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Adolescents &
HIV/AIDS:
A Guide to
Selected Resources
February 1997
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
Table of Contents
Introduction
i
Organizations .....................................
National Services...................
Regional and Local Services
. 1
. 3
21
Materials From The CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
Materials for Adolescents
Fact Sheet ..................................................
Guides to Information................................
Posters ........................................................
Videorecordings ..........................................
Materials About HIV/AIDS and Young People
Fact Sheets ...................................
Guides to Information................................
Information Packages .............................
MMWRs
.....................................................
Poster ..........................................................
Report ..........................................................
Other Materials ..........................................
. 37
. 39
. 39
. 39
. 40
. 43
. 47
. 47
. 48
. 49
. 49
. 50
. 51
. 51
.....................
Journals and Newsletters
Funding Organizations ........................................................
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Private Funding Organizations.............................
59
. 67
. 69
. 71
Internet Resources
75
Clinical Trials
81
Index
85
Resource Materials
89
CDC Fact Sheets
Facts About Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
Facts About HIV Prevention Messages for Young Adults
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: 1 993 Revised Classification System for HIV
Infection and Expanded Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults,
Dec. 18, 1992; Vol. 41, No. RR-17 (Abridged version)
University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Fact Sheets
What Are Adolescents' HIV Prevention Needs?
What Are Young Gay Men's HIV Prevention Needs?
Youth and HIV/AIDS: An American Agenda (Executive Summary)
Introduction
Today, one quarter of all new HIV infections in the United States are estimated to occur in young
people between the ages of 13 and 20. HIV/AIDS ranks as the sixth-leading cause of death
among those age 15-24 in the United States, with an increase in reported adolescent AIDS cases
from one case in 1981 to 405 cases in 1995. Additionally, since 1 in 5 reported AIDS cases is
diagnosed among those age 20-29, and the incubation period between HIV infection and AIDS
diagnosis can be many years, it is clear that large numbers of people reported with AIDS in their
twenties became infected with HIV as teenagers.
The most recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) public service announcement
(PSA) campaign ’’Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself," launched Nov. 30, 1995, places a new
emphasis on the importance of educating young adults age 18-25 about the risks they face from
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
This second edition of Adolescents & HIV/AIDS: A Guide to Selected Resources was prepared by
the staff of the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse (CDC NAC) in order to provide information on
resources to assist you and your organization in dealing with the increasing impact that the
HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to have on adolescents in the United States.
It includes up-to-date information from the Clearinghouse's Resources and Services, Educational
Materials, Periodicals, and Funding databases, as well as the text of selected CDC fact sheets.
Resource materials also include an abridged version of the CDC case definition for AIDS and the
executive summary of Youth and HIV/AIDS: An American Agenda, A Report to the President.
This edition also offers an expanded section of Internet resources and a new section listing
clinical trials open to adolescents and children.
The Guide includes:
♦
Information on organizations that have services targeting adolescents. Some serve a
national audience, while others are included as examples and/or models of local or regional
programs focusing on youth.
♦
An extensive listing of materials from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse inventory,
some designed for adolescents, some for those that work with this population. This
comprehensive list includes materials from earlier PSA campaigns whose messages are still
relevant.
♦
♦
♦
♦
Descriptions of newsletters, journals, and other periodicals that target adolescents.
Information on organizations that have funded programs which focus on adolescents.
Addresses and descriptions of pertinent World Wide Web sites.
Information on clinical trials.
The Clearinghouse constantly adds new entries and updates the existing information in its
databases. To obtain the most current information, to order a free Clearinghouse catalog of
publications, or to ask specific questions about HIV/AIDS, please contact the CDC NAC
Reference Service:
1-800-458-5231 (Voice)
1-800-243-7012 (TTY)
1-301-738-6616 (Fax)
aidsinfo@cdcnac.org (E-mail)
Other Reference Services
Spanish- and English-speaking reference specialists are available for the following specialized
services operated by CDC NAC:
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) . . 1
1-800-874-2572 (voice)
Provides up-to-date information on clinical trials that evaluate experimental drugs and other
therapies for adults and children at all stages of HIV infection. ACTIS is sponsored by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Library of Medicine.
HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) . . L
1-800-448-0440 (voice)
Provides information about federally approved treatment guidelines for HIV and AIDS to
health-care providers and people living with HIV infection. ATIS is sponsored by the Agency
for Health Care Policy and Research, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the
Health Resources and Services Administration, the Indian Health Service, the National
Institutes of Health, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
1-800-458-5231 (voice)
CDC Business and Labor Resource Service (BLRS)
Is a centralized information and referral service that links the business and labor communities
with resources for developing HIV/AIDS in the workplace programs.
All of the HIV/AIDS reference services operate Monday - Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m..
Eastern Time. All calls are completely confidential.
Electronic Information Dissemination
NAC FAX is a service of the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse through which you can
obtain information directly via your fax machine. Selected documents, including CDC fact
sheets, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Reports, and information on Clearinghouse services are
available free through the service. NAC FAX is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
at 1-800-458-5231.
The Clearinghouse has the following Internet services available, including a World Wide
Web site. CDC NAC Internet services can be located at the addresses below:
World Wide Web Site:
Gopher:
AIDSNEWS listserv:
File Transfer Protocol:
E-mail:
http://cdcnac.org
gopher://gopher.cdcnac.org:72
listserv@cdcnac.org
ftp://ftp.cdcnac.org/pub/cdcnac
aidsinfo@cdcnac.org
ii
Organizations
Organizations listed in this section either offer national programs targeting
adolescents, or provide examples of regional and local programs related to
HIV/AIDS. These regional and local programs are included either because
they reach out to targeted populations, such as street youth, gay and lesbian
teens, or minorities; or they provide unique services.
The information was drawn from the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse's
Resources and Services Database. In order to ensure the accuracy of
information, organizations were contacted prior to publication. However,
changes, especially in address and telephone number information, occur
frequently. Please contact the Clearinghouse at 1-800-458-5231 for the
most current information on these organizations, or for a customized searcl
of the Resources and Services Database.
Entries are divided into two sections, one of national organizations and one
of regional and local programs. Within these sections, organizations are
listed alphabetically.
I
National Services
Advocates for Youth
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 347-5700
(202) 347-2263
Description:
Advocates for Youth aims to increase the opportunities for, and abilities of, youth to
make healthy decisions about sexuality. The National Adolescent AIDS and HIV
Prevention Initiative assists organizations that educate adolescents with developing
HIV/AIDS education programs. Advocates for Youth also develops educational
materials for professionals serving youth. A model peer education program, Teens
for AIDS Prevention (TAP), trains a core group of youth in sexuality issues, then
assists these young people in designing activities to educate their peers. The
National School Condom Availability Clearinghouse maintains information about
school condom availability programs that are in development, in existence, or that
have been considered but rejected. Staff are available to provide technical
assistance to individuals and school districts that are trying to move programs
forward or that need assistance in program design and evaluation. Referrals to
physicians and housing services are also available.
American College Health Association (ACHA), Task Force on HIV Disease
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 28937, Baltimore, MD 21240-8937
(410) 859-1500
(410) 859-1510
Description:
The American College Health Association (ACHA), Task Force on AIDS provides
guidelines on responses to AIDS in higher education. Technical assistance,
educational materials, speakers, consultation, and research tools are also available
to individuals, colleges, and universities.
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), National Community Relations
Division, Bridges Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, PA 19102-1479
(215) 241-7000
(215) 241-7119
Description:
The American Friends Service Committee's (AFSC) Bridges Project works to
coordinate existing resources, enhance services, and develop new services for
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered youth. It networks with AIDS service
organizations and maintains a clearinghouse for groups providing services to sexual
minority youth.
American Institute for Teen AIDS Prevention
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 1 3611 6, Ft. Worth, TX 761 36
(817) 237-0230
(817) 238-2048
3
February 1997
Description:
The American Institute for Teen AIDS Prevention provides counseling to community
organizations, schools, churches, and other groups throughout the United States
that are attempting to develop effective programs to slow the spread of HIV among
teenagers. It produces and publishes AIDS education materials aimed at junior high
and high school youth. These materials include brochures, a video, and a teaching
guide.
American Medical Student Association (AMSA) Resource Center, Students
Teaching AIDS to Students (STATS) Program
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1902 Association Dr., Reston, VA 20191
P.O. Box 2291, Merrifield, VA 2211 6-2291
(703) 620-6600
(703) 620-5873
Description:
The Students Teaching AIDS to Students (STATS) Program, developed through the
Resource Center of the American Medical Student Association (AMSA), is a
programmed approach to teaching adolescents about HIV infection and its
prevention. AMSA also produces a newsletter, training manuals, and teaching
guides.
American Red Cross, HIV/AIDS Teen Hotline
c/o 105 W. Main St., Carrboro, NC 27510
Address:
Phone Number:
(800) 440-8336
Tollfree Number: (800) 440-TEEN - U.S. and Canada.
Description:
The HIV/AIDS Teen Hotline is staffed by peer educators who are trained to talk with
teens about HIV/AIDS.
American Red Cross, National Headquarters, Customer and Program Support,
African American HIV/AIDS Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
8111 Gatehouse Rd., 6th Fl., Falls Church, VA 22042
(703) 206-7120
(703) 206-7754
Description:
The African American HIV/AIDS Program provides sound and unbiased information
regarding HIV/AIDS to African American youth and the adults who provide guidance
in their lives. One component of the program is an instructor course that trains
individuals to make nonjudgmental, culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS prevention
presentations in classrooms, places of worship, community centers, and wherever
else young people gather. Presentations are designed to support teens in making
decisions that promote self-protection barriers to HIV infection. It offers videos,
workbooks, a teaching guide, posters, and buttons. The African American HIV/AIDS
Program also produces public service announcements (PSAs) and educational
materials.
American School Health Association (ASHA)
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
7263 State Rt. 43, Kent, OH 44240-0708
P.O. Box 708, Kent, OH 44240-0708
(330) 678-1601
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
4
Fax Number:
(330) 678-4526
Description:
American School Health Association (ASHA) is a nonprofit organization which has
been in existence since 1927. ASHA works to promote school health programs
comprised of health services, health education, and a healthy school environment. It
also establishes guidelines for school health programs and standards of competency
and excellence for school health professionals. ASHA has a cooperative agreement
with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention titled "School-Based AIDS
Education: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Prevention."
Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD), AIDS Task Force, Special
Interest Group
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 21192, Columbus, OH 43221-0192
(614) 488-4972
(614) 488-1174
Description:
The Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD) provides information
on services being made available to HIV-affected individuals on college campuses.
Athletes and Entertainers for Kids
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1845 Camino Dos Rios, Newbury Park, CA 91320
(805) 496-7077
(805) 496-3077
Description:
Athletes and Entertainers for Kids is a national nonprofit youth service educational
organization comprised of athletes and members of the arts community. Its mission
is prevention through education. The members are committed to brightening the
lives of all youth, including children and teens who have serious illnesses such as
AIDS. They teach youth decision-making skills through programs that showcase
athletes and entertainers providing basic educational information. The organization
administers the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Education Program for Youth, an education
information presentation performed by athletes and entertainers at individual
schools.
Boys and Girls Clubs of America (B&GCA), National Headquarters
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1230 W. Peachtree St., NW, Atlanta, GA 30309-3447
(404) 815-5700
(404) 815-5789
Description:
Boys and Girls Clubs of America (B&GCA) is a private, nonprofit, national youth
organization. It provides Boys and Girls Clubs across the country with the resources,
consultation, and support services necessary for them to become the most effective
youth development organizations in their communities. The Act SMART program is
an HIV/AIDS education curriculum produced in cooperation with the American Red
Cross. Brochures are available. B&GCA programs serve at-risk and disadvantaged
youth and provide opportunities for young people to contribute, learn, grow, and
advance on merit to their full potential. SMART Moves is a national prevention effort
that has had a positive impact on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use, as well as
early sexual involvement and pregnancy. Peer leaders are trained to guide Club
members through a series of developmentally appropriate activities and service
learning projects that build their resistance to problems and empower them to lead
5
February 1997
successful lives. The Boys and Girls Clubs of America have offered guidance and
youth development programs that build self-esteem, character, and positive
relationships for boys and girls since 1860.
Boys Town National Hotline (BTNHL)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fr. Flanagan's Boys Home, Boys Town, NE 68010
(800) 448-3000
Description:
The Boys Town National Hotline (BTNHL) focuses on serving children and families.
Camp Fire Boys and Girls
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
4601 Madison Ave., Kansas City, MO 64112-1278
(816) 756-1950
Description:
Camp Fire Boys and Girls is a nationwide service organization for adolescents. It has
launched an HIV/AIDS education campaign to educate Camp Fire councils regarding
the AIDS epidemic. Camp Fire Boys & Girls are also conducting workshops and
collaborating with local organizations.
(816) 756-0258
CDC National AIDS Hotline (CDC NAH)
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 13827, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3827
Description:
The CDC National AIDS Hotline (CDC NAH) is a toll-free service available to the
general public 24 hours a day, 7 days a week throughout the U.S. and its territories.
The Hotline provides callers with confidential information, education, and referrals
related to AIDS and HIV infection. Trained information specialists are available to
answer calls in English and Spanish or through a TTY machine for the deaf and
hearing impaired. The specialists can answer questions about HIV transmission, HIV
prevention, risk reduction behaviors, HIV-antibody testing, symptoms, treatment,
resources, and other topics. Callers can be given referrals specific to their needs,
including public health clinics and hospitals, alternative HIV-antibody test site
locations, counseling and support groups, AIDS educational organizations, local
hotlines, financial and legal services, and many others. The Classroom Calls program
allows teachers to arrange an appointment to have students ask questions of a CDC
NAH reference specialist in a group format using a speaker phone.
(800) 342-2437
(919) 361-4855
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
440 1st St., NW, Suite 310, Washington, D.C. 20001-2085
Description:
The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA), established in 1920, is a federation
of more than 800 public and voluntary agencies that work to improve the lives of
at-risk children, youth, and their families. CWLA member agency personnel work
with young people who are most vulnerable for HIV infection, including infants
infected perinatally, youth in foster care, sexually active youth, drug abusers,
runaway and homeless youth, child prostitutes, and out-of-school youth. Building on
(202) 638-2952
(202) 638-4004
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
6
the initial guidelines developed by its National Task Force on Children and HIV
Infection, CWLA produced guidelines for residential group care, family foster care,
and child day care. CWLA also offers training to all care providers, managers, and
practitioners in HIV prevention and education and conducts forums on children and
AIDS. CWLA launched an initiative in 1993 to assist child welfare agencies in
placing children who lose their parents to AIDS with extended and adoptive families.
Childhelp USA
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1345 N. El Centro Ave., Hollywood, CA 90028
(213) 465-4016
(213) 466-4432
Description:
Childhelp USA is a nationwide referral service offering crisis intervention counseling
and referrals.
Children's Animated Television (CAT)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
22 Beech St., No. 3, Norwood, MA 02062
(617) 440-0011
(617) 440-9183
Description:
Children’s Animated Television (CAT), a nonprofit organization, produces and
distributes educational videorecordings for children and teenagers on social issues
such as HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, and diversity. CAT also provides a free public
computer bulletin board service and produces a weekly newsletter.
Children's Defense Fund (CDF)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
25 E St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20001
Description:
The Children’s Defense Fund (CDF) is an advocacy and research group that lobbies
for children's health issues. CDF publishes an annual report on maternal and child
health titled Health of America's Children, which includes data on pediatric AIDS. A
newsletter is produced quarterly.
(202) 628-8787
(202) 662-3560
Covenant House, National Headquarters
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
346 W. 1 7th St., New York, NY 10011
Description:
Covenant House provides immediate crisis intervention to children and adolescents
in trouble, and to parents having difficulties with their children. It does this through
its national 800-number hotline and through its local offices in major cities in the
U.S. as well as in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The hotline, otherwise called the
Nineline, makes available conference calls between parents and runaways. It refers
callers to help in their own communities. It also provides information on problems
affecting youth and families, and provides shelter referrals, suicide prevention,
abuse reporting, and referral services.
(212) 727-4000
(800) 999-9999
(212) 989-7586
7
February 1997
Exposure Musical Revues
82 Callahan Ct., Newark, NJ 07103
Address:
(201) 624-8431
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number: (800) 624-8474
Description:
Exposure Musical Revues produces an anti-AIDS version of its play Love Yourself
called Think Before You Do built around guidelines for effective school health
education from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the New
York and Baltimore City AIDS education programs. The presentation is available
throughout the U.S. and is intended for teenagers and adults. It stresses the
relationship between substance abuse and HIV and focuses on heterosexual
transmission of the virus. Exposure Musical Revues also gives presentations on
racial harmony and African-American history.
Girl Scouts of the U.S.A., Membership and Program Cluster
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
420 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10018
Description:
The Girl Scouts of the U.S.A, has developed activity books about HIV/AIDS for five
age levels that address basic hygiene and personal safety for younger girls, and
problem solving and decision making for older girls. Community service ideas and
peer leadership opportunities are also provided along with outreach, a speakers'
bureau, and seminars.
(212) 852-8000
(212) 852-6515
Good Samaritan Project, Teens Teaching AIDS Prevention (Teens TAP)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
3030 Walnut St., Kansas City, MO 64108
Description:
The Good Samaritan Project, Teens Teaching AIDS Prevention (Teens TAP) is a
national HIV/AIDS information line staffed by trained teenagers who answer
questions about HIV transmission and prevention. The teens are supervised by an
adult. All calls are confidential. Teens who work the information line also participate
in community presentations to their peers.
(816) 561-8784
(816) 531-7199
Helping Individual Prostitutes Survive (HIPS)
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
651 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 20003
(202) 543-5262
(800) 676-4477 - HIPS Hotline
(202) 543-3343
Description:
The Helping Individual Prostitutes Survive Project (HIPS) operates a national hotline
that allows child sex workers 24-hour access to information and assistance. The
Project is designed to end the abuse of child prostitutes living on the streets and to
help them improve their lives. It also provides immediate support services, including
temporary housing, food, clothing, transportation, legal assistance, and health and
child care. To stay out of prostitution, teens are provided with education, job
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
8
training, counseling, and referrals through the HIPS Outreach Mobile Unit. HIPS can
provide assistance in obtaining birth certificates, picture identification, and Social
Security cards.
Hispanic Designers, Incorporated (HDI), National Hispanic Education and
Communications Projects
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1000 Thomas Jefferson St., NW, Suite 310, Washington, D.C. 20007
(202) 337-9633
(202) 337-9635
Description:
The Hispanic Designers, Incorporated (HDI), National Hispanic Education and
Communications Projects is a nonprofit educational organization specializing in
Spanish- and English-language education and information programs targeting the
Hispanic community. HDI provides AIDS education and public service
announcements (PSAs) and broadcasts culturally appropriate messages on two
major Spanish networks, Univision and Telemundo, as well as other commercial
stations. HDI is particularly concerned with reaching Hispanic youth and women of
all ages. It created the Educational Leadership Council Latinas: Partners for Health, a
national network of Hispanic women leaders involved in public health that aims to
facilitate HIV prevention services in communities nationally. Meetings and
information production services are provided. As one of the national partners funded
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HDI operates the Teatro
AIDS Prevention Project for Latinas (TAPP for Latinas) at the national and local
levels to address the need for HIV prevention among Latinas under the age of 25.
Training sessions, technical assistance workshops, and focus groups will adapt the
standard curriculum to community needs, provide quality control for cultural and
linguistic competency, and mobilize new groups of community leaders to join in the
fight against HIV/AIDS. Referrals to HIV-antibody testing, counseling, housing, and
physician services are available.
Hope is Vital
Address:
Phone Number:
10801 Linson Rd., Owings Mills, MD 21117
(301) 718-2089
Description:
Hope is Vital is a theatre-based prevention education, community dialogue, and
outreach program. The program focuses on HIV/AIDS issues, and also issues
surrounding teen pregnancy, substance abuse, violence, conflict resolution, and
diversity. It promotes awareness and understanding for students in middle and high
school, educators, and health professionals. The interactive performances, done on
a nationwide basis, consist of theatre games, role-playing scenarios, and
discussions. One-day workshops and seminars are also available.
In the Best Interests of the Children (ITBIC)
Address:
Phone Number:
351 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02116
(617) 973-5487
Description:
Founded in 1991, In the Best Interests of the Children (ITBIC) is a volunteer
nonprofit organization composed of a national network of individuals who share a
concern for children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS. Inspired by
singer/songwriter Cris Williamson, ITBIC’s activities are directed by a volunteer
board of directors with support from a national honorary advisory board. ITBIC
9
February 1997
works to raise public awareness about the plight of children and teenagers living
with HIV/AIDS; to increase visibility and funding for hospitals and community
programs that provide direct care to these persons; and to help shatter the stigma
that surrounds issues of AIDS through education outreach and community
involvement. ITBIC's AIDS awareness events have been held on college campuses,
at corporate offices, in art galleries, and street fairs. In addition to the direct grants
that ITBIC makes to hospital and community pediatric HIV programs, it has also
generated funding for media coverage of programs that serve children and teenagers
living with HIV/AIDS. The Massachusetts Pediatric AIDS Awareness Week is a
multicultural, multimedia series of events that features entertainment-based,
educational and informational activities designed to raise consciousness about
children with HIV/AIDS, as well as funds for the programs that provide them with
treatment and care. ITBIC organizes Health Jam, a multi-site teen awareness
concert intended to encourage teens to make their own decisions about substance
use, racism, pregnancy, violence, and AIDS. ITBIC also sponsors Camp Colors, a
family day camp for children with HIV/AIDS.
Links Foundation, Incorporated, Project LEAD High Expectations!
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1200 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005
P.O. Box 97100, Washington, D.C. 20090
(202) 842-0123
(202) 289-1880
Project LEAD: High Expectations! is a model, community-based alcohol and other
drug (ADD) prevention program targeting African American youth. It uses an
indirect, skill-building, and youth empowerment approach designed to reduce the
use of drugs and alcohol and to prevent early parenthood and sexually transmitted
diseases including HIV infection. It seeks to demonstrate the potential of its
organizational concept using national leadership to stimulate and support
implementation of community prevention projects. The 261 chapters of The Links
Foundation and other organizations serve as sponsors at sites in their own
neighborhoods or cities. Local chapters build a project team with other groups such
as the Young Women's Christian Association, churches, or the Boys' and Girls’
Clubs. Leaders are selected by local sponsor membership and trained by The Links
Foundation's national project office. They then train volunteers at the local level.
Love Heals — Alison Gertz Foundation for AIDS Education
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
345 Park Ave., New York, NY 10154
(212) 371-1335
(212) 371-1556
Description:
Love Heals is a foundation that sends speakers into middle schools, high schools,
and colleges nationwide to inform students about HIV/AIDS. The mission of Love
Heals is to provide HIV/AIDS prevention and education for young people, especially
teenagers.
Metro TeenAIDS
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
651 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 20003
P.O. Box 15577, Washington, D.C. 20003-5577
(202) 543-9355
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
10
Fax Number:
(202) 543-3343
Description:
Metro TeenAIDS promotes, coordinates, and supports adolescent HIV/AIDS
education and prevention. Through its TeenAIDS Education and Information
component, it provides an education and medical services referral directory,
HIV/AIDS training for parents, a Lifeguard Peer Education Training program,
adolescent HIV-antibody testing and counseling training, a speakers bureau, the
TeenAIDS Wheel-a-Thon, and a teen newsletter. This component consists of the
Street Wise Coalition, the TeenAIDS Student Coalition, the Metro Condom
Availability Coalition, and the Abstinence Education Coalition. Referrals to
HIV-antibody testing and pre- and post-test counseling for adolescents are also
available.
National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1012 Cameron St., Alexandria, VA 22314
(703) 684-4000
(703) 836-2313
The National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE) is a nonprofit,
private association that represents state-level and territorial boards of education. In
cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of
Adolescent and School Health (DASH), NASBE is working to foster comprehensive
policies and programs which use collaborative approaches at the national, state, and
local levels to assure the healthy growth and full development of all children. NASBE
can assist policymakers with specific information about current research and
effective practices in HIV/AIDS prevention and comprehensive school health
education, including guidelines for school districts developing policies concerning
students and staff who are living with HIV. In cooperation with the American
Medical Association's Department of Adolescent Health, NASBE is demonstrating
innovative approaches to the enhancement of children's health and education in
several states and localities.
National Center for Youth Law (NCYL), Adolescent Health Care Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1 14 Sansome St., Suite 900, San Francisco, CA 94104-3820
(415) 543-3307
Description:
The National Center for Youth Law (NCYL) is a nonprofit support center for legal
services lawyers and other advocates working on behalf of poor children
nationwide. NCYL's Adolescent Health Care Project, established in 1985, advocates
for the right of adolescents to necessary health care services and works to clarify
the controversial legal and ethical issues that arise for professionals treating
adolescents in sensitive situations. The Adolescent Health Care Project has
published extensively on the legal and ethical issues related to HIV infection and
AIDS and has advocated for the development of appropriate HIV-related policies. It
addresses issues of consent of testing and treatment, confidentiality of HIV-related
information, financing of health care and related services, participation of minors in
research, and discrimination. Project staff are available for consultation and training
to attorneys, medical personnel, and other professionals serving low-income children
and youth. A bimonthly newsletter provides reports on developments in law for
youth.
(415) 956-9024
11
February 1997
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI)
Address:
Mailing Address:
Hotline Number:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
11426 Rockville Pike, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20852-3007
P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345
(800) 729-6686
(301) 468-2600
(301) 468-6433
Description:
The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) is sponsored
by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), and was established as the
central point within the federal government for current print and audiovisual
materials about alcohol and other drugs. NCADI's resources include scientific
findings, databases on prevention programs and materials, field experts, federal
grants, and market research, tailored materials for parents, teachers, and youth, and
information about organizations and groups concerned with alcohol and other drug
problems. NCADI shares this information with the nation through free computerized
literature searches, an audiovisual loan program, bulk distribution of federally
developed materials, and exhibits at national conferences. PREVline, an electronic
bulletin board, is available to members of the professional community and the
public.
National Coalition of Advocates for Students, Viviremos HIV Education Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
100 Boylston St., Suite 737, Boston, MA 02116
(617)357-8507
(800) 441-7192 - Resource info line.
(617) 357-9549
Description:
The National Coalition of Advocates for Students, Viviremos HIV Education Project,
was established to ensure that children and youth with the greatest need would
have access to quality health care and HIV education. Staff train health personnel
and educators how to educate farm worker youth and their parents about HIV. The
Coalition has created a Spanish/English bilingual curriculum and set standards on
effective HIV education programs.
National Coalition to Support Sexuality Education (NCSSE), D.C. Policy Office
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1711 Connecticut Ave., Suite 206, Washington, D.C. 20009
(202) 265-2405
(202) 462-2340
The National Coalition to Support Sexuality Education (NCSSE), comprised of more
than 80 national non-profit organizations, advocates comprehensive sexuality
education for all children and youth in the United States. The NCSSE works to
develop strategies for the implementation of sexuality education programs at both
the national and state levels.
National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2105 N. Southport, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60614
(312) 528-0818
(312) 528-4915
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
12
Description:
The National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) is a not-for-profit
organization working to improve the quality of care in the nation's jails, prisons, and
juvenile detention and confinement facilities. NCCHC offers a wide range of services
and programs designed to help correctional health care systems provide efficient,
quality health care. It establishes standards for health care services in correctional
facilities, operates a voluntary accreditation program for institutions that meet these
standards, produces and disseminates resource publications, provides technical
assistance, offers a quality review program, conducts educational trainings and
conferences, and offers a certification program for correctional health professionals.
NCCHC is supported by 36 national organizations representing the fields of health,
law, and corrections. Each of these organizations has named a representative to the
NCCHC Board of Directors. NCCHC provides educational services to incarcerated
adolescents and adults, develops resource materials that address comprehensive
health education within correctional environments, and provides a 3-day training
session for educators, counselors, medical staff, and administrators of both adult
and juvenile confinement facilities nationwide.
National Education Association (NEA), Health Information Network (HIN)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1201 16th St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20036-3290
(202) 822-7570
(202) 822-7775
The National Education Association (NEA), Health Information Network (HIN), was
established in 1 987 by NEA to provide information about HIV/AIDS and other health
issues to teachers, administrators, counselors, and other education support
personnel. NEA HIN accomplishes this through a partnership with the National
Association of School Nurses, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the American
Academy of Pediatrics. In August 1988, NEA HIN received a five-year cooperative
agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop
and implement an HIV Education and Training Project for field staff, called UniServ.
In February 1989, it expanded its HIV education to Association members with a
focus on minority populations through a second five-year cooperative agreement
from the CDC. Topics cover training sessions, including HIV basics, psychosocial
issues relating to the epidemic, HIV school basics, psychosocial issues relating to
the epidemic, HIV school attendance/employment policies, and effective strategies
for teaching students about HIV/AIDS. In cooperation with CDC, NEA HIN develops
and implements training programs for NEA leadership and provides selected school
districts with technical assistance in the development of comprehensive school
health programs. As a CDC-funded national partner, NEA HIN created the HIV/AIDS
Prevention Program. Through the program, NEA HIN will develop national goals and
objectives for the Labor Responds to AIDS program; provide training and technical
assistance in two pilot sites to engage NEA locals in community HIV activities;
promote CDC-sponsored HIV prevention and marketing campaigns through the NEA
state affiliate network; and offer additional training and technical assistance to NEA
Education Support Personnel to revise and strengthen HIV/AIDS workplace
programs.
13
February 1997
National Federation of State High School Associations, TARGET Program
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
11724 NW Plaza Circle, Kansas City, MO 64195-0626
P.O. Box 20626, Kansas City, MO 64195-0626
(816) 464-5400
(800) 366-6667
Description:
The National Federation of State High School Associations, TARGET program,
educates students participating in athletic activities about HIV/AIDS. It provides a
communicable disease procedure statement in each of its athletic/activity rules
books.
National Gay and Lesbian Youth Hotline
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
Indianapolis, IN 46220
P.O. Box 20716 Indianapolis, IN 46220
(317) 541-8726
(800) 347-TEEN - Mon.-Thurs., 7pm-10pm: Fri.-Sun., 7pm-12 midnight.
(317) 545-8594
Description:
The Indianapolis Youth Group's National Gay and Lesbian Youth Hotline, run by and
for youth under 21, provides crisis intervention and referral services to gay,
bi-sexual, transgender, and lesbian youth nationwide. Certain services are available
to the deaf. The Group also runs the International Pen Pal Program for Gay Youth.
National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF), Hemophilia and AIDS/HIV Network for
Dissemination of Information (HANDI)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
110 Greene St., Suite 303, New York, NY 10012
(212) 219-8180
(212) 219-0906
Description:
The National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF), Hemophilia and AIDS/HIV Network for
Dissemination of Information (HANDI) is the hemophilia community's link to
available resources dealing with hemophilia and HIV. HANDI provides information,
resources, and referrals on hemophilia and AIDS/HIV to NHF Chapters, hemophilia
treatment centers, people with hemophilia, and the general public. HANDI also
provides referrals, maintains a resource collection, and produces a newsletter and
other publications, including a quarterly compendium of HIV treatment literature.
The HANDI information center's resource collection includes information on topics
such as recommended hemophilia treatments, HIV drug therapies, psychosocial and
emotional support, and nutrition.
National Lesbian and Gay Health Association (NLGHA)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1407 S St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20009
(202) 939-7880
(202) 234-1467
Description:
The National Lesbian and Gay Health Association (NLGHA) disseminates information
regarding health care issues in the gay and lesbian community. Topics include racial
and ethnic diversity, transgender sexuality, and development of non-HIV services for
lesbian and gay youth as well as poor and uninsured persons. NLGHA operates a
research institute and develops resources for lesbian and gay health. It also provides
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
14
technical assistance and policy analysis to emerging lesbian and gay health centers,
community-based services related to HIV/AIDS, mental health services, and
substance abuse services. Referrals to HIV-antibody testing, physicians, housing,
and financial aid services are available. Brochures and a quarterly newsletter are
distributed.
National Network of Runaway and Youth Services, Safe Choices Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1319 F St., NW, Suite 401, Washington, D.C. 20004
(202) 783-7949
(202) 783-7955
The National Network for Youth, Safe Choices Project provides innovative HIV
prevention training, technical assistance, and telephone consultation to
professionals working with youth in high-risk situations. It also distributes the Safe
Choices Guide, a skills-based HIV/STD prevention manual for youth workers.
National Runaway Switchboard
Address:
Phone Number:
Hotline Number:
3080 N. Lincoln Ave., Chicago, IL 60657
Description:
The National Runaway Switchboard is a crisis intervention hotline that provides
referrals to food programs and shelters for runaway youth and their families. It also
offers referrals to runaway youth living with AIDS or at risk for HIV infection.
(312) 880-9860
(800) 621-0394
National School Boards Association (NSBA), HIV and AIDS Resource Database
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1680 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3493
(703) 838-6754
(703) 683-7590
The National School Boards Association (NSBA) HIV and AIDS Resource Database
provides information about HIV and AIDS policy and education issues to
policymakers and educators. The database contains more than 1,400 entries,
including such resources as sample policies from districts throughout North
America, curricula, articles on medical and behavioral research and court decisions,
books and journals, and videotapes. In addition to an abstract and basic
bibliographic information, each entry includes information about the resource's
target audience (e.g., school board members, parents, administrators, school
attorneys), the type of material (e.g. legislation/guidelines, policies, curricula), and
the subjects the material addresses. Subjects include modes of HIV transmission,
legal/policy issues, HIV prevention education, comprehensive health education, and
community involvement. Database searches can be tailored to meet the needs of
specific requests.
15
February 1997
New York State Literary Center, AIDS 'N Us Project
Address:
Phone Number:
155 S. Main St., Fairport, NY 14450-2517
(716) 223-0784
Description:
The AIDS 'N Us Project is a nationwide AIDS education project targeted at middle
school and high school adolescents. It enables adolescents to act as peer educators
and reach out to their immediate peers and the larger community. A booklet and a
poster have been developed as part of this effort.
Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA)
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
810 7th Ave., New York, NY 10019
(212) 541-7800
(800) 829-7732 - National Office.
(212) 245-1845
Description:
The Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) is a federation of family
planning organizations that provides reproductive health care, family planning
services, and sexuality education to persons worldwide. Contraception, abortion,
sterilization, and infertility services are offered. PPFA also sponsors and advocates
for biomedical, socioeconomic, and demographic research regarding reproductive
health issues. PPFA produces educational materials, serves as a clearinghouse, and
provides community education through affiliates. Most PPFA affiliates offer
anonymous and/or confidential HIV-antibody testing and counseling to clients. All
affiliates provide HIV-educational materials, safer sex counseling, and referral
services.
Population Services International (PSI), Portland Training Office, Project ACTION
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
The Willamette Bldg., 534 SW, 3rd Ave., Suite 512, Portland, OR 97204
(503) 294-0554
(503) 294-0565
Description:
Population Services International (PSI), Portland Training Office, is a national
technical assistance center that shares skills and lessons learned from Project
ACTION with national, state, and community-based agencies interested in applying
tested, effective social marketing techniques to prevention efforts. Project ACTION
is a model social marketing HIV/AIDS prevention project targeting teens at highest
risk between the ages of 12 and 21 years of age. Project ACTION is a synergistic
model which combines interventions aimed at teens and their larger community to
motivate and reinforce risk reduction practices, especially correct and consistent
condom use, among sexually active young people. The project's five components
include community mobilization, a media campaign, condom accessibility, teen peer
skills building and outreach, and research evaluation.
Prototypes/Women AIDS Risk Network (WARN)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
5601 W. Slauson Ave., Suite 200, Culver City, CA 90230
(310) 641-7795
(310) 649-4347
Description:
The Prototypes/Women and AIDS Risk Network's (WARN) major objective is to
demonstrate model outreach programs on HIV/AIDS education/prevention and
intervention. Specific targets are women substance abusers, sex partners of male
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
16
injection drug users (IDUs), adolescent sex workers, and adult sex workers.
Individual counseling, group counseling, drop-in groups, and AIDS education
services are provided. Other services include networking, behavioral research, and
training.
Ryan White Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1717 W. 86th St., Suite 220, Indianapolis, IN 46260
(317) 876-1100
(800) 444-7926
(317) 876-3300
The Ryan White Foundation is a national non-profit HIV/AIDS educational foundation
dedicated to teaching America about HIV/AIDS. The foundation provides speakers
addressing school-age youth and communities in general.
StandUP For Kids, National Office
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1111 Osage St., Suite 205C, Denver, CO 80204
(303) 892-8328
(800) 365-4KID
(303) 671-2845
StandUP For Kids is an all-volunteer, non-profit organization that provides a range of
support services to homeless adolescents and adolescents who are employed in the
sex industry. It provides counseling and assistance with finding housing and getting
back into school. It also provides help in getting medical attention. StandUP
distributes a number of hygiene products for street youth, such as condoms and
prenatal vitamins for pregnant youth.
Substance Abuse Education, Incorporated
670 S. 4th St., Edwardsville, KS 66113
Address:
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 13738, Edwardsville, KS 66113
(913) 441-1868
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number: (800) 530-5607
(913) 441-2119
Fax Number:
Description:
Substance Abuse Education, Incorporated, develops and distributes
Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) programs on AIDS education, substance abuse
prevention, and adolescent pregnancy. The CAI programs are designed for use by
young adults, teachers, parents, and the general public to augment educational
efforts by providing individualized study material. An interactive format, color,
graphics, and immediate feedback are used to maintain the student's interest. A
special interest file into which the student may enter confidential questions or
concerns, a self-test, and a glossary of terms and definitions that can be accessed
during the tutorial is included in the following programs: Understanding AIDS, a
tutorial program that contains content based on the Surgeon General's
recommendations and follows the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
guidelines; Substance Abuse Prevention, a series of tutorial programs about alcohol,
marijuana, tobacco, cocaine, crack, and other psychoactive drugs; and Adolescent
17
February 1997
Pregnancy simulation and tutorial programs which present a realistic understanding
of the responsibilities of being a parent, the consequences of sexual behavior, and
pregnancy.
Team HIV
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 840, Camino, CA 95709
(916) 644-8448
(916) 644-8448
Description:
Team HIV is dedicated to providing education regarding HIV and the immune system
for students at the elementary, high school, and college levels, as well as their
families, educators, and health professionals, on a nationwide basis. Its educational
materials use a cast of characters to explain concepts of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs), bloodborne pathogens, and their transmission. Materials include
information packages, teacher guides, slides, videotapes, and monographs. Team
HIV also offers seminars for staff development.
University of Connecticut, AIDS Risk Reduction Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
406 Babbidge Rd., U-20, Rm. 107, Storrs, CT 06269-1020
(860) 486-4875
(860) 486-4876
Description:
The AIDS Risk Reduction Project develops interventions that promote risk reduction
behavior in college students nationwide. It has also conducted behavior research
with high school students and gay men, and run pilot interventions with high school
students and with college student couples in relationships. The project also has
developed educational videos, an intervention manual, and an extensive peer
education training program.
University of Minnesota, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health,
National Center for Youth with Disabilities (NCYD)
Address:
420 Delaware St., SE., Box 721, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0392
Phone Number:
(612) 626-2825 - MN residents
Tollfree Number: (800) 333-6293 - Nationwide
Fax Number:
(61 2) 626-21 34
Description:
The University of Minnesota, National Center for Youth With Disabilities (NCYD),
established in 1985, is a resource and information center focusing on adolescents
with chronic illnesses and disabilities, including HIV/AIDS. The Center provides
current information covering research, advocacy efforts, and policy and program
development. Various databases provide additional information about training and
educational materials, technical assistance, and health care reform. The Technical
Assistance Center provides consultation and support to professionals, organizations,
and consumers working with youth with disabilities. NCYD also develops regular
activities and programs to give youth with disabilities a direct vehicle to express
their thoughts, ideas, and opinions.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
18
Westover Consultants, Applied Behavioral Sciences Division, AIDS Training for
Adolescents and Staff
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
8630 Fenton St., Suite 724, Silver Spring, MD 20910
Description:
The AIDS Training for Adolescents and Staff project, an HIV/AIDS intervention
project, is funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and administered
by Westover Consultants, Inc. The project has three major components: 1) The
AIDS High Risk Adolescent Prevention (AIDS/HRap) Project, a 3-day training
designed for youth service personnel who work with high risk adolescents to
acquire skills and information for initiating HIV prevention work with youths; 2) The
Reduce AIDS Risk Effectively In Teens (RARE-T) Project, a 2-day training designed
for adolescents 13-19 years of age to participate in their own protection against
HIV-infection and AIDS; and 3) The Technical Assistance (TA) component, providing
support to agencies that have sponsored AIDS/HRap and RARE-T trainings and are
interested in replicating the trainings in their own states. TA also includes assistance
in curriculum modification; i.e., designing agency-specific evaluation, adapting the
training design and delivery, and providing resource articles, age-appropriate
exercises, activities, and videos. Special groups targeted are adolescents, all ethnic
groups, and all youth services workers, including counselors, prevention/intervention
counselors, drug abuse treatment counselors, shelter workers, and teachers. There
is a computer related component, the Interactive Computer-Assisted Training
Module (ICSAT), which complements both the AIDS/HRap and RARE-T training
programs. It serves as a teaching instrument for service providers.
(301) 495-7405
(301) 495-7174
YMCA of the USA
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
101 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606
(312) 977-0031
(800) 872-9622
(312) 977-9063
Description:
The YMCA of the USA strives to educate and provide healthy alternatives to the
misuse of alcohol and drugs across the nation. It provides counseling, training, and
resources to local YMCAs, coordinates and encourages program development, and
distributes selected materials to YMCAs. The National Advisory Committee meets
annually to develop policy and guidelines for children with HIV/AIDS. Brochures
regarding HIV/AIDS are also available. Referrals to housing and financial aid services
are provided.
Youth Development International, Youth Crisis Hotline
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 178408, San Diego, CA 92177-8408
Description:
Youth Development International's Youth Crisis Hotline is a 24-hour hotline for
youth facing crises, including pregnancy, suicide, depression, and substance abuse;
and for families who have missing children. It provides shelter referrals, counseling
(619) 292-5683
(800) HIT-HOME - National Youth Crisis Hotline
(619) 759-1460
19
February 1997
referrals, rehabilitation referrals, pregnancy center referrals, messages to parents,
and transportation for runaways wanting to go home. A newsletter is provided and
disseminated.
Youth In Need (YIN)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
516 Jefferson St., St. Charles, MO 63301
(314) 946-0101
(314) 925-0116
Description:
Youth In Need (YIN) provides counseling groups to high schools throughout the
country. On a more local level, it also offers emergency shelter and crisis services to
runaway and homeless youth ages 9-21. Related specialized services to their
families are available. Cornerstone, a long-term group home for emotionally
disturbed, abused, and/or neglected teenage girls, provides intensive supervision and
counseling. The Shelter/YIN House provides an emergency residential center for
youth ages 9 to 21 who are in crisis and need emergency housing and counseling. A
crisis hotline is available for emergency placement or alternate referral. An alternate
school. Excel, is provided for YIN House residents where they can continue studies
during periods of crisis. The Teen Parents Program provides education, counseling,
and support to young, parents or soon-to-be parents. On an out-client basis, family
counseling for youth and parents is available.
Zeta Phi Beta Sorority
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1734 New Hampshire Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20009
(202) 387-3103
(800) 368-5772
(202) 232-4593
Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, a predominantly African American organization founded in
1920, is committed to improving the health and welfare of youth and their parents,
and has conducted local and national programs to improve conditions for them. The
Stork's Nest program provides information on safer sex, AIDS, and drug and alcohol
abuse education and prevention.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
20
Regional and Local Services
AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts, Youth Only AIDS Line (YO Line)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1 31 Clarendon St., Boston, MA 02116
(617) 437-6200
(617) 437-6445
Description:
AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts, Youth Only AIDS Line (YO Line) is a
tollfree hotline that provides information and support to adolescents in
Massachusetts. Phones are answered by teen peer counselors who have received
training in a multitude of subjects, including HIV transmission, safer sex, sexual
involvement, condom use, substance use, cultural diversity, abstinence, and
homophobia. The counselors provide referrals to HIV-antibody testing sites,
condom distribution locations, and HIV/AIDS service organizations. The teen
speakers also provide peer education at schools and community organizations. The
YO Line also produces a newsletter for adolescents.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, Adolescent AIDS Program, Risk Evaluation Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
111 E. 210th St., Bronx, NY 10467
(718) 882-0023
(718) 882-0432
Description:
The Risk Evaluation Program, through a grant from the Health Resources and
Services Administration (HRSA), develops and provides programs, training
resources, and information tailored to the needs of health professionals in its service
area. The Program is offered for adolescents between the ages of 13-21.
Comprehensive medical and psychosocial treatment includes all outpatient and
inpatient medical services, clinical trials, support groups, and value-free counseling
for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) and those at risk of infection. Anonymous
and confidential HIV-antibody testing, pre- and post-test counseling, and case
management services are available. It has also established a model comprehensive
health care program for adolescents age 13-21 in New York City who are infected
with HIV.
Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board, Albuquerque Area HIV/AIDS Prevention
Services
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
301 Gold, SW, Suite 105, Albuquerque, NM 87102
Description:
The Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board, Albuquerque Area HIV/AIDS Prevention
Services, is a recently established HIV prevention program that targets Native
American youth, especially youth exposed to high-risk situations, with culturally
sensitive health protection information. Outreach workers visit families in their
homes to discuss risk behaviors with parents and other family members. Workers
discuss various methods of prevention and safer sexual behaviors, and provide
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21
February 1997
condoms where appropriate. The At-Risk Education Program provides safer sex
outreach and education services for sex workers. Additional outreach services are
provided for homeless and transient populations. Other services include confidential
HIV-antibody testing, pre- and post-test counseling, and referrals.
Association for Advancement of Mexican Americans (AAMA), AIDS Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
6001 Gulf Freeway, Building B-3, Suite 165, Houston, TX 77023
(713) 926-2953
(713) 926-8035
Description:
The Association for Advancement of Mexican Americans (AAMA), AIDS Program,
focuses primarily on the protection and care of Hispanic children and adolescents,
although most programs are open to any member of the community. AAMA offers
AIDS education, case management, volunteer training, street outreach, anonymous
and confidential HIV antibody testing and counseling, tuberculosis testing, referrals
to shelters, and a culturally sensitive food bank and food delivery service. AAMA
operates an alternative high school for dropouts, an emergency shelter for abused,
neglected, and abandoned children; and a foster home. Outreach programs include
an alcohol and drug abuse treatment program, a college placement service, a job
training program, citizenship training, and a cultural ballet folklore group. Volunteers
help persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) with their housecleaning, meal
preparation, and shopping chores.
Baltimore Urban League
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
512 Orchard St., Baltimore, MD 21201
(410) 523-8150
(410) 523-4022
Description:
The Baltimore Urban League has two target audiences: African American youth and
people receiving health care from doctors who are members of Chi Delta Mu, the
fraternity of African American health professionals. African American youth, through
a series of workshops, are given information about AIDS, prevention, and risky
behaviors. All presentations include discussion of the issues surrounding AIDS and
are presented at a level consistent with the target group's comprehension ability.
Health care recipients are provided with information, counseling, and guidance
concerning AIDS. The Baltimore Urban League works with health professionals to
increase their awareness of the non-medical issues surrounding AIDS.
Bay Area Black Consortium for Quality Health Care, AIDS Minority Health Initiative
(AMHI), Case Management Services
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1440 Broadway, Suite 209, Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 763-1872
(510) 763-3132
Description:
The Bay Area Black Consortium for Quality Health Care, AIDS Minority Health
Initiative (AMHI) provides case management services to minority residents of
Alameda County who have AIDS. Other services include clothing, food, housing,
transportation, and financial assistance. The organization also makes referrals for
and provides financial assistance for home health care and hospice services, which
include nursing; physical, occupational, and speech therapy; attendant care;
intravenous therapy; and spiritual, bereavement, and psychological counseling for
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
22
individuals and families. The Consortium also conducts an education and prevention
program that features street outreach and peer education for young women
between the ages of 13 and 40 who are at risk. The educational team conducts
workshops, seminars, and other educational presentations in housing projects,
schools, and other community facilities and agencies. There is also support group
for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs).
Bay Area Young Positives (BAY + )
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
518 Waller St., San Francisco, CA 941 17
(415) 487-1616
(415) 487-1617
Description:
The Bay Area Young Positives (BAY + ) is a peer-run organization that provides
emotional, social, and psychological support to teenagers, youth, and young adults
living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) in the San Francisco Bay Area. The primary focus of
the group is to help minimize the isolation felt by young people who are HIV
positive. It also works to provide access to medical and social support services.
Support groups are offered for heterosexual men, symptomatic HIV-positive
persons, youth of color, and young women. A support group is also provided for
persons involved in the theatre. Other services include intake, peer counseling, and
retreats. With funding from the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, it provides a poster
outreach campaign for young, HIV-positive youth. The posters are shown at bus
shelters and on buses and billboards around the city and provide information about
low-cost medical care and housing for PLWAs.
California Prostitutes Education Project (CAL-PEP)
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
630 20th St., Suite 305, Oakland, CA 94612
P.O. Box 23855, Oakland, CA 94623-0055
(510) 874-7850
(510) 839-6775
Description:
The California Prostitutes Education Project (CAL-PEP) provides AIDS and STD
education and drug abuse information to sex workers, juvenile sex workers,
runaways, and incarcerated women. The outreach education programs include safer
sex workshops, condom and bleach distribution, and safer use drug awareness.
CAL-PEP also provides support groups for incarcerated juveniles ages 14-17. The
vocational reorientation program provides assistance to those sex workers who
want to change the direction of their lives by providing counseling, job placement
and training, and referrals. CAL-PEP also has a speakers' bureau to talk to media,
schools, and agencies about HIV prevention programs. It has published a training
manual on HIV prevention for health educators and a newsletter. The organization
also offers anonymous and confidential HIV-antibody testing and pre- and post-test
counseling.
Catholic Charities Diocese of Ft. Worth, Pediatric and Family HIV/AIDS Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2641 Avenue L, Ft. Worth, TX 76105
(817) 536-1160
(817) 536-4671
23
February 1997
Description:
The Pediatric and Family HIV/AIDS Project provides medical and social services
including day care, residential care, foster care, respite care, counseling, and
support groups for women, children, and adolescents affected by HIV. It also has a
speakers' bureau, a women's clinic, and a resource library, and makes arrangements
for foster care and respite beds for HIV-positive children. Referrals are also provided.
Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston
Adolescent HIV Network Program, Boston HIV Adolescent Provider and Peer
Education Network for Services (HAPPENS)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 0211 5
(617) 355-7181
(617) 730-0442
Description:
The Boston Adolescent HIV Network Program/Boston HIV Adolescent Provider and
Peer Education Network for Services (HAPPENS) Program, through a grant provided
under the Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS), provides outreach and
early intervention services to homeless youth and HIV-positive youth at risk for
HIV/AIDS. It also works to enhance the delivery of multidisciplinary primary care
and referral services at the participating agencies which include three hospitals,
three health centers, and two outreach centers. Boston HAPPENS offers case
management and primary care for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs), referrals,
counseling, mental health services, and nutrition services. It also provides
confidential and anonymous HIV-antibody testing and test-related counseling.
Children's Hospital, Family AIDS Clinic and Educational Services (FACES)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
700 Children’s Dr., Columbus, OH 43205-2696
(614) 722-4460
(614) 722-6770
Description:
The Children’s Hospital, Family AIDS Clinic and Educational Services offers medical
and counseling services for persons with HIV/AIDS. The Children's Hospital Family
AIDS Clinic is an AIDS Clinical Trial Group Pediatric Subunit sponsored by the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Teenage
Health Center, Risk Reduction Program
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
5000 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027
P.O. Box 54700, Los Angeles, CA 90054-0700
Description:
The Risk Reduction Program of the Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's
Hospital Los Angeles, operates both clinic-based and community-based HIV
prevention and intervention services for youth age 1 2-24. Program services include
a clinic for HIV-infected youth, comprehensive case management services, street
outreach targeting homeless and runaway youth, HIV education to youth at risk, and
(213) 669-2390
(888) 259-6884
(213) 913-3614
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
24
training for community health and allied health professionals on adolescents and
HIV. The Program runs support groups for HIV-positive adolescents and their
families. Children's Hospital has a grant to evaluate and disseminate health care and
support services delivery models for HIV-infected and at-risk adolescents.
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Hemophilia Treatment Center
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229
(513) 559-4269
(513) 559-5599
Description:
The Hemophilia Treatment Center of the Children's Hospital Medical Center provides
hemophilia and HIV medical and referral services, including anonymous and
confidential HIV-antibody testing, and pre- and post-test counseling. Outreach
education services are targeted at youth who engage in high risk behavior and
toward area schools.
Community Action of Greater Indianapolis (CAGI), Fighting AIDS Through
Education (FATE)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2451 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis, IN 46208
(317) 327-7654
(317) 927-5715
Description:
Community Action of Greater Indianapolis (CAGI), Fighting AIDS Through Education
(FATE) Program targets minority, injection drug-using youth and low-income persons
living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs). Services include education, anonymous and
confidential HIV-antibody testing, and confidential pre- and post-test counseling.
Educational programs discuss modes of HIV transmission, prevention strategies,
testing, and referrals for care coordination services. Programs include dissemination
of educational pamphlets and brochures, and distribution of condoms. Presentations
to adolescent groups emphasize abstinence as the primary means of preventing HIV
infection.
Community Health Project, Health Outreach to Teens (HOTT)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
208 W. 13th St., 2nd Fir., New York, NY 10011
(212) 255-1673
(212) 645-0013
Description:
Health Outreach to Teens (HOTT) supplies free, nonjudgmental health care,
counseling, and education, with an emphasis on prevention, to youth who are
homosexuals, bisexuals, lesbians, or cross dressers. Services include general
medical, routine health maintenance, entitlements advocacy, AIDS treatment, case
management, outreach education, and referrals. Confidential HIV-antibody testing
and pre- and post-test counseling are available on the recommendation of a staff
physician. HOTT also provides safer sex counseling, substance abuse counseling,
crisis intervention counseling, and individual and group counseling. HOTT Health
Raps provides outreach/health education to youth.
25
February 1997
District of Columbia, Department of Human Services, Commission of Public Health,
Office of Maternal and Child Health, Comprehensive HIV Intervention and
Prevention Services for Families (CHIPS)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
800 9th St., SW, 3rd FL, Washington, D.C. 20024
Description:
Comprehensive HIV Intervention and Preventions Services for Families (CHIPS)
offers family conferences, case management, and primary care referrals for infected
pregnant women, infants, children, and adolescents, including infected infants and
children in foster or adoptive care. Family support and services are offered from
hospital pediatric and OB/GYN departments and public health clinics.
(202) 686-0567
(202) 686-2793
Family Planning Council of Southeastern Pennsylvania
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
260 S. Broad St., Suite 1000, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3865
Description:
The Family Planning Council of Southeastern Pennsylvania offers HIV risk-reduction
counseling, technical assistance, and activities for family planning staff and
affiliated provider sites. A video and an accompanying facilitator’s guide on
client-centered HIV counseling is also offered. Other services include research
demonstration programs regarding transmission of HIV from mother to child, and
referrals to HIV-antibody testing, education programs, and condom distribution
services for persons at risk for HIV infection. In addition, train the trainer services,
caregiver training, and volunteer training are offered. Counseling services, behavioral
research, and statistical reporting are provided.
(215) 985-2600
(215) 732-1252
Gay and Lesbian Latino AIDS Education Initiative (GALAEI)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1233 Locust St., 3rd FL, Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 985-3382
Description:
The Gay and Lesbian Latino AIDS Education Initiative (GALAEI) provides HIV
prevention education designed to meet the needs of Latino sexual minorities.
Anonymous and confidential HIV-antibody testing and counseling, follow-up
services, and assistance with medical, nutritional, psychological, legal, and
alternative therapies are available. Support groups are provided for men who test
positive and negative for HIV. GALAEI also runs a Women's Health Project, a peer
education/youth program, and distributes condoms. The Midnight Cowboy Project is
an AIDS education/early risk reduction and intervention program that provides
condoms, education, counseling, and referrals to male sex industry workers.
GALAEI provides education to schools, youth programs, and transgendered
individuals. It also develops bilingual literature and provides anti-homophobia training
workshops for Latino agencies.
(215) 985-3388
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
26
Greater Bridgeport Adolescent Pregnancy Program, Teen Outreach Primary
Services (TOPS) Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
200 Mill Hill Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06610
(203) 384-3629
(203) 384-4034
Description:
The Greater Bridgeport Adolescent Pregnancy Program, Teen Outreach Primary
Services (TOPS) Project offers HIV/AIDS peer outreach for youth ages 15-24. It
offers support groups for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs), referral services,
and training for peer educators.
Haitian American Public Health Initiatives
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
10 Fairway St., Boston, MA 02126
(617) 298-8076
(617) 298-1224
Description:
Haitian American Public Health Initiatives provides community outreach and policy
analysis, as well as recommendations targeting adolescent and young adult Haitian
women. Its AIDS education project, a cooperative venture with Boston City Hospital
and three other health centers, recruits and trains peer counselors for weekly
small-group education sessions in Haitian community schools, churches, beauty
salons, recreational centers, clinics, and health centers.
Health Initiatives for Youth (HIY), Youth Empowerment Services (YES) Center
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1242 Market St., 2nd and 3rd FIs., San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 487-5777
(415) 487-5771
Description:
Health Initiatives for Youth (HIY) is a health education and advocacy group
especially interested in peer-to-peer collaboration. Its Youth Empowerment Services
(YES) project targets youth with HIV/AIDS. YES offers a drop-in center for youth
that provides a place to socialize and to feel comfortable building relationships of
trust. The center also offers training, health promotion, and support. Four
HIV-infected young people create and staff the program. The program acts as a
support and skills-building model for youth serving agencies and youth with
HIV/AIDS. YES trains youth mentors, initiates leadership training, identifies sources
of community support, and develops support groups for staff and volunteers. YES
provides peer-based services, as well as mentoring for youth, training for program
volunteers, and involvement for family members and friends of youth with
HIV/AIDS. The goal is to replicate the YES project in other cities.
Hetrick-Martin Institute (HMD
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003
(212) 674-2400
(212) 674-8650
Description:
The Hetrick-Martin Institute, Incorporated (HMD, is a social service education and
advocacy organization founded in 1979 to serve lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth,
including homeless adolescents, minority youth, adolescent prostitutes, persons
who are coming to terms with issues of sexuality, and youth at risk of or living with
27
February 1997
HIV/AIDS and their families. The Institute networks with gay organizations,
conducts free training workshops and seminars, and provides technical assistance
for professionals involved in programs dealing with homosexuality and AIDS among
homeless youth. HMI offers an after-school drop-in center, support groups, AIDS
education prevention materials, and a program for deaf adolescents and their
families. HMI also offers on-site and telephone counseling and referrals to medical,
legal, and other vital services for local clients and other youths around the country
who have nowhere else to turn. Services include Project First Step, an outreach
program for street youth. The staff of Project First Step provides risk-reduction
information, condoms, opportunities for personal hygiene improvement, and help
with locating food, shelter, and medical services. The Harvey Milk School educates
youth and gives homosexuals, bisexuals, and lesbians the opportunity to obtain a
high school education without anti-gay harassment.
Illusion Theater Prevention Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
528 Hennepin Ave., Suite 704, Minneapolis, MN 55403
Description:
The Illusion Theater Prevention Program is an arts-related organization that provides
plays, awareness and training seminars, and resource materials that encourage
compassion for people living with AIDS. It also promotes the healthy sexuality and
safer sexual conduct necessary to avoid HIV infection. It has produced Amazing
Grace, a play for adolescents about living with AIDS and dealing with issues related
to HIV infection, and Alphabet of AIDS, a play for upper elementary grades focusing
on developing empathy.
(612) 339-4944
(507) 237-8042
Indiana Department of Health, Division of HIV/STD, AIDS Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis, IN 46206
(317) 233-7867
(317) 233-7663
Description:
The Indiana Department of Health, Division of HIV/STD, AIDS Program, conducts
activities regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It
provides HIV testing and counseling training for clinic staff, and produces a quarterly
newsletter and an HIV quarterly report on surveillance. The Indiana Youth Access
Project provides health education, risk reduction, surveillance/seroprevalence, and
HIV-related services throughout the state.
Lambda Youth Group
Address:
Phone Number:
409 Jackson St., Hayward, CA 94544
(510) 247-8200
Description:
Lambda Youth Group is a nonprofit agency that reaches out to isolated gay, lesbian,
and bisexual youth. It provides a national listing of pen pal programs, helplines,
newsletters, and other resources for youth 23 and under.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
28
Larkin Street Youth Center (LSYC)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1044 Larkin St., San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 673-0911
Description:
The Larkin Street Youth Center (LSYC) is a community-based, nonprofit agency
providing homeless and runaway youth (ages 1 2-23) with viable alternatives to life
on the streets. An aftercare unit offers support services, such as emergency food
and clothing, AIDS and drug abuse outreach, case management, substance abuse
education and counseling, anonymous and confidential HIV-antibody testing, preand post-test counseling, street outreach, educational assistance, medical and
counseling services, and drop-in activities. The Center also serves Central American
refugee youth. Outreach staff work on the streets of San Francisco to identify
homeless youth and refer them to the Center for services. A Drop-In Program
provides them with a safe, drug-free environment to participate in group raps and
become involved in a variety of recreational and educational activities geared toward
supporting the youth as they go through the process of leaving the streets. Case
managers provide intensive counseling, and in conjunction with the Department of
Public Health, a doctor, a nurse practitioner, and a medical assistant provide health
screenings and limited on-site treatment. Finally, in conjunction with the San
Francisco Unified School District, a part-time teacher provides one-to-one tutoring
with youths preparing for their GED exams, as well as facilitating educational groups
in the Drop-In area. There is also an AIDS Prevention Program for Homeless Youth.
The primary goal of the Center is to divert youth from the streets and return them to
their family of origin when possible.
(415) 923-1378
Los Angeles Youth Network
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
1944 N. Cahuenga Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90068
(213) 957-7340
(800) 843-5200 - California Youth Crisis line. CA only.
(213) 957-7369
The Los Angeles Youth Network provides a 20-bed shelter, a transitional living
program for chronic runaway and homeless street youth between the ages of 1 2
and 17, and a street outreach center for homeless people ages 12-17. The gay- and
lesbian-sensitive staff also provide HIV prevention education, vocational assistance,
case management counseling, and referrals. Weekly medical screenings are provided
on site. Services include showers, clothing, food, and tutoring. They also provide an
onsite substance abuse counselor as well as a risk-reduction counselor who
provides advocacy, counseling, and transportation for youth at risk for HIV. The
organization also provides anonymous and confidential HIV-antibody testing, and
pre- and post-test counseling.
Lutheran Social Services, Street Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
2414 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55404
Description:
The Lutheran Social Services, Street Program offers support and advocacy for
homeless youth and youth involved in prostitution.
(612) 774-9507
(612) 774-5017
29
February 1997
Medical and Health Research Association (MHRA) of New York City, Maternity
Infant Care — Family Planning Project
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
Description:
225 Broadway, 17th Fl., New York, NY 10007
(212) 267-0900
(212) 571-5641
The Medical and Health Research Association (MHRA) of New York City, Maternity
Infant Care-Family Planning Project administers 10 clinics providing technical
assistance and networking.
Mi Casa Resource Center for Women, Fenix Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
571 Galapago St., Denver, CO 80204
(303) 573-1302
(303) 595-0422
Description:
The Mi Casa Resource Center for Women offers a variety of programs for women
and teenagers. The Fenix Program, a HIV/STD Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program,
provides peer support and education for minority youth. The Program offers
educational workshops on abstinence, self-esteem, communication skills,
relationships, and decision-making related to HIV/AIDS and other STDs. Other
services include peer counseling, crisis intervention counseling, street outreach
prevention education, condom distribution, meetings, a speakers' bureau,
networking, and a teen helpline.
Midwest AIDS Prevention Project (MAPP)
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
702 Livernois, Ferndale, Ml 48220
Description:
The Midwest AIDS Prevention Project (MAPP) is a volunteer-based organization.
MAPP conducts media events, meetings and conferences, street and bar outreach,
safer sex workshops, speaking engagements, and workplace education programs;
offers support groups for HIV-positive gay men; produces and distributes
educational materials; trains HIV outreach workers, health care professionals, and
teen peer educators; and refers its clients to other organizations for HIV-antibody
testing, legal services, and medical care.
(810) 545-1435
(800) 627-7769
(810) 545-3313
Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Adolescent Health Center (AHC)
Address:
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
312 E. 94th St., No. 1005, New York, NY 10128
P.O. Box 1005 New York, NY 10128
(212) 423-3000
Description:
The Mount Sinai Medical Center, Adolescent Health Center (AHC) was established
in 1 968 to provide confidential comprehensive medical, mental health, family
planning, and health education services to young adults ages 12.5-20.5. It also
operates school-based clinics in two local high schools. Special programs include
support groups for rape and incest survivors and a parenting program for young
adults. The Center maintains a confidential health care policy that includes an HIV
(212) 423-2994
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
30
prevention and treatment program. It provides confidential HIV-testing, pre- and
post-test counseling, medical care for persons living with HIV\AIDS (PLWA's),
individual counseling, peer support groups for HIV-positive youth, and an AIDS
bereavement group. It has street and community outreach programs, distributes
condoms, and offers education. It also operates the S.T.A.R. Theater Program
which uses teen culture as a vehicle for AIDS education. S.T.A.R. Theater is
composed of four theater companies of young adults ages 9-24, and performs for
youth audiences throughout New York City. The program includes a session with
the actors, who remain in character and answer questions from the audience. Some
of the actors are themselves HIV-positive.
Oregon Research Institute (ORI)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1715 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, OR 97403-1983
(541) 484-2123
(541) 484-0806
Description:
The Oregon Research Institute (ORI) conducts research related to the behavior of
adolescents. Subjects include the epidemiology of depression, family influences in
substance abuse and use, social behavior within the family and peer group, and
prevention of adolescent tobacco and other substance use. Other research projects
include the study of high-risk sexual behavior, perceptions of high-risk behaviors,
and high-risk sexual behaviors of adolescents. A new research initiative concerns
the social, behavioral, and cognitive correlates of engagement in high-risk sexual
behavior, and developing and validating an intervention to reduce high-risk sexual
behavior among adolescents who have had a sexually transmitted disease.
Treatment of adolescent depression educational programs for children and youth
with disabilities are also available.
People With AIDS Coalition of Dade County
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
187 NE 36 St., Miami, FL 33137
(305) 576-1111
(305) 576-4470
Description:
The People With AIDS Coalition of Dade County provides education and information
about HIV infection. Services provided directly or through companion organizations
include educational services, counseling, substance abuse counseling, alternative
therapies, library services, HIV-positive peer presentations, newsletter production
and dissemination, social programs, and stress reduction workshops. A thrift shop is
available along with free haircuts and massages for PWAs. Services are targeted
toward difficult-to-reach populations such as adolescents, African American women,
incarcerated women, sex workers, women in drug rehabilitation programs, and the
African American community in general.
Planned Parenthood of New York City, Project Street Beat
Address:
Phone Number:
1 747 Pitkin Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11212
(718) 385-5793
Description:
Planned Parenthood of New York City, Project Street Beat is an outreach program
targeted to teenagers living on the streets who are at risk of being involved in drug
use or prostitution. A medical van offers condoms, bleach kits, clean clothes,
showers, and counseling. Services include case management, HIV prevention
31
February 1997
education, risk assessment, risk-reduction counseling, and referrals. The van s
medical services include diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) and pregnancy testing. Project Street Beat also offers support groups.
Prevention Point of Buffalo, Incorporated
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
593 Winspear Ave., Buffalo, NY 14215-1209
(716) 836-7485
(716) 836-7485
Description:
Prevention Point of Buffalo, Incorporated is a not-for-profit organization that
provides outreach services to high-risk individuals, targeting gay and lesbian youth,
veterans, sex workers, and the homeless. Services include needle exchange
programs; condom distribution; safer sex, substance abuse, and crisis intervention
counseling; and referrals to HIV-antibody testing sites and other resource services.
The organization also provides training, meetings, a speakers' bureau, and
workplace education programs. It operates an electronic bulletin board, and
produces a newsletter and educational materials.
San Francisco Department of Public Health, Community Public Health Services,
Special Programs for Youth (SPY)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
375 Woodside Ave., W-1, San Francisco, CA 94127
(415) 753-7760
(415) 753-7759
Description:
Special Programs for Youth (SPY), San Francisco Department of Public Health
provides various AIDS-related services to San Francisco youth. Focusing on youth
who are homeless, runaways, or involved in the juvenile justice system, SPY
provides extensive prevention services, offers continuing support and participation
in citywide collaborative HIV prevention/reduction efforts, and provides confidential
HIV-antibody counseling and testing specifically designed for adolescents.
Comprehensive treatment services, including primary medical care/early
intervention, case management, mental health and other support services are
available to all HIV-positive youth under the age of 25 residing in San Francisco.
Emotional support services are made available to families and loved ones of infected
young people as well. In addition, information on, and referrals to, clinical trials
appropriate for young people is available. In 1993, a natural history clinical trials
project has been established and will outreach to young people in the larger San
Francisco Bay area. Project Alliance for the Health of Adolescents (AHEAD) focuses
on training, advocacy and education, and has recently set up a speakers' bureau
made up entirely of young people living with HIV.
Sasha Bruce Youthwork, Incorporated, AIDS Prevention Services
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
701 Maryland Ave., NE, Washington, D.C. 20002
(202) 675-9370
(202) 546-7761
Description:
Sasha Bruce Youthwork, AIDS Prevention Services, provides education, outreach
services, and support services. Educational programs include group forums, safer
sex activities, AIDS presentations, one-on-one discussions, and youth retreats
related to HIV/AIDS. A mobile van street outreach program is provided for African
American youth and prostitutes in Washington, D.C. It offers risk assessment.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
32
counseling, support groups, parent workshops, an AIDS educational theater
program, and follow-up discussions. Transportation to testing sites and testing
referrals are also available.
Seattle Counseling Service for Sexual Minorities, HIV/AIDS Programs
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
1820 E. Pine St., Seattle, WA 98122
(206) 323-1768
(800) 527-7683 - WA only.
(206) 323-2184
Description:
The Seattle Counseling Service for Sexual Minorities, HIV/AIDS Programs offers
confidential HIV-antibody testing and counseling, individual and group counseling,
AIDS crisis intervention and counseling, long-term therapy, case management,
referrals, and educational outreach programs tailored to the specific needs of an
agency or organization. The Seattle Counseling Service for Sexual Minorities also
provides a youth crisis intervention program for youth ages 22 and under at agency
and Lambert House. Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) are offered closed
session groups. Other services include training for mental health professionals and
providers, and a hotline.
Seattle-King County Department of Public Health, Northwest Family Center (NFC)
1001 Broadway Ave., Suite 105, Seattle, WA 98122
Address:
(206) 720-4300
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number: (800) 462-4965
Fax Number:
(206) 720-4302
Description:
The Northwest Family Center (NFC) is a multi-agency center where families affected
by HIV/AIDS can get coordinated medical care, case management, and child care. A
special program serves pregnant HIV-positive women and teens with followup care
through the first year after birth. A Women, Infant, Children (WIC) program is also
offered.
Sexual Minority Youth Assistance League (SMYAL)
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
333 1/2 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, 3rd Fl., Washington, D.C. 20003-1148
Description:
The Sexual Minority Youth Assistance League (SMYAL) provides youth services and
advocacy for sexual minority youth, including those who are gay, lesbian, bisexual
and transgender between the ages of 14 and 21. Outreach and condom distribution
services are available. Other services include a youth helpline, a drop-in recreation
program, and support groups. A training and education program, including a
speakers' bureau, is also provided for teachers, parents, counselors, and other
professionals working with sexual minority health issues.
(202) 546-5940
(202) 544-1306
Sociedad Latina Association
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
1 530 Tremont St., Boston, MA 021 20
(617) 442-4299
(617) 442-4087
33
February 1997
Description:
Sociedad Latina Association provides support and education services for persons
living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs). Through its "Party Nets," it offers outreach,
education, and support in private and confidential gatherings to PLWAs as well as
those at risk. Peer educators also operate train-the-trainer programs for youth
between the ages of 14 and 19. It offers HIV street outreach, an HIV/AIDS
prevention program, and peer education for youth between the ages of 14 and 19.
It also offers substance abuse prevention and referral, pregnancy prevention
education, and support groups for females over the age of 13. In cooperation with
Madison Park High School, Sociedad Latina also provides a stay-in-school program
for Latinos and Latinas. Workshops for Latina youth provide assistance in writing
resumes and other practical skills.
South Carolina AIDS Education Network (SCAEN), Incorporated
Address:
Phone Number:
Tollfree Number:
Fax Number:
2768 Decker Blvd., Suite 98, Columbia, SC 29206
(803) 736-1171
(800) 506-2114 - Phone Orders.
(803) 736-0473
Description:
The South Carolina AIDS Education Network (SCAEN) is a nonprofit community
service organization. Most of the services are provided by volunteers who are
involved in outreach to the minority population, youth education, and awareness.
Workshops have been organized and include training programs with role-playing.
SCAEN is also involved in the development of videorecordings for youth, providing
buddy services to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) and those who test
positive for HIV infection, and counseling. Eighty-five percent of the client
population is African American, Hispanic, or Asian, and clients represent a mix of
economic backgrounds. Support groups are available for women, men, teens, and
persons with HIV/AIDS. Other goals include informing the public about safer sex
practices, abandoning injection drugs, and meeting the direct and indirect personal
needs of PWAs. The videorecording, / Think We Should Talk; an educational manual
for couples, Safer Sex, Get Acquainted; low-literacy brochures; and other
AIDS-related print materials are also available.
Stop AIDS Let's Unite to Educate (SALUTE)
Mailing Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
P.O. Box 7032, Houston, TX 77248
(713) 868-2408
(713) 868-2410
Description:
Stop AIDS Let's Unite to Educate (SALUTE) works with other local organizations to
educate and increase the awareness of HIV/AIDS and its prevention on the part of
junior and senior high school students. SALUTE stresses abstinence and postponing
sex until marriage. Using musical entertainment, SALUTE presents its message in a
friendly and relaxed atmosphere. Part of the presentation is a display of artwork by
HIV/AIDS patients, with an accompanying biography of the artist.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
34
Tulane University School of Social Work, Institute for Research and Training in
HIV/AIDS Counseling
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
6823 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA 701 18-5672
(504) 865-5314
(504) 862-8727
Description:
The Institute for Research and Training in HIV/AIDS Counseling provides HIV
prevention workshops for college students and the staff of social service, juvenile
justice, and public welfare agencies. It also provides social work curriculum
development consultation on HIV/AIDS and substance abuse to schools. The
Institute participates in a tri-college National AIDS conference, hosting the event
every third year. A social work bibliography and bibliographic database are also
available.
University of Minnesota, Adolescent Health Program, Youth and AIDS Projects
Address:
420 Delaware St., SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 721, UMHC, Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612) 627-6820
Phone Number:
(612) 627-6819
Fax Number:
Description:
The University of Minnesota, Youth and AIDS Prevention Program is a special HIV
prevention and service program for gay and bisexual youth. Services include HIV
risk assessment, risk-reduction counseling, peer education, condom distribution,
case management, and referrals. Anonymous HIV-antibody testing and pre- and
post-test counseling are offered. The program also provides comprehensive health
services for HIV seropositive adolescents 12-21 years of age.
Walden House Care Unit, Adolescent Planetree Program (APT)
Address:
Phone Number:
1840 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 241-5574
Description:
Walden House Care Unit, Adolescent Planetree program (APT) provides a residence
for young adults (ages 13-24) with behavioral and emotional issues connected with
substance abuse. Therapy includes individual, peer, group, and family counseling.
The staff consists of professionals and ex-addicts. Staff are specially trained to deal
with HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, and mental health issues. Services include HIV
antibody testing, pre- and post-test counseling, and HIV education. Also provided
are meditation, support groups, nutritional counseling, and referrals. In addition,
clients attend a non-public school while in the program.
YouthCare Adolescent Health Promotion Program
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
333 First Ave., West Seattle, WA 9811 9-4103
(206) 282-1288
(206) 282-6463
Description:
YouthCare's Adolescent Health Promotion Program provides HIV/AIDS prevention
services to youth in detention facilities, drug and alcohol treatment programs,
shelters, group homes, drop-in centers, and alternative schools, as well as to youth
living on the streets. The program provides comprehensive HIV/AIDS prevention
services to runaway, homeless, and street-involved youth. To do this, the
35
February 1997
Adolescent Health Promotion Program uses several approaches, including direct
education, peer education, HIV/AIDS education training for youth service providers,
outreach services, educational materials development, and special events. The
Program offers prevention case management, anonymous HIV-antibody testing,
anonymous test-related counseling, and early intervention services.
YWCA of Greater Atlanta, Phyllis Wheatley Branch
Address:
Phone Number:
Fax Number:
599 Mitchell St., Atlanta, GA 30314
Description:
The YWCA of Greater Atlanta has initiated an HIV/AIDS education and prevention
program targeting adolescents, specifically Hispanics. The YWCA of Greater Atlanta
incorporated the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) guidelines for
effective school health education to prevent the spread of HIV. Four program
options are offered. Act Intelligently Decide on Safety (AIDS) is a one-hour,
culturally sensitive informative presentation tailored to Hispanic adolescents. The
HIV/AIDS education curriculum addresses issues that teenagers have identified as
important to them, including HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
abstinence, safer sex, risk reduction, self-esteem, personal responsibility, safe and
healthy living skills, alcohol and drug use, and pregnancy. Summer camp
presentations are a miniature version of the HIV/AIDS education curriculum. Finally,
the teen theater has created a culturally sensitive play and rap session in Spanish
and English performed by bilingual high school students.
(404) 522-9922
(404) 688-8795
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
36
Materials From
theCDC National
Aids Clearinghouse
The educational materials listed in this section are available through the CDC
National AIDS Clearinghouse. These materials are divided into two sections: the
first includes items that are designed for use by young people; the second provides
information for adults working with, or interested in, adolescents. Several materials
are listed in both sections because they meet the needs of both groups.
The order form at the end of this section can be used to order these materials, and
includes additional information about ordering from the Clearinghouse.
For information on other educational materials available from a wide variety of
government and community-based organizations, call CDC NAC at 1-800-4585231 and ask for the following titles: HIV/AIDS and Adolescents: Materials for
Parents and Educators; HIV/AIDS Educational Materials for Adolescents; and
HIV/AIDS and Abstinence. All three are part of the Clearinghouse's Standard
Search Series. Or, ask for a customized search of our Educational Materials
Database.
Materials for Adolescents
Fact Sheet
Facts About Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and Other STDs
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D444; Free, single copies only
1996
This fact sheet discusses the role of condoms in preventing the transmission of HIV and
other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It encourages the proper and consistent use
of condoms during any act of sexual intercourse. Directions for proper application of
condoms are given. Myths about condom efficacy are dispelled. The fact sheet includes
recommendations on HIV prevention strategies, such as spermicides and condoms for
women. It concludes by urging individuals to make responsible choices.
Guides to Information
Locating Basic Resources on HIV/AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. D317; Free, single copies
only.
1996
This is a guide to sources of information about HIV/AIDS. Different sources are suitable
for students at various levels ranging from the upper elementary grades through college
undergraduate. Subject headings related to HIV and AIDS are presented for assistance
in using the suggested library resources. The fact sheet explains the library catalog and
the vertical file, refers to encyclopedias and dictionaries, and describes some reference
books about AIDS. It discusses periodical and newspaper indexes, and lists several
journals and newsletters that provide current information about HIV/AIDS. It also
outlines computer-assisted literature searches, and briefly refers to additional sources of
information such as local and state health departments and the Internet.
Locating Basic Resources on HIV/AIDS and Sports
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. B685; Free, single copies
only.
1996
This document is intended to help high school, collegiate, and professional athletic
personnel make informed decisions about the issues related to athletics and HIV. In
addition to providing an overview of the subject, it lists sources for more information. It
covers AIDS and HIV transmission, with a specific reference to HIV and sports-related
injuries; steroid use and needle-sharing; athletic participation by HIV-positive persons;
universal precautions; HIV-antibody testing of players; and the need for education.
39
February 1997
Standard Search Series: HIV/AIDS and Abstinence
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. D170; Free, single copies
only.
1997
This guide lists titles of materials about HIV and abstinence education. The entries are
organized by formats, such as brochures, journal articles, or books. Within each format,
the titles are sorted by year, with the most recent listed first. Each entry provides an
abstract, the source, and a physical description of the document.
Standard Search Series: HIV/AIDS Educational Materials for Adolescents
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. D280; Free, single copies
only.
1996
This guide contains the results of a search of the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
Educational Materials Database for HIV/AIDS educational materials to be used by
adolescents. The information in this search is organized by format, and listings include
brochures, posters, and videorecordings.
Posters
AIDS Is Scary, But a Zit Is Real. Right?
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P058; IOC per copy.
1991
This poster uses a question-and-answer format to tell young people about the dangers
of HIV infection.
Al Cumplir los 17, Me Entere que Tenia el HIV y Tambien que Todo el Mundo Io
Puede Contraer.
(When / Found Out / Had HIV at Age 17,1 Learned That Anyone Can Get It:
translated title)
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P709; 10C per copy.
1992
This poster features a message from Pedro Zamora, a young Hispanic man who died
from HIV infection in 1994, two years after this poster was created. Zamora, who was
1 9 at the time the poster's photograph was taken, says the frightening part of his
diagnosis has been that his friends continue to practice risky behaviors; he tells young
adults that they are not invincible or immune to HIV. The poster features a photograph
of Zamora seated on the ground, leaning against a basketball hoop.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
40
Getting High Doesn’t Cause AIDS, It Just Lets It Happen
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. PI45; IOC per copy.
1989
This poster makes the point that recreational drug and alcohol use may dull the mind to
the point at which judgment is impaired, and one may indulge in behavior that puts
oneself at risk for HIV infection.
If You Get the AIDS Virus Now, You and Your License Could Expire at the Same
Time
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. PI40; IOC per copy.
1989
This poster conveys the message that HIV may take several years to develop into AIDS;
young people should be aware they are at risk. National hotline numbers are given.
If You’re Dabbling in Drugs . . . You Could Be Dabbling With Your Life
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P061; 10C per copy.
1990
Addressed to injecting drug users (IDUs), this poster emphasizes that sharing needles
involves the risk of contracting HIV, and that just one exposure can result in infection.
The poster features the picture of a young African American man in a basketball
uniform.
Putting on a Condom Is Just As Simple
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. PI 08; 10C per copy.
1989
Addressed to young men, this poster shows a man putting on a sock and emphasizes
the ease and importance of using a condom. It urges readers to use condoms every
time they have sexual intercourse to protect themselves and their partners against HIV
infection.
Some People Think They Come of Age When They've Been Burnt by Gonorrhea,
But if They’ve Been Burnt by AIDS They May Never Come of Age
Producer:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P146; IOC per copy.
Year:
1989
Abstract:
This poster makes the point that HIV infection, unlike other sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs), is incurable.
41
February 1997
Tell Him He Has A Choice of What to Wear
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P734; 10C per copy.
1994
This poster uses an illustration of a wrapped condom and a pair of men's jeans to tell
viewers to either use a condom or avoid sex. It also bears the words: "Use a latex
condom consistently and correctly for protection against HIV."
There's A Simple Way to Prevent AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P141; 10C per copy.
1989
This poster urges young people to practice sexual abstinence as an effective way to
avoid HIV/AIDS.
Today, Almost One Million Americans Are Infected With HIV, How's It All
Going to End?
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P711; IOC per copy.
1992
This poster urges viewers to reconsider sexual behaviors that put them at risk for HIV
infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They explain safer sexual
conduct and how it can prevent the spread of HIV and other STDs. These materials
feature a black-and-white photograph of a young man and woman talking and smiling at
each other.
Your Sex Partner for Life
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P735; IOC per copy.
1993
This poster uses an illustration of an unwrapped condom to tell viewers to use condoms
in order to prevent HIV transmission and save their lives. It also bears the words: "Use
a latex condom consistently and correctly for protection against HIV."
What to Look for in A Man
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P736; IOC per copy.
1993
This poster uses an illustration of a wrapped condom to tell viewers to make sure their
sex partners carry, and are prepared to use, condoms every time they have sex. It also
bears the words: "Use a latex condom consistently and correctly for protection against
HIV."
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
42
With AIDS Around, Gonorrhea, Syphilis & Herpes Are Fair Warning
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. PI 42; 10C per copy.
1989
This poster warns young people that HIV infection is transmitted like other sexually
transmitted diseases, but is far more serious.
Why Alcohol, Crack and Other Drugs Can Put You at Risk for the AIDS Virus
E! Licor, e! Crack Y Otras Drogas Te Ponen en Riesgo de Contraer e! SIDA
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. PI 49 (English); CDC NAC
Inventory no. P150 (Spanish); 10C per copy.
1989
This poster makes the point that recreational drug and alcohol use may dull the mind to
the point at which judgment is impaired, and one may indulge in behavior that puts one
at risk for HIV infection.
Videorecordings
Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control; CDC NAC Inventory No. V841; Free, single copies only.
1995
This videorecording contains 1 2 television and 7 radio public service announcements
(PSAs) from the CDC's campaign titled Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself, which
targets young adults age 18-25. Television PSAs include: Wake Up Call, 30 seconds;
Abstinence, 30 seconds, 15 seconds, and 10 seconds; Men — Talk About It, 30
seconds; Communication, 60 seconds; Buying Condoms, 30 seconds; Communication
(Spanish), 30 seconds; How Do You Know?, 30 seconds; Alcohol — Stay In Control,
15 seconds; Gatekeeper, 20 seconds; and Responsibility (Spanish), 30 seconds. Radio
announcements are Communication, 30 seconds; How Do You Know?, 30 seconds;
Responsibility (Spanish), 30 seconds; Abstinence, 30 seconds; Buying Condoms, 30
seconds; Communication (Spanish), 30 seconds; and Alcohol — Stay In Control, 15
seconds.
America Responds to AIDS, Public Service Announcements: It's Your Move,
Prevent AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. V046; Free, single copies only.
1994
This videorecording contains eight television public service announcements (PSAs) and
four radio spots from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Prevention
Marketing Campaign. The uniting theme is that consistent and correct condom use can
help prevent the spread of HIV infection. Television spots include Automatic, Turned
Down (in two lengths), Asi No (Spanish version of Turned Down), We7/ Wait in versions
43
February 1997
with a male speaker and a female speaker. For a Free Brochure, Condoms, and Delay
featuring peer educator Denise Stokes. Radio spots include Asi No and two versions of
MIC with different narrators.
Smart Sex, T.V. Special
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
Lucky Duck Productions; CDC NAC Inventory no. VI39; $12.00; CDC NAC Inventory
no. V439 (classroom version), $12.00; CDC NAC Inventory no. V789 (highlights); Free,
single copies only.
1994
This videotape features young people talking about sexual relationships and making
informed, intelligent choices about safer sex. It emphasizes condom use and abstinence.
America Responds to AIDS, Public Service Announcements: 1992 English/Spanish
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. V716; Free, single copies only.
1992
This videorecording features 17 tracks from Phase VI of the America Responds to AIDS
public education campaign. A number of titles are presented in different lengths and in
both radio and television versions. The basic theme is education — viewers are urged to
learn more about HIV in order to protect themselves from infection. The three versions
of America address the needs for widespread health education. The three versions of
Krista feature the voice of Krista Blake, a 1 9-year-old from a small town who has HIV
infection. Four versions of Peter, with the voice of Peter (Pedro) Zamora, warn young
adults that they are not as invulnerable as they might think. Two versions of Frankie tell
women that simply loving their male partners is no protection. Three PSAs — Christina,
Missy, and Diana — all warn viewers that anyone can be affected by the virus. STD
Woman — HIV points out that anyone who has had a sexually transmitted disease
(STD) has practiced behaviors that put them at risk for HIV. In Sofa, a young
heterosexual couple learn that they cannot shut HIV out of their world.
Song of Superman
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
Canadian Hemophilia Society, National Hemophilia Foundation; CDC NAC Inventory no.
V549; $12.00.
1992
This videorecording uses the allegory of the story of Superman and Lois Lane to
illustrate the difficulties an adolescent with hemophilia has in telling his girlfriend that he
is HIV positive. Jack, the young man, doesn’t want to hurt Dominique, his girlfriend,
and in the process almost loses her. Other scenarios depict Jack and the support he
receives from his friends. The video also shows other Canadians with hemophilia as
they share their experiences with disclosing their HIV status to others.
Envuelvete
Wrap It Up (translated title)
Producer:
Year:
Hispanic Designers, Incorporated, National Hispanic Education and Communications
Projects; CDC NAC Inventory no. V491; Free, single copies only.
1992
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
44
Abstract:
This public service announcement (PSA) tells teen viewers they are not immune to HIV,
and to protect themselves by learning about AIDS.
America Responds to AIDS, Public Service Announcements: Parents & Youth
Campaign
Producer:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. VI 68 (English and Spanish);
Free, single copies only.
Year:
1989
Abstract:
This videorecording with 23 tracks of public service announcements (PSAs) is targeted
to children and their parents. It is designed to help them communicate with each other
about preventing HIV. Individual times and titles follow: Latch Key, 30 seconds; Roving
Eyes, 60 seconds; Remote, 60 seconds; STD Woman, 30 seconds; AIDS Education, 30
seconds; Motherwit, 60 second and 30 seconds; Getting High, 30 seconds; Shooting
Up, 30 seconds; Single Mother (Madre Soltera), 30 seconds; Father/Daughter
(Padre/Hija), 30 seconds; Drugs Cloud Thinking (Las Drogas Nubian Tu Mente} 30
seconds; Don't Do It, 60 seconds; AIDS at a Glance, 60 seconds;; Happy Birthday, 60
seconds; Crack, 30 seconds; Hispanic Culture (Cultura Hispana), 30 seconds;
HIV-Teenagers (HIV-Adolescentes), 30 seconds; Mother's Talk, 2 minutes; and Wait a
Little Bit (Espera un Poco), 2 minutes, 60 seconds, and 30 seconds.
I Have AIDS — A Teenager’s Story
Producer:
Children's Television Workshop, 3-2-1 Contact; CDC NAC Inventory no. V467
(videorecording); CDC NAC Inventory no. D468 (study guide); $12.00.
Year:
1989
Abstract:
This videorecording presents basic information about HIV transmission and prevention
for children, adolescents, and their families. It explains how persons with AIDS (PWAs)
wish society would treat them through the telling of the story of 16-year-old Ryan
White, a hemophiliac infected with HIV prior to testing of the nation's blood supply.
Ryan describes how the disease has affected his daily life, with emphasis on physical,
emotional, and social issues, particularly as they surround his successful battle to
continue to attend public school. The reactions of individuals, including school
personnel and classmates, address issues of discrimination, blame, and isolation. The
school AIDS education program put in place in Ryan's community is discussed. It
trained fellow classmates to educate their peers through process-oriented activities that
focus on values and attitudes about health, wellness, and AIDS. It encourages the
development of prevention efforts that not only provide information, but also make
persons with AIDS (PWAs) a focus of young people's compassion and concern.
Olga's Story
La Historia de Olga
Producer:
KCET Television, Educational Enterprises, Special Hispanic Health Projects; CDC NAC
Inventory no. V486 (English video); CDC NAC Inventory no. V487 (Spanish video); CDC
NAC Inventory no. D489 (English discussion guide); CDC NAC Inventory no. D490
(Spanish discussion guide); $12.00.
Year:
1989
45
February 1997
Abstract:
This videorecording recounts the story of Olga, a young Hispanic woman with AIDS. In
a question-and-answer session with a moderator, she describes how she became
infected with HIV and how the disease has affected her physically. She indicates that
she contracted the disease from her first husband, who was an injecting drug user
(IDU). She then infected her unborn child. The symptoms of the child and the care he
received are discussed. She explores her emotions and the effect the disease has had
on her life as she indicates lack of family support. She cautions high school students
not to become involved with drugs and makes a plea for other IDUs to stop their
high-risk behavior.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
46
Materials About HIV/AIDS and Young People
Fact Sheets
Does HIV Prevention Work?
Se Obtienen Resultados a! Prevenir e/ VIH?
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies; CDC NAC
Inventory no. D805 (English); CDC NAC Inventory no. D806 (Spanish); Free, single
copies only.
1995
This fact sheet looks at effective HIV prevention programs. Small group counseling for
gay and bisexual men, needle exchange programs for injecting drug users, and sex
education and skills-training for adolescents are programs that work. The fact sheet lists
characteristics of successful HIV-prevention strategies.
Does Sex Education Work?
Producer:
University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies; CDC NAC
Inventory no. D818; Free, single copies only.
Year:
1995
Abstract:
This fact sheet, using a question-and-answer format, discusses sex education. It
addresses the question as to whether sex education should be taught in school,
examines the need for sex education, and looks at shortcomings of sex education. It
also describes the kinds of programs that work best and the need for sex education
programs.
Facts About Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D289; Free, single copies only.
1994
This fact sheet looks at the risky behaviors practiced by many adolescents, and how
these behaviors put them at risk of HIV infection. It looks at school-based programs,
community-based programs, and public information programs that can help prevent the
spread of HIV in this population cohort.
What Are Adolescents' HIV Prevention Needs?
Que Necesitan Adolescentes en la Prevencion de! VIH?
Producer:
Year:
University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies; CDC NAC
Inventory no. D816 (English); CDC NAC Inventory no. D823 (Spanish); Free, single
copies only.
1995
47
February 1997
Abstract:
This fact sheet, using a question-and-answer format, describes the HIV prevention
needs of adolescents. It acknowledges that adolescents can get HIV, discusses what
puts them at risk, and debates the pros and cons of AIDS education and the role of
schools in the prevention of HIV in adolescents.
What Are Young Gay Men’s HIV Prevention Needs?
Producer:
University of California San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies; CDC NAC
Inventory no. D815; Free, single copies only.
Year:
1995
Abstract:
This fact sheet, using a question-and-answer format, describes the HIV prevention
needs of young gay men. It states that young gay men are at risk, discusses what
places them at risk, and points out behaviors that contribute to risk taking. The fact
sheet outlines HIV prevention programs which meet the needs of young gay men and
offers program recommendations.
Guides to Information
Locating Basic Resources On HIV/AIDS and College Students
Producer:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. B437; Free, single copies
only.
Year:
1995
Abstract:
This guide is designed to lead the reader to information resources about college
students and HIV/AIDS. The information in the first section responds to questions
frequently asked of the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse (CDC NAC) reference staff on
a variety of topics related to HIV/AIDS and college students. It briefly discusses
behaviors that may place college students at risk for contracting HIV and effective ways
to educate students about the disease. The next section lists selected organizations that
provide HIV/AIDS-related services for college students, administrators, and educators. A
listing of pertinent materials available from CDC NAC and other sources is included.
Locating Basic Resources on HIV/AIDS and Sports
Producer:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. B685; Free, single copies
only.
Year:
1996
Abstract:
This document is intended to help high school, collegiate, and professional athletic
personnel make informed decisions about the issues related to athletics and HIV. In
addition to providing an overview of the subject, it lists sources for more information. It
covers AIDS and HIV transmission, with a specific reference to HIV and sports-related
injuries; steroid use and needle-sharing; athletic participation by HIV-positive persons;
universal precautions; HIV-antibody testing of players; and the need for education.
Standard Search Series: HIV/AIDS and Abstinence
Producer:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. DI 70; Free, single copies
only.
Year:
1997
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
48
Abstract:
This guide lists titles of materials about HIV and abstinence education. The entries are
organized by formats, such as brochures, journal articles, or books. Within each format,
the titles are sorted by year, with the most recent listed first. Each entry provides an
abstract, the source, and a physical description of the document.
Standard Search Series: HIV/AIDS and Adolescents, Materials for Educators
Producer:
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse; CDC NAC Inventory no. D802; Free, single copies
only.
Year:
1996
Abstract:
This guide contains the results of a search of the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse's
Educational Materials Database on the topic of HIV/AIDS and adolescents. Materials
provide background information and teaching guidelines and can be used for training
purposes by professionals working with this population. The information in this search
is organized by format, and listings include brochures, posters, and videorecordings.
Information Packages
It's Your Move: Prevent AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D738. Free, single copies only.
1993
This information package contains a number of materials on the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention Marketing Campaign. Various facets of the
program are explained, and background and resource information is given. A catalog
lists the public service announcements (PSAs) included in the campaign.
Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D829; Free, single copies only.
1995
This kit provides information on the CDC's public service announcement (PSA)
campaign titled Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself, which targets young adults age 1825. It includes a catalog of television and radio PSAs and fact sheets about the
campaign.
MMWRs
School-Based HIV-Prevention Education — United States, 1994
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC NAC Inventory no. D383; Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 45, No. 35; IOC per copy. Limit 50 copies per order.
1996
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted the School Health
Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) to assess five components of the school health
program: health education, physical education, health services, food service, and health
49
February 1997
policies. This report summarizes findings from the health education component of the
study. The findings indicate that although HIV-prevention education has been widely
implemented in U.S. schools, improvement in these programs is needed. In particular,
efforts are needed to increase the percentage of teachers who teach HIV prevention in
a health education setting and who receive in-service training on HIV prevention.
Current in-service training is vital for HIV education because new methods are being
identified to assist youth in developing the skills needed to avoid HIV infection.
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance
Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents and Adults
Producer:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D294; Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report] Vol. 41, no. RR-17; 10C per copy. Limit 50 copies per order.
Year:
1992
Abstract:
This report contains the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) revised
classification system for HIV infection and AIDS among adolescents and adults. The
new definition replaces the system published by CDC in 1 986 and contains the
expanded AIDS surveillance case definition. Appendixes include equivalences for CD4 +
T-lymphocyte count and percentage of total lymphocytes, conditions included in the
1 993 AIDS surveillance case definition, definitive diagnostic methods for diseases
indicative of AIDS, and suggested guidelines for presumptive diagnosis of diseases
indicative of AIDS.
Guidelines for Effective School Health Education to Prevent the Spread of AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. DOI 8; Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report] Vol. 37, no. S-2; 10C per copy. Limit 50 copies per order.
1988
This report contains guidelines developed to help school personnel and others plan,
implement, and evaluate educational efforts to prevent unnecessary morbidity and
mortality associated with AIDS and other illnesses related to HIV infection. It includes a
program assessment with a series of nine questions intended to help school officials
evaluate the effectiveness of their educational programs related to AIDS.
Poster
Your Daughter Worries About AIDS
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. P076; IOC per copy.
1990
This poster uses a dialogue with a father in a question-and-answer format to convey the
message that his daughter is likely to be worried about AIDS, and that fathers should
initiate conversations about HIV with their daughters.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
50
Report
Youth & HIV/AIDS: An American Agenda, A Report to the President
Producer:
Year:
Office of National AIDS Policy, CDC NAC Inventory no. D010; Free, single copies only.
1996
Abstract:
This report examines the current state of the impact of HIV/AIDS on adolescents and
young adults in the United States. Data on incidence and prevalence is summarized, and
the growing rate of HIV infection among people under the age of 20 is addressed.
American adolescents are engaging in behaviors that put them at risk of HIV infection
as well as other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The report indicates that without
significant education and prevention efforts, this trend is likely to continue. These
efforts should include: the encouragement of sexual abstinence; programs that identify
and develop intervention strategies for decreasing high-risk behaviors; school-based
HIV-prevention programs; and community-based prevention and education programs.
The report considers advances in HIV testing, treatment, and medical care and the
agenda of federally funded HIV research programs.
Other Materials
AIDS Prevention Guide: The Facts About HIV Infection and AIDS; Putting
the Facts to Use
Gu/a Sobre La Prevencion de! SIDA
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D458 (English); CDC NAC
Inventory no. D115 (Spanish); IOC per copy.
1994
This manual for parents and other concerned adults defines HIV and AIDS, discusses
ways one can and cannot become infected, and presents answers to common
questions. One chapter offers suggestions for talking with young people about HIV
prevention. Other chapters focus on the issue of deciding how to address different age
groups, targeting the information to the various needs and fears of younger children
(late elementary and middle school) and teenagers (junior and senior high school). Final
sections discuss organizing a community response to AIDS and list resources for further
information and assistance.
Family-Centered Comprehensive Care for Children With HIV/AIDS: Panel on
Women, Adolescents, and Children With HIV Infection and AIDS; A Guide
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the
Surgeon General; CDC NAC Inventory no. D204; $5.50.
1991
This book assists state and local program administrators in responding to the need for
comprehensive family-centered care for children with HIV infection. It defines
community-based as geographically proximate, available services, delivered in and by ;a
given community. However, it says, the necessary range of services may not be
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51
February 1997
available in many communities, or they may not be accessible to those in greatest need.
The book defines the scope of the problem, outlines the elements of care, describes
how to organize these elements into a coordinated system, and suggests ways to
finance these programs. Case studies are included.
National Commission on AIDS Report: Preventing HIV/AIDS in Adolescents
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; CDC NAC Inventory
no. D360; $7.50.
1993
The prevention of further HIV infection among adolescents is the focus of this National
Commission on AIDS report. It covers: 1) HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
among adolescents; 2) alcohol and drug use; 3) adolescent development, cultural
diversity, and language; 4) health and social services needs; 5) the role of the media,
schools, and other youth services organizations; 6) high-risk youth (hemophilia and
other blood diseases, runaways and homeless, youth in detention, homosexual and
bisexual youth, sexual abuse, immigrants, young women, rural youth, etc.); 7) parental
involvement; 8) information, attitudes, skills building, and access to services; and 9)
seven recommendations for the President, Congress, and the federal government.
National HIV Serosurveillance Summary: Results Through 1992; Vol. 3
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D733; 10C per copy.
1992
This report is a summary of the U.S. Public Health Service National HIV
Serosurveillance. Background information concerning this serosurveillance is given.
Select clinics and special populations, (women, homeless persons, incarcerated
persons, and adolescents), were some of the groups surveyed. Also surveyed were
some broader populations, such as: patients in sentinel hospitals, ambulatory care
patients, civilian applicants for military service, blood donors, and Job Corps entrants.
The objectives of the Serosurveillance are: 1) to provide state and local health officials
and the general public with information on levels and trends of HIV infection in various
local populations at potential, so that education and prevention programs can be
developed, targeted, and evaluated; 2) to indicate regional and national changes over
time in the prevalence and incidence of infection in various behavioral, demographic,
and geographic population subgroups; and 3) to indicate the magnitude and extent of
HIV infection by demographic and behavioral subgroup and by geographic area to assist
in projecting the number of children and adults who will develop HIV-associated
morbidity and require medical care. Some uses of HIV serosurveillance are provided.
Prevention Marketing Initiative Summary Document
Producer:
Year:
Abstract:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; CDC NAC Inventory no. D781; Free, single copies only.
1994
This document summarizes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI), which applies market techniques and
consumer-oriented communications technologies, based on science, to the prevention
of the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among young
adults 18 to 25 years of age. PMI is composed of four distinct yet integrated
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
52
components: national health communications, prevention collaborative forum, local
demonstration sites, and application of prevention marketing principles within the HIV
prevention community planning process. The goal of the first component, national
health communications, is to provide leadership in HIV and STD prevention by
establishing a national agenda through media; promoting credible messages based on
science through credible channels; and encouraging and supporting prevention efforts at
the local level. The second component, prevention collaborative partners, aims to
establish a collaboration of partners composed of national, state, and local
organizations. Component III intends to apply social marketing principles at the local
level to demonstrate the participatory social marketing process, measure the effects of
behavior-based interventions, and document the lessons learned. Lastly, the fourth
component is designed to facilitate the application of prevention marketing principles in
CDC-funded community planning efforts.
53
February 1997
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
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Journals
and
Newsletters
This section provides a list of journals and newsletters that focus on adolescents
and HIV/AIDS. They address issues such as adolescent sexuality, school health
programs, runaway and street youth, minorities^ treatment and care, and
prevention efforts targeting youth.
Alborada
Publisher:
Fundacion SIDA de Puerto Rico, Calle 16 Sureste, Esquina 15, No. 1200 Caparra
Terrace, Rio Piedras, PR 00921; (809) 782-9600.
Abstract:
This monthly newsletter targets the Hispanic community with HIV/AIDS education
information for injecting drug users (IDUs) and their sex partners, homosexual and
bisexual men, adolescents, and young adults.
CAT Chronicle
Publisher:
Children's Animated Television (CAT), 1492 Highland Ave., Suite 3, Needham, MA
02192; (617) 449-9699
Abstract:
This weekly newsletter discusses a range of topics relevant for both parents and
adolescents. A regular feature discusses the difficulties faced by gay, lesbian, and
bisexual adolescents, and lends support to their situation. This newsletter is available
via the Internet and fax as well as in printed form. The Internet E-mail address is
cat@qcfurball.com, and the World Wide Web site, where the newsletter is also
available, is http://www.qcfurball.com/cat/index.html
The Challenge
Publisher:
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), 11426 Rockville
Pike, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20852-3007; (800) 729-6686
Abstract:
This quarterly newsletter concentrates on one health topic per issue. Suggested
exercises are included for students in kindergarten through 1 2th grade. Information on
organizations providing educational and health services, such as information
clearinghouses, and a listing of new educational materials, is included.
Connections
Publisher:
University of Minnesota, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, National
Center for Youth with Disabilities (NCYD), 420 Delaware St., SE, Box 721, Minneapolis,
MN 55455; (612) 626-2825
Abstract:
This quarterly newsletter examines mental health issues which affect adolescents and
children from the counselor's point of view. Mental health programs in the United
States are profiled, and new resources are reviewed.
Educating At-Risk Youth
Publisher:
National Professional Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 1479, Port Chester, NY 10573; (914)
937-8879.
Abstract:
This monthly newsletter publishes articles aimed at those who educate youth at high
risk for pregnancy, incarceration, substance abuse, homelessness, suicide, or sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs).
61
February 1997
Family Life Matters
Publisher:
Rutgers University, School of Social Work, Center for Community Education, AIDS
Training Project, Livingston Campus, Bldg. 4086, Rm. 136, New Brunswick, NJ 089035062; (908) 932-5938.
Abstract:
This quarterly newsletter discusses family life and sex education in schools. Articles on
teaching about various aspects of family life are included.
Information from HEATH
Publisher:
Health Resource Center (HEATH), 1 Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., 20036-1193;
(202) 939-9320
Abstract:
This newsletter, published three times a year, offers articles dealing with the education
of developmentally delayed young adults for independent working and living.
Journal of Adolescent Health
Publisher:
Society for Adolescent Health, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 655 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10010; (212) 633-3815
Abstract:
This journal, published irregularly, includes reprints of the texts of research papers
presented at various conferences dealing with adolescent health. Major issues
throughout these papers include runaway and street youth, adolescent pregnancy, HIV
prevention, and violence. Risk factors in this population are addressed; emphasis is
placed on statistics and analysis.
Journal of Health Education
Publisher:
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, Association
for the Advancement of Health Education (AAHPERD), 1900 Association Dr., Reston,
VA 22091; (703) 476-3422
Abstract:
This bimonthly journal publishes research papers and studies on trends and issues in
school health education. Features include reviews of books and videorecordings, and
short news items.
Journal of School Health
Publisher:
American School Health Association (ASHA), National Office, P.O. Box 708, Kent, OH
44240-0708; (216) 678-1601
Abstract:
This monthly journal contains articles dealing with school health education and school
health services. It includes the texts of related research papers and articles on programs
for schoolchildren. Features include classified advertisements, literature abstracts,
resources, and an AIDS update.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Publisher:
Plenum Publishing Corporation, American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, 4330 East
West Highway, Suite 1117, Bethesda, MD 20814-4408; (301) 718-6502
Abstract:
This bimonthly technical journal publishes the text of research papers on societal,
cultural, and sexual issues affecting adolescents and young adults.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
62
Link
Publisher:
Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 210, Washington, D.C. 20005.;
(202) 347-5700.
Abstract:
This quarterly newsletter provides information related to technical assistance, training,
policy analysis, and advocacy with regard to school-based health care.
Metro TeenAIDS News
Publisher:
Metro TeenAIDS, 651 Pennsylvania Ave., SE, Washington, D.C. 2000; (202) 5435683.
Abstract:
This monthly newsletter discusses HIV/AIDS issues relevant to adolescents and their
parents. It examines prevention programs at area high schools, and includes information
on activities of the publishing organization.
NOAPP Network
Publisher:
National Organization on Adolescent Pregnancy, Parenting, and Prevention, Inc.,
(NOAPP), 4421-A East West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; (301) 913-0378.
Abstract:
This quarterly periodical includes articles on various aspects of adolescent pregnancy. It
includes extensive reviews of literature and materials, a calendar of events, letters to
the editor, and lists of awards.
Options
Publisher:
Abstract:
Advocates for Youth, 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20005;
(202) 347-5700
This quarterly newsletter provides information for those working in the family planning
field. It touches on topics surrounding adolescent pregnancy, abortion, contraception,
civil rights, and the use of television as a teaching tool.
Pediatric AIDS and HIV Infection: Fetus to Adolescent
Publisher:
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10128; (212) 289-2300.
Abstract:
This monthly technical journal covers advances and issues in pediatric AIDS, covering
issues related to children from before birth through adolescence. It looks at health care
delivery treatment advances, clinical trials, and legal issues.
Reach Out
Publisher:
Abstract:
Indianapolis Youth Group (IYG), P.O. Box 20716, Indianapolis, IN 46220;
(317) 541-8726
This bimonthly newsletter discusses issues that affect the adolescent gay community.
REALITY: A Newsletter By and For Youth Living With HIV
Publisher:
Health Initiatives for Youth, Youth Empowerment Services Center, 1242 Market St., 3rd
Fl., San Francisco, CA 94102; (415) 487-5777
63
February 1997
Abstract:
This monthly newsletter tells personal stories of young people living with HIV disease. It
also publishes information on test sites, support services and groups, and medical
services in the San Francisco Bay area. A list of resources throughout the nation is
included.
Resource
Publisher:
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Division of Allergy, Immunology,
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, National Pediatric and Family HIV
Resource Center (NPHRC), 15 S. 9th St., Newark, NJ 07107; (201) 268-8251
Publisher:
This biannual newsletter focuses on issues relevant to those who provide care to
children, adolescents, and families infected or affected by HIV/AIDS. Articles cover
research developments, conferences, recently developed resources, and legislative
issues.
SIECUS Report
Publisher:
Sexuality Information & Education Council of the United States (SIECUS); 130 W. 42nd
St., Suite 2500, New York, NY 10036-7802; (212) 819-9770
Abstract:
This bimonthly journal gives information to those involved in sex education. Its articles
focus on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV. Emphasis is placed on the
needs of special populations, such as women, adolescents, and minorities.
Recommended reading suggestions are included, along with information on upcoming
conferences.
Staying Current
Publisher:
AIDS Information Ministries, 6032 Jacksboro Highway, Suite 100, Ft. Worth, TX,
76135; (817) 237-3146
Abstract:
This monthly newsletter addresses issues that involve the AIDS epidemic and related
outreach to adolescents through the church. Statistics are included.
Student Assistance Journal
Publisher:
National Association of Leadership for Student Assistance Programs, Performance
Resource, P.O. Box 6282, Syracuse, NY 13217-9926; (313) 588-7733.
Abstract:
This journal, published on an irregular basis, offers articles of interest to teachers and
nurses who provide counseling and related assistance to students. Articles focus on
various issues in education counseling, including special programs and drug abuse.
Take Action Make Noise
Publisher:
Health Initiatives for Youth, 1242 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94102;
(415) 487-5777.
Abstract:
The editors of this quarterly newsletter encourage their readers to go out and be active
in the fight against HIV and AIDS through education and prevention. It provides
information regarding the activities of Congress and other government agencies.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
64
Teen Views
Publisher:
Hispanic Office of Planning and Evaluation, Inc., Latinos Unidos Contra el SIDA Program
(HOPE), 165 Brookside Ave., Jamaica Plain, MA 02130; (617) 524-8888
Abstract:
This quarterly newsletter presents articles on social topics, such as racism and
substance abuse, written by Hispanic adolescents.
TOPS Quarterly
Publisher:
New York University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Teen Outreach
Prevention Services, 550 1st Ave., New York, NY 10016; (212) 263-8973.
Abstract:
This newsletter, published on an irregular basis, discusses activities of the publishing
organization. A list of services provided is also included.
Youth Today
Publisher:
American Youth Work Center, 1200 17th St., NW, 4th FL, Washington, D.C.,
20036-3006; (202) 785-0764
Abstract:
This bimonthly publication focuses on youth and youth education. It features
information about today's issues, newsmakers, and publications.
65
February 1997
Fundinc
Organizations
Organizations listed in this section have funded programs related to adolescents
and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It includes two sections: one lists various agencies
which fall under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the second
lists private organizations that have funded programs on a national basis. Because
the federal government issues requests for proposals at various times throughout
the year, contact information only is included for these agencies. Call the CDC
National AIDS Clearinghouse for a search of the Funding Database to find out
about current funding opportunities, or contact the organizations for more
information.
The CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse maintains information on many current
funding opportunities in its Database. The Database provides information on
funders in your local area in addition to information on national organizations. Call
1-800-458-5231 for a search of the Funding Database.
Private Funding Organizations
American Honda Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
P.O. Box 2205, Torrance, CA 90509-2205
(310) 781-4090
Description:
The American Honda Foundation has funds available for programs in the areas of
youth. Preferred programs will be humanistic, managed and administered in a
manner appropriate for youth, look to the future, be innovative and creative, and
possess a high potential for success with limited potential for duplication. Programs
should be important to the public and thus in urgent need of funding, and be broad
in scope, intent, impact, and outreach. The Foundation defines youth as pre-natal
through 21 years.
AT&T Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
1301 Avenue of the Americas, Room 3100, New York, NY 1001 9
(212) 841-4747
Description:
The AT&T Foundation makes cash grants to nonprofit organizations. HIV-related
grants are made through the Health and Human Services Program. This program
focuses on projects in several areas, including increasing the availability of, and
access to, health care and social services, with an emphasis on children,
adolescents and their families; and improving community-based education for
children and adolescents.
Colin Higgins Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
Presidio Main Post, Building 37, San Francisco, CA 94129-9412
(415) 561-6400
Description:
The Colin Higgins Foundation focuses on responding to the AIDS epidemic by
funding community-based service organizations, programs seeking alternative
treatments for people with AIDS, and model programs attempting to coordinate
services and education efforts within a community. It also supports efforts to
combat homophobia, programs working with young gays and lesbians, and
programs working with young people.
Digital Equipment Corporation, Corporate Contributions Program
Address:
Phone Number:
E-mail:
111 Powder Mill Road, MS01 /LI4, Maynard, MA 01 754-141 8
(508) 493-9210
contribution@mso.mts.dec.com
Description:
Digital Equipment Corporation provides cash and computer/technology grants to
programs directed towards children and youth. Grants support health, education and
leadership development programs and organizations. Health programs should
address positive social development and family issues, ranging from AIDS education
to substance abuse prevention and violence/abuse against children. Education
programs should bridge the gap between schools and community programs in order
to enhance learning experiences.
71
February 1997
Engelberg Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
30 W. 68th St., New York, NY 10023
(212) 877-4050
Description:
The Engelberg Foundation focuses on projects that advance health care, and
educational and social services, particularly in urban areas. The Foundation supports
and seeks to stimulate programs designed to provide improved health education,
counseling and family planning services for adolescents; stimulate the development
of education programs designed to enrich the education, social development and
self-confidence of underprivileged children; and encourage the pursuit of careers in
health care services.
Kathleen Price and Joseph M. Bryan Family Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
3101 N. Elm St., Greensboro, NC 27408
(910) 288-5455
Description:
The Kathleen Price and Joseph M. Bryan Family Foundation provides support to
nonprofit organizations seeking to improve conditions and opportunities for the
people of North Carolina. The Foundation considers proposals in a range of fields,
including, but not limited to, youth and HIV/AIDS.
Magic Johnson Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
1888 Century Park East, Los Angeles, CA 90067
(310)785-0201
Description:
The Magic Johnson Foundation funds HIV/AIDS organizations specializing in
education, prevention, and care geared toward young people.
New York Community Trust
Address:
Phone Number:
2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016
(212) 686-0010
Description:
The funding priorities of the New York Community Trust include health and people
with special needs, including children and youth with disabilities and/or HIV/AIDS.
Pacific Mutual Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
700 Newport Center Drive, Newport Beach, CA 92660
(714) 640-3787
Description:
The Pacific Mutual Foundation funds nonprofit organizations in the areas of health
and human services, education, arts and culture, and civic and community services.
Recent grants have focused on support of education and prevention programs for
youth.
Pediatric AIDS Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
E-mail:
1311 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90404
(310) 395-9051
pafhope@aol.com
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
72
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Administration for Children and
Families, Division of Discretionary Grants
Address:
Phone Number:
Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Room 341-F.2, 200 Independence Ave., SW,
Washington, D.C. 20201
(202) 690-0049
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
Address:
Phone Number:
2101 E. Jefferson St., Suite 501, Rockville, MD 20852
(301) 594-1360
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Procurement and Grants Office
Address:
Phone Number:
255 E. Paces Ferry Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30305
(404) 842-6548
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Office on AIDS
Address:
Phone Number:
5600 Fishers Lane, Parklawn Building, Room 10-75, Rockville, MD 20857
(301) 443-7281
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Office on AIDS
Address:
Phone Number:
5600 Fishers Lane, Parklawn Building, Rockville, MD 20857
(301) 443-6046
Office of Minority Health
Address:
Phone Number:
5515 Security Lane, Suite 1000, Rockville, MD 20852
(301)443-9923
Office of Population Affairs, Office of Adolescent Pregnancy Programs
Address:
Phone Number:
4350 East-West Highway, Suite 200 West, Bethesda, MD 20814
(301) 594-4000
69
February 1997
Description:
The Pediatric AIDS Foundation's (PAF) Emergency Assistance Program offers
support to hospitals and clinical facilities providing medical care to significant
populations of HIV infected pregnant women, children, and adolescents. The
program's goal is to help patients and families of patients by addressing needs not
met by existing programs, including insurance, Medicaid, or Ryan White funding.
Funds may only be used for food, a miscellaneous family fund, patient
transportation, memorial assistance, emergency lodging, child care, and drugs and
prescription medicine not covered by other sources.
Public Welfare Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
2600 Virginia Ave., NW, Suite 505, Washington, D.C. 20037-1977
(202) 965-1800
Description:
The Public Welfare Foundation is dedicated to supporting organizations that provide
services to disadvantaged populations, and to those working for lasting
improvements in the delivery of services that meet basic human needs. Funding is
focused in seven program areas, including disadvantaged youth.
San Francisco Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
685 Market St., Suite 910, San Francisco, CA 94105-9716
(415) 495-3100
Description:
The San Francisco Foundation, established in 1 948, makes grants in five major
categories: arts and humanities, community health, education, environment, and
urban affairs. One of its areas of special emphasis is AIDS through targeting
hard-to-reach and vulnerable populations, especially gay youth.
Sega Youth Education and Health Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
255 Shoreline Dr., Suite 200, Redwood City, CA 94065
(415) 802-3621
Description:
The Sega Foundation was founded to address the well-being of children and youth
by supporting health and education programs. Foundation health grants improve
access to quality medical care. Grants will be considered for programs that address
the pediatric AIDS epidemic.
Wheat Ridge Ministries
Address:
Phone Number:
1 Pierce Place, Suite 250E, Itasca, IL 60143-2634
(800) 762-6748
Description:
Wheat Ridge Ministries is a Lutheran charitable organization providing seed funds to
short-term pilot projects around the world in the category of Christian ministries of
health and hope. Wheat Ridge encourages the development of innovative projects
that seek to meet human needs, and have the potential for demonstrating new
models of ministry for use elsewhere in the church. Priority categories have included
children, youth and family ministries.
73
February 1997
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Address:
Phone Number:
1 Michigan Ave., East, Battle Creek, Ml 49017-4058
(616) 968-1611
Description:
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation targets its grants toward several program priorities,
including education. Grants in education strengthen the problem-solving capacity of
American higher education and improve the well-being of America's youth through
comprehensive youth development initiatives.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
74
Internet
Resources
This section lists selected World Wide Web sites that provide information about
adolescents and HIV/AIDS. They were located by using a variety of search engines
(Yahoo, Infoseek, Lycos, etc.) and key words such as "youth" or "adolescents," and
"pediatric aids."
AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS)
URL:
Contact:
http://www.actis.org
actis@cdcnac.org
Description:
The AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service (ACTIS) is sponsored by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Library of Medicine.
This web site provides information on federally and privately sponsored clinical trials
for persons with AIDS and HIV infection, trial results, and drugs being tested.
Information on the purpose of each study, whether or not a study is open to
enrollment, study locations, eligibility requirements and exclusion criteria, and
contact persons, is included. Adolescents are included in some of the trials.
Bay Area Young Positives
URL:
Contact:
http://www.cyberteens.com/ezine/lssue3/bayp.html
baypoz@aol.com
Description:
Bay Area Young Positives is a peer-run, peer-based nonprofit organization which
provides psychosocial and recreational services to HIV-positive youth up to age 26.
This site gives details on their services and programs, and lists members of their
board of directors.
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA)
URL:
Contact:
http://www.handsnet.org/cwla
HN3898@handsnet.org
Description:
The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) is the nation's oldest and largest
organization devoted entirely to the well-being of America's vulnerable children and
their families. This web site provides information on the organization and on ways to
support and protect America's children.
Children's Animated Television (CAT)
URL:
Contact:
http://www1 .qcfurball.com/cat/index.html
cat@qcfurball.com
Description:
This site provides relevant information to parents and adolescents on a variety of
topics, including HIV/AIDS and the difficulties faced by gay, lesbian, and bisexual
adolescents. The latest edition of the organization's newsletter, CAT Chronicle, is
posted at this site.
Center for Adolescent Studies
URL:
Contact:
http://education.indiana.edu/cas/cashmpg.html
ADOL@indiana.edu
Description:
The Center for Adolescent Studies focuses on meeting the social and emotional
needs of adolescents through providing support to adults working with youth,
investigating current social issues and providing tools for teens to learn and practice
new, healthy behaviors. The web site contains information on the center's programs
and Teacher Talk Forum, "a teacher's guide to the web."
77
February 1997
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS)
URL:
Contact:
http://chanane.ucsf.edu/capsweb/index.html
CAPS_Web@quickmail.ucsf.edu
Description:
The Center For AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS) conducts epidemiological and
behavioral studies in the primary prevention and early intervention of HIV disease.
CAPS research projects related to adolescents which are included on this Web site
are: HIV Prevention in Oakland Junior High Schools; and An HIV Prevention
Intervention for Young Gay Men.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse (CDC NAC)
URL:
Listserv:
Contact:
Description:
http://cdcnac.org
gopher://gopher.cdcnac.org:72
ftp://ftp.cdcnac.org/pub/cdcnac
aidsnews@cdcnac.org
aidsinfo@cdcnac.org
The CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse provides current information on HIV and
AIDS, including information on the CDC's new Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself
campaign. The Clearinghouse Web site contains information about Clearinghouse
services, allows users to read and/or download the current AIDS Daily Summary and
search a database of back issues, and link to other AIDS-related Web and gopher
sites. Included in the FTP site and gopher are text of a number of the materials
listed in the "Materials from the CDC NAC Publications Inventory" section. The
read-only listserv distributes the AIDS Daily Summary as well as AIDS-related
MMWRs and press releases and publications from other government agencies.
Eastchester Middle School
URL:
Contact:
http://www.westnet.com/~rickd/AIDS/AIDS1 .html
MrDonahue@aol.com
Description:
Students at this school have produced an AIDS Handbook, "written by middle
school kids for middle school kids." The site provides access to the text of the
handbook.
HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS)
URL:
Contact:
http://cdcnac.hivatis.org
atis@cdcnac.org
Description:
The HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) is a joint project of the Agency
for Health Care Policy and Research, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Indian Health
Service, the National Institutes of Health, and the Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration. This web site includes information about federally
approved treatment guidelines for adults and adolescents, the National Library of
Medicine's HSTAT database of HIV/AIDS treatment information, and other
resources.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
78
HIV/School Health Project
URL:
Contact:
http://www.ccsso.org/hlth.htm
E-mail addresses for various project staff are listed on the site
Description:
The HIV/School Health Project assists chief state school officers and their staff with
providing effective HIV/AIDS education through comprehensive school health
programs. This site explains the program and provides links to other sites.
In Our Own Words: Teens & AIDS
URL:
Contact:
http://www.abouthealth.com/teens/teens.html
webmaster@abouthealth.com
Description:
At this site, teens offer information about safer sex, denial, self-esteem, and other
issues related to HIV/AIDS.
Living With AIDS: HIV-Positive Teens Tell Their Stories
URL:
http://desires.eom/1.4/Sex/Docs/aids.html
Description:
This site is sponsored by the group YouthWave, whose members are HIV-positive
young adults. They tour the country visiting schools and telling their stories in an
effort to educate teens about the risks involved in unsafe sex.
Maternal and Child Health Network — University of Florida
URL:
Contact:
gopher://mchnet-server.ichp.ufl.edu:70/11 /HIV
John Reiss, John_Reiss@qm.server.ufl.edu
Description:
This service is provided by the Institute for Child Health Policy at the University of
Florida through grant support from the Health Resources and Services
Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. The content focuses on
information dealing with systems of care for children and teens, particularly children
with special health care needs.
National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE)
URL:
Contact:
http://www.nasbe.org
boards@nasbe.org
Description:
The National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE) is a nonprofit,
private association that represents state and territorial boards of education. Links to
state education departments, a description of current NASBE projects, and access
to publications are included at this site.
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI)
URL:
Contact:
http://www.health.org/
webmaster@health.org
Description:
The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), a service of
the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Center for Substance
79
February 1997
Abuse Prevention, is the world's largest resource for current information and
materials on alcohol and other drugs. This site includes the text of NCADI's
electronic publication and links to online service, as well as additional information on
NCADI.
Oasis
URL:
Contact:
http://www.oasismag.com
jeff@oasismag.com
Description:
This web site provides access to Oasis, an online magazine for lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. It includes back issues as well as the
current publication.
Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS)
URL:
Contact:
http://www.siecus.org
siecus@siecus.org
Description:
The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) is a
national, private, nonprofit advocacy organization which affirms that sexuality is a
natural and healthy part of living. At this web site, SIECUS offers information about
its programs and activities, and access to its publications.
TeenAIDS-PeerCorps
URL:
Contact:
http://www.teenaids-peercorps.com/index.shtml
chittick@tiac.net
Description:
This site has been designed and authored by a Harvard researcher specializing in
adolescent education and HIV/AIDS prevention. Information is divided into five
sections of resources that can be used to assist with adolescent HIV/AIDS
education.
Just Say Yes
URL:
Contact:
http://www.webcom.com/~jps/jsy/jsy.html
The Coalition for Positive Sexuality, cps@webcom.com
Description:
Subtitled "Sex Ed for Teens," this web site provides information on safer sex. It is
written in language accessible to teenagers and emphasizes having a positive
attitude about sexuality. There are pages on, among other things, respect, safer
sex, pregnancy, abortion, AIDS, HIV testing, STDs, and resources. It also includes a
glossary of terms.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
80
Clinical
Trials
The clinical trials listed in this section are limited to children and adolescents. For more
information on these, or other trials, contact the AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service
(ACTIS) at 1-800-TRIALS-A.
A Pilot Study of Recombinant lnterleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) in Children and Adolescents
With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
Protocol Number: NCI 95 C-183.
To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and immunomodulatory activity of low versus
Purpose:
high dose aldesleukin ( rlL-2 ) administered in combination with oral zidovudine
(AZT) and didanosine ( ddl ) in HIV-infected children and adolescents.
Increasing awareness of the mechanisms of immune dysregulation and subsequent
Rationale:
immune dysfunction in HIV infection has led to interest in the use of biological
response modifiers as adjunctive therapy. IL-2 is a critical T cell-derived mediator of
both cellular and humoral immune function and therefore may contribute to
reconstitution and preservation of immune function in HIV-infected patients.
Patients receive combination AZT/ddl for 8 weeks prior to initiation of subcutaneous
Methodology:
IL-2 therapy. When at least 10 of 17 patients on low dose IL-2 have completed 12
weeks, subsequent patients may begin therapy on the high dose IL-2 arm. IL-2 is
administered bid for 5 consecutive days every other month during each cycle;
therapy with IL-2 continues at least 24 weeks and possibly may be extended.
Sponsor:
National Cancer Institute.
Phase I Study of Levamisole in Children and Adolescents With Advanced Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Protocol Number: NCI 95 C-184
To evaluate the safety, tolerance, and immunomodulatory activity of levamisole
Purpose:
administered in combination with zidovudine ( AZT ) and didanosine ( ddl ). To
define the MTD and toxicity profile of levamisole and to assess the impact of
levamisole on quantitative and qualitative immune function and viral burden.
Patients receive AZT and ddl for 8 weeks, followed by one of four doses of
Methodology:
levamisole for at least 24 weeks.
National Cancer Institute
Sponsor:
Pediatric Late Outcomes Protocol
Protocol Number: NIAID ACTG 219.
Purpose:
PRIMARY: To describe late outcomes (long-term consequences related to HIV
disease progression, treatment effects, and interaction of HIV disease and therapy)
in HIV-infected infants, children, and adolescents currently or previously enrolled in
pediatric ACTG protocols, including children at ACTG sites who are enrolled in the
long-term survivor study; and to evaluate late treatment effects in these children. To
determine whether infants of indeterminate HIV status who enroll in treatment
studies and those born to HIV-infected women who were enrolled in ACTG
protocols while pregnant demonstrate any late treatment effects (late consequences
of antiretroviral therapy received in utero and/or in the newborn period).
SECONDARY: To provide data describing the demographic, medical, and treatment
characteristics of children enrolled in ACTG clinical trials and the long-term survivor
study.
The potential long-term benefits, toxicities, and other adverse outcomes of new
Rationale:
anti-HIV therapies cannot currently be assessed within the time frame of clinical
trials underway. The need exists to better assess both positive and negative late
outcomes and late treatment effects in children who are still growing.
83
February 1997
Methodology:
Sponsor:
Children have a complete physical exam, history. Tanner staging growth, neurologic
exam, and quality-of-life assessment every 6 months (if < 3 years of age) or every
12 months (if > = 3 years of age). Laboratory tests (hematology, chemistries,
urinalysis, etc.) are also performed every 6 or 1 2 months (according to age) in
infected individuals and every 6 months or 3 years in uninfected individuals.
Audiometry is performed at ages 6 and 12. EKG and ophthalmic exams are
performed at specified intervals. Participants are followed until age 21 or until lost
to follow-up.
National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (ACTG).
A Randomized, Phase ll/lll, Double-Blind, Two-Armed Study of Micronized
Atovaquone and Azithromycin as Compared to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
(TMP/SMX) in the Prevention of Serious Bacterial Infections When Used in Children
Ages 2 Through 19 Years (was 18 years, amended 3/15/96) With HIV Infection.
Protocol Number: NIAID ACTG 254
PRIMARY: To determine whether micronized atovaquone / azithromycin combination
Purpose:
is as effective as trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX ) for prophylaxis
against serious bacterial infections in HIV-infected infants and children. To compare
long-term safety and tolerance of these two regimens. For the first 30 patients, to
examine the likelihood of pharmacokinetic interaction between atovaquone and
azithromycin. SECONDARY: To determine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( PCP )
breakthrough rates, incidence of other opportunistic infections and survival, and
hospitalization rates in this patient population.
Rationale:
Although TMP/SMX remains the drug of choice for PCP prophylaxis, drug sensitivity
may limit its use. Atovaquone has demonstrated greater safety than TMP/SMX and
thus is suitable as a candidate drug for treatment and prophylaxis of PCP.
Azithromycin, with a broad anti-microbial spectrum (including mycoplasma and
atypical mycoplasma) is an attractive prophylactic agent for use in children with HIV
infection due to its relative safety and once daily dosing regimen. Therefore, the
combination of atovaquone and azithromycin may offer broader antimicrobial
coverage and greater safety than TMP/SMX.
Methodology:
Patients are randomized to receive either TMP/SMX or combination micronized
atovaquone/azithromycin. Cross-over to the alternative regimen may occur if serious
toxicity is observed. Patients are monitored for occurrence of serious bacterial
infections or PCP breakthrough, and when a serious bacterial infection occurs,
patients are crossed over to the alternative regimen. Treatment continues until 2
years after the last patient is enrolled. The first 30 patients will undergo a
pharmacokinetic profile. Patients are followed every 4 weeks for the first 4 months,
then every 8 weeks thereafter.
Sponsor:
National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (ACTG). Glaxo Wellcome. Pfizer
Central Research.
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
84
Index
Abortion
Abstinence
Athletics
Advocacy ....................
African American(s) . .
Alcohol
Alternative therapies . .
Bisexuals
Case definition.............
Case management . . .
Child care
Civil rights....................
Clearinghouses
Clinic(s)
Clothing
College students ....
Compassion
Condom distribution . .
Condoms
Conference(s)
Contraception
Correctional health care
Counseling and testing
Crisis intervention . . .
Deaf/hearing impaired .
Decision making..........
Depression ..................
Disabilities
Discrimination .............
Drama
Emergency shelter . . .
Empowerment
Entitlements ...............
Family planning
Food
Gay youth
Group counseling . ,
Hemophilia
Hispanic(s)/Latino(s)
Homelessness . . . .
Homosexuality . . . .
Hotline(s)
Housing services . .
Incarceration
Incest.......................
Injection drugs . . . .
Intercourse .............
Interventions
Legal issues
Legislation
Lesbian youth . . . .
Media
Medical care
.................................
16,63,80
....... 11, 21, 25, 30, 34, 36, 40, 42-44, 48, 49, 51
.................................
14,39,48
. . . 3, 7, 11, 1 2, 1 6, 1 8, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 63, 77, 80
.................. 4,.8, 10, 20, 22, 31, 32, 34, 41
5, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22, 35, 36, 41, 43, 52, 61, 79, 80
.............................. 26,31,71,84
............................... 3, 27, 47, 61
50
................. 21,22, 24-26, 29, 31-33, 35, 36
...................................... 8, 33
63
............................... 3, 12, 15, 61
............................ 6, 26, 27, 30, 52
................................... 8,.22, 29
...................................3-5,.10, 48
..................................... 28, 45
.................... 3, 11, 21, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35
17,.21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31, 39, 41-44
............
.................... 7, 12, 13, 26, 30, 35, 62, 64
..................................... 16, 63
13
4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 1 6, 17, 1 9-26, 28-36, 47, 64
....................... 7, 14, 15, 25, 30, 32, 33
6, 14, 28
8
19, 31
............................
5, 18, 62, 79, 72
11,45
............................. 8, 9, 10, 28, 34
..................................... 20, 22
.................................. 10,27,63
9, 11
...........................
16,26,30,63,72
.................... 8, 15, 22, 28, 29, 49, 62, 77
....... 3,.14, 15, 18, 26-30, 32, 33, 35, 47, 48, 61,
63, 71, 73, 77, 78, 80
..............................
17,25,33,47
..............................
14,25,44,52
9, 12, 22, 26, 33, 34, 36, 40, 44-46, 61, 65
. 6, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27-29, 32, 35, 52
.................................. 28,.52, 61
.................. 4, 6-8, 12, 14, 15, 19-21, 33, 41
.......... 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29
...........................
13,23,31,52,61
30
.................................. 17,25,34
39, 41
.................................. 16, 18, 53
..................... 6, 8, 11, 15, 26, 28, 30, 63
................................. 7, 8, 15, 64
...........................
14,25,28,32,71
.................................. 16,23,63
............................ 23, 30-33, 51, 52
87
February 1997
61
64, 73
.............................. 3, 27, 30, 33
21
41
............................ 4, 7, 11, 21, 23
22, 29
................................ 14,24,35
............. 8-10, 16, 21-25, 27-34, 36, 64, 65
..... ............................ 23,.25, 79
3, 5, 6
7, 10-12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 30, 31, 33, 45, 51, 61,.63, 77
..................... 7, 10, 23, 24, 26, 63, 73
............. 3,.4, 5, 8, 11, 1 6, 1 9, 27, 30, 34, 63
.................................. 23, 30, 31
6, 46
3, 15
............ 12, 15, 18, 19, 27, 30, 51, 63, 78, 79
,
J................... 4, 9, 44, 45, 49
5, 6, 9, 10, 16, 17-20, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36,
61-63, 80
22, 23, 26, 77
30
3, 6, n, 9, 11, 14, 15, 19-26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 80
16
...... 22, 40, 41,47, 61, 62
. 5, 6, 16, 18, 24, 26, 28, 36, 77
6, 7, 15, 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 35, 51, 52, 62
................ 5, 17, 45
....... 16, 20-23, 25, 30, 32, 34, 36, 44, 47, 79, 80
........................... 43, 79
................ 8, 9, 18, 23, 27, 28, 29
.................
8, 17, 22, 23, 31,32
.................
3, 12, 44, 62, 64, 80
........................... 7, 45, 77
...................
24,29,52,71,72
.......................... 17, 18, 19
................................ 31
7-9, 10, 12, 14-20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 46,
47, 52, 61, 65, 78, 79
.......................................... 7, 19, 61
.................................. 6, 21, 23-28, 30-35
3, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 26, 28, 30, 63
.......................................... 5, 17, 31
3, 14, 33, 80
................................
8, 20, 22, 29, 33, 73
....................................... 9,.10, 62, 71
........................... 9, 10, 17, 22, 26, 27, 30, 34
...................... 6, 9, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 33-35
Mental health ....................................
Ministries ...........................................
Minority youth
Native American(s)............................
Needle sharing....................................
Newsletters
Nursing.................................................
Nutrition
Outreach/outreach services
Outreach education
Out of school youth.........................
Parents
Pediatric AIDS
Peer educators
Peer support
Perinatal transmission.......................
Physicians............................................
Policy issues
Public service announcements ....
Pregnancy and pregnancy prevention
Psychological services
Rape............................
Referrals
Reproductive health .
Risk factors
Risk reduction
Runaway(s)
Ryan White
Safer sex
Self-esteem...............
Seminars
Sex workers
Sexuality education .
Social issues
Social services
Staff development . .
Stress reduction ....
Substance abuse . . .
Suicide
Support groups . . .
Technical assistance
Tobacco
Transgendered youth
Transportation ....
Violence
Volunteer(s)
Workshops
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
88
Resource
Materials
This section includes the text of selected key documents related to the HIV/AIDS
epidemic and adolescents.
It includes the following:
CDC Fact Sheets
Facts About Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
Facts About HIV Prevention Messages for Young Adults
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: 1 993 Revised Classification System
for HIV Infection and Expanded Case Definition for AIDS Among Adolescents
and Adults, Dec. 18, 1992; Vol. 41, No. RR-17 (Abridged version)
University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Fact Sheets
What Are Adolescents' HIV Prevention Needs?
What Are Young Gay Men's HIV Prevention Needs?
Youth and HIV/AIDS: An American Agenda (Executive Summary)
HIV/AIDS
CDC
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
AND PREVENTION
PREVEHTIOH
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
The number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases reported each year among
U.S. adolescents (13-19 years of age) has increased from 1 case in 1981 to 417 cases in 1994.
Through June 1995, a total of 2,184 AIDS cases among adolescents has been reported. Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is still the sixth leading cause of death among 15- to 24year-olds in the United States.
Although the number of adolescents with AIDS is relatively small, we know many more young
people are infected with HIV. Since 1 in 5 reported AIDS cases is diagnosed in the 20-29 year age
group, and the incubation period between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis is many years, it is
clear that large numbers of people who were reported with AIDS in their 20s became infected with
HIV as teenagers. (Through June 1995, almost 18,000 persons aged 20-24 and more than 69,000
persons aged 25-29 have been reported with AIDS to the Centers for Disease Control and Preven
tion [CDC].)
Among adolescents reported with AIDS, older teens, males, and racial and ethnic minorities are
disproportionately affected. However, the proportion of females among U.S. adolescent AIDS
cases has almost tripled—from 14 percent in 1987 to 43 percent of the reported cases in 1994.
Many American teenagers are engaging in behaviors that may put them at risk of acquiring HIV
infection, other sexually transmitted infections, or infections associated with drug injection. CDC
studies conducted every 2 years in high schools (grades 9-12) consistently indicate that by the
twelfth grade, approximately three-fourths of high school students have had sexual intercourse; less
than half report consistent use of latex condoms, and about one-fifth have had more than four
lifetime sex partners. Many students report using alcohol or drugs when they have sex and, in the
most recent survey, 1 in 62 high school students reported having injected an illegal drug.
Surveys conducted in 1992 (see chart below) show that reported condom use actually declines
with age, often because other forms of contraception, such as birth control pills, are used more
frequently in the older age groups, and/or many older youth are married or in long-term monoga
mous relationships.
To reach youth with HIV prevention messages and services, CDC provides numerous HIV
prevention programs through three primary avenues:
• School settings
• Community-based, regional, and national organizations, including minority organizations
• Programs for the general public
Adolescents and HIV/A1DS
1
December 1995
School-Based Programs
Ninety-one percent of all persons between the ages of 5 and 19 in the United States are enrolled
in schools, providing an effective way to reach young people. School-based health education
programs in the United States have had consistently positive effects in preventing students from
engaging in health risk behaviors.
Since 1987, CDC has provided direct assistance to schools to develop, implement, and evaluate
HIV/AIDS education programs. In 1988, only 17 states required such education. By 1992, the
number of states requiring HIV education had increased to 34. CDC also helps train teachers,
school administrators, and representatives from youth-serving community organizations from
every state on the best ways to conduct HIV prevention education programs. CDC’s Combined
Health Information Database, which is accessible to any educator through the CDC National
AIDS Clearinghouse, provides infor
mation on more than 1,000 curricu
Percentage of Adolescents Who Used a
lum guides, audiovisuals, and other
Condom at Last Sexual Intercourse Among
relevant information for use in teach
Those Who Had Sex in Past 3 Months, by
ing young people about HIV infection
Sex and Age*
Percent
and AIDS.
80
Community-Based^ Regional)
and National Prevention Pro
grams
■ Male
□ Femafe
69
60
40
31
Not all youth can be reached
20
through the schools. To reach teenag
0
14-17
ers and others not in school who may
18-21
Age
be at high risk for HIV infection,
•Scuroe: 1992 NHE 'YRBS
CDC funds (directly or through state
and local health departments) HIV
prevention activities by more than 500 community-based organizations. These efforts include
street outreach; clinic-based education; counseling, testing, and referral programs; and programs
that address the specific needs of runaway, incarcerated, migrant, homeless, and other youth in
high-risk situations. Recent data indicate that street outreach activities are useful in providing HTV
prevention messages and interventions to populations at high risk of infection, including youth.
CDC also provides financial and technical assistance to 21 national organizations for educational
programs and materials directed to youth in high-risk situations, particularly inner-city and minor
ity youth.
All CDC-funded state, local, and territorial health departments have instituted an HTV preven
tion community planning process. The community planning process aims to address unique
community needs and at the same time to improve the cultural competence and scientific basis of
HTV prevention programs. Together, representatives of affected populations, epidemiologists,
behavioral scientists, HIV/AIDS prevention service providers, health department staff, and others
analyze the course of the epidemic in their jurisdiction, determine their priority prevention needs,
and identify HTV prevention interventions to meet those needs. The health department then
incorporates these priority interventions into its prevention objectives for funding by CDC. In this
manner, HIV prevention planning is shifted from a federally mandated to a locally directed pro
gram.
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
2
December 1995
Public Information/Education Programs
CDC also targets prevention efforts for young people through its public information and educa
tion campaigns. These programs include a number of activities designed to educate all members of
the public, including adolescents, about how HIV is transmitted, who is at risk of acquiring the
infection, and how the infection can be prevented. The programs include a national public infor
mation campaign, the CDC National AIDS Hotline, and the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse.
Research has shown that most Americans, including teenagers, understand how HIV is trans
mitted and how they can avoid being infected. Therefore, confronting the belief that “it can’t
happen to me” was a primary goal of one series of CDC-sponsored public service announcements.
Previous phases of the public information campaign have included many youth-oriented materials.
In 1989, CDC launched a special education effort called “Parents and Youth” designed to help
parents, teachers, and other concerned adults talk to children about HIV and AIDS. The educa
tional materials from that campaign, including a brochure called “The AIDS Prevention Guide,”
are still available to anyone who requests them from the CDC National AIDS Hotline.
Another activity targeting youth is CDC’s Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI), a large-scale
social marketing program to influence behaviors that contribute to the sexual transmission of HIV
and other diseases. It represents a shift from previous mass health communications programs,
aimed at increasing general awareness of HTV/AIDS, to influence behavior changes among people
at high risk for HIV infection or transmission. PMI is an application of marketing techniques and
consumer-oriented communications technologies based on science and directed, in its first phase,
to the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV and other diseases among young adults 18-25
years of age. The most visible PMI activity to date has been the national release of a series of
public service announcements promoting abstinence as well as the correct and consistent use of
latex condoms. To achieve the PMI behavioral objectives, CDC will work simultaneously at the
national, state, and local levels through four components: (1) National Communications, (2)
Prevention Collaborative Partners, (3) Local Demonstration Sites, and (4) Integration withHZV
Prevention Community Planning.
For more information:
CDC National AIDS Hotline:
Spanish:
Deaf:
1-800-342-AIDS (2437)
1-800-344-SIDA (7432)
1-800-243-7889
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
P.O. Box 6003
Rockville, MD 20849-6003
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
3
December 1995
CENTERS FOR OtSEASE CONTROL
AMD PREVENTION
HIV/AIDS
December 14, 1995
PREVENTIOri
Facts about...
HIV Prevention Messages for Young Adults
In 1994, CDC launched the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI) to specifically target young adults 1825 years old. The program includes both media and community-based components. On November
30, 1995, to expand and amplify these efforts, CDC released a new series of public service
announcements (PSAs) urging young Americans to take personal responsibility for protecting
themselves from HIV infection.
The "Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself" series of 12 television and 7 radio PSAs shows young adults
talking candidly about their lives and modeling protective behaviors and skills including: abstinence
from sex; communication with sexual partners and parents; and use of latex condoms consistently and
correctly if choosing to have sexual intercourse.
To reach our target audience, we have provided the PSAs to television networks and encouraged them
to air the ads at those times when young adults ages 18-25 are most likely to be watching. The PSAs
CDC released in 1994 received over $30 million in donated air time, and virtually all of airings occurred
after 8 p.m., with many airings during late night programming frequently viewed by our target
audience.
Critical Need to Reach Young Adults
HIV-related illness and death now have the greatest impact on young adults. In 1993, AIDS became
the leading cause of death among Americans 25- to 44-years old. From 1993 through 1994, AIDS
deaths in this age group rose from 28,100 to 30,300. In this same age group, AIDS now accounts
on average for 1 in every 3 deaths among African-American men and 1 in 5 deaths in AfricanAmerican women. AIDS incidence has increased much more rapidly in recent years among younger
individuals born in 1960 or later than among older individuals. With the long and variable lag time
between HIV infection and death, many of the young adults in this group were likely infected in their
teens.
A study recently released by the National Cancer Institute, confirms existing data which reveal that
as each generation comes of age, there is a substantial increase in the rate of infection as individuals
enter their late teens and early twenties, with infection rates peaking in the mid-to-late twenties.
Sustained, targeted prevention for each group entering young adulthood is what will keep these waves
from developing. As the lead federal agency for HIV prevention, CDC is responsible for implementing
public education programs to help stop the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).
A Balance of Prevention Messages Are Needed
Behavioral science has shown that a balance of prevention messages is important for young adults.
Young adults themselves have also indicated that there are a number of messages that are important
for their peers to hear. Young adults were involved extensively in the development and evaluation of
these messages.
Messages By, For, and About Young Adults
A diverse group of young adults representing a variety of national and community-based organizations
conducted an extensive review of initial footage to determine the best and most appropriate material
for the PSAs. They helped determine all aspects of the spots, including the themes, the messages,
the characters, and the slogan. Young adults not only deliver the messages, but also contributed
significantly to the design of the messages. For example, the "Gatekeeper* spot was developed
because young adults indicated that communicating with parents was an important message for their
peers and parents to hear.
Obligation to Provide Variety of Protective OptionsIncluding Abstinence and Condom Use
Total abstinence from sexual activity is the only sure way to prevent sexual transmission of HIV
infection, and several of the PSAs specifically model this behavior. However, for those people who
choose to have sexual intercourse, the correct and consistent use of latex condoms has been shown
to be highly effective in preventing the transmission of HIV and other STDs. CDC cannot withhold
potentially lifesaving information.
Data clearly show that many young adults are sexually active and that they are placing themselves and
their partners at risk for infection with HIV and other STDs. CDC must give these young adults the
skills and support they need to protect themselves.
Public Opinion and Science on the Need for Comprehensive Messages
It is clear that the majority of Americans want strong prevention messages that include information
on condom use. A 1995 Public Opinion Poll found that nearly 80 percent of Americans believe
information on condoms should be aired on television. Yet, there will always be groups or individuals
who feel strongly about any materials that discuss sexual behaviors. The impact of HIV education and
prevention programs on the sexual activity of young people has therefore been a subject of debate and
scientific inquiry.
The majority of these studies have looked at sex education programs in schools, rather than messages
targeted to young adults. The studies vary in scope, quality of design, level of peer-review, age group
studied, and type of prevention or education program evaluated, and it is difficult to draw definitive
conclusions based on any one study alone.
Findings from Scientific Reviews
World Health Organization Review:
■
With these limitations in mind, the World Health Organization (WHO) has conducted comprehensive
reviews of the scientific literature on sex and AIDS education. In 1993, at the 9th International
Conference on AIDS, WHO presented a review of 19 studies which considered the effect of sex
education on reported age at first intercourse and on reported levels of sexual activity found several
clear trends:
• There was no evidence of sex education leading to earlier or increased sexual activity in the
young people who were exposed to it.
•
In fact, six studies showed that sex education lead either to a delay in the onset of sexual
activity or to a decrease in overall sexual activity.
• Ten of the studies showed that education programs increased safer sex practices among young
people who were already sexually active.
■
In addition to the evaluation of school-based education programs, the WHO report concluded that
the two public information programs evaluated showed no effect on age at first intercourse and
no increase in sexual activity in young people, despite a large increase in the use of condoms and
contraception.
■
Later in 1993, WHO published a more extensive review of 35 studies dating back to the 1970s.
The overwhelming majority of studies over time, despite various methodologies and country of
study, found no evidence that sex education encourages sexual experimentation or increased
activity. If any effect was observed, it was virtually always delayed sexual intercourse or increased
effective use of contraceptives including condoms. There were two studies with findings that
varied from these trends. While neither study can prove cause and effect, one study found that
an "abstinence only" program increased the level of sexual activity in young people, and another
study reported an association between sex education and increased sexual activity. However, the
latter study found that variables other than sex education may have related more strongly to the
increase in sexual activity.
Office of Technology Assessment Review
■
In September of 1995, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the 103rd Congress
examined the effectiveness of prevention programs and found no scientific evidence that curricula
focusing only on abstinence delay the onset of sexual intercourse. The report further concludes
that programs that include discussions of abstinence and contraception in combination with other
topics such as resistance skills do not lead to earlier initiation of sex, and in fact, result in lowered
incidence of sexual intercourse in some cases.
■
The OTA report further concluded that among individuals already sexually active, these programs
lead to fewer sexual partners and greater use of contraception. This report underscores the need
for comprehensive programs and a balance of prevention messages.
These studies primarily looked at school-based education programs designed for adolescents. The
findings indicate that sexual activity among young people decreased or remained the same after
exposure to sexual health information that included discussions about condom use. The conclusions
do provide some indication of the potential impact of HIV prevention messages delivered within a
comprehensive program.
The impact of media campaigns is more difficult to evaluate because of the complexities of isolating
the effect of a specific message from the numerous implicit and explicit messages about sexuality that
individuals receive daily. However, the limited data available indicates results similar to those found
in school-based programs. The WHO reviews included evaluation of some AIDS education programs
with community and media components, including a Swiss study of 16-19 year olds. This AIDS
prevention effort focused on condoms and did not increase the level of sexual activity or the number
of sex partners of young people. However, condom use did increase among those 16-19 year olds
already sexually active.
The Role of PSAs
PSAs alone cannot be expected to change behaviors. Instead, they serve to increase awareness and
reinforce social norms around healthy behaviors.
Preliminary testing of these PSAs has shown their ability to raise awareness and communicate
messages about specific safer sex behaviors young adults can adopt to protect themselves from HIV
and other STDs. Testing of the "Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself* PSAs among young adults across
the country found that on average, 93 percent said each PSA was worth watching; 90 percent found
each PSA relevant; and 83 percent found each PSA persuasive.
HIV/AIDS
CDC
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
AND PREVENTION
PREVEriTIOM
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
The number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases reported each year among
U.S. adolescents (13-19 years of age) has increased from 1 case in 1981 to 417 cases in 1994.
Through June 1995, a total of 2,184 AIDS cases among adolescents has been reported. Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is still the sixth leading cause of death among 15- to 24year-olds in the United States.
Although the number of adolescents with AIDS is relatively small, we know many more young
people are infected with HIV. Since 1 in 5 reported AIDS cases is diagnosed in the 20-29 year age
group, and the incubation period between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis is many years, it is
clear that large numbers of people who were reported with AIDS in their 20s became infected with
HIV as teenagers. (Through June 1995, almost 18,000 persons aged 20-24 and more than 69,000
persons aged 25-29 have been reported with AIDS to the Centers for Disease Control and Preven
tion [CDC].)
Among adolescents reported with AIDS, older teens, males, and racial and ethnic minorities are
disproportionately affected. However, the proportion of females among U.S. adolescent AIDS
cases has almost tripled—from 14 percent in 1987 to 43 percent of the reported cases in 1994.
Many American teenagers are engaging in behaviors that may put them at risk of acquiring HIV
infection, other sexually transmitted infections, or infections associated with drug injection. CDC
studies conducted every 2 years in high schools (grades 9-12) consistently indicate that by the
twelfth grade, approximately three-fourths of high school students have had sexual intercourse; less
than half report consistent use of latex condoms, and about one-fifth have had more than four
lifetime sex partners. Many students report using alcohol or drugs when they have sex and, in the
most recent survey, 1 in 62 high school students reported having injected an illegal drug.
Surveys conducted in 1992 (see chart below) show that reported condom use actually declines
with age, often because other forms of contraception, such as birth control pills, are used more
frequently in the older age groups, and/or many older youth are married or in long-term monoga
mous relationships.
To reach youth with HIV prevention messages and services, CDC provides numerous HIV
prevention programs through three primary avenues:
■ School settings
■ Community-based, regional, and national organizations, including minority organizations
• Programs for the general public
Adolescents and HIV/A1DS
1
December 1995
School-Based Programs
Ninety-one percent of all persons between the ages of 5 and 19 in the United States are enrolled
in schools, providing an effective way to reach young people. School-based health education
programs in the United States have had consistently positive effects in preventing students from
engaging in health risk behaviors.
Since 1987, CDC has provided direct assistance to schools to develop, implement, and evaluate
HIV/AIDS education programs. In 1988, only 17 states required such education. By 1992, the
number of states requiring HTV education had increased to 34. CDC also helps train teachers,
school administrators, and representatives from youth-serving community organizations from
every state on the best ways to conduct HIV prevention education programs. CDC’s Combined
Health Information Database, which is accessible to any educator through the CDC National
AIDS Clearinghouse, provides infor
mation on more than 1,000 curricu
Percentage of Adolescents Who Used a
lum guides, audiovisuals, and other
Condom at Last Sexual Intercourse Among
relevant information for use in teach
Those Who Had Sex in Past 3 Months, by
ing young people about HIV infection
Sex and Age*
Percent
and AIDS.
80
Community-Based, Regional)
and National Prevention Pro
grams
■ Male
□ Femah
69
60
40
31
Not all youth can be reached
20
through the schools. To reach teenag
0
14-17
18-21
ers and others not in school who may
Age
be at high risk for HTV infection,
*&xrce: 1992 NHBYRBS
CDC funds (directly or through state
and local health departments) HTV
prevention activities by more than 500 community-based organizations. These efforts include
street outreach; clinic-based education; counseling, testing, and referral programs; and programs
that address the specific needs of runaway, incarcerated, migrant, homeless, and other youth in
high-risk situations. Recent data indicate that street outreach activities are useful in providing HIV
prevention messages and interventions to populations at high risk of infection, including youth.
CDC also provides financial and technical assistance to 21 national organizations for educational
programs and materials directed to youth in high-risk situations, particularly inner-city and minor
ity youth.
All CDC-funded state, local, and territorial health departments have instituted an HIV preven
tion community planning process. The community planning process aims to address unique
community needs and at the same time to improve the cultural competence and scientific basis of
HIV prevention programs. Together, representatives of affected populations, epidemiologists,
behavioral scientists, HIV/AIDS prevention service providers, health department staff, and others
analyze the course of the epidemic in their jurisdiction, determine their priority prevention needs,
and identify HIV prevention interventions to meet those needs. The health department then
incorporates these priority interventions into its prevention objectives for funding by CDC. In this
manner, HIV prevention planning is shifted from a federally mandated to a locally directed pro
gram.
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
2
December 1995
Public Information/Education Programs
CDC also targets prevention efforts for young people through its public information and educa
tion campaigns. These programs include a number of activities designed to educate all members of
the public, including adolescents, about how HIV is transmitted, who is at risk of acquiring the
infection, and how the infection can be prevented. The programs include a national public infor
mation campaign, the CDC National AIDS Hotline, and the CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse.
Research has shown that most Americans, including teenagers, understand how HIV is trans
mitted and how they can avoid being infected. Therefore, confronting the belief that “it can’t
happen to me” was a primary goal of one series of CDC-sponsored public service announcements.
Previous phases of the public information campaign have included many youth-oriented materials.
In 1989, CDC launched a special education effort called “Parents and Youth” designed to help
parents, teachers, and other concerned adults talk to children about HIV and AIDS. The educa
tional materials from that campaign, including a brochure called “The AIDS Prevention Guide,”
are still available to anyone who requests them from the CDC National AIDS Hotline.
Another activity targeting youth is CDC’s Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI), a large-scale
social marketing program to influence behaviors that contribute to the sexual transmission of HIV
and other diseases. It represents a shift from previous mass health communications programs,
aimed at increasing general awareness of HIV/AIDS, to influence behavior changes among people
at high risk for HIV infection or transmission. PMI is an application of marketing techniques and
consumer-oriented communications technologies based on science and directed, in its first phase,
to the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV and other diseases among young adults 18-25
years of age. The most visible PMI activity to date has been the national release of a series of
public service announcements promoting abstinence as well as the correct and consistent use of
latex condoms. To achieve the PMI behavioral objectives, CDC will work simultaneously at the
national, state, and local levels through four components: (1) National Communications, (2)
Prevention Collaborative Partners, (3) Local Demonstration Sites, and (4) Integration withHZV
Prevention Community Planning.
For more information:
CDC National AIDS Hotline:
Spanish:
Deaf:
1-800-342-AIDS (2437)
1-800-344-SIDA (7432)
1-800-243-7889
CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse
P.O. Box 6003
Rockville, MD 20849-6003
Adolescents and HIV/AIDS
3
December 1995
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
AMD PREVENnON
HIV/AIDS
PREVErrnori
December 14, 1995
Facts about...
HIV Prevention Messages for Young Adults
In 1994, CDC launched the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI) to specifically target young adults 1825 years old. The program includes both media and community-based components. On November
30, 1995, to expand and amplify these efforts, CDC released a new series of public service
announcements (PSAs) urging young Americans to take personal responsibility for protecting
themselves from HIV infection.
The "Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself" series of 12 television and 7 radio PSAs shows young adults
talking candidly about their lives and modeling protective behaviors and skills including: abstinence
from sex; communication with sexual partners and parents; and use of latex condoms consistently and
correctly if choosing to have sexual intercourse.
To reach our target audience, we have provided the PSAs to television networks and encouraged them
to air the ads at those times when young adults ages 18-25 are most likely to be watching. The PSAs
CDC released in 1994 received over $30 million in donated air time, and virtually all of airings occurred
after 8 p.m., with many airings during late night programming frequently viewed by our target
audience.
Critical Need to Reach Young Adults
HIV-related illness and death now have the greatest impact on young adults. In 1993, AIDS became
the leading cause of death among Americans 25- to 44-years old. From 1993 through 1994, AIDS
deaths in this age group rose from 28,100 to 30,300. In this same age group, AIDS now accounts
on average for 1 in every 3 deaths among African-American men and 1 in 5 deaths in AfricanAmerican women. AIDS incidence has increased much more rapidly in recent years among younger
individuals born in 1960 or later than among older individuals. With the long and variable lag time
between HIV infection and death, many of the young adults in this group were likely infected in their
teens.
A study recently released by the National Cancer Institute, confirms existing data which reveal that
as each generation comes of age, there is a substantial increase in the rate of infection as individuals
enter their late teens and early twenties, with infection rates peaking in the mid-to-late twenties.
Sustained, targeted prevention for each group entering young adulthood is what will keep these waves
from developing. As the lead federal agency for HIV prevention, CDC is responsible for implementing
public education programs to help stop the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs).
A Balance of Prevention Messages Are Needed
Behavioral science has shown that a balance of prevention messages is important for young adults.
Young adults themselves have also indicated that there are a number of messages that are important
for their peers to hear. Young adults were involved extensively in the development and evaluation of
these messages.
Messages By, For, and About Young Adults
A diverse group of young adults representing a variety of national and community-based organizations
conducted an extensive review of initial footage to determine the best and most appropriate material
for the PSAs. They helped determine all aspects of the spots, including the themes, the messages,
the characters, and the slogan. Young adults not only deliver the messages, but also contributed
significantly to the design of the messages. For example, the "Gatekeeper* spot was developed
because young adults indicated that communicating with parents was an important message for their
peers and parents to hear.
Obligation to Provide Variety of Protective Options—
Including Abstinence and Condom Use
Total abstinence from sexual activity is the only sure way to prevent sexual transmission of HIV
infection, and several of the PSAs specifically model this behavior. However, for those people who
choose to have sexual intercourse, the correct and consistent use of latex condoms has been shown
to be highly effective in preventing the transmission of HIV and other STDs. CDC cannot withhold
potentially lifesaving information.
Data clearly show that many young adults are sexually active and that they are placing themselves and
their partners at risk for infection with HIV and other STDs. CDC must give these young adults the
skills and support they need to protect themselves.
Public Opinion and Science on the Need for Comprehensive Messages
It is clear that the majority of Americans want strong prevention messages that include information
on condom use. A 1995 Public Opinion Poll found that nearly 80 percent of Americans believe
information on condoms should be aired on television. Yet, there will always be groups or individuals
who feel strongly about any materials that discuss sexual behaviors. The impact of HIV education and
prevention programs on the sexual activity of young people has therefore been a subject of debate and
scientific inquiry.
The majority of these studies have looked at sex education programs in schools, rather than messages
targeted to young adults. The studies vary in scope, quality of design, level of peer-review, age group
studied, and type of prevention or education program evaluated, and it is difficult to draw definitive
conclusions based on any one study alone.
Findings from Scientific Reviews
World Health Organization Review:
■
With these limitations in mind, the World Health Organization (WHO) has conducted comprehensive
reviews of the scientific literature on sex and AIDS education. In 1993, at the 9th International
Conference on AIDS, WHO presented a review of 19 studies which considered the effect of sex
education on reported age at first intercourse and on reported levels of sexual activity found several
clear trends:
• There was no evidence of sex education leading to earlier or increased sexual activity in the
young people who were exposed to it.
•
In fact, six studies showed that sex education lead either to a delay in the onset of sexual
activity or to a decrease in overall sexual activity.
• Ten of the studies showed that education programs increased safer sex practices among young
people who were already sexually active.
■
In addition to the evaluation of school-based education programs, the WHO report concluded that
the two public information programs evaluated showed no effect on age at first intercourse and
no increase in sexual activity in young people, despite a large increase in the use of condoms and
contraception.
■
Later in 1993, WHO published a more extensive review of 35 studies dating back to the 1970s.
The overwhelming majority of studies over time, despite various methodologies and country of
study, found no evidence that sex education encourages sexual experimentation or increased
activity. If any effect was observed, it was virtually always delayed sexual intercourse or increased
effective use of contraceptives including condoms. There were two studies with findings that
varied from these trends. While neither study can prove cause and effect, one study found that
an "abstinence only* program increased the level of sexual activity in young people, and another
study reported an association between sex education and increased sexual activity. However, the
latter study found that variables other than sex education may have related more strongly to the
increase in sexual activity.
Office of Technology Assessment Review
■
In September of 1995, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the 103rd Congress
examined the effectiveness of prevention programs and found no scientific evidence that curricula
focusing only on abstinence delay the onset of sexual intercourse. The report further concludes
that programs that include discussions of abstinence and contraception in combination with other
topics such as resistance skills do not lead to earlier initiation of sex, and in fact, result in lowered
incidence of sexual intercourse in some cases.
■ The OTA report further concluded that among individuals already sexually active, these programs
lead to fewer sexual partners and greater use of contraception. This report underscores the need
for comprehensive programs and a balance of prevention messages.
These studies primarily looked at school-based education programs designed for adolescents. The
findings indicate that sexual activity among young people decreased or remained the same after
exposure to sexual health information that included discussions about condom use. The conclusions
do provide some indication of the potential impact of HIV prevention messages delivered within a
comprehensive program.
The impact of media campaigns is more difficult to evaluate because of the complexities of isolating
the effect of a specific message from the numerous implicit and explicit messages about sexuality that
individuals receive daily. However, the limited data available indicates results similar to those found
in school-based programs. The WHO reviews included evaluation of some AIDS education programs
with community and media components, including a Swiss study of 16-19 year olds. This AIDS
prevention effort focused on condoms and did not increase the level of sexual activity or the number
of sex partners of young people. However, condom use did increase among those 16-19 year olds
already sexually active.
The Role of PSAs
PSAs alone cannot be expected to change behaviors. Instead, they serve to increase awareness and
reinforce social norms around healthy behaviors.
Preliminary testing of these PSAs has shown their ability to raise awareness and communicate
messages about specific safer sex behaviors young adults can adopt to protect themselves from HIV
and other STDs. Testing of the "Respect Yourself, Protect Yourself* PSAs among young adults across
the country found that on average, 93 percent said each PSA was worth watching; 90 percent found
each PSA relevant; and 83 percent found each PSA persuasive.
December 18, 1992 / Vol. 41 / No. RR-17
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL
ANO PREVENTION
Recommendations
and
Reports
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
1993 Revised Classification System
for HIV Infection
and
Expanded Surveillance Case Definition
for AIDS
Among Adolescents and Adults
Reprinted August 1994
SEKVICff
<X
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
Atlanta, Georgia 30333
1
The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333.
SUGGESTED CITATION
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for
HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among
adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992;41(No. RR-17):[inclusive page numbers].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
William L Roper, M.D., M.RH.
Director
The material in this report was prepared for publication by:
National Center for Infectious Diseases
James M. Hughes, M.D.
Director
Division of HIV/AIDS
Harold W. Jaffe, M.D.
Director
The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in:
Epidemiology Program Office
... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc.
Director
Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.RH.
Editor, MMWR Series
Scientific Information and Communications Program
Public Health Publications Branch
Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A.
Chief
Mark W. Crowe, M.A.
Project Editor
Rachel J. Wilson
Editorial Trainee
Information Resources Management Branch
Sandra L. Ford
Peter M. Jenkins
Visual Information Specialists
Single copies of this issue of Recommendations and Reports are available free
from the CDC National AIDS Information Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville,
MD 20849-6003; telephone 800-458-5231.
Copies can be purchased from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-9325. Telephone: (202) 783-3238.
2
1993 Revised Classification System
for HIV Infection
and
Expanded Surveillance Case Definition
for AIDS
Among Adolescents and Adults
The following CDC staff members prepared this report:
National Center for Infectious Diseases
Division of HIV/AIDS
Kenneth G. Castro, M.D.
John W. Ward, M.D.
Laurence Slutsker, M.D., M.P.H.
James W. Buehler, M.D.
Harold W. Jaffe, M.D.
Ruth L. Berkelman, M.D.
Office of the Director
Associate Director for HIV/AIDS
James W. Curran, M.D., M.P.H.
3
1993 Revised Classification System
for HIV Infection
and
Expanded Surveillance Case Definition
for AIDS
Among Adolescents and Adults
Summary
CDC has revised the classification system for HIV infection to emphasize the
clinical importance of the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in the categorization of HIVrelated clinical conditions. This classification system replaces the system
published by CDC in 1986 (1) and is primarily intended for use in public health
practice. Consistent with the 1993 revised classification system, CDC has also
expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to include all HIV-infected per
sons who have <200 CD4+ T-lymphocytes/y.L, or a CD4+ T-lymphocyte per
centage of total lymphocytes of <14. This expansion includes the addition of
three clinical conditions — pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, and
invasive cervical cancer — and retains the 23 clinical conditions in the AIDS sur
veillance case definition published in 1987 (2); it is to be used by all states for
AIDS case reporting effective January 1, 1993.
REVISED HIV CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS
The etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus
designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The CD4+ T-lymphocyte is the pri
mary target for HIV infection because of the affinity of the virus for the CD4 surface
marker (3). The CD4+ T-lymphocyte coordinates a number of important immunologic
functions, and a loss of these functions results in progressive impairment of the im
mune response. Studies of the natural history of HIV infection have documented a
wide spectrum of disease manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to life
threatening conditions characterized by severe immunodeficiency, serious
opportunistic infections, and cancers (4-13). Other studies have shown a strong asso
ciation between the development of life-threatening opportunistic illnesses and the
absolute number (per microliter of blood) or percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (1421). As the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes decreases, the risk and severity of
opportunistic illnesses increase.
Measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes are used to guide clinical and therapeutic man
agement of HIV-infected persons (22). Antimicrobial prophylaxis and antiretroviral
therapies have been shown to be most effective within certain levels of immune dys
function (23-28). As a result, antiretroviral therapy should be considered for all
persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <500/pL, and prophylaxis against Pneumo-
5
cystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), the most common serious opportunistic infection di
agnosed in men and women with AIDS, is recommended for all persons with CD4+
T-lymphocyte counts of <200/|iL and for persons who have had prior episodes of PCP.
Because of these recommendations, CD4+ T-lymphocyte determinations are an inte
gral part of medical management of HIV-infected persons in the United States.
The classification system for HIV infection among adolescents and adults has been
revised to include the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count as a marker for HIV-related immuno
suppression. This revision establishes mutually exclusive subgroups for which the
spectrum of clinical conditions is integrated with the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The
objectives of these changes are to simplify the classification of HIV infection, to reflect
current standards of medical care for HIV-infected persons, and to categorize more
accurately HIV-related morbidity.
The revised CDC classification system for HIV-infected adolescents and adults*
categorizes persons on the basis of clinical conditions associated with HIV infection
and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. The system is based on three ranges of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and three clinical categories and is represented by a matrix of nine
mutually exclusive categories (Table 1). This system replaces the classification system
published in 1986, which included only clinical disease criteria and which was devel
oped before the widespread use of CD4+ T-cell testing (1).
*Criteria for HIV infection for persons ages ^13 years: a) repeatedly reactive screening tests for
HIV antibody (e.g., enzyme immunoassay) with specific antibody identified by the use of
supplemental tests (e.g., Western blot, immunofluorescence assay); b) direct identification of
virus in host tissues by virus isolation; c) HIV antigen detection; or d) a positive result on any
other highly specific licensed test for HIV.
TABLE 1. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded AIDS
surveillance case definition for adolescents and adults*
Clinical categories
(A)
Asymptomatic, acute
(primary) HIV or PGLt
(B)
Symptomatic, not
(A) or (C) conditions5
(C)
AIDS-indicator
conditionsl
(1) >500/gL
Al
B1
(2) 200-499/iiL
A2
________B2________
(3) <200/gL
AIDS-indicator
T-cell count
A3
B3
Cl
C2
C3
CD4+ T-cell catego
ries
*The shaded cells illustrate the expanded AIDS surveillance case definition. Persons with
AIDS-indicator conditions (Category C) as well as those with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts
<200/|iL (Categories A3 or B3) will be reportable as AIDS cases in the United States and
Territories, effective January 1, 1993.
PGL=persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Clinical Category A includes acute (primary)
HIV infection {29,30).
5 See text for discussion.
* See Appendix B.
6
CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Categories
The three CD4+ T-lymphocyte categories are defined as follows:
• Category 1: >500 cells/pL
• Category 2: 200-499 cells/ pL
• Category 3: <200 cells/ pL
These categories correspond to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts per microliter of blood
and guide clinical and therapeutic actions in the management of HIV-infected adoles
cents and adults (22-28). The revised HIV classification system also allows for the use
of the percentage of CD4+ T-cells (Appendix A).
HIV-infected persons should be classified based on existing guidelines for the medi
cal management of HIV-infected persons (22). Thus, the lowest accurate, but not
necessarily the most recent, CD4+ T-lymphocyte count should be used for classifica
tion purposes.
Clinical Categories
The clinical categories of HIV infection are defined as follows:
Category A
Category A consists of one or more of the conditions listed below in an adolescent
or adult (>13 years) with documented HIV infection. Conditions listed in Categories B
and C must not have occurred.
• Asymptomatic HIV infection
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
• Acute (primary) HIV infection with accompanying illness or history of acute HIV
infection (29,30)
Category B
Category B consists of symptomatic conditions in an HIV-infected adolescent or
adult that are not included among conditions listed in clinical Category C and that
meet at least one of the following criteria: a) the conditions are attributed to HIV infec
tion or are indicative of a defect in cell-mediated immunity; or b) the conditions are
considered by physicians to have a clinical course or to require management that is
complicated by HIV infection. Examples of conditions in clinical Category B include,
but are not limited to:
• Bacillary angiomatosis
• Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (thrush)
• Candidiasis, vulvovaginal; persistent, frequent, or poorly responsive to therapy
• Cervical dysplasia (moderate or severel/cervical carcinoma in situ
• Constitutional symptoms, such as fever (38.5 C) or diarrhea lasting >1 month
7
• Hairy leukoplakia, oral
• Herpes zoster (shingles), involving at least two distinct episodes or more than
one dermatome
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Listeriosis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly if complicated by tubo-ovarian abscess
• Peripheral neuropathy
For classification purposes. Category B conditions take precedence over those in
Category A. For example, someone previously treated for oral or persistent vaginal
candidiasis (and who has not developed a Category C disease) but who is now asymp
tomatic should be classified in clinical Category B.
Category C
Category C includes the clinical conditions listed in the AIDS surveillance case defi
nition (Appendix B). For classification purposes, once a Category C condition has
occurred, the person will remain in Category C.
EXPANSION OF THE CDC SURVEILLANCE CASE DEFINITION
FOR AIDS
In 1991, CDC, in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiolo
gists (CSTE), proposed an expansion of the AIDS surveillance case definition. This
proposal was made available for public comment in November 1991 and was dis
cussed at an open meeting on September 2, 1992. Based on information presented
and reviewed during the public comment period and at the open meeting, CDC, in
collaboration with CSTE, has expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to in
clude all HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200 cells/|iL or a
CD4+ percentage of <14. In addition to retaining the 23 clinical conditions in the pre
vious AIDS surveillance definition, the expanded definition includes pulmonary
tuberculosis (TB), recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer.* This expanded
definition requires laboratory confirmation of HIV infection in persons with a CD4+
T-lymphocyte count of <200 cells/pL or with one of the added clinical conditions. This
expanded definition for reporting cases to CDC becomes effective January 1, 1993.
In the revised HIV classification system, persons in subcategories A3, B3, and C3
meet the immunologic criteria of the surveillance case definition, and those persons
with conditions in subcategories Cl, C2, and C3 meet the clinical criteria for surveil
lance purposes (Table 1).
* Diagnostic criteria for AIDS-defining conditions included in the expanded surveillance case
definition are presented in Appendix C and Appendix D.
8
COMMENTARY
Revised Classification System
The revised classification system for HIV infection is based on the recommended
clinical standard of monitoring CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, since this parameter con
sistently correlates with HIV-related immune dysfunction and disease progression and
provides information needed to guide medical management of persons infected with
HIV (14-18, 22-28). The classification system also allows for use of the percentage of
CD4+ T-cells instead of absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (Appendix A). Other mark
ers of immune status — such as serum neopterin, beta-2 microglobulin, HIV p24
antigen, soluble interleukin-2 receptors, immunoglobulin A, and delayed-type hy
persensitivity (DTH) skin-test reactions — may be useful in the evaluation of individual
patients but are not as strongly predictive of disease progression or as specific for
HIV-related immunosuppression as measures of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (14-21, 31).
DTH skin-test reactions are often used in conjunction with the Mantoux tuberculin skin
test to evaluate HIV-infected patients for TB infection and anergy (31-33).
Other systems have been proposed for classification and staging of HIV infection
(1, 31, 34-39). In 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) published an interim
proposal for a staging system for HIV infection and diseases that was based primarily
on clinical criteria and included the use of CD4+ T-lymphocyte determinations (34).
The WHO system incorporates a performance scale and total lymphocyte counts to be
used in lieu of CD4+ T-lymphocyte determinations in countries where CD4+ T-lympho
cyte testing is not available.
The accuracy of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts is important for medical care of individ
ual patients. To assure reliability, laboratories conducting CD4+ T-lymphocyte
measurements should be experienced with test procedures, have established quality
assurance methods, and participate in proficiency testing programs conducted by
CDC or other organizations (22, 40). CDC has published guidelines for the perform
ance of CD4+ T-cell determinations for HIV-infected persons (41). To assure that test
results are indicative of a patient's medical condition, the health-care provider should
evaluate the results with those of earlier tests and with the patient's clinical condition.
In clinical practice, repeat CD4+ testing may be judged necessary in guiding thera
peutic decisions for individual patients. For surveillance purposes, however, a require
ment for repeat CD4+ determinations is impractical for population-based monitoring.
The revised classification system of the clinical and immunologic manifestations of
HIV infection provides a framework for categorizing HIV-related morbidity and immu
nosuppression and will assist efforts to evaluate the overall impact of the HIV
epidemic. Knowledge of the spectrum of clinical conditions and the extent of immuno
suppression that may occur during the course of HIV infection is important for prompt
evaluation and for provision of appropriate health services. Clinicians should be aware
of the clinical conditions suggestive of HIV infection and the need for prophylactic and
therapeutic interventions.
This revised HIV classification system should be used by state and territorial health
departments that conduct HIV infection surveillance. Because AIDS surveillance data
will continue to represent only a portion of the total morbidity caused by HIV, surveil
lance for HIV infection may be particularly useful in depicting the total impact of HIV
on health-care and social services (42). More accurate reporting and analysis of CD4+
9
T-lymphocyte counts, together with HIV-related clinical conditions, should facilitate ef
forts to evaluate health-care and referral needs for persons with HIV infection and to
project future needs for these services.
Expanded AIDS Surveillance Case Definition
The population of HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200/p,L
is substantially larger than the population of persons with AIDS-defining clinical con
ditions (43). The inclusion in the AIDS surveillance definition of persons with a CD4+
T-lymphocyte count of <200 cells/gL or a CD4+ percentage <14 will enable AIDS sur
veillance to reflect more accurately the number of persons with severe HIV-related
immunosuppression and those at highest risk for severe HIV-related morbidity. Since
the AIDS surveillance case definition was last revised in 1987, the increasing use of
prophylaxis against PCP and antiretroviral therapy for persons infected with HIV has
slowed the rate at which HIV-infected persons develop AIDS-defining clinical condi
tions (2,22-25). For example, among homosexual/bisexual men with AIDS reported to
CDC, the proportion with PCP decreased from 62% in 1988 to 46% in 1990 (44). This
trend is expected to continue.
The ability of clinicians to report HIV-infected persons on the basis of CD4+ T-lym
phocyte counts may also simplify the case-reporting process. A simplified AIDS
surveillance case definition will be particularly important for outpatient clinics in
which the availability of staff to conduct surveillance is limited and from which an
increasing proportion of AIDS cases are being reported. For example, from pre-1985
to 1988, the proportion of AIDS cases reported from outpatient sites in the state of
Washington increased from 6% (9/155) to 25% (55/219) (45). A similar increase oc
curred in Oregon (25% [44/171] before 1987 to 38% [40/105] in the first half of 1989)
(46).
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Throughout the world, pulmonary TB is the most common type of TB in persons
with HIV infection (47 ). The addition of pulmonary TB to the list of AIDS-indicator
diseases is based on the strong epidemiologic link between HIV infection and the de
velopment of TB (48-50). Persons co-infected with HIV and TB have a substantially
increased risk of developing active TB compared with persons without HIV infection
(48, 49). In a prospective evaluation of injecting-drug users (IDUs) with positive tuber
culin skin tests, the estimated annual incidence of active TB among 49 HIV-infected
IDUs was 7.9 cases/100 person-years; however, no cases of active TB occurred among
62 tuberculin-positive but HIV-seronegative IDUs followed for as long as 30 months
(48).
There is also a substantial immunologic association between HIV-infected persons
and pulmonary TB when compared with HIV-infected persons with extrapulmonary
TB (a condition included in the 1987 surveillance definition). In a recent review, median
CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected patients with pulmonary TB ranged from
250 to 500 cells/^L (51). In comparison, the median CD4+ lymphocyte count was 242
cells/p,L in one study of persons with localized extrapulmonary TB and ranged from 70
to 79 cells/|iL in two studies of patients with disseminated or miliary TB (51-53). In
CDC's Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease (ASD) Project, 69% of HIV-in-
10
fected persons with pulmonary TB had CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200/pL, com
pared with 77% of persons with extrapulmonary TB (CDC, unpublished observations).
The addition of pulmonary TB to AIDS surveillance criteria will require continued
collaboration between state and local TB and HIV/AIDS programs. Knowledge of a
patient's HIV status is important for the proper medical management of TB because
longer courses of therapy and prophylaxis are recommended for HIV-infected patients
with TB (54). Furthermore, HIV-infected TB patients should be a priority for
epidemiologic investigation because these persons are more likely to have HIV-in
fected contacts than are seronegative TB patients. TB contact follow-up among
HIV-infected persons will help to ensure delivery of a full course of preventive therapy
to these contacts, who are at greatly increased risk of developing active TB them
selves.
Recurrent Pneumonia
With the exception of conditions included in the 1987 AIDS surveillance case defini
tion, pneumonia, with or without a bacteriologic diagnosis, is the leading cause of
HIV-related morbidity and death (55, 56). In addition, several studies have shown that
persons with HIV-related immunosuppression are at an increased risk of bacterial
pneumonia (57-59). For example, one study found that the yearly incidence rate of
bacterial pneumonia among HIV-infected IDUs without AIDS was five times that found
in non-HIV-infected IDUs (58). Recurrent episodes of pneumonia (two or more epi
sodes within a 1-year period) are required for AIDS case reporting because
pneumonia is a relatively common diagnosis and multiple episodes of pneumonia are
more strongly associated with immunosuppression than are single episodes. For ex
ample, data from the ASD Project indicate that the risk of an HIV-infected person
having had one episode of pneumonia in a 12-month period is approximately five
times higher among infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200/|iL
(320/2,411) than among those with higher CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (90/2,792). In
contrast, data from the same study indicate that the risk for multiple episodes of pneu
monia in a 12-month period is approximately 20 times higher among HIV-infected
persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200/pL (67/2,411) than among those with
higher CD4+ T-cell counts (4/2,792) (CDC, unpublished observations).
Invasive Cervical Cancer
Several studies have found an increased prevalence of cervical dysplasia, a precur
sor lesion for cervical cancer, among HIV-infected women (60, 61). In a study of 310
HIV-infected women attending methadone maintenance and sexually transmitted dis
ease clinics in New York City and Newark, New Jersey, cervical dysplasia was
confirmed by biopsy and/or colposcopy in approximately 22%, a prevalence rate 10
times greater than that found among women attending family planning clinics in the
United States (Wright TC, personal communication; 62). Several studies have docu
mented that a higher prevalence of cervical dysplasia among HIV-infected women is
associated with greater immunosuppression (Wright TC, personal communication;
61,63). In addition, HIV infection may adversely affect the clinical course and treat
ment of cervical dysplasia and cancer (64-69).
11
Invasive cervical cancer is a more appropriate AIDS-indicator disease than is either
cervical dysplasia or carcinoma in situ because these latter cervical lesions are com
mon and frequently do not progress to invasive disease (70). Also, cervical dysplasia
or carcinoma in situ among women with severe cervicovaginal infections, which are
common in HIV-infected women, can be difficult to diagnose. In contrast, the diagno
sis of invasive cervical cancer is generally unequivocal.
Invasive cervical cancer is preventable by the proper recognition and treatment of
cervical dysplasia. Thus, the occurrence of invasive cervical cancer among all women
— including those who are HIV-infected — represents missed opportunities for dis
ease prevention. The addition of invasive cervical cancer to the list of AIDS-indicator
diseases emphasizes the importance of integrating gynecologic care into medical
services for HIV-infected women.
Impact on AIDS Case Reporting
The expanded AIDS surveillance case definition is expected to have a substantial
impact on the number of reported cases. The immediate increase in case reporting
will be largely attributable to the addition of severe immunosuppression to the defini
tion; a smaller impact is expected from the addition of pulmonary TB, recurrent
pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer, since many persons with these diseases will
also have CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of <200 cells/|iL If all of the approximately
1,000,000 persons in the United States with HIV infection were diagnosed and their
immune status were known, it is estimated that 120,000-190,000 persons who do not
have AIDS-indicator diseases would be found to have CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of
<200 cells/gL (77 ). However, not all of these persons are aware of their HIV infection
and of those who know their HIV infection status, not all have had an immunologic
evaluation; thus, the immediate impact on the number of AIDS cases will be consider
ably less than 120,000-190,000. If AIDS surveillance criteria were unchanged,
approximately 50,000-60,000 reported AIDS cases would be expected in 1993. Based
on current levels of HIV and CD4+ testing, CDC estimates that the expanded definition
could increase cases reported in 1993 by approximately 75%. Early effects of ex
panded surveillance will be greater than long-term effects because prevalent as well
as incident cases of immunosuppression will be reported following implementation of
the expanded surveillance case definition. In subsequent years, the effect on the num
ber of reported cases is expected to be much smaller.
Uses of the HIV Classification System or AIDS Surveillance Case Definition
The revised HIV classification system and the AIDS surveillance case definition are
intended for use in conducting public health surveillance. The CDC's AIDS surveillance
case definition was not developed to determine whether statutory or other legal re
quirements for entitlement to Federal disability or other benefits are met.
Consequently, this revised surveillance case definition does not alter the criteria used
by the Social Security Administration in evaluating claims based on HIV infection un
der the Social Security disability insurance and Supplemental Security Income
programs. Other organizations and agencies providing medical and social services
should develop eligibility criteria appropriate to the services provided and local needs.
12
Confidentiality
The confidentiality of AIDS case reports — including laboratory reports of HIV test
results, CD4+ T-lymphocyte test results, and medical records under review by health
department staff — is of critical importance to maintaining effective HIV/AIDS surveil
lance. CDC and state health departments have implemented procedures and policies
to maintain confidentiality and security of HIV/AIDS surveillance data (72). CDC's ef
forts include a federal assurance of confidentiality, the removal of names before
encrypted records are transmitted to CDC, strict guidelines for the release of aggre
gate data, and the inclusion of confidentiality and security safeguards as evaluation
criteria for federal funding of state HIV/AIDS surveillance activities (73). These strict
criteria will continue to apply to cases reported under the expanded definition. CDC
funding of surveillance cooperative agreements is dependent on the recipients ability
to ensure the physical security of case reports and on state policies or laws to protect
the confidentiality of persons reported with AIDS. Failure to ensure the security and
confidentiality of personal identifying information collected as part of AIDS or HIV sur
veillance activities will jeopardize federal surveillance funding.
CD4+ T-lymphocyte test results reported by laboratories will be an important ad
junct to medical record review and provider-initiated reporting in order to increase
completeness, timeliness, and efficiency of AIDS surveillance. Information from a
laboratory-initiated report of a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is insufficient for reporting a
case of AIDS. Confirmation of HIV infection status and receipt of other surveillance
information from the health-care provider or from medical or public health records
will remain necessary.
Every effort should be made by health-care providers, laboratories, and public
health agencies to protect the confidentiality of CD4+ T-lymphocyte test results, includ
ing the review of record-keeping practices in laboratories and health-care settings.
Some states have considered additional means to assure the confidentiality of CD4+
T-lymphocyte test results. For example, a proposal in Oregon would allow health-care
providers to send specimens to laboratories for CD4+ T-lymphocyte testing with a
unique code for each person being tested. If the test result indicates a CD4+ T-lympho
cyte count of <200 cells/pL, the health department would notify the health-care
provider that an AIDS case report is required if the person is HIV infected, the CD4+
T-lymphocyte count is valid, and the case has not been previously reported. Informed
consent for CD4+ T-lymphocyte testing should be obtained in accordance with local
laws or regulations. CD4+ T-lymphocyte test results alone should not be used as a
surrogate marker for HIV or AIDS. A low CD4+ T-lymphocyte count without a positive
HIV test result will not be reportable since other conditions may result in a low CD4+
T-lymphocyte count. Health-care providers must ensure that persons who have a
CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of <200/pL are HIV infected before initiating treatment for
HIV disease or reporting those persons as cases of AIDS.
CONCLUSION
The revised HIV classification system provides uniform and simple criteria for cate
gorizing conditions among adolescents and adults with HIV infection and should
facilitate efforts to evaluate current and future health-care and referral needs for per
13
sons with HIV infection. The addition of a measure of severe immunosuppression, as
defined by a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of <200 cells/|iL or a CD4+ percentage of <14,
reflects the standard of immunologic monitoring for HIV-infected persons and will en
able AIDS surveillance data to more accurately represent those who are recognized as
being immunosuppressed, who are in greatest need of close medical follow-up, and
who are at greatest risk for the full spectrum of severe HIV-related morbidity. The ad
dition of three clinical conditions — pulmonary TB, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive
cervical cancer — to AIDS surveillance criteria reflects the documented or potential
importance of these diseases in the HIV epidemic. Two of these conditions (pulmonary
TB and cervical cancer) are preventable if appropriate screening tests are linked with
proper follow-up. The third, recurrent pneumonia, reflects the importance of pulmo
nary infections not included in the 1987 definition as leading causes of HIV-related
morbidity and mortality. Successful implementation of expanded surveillance criteria
will require the extension of existing safeguards to protect the security and confiden
tiality of AIDS surveillance information.
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Livingstone, 1990:1061.
36. Haverkos HW, Gottlieb MS, Killen JY, Edelman R. Classification of HTLV-lll/LAV-related dis
eases. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1905.
37. Zolla-Pazner S, DesJarlais DC, Friedman SR, et al. Nonrandom development of immunologic
abnormalities after infection with human immunodeficiency virus: implications for immu
nologic classification of the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5404-8.
38. Royce RA, Luckmann RS, Fusaro RE, Winkelstein W Jr. The natural history of HIV-1 infection:
staging classifications of disease. AIDS 1991;5:355-64.
39. Justice AC. Feinstein AR, Wells CK. A new prognostic staging system for the acquired im
munodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1388-93.
40. Valdiserri RO, Cross GD, Gerber AR, Schwartz RE, Hearn TL. Capacity of US labs to provide
TLI in support of early HIV-1 intervention. Am J Public Health 1991;81:491-4.
41. CDC. Guidelines for the performance of CD4+ T-cell determinations in persons with human
immunodeficiency virus infections. MMWR 1992;41(No. RR-8):1-12.
42. CDC. Surveillance for HIV infection—United States. MMWR 1990;39:853,859-61.
15
43. Brookmeyer R. Reconstruction and future trends of the AIDS epidemic in the United States.
Science 1991;253:37-42.
44. Ciesielski CA, Fleming PL, Berkelman RL. Changing trends in AIDS-indicator diseases in the
U.S — role of therapy and prophylaxis? (abstract 254). 31st Interscience Conference on An
timicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991:141.
45. Hopkins S, Lafferty W, Honey J, Hurlich M. Trends in the outpatient diagnosis of AIDS: im
plications for epidemiologic analysis and surveillance (abstract T.A.P.72). V International
Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989:111.
46. Modesitt S, Espenlaub C, Klockner R, Fleming D. AIDS cases diagnosed as outpatients (abstract
Th.C.736). VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, CA, 1990;1:309.
47. Raviglione MC, Narain JP, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clini
cal features, diagnosis, and treatment. Bull WHO 1992;70:515-26.
48. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among
intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med
1989;320:545-50.
49. Selwyn PA, Sckell BM, Alcabes P, Friedland GH, Klein RS, Schoenbaum EE. High risk of active
tuberculosis in HIV infected drug users with cutaneous anergy. JAMA 1992;268:504-9.
50. Braun MM, Badi N, Ryder R, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis
among women of childbearing age with HIV-infection in Zaire. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991;
143:501-4.
51. De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan
Africa. JAMA 1992;268:1581-7.
52. Shafer RW, Chirgwin KD, Glatt AE, Dahdouh MA, Landesman SH, Suster B. HIV prevalence,
immunosuppression, and drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic
for AIDS. AIDS 1991;5:399-405.
53. Barber TW, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pa
tients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of 9 cases and review of the
literature. Medicine 1990;69:375-83.
54. CDC. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: recommendations of
the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET). MMWR 1989;
38:236-8,243-50.
55. Buehler JW, Devine OJ, Berkelman RL, Chevarley FM. Impact of the human immunodeficiency
virus epidemic on mortality trends in young men. United States. Am J Public Health
1990;80:1080-6.
56. Chu SY, Buehler JW, Berkelman RL. Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic
on mortality in women of reproductive age. United States. JAMA 1990;264:225-9.
57. Polsky B, Gold JW, Whimbey E, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:38-41.
58. Selwyn PA, Feingold AR, Hartel D, et al. Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected
intravenous drug users without AIDS. AIDS 1988;2:267-72.
59. Farizo KM, Buehler JW, Chamberland ME, et al. Spectrum of disease in persons with human
immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:1798-1805.
60. Laga M, Icenogle JP, Marsella R, et al. Genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia—
opportunistic complications of HIV infection. Int J Cancer 1992;50:45-8.
61. Schafer A, Friedmann W, Mielke M, Schwartlander B, Koch MA. The increased frequency
of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
is related to the degree of immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:593-9.
62. Sadeghi SB, Sadeghi A, Robboy SJ. Prevalence of dysplasia and cancer of the cervix in a
nationwide Planned Parenthood population. Cancer 1988;61:2359-61.
63. Feingold AR, Vermund SH, Burk RD, et al. Cervical cytologic abnormalities and papillomavirus
in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
1990;3:896-903.
64. Maiman M, Fruchter RG, Serur E, Remy JC, Feuer G, Boyce J. Human immunodeficiency
virus infection and cervical neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:377-82.
65. Klein RS, Adachi A, Fleming I, Ho GYF, Burk R. A prospective study of genital neoplasia and
human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women (abstract). Vol.1. Presented at the VIII
16
International Conference on AIDS/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July
19-24, 1992.
66. Fruchter R, Maiman M, Serur E, Cuthill S. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infected
women (abstract). Vol.1. Presented at the VIII International Conference on AIDS/III STD World
Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 19-24, 1992.
67. Richart RM, Wright TC. Controversies and the management of low-grade cervical intraepi
thelial neoplasia. Cancer (in press).
68. Rellihan MA, Dooley DP, Burke TW, Berkland ME, Longfield RN. Rapidly progressing cervical
cancer in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gynecol Oncol 1990;
36:435-8.
69. Schwartz LB, Carcangiu ML, Bradham L, Schwartz PE. Rapidly progressive squamous car
cinoma of the cervix coexisting with human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical
opinion. Gynecol Oncol 1991;41:255-8.
70. Richart RM. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. In: Sommers SC, ed. Pathology annual,
1973. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1973:301-28.
71. CDC. Projections of the number of persons diagnosed with AIDS and the number of immu
nosuppressed HIV-infected persons — United States, 1992-1994. MMWR 1992;41(No. RR-18)
(in press).
72. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. The CDC's case definition of AIDS: impli
cations of the proposed revisions. Background Paper, OTA-BP-H-89. Washington, DC: US
Government Printing Office, August 1992.
73. Torres CG, Turner ME, Harkess JR, Istre GR. Security measures for AIDS and HIV. Am J Public
Health 1991;81:208-9.
74. Kessler HA, LandayA, Pottage JC, Benson CA. Absolute number versus percentage of T-helper
lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1990;161:356-7.
I
I
17
'tion Sti/0/e
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Looking Back,
9 Looking Ahead
what are ado escents’
HIV prevention needs?
can adolescents get HIV?
T Tnfortnately, yes. HIV infection is increasing most rapidly among young people.
LJ One in four new infections in the US occurs in people younger than 22.1 In 1993,
588 new AIDS cases were diagnosed among people 13-19 years old, and 3,911 new
cases in 20-24 years old.2 Since infection may occur up to 10 years before an AIDS
diagnosis, most of those people were infected with HIV either as adolescents or
pre-adolescents.
Adolescents are experiencing skyrocketing rates of sexually transmitted diseases. In
California, 15- 19-year-olds have the highest rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia of any
age group in the state.3 Experts fear that if these diseases are being transmitted, then
HIV is too.
I. "
ays who?
1. Rosenberg PS, Biggar RJ,
Goedert JJ. Declining age at HIV
infection in the United States (let
ter). New England Journal of
Medicine. 1994;330:789-790.
2. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. HIV AIDS
Surveillance Report. 1994;5:12.
what puts adolescents at risk?
'Part of being a teenager is taking risks. Teens may act as though they’re invincible.
.L They test limits and question authority. But in this day and age, the impact of unsafe
sex can be irreversible. It’s like playing a game of Russian roulette: maybe you won’t
get infected, but maybe you will. Thankfully, most STDs can be treated. But no one has
yet been cured of AIDS.
Teenagers are having sex earlier than ever, often with multiple partners. By the time
they reach age 20, 77% of girls and 86% of boys have had sex.4
And most teens do not consistently use condoms. The 1991 National Survey of
Adolescent Males found that condom use is likely to be highest at the beginning of a
relationship and then decline once the partner is perceived as “safe.”5 Teenagers with
the largest number of sexual partners were the least likely to use condoms.6
African-American adolescents are especially vulnerable to HIV. For youths aged 13-19,
African-American females accountea for 73% of new HIV infections in 1993; AfricanAmerican males accounted for 48%.2
Especially vulnerable to HIV and other STDs are teens who are gay, drug users, juve
nile offenders, school dropouts, runaways, homeless or migrant youth. These youth are
often hard to reach for prevention and education efforts, and have limited access to
health care and service-delivery systems.7
can education help?
'VTes. Schools offer a window of opportunity to educate about how HTV/STDs are
X spread. But education can’t be a one-time thing; it should be an ongoing process,
growing more sophisticated as children mature. When should HTV/STD education
start? The sooner, the better. Early discussion of germs, disease transmission and nor
mal public health precautions—for example, washing hands before eating—can set the
stage for later education in STD prevention.
One common argument against HIV/STD education programs is that exposing teens to
information about sex will encourage them to engage in sexual activity. But a compre
hensive review of 23 school-based programs found quite the opposite was true: teens
who received specific AIDS education were less likely to engage in sex, and those who
did were more likely to have sex less often and have safer sex.8 Elements of successful
programs included: narrow, specific focus; instruction on social influences and pres
sures; age- and experience-appropriate reinforcement of values and norms against
unprotected sex; and skills-building activities.
A publication of HIV Prevention: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, a project of the Center for AIDS Prevention
Studies (CAPS), University of California, San Francisco, and the Harvard AIDS Institute. Thomas J. Coates, PhD
and Harvey J. Makadon, MD, co-principal investigators.
3. California Department of
Health Services, STD Control
Branch. Sexually transmitted dis
ease in California. Surveillance
Report. 1995.
4. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention. Premarital sexu
al experience among adolescent
women—United States, 19701988. Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report. 1991 ;39:929-932.
5. Ku LC, Sonestein FL, Pieck
JH. The dynamics of young
men’s condom use during and
across relationships. Family
Planning Perspectives.
1994;26:246-251.
6. DiClemente RJ, Durbin M,
Siegel D, et al. Determinants of
condom use among junior high
school students in a minority,
inner-city school district.
Pediatrics. 1992;89:197-201.
7. Dryfoos JG. Adolescents at
risk: prevalence and prevention.
New York: Oxford University
Press; 1990.
8. Kirby D, Short L, Collins J, et
al. School-based programs to
reduce sexual risk behaviors: a
review of effectiveness. Public
Health Reports. 1994; 109:339360.
Funded by a grant from
THE HENRY ~
KAISER
FAMILY
FOUNDATION
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are schools the only answer?
XTo. Schools alone can’t do the job. There remain major obstacles to good HTV/STD
IN education. Some schools lack properly trained personnel. Others refuse to discuss
homosexuality. And many offer inadequate instruction on condom use. Although threequarters of sex education curricula in the nation’s schools mention condoms, only 9
percent include information about how to use them.9 Significantly, studies show that for
teens to wear condoms, they must not only believe that sex with a condom can be
enjoyable, but trust their technical ability to use condoms in a confident way.10
In 1993 an estimated 3 million adolescents (12.7%) had dropped out of high school.
Youth drop-outs have higher frequencies of behaviors that put them at risk for
HIV/STDs, and are less accessible by prevention efforts. More intensive STD/HIV and
substance abuse prevention programs should be aimed at students at risk for dropping
out of school. For example, in Miami, a dropout prevention program in an urban
neighborhood offers a peer education activity as a course for high school credit.11
Programs targeting hard-to-reach adolescents at high risk for HTV are necessary in
many different venues outside of schools. In New York City, runaway youths in resi
dential shelters who received intensive education, skills training and counseling ses
sions reported an increase in consistent condom use and a decrease in high-risk sexual
behavior.12
A study of African-American children 9-15 years old living in public housing in a large
US city found that although knowledge about the hazards of sex increased with age,
their sexual activity also increased (from 12% sexually active at 9 years old, to 80% at
15). Parental monitoring and perceived behavior offriends influenced sexual activity.
The early onset and prevalence of sexual behavior stresses the need for youth-focused
interventions that influence both the parents and peers in children's social networks.13
Gay and bisexual youth often benefit from individual counseling, peer education, and
skills building. One program found that 6 months after such an intervention, 60%
fewer youths reported unprotected anal intercourse. More consistent use of condoms,
and less use of amphetamines and amyl nitrate were also reported.14
what needs to be done?
rT,eenagers are the future of our society, and everything possible should be done to
JL safeguard their lives. A comprehensive HTV prevention strategy uses many elements
to protect as many people at risk for HTV as possible. Explicit school-based education
that is started at an early age and repeated throughout adolescence is crucial. Education
should not only give facts about HIV/STD transmission, but should include information
on how to use condoms, skills building and role playing to help teens delay the onset of
sexual activity, and sensitive information about homosexuality and drug and alcohol
use.
Programs for hard-to-reach youth who are most at risk of HIV infection should be
implemented in venues outside of schools, such as runaway shelters, dropout centers,
shopping malls, and neighborhood centers.
Young people should receive two messages: one promoting abstinence and the delay of
sexual activity, the other warning against high-risk behaviors and teaching teens how to
protect themselves. These messages are not contradictory, but they are complex. “Don’t
drink, but if you do drink, don’t drive” is a similarly complex message which has saved
many people from death on the highway.
9. Marsigalio W, Mott FL. The
impact of sex education on
sexual activity. Family
Planning Perspectives.
1986;18:151-162.
10. Jemott JB, Jemmott LS,
Fong GT. Reductions in HIV
risk-associated sexual behav
iors among black male adoles
cents: effects of an AIDS pre
vention intervention. American
Journal of Public Health.
1992;82:372-377.
11. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Sexual behaviors and drug
use among youth in dropout
prevention programs - Miami,
1994. Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report. 1994;43:873876.
12. Rotheram-Borus M,
Koopman C, Haignere C, et al.
Reducing HIV sexual risk
behaviors among runaway
adolescents. Journal of the
American Medical Association.
1991;266:1237-1241.
13. Romer D, Black M,
Ricardo J, et al. Social influ
ences on the sexual behavior
of youth at risk for HIV expo
sure. American Journal of
Public Health. 1994;84:977985.
14. Remafedi G. Cognitive
and behavioral adaptations to
HIV/AIDS among gay and
bisexual adolescents. Journal
of Adolescent Health.
1994;15:142-148.
Prepared by Lisa Krieger
Reproduction of this text is encouraged; however, copies may not be sold, and the University of California, San Francisco should be cited as the source
of this information. For additional copies of this and other HIV Prevention Fact Sheets, please call the Kaiser Family Foundation Publication Request
Line at 800/656-4533. Fact Sheets are also available in Spanish. Comments and questions about this Fact Sheet may be e-mailed to
prevention_factsheets@quickmail.ucsf.edu. ©April 1995, University of California.
Z'
o
A
Looking Back,
Looking Ahead
S
what are young say men’s
HIV prevention needs?
C
’ young gay men at risk?
are
T Tnfortunately, yes. Accumulating research shows alarmingly high HIV prevalence
LJ rates among young gay men and high rates of sexual risk-taking, suggesting that
young gay men in their 20's are forging a "second wave" of the AIDS epidemic. During
the 1980s, the median age at HIV infection was older than 30 years. It dropped to 25 w
years during the period from 1987 to 1991. From 1987 to 1991, one in every four
newly infected individuals in the US was age 22 or under.1
A recent study of425 gay men aged 18-29 in San Francisco, CA found that 18% were
already infected with HIV, with a seroincidence rate of 2.6% per year: among the 27-29
year olds, 29% were HIV+.2 Another study which sampled young gay men aged 17-22
from public venues such as bars, street corners, dance clubs and parks found 9% of the
men to be HIV positive.3 Young African-American men were found to have especially
high HIV seroprevalence (21%). A study of gay men aged 18-24 in New York City found
9% HIV positive.4
what places young gay men at risk?
Tn contrast to studies with older gay men which demonstrate dramatic reductions in
AHTV risk-taking behaviors,5*6 a variety of studies show that young gay men are
engaging in high rates of unsafe sex. In a survey of gay men aged 18-25 in three
medium-sized West Coast communities, 43% of the sample reported having engaged in
unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 6 months.7 A study of gay and
bisexual adolescent males in Minnesota found that 63% were at "extreme risk" due to
unprotected anal intercourse or intravenous drug use.8 A San Francisco telephone
survey showed that 44% of gay men under the age of 30 had engaged in unprotected
anal intercourse during the previous year, compared to 18% of the men over age 30.9
what contributes to risk taking?
A complex array of factors—at individual, interpersonal and community levels—
/^contributes to the high sexual risk-taking of young gay men. Since the bulk of
AIDS cases among gay men is among men aged 30-40, many young gay men perceive
AIDS as a disease of older men and feel it is safe to have unprotected sex with other
young men. Most young men know how HIV is transmitted and men who engage in
unprotected sex do label their behavior as putting themselves at risk for AIDS.
Nonetheless, with their feelings of invulnerability typical of youth, young men may feel
the negative consequences “won’t happen to me”.7
Young men are often in an exploratoiy phase with regard to sexuality which may entail
high numbers of partners and a willingness to try a variety of activities. Due to
inexperience, young men may be less competent in negotiating low-risk sex and less
knowledgeable about making safe sex activities enjoyable. Coming out as 2ay can also
be a period of great emotional turbulence, resulting in low self-esteem and depression
whicn may reduce their feelings of self-efficacy and motivation for safe sex.10
ays who?
1. Rosenberg PS, Biggar RJ,
Goedert JJ. Declining age at HIV
infection in the United States.
New England Journal of
Medicine. 1994;330:789-790.
2. Osmond DH, Page K, Wiley J,
et al. HIV infection in homosexual
and bisexual men 18-29 years of
age-The San Francisco Young
Men’s Health Study. American
Journal of Public Health.
1994;84:19331937.
3. Lemp GF, Hirozawa AM,
Givertz D, et al. Seroprevalence
of HIV and risk behaviors among
young homosexual and bisexual
men. The San Francisco/
Berkeley Young Men’s Survey.
Journal of the American Medical
Association. 1994;272:449-454.
4. Dean L, Meyer I. HIV preva
lence and sexual behavior in a
cohort of New York City gay men
(aged 18-24). Journal of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
1995;8:208-211.
5. Ekstrand M, Coates T.
Maintenance of safer sex behav
iors and predictors of risky sex:
The San Francisco Men’s Health
Study. American Journal of Public
Health. 1990; 80:973-977.
6. McKusker J, Stoddard A,
Zapka J, et al. Predictors of
AIDS-preventive behavior among
homosexually-active men: a lon
gitudinal study. AIDS.
1989:3:443-448.
Further, protecting one’s health is not necessarily a young gay man’s top concern.
Interpersonal motivations may be more pressing—wanting to fit in, to find
companionship and intimacy. However, interpersonal issues can also contribute to
unsafe sex. For young gay men, unsafe sex is most likely to occur with a boyfriend—
someone whose affection is very important to them.7
7. Hays RB, Kegeles SM, Coates
TJ. High HIV risk-taking among
young gay men. AIDS.
1990;4:901-907.
The social structure and norms of the young gay subculture may not be entirely
conducive to safer sex. In many communities, gay bars and public cruising settings
provide the main opportunities for young gov men to meet and socialize. Yet each is
highly sex-chargea and the bar scene’s emphasis on alcohol sets the stage for engaging
in sex while high—consistently found to contribute to unsafe sex.
8. Remafedi G. Predictors of
unprotected intercourse among
gay and bisexual youth: knowl
edge, beliefs, and behavior.
Pediatrics. 1994;94:163-168.
A publication of HIV Prevention: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, a project of the Center for AIDS Prevention
Studies (CAPS), University of California, San Francisco, and the Harvard AIDS Institute. Thomas J. Coates, PhD
and Harvey J. Makadon, MD, co-principal investigators.
Funded by a grant from
THEHENEYJ.
KAISER
FAMILY
FOUNDATION
X
A
S
JU A. 5
''L Looking Back, Z
Looking Ahead
what works for young gay men?
TA espite enormous need, only a handful of programs specifically targeting young gay
.L'men have been designed and evaluated. Individualized risk-reduction counseling
followed by peer education and referrals to drug, counseling and health services were
reported to be an effective strategy for decreasing unprotected anal intercourse among
gay male adolescents in Minneapolis, MN.11 In New York City, an intensive, multi
session small group intervention was offered to gay youth aged 14-19 seeking services
at a community-based agency for gay youth; the more sessions youth attended, the
more dramatic the changes in risk behavior.12
Community-level programs can reach large numbers of young men. One successful
program promoted a norm for safer sex among young gay men through a variety of
social, outreach and small group activities designed and run by young men themselves.
Rates of unprotected anal intercourse dropped from 40% to 31% after the intervention.
The program found that young men engaging in unsafe sex who were unlikely to attend
workshops were more likely to be reached through outreach activities—such as dances,
movie nights, picnics, gay rap groups, and volleyball zames.13 STOP AIDS’s Q Action,
in San Francisco, CA, is a community organizing model that promotes HIVprvention
by putting the power for designing and implementing interventions directly into the
hands of young gay men.
Youth-oriented media can also be used creatively to reach large numbers of young gay
men. In Australia, ads promoting HTV prevention peer support groups appeared in
popular youth magazines across the country. Over 1,300 young men responded.
Foliow-up questionnaires showed that 73% had not told a family member about being
gay, and 48% had told no one. Direct mail was also found to be highly successful for
sending AIDS and sexuality information to gay adolescents in rural, isolated, or
culturally difficult environments who would otherwise not access support14
what needs to be done?
Q ince there are multiple factors that contribute to HTV risk-taking among young gay
O men, multi-level prevention programs are necessary—programs that impact vari
ables at individual, interpersonal and social system levels. Funding, designing, imple
menting and evaluating HTV prevention programs for young gay men must be a high
priority to halt the AIDS epidemic.
The myth that the gay community has been saturated with AIDS prevention services is
in serious need of debunking. New young men will come out each year who have not
been exposed to prevention campaigns of previous years, thus HIV prevention for
young gay men must be ongoing and dynamic.
Engaging, creative programs are needed that address HIV prevention within the
contexts of young gay men's lives, incoiporating issues of self-esteem, coming out,
substance use and interpersonal and social needs. Community-level and peer outreach
programs are especially promising, and services for young gay men of color are
particularly needed. Since previous sexual history is a strong predictor of current risk
taking behavior, intervention at an early point in a young man s sexual initiation will be
maximally effective.9
Societal homophobia may impede implementing effective prevention programs for gay
youth and may discourage young gay men from accessing prevention services.15
Political concerns must not interfere with HIV prevention services for young gay men.
A comprehensive HIV prevention strategy uses multiple elements to protect as many of
those at risk of HTV infection as possible. Targeting young gay men with AIDS preven
tion messages and services is not "condoning^' or ^promoting" homosexuality, it is
acting responsibly in the face of a grave public health threat. Unless action is taken
quickly, we will lose a new generation of gay men.
9. Stall R, Barrett D, Bye L, et
al. A comparison of younger
and older gay men’s HIV risk
taking behaviors: the
Communication Technologies
1989 Cross-Sectional Survey.
Journal of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndromes.
1992;5:682-687.
10. Gonsiorek J. Mental health
issues of gay and lesbian ado
lescents. Journal of
Adolescent Medicine.
1989;9:114-122.
11. Remafedi G. Cognitive and
behavioral adaptations to
HIV/AIDS among gay and
bisexual adolescents. Journal
of Adolescent Health.
1994;15:142-148.
12. Rotheram-Borus M,
Koopman C, Haignere C, et al.
Reducing HIV sexual risk
behaviors among runaway
adolescents. Journal of the
Amencan Medical Association.
1991;266:1237-1241.
13. Kegeles SM, Hays RB,
Coates TJ. The Mpowerment
project: a community-level HIV
prevention intervention for
young gay and bisexual men.
American Journal of Public
Health (accepted).
14. Goggin M, Sotiropoulos J.
Sex in silence: the national
survey of young gay males.
Presented at Tenth
International Conference on
AIDS, Yokohama, Japan;
1994. Abstract 169D.
15. Grossman AH.
Homophobia: a cofactor of
HIV disease in gay and les
bian youth. Journal of the
Association of Nurses in AIDS
Care. 1994;5:39-43.
Prepared by Robert B. Hays, PhD
Reproduction of this text is encouraged; however, copies may not be sold, and the University of California, San Francisco should be cited as the
source of this information. For additional copies of this and other HTV Prevention Fact Sheets, please call the Kaiser Family Foundation Publication
Request Line at 800/656-4533. Fact Sheets are also available in Spanish. Comments and questions about this Fact Sheet may be e-mailed to
prevention_factsheets@quickmail.ucsf.edu. ©April 1995, University of California.
Executive Summary
Youth and HIV/AIDS:
An American Agenda
This report is neither a set of new recommendations nor a
list of new ideas. It is intended as a catalyst of change in the
way Americans view the threat of HIV and AIDS to the next
generation.
the District of Columbia, and the American territories. Ear
lier concentrations in urban centers have given way to waves
of cases in suburban and rural communities. Young gay men
— especially young gay men of color — remain at very high
risk for HIV. Young women are also at an increased risk
both biologically and behaviorally.
This report was requested by President Clinton and written
after numerous interviews were conducted with young people
who are affected by this epidemic as well as professionals
who are engaged in HIV research, prevention, and care.
What they said, and what is outlined in this report, is that
even though progress has been made, this nation must in
crease its commitment to greater understanding, education,
communication, research, and care to bring an end to this
tragic disease among America’s youth. Until then, adoles
cents across America will continue to be infected and affected
by HIV and AIDS at troubling rates.
A concerted effort must be made by parents, community
leaders, policy makers, schools, and young people to com
municate to America’s youth that they have worth and
that the decisions they make now can affect them for the
rest of their lives.
Reaching out to those who are most at-risk — gay and les
bian youth, homeless and runaway youth, those in families
with lower socioeconomic status, those who have lost a par
ent to AIDS, those bom HIV positive, and illiterate adoles
cents — and communicating these important messages can
mean the difference between life and death. Homophobia
in the design and implementation of AIDS prevention pro
grams drives away many gay and bisexual adolescents from
needed information and care.
One in four new HIV infections in the U.S. are estimated
to occur among people under the age of 21.
An estimated 40,000 to 80,000 Americans become infected
with HIV each year, or an average of 110 to 220 a day. Under
current trends, that means that between 27 and 54 young people
in the United States under the age of 21 are infected by HTV
each day, or more than two young people every hour. A signifi
cant number of young people are engaging in sexual inter
course as well as drug and alcohol use at earlier stages in thenlives. This fact, coupled with the disturbing number of adoles
cents who are prone to high risk behavior due to homelessness,
sexual abuse, and other circumstances, places young Ameri
cans in a situation that leaves them extremely vulnerable to HTV
infection. Experts expect this high rate of infection to continue
unless a greater commitment to HTV prevention is made by
young people themselves, their families, their educational and
cultural institutions, their religious institutions, and their peers.
Unless education and prevention programs are made
available and accessible to young people they will con
tinue to be at risk for HIV.
HIV/AIDS does not discriminate by gender, geography,
or sexual orientation.
While many adolescents are aware of HIV/AIDS, enough
information is not available to them on how to prevent in
fection and spread of the disease. Education on HIV/AIDS
prevention should begin at an early age and be continually
reinforced both in and beyond the classroom. Educational
programs and preventive messages need to be developed
and delivered by parents, teachers, religious leaders, youth
leaders, professionals working with adolescents, peers, me
dia, and role models. Young people themselves — serving
as peer educators — need to be enlisted and relied on as an
important part of the prevention effort.
In the nearly 15 years since the first cases of AIDS were
reported in the U.S., the epidemic has spread across the coun
try. Cases have been reported in every state, Puerto Rico,
The lack of access to HIV counseling and voluntary test
ing for young people is a major barrier to prevention
and treatment.
i
♦ The Department of Health and Human Services should
create a forum of young people who are infected or affected
by HIV as well as their parents, advocates, and health care
providers to report to Federal officials and help identify and
articulate the needs of adolescents in fashioning Federal re
sponses to HIV and AIDS.
In some areas, there is a clear lack of access to voluntary
and confidential HIV counseling and testing for young
people. Lack of insurance, parental consent laws, personal
finances, and transportation logistics are all barriers to ac
cess. Enhanced education programs need to include infor
mation on how a young person can receive appropriate coun
seling and testing for HIV. The nation’s health care system
needs to incorporate HIV prevention information for young
people into consumer education programs and provide ad
equate financial coverage for young people who test posi
tive for HIV
♦ The Health Resources and Services Administration should
encourage the inclusion of young people and their advocates
on AIDS care planning councils to help identify local needs
and ways to target Federal funds to help meet the distinct de
velopmental and comprehensive care needs of youth.
Adolescents must become a bigger part of the research
process.
♦ The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
should encourage the inclusion of young people and their
advocates in AIDS prevention planning councils to provide
their unique perspective of the needs of youth in prevention
efforts.
Adolescent treatment approaches may vary from those used
for adults or infants. Because little definitive research has
been conducted to date with HIV-positive adolescents, the
specific impact of puberty on the course of HIV infection
has not yet been determined. Behavioral trends that play a
key factor in treatment and prevention have also not been
sufficiently studied. Barriers to more age-appropriate treat
ment research include the difficulties in enrolling young
people in research programs and insufficient long-term fund
ing for this research.
♦ The Federal government should continue to help the
nation’s schools and other youth serving agencies implement
comprehensive programs to prevent the spread ofHIV among
young people.
♦ The National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug
Administration should continue to encourage the enrollment
of adolescents in government and industry sponsored HIV/
AIDS clinical trials.
Young people are an important resource in the Nation’s
response to this epidemic.
Government, medical, and community leaders can learn a
great deal by listening to the voices of young people as they
articulate their needs for understanding, education, commu
nication, and research. Young people must become more
involved in our response to the epidemic and help each other
understand the scope of this epidemic. They must work to
gether with the nation’sleaders to overcome a disease that
threatens all our futures and the future of our country.
♦ The Public Health Service should work with the research
ers, clinicians, medical community, and patients to develop
appropriate clinical practice guidelines for adolescents with
HIV/AIDS.
♦ In releasing data from clinical trials, NIH and FDA should
include specific data related to adolescents. In those cases
where the number of adolescents participating in a trial is
too small, anecdotal data should be released on a limited
basis to allow clinicians anopportunity to begin building a
base of information for their use in treatment.
The goals the Federal government has established to
address the epidemic of HIV/AIDS affecting the youth
population, and the methods that have been set forth to
achieve them, can serve as an example for states, regions,
and communities across the nation.
♦ The Federal government should support expanded access to
testing and counseling for young people. The CDC guidelines
for testing and counseling should address the special needs of
adolescents, such as developmental issues, processes for con
sent, confidentiality, and payment for services. As part of a
grant application for counseling and testing funding, states
should demonstrate the availability of testing and counseling
services for young people.
The Federal government can further address the needs of
adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS in the following ways:
♦ Prevention programs increasingly address the needs of
young people. The Centers for Disease Control and Pre
vention has established the Prevention Marketing Initiative
and an ambitious broadcast and print public service effort
focused on HIV infection in young adults. Young people
and their advocates should be included in all HIV preven
tion community planning councils to provide their perspec
tive on how to best address their needs for prevention pro
grams at the local level.
♦ The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Ad
ministration (SAMHSA), the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), and the Health Resources and Ser
vices Administration (HRSA) should collaborate on sub
stance abuse treatment and prevention strategies affecting
adolescents to ensure a coordinated effort.
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