency, and later, of Orissa State. The biggest part
of the population is Scheduled Tribes - 61.13% and another
12.667<> are Scheduled Castes.
It is a "declared" backward
district that is eligible for all the Central and State
incentives for development activity.
The backwardness of the district is quite well
reflected in the poor infrastructural facilities,
which are all geared to taking out of the district its
rich raw materials.
materials.
For Koraput is very rich in raw
It has at least 10 million tonnes of iron
ore and very large deposits of high grade bauxite -
3
over 60 million tonnes,
enough for several centuries
at current rates of consumption.
It has 225 million tonnes
of limestone of the best cement grade quality and also
some deposits of mica and other metals.
Official agencies
feel the further geological and other studies of the
district are necessary since full information is not yet
available about its natural resource potential.
Koraput has vast forest resources, in spite of the
indiscriminate deforestation that has occured in the
last half century.
There is good quality timber (such as
sal and teak) and plenty of bamboo.
The potential for
various activities connected with forest produce, such as
collection and processing of minor oil seeds,
flowers, spices and so on is tremendous.
2
mohua
The Department
of Soil Conservation of the Orissa Government has
experimented, (solely as a by-product of soil conservation
activity) with plantations of cashew, coffee and sisal.
The Coffee Board is planning to extend its activities
in a big way to this district, in conjunction with
industrial groups like Thecpers and Khodays and this
effort has the backing of. C.M.Poonacha, the Governor
of Orissa.
Surviving from the past are fruit planta
tions of mangoes and apples. The main cereals grown are
mandia(ragi) and paddy.
—
-
One of these is the sal seed, now usee in large
quantities not only in-^oap manufacture, but also to
prepare a substitute for cocoa butter which gives
choclate its. "melt in the month" quality. Hindustan
Lever has pionded this technology and advertises
its role in helping the tribals of Orissa.
While the
benefit to the multinational seems clear enough, it
was very difficult for us to pinpoint the exact benefit
to the tribals.
This is a matter that requires dis
passionate study.
4
Koraput has tremendous hydro-electric potential.
The power station at Machkund (the second in the country
after KRS in Mysore) is a joint endeavour of the Governments
of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
In addition, Indrawati
power station is being expanded, and construction work
Thousands of acres
has begun on the Upper Kolab Project.
(and no one knows how many villages) will be submerged
as a result of these projects.
benefit from irrigation.
Thousands of acres will
-
Yet there is no debate on the
implications of such vast changes which are being a
wrought by administrative decisions from above..
In this
Orissa is quite different from Karnataka and Kerala where
hydroelectric projects have been centres of public
controversy.
Lower Kolab will soon be taken up.
Across
the border, Andhra Pradesh has the Lower and Upper Sileru
power projects.
Thervali will coordinate the power from
Balimala, Machkund and ever Talcher.
Orissa is currently
a power surplus state, and the addition of power from
these projects, provides it with one of the essential
inputs for rapid growth in the district where, currently
power consumption per capita is 4 KWtt.
At present,
the surplus power is s mply being sold to neighbouring
states.
The total railway length in this large district
is only 224 kms . This is.part..of the Rai pur-Waitair Hrs
and the KiranduJ^Kottavalsala line which simply, pass
"
5
through the district, linking interior sources of
raw-material to the port at Vizag.
Although designed for
goods traffic (especially the KK line), they cater
marginally to passenger traffic.
The Chattisgarh Express
connects the district to Delhi.
The Department of
Mining has proposed a Koraput-Rayagada rail link, but
this has not yet been approved.
The major reason for
this link is to facilitate the shipment of bauxite out
of the district to Vizagapatnam.
The important townships
in Koraput are linked by the national highways connecting
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
most of the other townships.
State highways link
On March J1, 1975? there
were 387 post offices, ten telephone exchanges and 23
telegraph offices.
The level of education in Koraput is only 10.5
per cent, will below the Orissa average of 26.02 per cent
and the national average of 29.55 per cent.^
While there
are 3161 primary schools, 515 middle schools and 69 high
schools (run by State Government and Ashrams) 5 colleges,
one ITI and one Technical Training Institute and one
Crafts School, the spread of education is poor, and
perhaps the education itself is of little immediate
relevance to the people in their daily working life.
5
Some details for one village,. (Bndragttda, are
available in a report prepared by Biren Anand,
IIM, Bangalore, unpublished, 1981.
6
The district is served by several agencies of the
Orissa Government such as the BIC, OSIC, OSFC, OSIBC,
IrCOL, TuCC, dEPM and so on.
The SISI, Cuttack serves
this district and has plans for a sub-branch in Rayagada.
Central agencies and the nationalised banks also serve
Koraput.
The lead bank of the district is the State Bank '
of India, which prepared an
action plan in 1970
and is
currently (i960) in the proeess of preparing an updated
Credit Plan. While all the agencies are prepared to
(
collaborate in development projects, there appears to be
no-coordination and clearcut direction to the little work
currently underway.
A large number of agencies have conducted studies of
the district.
A list of some of the available studies
is given in the Appendix.
An important part of the economic and social scene
in Koraput is the Bandakaranya Development Authority which
has its headquarters in Koraput.
Although the DBA is acti-^
in neighbouring districts also, it has had a great impact
particularly on the economy of Eastern Koraput (Malkangiri)
through the settlers who have been brought in from Bengal,
and also through the introduction of crops like mestha
which are new to this area, and which seem to be doing
quite well.
The BBA, however, has functioned solely as a
rehabilitation agency, rather than as a deveopment
agency.
It does not appear^ to have the ability to
act as a catalyst for progress
7
Inspite of all these rich natural resources, minimal
institutional and infrastructural support, the Koraput
tribals have consistantly been outside the mainstream of
the national economic and social life.
This is the main
reason for Koraput being a backward district.
Perhaps
one should say that Koraput is an underdeveloping district
today, since it is an excellent case of internal colonialism
with every major development since Independence reinforcing
the Indo-colonial forces of exploitation, particularly of
the tribals.
Koraput is pre-dominantly dependent upon its own
forest and agricultural wellth.
are located in the district.
Six large scale industries
A
In addition there are proposals to set up a cement
factory, a maize starch plant and a paper mill.
There is
also the Indo.French Consortium Plan for tapping the
4
Kame of Unit
1. Jeypore Sugar Co.Ltd
Rayagada
Item of Manufacture
Sugar.
2. Ferro-manganese Plant,
Ra yaga da
Ferro-manganese
3. Indian Metals and Ferro
Alloys Ltd., Theruvali
Ferro-Silicon
4. Indian Metals and Carbide Ltd
Theruvali
Silicon Carbide
5. Straw products Ltd., .
Jayakaypur, Rayagada
Paper
6. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
Sunabe da
MIC- Engines.
8
resource of bauxite (via the ecologically
harmful process
of open cast mining) by setting up an Alumina Smelter with
its own captive power station envisaging a total investment
of Rs. 1620 corres,
A public sector company, NALCO, has
c
recently been set up for this purpose.
None of these large
units have had any positive impact on the local people of
Koraput district and they tend largely to be islands of
privilege catering to the external Indian and foreign
markets. No effort is even made to train the local people
in the required skills - in this case, aluminium technology.
All the skilled workers come from elsewhere.
No effort
is even made to set up downstream units to convert aluminium
into other products, such as utencils,even though
non-ferrous casting as a skill is locally available.
Rather, the market sucks out the natural resources of the
district, giving nothing in return to the local poor.
There are some small scale industries in the district
concentrated mainly i'n' Jeypore and Rayagada.
Those are
in the categories of engineering, chemical, glass and
ceremic, textile, leather, wood, forest and agro-based
industries.
According to the District Industries Centre
they bumber J24 with blocked capital of Rs. 1,25,54, 694/- ;
working capital of Rs. 90,61,294/- and employing 2375
persons, in 1971.
5
There is now a proposal to set up the smelter at
“751cher, Koraput is only to supply the ore. See
L. Sahoo's unpublished report (1'981), IIM,. Bangalore.
9
The district has a rich tradition in tribal
handicrafts which include metal and smithy such as non
ferrous metal costing at Umerkote.
There are many other-
rural industries related to traditional activity such as
oil extraction, hides and skins, handloom and so on,
but these are gradually dying in the light of. external
market stresses.
The various government agencies have
identified Jeypore, Rayagada and Sunabeda as potential
growth centres and it is around these towns that most
of the agencies are making their action plans for tribal
development.
But the tribals themselves have no part in
the process of planning for their welfare.
Nor do these
agencies seek to give them such a role, even in the future.
If the district of koraput is ever to develop,
attention must be focussed on the main factor because of
which it has remainea backward.-
This is the non-integration
of its vast tribal population in the economic activity of
the district, ano this is because the district economy is
only an appondage to the external market.
As things stand
today koraput is a rich district whose many natural
resources are being heedlessly extracted by outsiders for
their own benefit and at great cost to the local, largely
tribal, population.
There are also indu-. tries located
in this district which have no links whatsoever to the
district and sometimes even to the state.
An example of
such an industry is the HAL factory in Sunebeda which is
more' closely integrated with Vizagapatnar and Anchra Pradesh
10 .
than Koraput and Orissa.
If any agency is to break
this vicious circle of grinding poverty of the majority of
the people of Koraput, it will have to concentrate its
activities upon strengthening the traditional skills of
the tribal people and upon the local production of goods
consumed by them while countering the exploitative market
pressures.
That is to say, it must expand the economic base
,
of local production and consumption and later reintegrate
the district to the national economy in such a way that the
1
pattern of overall growth ensures that at all times the
majority of the local population, specially the tribals,
derive 'clearcut benefits in the form of increased investment
in projects of importance to them, improvement in their
living conditions, and a continual betterment in their
quality of life, as perceived by them and not by the external
"development catalysts" and change agents.
This is
important, since, say, the idea of the two on what constitutes
"diecent housing" or "adequate food" often turns out to be
radically different, reflecting their respective class
and other biases.
In such cases, it is the external
agent whose views must be passed over. To do this it must
in some measure in the early stages delink itself from
the Indian and foreign markets - an apparently impossible
requirement.&
6
Details of this approaches- are available in Thornes E
Weisskopf "Strategy of Selective Delinking" in State
and Society Vol1, No.4 Oct-Dec.1980. Also relevant in
this context afc-e several of the papers presented at
the UNITAR Conference, especially T.S.Kannan and
V.Vyasulu, "An Alternate Strategy for Employment and
Rural development".
11
Such a process is unlikely to succeed within'
the traditional approach of industrialization based upon
the identification of entrepreneurs who are given
technical, financial and marketing support to set up
industrial activity.
For an Indian entrepreneur of
today, to succeed in the best of conditions, he requires
to belong to a certain culture in which he can operate
in the market, deal with vast number of "educated" and
"sophisticated" people such as suppliers, customers and
officials spread across the country and the world.
The
tribals of Koraput, whose educational and. cultural
traditionalare completely distinct from those of the
industrial class, and whose traditional values are
against individual initiative and private enterprise
of modern variety, cannot be expected to industrialise
the district by becoming entrepreneurs, nor perhaps
7
This is particularly so in view
may they even wish to.
of their concrete experience of exploitation-brutal
exploitation-by the market in recent years.
Self-reliance is a long way from the traditional
systems of bondage like the ngotha" system prevalent in
Koraput.
It is not a matter of surprise that a large
factory like the HAL haz been unable to attract even
one local small scale ancillary entrepreneur inspite of
the incentives and Government Guidelines on Ancillarization.
7
And yet, there is really little option.
It is be
becoming increasingly ’clear that traditional systems
are today inadequate from many points of view.
Simultaneously, modern solutions are out of reach
of the poor. So change they must, and the question
is "how", I have benefitted in this connection from
discussions with Prof.Amulya Reddy of aSTRA, and
from reading their yet unpublished papers.
12
Nor is it a matter of surprise that a village outside
the HaL township, (Jndraguda, seems to have benefitted
little, if at all, by the modern industry in its neighbourhood®
In such a situation of vast differences in values, cultures
and behaviours, promotional efforts must first win the
trust and confidence of the tribal people who are the
"target, population" of any development.
1-ianagerial inno
vations and major efforts need to be made at divising new
methods together with the tribals to meet the situation.
Some general ideas in this alternative direction are
presented below as a base for action research.
8
See Biren Anandt op cit.
13
Ah ALTERNATIVE VISION
The resources of the district would suggest that efforts
should be made to tap the potential that already exists.
with the availability of oil seeds in large quantities,
it is natural to consider the setting up of units engaged
in oil extraction, in the processing of the oils into soap
base (and glycerine) am later in the decentralised production
of cakes of toilet soap.^
In the same way the availability
of hides and skins would suggest that small rural centres for
the tanning and finishing of leather and at a later stage
for the development of leather products, first for local
consumption, should be encouraged.
This can only be done
by breaking the Madras strangehold on this industry - a
formidable task under the best of conditions.
The existence of sisal plantations would suggest
village level units and taluk level plants for extracting
the chemicals available in the sisal juice in addition to
the traditional fibre products.
Today, R&xj efforts are
underway in Bangalore to examine these possibilities.
The availability of vast resources of wood would suggest
that the people be trained in the use of wood working
machinery and encouraged to build up a furniture industry
$
In both these areas, the NSIC has some experience to
offer.
10
Report of the Working Group on Sisal Utilization,
Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology,
1981 .
-
14
in which the basic components can be manufactured in
their own district and exported for assembly cIsar here.
This must be accompanied simultaneously by a planned
reforestation programme drawing on the tribals vast
experience of and inherent respect for his habitat.
The
existence of a tradition of metal working and dnon--ferrous
casting would suggest that efforts be directed towards
gradually upgrading their skills by introducing them new
products such as builders hardware and hand tools, developing
at a later stage into updated foundry technology.
Knowing the traditional resistence to change, one
of the key factors of such an alternate strategy would be
to make haste slowly.
No one will participate in new
activity unless it benefits them in some way - this statement
is as true of urban elites as of tribal people.
In a situation
where traditional methods are no longer adequate for a
decent life, and where the modern, market solutions are
accessible only to a few - who most often are from outside
the district - it is necessary to think of measures based
on modern scientific knowledge but which have built into
them an egalitarianism that is missing from market solutions.
This is obviously difficult because it is new and novel.
It is nevertheless necessary.
Thus, in the early stages,
such efforts should be related to consumption technologies
where concrete ben»fits, and equal!tarian opportunities,
are evident.
One such technology seems to be the community
"
15
biogas plant, which meets the essential need for cooking
fuel, provides opportunities for other activities, and
introduces new cultural work forms in a positive context.
It is such technologies that need to form the starting
point of alternate development strategies - and the
complexity of this process must at no time be understated.
New technical options, along with novel organizational
frames, will together need to form the base of an alternate
technology, which itself will be part of an overall strategy.
In all this, care must be taken to see that essential
inputs are made freely available (but not free of cost).
For example, the district must be assured that the alumina
that is produced from'local bauxite will be available for
downstream processing, for example, into utensils, in the
11
There is no reason why these
decentralized stctor.
industries should be set up elsewhere.
While on this point,
it should be ensured that the proposed captive power
station has enough power to supply the downstream units
as well.
Under the usual cost/benefit calculations even
of the social variety, this would never happen.
The availability of vast quantities of agricultural
wastes in the forest suggests that technology for
pellettasing this into fuel for local use be explored.
The existence of sabai grass naturally leads to notions
of small hand made paper units, which can supply local
1 1
This and related ideas will be discussed in a
separate paper.
16
schools and offices.
Since there is a tradition of
handloom weavers among the tribals it should be possible
to give suitable support to encourage spinning through the
improved pedal charkha in such a way that the yarn produced
by tribal women in their homes goes on to the local handloom
weaver and then to meeting the demand of the same people
for cloth. Further market support will be forthcoming
Cm Sv St- iMif the local unions can be prevailed upon to .viert^the
uniform for their members be made from theicloth.
In th^
process af their per capita cloth consumption can be inc—
increased.
This is in fact, a return to the original concept
of hhadi and Swadeshi; and, in the light of recent
experience, quite on uphill taski
The ideas mentioned above do not see the role of
traditional crafts as being simply linked to the market
by producing souvenirs and other trivia for foreign tourists.
It does not envisage a situation in which the resources of
the district are extracted and sent, as raw material
to industries located in India or abroad for further
processing, and in which manufactured goods are sent back
to Kor-put, for consumption by the few who have money.
Rather the effort is to try and explore methods by which
gradually at each st^p local value added is incr'eased
by manufacture in the district itself by the people who
live there, and where trade with outsiders is conducted
on equal, not colonial, terms.
This may be contrasted with
17
the way in which the ElALCO project seems to be going.
At present officials are thinking of extracting alumina
in Koraput and sending this ore to a smelter in Talcher.
In such a situation, the investment of a thousand odd
crores will benefit the district very little.
to
If one were
use the concept of net present value of net gains to the
region (pioneered by Amarnath Bhat and S Rajagopalan
at the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology)
the ranking of this project may turn out to be quite
adverse.
It is a matter that requires much deeper analysis.
(But this must not be mistaken for an anti-industrialization
argument either,since it is not the intention here to
oppose industrial growth in India).
It is however, an
argument for strengthening intersectoral and structural
linkages in the economy.
Such an effort calls for major innovations in
introducing new values, organizational structures and
improved and alternate technology.
.There is no easy
method by which in a very short span of time spectacular
results can be obtained.
What is called for is a major
effort relying upon the persons stationed in the district,
cooperation with all other developmental agencies, be
they central, state or private, in order to set up new
structures in which the opinions, abilities and talents
of the tribal population will at all times be respected
and built upon.
This might, for example, call for the
18
formation of a Trust between the NSIC, the DIG, the
lead banks (in this case the SgjL), and the tribal Development
Cooperative Corporation, the District Collector and
suitable, democratically chosen, representatives of the
tribals. This Trust could begin industrial activity on
projects chosen by the tribals at locations of their
choice after explaining to them all relevant facts called
from modern techniques, (away from the identific growth
centres which are based solely on market considerations),
which would undertake the entire basic task of setting up,
operating and managing the new industrial units.
If such
a Trust were to set up a unit for converting oil which
is being extracted locally into base soapy matter, it
can also encourage a system by which the soapy matter is
converted into soap cakes locally by smaller units.
Orissa can become the soap supplier of the entire country.
Such a Trust could build units for non-ferrous casting
by introducing new products in locations chosen by the
tribals in terms of their own conveniences.
All authority
will need to be vested in this Trust, the formation
and operation which of requires managerial innovations
on a heroic scale. Eventually the entire concern from
the provision of inputs, through the process of conversion,
to the disposal of final output, may be handed over.
the early stages, the tribals, while being .included in
all committees and decision making bodies, may only
In
20
that the Trust pay tjjem only part of the wages in the
form of cash. y
Given that, currently, they receive less
than the minimum wage, in fact (after the contractors keep
their cut)^
'j£his need not mean a decline in real income
for them.
The rest should be ploughed back into further
investment and into services designed towards increasing
per capita consumption of basic essentials of what in a
modern state is considered to be the good life.
One
example would be a community kitchen functioning, (with
modifications where needed) like the Indira Community Kitchen
in Pune, open to all in the neighbourhood.
Other examples
would be the provision of safe drinking water, clean toilets
(perhaps of the Subbh
and so on.
Sanchalaya type pioneed in Patna),
This would include investment by the Trust
in health, sanitation, education and the breaking of
barriers between the tribals and outside people.
Such a
process would inevitably have to be suitably monitored; a
tricky business at best.
A method that ignores entrepreneurship on the side
of management will also have to accept the logical conse
quences of ignoring entrepreneurship in dealing with
workers.
In
entrepreneurs.
fact there can be no workers without
Thus the promotional agencies will have
to experiment with a whole host of new forms of organi
zation and administration of local consumption, production
13
This suggestion is also made by P.Hanumantha Rayappa
and Leepak Grover in Employment Planning for the
Rural Poor: The Case of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes, Sterling Publishers, Delhi, 1980 P.104.
19
function as ordinary workers.
An effort needs to be
made, perhaps by special training programmes, over a
period of time, to enable them to become the supervisors
and organizers of the production process.
In the near or
forseable future, there is no possibility by which the total -
management can be handea over to them.
Kany managerial
functions, such as raw material supplies, quality control,
finance, E&u and marketing will have to be handled by such
a Trust for quite sometime.
Such questions may be re-examined
after Trusts of this sort have functioned for two or three
years; and the experiences of Trusts can differ greatly
from district to district and region to region.
Caution
will need to be exercised in generalizations from specific
experience..
Such enterprises would also have to adopt attitudes
towards tribals that are quite different from those of
12
employers to wage-labourers. While it is true that all
who work in a production unit of the Trust must receive
at least the local minimum wage, it would seem desirable
12
This must not be misunderstood as any fear of the
growth of an industrialized labour force. As the
discussion brought out, the opportunities for such
growth are limited anyway. And the focus here is on
encouraging co-operative forms of behavior. It is
from such nuclii that alternatives will draw their
strength when the overall environment is more
attuned to them. And such efforts are important in
contributing to the emergence of such a supportive
environment.
21
and marketing.1it is the challenge of expanding the
local economic base, as opposed to the simple integration
of the district into the national and world markets
It is only the latter that is being-
on unequal terms.
attempted today.
It would be useful to examine how such work could
start in a district like Koraput.
There are already
several welfare and other organizations working there.
One could begin by looking at the potential of all of them
together. There are
schools, PHCs, and other establishments
already working in different parts of the district.
The
schools need chalk, blackboards, notebooks, mid-day meals,
fittings, and even, from a longer point of view, clothes,
shoes etc. for the children.
PHCs, need bandage cloth,
simple medicines antiseptics, medical and surgical
instruments, first aid kits and so on.
buildings.
All need simple
They need people who can impart field level
knowledge, volunteers with local roots who can carry out
sustained work.
There are many welfare programmes that
can finance such activities.
Then there are the agriculture
related projects under the umbrella of IT±)J? and what not.
All of these, if properly handled, both generate demand by
providing some income to poor people and create some assets
tangible and non-tangible, on which people can build in
14
There may be a great deal to learn from the experience
of self-management in countries like Yugoslavia.
This
is an aspect that has to be probed carefully.
22
the future.
There is no reason why some of these demands
cannot be met from local sources.
Notebooks can be made
from locally produced handmade paper.
from locally
woven handmade', cloth.
Bandages can be made
Shoes can be made from
locally tanned leather by local coblers.
These and other
such products come today to Koraput from Vizag, Vijayawada,
Hyderabad and Calcutta -
because it is presumed that they
are cheaper and of better quality.
cheaper is a moot question.
Whether they are in fact
There is a need to question
whether indeed the quality specified in Calcutta is suitable
for Koraput.
If not, there is a need to emphasise the
positive impact of people being able to meet their own
needs, of the much needed confidence that can come from
such experience.
It is on the basis of such experience that
growth and development take place, and not in the face of
submission to a market that is manipulated from elseqhere.
There is therefore an urgent need to begin such work.
And those who can best do it are those in Koraput.
Outsiders
have only a small, (and gradually diminishing) role to play.
If this is not accepted, the result will be, not a farce, but
a tragedy.
The challenge of Koraput is not the challenge of
raw materials supplies, infrastructure, finance or technology
it is the challenge of innovation, of self-management,
administration and progress towards self-reliance in a
23
manner that is particularly responsive to the needs of
the tribal people.
It is the challenge of ensuring their
voluntary participation.
It is a challenge in which
success is measured not in gross aggregates such as
exports, but by the increase in the consumption of
essential commodities and services by the people through
whose efforts the wealth is created and made
for general consumption and welfare.
available
24
RORaPUT ulSTRICT at a glance
area
AND POPULATION 1971
27,020
Geographical area
Sq.Km.
Population
No.
20,43,281
Male population
II
10,31,833
Female population
II
10,11,448
Rural population
II
18,76,022
Urban population
II
1,67,259
Scheduled Castes
II
2,74,115
Scheduled Tribes
1!
11,51,231
Educated and literature persons"
2,16,251
4,82,230
II
Variation of population
Percentage variation
Per cent
30.89
Percentage of Schedules
Castes population to total
p opulation
13.42
Percentage of Scheduled Tribes
Population to total population
56.34
Density of population per No.
sq.Km.
Density of Urban Population
per Sq.Km.
566
76
Percentage of literacy Per cent
10.6
Percentage of Male literacy
II
16.1
Percentage of Female literacy
II
4.9
Percentage of non-workers to
total population
Percentage of workers to
total population
Percentage of Cultivators
to total population
Percentage of Agricultural
Labourers to total population
64.90
II
35.08
II
54.45
II
10.51
Percentage of workers in Mining
Quarrying, Livestock, Forestry,
Fishing, Hunting and plantations,
orchards and allied activities.
0.69
25
Percentage of workers in
household industry
Percentage of workers in
manufacturing other than
household industry
Percentage of workers engaged
in construction
Percentage of workers in
Transport, Storage and
c ommuni ca ti on
-p
.
0.48
"
„
0.54
"
Percentage of workers in trade
and commerce
„
Percentage of workers in other
services
„
Household
No.
Female per 1000 males in
the district
"
Percentage of Rural populationp
.
to total population
^er cent
Percentage of Urban population
to total population
0.75
"
(Figures taken from .District Statistical
Hand Book as per 1971 Census)
0.58
0.85
2.64
4,57 ,872
980
q
.81
( .19
26
ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP
Subdivisions
No.
1975
Towns
It
tl
Tahsils
It
It
14
Police Stations
Out-posts
II
II
40
tl
II
32
It
II
3
II
7
42
Municipalities
Notified Area
Councils
1275
Panchayat Samitis
Grama P' nchayats
1975
II
1971
Census
1!
Villager
10
No.
449
ti
11
6124
5683
Inhabited Villages
It
n
11
Uninhabited
n
ii
11
1975
it
II
Jails and Sub Jails
II
it
11
Sub Registrar Offices
n
3
Inspection Bungalows (PWD)
15
"
Fire Stations
It
Rest Sheds.
441
2
6
3
(From DIG Action Plan, Jeypore, Koraput District)
AGRICULTURE
Total cultivated area in the 1974-75 '000 HeCt. 603
district .
Normal Rainfall in the
it
M.M.
1521.8
district
Rice (Cleaned) Produced
in the district
n
Area under Rice (Autumn
tt
and Winter)
Average Yield Rate of
ii
Winter Paady in the District
Agricultural districts
1975
Total irrigated area
1974-75
'OOOM.T.
225
'000 Meet..
416
Qtl/Hect.
No.
8.71
Hect.
4
24473
27
EDUCATION
General Colleges
1974-75
H
Technical Colleges
High Schools
1973-74
No.
II
11
5
60-
Ashram Schools
it
11
10
h.E.Schools
11
II
Junior Basic Schools
11
11
157
21
Primary Schools
n
11
Registered Libraries
and Reading Rooms
11
Educational Districts
(D.I. of Schools)
3662
N.A.
11
3
HEALTH
Primary Health Centres
1975
Family Planning Clinics
11
Maternity and Child
Welfare Centres
No.
42
42
11
1
n
1
Allopathic Hospitals
and Dispensaries
u
9
Number of Homeopathic
Dispensaries & Hospitals
n
3
11
Leprosy Hospital
LIVES-STOCK
Veterinary Hospitals
and Dispensaries
1074-75
No
44
Veterinary Assistant
Surgeons
n
l(
^g
Stockman Centres
(Te chnicians)
„
Dairy Earms
Nil
28
POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS
Post Offices
1975
392
No.
Telegraph Offices
II
II
Telephone Exchanges
If
II
Public Call Offices
It
11
Radio Licenses
It
11
49
10
19
3.2810
FOREST
Area under Forest
1974-75
Percentage of Forest
area to total area
Sq.Km. 11426.31
Per cent
42.3
TRANSPORT
Vehicles Licensed
in the district
1974-75
No.
Vehicles Plying on
Road in the district
\322
3,322
Length of all weather
roads in the district
Km.
3,695
Length of Railways in
the district
Km.
100
29
INDUSTRY AND MINING
Category of
Industry
No. of factories
Existing
1973-74
Food Processing
9
Reported
Productivei Capital
employed
Fixed
Working
Capital
Capital.
Total
No. of persons
employed
Persons
workers
Other than
workers.
9
1,29,200
58,295
1 ,87,495
44
1 ,17,320
Man hour
Total
Per
Day
9
53
8
18
4
22
8
22
8
Basic Metal
4
4
62,200
55,120
Wood & Furniture
2
2
49,000
32,000
81,000
22
-
Miscellaneous
9
9
33,000
36,000
69,000
32
9
41
8
7,97,065
269,640
10,,46,705
64
24
88
8
1974-75
Agro based Indus.
(Food Processing)
24
24
Engineering Indus
(Basic Metal)
3
3
4,000
20,000
24,000
10
3
13
8
Furniture &
Fixture
7
7
13,550
24,200
37,750
30
34
34
8
Allied
1
1
5,000
5,000
10,000
2
1
3
8
Tobacco Indus.
1
1
4,100
15,000
19,100
14
1
15
8
Wood'and Cork
1
1
10,000
10,000
20,000
5
1
6
8
Mi s.c ellane ous
37
37
3,51,535
337,700
6j,89,235
23
14
37
8
Chemical &
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1975-76
Agro based
Indus.(Food
Processing)
Engineering Indus.
(Basic Metal)
Wood and other
Forest-based Indus.
22
22
5,63,496
2,66,750
8,30,246
110
22
132
8
6
6
1,31,900
1,06,000
2,37,900
20
6
26
8
2
1,000
2,500
3,500
4
-
4
8
2
•
Chemical & Allied
industries
8
8
1,45,394
28,000
1,73,394
19
-
19
8
Leather Products
2
2
500
840
1,340
2
-
2
8
Tobacco Indus.
1
1
5,000
10,000
15,000
11
1
12
8
Printing & Publi
shing
3
3
1,05,469
55,000
1,60,469
10
3
13
8
Miscellane ous
14
14
18,175
25,100
43,275
50
7
57
8
31
ALL ORISSA STATISTICS
Area of different districts, according to Surveyer General
of India, 1971 Census.
Percentage of
district areas
to tct al areas
of the State
Area in Sq ■ Km
Listrict/State
Rural
Urban
Total
Balasore
6,324
70
6,394
4.10
Balangir
8,802
101
8,903
5.71
Cuttack
11,022
189
11,211
7.19
Lhenkanal
10,78?
33
10,826
6.95
Ganjam
12,398
129
12,527
8.04
Kalahandi
11,755
80
11,835
Keenjhar
8,147
93
8,240
5.29
Koraput
26,725
295
27,020
17.34
iiayurbhanj
'
7.60
10,390
22
10.412
6.68
Phulbani
11,034
36
11,070
7.10
Puri
10,021
138
10,159
6.52
Sambalpur
17,315
255
17,570
11.27
Sundargarh
Orissa
9,468
207
9,675
6.21
154,184
1658
155,842
100.00
32
APPENDIX
SOME DOCUMENTS/BOOKS
Year of
Publication
Name of Document
1.
District Statistical
Hand Book
1974 & 1975
Koraput.
2.
Action Plan for■Industrial
Development,
Koraput
3.
Industrial Possibilities
in Jeypore Gorwth Centre
28th Sep. 1973
4.
5.
1976
Published by
District Statistica
Office, Koraput.
1978
Director of Indus
tries, Govt, of ’
Orissa, Cuttack
1973
Director of Indus
tries, Govt, o^
Orissa, Cuttac®
Project Report of Integrated
Tribal Development Project,
Rayagada, Dt.Koraput 1976.
1976
T & R.W..Department
Bhubaneswar.
Project Report of Koraput
Integrated Tribal Development
Project, Koraput District,
Orissa.
1976
Project Administrati on, Koraput.
1976
Govt, of Orissa.
6.
Integrated Tribal Development
1976 Project Jeypore, Orissa
7.
Possibilities of development
of Sisal, Coffee, Cashewnut,
Plantation in Koraput.
(Details of Information
regarding Cashewnut, Sisal &
Coffee Plantations)
8.
Orissa District
Koraput
1966
Govt, of Orissa.
9.
Final Report on the Major
Settlement Operations in
koraput district (1938-64)
1966
Govt, of Orissa,
Board of Revenue<
10.
Dandakaranya, A Symbol
and a Hope
1970
1 1 .
Transport Statistical Hand
Book 1967-68
Dandakaranya Deve
lopment Authority
Koraput.
Transport Depart
ment, Govt, of
Orissa.
Gazetteers-
Agriculture & Co
operation Depart
ment, Bhubneswar.
•
1970
33
Kame of Document
Year of
Publicati on
Published by
12. Common School Calendar
1969-70, Koraput Circle
1970
District Inspector
of Schools,
Koraput.
13. Survey Report on Koraput
district Orissa
1971
State Bank of India.
14. Land Tenure and Land
Reforms in Orissa
1962
Board of Revenue,
Govt, of Orissa.
15. Shifting Cultivation
in Orissa
A.gri culture De par tme nt
Soil Conservation
Organisation, Govt.
of Orissa.
16. Development od .Landakarnya
1563
D. C. A. E. R. ,
New Delhi
17. Directory of Industries
1968
Directorate of
Industries, Govt.
of Orissa.
1966
Bureau of Statistics
and Economics,
Bhubaneswar.
1965
Govt, of India,
Ministry of Reha
bilitation.
18.
19.
Report on the Industrial
Potential Survey in and
around Sunabeda in
Koraput District
Report of the Team for
Techno-Economic Appraisal
for the Indravati and
Sabari Basis
20.
Survey and Assessment of
Vegetable Tanning Materials
in Dandakarayna.
21.
Feasibility Survey Report
on Setting up Small-scale
Industries in i>andakaranya
Prepared for the Board
of Rehabilitation,
New Delhi.
22.
Statistical Tables relating
to Banks in India
-
Central Leather
Research Institute,
Adyar, March-20.
<
-iqcn
Kirloskar Consultants
Ltd. Poona.
Reserve Bank of
India.
. ..3
34
Name of Document
Year of
Publication
Published by
23.
Organisational Framework
for the Implementation
of Social Objectives.
1969
Reserve Bank of
India.
24.
Revised Fourth Plan
Agriculture,
1969-70 to 73-74
1970
Directorate of
Agriculture and Food
Production, Govt. of.
Orissa.
25.
Annual Administration
Report, 1967-68.
1970
Tribal & Rural
Welfare Department,
Govt, of Orissa.
26.
State Income of Orissa
1951-52 to 1963-64
1968
27.
A Study of Gothi System
of Adivasi in Koraput
1966
28.
Report on Impact of
Dandakaranya Project on
the Local Tribes of
Umarkot and Malkangiri
Area of Koraput district.
29.
Survey Report on Koraput
District, Orissa,
(Lead Bank Scheme)
.
Bureau of Statistics
& Economics, Bhubaneswe
Tribal Research
Bureau, Government.
of Orissa, Bhubaneswar.
Tribal Research
Bureau, Government
of Orissa, Bhubaneswar
1971
State Bank of India,
REPORT OF Tri E ANNUAL GATri1^INS_OF_THE CHF-1 AT TAPOVUMI
BEGUNIA-ORISSA PROM 28-31 AUGUST. 1994.
gome of the participants and few regional convenors (con tact
persons) reached the venue by 27th or 28th morning.
The regional
a day earlier to plan the
convenors were requested to come
programme and to fix the agenda for the meeting.
The participants spent the whole morning discussing with
Mr. chittoranjan and Mr.Kulamani Jena on the very serious point of
personal commitnent and conviction,
what makes the religious
and priests, even though conmitted to God and society not to enter
into struggles and action for a better and more humane society/
There are so many young men and worren who have dedicated their
lives to struggle for the
realisation of a new social order.
Dont they have the problems of their future and safety?
not facing uncertainities and insecurities?
Are they
what about these
post-graduate young people from utkal university, living in this
Tapovumi, w ho participated in the Chilika BaChao Andolan, gone
to jail and suffered a lot?
what is there future?
is it not: the fear of uncertainities and insecurities
that block the religious and priests from entering into the
lives and struggles of the people,
based on unfounded reasoning?
itself,
why this fear?
is it not
Hence the Question is commitment
what are we committed to and what are we convinced of?
The discussion further developed into the level of
ideologies and vision we hold,
any’isms’.
we need not become victims of
Every 'ism' if seen as absolute, excludes any other
ideas and thus loses openness, which is very dangerous for
social change.
m the afternoon session we spent time to make plans
for the next two days.
Dr.Ravi Narayan’s comprehensive paper
on Comnunity Health, on the request of the participants of
Hyderabad gathering, could be taken up for a detailef study in
sub-groups was the proposal.
NQother majcfc point that conveyed
was to discuss on how co approach people in raising the level
of consciousness and organising them for action.
.. 2..
Based on the field-visit to Bor ikaunegaon and chatwagaon
point could be shared and developed.
since the villagers
invited the group to see the common work by the people on the
XK^rt day in Borikaunegaon it was agreed that some participants
visit the village for a shortwhile.
All the participants present visited the village and had
some discussions with the people on how they got organised and
how they are trying to develop their village.
The secondary role
or no role played by the women was a point of heated discussion.
The villagers agreed to have women equal participation in decision
making process.
They also invited us to be a member in the people's
ho-spital they are building.
on 29th the sessions were to begin as planned but
Mr.Chjttoranjan expressed his inability to be present throughout
the gathering as he has to go to wardha for the gathering of the
National Alliance of peoples movement. He is initiating a movement
an unemployment at the Orissa state level. Hence the group decided
to listen to his plan of the movement in the post lunch session.
More participants arrived in the morning and the rest of
the morning was spent in group study of the paper by Dr.Ravi Narayan.
in the evening the group visited the Chatwa village where the group
discussion with the village people was very lively.
The village
people succeeded in stopping the use of intoxicants like liquor,
beedi, ganja etc.
This was a village where 600 litres of liquor
used to be produced. Now 80% success in stopping production and
Consumption of the same. These days people don't show interest in
Coffee and tea in that area.
The issue of women's partic-ipation came up for discussion
and that has become a challenge to the village leaders whu are
grappling with the issue as it goes against their tradtion and
customs.
Mr. chitto's explanation of the planned movement on unemploy
ment was quite convincing to many of the participants.
Three
legislations have to be passed by the Govt, by the demand of the
people; employment guarantee act, distribution of uncultivated
cultivable land and development of small scale and cottage
industr ies;
to be
people's committee are to be formed, educational process
in all the villagesto raise the level of conscious
bstarted
ness, initiate padayatrn. enrole youth activists for action
programmes, have meeting of intellectuals, activists and cadres
at regional and state level etc.
it has to be a state level movement
and thus a gigantic task to be achieved in a short span of time.
Contd./3/
. .3. .
The participants divided themselves into four groups to
discuss th© 'study Reflection' paper on community health, prepared
by Dr.Ravi Narayan, CMC Bangalore.
The first group which reflected on the themes:
( 1) Health care in India: An Historical over view and(2) Health
care in post independent India: An overview, shared the following
reflections in the plenary session.
(1) The Traditional health care systems that had deep roots in the
soul of the polity and heart of our mother land, like Ayurveda and
Sidha, were characterised by its sensitivity and closeness to local
culture, and stressed nuch on healthy living habits and closely
linked with home remedies and peoples health cultures.
But, the
powerful coloni al masters, having scant regard for the indigenous
people, their traditions and heritage inposed upon us the western
allopathic system of medicine as the official health system of
British India.
The Health care infrastructure developed on the western
model were mostly concentrated in the cities, and was accessible
mostly to the provincial Army and the elite of the society. During
this period the healing ministry of the Church carried on by the
missionaries concentrated mainly among the poor in rural areas.
The group identified the following positive aspects of
health services during the British period.
- Emergense of public health Concept, control and prevention
of Mass epidemics.
- women and children were identified as vainer able groups
and there was increased focus on them.
- Training of local doctors, nurses and para medicals.
The vision of community health was evolved by the Bhore
Committee(1943-46) which drew up the conprehensive blue print for
health services in India.
The Bhore committee report can be seen
as the fundamental frame work and inspiration for much of the post
independent Health planning in India.
(2) inspite of constitutional pledges to improve the public
health as one of its primary duties, the health situation of our
people in the post independent India remained more or less the same.
A study group of the ICM* & ICSSR found that, though there are
certain welcome changes in the health arena like, growth in life
expectancy, eradication of small pox, MCH and family planning, the
quality of life of a large majority of Indian citizens remained
the same, if not further worsened.
Contd. /4/
.. 4. .
Between 1947 and 1984, there was a three fold Increase in
the number of hospitals and dispensaries, five fold increase of
doctors and lo fold that of nurses.
But when these achievements
are conpared with the Shore committee's long term goals enunciated
in 1946 itself we find the situation very different and the so
called ’rapid growth' becomes cuestionuable.
The srivasthava expert committee report of 1975, which
made a critical introspection into the health care scenario in our
country stated in unequivocal terms that only through a 'sustained
and vigorous attack on the problem of mass povery, and creation of
a more egalitarian society' can health become a reality for the
vast majority of our country nen,
The report also stated that
we need to make a conscious and deliberate decision to abandon the
health care model that we have borrowed uncritically from the
industri ally advanced and consumption oriented societies of the
west.
The group also observed that as people working at the
grassroot level we must make efforts to stgdy sone of the’so called1
superstitious practices of the people, to understand its scientific
worth.
This effort has to be seen in the context of reviving
certain age old practices of the ordinary people, which the modern
society has neglected and discarded.
The second group which studies the question'Health
situation in India' presented the following report.
Tnspite of the continuous governmental efforts, the health
status in the country has not changed much.
4 detailed analysis
of the mortality, morbidity and delivery of health services amply
reveals this pathetic situation.
The health care institutions
remain ill equipped and poorly manned.
T. B.pneumonia, Anemia etc
account for 2q%, and communicable diseases claim 4q% of all deaths
in India. Diarrhoea remains the number one killer disease of
children in our country even today.
Health education scene has become so lucrative, that there
is a phenomenal growth in 'nursing school shops' in A.P.and medical
colleges in karnataka.
The group also felt th„at our experience in the post
independent India sufficiently prooves the fact that the medical
model of health which merely concentrates on the use of technologies:
resources in freeing man from clinically identifiable disorders can
hardly make any positive contribution towards the improvement of
peoples health.
Contd./5/
. .5..
The third group studied the following two questions ( 1)
community Health in indie.
Recognising the new paradigm- and
(2) community healths the axioms of anew approach: presented the
following report.
The 197o's witnessed the emergence of this different but
distinct thinking and understanding of the concept of community
health,
one group held that the causes of ill health is rooted in
the present ^nonomic and political system and they believed that
unless the system is changed nothing can be done to improve the
health of the people. Another group held that non professionals can
change this scene with appropriate technologies and certain
innovative management tactics.
But gradually by late 1970's deeper
undersr c-’
r.d more integrated concept of C.H.emerged as an
essentially m..3.tid intension al process.
This facilitated a shift
in the understanding of health from its medical technologised model
to its social model.
The emphasis on social model is on empowering/
enabling process than on mere provision of a package of services,
The group also reported that during their discussion they
scanned through the various understandings and approaches of C.H.
as illustrated in Reflection- V of the study paper:
The fourth jgroup then presented their reflection on the
question 'is community health growing as a movement in India?.
The
group felt that there is more health consciousness in the people
today, compared to earlier times, but it is in terms of drugs,
medicines and specialisation.
This is not what is understood by
health movement in the country,, the report said.
They agreed with
the three pre requisites enunciated in Reflection No.VI a of
Dr.Ravi Narayan's paper.
Neverth less it was felf that we Cannot ignore some of the
positive trends which if persued well can take the shape of a
nationwide health movement.
They are identified as:
- Growing number of villagers and lay workers trained by
Government and voluntary agencies as grass root level
health workers.
- There is a growing recognition among lay leaders .and
social activists about the non medical dimensions of
he al th.
- Health is seen included in the syllabus of adult,nonformal
education in the country.
- people oriented science movements like KSSP in Kerala and
LVS in Maharashtra, and many others elsewhere are taking
up health issues in their awareness building programmes.
- Number of peoples movements are emerging today around
issues like, forest, enviornment,etc.which have'health of
people' as an intrinsic component.
- in the medical and nursing professional and institutional
networks, there is a growing sensitivity to the needs of
linking health activities,with the broader issues of social
change.
Conte./6/
...n j_f the above trends are seen in the social fabric,
med icalisation, prof ess ion alls atioh, and the consumerist orientation
of health cate is registering phenomenal growth in the country; and
unless conscious efforts are taken,,comrnunity health may never take
the shape of a movement.
After the presentation of the report of group discussions,
the following points were high lighted in the plenary discussion..
- Are we ourselves convinced of the relevense of non
allopathic systems. How often do we make recourse to it
when we ourselves fall sick 7 we need to Question our
-
attitudes.
a suggestion Was made that each of the participant of
this get togetner make an indepth study of one of the
most prevelant superstitious practice in his/her own
area of imolvement.
- with regard to the movement dimension of community health
the highlights of the discussions are the following:
- Movement is external and internal/ and is fBom an
unsatisfactory condition to another condition which is
desirable and satisfactory.
- Movement can have tenporary and permanent goal.
cannot be static or confined to an institution.
It
in this
sense, the term 'building up a movement' can be mislea
ding.
- a movement can not survive, if it is based on mere
resistance.
it has to be creative, and projecting an
alternate vision of the society.
and secondary level leadership.
-
a
it must have primary
Question was raised in the group as to how many of us
have set short term and long term goals in our own
involvements.
SASVIKA and Kenya Kumari group then
i'-arud some of their experience related to the health
movement they have initiated in their respective areas.
- Kranthadarsan group was asked to share about their
approach in contacting the people in chilika.
This
aharing helped the participants with an introspection
into their own involvent in the field.
in the next session that followed a brief evaluation of
last year’s decision to take up the issue of curruption in our
areas, was done.
that.
Few groups briefly shared their experiences on
After a brief break the group again assembled in the meeting
hall. to briefly discuss on the future planning, and m=de the
following decisions.
Contd./7/
( 3A TO have more enphas is on training.
(2) TO initiate aids awareness programmes.
(3) TO foster linkages with other groups.
(4\ to continue with the issue of currupLion,this year also.
BUSINESS SESSION:
The business session was held with sr. Chinn umma, the
National cordinator, as chairperson.
At the beginning itself, the
list of those who excused themselves from the meeting was xk read
out.
Sr.Rose SDS from Kan ya Kumari was elected as the national
The following members were then elected
Oordinator for next year.
as Regional Cord in a. tors.
ng TO a j:
Sr. Savitha:
Sr. Vineetha:
Sr.Rose
:
Orissa
Madhya pradesh
R aj as th an
Tamil Nadu
Sr.philo
:
Fr. Th ank ac h an:
Andhra pradesh
Karnataka
Fr.Thomas Joseph:
Kerala
Some of the other important decisions taken are the
following:
( 1) The venue for the next meeting was fixed as Mandya.
(2) TO take a membership in the proposed peoples hospital in
' Tapovumi 1.
(3) it was also resolved to take a membership in the proposed
Indian net work of Action group- which is a member of FIMaRC
based in Belgium.
On 31st some participants went to visit the famous Chilika.
Chilika Bachao Andolan by Mr.Chitto and his youth friends was the
background of this visit,
p-’naspada village people welcomed us there.
We had some informal discussions with a group of people.
as
sone
of the participants had visited the village on an earlier occasion
they could f<_el the difference then and now.
The people who used
to be very excited about chilika, sounded indifferent as they have
nothing rruch d do with it.
They spoke of the local mafias and
businessmen whom they described as mini Tatas.
They are at a loss
as how to handle the situation and they feel that the people who
initiated the Chilika Bachao andolan-Tata Hatao movement is not
shooing rruch' interest in the fight(if at all there is one)against
the mafias.
Tata Was a common enemy and everyone got united.
the enemy is within and not one but many.
and difficult to unite them.
’
Now
people are not united
Contd./8/
. .8. .
Otcourse panaspeda is not a fishing village but agricultural
village and thus their interest may be different,
Number of questions may be raised regarding the Andolan-will
such movements bring about -j desired social change? what happens to
people after an andolan? Have sufficient inportance be given to
build up second level of leadership?
what .about value education
uhich is the base of a new society,
what is the post andolan relate
ionship between the animators and the people?
■on the way back from chilika the participants present
introduced themselves as no opportunity was early provided,
ah
evaluation of the entire gathering was also not done.
some made use of the opportunity to visit Lord jagnnath
at puri and also the historic monument at Konark, an expression
of love and life and art and nusic.
Reported by:
Fr. Thomas Joseph
Fr. sebas taian poomattam
Sr. chinnamma
We share our deepest sorrow with the Sisters of st.mary
of Angels and friends at the sudden death of Sr.Vinita, while
participating in a programme at Bhubwneswer on 14th Dec.94. jn
her, we have lost a rising star of the jhabua area. May her soul
rest in peace.
The family of CHF-i
lastodays of sr.vinita
The sadden demise of sr.Vinita mast have been a shocking
news to many of you, just as it was for us. you must be anxiously
waiting to know the cause of her untimely death.
From 6th to 9th December sr.vinita was in Delhi.
ISI had
Called her for a consultation, with other NGOs of Jhabua District,
as they are planning a project for the integrated development
of jhabua. From there she proceeded to Bhuvncshwar to represent the
diocese at a meeting of Catholic NGOs and Funding Agencies.
At Bhuvneshwar, vinita participated activily in the meeting
from nth to 13th Dec. and with great enthusiasm. on 13th night
she had an asthma attack and took tablets to get relief from it.
Since she die not feel better she decided to go to the hosoital on
14th morning. in fact she was well enough to walk from the 3rd
storey to the ground floor of the institute where the meeting was
held.
she
t-ken to a private hosoital in a car accrompanied
by two sisters of another congregation.
No other SNA sister vas
present in Bhuvneshwar to attend the meeting.
as per her request
the doctor gave her I. V.injection immediately after vhich she
collapsed.
According to the information received from the sisters
present with her, she asked for injection BGtnesol but th; doctor
gave her injection Decadron to which she was allergic and she had
mentioned to the doctor that sne was allergic to certain drugs.
as she got tne I.V.injection it seems she said 'Reaction'
and then Collapsed.
The doctor tried to shift her to the
Government hospital but on the way she died, though they say
She must have died in tne private hospital itself. we came
to know all these details only on the 18th through the sisters
who were present with her in the hospital, v.e are still not very
sure about the f acts.
The body was flown to udaipur accompanied by two priests.
A large number of SMAs had gathered besides srs. Angelina,Julienne,
their broth r, other relatives and friends to bid her Goodbye.
Though the burial is over still we cannot.believe and
accept the f .act that vinita isno more with us as she was before.
We all miss her very much.
May she rest an pence in the conpanly
of her God who was the source and inspiration of her life.
we have lost a gem that was so precious, valuable and beautiful.
Vinita was working to neate awareness about the harm
done by allopathic practices(as part of her programme) and she
herself became a victim of it. May she rest in peace.
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