INTEGRATED HEALTH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN BIHAR
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- Title
- INTEGRATED HEALTH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN BIHAR
- extracted text
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RF_IH_3_SUDHA
6-4'1
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WIER INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SF^iCE
Tbo Xavier Institute of Social
Service, St. Xavier’s
College, P.B.No. 9, Bancbi 834001, Bihar
started as an
extension wing of the college, has in 195$ grown into a fullfledged autoncmous institution and registered as a society. It
offers post-graduate/^rogrammes in personnel management, business
management and integrated ruial development.
It also provides
training for barefoot managers and entrepreneurs, consultancy,
and study and research on the problems of the people of Chhcta
nagpur (6 tribal districts of Bihar).
Objectives *
The objectives of the Institute are J1.
To provide training facilities at post-graduate level
and through extension courses in the field of labour
welfare and industrial relations, business management,
entrepreneurship, trade unions and related fields,
keeping in vic?.? the promotion of the people of.
Chhctanagpur area irrespective of caste, race or
religion.
2.
To engage in research on topics of industrial development,
labour mnarpnent etc* social problems in cooperation
wiih other agencies or vdthout such cooperation;
3.
To enter into relations with social and professional
organisations and to engage in training programmes,
consul tan cy servi ce s etc • an d
4.
To provide social service in the form of guidance,
vocational orientation, case work, coaching classes etc.
Pro^rames :
The programmes, some of which are run by sister organi
sations, are :-
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•Tillage and cottage industries in 30 villages covering
30 families apprcKinately;
2.
Education and training in 35 villages covering 35
families;
3.
Family welfare and community health in 1 village
covering 50 families, including a balwadi in one
village in cooperation with Holy Cross Convent,
Gandhi;
4.
-Appropriate Tecbnolory in 5 villages covering 250
families, in cooperation with the engineers of the
Steel A.nthority of India;
5.
Five camps v/ere organised covering 10 villages and
500 families for conscientiation for rural
popul at ion •
Workers ?
workers
The Institute has a paid staff of lO/aad 12 faculty
persons.
Besides then, ihere are 10 voluntary workers*
-11
The Gram Bharati, Servo day a L shram, P.O* Simultala 811316,
District Monghyr, Bihar, is a centre of experiment in Gram Swarajya,
started by ^charya Ramamurti in 1962 and it was registered as a
Society in 1977.
The area of its operation consists of three blocks
of Jhajha, Chakai and Sono which are among the most backward areas
of Monghyr district in Bihar,
The population has a good proportion
of -Adivasis, Earijan^, and other backward, cormninities with the
problems peculiar to such communities.
About 85^ of the population
is that of marginal farmcxs and landless labourers.
The area is
sub-mountnne where agriculture is a hard proposition because of
scarcity of water.
Majority cf people live at starvation level,
and the level of literacy and enlightenment is very low.
Objectives ?
The object of the institution is, therefore, to make the
people conscious of their problems a,n<J mobilise them for their
socio-eccnonic develorxient.
Th on the area offered a good number
of Gramda.ns, it x^as decided to make an experiment in Gram Swarajya
that is, a system of self-reliant village communities*
Progrannes :
The institution was first started as a training centre in
••jram Swarajya, sponsored by Sarva Seva Sangh and supported by Khadi
TJ
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and Village Industries Commission under the guidance of Acbarya
Ml
Ranamurti.
suaportod by
This was followed by a Gramdan development scheme
and its emvbusis was on agricultural develop
ment and creation of employment.
Along with these pre—dominantly
economic programmes, the institution introduced children’s educa
tion and inrrcved health and hygiene programmes.
Other agencies
that supported its pro grants were CAGA and CRA.
Recent fy’Broad
for tne ■Jorld* has come forward to finance some of its progi‘*?mnes.
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Development of agriculture and. creation of irrigation
facilities were the first programmes introduced in 1969.
At
present its programmes of agricultural nature, that is, supply
of improved seeds, fertilisers and. pesticides, demonstration
faim, construction ’abars* and wells cover 6,580 families spread
over 300 villages in the three blocks.
in 1970 in
Fishery was introduced
6 villages which benefits 150 families,
followed by carpentry and house-making in 1?71.
This was
These cover
20 families in 5 villages*
In subsequent years, more economic
programmes wore launched*
they include a woikshcp-cum-servicing
centre (1973/ , livestock development, industries
like clay-pipe
making, line work, dairying (1975), and bone-meal making and
ambar charkha (1976).
Minong other programmes are child care and education
(1958), family planning and welfare (1971), literacy drive (1962),
youth organisation (1975), and recreation and cultural programmes
(1963)•
One of the most significant social programmes is the
settlement of disputes out cf court which has established a
tradition of Peoplefs Court.
Z-.nother important work the institu
tion has promoted is the organisation of Prakhand Iferajya Sabha -
a block-level body of Grrmdan villages of Jhajha block*
Efforts
are in progress to organise such bodies in the other two blocks*
Workerss
The institution has 37 full-time workers•
-As regards
voluntary worky there are 300 active gram sabhas in Gramdan
villages
wk? re presidents and secretaries give vcluntary
service for various programmes in the village initiated by the
Institution*
Beneficiaries :
it is difficolt to quantify the nuober of bene
ficiaries of the work of the insti'hifion (he physical ntnbers may
- 13
be given.
The work is concentrated in all the 300 Gramdan
villages where irrigation facilities like construction of
’ahars*, wells, dams and canals have been created.
collective figure.
This is a
Individually there are about 155 persons
who have been allotted bullocks and cows and who have the
benefit of the use of pwer-puEips, ahars, wells etc*
For those who are landless and de not get direct
deve 1 opnent bo nef i t, a labour-cooperative has been started
for their benefit.
It is this body which negotiates with
employers on ■£he question of wages aid has , thereby, been
able to raise the wage structure to be renmerative to them.
So is the emphasis on social
Harijans.
programmes for Adivasis and
There were a few erst-while criminal villages
where Grandan special
projects have
been undertaken for
their socio-economic rehabilitation.
This work has been
done in 17 villages.
Si
W-3
* 14
NIBl^AN MANDAL
(£><AM
One of the earliest experiments in post-Bhoodan development
was started by Jayaprakash Narayan.
This was the beginning of the
Gram Nirman Mandal, Sarvodaya Ashram, P.O* Sokhodeora, Pt. Nawadah,
Bihar, established in 1954.
Objectives s
The main objectives of the
social order hy nonviolent means.
Mandal
.. to establish a new
As most of its clientale consists
of Barijans and tribals, many of them rehabilitated in new settlements
on Bhoodan lands, the
Mandal
aakes all efforts for the welfare
and development of the vzeaker sections.
Programmes ?
The
Men
blench?
began its work by taking up distribution of
Bhoodan Land among the landless Harijans and tribal people•
The
Ashram distributed 1,607 acres of Bhoodan land among 625 landless
families in Eawakole block where the Ashram is located•
Since most
of the lands were wastelands, the Ashram had to initiate programmes
of reclamation, contour-bunding and provide irrigation facilities,
supply inputs to enable the people to start cultivation.
As most of
them bad also no dwelling houses, a housing programme was also
launched©
Gandhidham is the first such settlement where 28 landless
families have been settled.*
In the earlier years, most of these
people tried to run away from the inhospitePole place where they
had been sent and where houses for than were built.
But now they
are pround possessors of 15 irrigation wells and fields of multiple
crops and
the sense of belonging to the soil is as strong in them
as in arybody else.
COMMUNITY HEALTH CELL
47/1,(First Noor)St. Marks Hoad
BANGALORE -560 001
- 15
Gramdan ProgracmiG :
Gramdan extended the programme beyond the Savrakole block
and covers 148 villages out cf which 116 have active Gram Swarajya
Sabhas, land redistribution work was completed in 26 villagas and
13 villages have been formally declared under the State Gramdan
Act.
Capital formation in the form of Gram Kcsb has taken
place in 40 villages and a number of check dams and irrigation
wells have been consti'ucted.
$
The Ashram has a 60 acre plot, housing its various buildings
and having its extensive agricultural farm of food grains, vegetables
and orchard.
It gets a revenue of over Bs. 1,60,000 annually from
this farm with vihi ch it supports a large number of workers •
In a bid to acquaint the people of the villages with modern
methods of cultivation, a training programe has been undertaken for
25 farming families in 21 villages,
The very first course of training
yielded most encouraging results.
In the villages where
production
of rice per acre hovered arourri six to ten quintals, these farmers
harvested a bumper crop of 15 to 22 quintals.
The farmers’ expeience
is that with a meagre investment of Hs. 200 they could get a return
of Hs. 1,000 in terms cf crop yields.
rharal Indw tries :
Impressive though
the development of agriculture has been,
it is in the development of rural industries including khadi end
village industries that the area can have a real break-through to
solve rural unemplcyma nt problem.
This is because taere is a limit
beyond which agriculture cannot go but rural industries have unlimited
scone.
The Ashram has been responsible for the sponsoring of the
rural industrialisation project in the district.
It includes about
- 16
50 assorted rural industries and crafts, both traditional and modern,
for increased opportunities in the self-employment sector.
Tie project was introduced in 1962 and initially 1,500 artisai s
and otheis/vere selected for promotion of rural crafts.
They were given
training and provided with capital assistance, technical guidance and
marketing of their products.
These small entrepreneurs were later
brought under three independent units which together dealt wi-fh a
working capital of Rs. 22,18,412.29, mostly in the form of loans from
various banks aid public finance corporations, the Khadi Commission
and Khad i Board •
The above figures exclude those about Khadi an? village
industries the progress of which is spectacular*
While other acti
vities of the institution are United to Nawadah district, in Khadi
and villas industries it has branched out to the neighbouring
districts of Gaya, Aurangabad and Eazaribagh.
This expansion was
made when 10 khadi production units originally run by the Bihar Khadi
^ramodyog oangh, in its decision to decentralise its activities, were
transferred to the control of the instituticn.
Since then, the Khadi
Committee of the institution increased its turn-over from Bs* 5,45,000
to Ils* 11,40,538 in a decade.
Workshop ;
The Ashram has a workshop for training of youth in various
skills.
Althea gh the Ashram provides training in farming, daiiying,
fishezy and animal husbandry, it is the training in the workshop
which is most impressive.
run on commercial basis.
It has now another workshop at Nawadah
/
- 17
SAbWTAZA.
ASZRAM
Samarrraya Ashram, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, is an institution founded
in 1954 by Acharya Vinoba Bhave.
At the All India Sarvodaya confer
ence that was held at Boch Gaya in that year, Kakasaheb Kalelkar,
fresh from a visit to Japan, spoke of the necessity of religious
harmony.
and
Vinoba had. also been thinking of harmccy of all religions
of establishing a centre where the subject couldbe studied and.
practised.
Accordingly, the decision was made to establish such a
centre at Bodh Gaya which was appropriately named "Samanvaya Ashram’1
on April 18, 1954.
The Tehran was inaugurated by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a small
purse was presented by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru for the innovation of
an old well at the site where the Ashram was established.
Objectives and Pro^rawes ?
The objective of the Ashram is the promotion of harmonious
life of mankind.
The harmony of life is total-physical, emotional,
intellectual and spiritual.
As the people around are very poor and.
mostly illiterate, the Ashram took interest in their socio-economic
development.
Through the Ashram, 5000 acres of Bhoodan land was distributed
among 2000 families and their socio-economic rehabilitation programme
was undertaken.
Fifteen ne^r settlements on these laic's vrere estab
lished. for this purpose and programmes, for land, inprevoment, irriga
tion, agriculture, animal husbandry and social education and. health
and hygiene were undertaken by the Ashram.
The programmes introduced bythe Ashram are agriculture in 64
villages covering 2000 families, livestock development in 4 villages
covering 60 families, education and training 50 villages covering
300 families, community health in 150 villages covoriiog 5000 families
- 18
and recreational and cultural programmes in 50 villages covering
300 families*
Workers s
The Ashram has 35 workers, of whom 25 are fnil-time paid
wo xkers•
u
J
’7
i
No. 201
S.R.D.
Bihar/MP
'J
Agricultural Community Development Project - "Krishi"
Samudayik Vikas Yojna, Palamau (Bhandaria Block) Bihar
and Surguja, M.P.________________ ___ ____________
.
1.
Started in 1968
2.
Coverage.
3.
Activities. Rural Health, Agricultural Extension Work,
Subsidized seed. Fertilizer, Education, Trucking,
Irrigation, Relief Agency.
a. Started with leprosy work - now has 500 plus
patients all over Surguja and Palamau. Provides
monthly clinics in various locations in Palamau
three mobile clinics.
b. Has "clinic” with in-patient facilities.
Rural population of 50,000 in 100 villages.
c.
Serves as agency to co-ordinate relief work.
d.
Makes local roads - provides truck for outside
markets.
e.
Flour mill - oil mill (small)
f.
Pump rental - tractor rental.
g.
h.
Workshop service - repairs.
Small agricultural school.
Mobile cinema.
Run entirely by
6.
Community & Other Participation.
"local" tribal population.
7.
__________________
Sponsorship/Funds. Received some outside capital but now runs from profits made on two ’'Farms'* owned
by the project - no outside funding, Secular non-profit.
12.
Reference.
Note;
UIO Unicef note.
Information on items 4
L rs^-7'(Oa^st.
< - -y
art.
5, 8-11 not available
1
HA & * I
No.202
Health
Bihar
Brothers to All Men International
P.O. Buniadganj, Gaya 323003
1.
Started before 1974
2.
Coverage 20,000
3.
Activities.
4.
Personnel & Training,
charge;, a doctor.
11.
Contact. Dr A. Pais.
12.
Reference.
Note.
Items 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Health; Literacy; Agricultural Extension.
Resident ANMs; overall
VHAI
information not available.
-7
Achievement
Motivation
In
Community
Health:
A VILLAGE EXPERIENCE
Sr. GERMAINE ALPHONSO
12 Aim GW .
WEin. Mandar, a rural and mostly tribal area
in Ranchi recognised that health problems
of any community are inter-related with the
economic, political and cultural problems of
society. We saw health, as only one component
of the over-all development of the community.
Hence is our search to discover a means of how
to use concern for health as a way to motivate
people to improve their standard of living and
th'**’* quality of life.
rn October of 1975, an advertisement to a
seminar on how to get a village to be economic
ally stable and self-sufficient without any outside
financial aid—something that seemed unbelievable
caught our curiosity and interest.
For this we are indebted to Prof. P.T. Con
tractor and Prof. B.B. Siddiqqui who team up
with Fr. J.M. Heredero of St. Xavier’s College,
Ahmedabad. They were invited by XISS Ranchi,
to give a course in Achievement-Motivation
techniques for Rural Development.
Before the 10 day seminar our idea of develop
ment was synonymous with ‘'aid”-that is more
economic growth, land, material wealth, food,
clothing and shelter which may or may not assist
people to become better. For us now develop
ment does mean an improvement of all the materi
al things but primarily “the development of
people**; the liberation of people, taking control
of their own lives, people participating in the
decisions they shape, people being free to love
and build trustful genuine relationships free of
manipulations.
With this as a take off, we too formed a team:
Junas Lakra—our Agricultural Supervisor, who
has done a 2-year course in Agriculture, Clara
Kujur his wife who is an ANM working with us
and Sukra Paul Xalxo our driver, who has integr
ated well in our team.
The Achievement-Motivation method should
be very appealing to people of all ages and sections
of the community-both literate and illiterate as it
is an experience-based method, using games for
action-reflection and an awareness of oneself in
the group. It helps build the community and
promote unity, trust, co-operation, listening,
equality, decision making, problem solving and
village organization.
When people are motivated thus, they start to
see that their health problems are related to
nutrition, water supply, housing, education, in
come and its distribution, employment, com
munication, transportation, political decisions etc.
Our health programmes are based on these
and, therefore, vary from village to village as we
encourage each community to take genuine res
ponsibility, initiative and self-reliance in the
planning and implementation of their own health
programmes.
The role of the team is to inspire, motivate and
demonstrate but refrain from making decisions
for community as they conduct their own health
programmes, at their own pace and quite a bit in
their own style.
Every village determines their needs and work
out their plan of action with the available resour
ces within and outside their community. One
village decided that feeding their children was
their most urgent need and, therefore, they plan
ned for co-operative farming through which they
set up their children’s feeding programme. Then
followed the training of the local dais (midwives)
as health worker—and the whole chain of preven
tive programmme. Another village decided that
irrigation was their most urgent need—and work
ed out their own means of fulfilling this need by
working together first on digging Kutcha wells
with their own resources—and then of beginning a
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savings account in the Bank so that within a year
they would be able to take loans for cementing
wells, and for water pumps. We could go on
relating about each village but it would suffice if
we give ordinarily what their activities are :
(1)
Formation of organizations
(a) men, women and youth
(b) division of the entire village into
sectors with leaders in each section.
(2)
Conduct meetings—taking
keeping simple accounts, etc.
(3)
Mother and
programmes.
(4)
Setting up supplementary feeding pro
grammes through better food production.
(5)
Village sanitation programmes.
child
and
leadership,
immunization
7~6cy t5Jxe
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GxnnddKc \
/
kldvA.lt fs a_ po-sFe
\ rvfijc ir
IKe. 5vice
V^lso fitde/
(6)
Village sports and celebrations together.
(7)
T.B., leprosy and malaria eradication.
(8) Savings—Banking, budgeting.
(9)
Eradication of alcoholism.
(10)
Setting up
disputes.
people’s
court
to
settle
Since 1975 we have helped develop four villages
in the area along these lines. It is rather a slow
process but the results are overwhelming when
the awareness of their own potential takes hold
in the minds and hearts of the people. The first
village we worked with in 1975, today stands out
as a village, which has become self-sufficient as to
their basic needs, runs an adult education pro
gramme to eradicate illiteracy and continuously
search and plan for ways and means to help them
selves.
(Ke u.$ixkl re Pied/£5 [f\e,
people w your Village,
U56 wken0'^erseoto
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apf>|ie.d -fzTTn
41
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Bihar Water Development Society
CfUk5^oad
The origin of the Bihar Water Development
Society (BWDS) can be traced way back to 1967,
the time when Bihar was hit by a terrible famine.
The acute shortage of water, the life giving fluid
and total crop failure then, threatened the lives
of millions.
The Government mounted a massive relief
programme to help those affected. . Help poured
in form of cash, food and clothing from all
corners of the country. These were but temporary
measures. .something had to be done on more
permanent basis.
Droughts, whatever their magnitude, make
agriculture their prime target. Keeping these and
other factors in view, an organisation called the
Bihar Water Development Society was set up to
assist poor and marginal farmers, by investigating
ground-water potential and developing of both,
surface and tubewells in the arid areas of Rohtas
district in Bihar.
The Bihar Water Development Society is an
Voluntary Organization. It has its registered office
at Bishop’s House, Bankipore, Patna. The organiza
tion specialises in water development projects such
as drilling of tubewells, construction of Surface
wells and other development projects related to
agriculture and irrigation.
The BWDS is funded by donor agencies like
Food For India Foundation (FFIF) Netherlands,
and Central Agency, West Germany. The funds
are channeled through the People’s Action For
Development India (PADI) under the Ministry ’
of Agriculture, New Delhi.
The BWDS is also a member of the Bihar
Association of Voluntary Agencies (BAVA).
A thirteen member Governing Body formulates
Policies which are executed by the Executive
Officer and the field staff whose office and work
shop are based at Kudra in Rohtas District.
Helping small and marginal farmers to achieve
their felt needs has been the guiding principle
of the BWDS. To achieve this, the Society imple
ments the following programmes :
1. The Open Well Programme: This pro
gramme is specifically designed to help small and
marginal farmers. The beneficiaries of this pro
gramme is required to produce a certificate to
this effect from the local Government authorities.
r -
The average depth of a well is 45' and it
has a diameter of 8', Most of the farmers use
Persian Wheels to draw out the water from these
wells. On an average, the farmer owning such
a well cultivates three to four acres of land and
is thus able to raise atleast two crops annually.
Furthermore, the well provides adequate drink
ing water for the farmer and his village through
out the year.
During the past 10 years the BWDS has cons
tructed 605 such wells in Rohtas District.
The entire cost of this surface percolation well
is given to the farmer in the form of an interest
free loan. The beneficiary is required to repay this
loan in small instalments over the years. The
amount due is collected from time to time by the
field workers of the society. To cut down costs
on Such wells, the society makes use of the Food
For Work Scheme of the Catholic Relief Services
(CRS) which subsidises 70 percent of the labor cost.
The Tube-well Programme : Knowing the
value of guaranteed irrigation, and seeing it
augmenting production many times, even poor
farmers strain all their resources to get a tubewell
drilled on their land.
To implement its tubewell programme, the
BWDS maintains two Direct Rotary German Rigs.
These are direct mud rotary rigs and very effec
tive in water alluvial formation soil.
The average depth of a tubewell is 257’ and
the diameter is 4" or 6” as required by indi
vidual farmers. The water discharge from such
a well is approximately 10,000 gallons per hour.
With proper irrigation channels the farmer can
easily irrigate 10 to 15 acres of land and thus
is able to raise two to three crops a year.
There are two ways to get the service of the
BWDS to drill a tubewell. In the direct method,
the farmer simply has to deposit an advance of
Rs. 10,000/- with the society. This is followed
by a formal agreement between the farmer and
BWDS, and then the society takes command of
the drilling operation. The above method usually
is not feasible for small farmers as drilling opera
tions require substantial investment. To ease out
this problem, the BWDS has evolved a Credit
Scheme in co-operation with the State Bank of
India. Under an agreement with the State Bank
of India, Sasaram and the Agriculture Develop
ment Bank, Bhabua, a Sum of Rs. two lakhs each
has been deposited in these banks as 1Fixed Deposits,
This enables the farmer to get ai loan for his
tubewell against the mortgage of 10 acres of land.
In case of possible defaulters, BWDS has
underwritten 25 percent of the advance money.
In this scheme the farmer who pays his instal
ments regularly gets a two percent subsidy on the
interest payable to the bank. This subsidy comes
out of the interest on the Fixed Deposits.
The Main attraction for the farmer in this
scheme, is that, if the drilling does not bring
out water bearing strata, the entire cost of drill
ing is borne by the BWDS.
3. The Agriculture Extension Programme:
The BWDS Extension Programme has been set up
to advise and instruct farmers on modern farming
techniques. To facilitate this programme, a seven
acre plot adjacent to the workshop and Office
complex of BWDS in Kudra, Rohtas District,
has been developed into a demonstration plot
and model farm. Joining hands with the National
Seeds Corporation (NSC) at this farm, BWDS
multiplies and distributes seed of high yielding
varieties to local farmers at very moderate rates.
The extension programmes of the BWDS are
designed to motivate and educate farmers So as
to enable them to visualise future benefits through
organised endeavour.
Farmers tied down to traditional methods of
agriculture and irrigation have been motivated to
switch on to a modern and scientific mode of
farming; thus their crop yields in the recent years
have gone up to the extent of 5 to 6 times.
The programmes of the Bihar Water Develop
ment Society have been commercialised with stress
on ‘service’ which enjoins it to work on a no
porift—no loss basis.
The Bihar Water Development Society which
came into existence during the bleak years of the
famine, 10 years ago, has now grown steadily as
an instrument of service to a sizeable segment
of population and its impact on the local develop
ment front is as established fact.
For Further Information write to :
JOHN MALAYIL
Executive Officer
BWDS
KUDRA P. O.
ROHTAS DI ST.
Bihar-821 108
-12.
RURAL.
INTEGRATED
DEVELOPMENT
-1^
SYLLABUS
1 st Ssmastsr:
Jun® to D«c®mb«r:
SUBJECTS:-
1. Social Problens and Social Justice
2. Social Work and nural welfare
3. Behavioural Science
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rural Sociology and Tribal Culture
Women Leadership and Rural extension
Acjjit Education and Punctional Literacy
Rural Communication
8. Homo ^cionce, Cobking, Handicrafts (Both semester)
9. Gardening
10. Music (Optional) -Both semesters.
11. Seminer/Group discussion/ Field work
11 nd Qflmester
11 .
Basic Accountancy
12.
13.
14.
Rural nealth and Hygiene
1 5.
15.
January to May
Project planning add project administration.
Basic Managerial Skills
17.
Principles ef co-operation
Integrated Rural Development
Income Generating schemas for Rural Woman
1B.
Rural Credit and financing agencies
SYLLABUS :
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
*1sfc Samasteri-
1st. Social Problems and Social Justice
Indian Situation, Poverty and inequality
Tools of social and economic analysis
Social Justice and Development
People’s Organisation
Approaches of Social change
Code of behaviour for agents of change.
Life s* style of change agents
(case analysis and group discussion)
hmlth c-u.
IV. RURAL SOCIOLOGY AND TRIBAL CULTURES
Sociology T Definitions, branches and its importance.
History of Rural Sociology.
Concept- Culture, customs , norms, folkways, taboos,
culturation. Cultural assimilation cultural lag. Cultural
change.
Society— Definition and main features
Characterstics of urban and rural population
Social institutions and Rural society
Definitions of organisations and associations^group social
group, ecological entities, collectivities, institutions,
Families religion.
Concept-Rituals,beliefs, prohibit ions,faith productive,
protective.
Social stratificationDefinitions land and
land holding Geographical agencies and mean grographical
condition and economic life and organisations.
stages of civilization and agriculture. Type of ownership
in land.
leadership- Definition, leadership and power distribution
in the villages, ytypes of leaders, theories of leadership
factors to evolve leaders, Nature and qualities of leaders.
Techniques to identify leaders (formal and informal)
TRIBAL CULTURE:I
Place of tribal culture in the science of anthropology
Anthropology* its definition, branches, importance.
Social organisation of tribes family, community, village
and village panchayatas.
Cleans and totemism
A tribal house.
Trubal village- its social set up
persons of consequence in a tribal village
Persons connected with tribes
Tribel customs- marriage, married persons, birth ,death
and after death.
JixADULT EDUCATION AND FUNCTIONAL LITERACY;-
ADULT EDUCATlONSr
Concept and meaning
Importance of adult education in India.
® Education as a continuous process.
Formal, informal and non-formal education
Principles of adult learning.
Techniqurs of adult education
- 6 -
5. Introduction identification ans propagation of annuals
pereodical and climbing ornaments.
6. Propagation and care of quick growing fruits.
B.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
1. General management of cattle , poultry, piggery and goats.
2. Housing for cattle and sanitation.
3» K Signs of health and sickness, impottand contagious and
infectious diseases, t^eir prevention. First- aid .
4. Cattle nutrition and feeding. ,
,
, •
5. Signs of Heat, Breeding methods (Natural & A. I. ) care dring
pregnancy, during after parturition , care of calf.
11 nd SEMESTER
!• BASIC ACCOUNTANCY •
Accounting and Indian rural economy.
- Accountancy Definition and importance.
- Different types zajfi
of records ( Registers ) •
- Maintenance of journal, cash book, ledger, and balance steet.
5 Simple balance sheets, trial and net balance sheet*
- Cash memo’s and \fouchers.
- Dealing with banks, post office.
11* RURAL HEALTH AND HYGINE? CHILD CARE AND WOMEN WELFARE.
RURAL HEALTH AND HYGINE
i'
How to start a public Health Centre- purpose.
Who is a Health worker- who can become a health worder.
Cbncept- Health and diseases.
Diseases its nature and causation.
Man environment and health, community feueatk health*
Social customs and health.
Personal hygine and sanitation.
Mocrpbs and hosts parasites relationship.
Irradication of house pests.
Common and*
communicable diseases.
Common disease carrying insects and their control.
7
Control of infectiousdiseases*
Insect* born diseases.
Diet in common diseases.
Family planning.
First aid or emergency* care*
n. L-. 1
riilo
CHild care and women ye1fare•
Chils care* Its meaning^
Common ailments of children•
Care of mouth, eyes, ear. nose, throat, teeth etc.
Home
nursing*
when to pall or consul.t a dictor^
%
community health and resources
preparing for your baby*
care during pregnancy and maternal health*
A) 2 tages of Development
B) Problem behaviour
r
wheh children quqrrBl- preventing quarrel
problem of rural women*
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Hl a
History of rural development in India*
Concept of Rural development
old and modern
Methods of rural community development
Community organisation and extension programme.
Human factors in community development •
I
Panchayat Raj- Three tierxxyxjfcxx
system
Women representation in panchayat*
Antodaya D* P. APP. SFDA. MFALDA? BHALCO and othersprogrammes•
*
1
■
4
lv.
Income Generating - Schemes •
r
—
■
—........................................ .. ................. .............
-
■
■
■■
Moments position in Indian society
v
Indian econimic situation-past and present
Role of women in economic overall development if India
Economic activities in rural India
Governmental and non- Governmental economic schemes for
rural wmen*
Possible occupation ( Schmes) for rural women.
Garment making, rojpe knotting, doll making, tailoring, massala
grinding, hand weaving, vegetables growing fruit cultivation,
wood cutting, goat rearing poultru, pig rearing,rabbxt Rearing.
2.
SOCIAL WORK AND MRURAL WELFARE:-
SOCIAL UORK:Basic Philosophy of social work, Definition and scope
Training in Social work
of Social work principles
Historical practices.
In Social work- Indian &
Western
Planning for social work organisation
Case work, group work, (Methods of Social work)
RURAL UELFARE:Definition, Scope, Minimum needs
Welfare for inderprivilleged group- Tribal, other
weaker sections, Provisions in Indian Constitution.
Role of non- Governmental agencies in Rural welfare.
Rehabilitation of disabled and Beggars
Special legislations for the vulenerable groups
Organistional structure of social welfare.
11J . BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES:Understandinf of human behaviour
Needs , Goal, Habits, ^earning aptitubels and abilities.
Personality,
Main determinants of individual difference.
«
Tools of appraising human behaviours.
jlnterview schedule , Questionnair, Intelligence test,
Personality test.
Groups at work
Formal and inforaal group
Origin of groups
Group interaction
Theory X and V
Individual motives and group goals - case studies.
- 8
Suitable projects for chotanagpur region#
Governmental <id non— Governmental facilities for economic
schemes for rural w omen#
*★*******★★★***********
*******************
V. FORESTRY.
Forest- concept and Jqcps types#
Importances of forest
Benefits from forest
1
Management of forest
Enemies of forest
social resoures <and
---- their processing
forest wisit.
'
Vie
.
•.
■
■
Project PlanningAnd Project Adnuoistration*
Rural project- Definition
Project in terms of system
Management of rural projects- management cycle
Idintifivation of projects , ixx*
Industrial people's
approach •
Project cycle
Parameter of development----------------- — - -■■■ ---Project appraisal, financiil appraisal- net work appraisal
Net work analysis.
-
Project administration concept and menaing
, Monitoring and evaluation.
Approaches used in evaluation I. E. methodology
Project w formulation
Planning a rural development project( Practical work )
VI4? Basic Managerical skill
Management and ManagerDEfinition, meaning
Types of managers C Managerial grid.)
How to read, m
wrote, learn, speak, listem, run a meeting.
How to manage leadiership, changes, cecision making motivation
conflict: and co— operation
Principles of management
Universality of managenent*
. -5 i- (
- 9 Ville
Principles of co- operation •
Genesis and definitions an<3 abjectives
essential features
co— operation^ joint stock company and trade unions
Basic characterstics of co-operation
B volution of co-operatives in India
Raiffesian socisty- objective and chief features
Main provisions of co- operative xsexb^c
society act 1904
Provisions of 1912 Act.
A11XXBX
India Rural Credit Survey committee 1951
PxxxngxxyRxyggpwxs-yyoyBrtMxyKdxwtR
Hii Farmer service society and its he organisation
co- operative marketin' gand its organisation
primaty agricultural credit society
Lamps
:
1 X.
-
'
[
j ,_-4
XJ
Rural credit and financing agencies
Introduction, meaning and importance
Ageiculture as a separate industry and its characterstics
Need for credit in tural sector
Classification of agricultural credit
Rural indebtedness at a hlance
All India Rural survey committee 1951 and 1971.
Need of credit from farmers point of view
i
Purpose of loan in rural areas.
Procedures and methods of financing by banks
Role of commercial banks in rural development
Agricultural labouter , definition and types
Facilities available from/banks
Financing of lift Irrigation schemes
Financing of Dairy schemes
p
VIII. UONEN LEADERSHIP AND RURAL EXTENSION:-
Rural leadership its inputs andpMfcuMfce putputs
Rural women and their problems in the field »of representation*
Rural toman- Field of leadership
Inportanee of women leadership
in the Crural life.
Role of women leaders inthe development of rural society.
House wife aS a leader.
Women leaders and movements (case studies)
Role of extention in rural development
Extension- Meaning, practices, agencies and characteristics.
Historical background of rural extension agencies in India.
Systems of rural extension
Rural extension and small farmers
Extension functions
Phases of Mrural extension
Hethods / techniques of rural extension
N.D.P. Motivation, Farm twfxer information and
communication
efcfc support.
Farmers education and training programme
TRYSEN.
Role of various agencies in rural extension
How to plan an extension programme
GARDENING.
1 .
Uhat is garden? Difference betweengarden andKitchen
Garden ? Importance of § Garden. Types of Gardens.
Classification of Garden .
2.
KITCHEN GARDEN
Types of kitchen Garden. Inportance of Kitchen garden for a
family life.
3.
Cropping plan , crop rotation, classification of vegetables
with reference to season
4.
LAYOUT OF A KITCHEN GARDEN:-
Planning, Steps in establishing K.G.us® of suitable
vegtables according, to region.
Various methods of sowing, calculation of seed rate.
Use of fertilizers, calculation of fertilizer mixture rate..
Use of Insecticides, Fungicidws , Seed treatment ,weed control
fcMtes rate control*
Interculturing, Irrigation , Top dressing
Harvesting, Processing, Storage and their problems•
Organising adult literacy programme.
Conssientisation according to Paulo Freir®.
NAEp- Financing, sturcture, functioning problems,solutions.
RfcIH FUNCTIONAL LITERACY.
Concept and meaning fimportance> and scope
functional literacy and rural India.
Practical work in crafte - weacing, tailoring, paper and
cloth bag making, ribiri making, chair ueaving,embroidary,
knitting , mat making, basket making.
v1•
? 5 k 99 ?] L1 LJ NJ ? al? ? !Ls
concept difinition and meaning
Uhat happens , does not haopens in EPJWPfiKhifciBRS communication
Communication process and channel
Principles of rural communication
Role of communication in Rural development
Comminication media and methods -seminar, group discussion,
lecture, village fair, demonstration.
Audio - visual aid (Theory and practical)
VII.
HOME SCIENCE.
NUTRITION
Importance of food in our life
Food groups
Nutrients
Balanced diet
Wfc Methods of
ebAR
cooking
Food preservation.
practical:^
-Simple cooking, Pickle making, Jam making ,
simple baking, food for sick people.
HANDICRAFTS:-
Paper work, drawing, painting.
Flower making with different materials paper,clcth etc.
Knotting,thread work, plastic work.
Simple drafting and cutting
Simple d garment making baby garments (sweeter, Bonet,Socks)
BODH GAYA REPORT
Report of the Committee set up by the Government
of Bihar to inquire into the land holdings of the
Bodh Gaya Math.
This is an abridged version of the Committee’s Report which was
submitted to the Bihar Government on October 10, 1980» The
factual background regarding the land holdings of the Bodh Gaya
Hath have been set out in earlier reports published in ’’Voluntary
Action" is omitted here. The recommendations of the Committee
are given in full. (Translated from the Original Kindi text)„
RecornEiendations ‘
is no complete or separate record of the land holdings
1.
There
of
the Mahant in the whole State.
in
Gaya he owns land in several other districts - Aurangabad,
In addition to his possessions
Navada. Hazaribagh, MuzaffarpurPatna,9 Bhojpur, Monghyr, Ealamau,
Champaran, Rohtas and Nalanda.
The district Collector’s office at Gaya has detailed informa
tion al ut his land only in 13( out of the 488 villages listed.
A special clause in the Land Ceiling Act provides for necessary
action to
be taken on land possessions as a whole within the State
to prevent any landholder from taking advantage of the size of his
holding
in each individual district.
Under these circumstances the Committee specifically recommen
ded that immediate and time-bound measures should be taken to get a
clear
and true assessment of land owned by Mahant and Math.
For
this purpose revenue officials of concerned districts may be
appointed, and to guide and monitor their work a senior official of
the Revenue Department at the Secretariat level may be deputed.
When necessary information has been collected under the time
bound programme, quick steps should be taken to acquire all land
above the
land ceiling.
It is possible that a time-bound
programme may be required for this purpose also.
The Committee
believes that such action will release much of the land claimed by
Matt/Mahant for distribution by Government among landless Harijans.
I*
2
2.
Immediate steps should be taken to take up the case under the
Land Ceiling Act and to confiscate all land above the ceiling
belonging to the Mahant independently as per the report of the
Collector, Gaya.
Available information on-the-spot inquiry and the statement of
3.
the Bodn Gaya Mahant dated July 29, 1980, prove beyond doubt that
the land transfers effected by the Mahant and his associates are all
bogus and benami.
Therefore in such matters notice should be served
on the Mahant alone and the process
be initiated without delay,
of appropriation of surplus land
From the statement made by the Bodh Gaya Mahant to the Committee
4.
on July
July 29,
29? 1980 it is clear that he is not interested in the case
pending in the Supreme Court concerning the 17 Trusts, because,
according to his statement, all the land under the jurisdiction of
the Bodh Gaya Math but registered in the names of the Bodh Gaya
Mahant, his disciples, his workers and his followers, belongs to the
In the light of this statement, the Government could seek the
Math*
cooperation of the Supreme Court to expedite matters, so that the
surplus
5O
land could.be acquired without delay.
On the authority of facts published the District Collector s
office, notice has been served on 680 fictitious holders by the
Collector (Land Ceilings) under the Land Ceiling Special Act.
427
persons have registered objections among whom are 122 people to
whom land had actually been transferred by the Bodh Gaya Mahant
himself.
No objections
...
have been admitted by the remaining 253
holders.
According to the available information, final hearings had
been concluded by December. 1979 on the objections raised by 246 cut
of the 427 fictitious land holders
The Committee recommends that:
a)
b)
the land held by the 253 non-.-objectors be declared *Farziv
and confiscated without delay;
.1 i and suitable action quickly initiated
decisions be taken
hearing has been concluded; and
in those cases where
\—
3
c)
6.
action be taken first in those cases where transfer has been
done by the Mahant himself to various people, and the remai
ning be attended to later.
The Trust Deed of 1932 clearly states that the Trust was being
formed to manage, supervise and take care of the Math’s property. The
Deed also denies right to sell. transfer or alienate the peroperty to
any trustee or board of trustees.
In the light of the aims and conditions of the Trust, the Commi
ttee considers that any change affecting the Math’s land would be
illegal and unauthorised.
Therefore, all the land belonging to the
Math should be considered as one composite whole and the Land Ceiling
Act be
applied to
it.
gift of 1300 acres of land surrendered to the Government in
1976 by the Mahant on behalf of bogus, benami holders and gods and
7.
The
goddesses should be legally looked intoi.
exempt
8.
Steps should be taken to
such cases in which the Math or Mahant is involved.
A task force of specialists be set up to study in detail the
benamij bogus and other transfers effected by the Math and to consider
ways an. means ot
of proceeding 1 gaily. In the lic it of these findings
steps should be taken to bring into force the Land Ceiling Act.
As
there are many cases concerning the Bodh Gaya Math pending in various
courts, it would
be necessary to appoint a special Government lawyer
to look into them.
9.
Specially selected assistants be appointed for helping the
Collector (Land Ceiling) to conduct area investigations and proceed
with other
10.
matterso
The land released through action taken based on the Committee’s
recommendations should be distributed according to the Government
rules among Harijans and the distribution be entrusted to the Bihar
Bhoodan
11.
The
Yagna Committee.
Committee feels that the land that has been transferred to
benami and bogus holders can be declared illegal and the land confis
cated.
But in case there are any legal obstacles or other reasons
4
preventing such confiscation, the Committee feels that the Government
enact a special law to expedite the process.
should
12.
The Committee fears that the Math may again try to appropriate
the crops grown on its
land by landless Harijans who have by coopera-
tive effort been able to- establish themselves on such land. The
the welfare of these Harijans
Government should in consideration of
for such
direct the; district authorities to immediately arrange
security measures as necessary and to give these landless labourers
the status of ryots.
The Committee has in its report spelt out many important reco13
mmendations concerning various matters. The Committee considers it
on these recommendanecessary for the Government to take early action
tions.
01her recommendations
The Government should put an
1.
labour as workers of the Math.
2.
end to the Math7s use of bonded
The Governemtn should see that minimum wages are
paid to forced
labour employed by the Math.
The Math has involved the non•violent satyagrahis against its
tyranny in false cases in an attempt to intimidate them. The
3o
Committee recommends that an impartial inquiry should be instituted
about
these cases and false cases cancelled.
The Bihar Religious Trust Board is empowered to scrutinise the
4»
property, income and expenditure of any religious trust under its
jurisdiction and judge whether the aims and conditions of the trust
have
been adhered to.
The Body Gaya Math Trust is one of the most
powerful religious trusts in Bihar.
to its
How far the Board has been true
responsibility concerning the Bodh Gaya Trust has to be
examined.
If it is
found to have been lax in the matter, the Board
should be awakened to its responsibilities and its duties by the
Government,
5
r
Setting up of the Committeei
Appendix - I
Keeping in mind the consequences of the struggle initiated by the
Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Vahini against the bogus and benami land trans
fcrs effected by the Bodh Gaya Mahant with the aim of circumventing the
land ceiling Act, the Revenue Department set up a Committee (Resolution
40801 dated October 13, 1979) to inquire into the real situation with
regard to all bogus and benami and other holdings of the Bodh Gaya
Mahant and to recommend suitable measures for speedy enforcement of the
land
ceiling law,.
This Resolution was published in the Extraordinary
Gazette No- 958 dated October 13, 1979 of the Bihar Government.
The
aims of the Committee were to?
find out the details about the ownership, extent of benami ana
a)
other land holdings of the Bodh Gaya Mahant;
b)
suggest measures required to be taken by Government to acquire
land above the land ceiling Act.
The
following persons were appointed members of the Committee.-
Shri Narsingh Narayan Singh, (Chairman, Bihar Bhoodan Samiti),
Chairman; Smt. Sushila Sahay, MLC;
Jagdish Sinha, MLC;
S. Sahabuddin, MLA; Vasishat Narayan Sinha, MLA; Keshav Mishra
(Member, Gram Nirman Mandal Khadi Samiti, Gaya); Radharaman,
Gita Prasad Sinha; (Member, Bihar State Khadi Gramudyug Board),
and K»B
Saxena (Tribal Welfare Commissioner, Ranchi) Member
Secretary.
Later the Chhatra Yuva leader. Vashisht Narayan Sinha, was also
appointed a Member
In its meeting on January 21,
Member of
of the
the Committee.
Committee
1980, the Committee resolved to invite two young workers, Shri Surya
Narayan and Shri Anil Prakash, closely connected with the Chhatra
Yuva Sangharsh Vahini,5> to take part in its future proceedings so that
it could get through them relevant and important information about
the land
holdings of the Bodh Gaya Math and the Mahant.
The Committee was set up after Shri Jaya Prakash Narayan had
written following the
firing at Mastipur resulting in three deaths
on August 3,1979, to the then Chief Minister, Shri Ram Sunder Das,
requesting that a Committee sponsored by the Government be set up to
inquire
into the land holdings of the Bodh Gaya Math.
- /f
J
SiHAR.
I
/
7
ADULT
EDUCATION
IN
CHOTANAGPUR
1978 - 1983
A TWO-DAY
U OR KSHOP
FOR
NON-GOVERNNENTAL
at
Xaviar Institute of Social Service
Purulia Road, Ranchi 834 001
8 - 9th April 1978
on tho occasion of the
Inauguration of the now promises of
the Instituteo
-t
... iar)3..
BAUG^OflE-66°
C-Lk
Boad
AGENCIES
XLSS/
Fr . .N .V od .8.
PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP
. Last year a successful seminar was organized at Ramakrishna
Mission Ashram, Ranchi on the role of voluntary agencies in
tribal and rural development, in which (dialogue was initiated
between.Government and non-Governmental agencies, Xavier Ins
titute intends to celebrate the inauguration ofti^senov premises,
taking place on 7th April, with a”two—day Workshop on a topic
^portanccAdult Education in the Chotanagpur region
ano the role of Non-Governmental Agencies therein# The Work
shop will be on 8th and 9th of April.,
The Government of India has taken up the challenge of
making within 5 years? that is by 1983-84, a .total population
of 100 million people literate. Towards the end of the current
year, the Government is.launching a National Adult Education
Programme, (NAEP), and it expects the non-governe-mental
agencies to play a role in mobilizing all available resources
towards achieving that goal.
<
Shri Anil Kordia, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Education
and Social Welfare, who is responsible for cthe NAEP, has
agro ed to Personally come, and preside at the workshop.
The purpose of the workshop is three-fold.
a. To hear from Government, what it intends to achieve
by the NAEP, and how it hopes to reach its objective.
b. To take stock of different forms of adult education
already being undertaken by Non-Governmental organizations
in the Chotanagipur region •
c» To d-< raw up practical guidelines for a. more effective
commitment towards the NAEP and better' cooperation between
Q-over nmental and . Non-Governmental organizations,.
PARTICIPANTS
The Workshop is meant for Non-Governmental Organizations
which are already engaging in adult education, under one form
or other, or which intend to take up adult education in the
near future. Each organization can depute a maximum number
of two representatives to the
Workshop.
The number of participants will be limited to approxi
mately 100 persons, (the outer lirpit--being 125), .so.as to
j.
: 2
■K}.:
Sr
ensure max-imurn participation by everybody.
Governmental organizations, responsible ’for the promotion
of adult education, will also be welcome to send one delegate
to the Workshop^
VENUE
The W orkshop./will be; held in the new premises of Xavier
Institute of S ocial/S er vice, Purulia R.bad, RANCHI 834001
next
to St.3ohn!s High School
School, and close to the bus-stand on the
Main Road.
For delegatesebrilin.g from. outside town a limited number of
lodging facilities'' are'available in the Institute. Guests
will have to share accomodation .with others- in four-bed r ooms j
at the cost of Rs6/- per night, excluding breakfast.
REGISTRATION '
Organizations keen to depute one or-two delegates, are
adviced to‘fill in the registration form, found. herewith, as
soon as possible .and- to send it back along with the necessary
registration1, money, in the form .pf a cheque or .bankdraft
in favour, of Xavier Institute of Social Service.
The registrat’i-on. fee will bo Rs 20/cover the cost of.course material, food,
but not of lodging.
languages
per person, and will
and registration,
USES
Both Hindi anc! -English will bo used at the Workshop* ■
TENTATIVE PR OGRAHME
S atur-day.
9.00
10.00
‘
.
8th April 1978<
Arrival and Registration
INAUGURATION
’■
’•
-1:
■
“■•r A
Welcome
Keynote Address by Shri A.BordiaS
Adult Education,
The Challenge as
viewed by the Government.
Inauguration of Book Exhibition of
British Books on Adult Education.
Vote of Thanks
-: 3 s
11 .00
11 .30
Tea break
fidult Education in Bihar and
C hotanagpur
Adult Education for What ?
Questions,clarifications. answers
1 ,00
Lunch
2.30
Workshop I • A’dult Education for
Literacy and furthor Education.
~ Literacy Programme laf the YMCA.R.anchi
- Adult Education in urban villages,
Irgutoli & Nagratoli
Hejplng drop-outs to re-enter the
educational stream »
4.00
Tea break
4.30 -
W orkshop II • Adult Education for
Employment and Skills
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra for training
farmers
- Training for skills and self-employment
- Training for village entrepreneurship
6.00
Free
S upper
7.00
8.00
Lu.nda_y^
Cultural Function and Role Playing
by Volunteers of Vikas Maitri and
students of Xavier Institute.
JLrAJ
_7jl
9.30
Workshop III • Adult Education for
Life and Social Akills
- Grihini Schools for tribal
women in Chotanagpur
- Training Village Level Volunteers
- Training Barefoot Doctors
11 .00
Tea break
11 .30
WorkshopIV» How to make schools into
centres of Adult Education
(in groups)
»
4
4:- •
1 .00
Lunch
■2.30
Workshop V ■ Practical Guidelines for
Non-Governmental Organizations
engaged in Adult Education (in groups)
4.00
Tea break
4.30
Closing Function°
______ Plenary Session*
conclusion, and recomrrdndaliens
6.00
Dis:per..s.al
•• J ' .
1
b
5
REGISTRATION FORH
To the Director,
Xavier Institute of Social Service,
Post Box 9, RANCHI 834 001
Dear Father,
Our organization likes to depute the following
delegate (s) to the Tuo-day Workshop on Adult Education, to be
held on 8th ".and 9th of April I978e
Name
(ijT-BAELQKLQttars) _
Veg/Non-Veg*
g si. q n at i □ n_
1 o
2 ,
These delegates will / will not require, sleeping
accomodation in the Institute » (Please strike out what is not
relevant)•
sum of Rs
U c ar c sending you by cheque/ Bank draft/ Cash, the
(No of Cheque/Draft
as registration fee for our delegate (s).
)
Date
Y'ours sincerely',
Seals
S ignature
Place ’
Name S
Dates
D os ignation s
Name
of Organizations
_
Address of Organization
- Il
Nuclear bulletin No. 1
The Worldwide Threat Of
Nuclear Technology.
HEALTH AND SOCIETY GROUP
Introduction
In the West, particularly within the last few years, a fresh aware
ness is steadily growing of the dangers posed by nuclear technology.
The seed of awareness has yet to germinate n India.
At first glance
it may seem that India is so overwhelmed by the basic and immediate
problems of poverty that these issues are of secondary importance.
Also, some will try to justify the existence of the Indian atomic bomb
in reference to the conceived threat from Pakistan and the development
of nuclear reactors in reference to pressing power shortages such as
Calcutta Is experiencing every day.
This article is the first of a series. Our aim is to bring the question
of nuclear technology to the forefront.
It is in fact extremely relevant
to India today for the following reasons :
1,
Expenditure on nuclear technology both military and for power,
represent huge sums of money which could be positively used to
promote economic and social development.
2. The nature of nuclear technology is such that it poses a threat to
the whole of mankind and not simply to certain people or places.
3. In possessing both nuclear weapons and power stations India has
a responsibility along with other nuclear nations to find a way out of
the nuclear nightmare.
4. The nuclear business is controlled by the highly
indnstrialised
states and their multinational corporations and therefore in following
the nuclear path, India is enhancing her neo-colonial status.
We hope that the information given will be widely read and
distributed.
September, 1981
The Worldwide Threat of Nuclear Technology.
“The atom bomb has changed everything except our mode of
thinking.’’
—Einstein.
When America tested an atomic bomb on the population of
Japan on the morning of 6th August 1945 the Atomic Era began.
It could be the last era of civilization.
What happened on that
day could be repeated on a much vaster scale threatening the lives
of men, women and children everywhere.
Hiroshima.
The atomic bomb which fell on Hiroshima weighed about two
kilograms and was little larger than a cricket ball.
approximately 50% of the population ; 140, 000
instantly.
There was
first
It killed
people
died
a searing flash of light brighter
and hotter than a thousand suns.
At 1,000 yards the surface
of granite melted and all life was incinerated.
“Suddenly a glaring whitish, pinkish light appeared in the
sky<r accompanied- by an unnatural tremor which was followed
almost immediately by a wave of suffocating heat and a wind
which swept away everything in its path.
Within a few seconds
the thousands of people in the streets in the centre of the town
were scorched by a wave of searing heat. Many were killed instant
ly others lay writhing on the ground screaming in agony from the
intolerable pain of their burns. Everything standing upright in the
way of the blast—walls, houses, factories and other buildings, was
annihilated...Hiroshima had ceased to exist.”
—Japanese journalist.
[
2
]
Fires sprang up in al) directions and were swept by tornado
winds into a single firestorm which raged for six hours burning
everything combustible within two kilometres. Survivors overcome
by the intolerable heat and raging thirst ran in panic to the rivers
and drank the poisoned water.
Within a month they too died.
Apart from their gruesome and repulsive injuries the total and
absolute destruction disorientated
even active survivors and
destroyed their will and capacity for living . Not only human lives
on an unprecedented scale but all services, hospitals, fire stations,
factories, transport and every environmental factor that makes life
liveable were gone in seconds.
Beyond the area of total destruction, radiation sickness from
the radioactive fallout leading to vomiting, bleeding and convuls
ions killed many more within days.
Today they are still dying at
the rate of two thousand a year from leukaemia and other forms
of cancer. The incidence of abortion and malformed offspring as a
result of genetic damage from the fallout incr ased.
Nuclear Weapons today.
The Hiroshima bomb had a destructive force of 20,000 tons
of TNT.
Today bombs are commonly 1 megaton or 11,000,000
tons of TNT, that is fifty times the size of the Hiroshima bomb.
Fusion bombs of up to 65 megatons have been produced.
The explosion of a megaton bomb will cause the buildings
to collapse in an area of about 100 square miles when the blast
arrives.
Within 300 square miles firestorms will develop.
Soon
after the explosion an area of 50 miles by 10 miles wide will be
contaminated with enough radiation to give a quickly lethal dose
to anyone in the open.
Eventually an area of over 4500 square
miles will be contaminated.
I
3
J
The nuclear arms race
“As a military man who has given half a century of active
service I say in all sincerity that the nuclear arms race has no mili
tary purpose. Wars cannot be* fought with nuclear weapons Their
existence only adds to our perils because of the illusions which
they have generated.”—Mountbatten, 6 weeks before his death.
In their efforts to produce more and more lethal weapons the
two superpowers have amassed enough nuclear weapons
to
destroy every city in the world several times over. They number
over 50,000.
If the Americans loose 40% of their present stock every man,
woman, animal and insect in the U. Si S. R. would be dead.
The
country would be a radioactive desert. And the other 60% would
do no Russian enemy harm ; you cannot hurt a Russian who is
already dead. The fallout from the 40% would go up to 40,000 ft.
and, caught by the upper winds would go, if the wind was from
the] west to China and Japan, and if the wind was from the east to
Britain, the U.S and Canada.
In all probability the Russians
would have retaliated in kind and a war would escalate in which
the country initiating the action would be destroyed along with
the enemy and the whole of human civilization would be put in
jeopardy within a matter of minutes.
“Hundreds of thousands of burned and otherwise wounded
people would not have any medical care as we now conceive cf it ;
no morphine for pain, no emergency surgecy, no antibiotics, no
dressings, no skilled nursing, and little or no food or water.
Delayed radioactive fallout would render large areas of land
uninhabitable for prolonge^ periods of t:me, making it impossible
to produce the food upon which the survival of whole populations
would depend.
I 4 ]
The earth will be seared, the skies heavy with lethal concen
trations of radioactive pai tides, and no response to medical needs
can be expected from medicine?’
—from the proceedings of the First Congress of the Inter
national Physicians for the prevention of Nuclear war.
Inspite of the horror of nuclear war, there is constant readi
ness to launch an attack.
Crisis in 1962.
One nearly did occur during the Cuba
The instability and unreliability of the policy of
‘deterrence”, of possessing nuclear weapons in order to deter an
enemy from attacking, was shown then when we came within a
hair’s breadth of nuclear war all over a single Soviet ship cross
ing an arbitary line America bad drawn around Cuba.
Bomber
fleets are on 24 hour alert, some are always airbourne with armed
nuclear war heads, and tens of thousands of nuclear missiles are
poised to strike.
Each member of a missile crew is provided
with a pistol and given instructions to shoot anyone who appears
I ikely either to fire the missiles without authorisation or not to
fire them if authorised.
Accidents
On November 9, 1979 all the American early warning systems
around the world went on alert for six minutes.
Three squadrons
of planes took off armed with nuclear weapons.
Twice again
on June 3 and 6, 1980 two computer errors nearly led us into a
nuclear war.
The false alerts were traced to a defective compo
nent worth 46 cents.
Over 100 near accidents have been recorded
in the past 30 years.
There is a proposal to by-pass radar operators, the President
and launching personnel by a piece of wire. Within two years the
technologists at the Pentagon will have finished developing a
[
5
]
system called ‘Launch-On-Warning.’ That means th at when the
reconnaissance Satellite detects something in Russia—maybe its a
missile going off, may be it s ar accident, may be ifs nothingit sends a message back to a computer and then to all the missiles
in An erica uhich go off within three minutes.
Then the e will
be no chance to check for false alerts. There is no human
input or intervention.
Accidental war has, so far, been avoided but accidents
involving nuclear weapons have not.
On 23 January 1961 a B-52 bomber carrying two 24 megaton
nuclear bombs crashed near Goldsboro, North Carolina, U S.
According to Dr. Ralph Lapp, former head of the U. S Office
of Naval Research, one bomb was removed from the wreckage,
the other from a field near by where it had fallen without explo
ding.
When the recovery team examined this second bomb,
however, they discovered that five of the six safety interlocks
had been triggered by the crash.
prevented the explosion of a
On 17 January 1961
Only one single switch had
24-megaton
nuclear
bomb.
another B-52 this time carrying four 20-25
megaton hydrogen bombs crashed near Palomares, Spain.
One
landed undamaged but the conventional detonating devices on two
others exploded scattering plutonium over a wide area.
This
necessitated the removal of 1, 750 tons of radioactive soil and
vegetation.
( It was buried in Barnwell, S. Carolina where the
rain will leach the plutonium into the Savannah River. The fourth
bomb fell over the Mediterranean and was only recovered after an
intensive three month long underwater search.
[ 6
]
Many more accidents are covered up in secrecy.
Apart from accidents there have been losses of nuclear mate
In 1978 the Nuclear Regulatory Committee in the U, S.
rials.
announced that over a ton of plutonium
Plutonium is used to make bombs.
was “missing”.
Even 99 9% control of
American nuclear weapons inventory, which is far greater than in
fact exists, would still leave fifteen warheads unaccounted for.
One of these is enough to kill hundreds of thousands of people.
Fallout from tests.
There have been over 1,200 nuclear tests since 1945.
It is
reasonable to believe that already as many people have been killed
from the fallout around the globe from the testing of nuclear
weapons as were killed by the two bombs dropped on Japan.
In
1954 a radioactive cloud drifted over some Pacific islands and a
Japanese fishing trawler well outside the testing area.
Many
islanders sustained burns and permanent abnormalities and all
the crew came down with radiation sickness. One of them died.
In 1969 Dr. Sternglass, Professor of Radiation Physics at the
University of Pittsburgh, delivered a paper stating that according
to his studies some 4C0, 000 infants less than one year old had
probably died as a result of nuclear fallout between 1950 and
1965.
The most lethal radioactive element plutonium-239 according
to Dr. John Gofman former Assistant Director of the AEC
( Atomic Energy Commission ) Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
is so deadly that between 116,000 to 1,000,000 cancer deaths
will occur from its fallout in the U. S. alone.
[ 7 1
Thinking the unthinkable.
As the stocks of weapons have grown to exceed by far the
number that could be justified as a deterrent, new concepts of
nuclear war have had to be developed to warrant fuither expans
ion of nuclear forces.
The competition has moved towards the
production of smaller size with more punch for the pound and
much greater accuracy.
Missiles can carry strategic nuclear weapons 6, 000 miles in
less than 30 minutes. Fired from the other .side of the world,
they can hit within a few hundred feet of the target.
Now the idea that nuclear war could be deterred by the
horror of it is giving way to a different official concept that these
weapons can be perfected to fight against the enemy’s weapons
and destroy
them. Instead
of “deterrence” and
“assured
destruction”, nuclear war is to have a more thinkable image,
“counter
force.”
It
is
highly inprobable that
all
the
enemy’s forces could be wipecj out ; even one submarine left after
destroying all other weapons simultaneously would be enough
to inflict completely unacceptable damage on the attacker.
And
yet this concept, more dangerous still, provides rationale for the
actual use of these weapons in war.
Governments in the West are preparing the public to accept
the possibility of nuclear war and creating the cruel illusion that
it may be possible to survive it by promoting laughable civil defence
publicity.
Around the country in Britain, anl other countries,
secret Government bunkers are hidden, “regional seats of Govern
ment” in the event of nuclear war.
[
]
8
Proliferation and the arms trade.
Six nations are known to possess nuclear weapons < U. S.,
U. S. S. R, Britain, France, China and India.
Eighteen other
countries have them stationned on their soil or provide bases for
ships or planes that transport them.
South Africa and Israel
almost certainly have the capacity to produce nuclear weapons
also.
In the shadow of the U. S.—U. S. S. R. arms race local rivals
are engaged in contests of their own.
The nuclear arms spiral
has had consequences for beyond the boundaries of the U. S ,
Europe and the Soviet Union.
For the nuclear arms spiral has
been accompanied by an equally spiralling conventional arms race.
Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have sought to arm other countries
to the same degree as they continue to arm themselves.
Between
1968 and 1975 arms exports of the U. S. rose over 1, 200% and
have climbed even faster since then.
The cost.
The money required to provide adequate, food, water, educat
ion, health and housing for everyone in the world has been esti
mated at 17 billion dollars a year.
It is a huge sum of money...
about as much as the world spends on arms every two weeks.
The amount of money spent on arms and armies throughout
the world is difficult to conceive of. It is :
Ten thousand million rupees per day.
In today’s world :
* 500 million people are starving to death.
not have clean water to drink.
2 billion people do
Water-related diseases kill
approximately 10 million people every year.
[ 9
]
Yet two governments in three spend more on the military than
on health.
* The training of military personnel in the U.S. alone costs
twice as
much
per
year as the education budget for the
300,000,000 schoolage children in S. Asia.
*
*
*
Research on new weapons receives eight times as much public
money as research on new sources of energy.
Close to 50% of all the world’s scientists are in some way
involved in military research and development.
In two days the world spends on arms the equivalent of a year’s
budget for the United Nations and its specialised agencies.
*
The world’s military expenditures are today greater than the
gross national product ofall Africa and South Asia combined.
The developed countries have been very successful in creating
markets for their arms in the developing world.
The percentage
of the national budget of developing countries spent on arms has
risen steeply over the last few years. Military expenditure exceeds
expenditure on health in developed countries ; it is often three
times as much in developing countries.
Developing countries
totalled 9% of world military expenses in 1960, in 1977 it was 18%.
Inflation and unemployment.
The diversion of resources away from economic development
and urgent social needs is all too glaringly obvious.
This “per
manent war economy” has also effects in hidden ways, not easily
reducible to numbers and therefore often ignored. Military
spending is an important cause of inflation and unemployment.
Military spending overheats the civilian economy by generating
[
10
]
more spendable income than goods and services to absorb it.
It
depresses investment which in turn thwarts economic growth and
prolongs
inflationnary
pressures.
Comparison
of
military
expenditure of the developed countries and their manufacturing
productivity shows an inverse relation between the two.
The
highest rates of military spending are associated with relatively
low growth of productivity, the lowest rates of military spending
with high gains in productivity.
Official calculations for the U. S. economy indicate that for
the same expenditure of funds up to twice as many people can be
employed in schools, health services, building homes and transport
systems as through military budgets.
The road to destruction.
Between 1960 and 1980 there have been 83 wars and interven
tions.
With the superpowers often supplying the weaponry for
these conflicts the chance of their involvement escalating to direct
confrontation increases.
And, as the countries involved in
conflict seek more and more lethal weapons, this leads ultimately
to the desire for nuclear weapons for themselves.
The super
powers wish to retain a monopoly in their nuclear arsenals but
the means for other countries to make their own bombs are not
hard to come by. Wherever there are nuclear power stations
operating theie is both the material and the technology to con
struct nuclear bombs.
Both technologies for nuclear bombs or the production of
power are based on the fissioning of uranium, the splitting of
uranium atoms
into sub-atomic particles releasing
energy.
Nuclear power reactors produce fairly large quantities of a by
product, plutonium, from which nuclear weapons are pro uced.
[
11
]
A power plant may produce 509 pounds of plutonium in a year.
A bomb requires only 10-20 pounds.
Therefore any nation
possessing a reactor could theoretically make 20-40 atomic bombs
annually.
It is not by chance that the entire U. S. nuclear
weapons programme is run by the Department of Energy.
India very effectively demonstrated the link between nuclear
power and nuclear bombs in May 1974.
Using plutonium extra
cted from an experimental reactor bought from Canada “for
peaceful purposes”, India built and detonated the subcontinent’s
first homemade nuclear bomb.
College students have succeeded in designing functional
bombs from documents available publicly.
The designs call for
metal fixtures bought at local hardware stores and an amount of
plutonium that can easily be concealed in a shopping bag.
Today there are 565 nuclear power stations in 39 countries.
By the year 1985, it has been calculated, 40 countries will be in
a position to manufacture atomic bombs given the political will
to do so.
The possibility of making nuclear weapons from nuclear
power is by no means its only danger.
Even taken on their own
terms nuclear reactors, indeed all aspects of the nuclear fuel
cycle, are seen to be as devastating as the nuclear weapons used
against Japan. The only difference between nuclear weapons
and nuclear reactors is that one goes off with a huge blast
while the other releases its radioactivity slowly, quietly, over
time.
But the effects are the same,: environmental damage and
human death and mutation.
[
12
]
Information compiled by Janet Aitken from :
1.
“From Hiroshima to Harrisburg” by Jim Garrison,
2.
“ Nuclear Madness” by Dr. Helen Caldicott.
3.
“World Military and Social Expenditures 1980” by Ruth
Leger Sivard.
4.
“Atomic bombs and human beings’’ by Arthur Booth,
5.
“The effects of a nuclear explosion ” by Andrew Utting.
6.
“What nuclear war
would mean” Speech by Philip Noel-
Baker in March 1980.
7.
Speech made on 11 th May 1979 on presentation of Louise
Weisse Foundation Peace Prize by Earl Mountbatten.
8.
Proceedings of the First Congress of the International Phy
sicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, March 1981.
*
*
*
In preparation :
Nuclear bulletin 2 :
threat of all time.”
“Radiation—the greatest public health
Published by : Health and Society group.
Address : M. Ganguli, C/0
Bimalendu Das. P. O. Jagidishpur, Via, Madhupur ( S, P.) 815353
Bihar. Printed at Pratyaya Press, 24/1, Creek Row. Calcutta-14
Rs. 0-75
Radical Catholics’ movement in Bihar
b
make them aware of what is labourers -were
freed
f.
7, unity.
By ARUN SINHA
through
Certain landowners of the vflPATNA, Oct ,2.7 • . cd and just for them. They are this campaign. Fr Francis also)
trying
to
help
the
voiceless
peoconvened
I
a
camp
of
radical
Ca’lage are reacting that “the Harl
Groups of young
and rac.
pie
organise
themselves.
and
tholics
to
—
work
in
a
cluster
of
Jans
jans
are going icracy". Slowly
clergymen, much to the resistance
for villages in Kharagpur Haveli to and slowly when
the Harijans I
oi' the heirarchy, are .prqpel rig .start a inon-violent struggle the
awaken, the poor.
get conscious of their basic rights
their basic human rights’
tne uathouc cnurchdom to as society.
One day-and it was emergency a tough resistance from the ensociate itself with the
‘human
—the landlords let loose a gang trenched classes is bound to
rights movement’ in rural Bihar. Talks with radical campaigners
r..
of
200 men to loot and destroy come.
Shocked by the realities .of the •'-how that although ' theyy .have the mission properties and assaThe style of the educators. Fr
physical
ano mental
serfdom
. .
____
_ ________ oi
... derived their doctrinali
in-jni.i- ult Fr Francis
and leave him Manthara says, is to make* the
mass of villagers .like Harijans-tion. from the Vatican’s decadb- half-dead on the road.
people think about their prob1 Adivasis, these group;. 'are. old shift iyem orthodox role, they
The Fr. Francis case is
... comsi- lems as well as their solutions.
solutions- 1
(ing that the .Church’ give up are formulating
naiiye concept de red as a landmark, by the pro- “We. are not approaching them
iu-> traditional ‘reliei and chanty
t
op the basis oi Gandhi s ideal of changers within the
i.xv. Church
^xxcvvxi. It with any formula or ideology”, he
■'? CaUcau_ ‘Swara_£
Swaraj’ and JP’Ss 'In-tal
••|.olal rPvnln.
-x;---- ----------------------------------------orientation’ and take up the
revoiu- stirred
up the mission structure clarifies.
ses of freedom and justice
1for lion.’ They also appear
.
to have anci th
tbee pro-chargers
nro-chargers resolved to .As
As a part of radicalizatipn.
the common
... man.
been decisively influenced
by go ahead from isolated ventures which has most prominently ...
The-Church must re-define its paulo Friere’s
new
<i..:.
education
io-conscious and organised work, fluenced the Jesuits, the schools
role for, they argue, ‘Chr..>iianiLy methodology for the oppressed,
“It is a change from below. The and hospitals run bv the Cathomeans nothing, out upholding of , 'O
’
jr
new
iripal-is
vpry
flkin
■Qur
ideal is very akin io <Church is npt changing_ from the lies too are changing their nolithe human u.gmty.’
the ideal of
total revolution top”, reminds Fr Augustine.
cies. The Jesuit schools havp
In fact, tne radical priest
priest fundamental
fundamental
change
change
without
without Fr
Fr Augustine, howe.ver.
however, says reserved a certain percentage of
’1 j and physical vio- that there is no ‘‘ideological dif- seats for the economically weagroups have aiready starved wor- class struggle
ference" between
the
Church her sections and are slowly but
king among the oppressed peo- lence,’ they say.
pi.e in, certain villages of. Mon- The radical Catholics
are pl authority, and the radical groups decisively switching over *o the
Jeruitr.
But Fr Manthara Hindi medium for “English meghyi, Weat Champaran, Palamau, course not the first to1 endeavour like Jesuits.
di‘-ur;r:s ushering
opines that z “if this
ferment dium serves only the elite childbingnbhum and.jratna districts,
‘peace'-"’ revolu—’
usher,ng in a peaceful
witMn
ths
(Ab.llrcb goes on . the re,y.. .
within
thr
Among the leaders oi such groups tion.’ Many political
are l<rPhil’nManth'avi
-.Bh
>• ,Yand. non- maximum authority
authority can do is The mission health care, whic^
Gonsalves temh ieachers ci. , comical• orgainsaiions
have been tolerate us".
The
authority is was centred on a “curative.nolle-”
Gonsalves, both teachers of high making similar efforts?
in
uinar
no
t
ready
to
goout into the
earlier, is now stressing unon
not ready to “‘go
schools in Bihar.
andelsewhere. Then'general ex- open’\x
“preventive policy'’. The health
‘What was our old role?’ poses perience'’isthat*"the
socially
th? 22?i2.!’-7 sui,
4V;. that the radical
... prie.
It is ,not
programme •is made to cover poor
'
answers mm
v
;
ao
^
Ul
.
S[5
ao
not
na
him-perior and propertied classes in sts do
ha vp
any “Avant people like slum-dwellers.
?,s.ed’ nomcs the .villagedo not tolerate even aGarde” within. -' the
In short, the
radical groun0
the authority.
for the destitutes,
relief aftersingle
single pebble
pebble in
in the
the still
still water.
water. There are a few bishops who aro say. the
the whole
education and
calamities. By doing so
-------idid---the
trying to
‘Yes, yes, we are fully aware of raising the issues like atrocities health structure• Is
Church create a new man,, a free
’ the
frep that
that,
’ the radicals
emphasise, on Harijans. as they have recen- cast off its “'elitist
elit Image”. So
man, no. It brought about ino Says Fr Joseph: ‘The opposition, tlv done at the all-Tndia Catho- far. it has benefited cniv the rich'
change in the common
man’s the confrontationi
io
is bound 1
Lu liebishops’ conference
*
at ■ -Ran- -and the powerful. If has made
psyche. He remains a.. man who come. BLt our commitment
an “epochal
bv cbangtv. "hthe
:.In radical
Bihar, ’priethe radical
’pr’e-an departure
“epochal ”departure
” bv
to chi. In Bihar,
was dependant, amanwho cduld. the cause is
definite. Then, is no sts are backed by JBishoo Saupin ing its policies ’nfavour of the
hislegs
legs forf__the11„
wx
Bishop Saupin noor and the nnn^-s?d. •
Jir-'- stand on
on his
going
back.’ .
of ^nlhc.soxxj.
Daltongani
rch WaS
was always
ready
with Pr P A- Augustine, who is also was the one who wrote a stro«tf
*------li .ofeaiways a rea
'ly Wlth
protest during emergency tn Mr—
<Gles.’
Vr Manthars
in ihn
a Journalist, says that the radical Indir: G'-nciln ever the forf-d
for- m>>ss
.■.•inn of the Adiv thave
•He The
’ elr-gym'-i:. in the;r
ages to
Go- “conscientizatlon” campaign. are
...
B
—---- ------ ———-vemment can do, for example? first attacking the formal eduWe are Indian citizens and not cation system. The present sysforeign missionaries who can be 'em of education, thev say. uro
expelled. The worst the Govern- hably taking a leaf from Paulo
“i—‘ can
— do is give us jail and’ Fticr.c.
I men'
Briere, is static and. does not.
allow any “dialogue” between the
we are prepared for that.'
educator and the people.
Fr Manthara cites the exampH They are experimenting their
| of a radical priest who was re concent through the national
cently jailed for several
weeks rtiai4lu
adult literacy programme (NAEP*
I in Maharastra for ‘conscienti- under
under " which"
which they
they are currently
[. zing’ the poor.
running hundreds of centres in
C
a
_
different
districts
of Bihar. The
r Inside Bihar, the radical
of idea, they say. is not merely to
i* thalics had their first taste
ruling
class
resistance
three make the people nominally read
years ago al: Kharagpur Unveil and write but also to wake them
.in
Manghyr
district
were up: to make them realise that
Francis Mattathilani had to im- they are oppressed and that there
mensely suffer for helping poor is a way to re-humanization.
Fr Manthara takes this cor
Santals against the landlords, respondent
to Sikandarpur vil
who incloded a Sorialist politi- lage.
12 kms west of here, to
clan, now .a minister.
show how through the NAEP
Fr Francis.
to * whom
p'-' -many
Harijans are being enthused
Santa-ls came to narrate
their
tu organise
Vjl.ttluac: themselves
_______
lh
.eir to
to avail
sufferings, slowly started engagmg of the benefits;
av
accruing
from
himself
Government
agencies The Hari.
TT in . the work
, , of awaken,
v<u
yciiiiinjiii. AKCHvivj,
ing. He exhorted them to fight jans, earlier resigned
and disfor . their basic human and
'
eco- organised, are coming to believe
eco~
nomic rights, and till the land, that onlj
only “Sangathan” can solve
^1^L?by;?c?13?Lb?on?ed
the their Problems.
Only recently
-landlords but- legally to them.
Surely that was not. the work block office to- ask the officials
of a “Christian padre’’, t-hfe land- to repair the only handpump In
lords said. But Fr Francis did their ghetto which had stopped
not withdraw himself and he working six
years ago.
They
helped thp Santals file petitions organised Lakshmi Puia for the i
in -the courts and the govern- first lime in their ghetto thi®^
ment offices. About 150^ bonded year so as to consolidate trr^H
--------------
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i
HEALTH, MEDICINE AND PAKUR
Dr. Prabir Chatterjee*
Pakur district is in the Santal Parganas. It is the southern half of the old Sahebganj
district and is quite close to Farakha and Rampurlat in (in West Bengal). It has a
population of 500,000. Of this, between 150 and 200,000 are Santals.
Santals are the largest ethnic groups. They constitute over 50% of the population in 4 of
the blocks at least. Other communities also speak Santali - for instance, the Mahalis
(basket-makers). And there are communities who speak other languages but usually live
alongside the Santals such as the Maraya
The original inhabitants of the interior part of this district are the Malts (also called the
Sauria Paharia). They call themselves Maier. Their language is related to Kurukh, the
language spoken by the Oraons of Ranchi district. The Malto are only 5 to 10% of the
population now (around 50,000 live in Pakur district. The total Malto population is only
around 100,000). 18,000 Malto live in Litipara block alone making up 25% of the
population there. They are related to the Mai Paharia community.
Other communities of the district include Bagdi, Mai, Rajak, Rabidas who are all
scheduled castes. Some of the (eg., Rajak) are found only around market towns. Jolaha
(Muslim weavers) are found in the same areas. Somewhat better off, and occasionally
quite rich are the Teli (Saha) and Moira (sweet makers) communities. All of these
communities usually speaks Bengali or local “Dehali” / “khotla” dialect.
The big money lenders are usually Bhagats, who are originally from Bhojpur, but have
been settled here for over a century now. Many individuals are involved in professions
like medicine and education or law. The stone quarries are owned mostly by Sindhi
families from Pakur town. The town also has a sizeable number of Hindi speakers.
There is officially a district hospital. It still has only the facilities of a sub-divisional one.
This means that caesareans for instance, cannot be done at Pakur town. There are also
PHCs in each of the six blocks. However, the government doctors even those present at
the PHC are usually involved in private practice during working hours as well as
afterwards. A couple of years ago, a surgeon born in the district, who works in
Bhagaipur had come down and done some operations at Hiranpur (a PHC).
The health sub-centres often do not exist even on paper. No staff actually stay at any
sub-centre. Quite often, if a building exists, it is used for storing hay. The staff posted
there occasionally appear during winter and the dry season. More commonly, they are
seen in February when they need to complete their family planning targets, and on the
days of the pulse polio programme.
^Dr. Prabir Chatterjee has workedfor several years in 'voboitary sector mission hospitals in South Bihar. He is
presently completing his post-graduate in Community Medicine at Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil
Nadu.
The mission sector has two big hospitals. One is the CNI run St. Luke’s with a bed
capacity of 150. Occupancy has been around 40 beds. Since the British doctor couple
left in 1990. However, caesareans, hysterectomies, prolapse repairs, gastrojejunostomy,
repair of intestinal perforation, cholecystectomy, hernia repairs and internal fixation
(pinning) of fractures are being done regularly even now. One disease which is very
rarely seen is appendicitis. The theatre uses an EMO, anaesthesia apparatus (ether).
The other hospital is Methodist run. Theodori has smaller capacity but again bed
occupancy is around 50. There is a qualified surgeon here - so even more surgical cases
are seen. Has two peripheral weekly clinics.
St. Luke’s sees around 400 deliveries a year (down from the 800 in the past). Of these,
nearly 100 are eclampsia cases (certainly more than 50), some of whom comes from over
100 kms. Away. There are a few cases of ruptured uterus caused by intramuscular use of
OXYTOCIN by nurses or doctors in the neighbouring districts. The medical
superintendent is a paediatrician. He has 3-5 MBBS graduates, around 6 ANMs, 3
laboratory technicians, and one X-ray technician and a pharmacist to help him. There
are also around 20 staff who have been trained in St. Luke’s (auxiliaries, laboratory
assistants, a medical records assistant, accountant and a theatre assistant) but who have
no formal qualification. There are nearly 50 other staff (those who look after driving,
cooking, sweeping, gardening) - all of whom were necessary when the hospital was
running to full capacity.
Around 100 Kala Azar cases are treated here every year and similar numbers of TB cases.
It is quite impossible to get National TB drugs for this however. Large numbers of
malaria cases are seen. Some of these need to be tested and over 200 slides are found to
be MP positive every year. The majority of these are falciparum . In December, every
year, there are around 10 deaths among the numerous cerebral malaria cases admitted.
Between May and July, come the gastroenteritis epidemics. There are large numbers of
amoebiasis cases, some probable cholera cases and some bacillary dysentry cases
alongside the viral diarrhoeas. In summer, a lot of fractures especially of the shaft of the
humerus (treated by a Steinman pin and traction) in children who climb mango trees. In
winter, there are a lot of burns cases. There are also non-tribal women, young and
recently married who come with bums from kerosene stoves.
The laboratory can do urine culture but no other cultures. Other than that, it is quite
well equipped. HIV testing is not done however. There is a fixed X-ray machine and a
portable one. Some ^cilities which are not available are ECG, ultrasound, “Ambu” bags for resuscitation. Sterilization is by autoclave. Needles are cleaned and kept in
serial dilutions - of carbolic acid. The theatre depends more on antiseptic technique than
‘aseptic’. There is no air conditioning. Interestingly, the rates of wound infection are not
exceptionally high. There is a major generator which can cover all the staff houses as
well as the entire hospital. There is also an ambulance-jeep. This also used to take a
small team to a local community health project once a week in the past.
Other centres in the same district are:
2
a) COMMUNITY
PAKUR:
REHABILITATION
PROJECT
FOR
CHILDREN,
In a Methodist campus - with Catholic collaboration
Involved in:
1. making ALIMCO prostheses
2. sending children to Calcutta for corrective operations
3. providing a halfway home for children after their operations (which involve a
year in Calcutta often)
4. gait training
5. helping place the severely disabled children in schools
6. monthly clinics at various mission stations
7. following up patients at home.
Has a trained physiotherapist, prosthetic engineer, social worker, nurse-pharmacist.
Sometimes, has a resident doctor (author of this note).
b) JISUJAHER DISPENSARY, SOHORGHATI
Specializes in treating Kala Azar. Up to 1,000 cases a year. Uses the aldehyde test.
They also treat TB. Most patients of course are fever cases and are treated as
malaria. Referrals go to St. Luke’s (20 kms. away). There Is one trained assistant and
one nun in the dispensary (trained nurse).
c) MISSIONARIES OF CHARITY, SOHORPUR
Specializes in in-patient care of TB patients. Uses the services of a PHC doctor from
Hiranpur. He charges them private rates. One brother looks after the dispensary.
d) PAHARIA SEVA SAMAJ, SATIA.
Specializes in herbal medicine. Known among NGOs throughout Bihar for its
October course in herbal medicine. Has developed a herbal medicine for Kala Azar.
Now, developing LOK SWASTHYA SEVA KENDRA in Litipara with a
microscope and basic laboratory facilities. Is famous for their proprietary
preparation SANJEEVANI OIL, and the SANJEEVANI BALM. Has a herbal
doctor (Dr. P.P. Hembrom). Involved in Kala Azar surveys in 1994.
e) SANTHAL PAHARIA SEVA MANDAL, AMRAPARA.
Founded by a Gandhian group many years ago. Produces herbal medicines.
f) TRDP, CHANDRAPURA.
A Methodist agricultural project. Does immunization in 50 villages of Maheshpur
Block. Has 4 MPHWs and has trained village health workers. Runs 2 peripheral
weekly clinics (one at Pokhoria). Assisted by the nurse-pharmacist from CRPC and
the doctor.
3
g) HATHIMADA MISSION DISPENSARY
Specializes in infertility. Has 3 days a week OPD. One trained assistant and one
nurse.
h) DEBPUR CLINIC
Has three trained health workers (one an MPHW). Has a biweekly clinic. Every
fortnight, the nurse-pharmacist visits. Has a solar fridge. Linked to TRDP system,
though it is a Catholic centre. Buys drugs from CDMU Calcutta.
i) MUKRIPAHAR(7(9^5/^Lm/M^)
Clinic run once a week by EHA. Two doctors are based in Barharwa and will soon
move closer to Barhart (both in the current Sahebgunj District).
PROBLEMS/ISSUES of PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE IN PAKUR
DISTRICT
INFECTIONS
ACCIDENTS
HEALTH SYSTEM
Malaria
Fractures
Private Practice by Govt.
Doctors
Cholera
Kala Azar
Snake bites
Burns
Lack of Medicines
Tuberculosis
SOCIAL
CULTURAL - Dain ------------ ► “witches”
- Ona ho Monj, Noa ho Monj ge!
► Gap between collective
decision-making by consensus (tribal system) and hurried/forced
decisions of outsiders. This can cause a lot of heartbum in
professionals. For example, a child who didn’t want a blood
transfusion. The parent agreed to the doctor, but refused to force the
child to accept the blood. The child died (doctor’s perception). The
child died happy (parent’s perception)!
ECONOMIC
No industries - except stone quarries and crushers
Rainfed agriculture - Droughts, Pests - Mostly Rice.
No proper veterinaiy facilities - Livestock disease common
Sale of alcohol in weekly markets
Extensive deforestation (but some fruit trees remain)
4
PHYSICAL
Non-accessibility especially during rainy season.
Lack of petrol, electricity - often for two or three months at a stretch
About some Indicators of MCH Care
Among Maltos, the IMR in an EHA survey done in 1996 was around 200/1000 live
births.
MMR likely to be very high (esp. due Eclampsia)
Post-delivery morbidity is high (e.g. Prolapse Uterus in later years).
In the last few pages, I have described to the best of my knowledge (there maybe quite a
few inaccuracies and I apologize for them), the background that would be needed to plan
a health intervention or improve the medical care system in Pakur district.
There must be at least 20 other regions in South Bihar that could be described by
readers of this note. These areas may have substantial similarities - but there will also
be differences. For instance, kala azar is not common except in Sahebgunj. My hope
is that the discussion about what is common to the whole of South Bihar and where
flexibility for local differences is needed will help in planning for better standards of
care in medical and health institutions there.
5
I •
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
(Networking of Voluntary organisations working in the field of Health & Development)
(Registered Under Karnataka Societies Act, 1960 No. 185 of 1974-75)
war5'
sroeJowo Souf
President
Dr. S.M. Subramanya Setty
Ph. : 6797884
Treasurer
Mr. James Sequeira
Ph. : 51149192
Hon. Secretary
Dr. H.V. Ramprakash
Ph. : 54581118
Executive Secretary
Ms. T. Neerajakshi
Ph. . 5546606
28th June 2004
VHAK/2004-05/AGBM-C-2
To
Dear Sir/Madam
We are sure you are in receipt of the AGBM circular sent earlier and blocked the date
to participate in the same.
We are pleased to enclose the following for your reference.
A) 2003 AGBM Minutes B) Registration Form C) Rational T B care
D) Public hearing on Right to Health Care.
We are hereby enclosing a letter by National Commission on Macro Economics &
Health which in self-explanatory and a schedule to be filled in and directly sent to
Ms. K. Sujatha Rao by post or e-mail marking a copy to VHAK. Please do take some
time and do the needful. Hope you would oblige.
Please fill in the enclosed AGBM registration form and send it back to us by 20th July
2004.
We look forward for your participation in good number in the ensuring AGBM.
Thanking you with kind regards.
Yours Sincerely
do -
-
T.NEERAJAKSHI
Executive Secretary.
IP
Encl: as above
No. 60, Rajani Nilaya, 2nd Cross, Gurumurthy Street, Ramakrishna Mutt Road, Ulsoor
Bangalore - 560 008. INDIA Tel. : +91-80-5546606, E-mail : yhak@bgl.vsnl.net. in
I r>
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
Sub: Rational TB Care.
Dear Friends,
As you are aware TB is a major killer and more women die of TB than
due to pregnancy and child birth related causes.
The diagnosis of TB is delayed specially in women and in areas where
health facilities are scarce. Even if diagnosed, if medicines have to be
bought - due to their cost and long duration, regular treatment often
does not take place specially in women.
The Government had offered 4 schemes for NGOs on TB. The
availability of medicines to those Institutions who become part of the
programme is ensured. Others who would prefer awareness related
work, providing guidance to those people who could be TB suspects to
improve case finding for sputum testing and for accessing medicines,
preventing drug default.
The summary of the 4 schemes Is being sent to you. Please see if you
are interested. This has to be communicated at Dist TB Society and State
TB Society level.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely.
T.NEERAJAKSHI
Executive Secretary
I
I
Scheme
1
2
Annexure I
SUMMARY OF SCHEMES
»
Title
General
Description
Role of the
NGO
Role of the
DTCS/DTC
Commodity Assistance
In Kind
Grant-in -Aid
Requiremcnts/Eligibility
Criteria
Approval and
Registration
Health
Education
and
Community
Outreach
NGO slafT and
volunteers
provide
advocacy,
information,
education and
communication.
Another
important area
could be retrieval
of defaulters.
Train volunteers,
disseminate
information,
counsel patients
and families and if
agreed, retrieval
defaulters in their
area of operation.
Orient and train
trainers from the
NGO who will
in turn NGO
volunteers.
Literature
for training
and
orientation
as available
and
appropriate.
Rs. 5000/- for
covering 10 lakh
population.
lhe NGO must be registered
under the Societies Registration
Act. should have a minimum of
one year experience with IEC or
training in health or related field,
letter from the NGO, with
specific plan for activities.
The DTCS
establishes
collaboration with
a higher authority,
then inform the
State TB Cell of
the Collaboration
established.
Provision of
Directly
Observed
Therapy
Staffer
volunteers of the
NGO provide
directly observed
therapy (DOT) to
patients on
RNTCP
treatment
Identify, train and
supervise
volunteers engaged
in provision of .
DOT. The NGO
ensures continuous
services delivery
and treatment
observation as per
policy. Records
must be
maintained as per
RNTCP policy.
The policy of free
diagnostic and
treatment services
must be strictly
adhered to. The
DOT provider is
also responsible
for ensuring
collection of
sputum during
treatment and for
defaulter retrieval.
Orient and train
volunteers who
provide DOT.
TB programme
Staff (including
Senior
Treatment
Supervisors, TB
Health Visitors,
etc.) supervises
volunteers
providing DOT.
In case of any
adverse
reactions to
medications, the
DOTS provider
will refer the
patient to the
treating medical
facility.
Literature
for training
and
orientation is
given as
available
and
appropriate.
Medications
are provided
for the
patients
placed on
treatment.
Sputum
containers
arc provided
for follow
up
examination
s. Formats as
required.
Rs. 10000/- for
every 1 lakh
population for its
proportionate
amount. If
required, Rs.
175/- to the
individual
volunteer for each
patient cured, to
be disbursed after
the patient is
cured
Alternatively, the
District TB
Control Society
may pay an
agreed-upon
amount to the
NGO based on Rs
175/ patient.
lhe NGO must be registered
under the Societies Registration
/ct, should have a minimum of
one year experience in outreach
work in health or in related
fields and have the necessary
infrastructure. The NGO must
provide a plan of action and
should preferably have
volunteers who live or work in
in
the
area.
The District TB
Control Society
can approve
collaboration at its
level. A copy of
the relevant
application,
! including formats,
• will be sent to the
Central TB
Division for
information.
(4)
SUMMARY OF SCHEMES (Contd.)
Sctieme
Title
General
Role of the
Description . NGO
Role of the
DTCS/DTC
Commodity Assistance
In Kind
3
In-Hospital
Care for
Tuberculosi
s Diseases
The NGO
provides inhospital care to
tuberculosis
patients. The
hospital
performs APR
smears and
participates in
quality control
of the District
TB Centre. The
hospital may
also be a
microscopy
centr;: (see
scheme 4) and
/or DOT
provider (See
scheme 2) for
patients on
outpatient.
The NGO
must’strictly
adhere to
diagnostic
and treatment
policies as
laid down in
the RNTCP
guidelines.
Treatment is
to be given as
per the
RNTCP
policy the
hospital must
ensure proper
follow-up
sputum
examination
as well as
record
keeping as per
the RNTCP
policy
RNTCP
treatment
should be
given only to
those patients
who live in
areas covered
by the
RNTCP
The TH
programmme
will provide
■orientation,
training,
technical
assistance,
referral of
patients with
active
tuberculosis
who require
hospitalisation,
quality
assurance of
laboratory
services and
supervision
and monitoring
activities.
Literature for
training and
orientation is
given as
available and
appropriate.
Medication
for RNTCP
treatment are
provided for
patients who
live in an
RNTCP area
and who will
continue
4
RNTCP
treatment
after
discharge
Rcquirements/Eligibility
Criteria
f
Approval and
Registration
The NGO must be registered
under the society fegisfra'tioh
act, should have a minimum 3
years experience in the area of
operation; and must have
availability of the infrastructure,
staffrvolunteers required. They '
must have functioning
.
microgoopy laboratory m well aj
trained‘medical staff.
For provision of drugs
from the national
supply,
recommendation must
be obtained from the
District TB Centre and
State TB Cell. This
must be approved of
by thdCentnJTB
Division. The C ntral
TB Division wi'i
maintain registration
of all such hospitals.
Grant-in —
Aid
Rs 20,000
■from the
hospital.
Required
formats are
provided as
required.
I
(S)
© '•
SUMMARY OF SCHEMES (Contd.)
Scheme
Title
U'K: :
•
4
‘
J
General
Description
Microscopy
and
Treatment
: Centre
-
.
’
■
The NGO
serves as a
microscopy ;
and treatment
centre and is
.designated as
such by the
RNTCP
Role of the
NGO
- Provided
AFB '” ' ■ ” ‘
microscopy
and TB
treatment
services free
of charge.
Technical
policy for
diagnosis,
treatment, and
record
keeping
strictly per
RNTCP
•policy. The
NGO is
respoonsible
for ensuring
treatment or
referral of al!
patients found
to have a
positive
smear. The
NGO must
ensure
referral for
treatment of
patients found
to be smear
positive but
who live
outside the
NGO’s
catchment
area.
Role of the
DTCS/DTC
TheTB
Programme
’will provide
training and
technical
guidance and
perform
laboratory
quality control.
In addition, the
programme
will assist the
NGO in
ensuring
evaluation of
smear-positive
patients who
live outside the
catchment area
of the NGO
and who the
NGO reffered
for treatment.
TheTB
Programme
will monitor
diagnostic
qulaity and will
list the facility
as an approved
RNTCP
microscopy
centre, as long
as performance
is satisfactory.
Commodity Assistance
In Kind
Grant-in ^Aid
Laboratory
-materials and
reagents as
well as
Laboratory
forms and TB
•Laboratory
register.
.Anti-TB .
drugs will be
provided for
the patients
who live in
the NGO
catchment
area.If
needed and
available, the
TB
programme
may provide
a microscope.
Rs. 50,000—
Requirements/Eligibility
Criteria
Approval and
Registration
The NGO must be registered
under the Societies Registration
Act, should have a minimum of
3 years experience in the area of
operation and must have
avalablity of necessary
infrastreture. It must have a
trained microscopiest, a room
for the Laboratory, and regular
services of an MOi
Afte; compaction of
(6)
the application
including formats and
upon
recommendation by
the District TB
Control Society,
approval is made by
the State TB Cell. A
copy of the rel -ivant
application, including
formats, will be sent
to the Central TB
Division for
information.
•
I
yi;
O! '
-ij.-1 ’.•n*.
)
H
SUMMARY OF SCHEMES (Contd.)
\
r.
Scheme i
Title
5
Tuberculosis
Unit Model
:
■_________________________
General
Description
NGO provides
all RNTCP
services for a
Tuberculos’s
Unit
(approximately
5 lakh,
population).
Strict |
compliance
with the
Technical and
the Operational
Guidelines of
the RNTCP is
mandatory. In
general, this
should only be
considered in
areas where the
governmental
infrastructure is
not sufficient to
ensure effective
RNTCP
implementation,
and/or .where an
effectNGO
is curr<- ly
working in the
health nold in
this area.
Role of the NGO
The NGO ensures
full services for
microscopy,
treatment, direct
observation,
defaulter retrieval,
recording and
registration,
supervision, etc.
The NGO must
also coordinate
closely with all
public and other
health facilities in
the area. The NGO
must ensure the
fulfillment of all
roles delineated in
Scheme 2 and
Scheme 4, as well
as the more general
functions of the
Tuberculosis Unit.
Accurate and
timely quarterly
reporting is
essential.
Role of the
DTCS/DTC
Provides
technical
orientation,
guidance, and
supervision.
Ensures good
integration of
Tuberculosis
Unit operated
by the NGO
with other
Tuberculosis
Units in the
District.
Includes the
staff of the
Tuberculosis
Unit in all
regular
meetings of
nodal RNTCP
implementatio
n staff.
Commodity Assistance
In Kind
Grant-in-Aid
Materials for
The available
training and
budget is given
implementation, in the text (see
anti-TB drugs
P-H)
and
microscopes.
Upgradation of
microscopy
facilities may
be done as
commodity
assistance by
the District TB
Control Society.
Provision of a
2-wheeIc’r for
mobility' of
STS/STLS, if
required.
Laboratory
consumables
may be in kind.
Requirements/El
igibility Criteria
Must be registered
under the Societies
Registration Act,
have a minimum of
3 years experience
in the area of
operation, and have
available
infrastructure and
staff. Must qualify
for Schemes 2 and
4 also. Must have
an established
hcaltii facility with
a proven track
record.
Approval and
Registration
After completion of
the application
including formats
and upon
recommendation by
the District TB
Control Society as
well as the State TB
Cell, approval is
made by the Central
TB Division. A copy
of the signed
Memorandum of
Understanding is to
be sent to the State
TB Cell and the
Central TB Division.
Note: The normal period of agreement will be three years, to be renewed only on the basis of satisfactory annual reports of activities, evaluation of performance
by the DTCS and recommendation for extension. In case of poor performance and non-diligencc, the contract can be terminated at any time without prior notice.
J)'
(7)
&
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARHATKA
VHAK/2004-05/AGBM-C-1
Office At: Ho.60, Rajkti Milaya
2nd Cross, Gurumurthy Street,
RamaSirishna Mult Road
Uteoor, Bangalore — 560 008
4th June 2004
Dear Sir/Madam,
Season's Greetings to you from the Executive Committee of VHAK.
We are pleased to inform you that the Annual General Body Meeting of VHAK is
scheduled for Sunday ZS*1 July 2004. It will be held at St.Martha's Hospital,
Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore, preceded by a workshop scheduled for the forenoon
and the post lunch session. The theme of the workshop is ’Lifestyle Related Disea*®*.
Ihview of the above programme, we request you to kindly note the above mentioned
date in your dairy/calendar. a Other details will be intimated as soon as the
programme is finalized.
We take this opportunity to request all our member institutions to update their
Annual Membership subscription fee, if due. Hope you would oblige.
We solicit your indulgence and contributions to strengthen VHAK.
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
Dr.H.V.RAMPRAKASH
Hon. Secretary
f o PK -
\
a.
" National Commission on Macroeconomics & Health
(Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt, of India)
CGHS Building
3rd Floor
Sector 12, R.K. Puram,
New Delhi-110022
Co-Chairs:
Union Minister for Finance
Union Minister for Health
Ms. Sujatha Rao, IAS
Secretary
Jj/& /f
Date: 23/6/2004
Dear Yb
2
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India has recently constituted a
National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health to be chaired jointly by the Ministers of
Finance and Health.
The main objective of the NCMH is to make evidence based argument for investing in health by
underscoring its centrality to the process of development. It is also expected to critically analyze and
focus upon the profound linkages that globalization and macroeconomic policies may entail in
influencing the health status of the country in the future years and their implications on growth and
poverty alleviation.
In order to collect the information, collate the data and analyze the evidence for writing the
Report, a Sub Commission under the Chairpersonship of Dr. Ranjit Roy Chaudhury has also been
established. The Sub Commission has its own office located on the 3rd Floor of CGHS Complex, Sector
12, R. K. Puram, New Delhi.
In this connection we are attempting to gather evidence on the nature and spread of charitable
and non-profit health facilities providing health care and medical treatment. Subsequently, we would
like to know where such facilities are located (states/ in which rural or urban etc); what types of
services do they provide (these services could range from reproductive and child health care; eye care;
or care and treatment for leprosy patient, general medical services of all kinds to secondary and tertiary
level of care), the number of beds; the number of medical and non-medical personnel employed etc;
and the mode of mobilizing resources for new investment and maintaining existing services.
I would be grateful if you could help us obtain information as per the enclosed format. I would
also be grateful if you could let me know names and addresses of such NGO, non-profit hospitals and
health facilities being run by persons not affiliated to your association, in which case I could write to
them.
Your help and assistance is deeply appreciated.
With kind regards
Ms. T. Neerajakshi
Executive Secretary, Karnataka VHA
No. 60, Rajini Nilaya, 2nd Cross
Gurumurthy Street
Ramakrishna Mutt Road, Ulsoor
Bangalore 560 008
Karnataka
Tel.: 26711646,26711674,26711694
Yours sincerely
(Ms. K. SujatHaRao)
ksujatharao@hotinail.cojn
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON MACROECONOMICS AND HEALTH
NEW DELHI
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION(NGO) SCHEDULE
The information provided yvill be treated with strict confidentiality
(Ifyour organisation has more than one facility spread across the country, please
provide separate information for each state andfor the latest year)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of the NGO:
Address of the NGO:
Location of the NGO:
Premises where hospital is located: Own Building
Number of rooms:
6. Nature of services
_
_
Rented
Response
_____________Item___________
Inpatient Services (Average no. during a week)______
Outpatient Services (Average no. during a week)
No. of Beds________ __________________
Is there a rate card for (if so kindly enclose):
• Diagnostic Tests
• Consultation________
Are drugs supplied to patients or do patients
purchase? ________ _______
What are the types of services you provide?
7. Medical Personnel
Yes, they are supplied
No,
give prescription ___________
• General
• Specialist (if yes name
area of specialisation e.g.
obst.gynae, ophthalmology etc.)
Number of personnel
How many doctors do you have?
How many nurses do you have?
If you have any paramedical staff
please indicate the numbers?
Full time
Full time
Number of
personnel
Part time
Part time
8. What is the main source of income (i.e. accounting for more than 50 percent of
total expenditure in a given year)?
Government
Private donors
Foreign charity
User fees
TECHNICAL SESSION
10.30 - 11.00 "Heart diseases - in relation to Lifestyle"
by Dr.K.S.S.Bhat
Consultant, Manipal Heart Foundation, Bangalore
Chair Person: Dr. H.V. Ramprakash
Hon.Secretary, VHAK, Bangalore
11.00-11.10
Discussion
11.10- 11.40
"Pranic Healing in relation to Stress relief-Lifestyle induced Stress"
by Ms. Sumi Lazar
Administrative Manager,Pranic Healing Foundation of Karnataka,
11.40- 11.50
Discussion
11.50 - 12.20
"Food related maladies - in relation to Lifestyle
with special reference to Diabetes"
by Dr.Rangesh Paramesh, Sr .Medical Advisor
The Himalaya Drug Co., Bangalore
Chairperson Dr.S.M. Subramanya Setty
President, VHAK
12.20 - 12.30
Discussion
12.30 - 1.00
"Importance of Yoga & the right Posture in
disease related to new Lifestyles"
by Dr.Mallikarjuna,
Yoga Therapist &. Consultant
Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore.
1.00-1.30
Yoga Demonstration
1.30-2.30
LUNCH
2.30 onwards
Annual General Body Meeting
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
Venue:* Conference Hall
St.Martha's Hospital
Bangalore - 560 001
Date: Sunday 25th July 2004
WORKSHOP ON "LIFE STYLE RELATED DISEASES"
PROGRAMME
9.00 - 9.30
9.30-10.15
Registration
Inauguration:
Welcome:
Fr. William Menezes
Vice-president, VHAK.
Inauguration of the workshop
Dr.B.S.Nataraj
Director, ISM&H, Govt, of Karnataka
Keynote address
Dr.V.Kumaraiah
Professor of Clinical Psychology
Dean, NIMHANS, Bangalore.
"Role of Media in Promoting Voluntarism"
By A.P. Frank Naronha
Director, Public Relations
Press Information Bureau, Govt, of India
Presidential Address
Dr. S.M.Subramanya Setty
President, VHAK
Vote of Thanks:
Sr. Esther,
Joint-Secretary, VHAK
10.15-10.30
Tea
VO LUNT ARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
Minutes of the 28th Annual General Body Meeting held on Sunday 27th July 2003 at Conference
Hall, StMartha’s Hospital, NrupatungaRoad, Bangalore - 560 001.
The Annual General Body Meeting started at 2.30 p.m. with the following agenda items:
1. Assembly, signing of Register, welcome
2. Approval of the minutes of the AGBM held on z. 1st July 2002
3. Matters arising out of the minutes
4. Approval of Annual report 2002-03
5. Approval of Auditor’s statement of accounts 2002-03
6. Appointment of auditors
7. RCH/ISM&H
8. Flitiire programmes
9. Interim budget - Bread for the World
10. VHAI support
11. Fund raising
12. Elections’
13. Any other matters with the permission of the chair
l.Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary of VHAK welcomed the General Body members and requested
Dr.S.M.Subramanya Setty, Vice-President of VHAK, in the absence of the President, to chair the
session.
The Vice-President, on behalf of VHAK, welcomed the representatives of the member
organizations.
2. The Vice-President requested Hon. Secretary to presented the minutes of the previous General
Body Meeting held on 21st July 2002. The copies of the same were circulated to all the members
present
3. The following questions were raised by Mr.Nanjappa of Bharat Charitable Cancer Hospital and
Institute, Mysore and Guruji Joe Mary Lobo of Christa Sharan Ashram, Birur.
a. Owning office premises
b. Organising VHAK AGBM outside Bangalore
c. Audited statement of accounts should be sent to member organizations 15 days before the
AGBM
d. Implementation of enhancing the membership fee
e. Donation of Rs. 1,000/- from member organizations to VHAK
f Life membership
g. Policy changes
Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary replied as below
Due to financial constraints, it was not possible to buy a building or land. An application had been
made to the BDA for allotment of civic amenities site.
1
b. Similarly, it was not possible to hold VHAK AGBM out side Bangalore. However it could be
kept in mind by the next Executive Committee.
c. Dr.Simha agreed that it was certainly desirable to send the accounts in advance. However, due to
certain unforeseen circumstances, the Audited statement of accounts were received from Auditors
only in the 2nd week of July. He offered apologies of *he Executive Committee to the members of
the General Body.
While accepting the apologies and understanding the reason for the delay, the General Body
requested that the new Executive Committee make all efforts to ensure that the accounts were sent
in advance.
d & e. Regarding collecting Rs. 1,000/- from member organizations as donation and implementation
of increased membership fee of Rs. 150/-, Dr.Simba replied that due to various reasons the same was
not implemented and none of the member organizations came forward to donate the funds after the
previous AGBM.
f Regarding proposal of life membership, Dr.Simha told that the constitution of VHAK had not
created a category “Life Membership”. A special General Body Meeting is required to bring
amendments to the constitution and said that the New Executive Committee could look into the
same. Guruji Joe Mary Lobo suggested forming a constitution study/review committee.
g. To the suggestion for policy changes, the HomSecretary said that it was proper to hold a special
AGBM in the middle of the New Year to consider amendments. This could be combined with a
workshop on a suitable subject
The minutes were proposed for approval by Guruji Joe Mary Lobo, Director of Shri Christa Sharan
Social Development Society Ashrama and S.D.Centre, Birur and seconded by Dr.Shekar
Doddamani, Hon Secretary, Family Planning Association of India, Bangalore Branch The General
Body unanimously accepted the minutes.
4. Dr.S.N.Simha presented the Annual report for the year 2002-03 Mr.Santhosh Kumar, CSI Holds
worth Memorial Mission Hospital, Mysore raised the question of the circumstances in which
VHAK had evaluated a proposal to fund Shaktidhama, an organisation in Mysore, for a programme
on titled ‘Rural Women’s Empowerment’ under ‘Support to Gender issues’ project The Executive
Secretary clarified that this was done at the instructions of the Government of India, by VHAK, in
its capacity as a mother NGO for RCH. While technically it was not a RCH Programme, it had
been mentioned thus as VHAK was involved because of being a mother NGO under the R(ZTi
programme.
Mr.Nanjappa, Project Co-ordinator, Bharat Charitable Cancer Hospital and Institute, Mysore
pointed out that under the membership promotion ‘World Vision’ Gundlupet, Chamarajanagar
District is missing, Executive Secretary clarified that World Vision was approved in the year 2002
and the same was reflected in the previous Annual Report 2001-02.
The Annual report was proposed for approval by Smt.Subadra Venkatappa, President, Family
Planning Association of India, Bangalore Branch and seconded by Mr. Nanjappa, Project Co
ordinator, Bharat Charitable Cancer Hospital and Institution, Mysore. The General Body
unanimously accepted the Annual Report for 2002-2003.
2
5. In the absence of the Treasurer, Fr.Patrick Rodrigues, The Executive Secretary was requested to
present the auditors statement of accounts for the period 2002-03. Copies of tire audited statements
were distributed to the members present Ivlr.G.S.Bhatt President, Family Planning Association of
India, Mysore Branch pointed out that the signature of the President, Dharmadarshi N.C.Nanaiah
was missing. Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary mentioned that, Dharmadarshi N.C.Nanaiah, President
could not attend the AGBM due to personal reasons and requested the General body to authorize the
Vice-President to sign instead of the President Mr.Arvind Kumar, Grama Bharathi, Bidar proposed
that Dr.S.MSubramanya Setty, Vice-President of VHAK sign the Audited statement of accounts in
the absence of President and this was seconded by Mr.Nanjappa, Bharath Charitable Cancer
Hospital and Institution, Mysore. The General Body Authorized Dr.S.MSubramanya Setty, VicePresident to sign on behalf of President of the VHAK After discussion the Accounts were proposed
by Mr.Nanjappa, Project Co-ordinator, Bharat Cancer Charitable Hospital & Institute, Mysore and
seconded by Mrs.Amli, Director, GASS, Doddaballapur.
6. Dr.Simha mentioned that while the Auditors were very cooperative, we have some difficulties in
completing the job in time. Fr.William Menezes, Fr.Mullers Charitable Institutions, Mangalore
opined that it would be worthwhile for the new Executive Committee to discuss with the current
auditors of their willingness to continue. If they expressed any difficulty, and as no new names
were suggested the General Body may authorize the Executive Committee to renew the same or
appoint a new auditor, as the need may be. The General Body accepted this suggestion.
7.Regarding Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) and Indian System of Medicine &
Homoeopathy (ISM&H) the chair requested Ms.T.Neentjaiesm to present the same.
Ms.T.Neerajakshi briefed about the RCH& ISM&H projects. Mr.Santhosh Kumar, Holds worth
Memorial Mission Hospital, Mysore wanted to know the reasons for delay of sanction of projects
for 2003-04 year. Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary, answering this, mentioned the constrains faced by
tiie VHAK in convening the Sanction Committee Meeting, which includes representatives from
Government of India and Government of Karnataka, besides that the delay in receiving the funds
from the Government of India.
8. Regarding future programmes of VHAK, Ms.T.Neerajakshi explained that the future programme
of VHAK will be based on the needs of the member organizations, for which, a team from VHAK
will visit the member organizations. She also requested the member organisation to identify needs
and inform to VHAK, so that firture activities may be planned.
9. The General Body was informed that the Interim Budget submitted to Bread for the World has
been accepted. A sanction letter mentioning that an amount of Rs.5,95,000/- approved was received
in the office recently and this had been suitably acknowledged.
10. Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary informed that VHAI has agreed to support VHAK for a period of
one year and sanctioned the salary of the Executive Secretary, building rent and office expenses for
aperiod of one year, and had released an amount of Rs. 1,38,000/- as the first instatement.
11. Fund raising: The General Body recalled the discussion held during the last AGBM and
reiterated that various strategies be worked out by the new Board to raise funds for VHAK and
offered all possible cooperation.
3
r
‘J
i
12. Dr.S.N.Simha, Hon. Secretary explained the elections procedure and announced the names of
the current members of the Executive Committee who had completed two consecutive terms, and
hence not eligible to be reelected. He said that only one person from each member organisation was
eligible to vote. RCH partners were not eligible to be on die VHAK Board.
The following members were elected for the Executive Board for 2003-2005:
SLNo.
1.
Names______________
Dr.S.M.Subramanya Setty
SEVA, Gauribidanur
Designation
President
2.
Fr. William Menezes
Fr.MuHer’s Charitable
Institutions, Mangalore
Vice-President
3.
Dr. H. V.Ramaprakash
Arogya Vikasa Resource Centre,
Bangalore ’
Hon. Secretary
4.
Sr.Esther
Nava Jeevana, Cluny Convent
Bellary
Joint Secretary
5.
Mr.James sequeira
SLMartha’s Hospital
Bangalore
Treasurer
6.
Mr.C.M.Mahoorkar
Swamy Ramanand Tirtha
Institute of Socio-Economic
Research & National Integration
jXbdbarga_______________
Fr. Sebastian
St.John’s Medical College
Hospital, Bangalore.
Member
7.
Member
8.
Ms.Tara Serrao
Christa Sharan, Bimr
Member
9.
Mr.Aravind Kumar Kulkami
Grama Bharathi, Bidar
Member
^Proposed by Dr.S.N.Simha
Rotary Club of Indiranagar, B’lore
-Seconded by Mr.G.S.Bhatt
F.P.A.L, Mysore_________________
-Proposed by Fr.Joe Mary Lobo
Christa Sharana, Birur
- Seconded by Sr.Martha
Nwajeevana Health Centre
_ Carmelaram, Bangalore __________
-Proposed by Dr.G.S.Bhatt
. .
F.P.A.L Mysore
-Seconded by Ms.Tara Serrao
Christa Sharana, Birur______________
-Proposed by Fr. William Menezes
Fr.MuHer’s Charitable
Institutions, Mangalore
-Seconded by Ms.Tara Serrto
Christa Sharana, Birur______________
-Proposed by Fr.Joe Mary Lobo
Christa Sharana, Birur
-Seconded by Mr.Sharanappa Barasi
Sadhana, Sindhanur, Raichur
-Proposed by Mr. Sharanappa Barasi
Sadhana, Sindhanur, Raichur
-Seconded by Mr.Aravind Kumar Kulkami
Grmna Bharathi, Bidar
-Proposed by Mr.James Sequiera
SLMartha’s Hospital, Bangalore
- Seconded by Fr. William Menezes
Fr. Muller’s Charitable Institutions,
Mangalore_______________________
- Proposed by Fr.Sebastian
St.John’s Medical College Hospital,
Banplore.
-Secorded by Mrs.Subadhra Venkatappa
FP AI Bangalore_________________
- Proposed by Mr.C.M.Mahoorkar
Swan y Ramanand Tirtha Institute of Socio
-Econon ic Research & National Integra
tion, Gulbarg&
-Seconded by Fr.Scbastian
St.John’s Medical College Hospital,
Bangalon_____________________
4
¥
13. As there were no other matters to discuss, the I Ion. Secretary Dr.Simlia proposed a vote of
thanks. He placed on record the appreciation of the Executive Committee and General Body for the
outstanding leadership of the retiring President, Dharmadarshi N.C.Nanaiah. Guruji Joe Mary Lobo
joined in this appreciation and the General Body enthusiastically responded to this with a sound of
laud applause. He placed on record thanks to all the members of the General Body for attending the
meeting.
Dr.(Sr) Teresita, Medical Superintendent, Sr.Mercy and the authorities of St.Martha’s Hospital were
thanked profusely for making available the premises.
Dr.Simha lauded the outstanding work done by the staff of VHAK under the able leadership of the
Executive Secretaiy. The General Body lustily cheered the staff, Dr.Simlia thanked Di.Setty for
presiding over the meeting.
The meeting was adjourned at 4.30 p.m. by the presiding officer.
DRS.N.SIMHAi
Hon. Secretary'
All In^a Institute of Local Self - Gr
ernment
(A Govt Recognized education Institute)
1/1, 2nd Main Road, Gandhinagar, Bangalore - 560 009
Telephone: 080 22261876 / 56703323
DIPLOMA COURSES 2004-05
Minimum
Education
Qualification
Name of the
Course
Sanitary
Inspectors
Diploma Course
SSLC Pass
Diploma in
Food Safety &
Inspection
12th Std Pass
in Science
Post Graduate
Diploma in
Hospital
Administration
Graduate in
any faculty
including
Nursing
Local Self
Government
Diploma Course
Note:
SSLC Pass
lipper
Age
Limit
Duration of the
course
NA
i. 18 Months
ii. For 12th Std.
passed with
Science subjects
or Graduates in
any faculty the
duration in 12
month
Teaching
Hours
P radicals
Fees
Job opportunities
Daily 4
hours
Base line Survey /Family
Adoption/ Institution
visits / Practicals Journals - Projects etc.
10,500/= for
18 Month
course
(SSLC Passed)
payable in 2
installments
or Rs. 8.500/for others
Sub-Managerial position / in
Municipal corporations. C.M.Cs,
Directorate of Health Services.
Public Health Deptt., Hospitals
Railways. Airports, Oil Refineries,
Pest Control Deptt. Etc
Rs. 15,000/=
(Payable in 2
installments)
As Quality controller in Food Mfg.
Units, Hotels, Factories etc. Food
Analysts in Research centers &
Laboratories, Food 1 nspectors by
Local bodies. Setting up one’s own
Lab/Research Centre under Self
employment Scheme
Rs. 10,000/=
(Payable in 2
Installments)
As Hospital Administrator / Manager
in Public / Private Hospitals. Nursing
Homes etc.
Rs. 3000/=
Sub Managerial Position in
CMCs/TMCs/Municipal Corporation
etc.
NA
12 Months
Daily 4
hours
R & D Centre K.C. Das
(Central Govt.
recognized) R-FRAC
(NABL Accredited) Field
visits to CFTRI, DFRL,
NDRI, KMF, UAS, BIS,
Juggat Panna etc.
45
12 Months
(2 Semester)
10 hours
per week
Internships in 3 Public &
3 Private Hospitals
6 Months
Daily 2
Hours
NA
1. Last Date for Receipt of Application
2. Medium of Instruction
.3. Selection
4. Intake
5. Minimum Attendance
6. Reservation for SC / ST
7. Hostel Facility
31.7.2004
English
On Merit & Experience
50
75%
As per State Gov't. Rules
Will be arranged on Request
For further details, please visit us at our web
www.aiilsg.net
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
29th Annual General Body Meeting
Venue Conference Hall
St.Martha's Hospital
Nurpathunga Road
Bangalore - 560 001
Date: Sunday 25^ July 2004
Time: 2.30 p.m.
AGENDA
ssembly, signing of Register, welcome, Invocation
pproval of the minutes of the AGBM held on 27Un July 2003
alters arising out of the minutes
“^^^^pproval of Annual Report - 2003-2004
x 5. Approval of Audited statement of accounts 2003-04
Appointment of Auditors
j|&CH & ISM&H
Future programmes
' 9. Sales promotion of VHAI publication
10. Fund mobilizing efforts
11. Any other matter with the permission of the chair
S. SANKAR
Chartered Accountant
AR/050A/JULY/2004
FORM 10 B
Audit Report under Section 12A (b) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, in the case of
charitable or religious trust or institutions.
We have examined the Balance Sheet of VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF
KARNATAKA, as at 31st March, 2004 and Income and Expenditure Account for the year
ended on that date which are in agreement with the books of accounts maintained by the
Association.
We have obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge
and belief were necessary for the purpose of the Audit, in our opinion, proper books of
accounts have been kept by the Association, as far as appears from the examination of the
books.
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Voluntary Health Association of
Karnataka’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted
auditing standards in India. These Standards require that we plan and perform the audit to ,
obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material
respects, in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework and are free of
material misstatements. An audit includes, examining on a test basis, evidence supporting the
amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as
evaluating the overall financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable
basis for our opinion.
1. In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us the
said accounts give a true and fair view of the state of affairs: -
a) In the case of the Balance sheet of the state of Affairs of the above said Association as at
31st March 2004.
b) In the case of Income and Expenditure Account, the Excess of Income over
Expenditure for the year ended on that date.
2. We have obtained all the information and explanations, which to the best of our knowledge and
belief were necessary for the purpose of our audit.
3. In our opinion proper books of accounts have been maintained by Association, so far as it appears
from our examination of those books and;
4. The Balance
IV JU
(”\ with by this i
Expenditure Account and Receipts and payments Accounts dealt
are in\grOTnent with the books of accounts.
S. SANKAR
CHARTERED A^^l^ANT
Bangalore, the 1001 day dTjuly 2004
S - 6 & 7, Shalimar Galaxy, # 139, 1st Main Road, Seshadripuram, Bangalore - 560 020 Tel.: 91-80-346 1442
Email : svsandcompany@vsnl.com
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31ST MARCH, 2004
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
398,069.71
133,181.86
295.191.95
LIABILITIES
GENERAL FUND
Add : Excess of Income over Expenditure
Add : Adjustment pertaining to earlier years
Grants From Government of India-RCH Programme
Opening Balance
Add:Interest on Fixed Deposit
Add: Interest on SB
Less: Disbursed to Field NGO'S
Less: Administrative expenses
2,396,181.10
186,071.00
895.00
2,583,147.10
(2,047,140.00)
(167.669.80)
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
Indira Vikas Patra
368,337.30
Project Grants - Bread for Worid
Less: Expenses
400.000.00
(208.035.00)
191,965.00
Project Grants - Admin Expenses - XTLAI
Less: Expenses
217,924.00
(111.696.50)
106,227.50
646,102.00
32,575.00
6.800.00
25,775.00
12.350.00
38,125.00
ADVANCES
Rental Deposit
BDA Registration
20,000.00
123,490.00
CLTRRENT ASSETS
Closing Stock - Books
- Nutrition Kits
69,013.00
1,844.20
70,857.20
CLOSING BALANCES
- Cash on Hand
- Cash at Bank
6,273.11
557,060.38
563,333.49
3,504.74
1,612399.76
* <
Chartered Accountant
Bangalore, the 10th day of July, 2004
2,889,411.00
2,244.309.00
645,102.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
5,250.00
300.00
_____________________ Total___________
Arper my report of even date attached
S.Sankar —
RECEIVABLES
Subscriptions
Less : Received during the year
Add : Dues for the year
2,025.95
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Catholic Health Association
Audit fees payable
Advance for Membership Subscription
150,492.07
LWTSTMENTS
Fixed Deposits (Opening Balance)
Less : Matured during the period
105,845.75
PROJECT GRANT - Home Alliance
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
826,443.52
174,029.00
2,940.00
(71.123.25)
6,950.74
9.550.00
16,500.74
(12.996.00)
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
FIXED ASSETS
(As Per Schedule I)
Grants received from Ministry of
Family Welfare
Add: Interest on SB
Less: Administrative Expenses - ISM & H
PROJECT GRANT - HCAN
Opening Balance
Received during the year
Total
Less: Utilised during the year
ASSETS
__________ Total____________________ __________
For Voluntary Health Association of kamataka
\-
O(3an^alor •>1 c
President
Honorary Secretary
Treasurer
1,612,399.76
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Consolidated Income And Expenditure Account For The Period Ended 31st March, 2004
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
EXPENDITURE
To Opening Stock
Books
Nutrition Kits
53,300.00
1,844.20
No Tobacco Workshop Exps
36.194.75
To Administrative Expenses
Conveyance
Postage
News paper & periodicals
Purchase of Edu material
Printing & Stationery
Legal Advice Fee
Membership Subscription
Bank Charges
Home remedies
Workshop Expenses
Registration fee
'^Telephone
Rent
Salaries
Cateringcharges
1,032.00
840.00
335.00
10,000.00
1,508.00
3,500.00
680.00
340.00
967.00
975.00
700.00
3,019.00
6,000.00
19,380.00
20,000.00
20,000.00
6,655.00
37,284.00
60,000.00
242,976.75
Closing Stock - Books
- Nutrition Kits
69,013.00
1,844.20
70,857.20
133,181.86
S.Sankar
Chartered Accountant
Bangalore, the 1 Oth day of July, 2004
313,833.95
__________ Total____________________ I__________
For Voluntary Health Association of karnataka
I
*
0(Banyalote’ c
o t
/
-
20,500.00
2,850.00
•t
69,276.00
Excess of Income over Expenditure
k_
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
1,300.00
2,450.00
14,300.00
35,831.00
540.00
475.00
597.00
120.00
39,624.75
450.00
20,037.14
I
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
By New Membership Regp. Fee
55,144.20 By AGBM Regn. Fee
By Annual Membership subscription
By Distribution of Education Materials
By Distribution of Samaja Arogyada Kaipidi
36,194.75 By Distribution of nutrition kits
By Bank Interest on Savings Bank Account
By Distribution of heart disease
By Donations
By Distribution of walk along with me (Aids)
By Fund from Dept, of Health & Family Welfare
towards Safe Motherhood Programme
By Distribution of vanasanjini and hasim aroyga
By Fund from Dept, of Health & Family Welfare
towards PNDT Act Seminar
By Bank Interest - SB A/C
By Accrued Interest
By Receipt from VHAI for No Tobacco Day
Depreciation
__________Total________
mv report of even date attached
INCOME
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
President
Honorary Secretary'
Treasurer
313.833,95
I
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Receipts and Payments Account for the Period from 1st April, 2003 to 31st March, 2004
Foreign Contribution
As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
Receipts
To Opening Balance
Cash on Hand
Cash at Bank
1,156.33
3.513.93
Payments
As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
4,670.26
As on 31.03.21)04
Amount Rs
As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
12,996.00
110.00
13,106.00
By Programme Expenses
Nanuna paira Nunage Bank Charges
36,194.75
Tobacco Workshop Exps
To Grants
Project Grants - VHAI (Southern Regional Tobacco Works'
Project Grants - HCAN Project Grants - Admin Expenses - VHAI
Project Grants - Bread for the World
60,000.00
9,550.00
217,924.00
400.000.00
687,474.00
Bv Bread for the world
Need Assessment
Networking & Co-ordination
Information & Documentation Storage
Production of Health Education Materials
By Personnel Cost
4,448.00
4,389.00
940.00
365.00
159,000.00
169,142.00
Bv Administrative Cost
Rentals & Establishmet
Printing & Stationery ^computer accessories
Postage,telephone,telegrames,etc.
Travel expenses
Vehicle running & maintenance
Audit fee
Contingencies
16,452.00
3,784.00
5,903.00
389.00
8,142.50
3,675.00
547.50
38,893.00
Bv Administrative Expenses
AGBM Expenses
Office Maintenance & Electricity Charges
VHAI -AGBM expenses
Postage
Telephone chharges
Travel &Conveyance
Administrative Staff Salaries
Office Building Rent
News paper & Periodicals
Meeting and Networking
Miscellaneous
5,515.00
1,711.00
12,783.00
752.00
5,961.00
5,423.00
62,484.00
15,000.00
1,600.00
210.00
257.50
111,696.50
5,909.00
To Bank Interest - SB A/C
Bv Capital Expenses
For BDAIntial Ammount towards Site
By Closing Balance
Cash on Hand
Cash at Bank
310.08
205,220.93
______ Total_______________ ___________
For Voluntary’ Health Association of kamataka
698,053.26
_________ __________ Total_____
As per my report of even date attacl
t
*
S.Sankar
C V53
Chartered Accountant
Bangalore, the 10th day of jXK,x20b4^_
123,490.00
>
President
Honorary Secretary’
205,531.01
698,053.26
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Receipts and Payment Accounts for the period from 01.04.2003 to 31.03.2004
RCH Programme
As on 31.03.2004 As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
Amount Rs
Receipts
To Opening Balance
- Cash in Hand
- SB Account
335.30
33,415.80
To Fixed Deposits matured
To Bank Interest
Interest from SB Account
Interest from Fixed Deposit
Payments
As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
By Administration Expences
Disbursed to Field NGOs
Field NGOs Capacity Building(Training)
Conveyence/TA
Service charges
33,751.10
Sanction committee meeting exps
Postage
2,281,593.00
Printing & Stationary
Salaries To Program & Administrative Staff
Telephone Charges
RCH Orientation Workshop
895.00
Electricity Charges
83,873.00
Office Maintenance
Educational Materials
Bank Charges
Audit Fees
Vehicle Maintenance
Miscellaneous Expenses
By Cash & Bank Balances
Cash In Hand
SB Account
____________________ Total____________
As per my report of even date attached
I
)
-
V
O(3an.,alor ' c
S.Sankar
|
.
V
i <?
Chartered Accountant k
?J
Bangalore, the 10th day ol
H2WZ
2,400,112.10
2,047,140.00
44,435.00
16,020.00
1,650.00
1.000.00
1,468.00
15,958.00
48.250.00
3.530.00
5.673.00
109.00
3,067.00
6,000.00
0.80
6,534.00
12,250.00
1.725.00
2,214,809.80
383.30
184.919.00
185,302.30
________ Total__________________ ____________ _
For Voluntary Health Association of karnataka
President
Honorary Secretary
As on 31.03.2004
Amount Rs
is-
2,400,112.10
Treasurer
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Receipts and Payment Accounts for the period from 01.04.2003 to 31.03.2004
ISM&H Programme
Receipts
Grants received from Ministry of
Family Welfare
To Bank Interest on SB A/c
Amount
Rs.
174,029.00
By Administration Expences
Disbursed to Small NGOs
Conveyence/ Travelling
174,029.00
Exhibition & Mela
Postage
/ Telephone charges
2,940.00
Printing & Stationary
Hanororium
By Cash & Bank Balances
Cash In Hand
SB Account
Total
Amount
Rs.
Amount
Rs.
Payments
Amount
Rs.
55,905.25
3,031.00
3,754.00
51.00
382.00
’ 8,000.00
71,123.25
1,782.00
104,063.75
105,845.75
176,969.00
Total
176,969.00
For Voluntary Health Association of karnataka
As per my report of even date attaftbed
|L.
Sankar
Chartered Accountant
Bangalore, the 10th day of July, 2004
President
Honorary Secretary
Treasurer
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Receipts and Payments Account for the Period Ended 31st March, 2004
Local Contribution
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
Receipts
To Opening Balance
Cash on Hand
Cash at Bank
169.98
3,812.70
1,300.00
2,450.00
7,100.00
35,831.00
540.00
475.00
597.00
120.00
39,624.75
450.00
To New Membership Regn- Fee
To AGBM Regn. Fee
To Annual Membership subscription
To Distribution of Education Materials
To Distribution of Samaja Arogyada Kaipidi
To Distribution of nutrition kits
To Bank Interest on Savings Bank Account
To Distribution on heart disease
To Donations
To Distribution of walk along with me (.Aids)
To Fund from Dept, of Health & Family Welfare
towards Safe Motherhood Programme
To Distribution of vanasanjini and hasim aroyga
To Fund from Dept, of Health & Family Welfare
towards PNDT Act Seminar
20,500.00
2.850.00
20.000.00
I
4
By Conveyance
By Postage
3,982.68 By News paper & periodicals
By Purchase of Edu material
By Printing & Stationery
By Legal Advice Fee
By VHAI - Membership Subscription
By Bank Charges
By Home remedies
By Workshop Expenses
By Registration fee
By Telephone
By Rent
By Salaries
By Safe Montherhood programme
131,837.75
135,820.43
_____________________ Total____________
As per my report of even date attached
Payments
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
By Closing Balance
Cash on Hand
Cash at Bank
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
69.166.00
3,797.73
62.856.70
66.654.43
135.820.43 I
__________ Total____________________ __________
For Voluntary Health Association of karnataka
I
S.Sankar
|
Chartered Accountant
5
Bangalore, the 10th day of July, 200'
As on 31-03-2004
Amount Rs
1,032.00
840.00
335.00
10,000.00
1,508.00
3,500.00
680.00
230.00
967.00
975.00
700.00
3,019.00
6,000.00
19,380.00
20.000.00
'^^asurer
os.
2
President
Honoriiry Secretary
VOLUNTARY HEALTH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
FIXED ASSETS SCHEDULE - I
CONSOLIDATION
ADDITIONS TOTAL
DEPRECIATION
AMOUNT
RATE
WDV AS ON
31.03.2004
DESCRIPTION
WDV AS ON
01.04.2003
TYPEWRITER
9,490.98
9,490.98
10%
949.10
8,541.88
FURNITURE
45,430.64
45,430.64
5%
2,271.53
43,159.11
OFFICE EQUIPMENTS
2,472.04
2,472.04
15%
370.81
2,101.23
PHOTO COPYING MACHINE
16,732.55
16,732.55
15%
2,509.88
14,222.67
SLIDE PROJECTOR
2,439.74
2,439.74
15%
365.96
2,073.78
TAPE RECORDER
268.44
268.44
20%
53.69
51,815.50
51,815.50
10%
5,181.55
46,633.95
412.40
412.40
10%
41.24
371.16
KINETIC HONDA
2,285.90
2,285.90
20%
457.18
1,828.72
MARUTHI VAN
39,181.02
39,181.02
20%
7,836.20
31,344.82
170,529.21
170,529.21
20,037.14
150,492.07
COMPUTER AND ACCESSORIES
CYCLE
TOTA
■
J
t
A
214.75 •
VOLUNTARY HE.4J.TH ASSOCIATION OF KARNATAKA
Lifestyle Related Diseases
The term lifestyle is used very broadly to describe how people live. It includes their regular patterns
of behaviour such as what they eat and drink, their work and their social and leisure activity. When
it is used in public health context the term usually refers to the habits and customs of groups of
people within a population.
The lifestyle in question are not always freely chosen by individuals, but may be forced on them by
the pressures of their environment and their place in their society. With rapid changes in social
structure and order, traditional lifestyles are undergoing a marked change under the influence of
urbanization, modernization and other economic changes.
These changes have brought about a
significant change in Hie diet, working hours, attitudes during work, inter-personal relations, sleep &
rest patterns. This has disrupted long standing traditional patterns, which influenced personal and
social health. This has resulted in a marked change in the life style of the individuals. So the health
changes that are related to tiie changing LIFESTYLES of individuals get classified under LIFESTYLE
DISEASES.
Since there are differences in culture, LIFESTYLE diseases are different for different cultures &
income groups. However, there are some common lifestyle characteristics, which are common, for
tire present era; such as changes in diet and in tiie ingredients that go into the preparation of the
diets consumed. Smoking, tobacco, alcohol, and physically inactive are newer intrusions, which
affect the lifestyle of individuals. Stress is becoming a very important ingredient responsible for
mental & physical lifestyle changes.
The effect of the above lifestyle changes are becoming evident on a wide scale in society in the
form of an increase in weight leading to overweight and high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol,
elevated blood glucose level lead to the development of cardio-vascular diseases, blood pressure,
diabetes and some forms of cancer. It is the lifestyle characteristics, which contribute to the
development of these diseases.
In some particular diseases, lifestyle characteristics seem to interact with a genetic or familial
predisposition, making the risk of developing diseases even greater tiian it otherwise would be.
While genetic or familial predisposition must be considered a risk factor, it however cannot be
altered. However, the risk factors associated with lifestyle changes such as smoking or cholesterol-
laden diet, misuse of alcohol, inadequate physical activity, can be controlled and modified. For this
to happen, it is necessary for people to change their habits in the first place. It has been shown that
such changes can lead to a reduction of high blood cholesterol, high BP, diabetes, risk of cardio
vascular diseases and some forms of cancer.
Good health is more than just the absence of physical & mental disease. The achievement of good
health in a population needs both social and economic objectives to reach the desired goal. It needs
tiie active involvement of parents, social leaders, spiritual heads and other voluntary agencies to
reach the desired goal for a nation wanting the best for its citizens.
The basic ground rules for health include several important aspects, which are of particular
relevance and these are intricately related to the lifestyle of individuals.
-
a healthy diet
-
adequate exercise
-
a healthy body weight
-
abstinence from smoking
-
Moderation in the drinking of alcohol
-
A stress free mind
The need to adopt healthy lifestyles varies greatly from society to society. Some of the factors
influencing the lifestyle changes in society are;
-
cultural influences
economic considerations
-
knowledge and awareness
-
political or structural factors
-
Moral attitudes
- values
Efforts to get any population to adopt healthy lifestyles have to take into account the above
factors. This requires action on a number of fronts and framework for planning and
implementation. It is in the fields of Knowledge & awareness and advise to political policy
makers that Voluntary Organisations play a dominant role. The Voluntary Health Association of
Karnataka has taken up this as its prime objective and the present conference is in this direction.
Dr.MALLIKARJUNA
Yoga Therapy Consultant
Project Officer
Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation
19 Ekanath Bhavan, Gavipuram circle
Kempegowda Nagar
Bangalore-19
Ph: 98801 25257
www.vyasa.org
murendramalli9@rediffmail.com
Importance of Yoga & The right Posture in disease related to new life styles
Contents
II.
Ill
IV
Introduction
Definition of Yoga
a. The four streams of Yoga
Concept of Health & Yoga
a. The Science of Illnesses
b. New Life Styles Diseases-Psychosomatic
c. The Integrated Approach-IAYT
Role Of ASANAS(POSTURES)
I
Introduction
Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world. For the restless mind it gives
solace. For the sick, it is a boon. For the common man it is the fashion of the day
to keep him fit and beautiful. Some use it for developing memory, intelligence
and creativity. With its multifold deeper layers of consciousness in their move
towards perfection.
Definition of Yoga
Yoga-Mastery over the mind
Patanjali defines in his second Patanjali s aphorism-" Yoga Citta Vrtti Nirodha"
Yoga is a process of gaining control over the mind.
"Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ltyabhidhyiyate”-Yoga Vasistha
Yoga is called a skilful trick to calm down the mind.
"Yoga Karmasu Kausalam"-(Gita 2.50)
Yoga is dexterity in action. The dexterity is in maintaining relaxation and
awareness in action.
a. The Four Streams of Yoga
1. The path of work involves doing action with an attitude of detachment
to fruits of action- karma Yoga
2. The control of emotions is the key in the path of worship-Bhakti Yoga
3. The path of philosophy - Jnana Yoga
4. The Yoga of mind culture or psychic control - Raja Yoga
Astanga Yoga-Eight limbed Yoga-Patanjali Yoga Sutras
This gives a comprehensive and systematic approach for developing the
mind. The eight limbs are:
1. Yama-The disciplines,‘DONT’S
2. Niyama-The injunctions, DO’S
3. Asana-The posture of body
4. Pranayama-The control of prana ,the life force
5. Pratyahara-Restraint of senses from their objects
6. Dharana-Focussind of mind
7. Dhyana-Deconcentration
8. Samadhi (super consciousness)
III. Concept of Yoga.
Concept of Health and Yoga.
According to WHO the state of health is defined as a state of
complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being and not
merely an absence of disease or infirmity. It is clear from this
definition that health and ill-health are not two discrete entities as
commonly understood but health should be conceived as a
continuous function indicating the state of well being.
a. The Science of Illnesses.
The Adhis (primary disease) are two fold Samanya (ordinary) and
Sara(essential). The former includes the diseases incidental to the
body while the later is responsible for rebirth which all men are
subject.
The Samanya are normally produced during the interactions with
the world.
The secondary category of ailments are Anadhijah Vyacfftayah
those not originated by mind. These would probably include the
infectious and contagious diseases. The text says that Anadhija
Vyadhis can be handled through conventional medicines.
b. New Life Style Diseases - Psychosomatic
Among the two types of Adhis described the Samanya (ordinary)
type corresponds to the modern psychosomatic ailments. When
the mind is agitated during our interactions with the world at large,
the physical body also follows in its wake.
c. Integrated approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT)
The disturbance in the manomaya kosa percolates into the physical
layer (Annamaya Kosa) through the pranayama Kosa. Hence in
the treatment of these psychosomatic ailments it becomes
mandatory to work at all these levels of our existence to bring about
the quickest results. The IAYT thus consists in not only in dealing
with the physical sheath, the relief of which could at best be
temporary as is happening with the drugs used in modern
medicine. The large number of yoga practices available in the texts
of yoga and Upanishads are adopted to balance and harmonise the
disturbance at each of the five kosas and tackle this type of
complex psychosomatic ailments.
Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy
Practices.
Kosas
1. Anamaya Kosa
2. Pranayama Kosa
3. Manomaya Kosa
4. Vijnanmaya Kosa
5. Anandamaya Kosa
Loosening, Asanas, Kriyas,
Diet.
Kriyas, Breathing, Pranayama.
Dhyana, Bhakti Devotional
Songs.
Jnana, Lecture and
yogic counseling.
Working in blissful
awareness.
The role of ASANAS (POSTURES)
Yogasanas are physical postures often imitating the natural
positions of the animals meant to he mind tranquil. Through these
postures, the physical revitalization and deep relaxation and mental
calmness are achieved.
Prayathna shythilyya ananthsamapathi.
Maintain in final posture is important.
I. Starting with loosening of joints, harmonizing body and mind
li.Asanas-Complementary postures, Cultural / Meditative
lii. Prana balance
iv. Deep rest to the part stretched, Principle of stretch - deep rest
For diseases- Local rest to sick organs through specific Asanas.
** Tranquility of mind and clarity of thought, i.e., harmony of body
and mind.
These characteristics can be achieved with the persistent and
regular practice of Yogasanas.
Dr.MALLIKARJUNA
Yoga Therapy Consultant
Project Officer
Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation
19 Ekanath Bhavan, Gavipuram circle
Kempegowda Nagar
Bangalore-19
Ph: 98801 25257
www.vyasa.org
murendramalli9@rediffmail.com
Importance of Yoga & The right Posture in disease related to new life styles
Contents
I.
II.
III
IV
Introduction
Definition of Yoga
a. The four streams of Yoga
Concept of Health & Yoga
a. The Science of Illnesses
b. New Life Styles Diseases-Psychosomatic
c. The Integrated Approach-IAYT
Role Of ASANAS(POSTURES)
Introduction
Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world. For the restless mind it gives
solace. For the sick, it is a boon. For the common man it is the fashion of the day
to keep him fit and beautiful. Some use it for developing memory, intelligence
and creativity. With its multifold deeper layers of consciousness in their move
towards perfection.
Definition of Yoga
Yoga-Mastery over the mind
Patanjali defines in his second Patanjali s aphorism-"Yoga Citta Vrtti Nirodha”
Yoga is a process of gaining control over the mind.
"Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ltyabhidhyiyate"-Yoga Vasistha
Yoga is called a skilful trick to calm down the mind.
"Yoga Karmasu Kausalam”-(Gita 2.50)
Yoga is dexterity in action. The dexterity is in maintaining relaxation and
awareness in action.
a. The Four Streams of Yoga
1. The path of work involves doing action with an attitude of detachment
to fruits of action- karma Yoga
2. The control of emotions is the key in the path of worship-Bhakti Yoga
3. The path of philosophy - Jnana Yoga
4. The Yoga of mind culture or psychic control - Raja Yoga
Astanga Yoga-Eight limbed Yoga-Patanjali Yoga Sutras
This gives a comprehensive and systematic approach for developing the
mind. The eight limbs are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Yama-The disciplines,‘DONT’S
Niyama-The injunctions,DO’S
Asana-The posture of body
Pranayama-The control of prana ,the life force
Pratyahara-Restraint of senses from their objects
6. Dharana-Focussind of mind
7. Dhyana-Deconcentration
8. Samadhi (super consciousness)
III. Concept of Yoga.
Concept of Health and Yoga.
According to WHO the state of health is defined as a state of
complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well being and not
merely an absence of disease or infirmity. It is clear from this
definition that health and ill-health are not two discrete entities as
commonly understood but health should be conceived as a
continuous function indicating the state of well being.
a. The Science of Illnesses.
The Adhis (primary disease) are two fold Samanya (ordinary) and
Sara(essential). The former includes the diseases incidental to the
body while the later is responsible for rebirth which all men are
subject.
The Samanya are normally produced during the interactions with
the world.
The secondary category of ailments are Anadhijah Vyadfiayah
those not originated by mind. These would probably include the
infectious and contagious diseases. The text says that Anadhija
Vyadhis can be handled through conventional medicines.
b. New Life Style Diseases - Psychosomatic
Among the two types of Adhis described the Samanya (ordinary)
type corresponds to the modem psychosomatic ailments. When
the mind is agitated during our interactions with the world at large,
the physical body also follows in its wake.
c. Integrated approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT)
The disturbance in the manomaya kosa percolates into the physical
layer (Annamaya Kosa) through the pranayama Kosa. Hence in
the treatment of these psychosomatic ailments it becomes
mandatory to work at all these levels of our existence to bring about
the quickest results. The IAYT thus consists in not only in dealing
with the physical sheath, the relief of which could at best be
temporary as is happening with the drugs used in modern
medicine. The large number of yoga practices available in the texts
of yoga and Upanishads are adopted to balance and harmonise the
disturbance at each of the five kosas and tackle this type of
complex psychosomatic ailments.
Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy
Practices.
Kosas
1. Anamaya Kosa
2. Pranayama Kosa
3. Manomaya Kosa
4. Vijnanmaya Kosa
5. Anandamaya Kosa
Loosening, Asanas, Kriyas,
Diet.
Kriyas,Breathing, Pranayama.
Dhyana, Bhakti Devotional
Songs.
Jnana, Lecture and
yogic counseling.
Working in blissful
awareness.
The role of ASANAS (POSTURES)
Yogasanas are physical postures often imitating the natural
positions of the animals meant to he mind tranquil. Through these
postures, the physical revitalization and deep relaxation and mental
calmness are achieved.
Prayathna shythilyya ananthsamapathi.
Maintain in final posture is important.
I. Starting with loosening of joints, harmonizing body and mind
li.Asanas-Complementary postures, Cultural / Meditative
lii.Prana balance
iv. Deep rest to the part stretched, Principle of stretch - deep rest
For diseases- Local rest to sick organs through specific Asanas.
** Tranquility of mind and clarity of thought, i.e., harmony of body
and mind.
These characteristics can be achieved with the persistent and
regular practice of Yogasanas.
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RF_IH_3_SUDHA.pdf
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