STREET CHILDREN

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STREET CHILDREN
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CASE-STUDY
Ramu, an 8 year old boy, ran away from his village and came to
Bangalore. He was roaming around Bangalore and was feeling
hungry. He was begging the people, but nobody gave him anything.
Then he came near the dustbin and saw some of the children picking

rags. Then he understood that these children were also like him
and were working to earn their meal. So, he should also work to
earn his meal. He wanted to join them at work. But he was rejected
by them. He started picking rags on his own. After sometime, the
other children allowed him to join their ragpicking group. After
joining the group, Ramu started doing whatever the group did, such

as eating without washing hands, smoking beedis and cigarettes and
also smoking ganja. His hands and legs got cut while picking the
rags and he was nto able to get adequate treatment for such
injuries. As a result of this, he fell ill. Ravi, one of the rag
pickers was taking care of Ramu. That is the only care that he

got during his illness.

PRE-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE

What do you hope to learn from this workshop?

What do you understand by thp Child-to-Child approach?
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children?
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Community Heait'n Ceti
From:

To:

Primp Neri de Souza" <neri244@rediffmail.com>
<Kritidpc@ndf.vsnl.net.in>: <nitish2001@satyam.net in>: <qamarj5@sify.com>;
<nitishpriyadarshiP.4@redifFrn3il.com >; <inndbph@del2.vsnl net.in>;

<ciesouzaqoa@yahoo.com>, <sochara@vsni.com>; <asnrayafian@sify.com>.
<ejhwill'amson@bigfoot.com>; <ewilii2@yahoo.com>; <roadsideteashop@yahoo.ca>;
<ienn_esbierg@yahoo.ca>: <sandydetillieux2002@yahoo.ca>; <StJungwirth@aol.com>
<deborah. santamarSa^fenipakistsn com.pk>; <maryseva@saf‘icharnet in>;
<dh72dan_nsk@sancharnet.in>; <econcmer@bom5.vsni.net.in>;
<asn>e*r_ nok@sar.c:iarr,et.iFi>; <econorHer@vsnl.com>; <arrindseveres@hotmail.com>;
<biaiseiames@reciffmaii.com >; <jvoddant@yahoo.com>; <jbfox@scb.orq>:
<tmeison@vsni com>; <pgonsaives@sdb.org >; <inbbom@bom3 vsnl.net in>;
<AART!13*S)2o! com-'5, ^ncroGS^Sbol not jp>
Thursday. Apr.-; 01 2004 8:00 AM
Subject:

Minor s_iragic_death_

Truly a sad sad store - my heart goes out to all who loved and cared for him, and any others who

Jeiiil Esbjcig
Ecosystem R.estorationist. CER

— Condemning the death of the, boy. two Britons Paul Dobic and Simon Green said that they had
been visiting Goa since 1998 and on every occasion they met the street boy Kaiia on the streets ot
Margao.
They would give Kaiia small amounts of money and often would buy him some food and drinks.
The last time they met Kalla was on Monday morning when they offered him a can of Cola.
They said that they were filled with remorse last night when they heard the news of Kaiia"s
demise, but this morning. “Our sorrow turned to anger after reading the newspaper article about
inc tragic v-Vviu.5 tiioir letter reads.
“We have met this boy on many occasions... he was never in a dazed or in contused state from

Any person in the custody of police can be deemed as a suspected criminal until proven innocent
01 alls Ciiiiic, SO Wily Vv'aS lie ilOi tfcttlSpOrted ill 3 ScCUit VCiilCic wlllCil WOulu llaVc prevented the

bov’s death. thev questioned.

uvdUiiCoi oi uis grieving brolltcr vViio was forced to clean the stretcher, which hau previously
carried the body of his loved one,” they said in the letter.
The officer by instructing the poor grief stricken boy to carry out such an inhumane task has
brought shame on the humanity, they said.

more news at:(v,ww.oherald.com)

Should you feel to write protest letters, do so.

goanet@goanet.org

tioanet

Tie-aM-

hfei^d^ancharwu in

Gviitanidk liiiiub.
Goa Police:

uuiloi@gomauiaktimcs.com
dgpgoa@goapoltce.org.
policc@goa.aic.in,
dgpgoa@goa.nic.in
Margao Municipal Council: marmc@goa.mc.in
^Governor of Goa>
govemor@goa.nic.in
<Chief Secretary>
cs@goa.nic in
^Svutu Goa Collcctoratc>
collccts@goa.mc.in
<Chief Minister of Goa>
cmgoa@goa.nic.in

Minor’s tragic death raises eyebrows

MARGAO, MARCH 30, 2004

HERALD REPORT

— He was known to many as “Kalia” and “Rocky” for some. Many others just knew him as a
On Tuesday, everyone had one question to ask: Who’s responsible for the tragic death of this
minor 10-year old street child in the city today.This morning, the minor child was crushed to
ucath under the wheels of the Margao Municipal garbage compactor near tire old bus stand here.
Eve witnesses sav the bov came under the wheels when he was trying to run awav from the

version, the boy had been allegedly found inhaling “eraser’’ in the past. I oday. the police said, he
was Inirerinc darpn rm the main road hphind tha Maraan Mnr.icinal building ohstnirtino the

passage oi the haine pvlivc van.Margao Pl rraboun Shirwauear oiseioscu iitai tire iiaiite poitee
constable on the traffic police open pick-up van — used for lifting two-wheelers — then ordered
the labourers behind to lift the boy in order to take him to the police station.
However, when the van reached the mm, behind Sabina restaurant, on the way to the police
station, the boy jumped out and tried to escape, but later came under the wheels of the compactor,
which was approaching the fuel pump for diesel. According io PI Shirwaikar, the boy was caught
by the traffic police personnel in good faith in order to send him to Apna Ghar. “The traffic police
CGiiSt&biC uiivx ’vVGfKCiS Oil tuG piCk-tip Vail SaV U1CV dCCluCu iG PriilS tilC uGV tO tllC pOiiCC StauGil lil

good faith. Their purpose was to send the bov to Anna Ghar”, he added.
However, the police officer had no answer when asked whether an open traffic van was the right
mode to transport a minor boy to the police station. He also categorically stated that the boy was
not in the custody of the traffic police at the time of his death,

detain the deceased child, but in vain. 1 he police, however, denied the same.Pl Shirwaikar said

Hyderabad for chemical analysis, he added.

Meanwhile. cin-based NGQ said the death of the street child will probably nass off as a death
oy accident, as lew would know the circumstances leaning to inc uealh. I lie NGO raised the
question whether law enforcers have humanity as the deceased brother was made to wipe the
strcictror. sc. mg such instances only add to me list 01 children ocmg rounded up regularly. Kept in
police lock-up at nights and sometimes 24 hours, made to sign as majors and beaten-up and then
let-off without any records being maintained.
The NGO sought to know how many more atrocities and deaths of children wiii require the police
to wake up to the reality' of being sensitive to protect the children.

if ex

az>

r J,{^

A Counselling-based Intervention Programme for
13lx^*2
Sexual Behavioural Change in Teenage Street & Slum Boys
The wish to develop a ‘sexuality’ workbook aimed at teenage street1 boys...

Most street boys aged twelve and above are very much involved in high-risk sexual behaviours, ranging
from having different types of sex with other boys to having sex with street prostitutes or Hijras. For
many, having sex is almost like an addiction, a pleasurable time-pass through which they may forget
their worries and enjoy. Research studies show that it is no exception to find Indian street boys aged
only fourteen or fifteen having anal or intercourse sex on a daily basis and with several different partners.

With an estimated HIV-infection prevalence of more than 1% in the general South Indian population
(Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka), street boys are running extreme risks of contracting HIV/
AIDS. At the same time all of us know that it is a very difficult task to change street boys’ behaviours, let
alone their sexual behaviours. Thus, it is obvious that something needs to be done, but what?!

Our idea...
In 1999 and 2001/2002 two extensive researches on sexuality in street boys were conducted in BOSCO
Bangalore. These researches have given a wealth of information on the psychological and sociological
aspects that influence their sexual risk-taking. Now, NIMHANS Bangalore (National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro Sciences; supervisors of the 1999 research), APSA Bangalore (an organisation for
(street and slum children) and Youth Incentives - Holland (Mr. Meindert Schaap, the Dutch psychologist
who conducted the 2001/2002 research) would like to use these results as well as the experiences of
existing sexual health intervention programs to create a thorough and very practical workbook on sexual
behaviour change in teenage street or slum boys in India2.
Along with the workbook, plans are to develop a practical training module for those working in the field
on how to discuss highly sensitive issues like sexuality and personality with street boys and how to use
the activities described in the workbook to run your own intervention program in the most effective way.
What about the contents of the workbook?

Although the boys should of course be provided with thorough information on HIV/AIDS, one thing we
firmly believe is that simply telling the boys about the risks of HIV/AIDS or throwing some moralistic
stories at them will not do. We have found (by experience and research) that the boys’ sexual
behaviours_are very much influenced by their personalities, their patterns of thinking_and feeling about
themselves as well as by their attitudes towards life.
To give some examples: whether a boy is often feeling depressed, angry or tensed, or whether he is
most oj the time happy, may influence the extent to which he is engaged in sexual behaviours as well as
his motives to engage in sex. Likewise, boys who tend to feel lonely often or who are having less social
skills may be different in their sexual behaviours from boys who are easily making and maintaining
friendships. Also the extent to which a boy feels able to control the things which happen to him in his life
or his self-perceived ability to cope with problems, all may influence his ideas and attitudes with regard to
sexuality as well as his sexual behaviours. Finally, self esteem, degree Qf..futur.e_or,ientation and many

’ Where I speak about street boys I also include that part of the slum boys’ population that lives in the streets
during the day (and regularly in the nights as well).
2 The creation of the workbook cum training manual will be a joint venture of Dr. Shekhar Seshadri (NIMHANS),
Street and Slum Children Organisation APSA Bangalore (Dr. Kshithij) and Mr. Meindert Schaap, Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychologist from the Netherlands (Youth Incentives).

A Counselling-based Intervention Programme for
^r1
Sexual Behavioural Change in Teenage Street & Slum Boys
CH-T
The wish to develop a ‘sexuality’ workbook aimed at teenage street1 boys...

Most street boys aged twelve and above are very much involved in high-risk sexual behaviours, ranging
from having different types of sex with other boys to having sex with street prostitutes or Hijras. For
many, having sex is almost like an addiction, a pleasurable time-pass through which they may forget
their worries and enjoy. Research studies show that it is no exception to find Indian street boys aged
only fourteen or fifteen having anal or intercourse sex on a daily basis and with several different partners.

With an estimated HIV-infection prevalence of more than 1% in the general South Indian population
(Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka), street boys are running extreme risks of contracting HIV/
AIDS. At the same time all of us know that it is a very difficult task to change street boys’ behaviours, let
alone their sexual behaviours. Thus, it is obvious that something needs to be done, but what?!

Our idea...
In 1999 and 2001/2002 two extensive researches on sexuality in street boys were conducted in BOSCO
Bangalore. These researches have given a wealth of information on the psychological and sociological
aspects that influence their sexual risk-taking. Now, NIMHANS Bangalore (National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro Sciences; supervisors of the 1999 research), APSA Bangalore (an organisation for
(street and slum children) and Youth Incentives - Holland (Mr. Meindert Schaap, the Dutch psychologist
who conducted the 2001/2002 research) would like to use these results as well as the experiences of
existing sexual health intervention programs to create a thorough and very practical workbook on sexual
behaviour change in teenage street or slum boys in India2.
Along with the workbook, plans are to develop a practical training module for those working in the field
on how to discuss highly sensitive issues like sexuality and personality with street boys and how to use
the activities described in the workbook to run your own intervention program in the most effective way.
What about the contents of the workbook?
Although the boys should of course be provided with thorough information on HIV/AIDS, one thing we
firmly believe is that simply telling the boys about the risks of HIV/AIDS or throwing some moralistic
stories at them will not do. We have found (by experience and research) that the boys' sexual
behaviours are very much influenced by their personalities, their patterns of thinking and feeling about
themselves as well as by their attitudes towards. Ijfe^. .
To give some examples: whether a boy is often feeling depressed, angry or tensed, or whether he is
most of the time happy, may influence the extent to which he is engaged in sexual behaviours as well as
his motives to engage in sex. Likewise, boys who tend to feel lonely often or who are having less social
skills may be different in their sexual behaviours from boys who are easily making and maintaining
friendships. Also the extent to which a boy feels able to control the things which happen to him in his life
or his self-perceived ability to cope with problems, all may influence his ideas and attitudes with regard to
sexuality as well as his sexual behaviours. Finally, self esteem, degree of future_orientation and many

1 Where I speak about street boys I also include that part of the slum boys' population that lives in the streets
during the day (and regularly in the nights as well).
2 The creation of the workbook cum training manual will be a joint venture of Dr. Shekhar Seshadri (NIMHANS),
Street and Slum Children Organisation APSA Bangalore (Dr. Kshithij) and Mr. Meindert Schaap, Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychologist from the Netherlands (Youth Incentives).

. other individual variables may all change the way in which boys feel, think and behave with regard to
sex3.
We therefore believe that it is an absolute necessity to not only talk about sex, but include sessions on
the boys’ personalities, their ways of feeling and thinking and their attitudes about life in the program as
well. The workbook should reach beyond the mere subject of HIV/AIDS or sexual health. Its motto
should be: “let us not only talk about sexuality, let's also talk YOU!”. By doing so, the workbook will aim
at creating awareness in the boys that they are really having some problem, that their behaviours and
the ways they think and feel about themselves are part of the problem, and motivate them for change.
Finally, we are convinced that change needs time. This means that some longer process (i.e. a program
that lasts at least several weeks or even months) is needed to change behaviours which have become
very much ingrained in the boys' daily lives. The workbook therefore will contain a broad variety of
activities from which to develop a process-oriented intervention program.

What will the workbook look like?
Our idea is to make the workbook a very practical guide, written in simple language, with full descriptions
of many creative activities, games, plays as well as in-depth interview and counselling schedules,
accompanied by clear instructions on how to conduct each and every activity. Activities for both small
group sessions and individual sessions will be included.

Most important, this workbook will not be just some general program, from which you have to work out
your own way how to apply the methods to street boys. Our workbook will be one that is already
completely catered to the very specific life situation of street boys as well as to those subjects which are
thought to be really relevant to promote sexual behaviour change.

Finally, this workbook will give you the freedom to build your ‘own’ sexuality intervention program for
street boys, by simply combining those activities that suit your organisation. Whether you want only
group activities or would like to include individual activities as well, whether you have only limited time or
are able to run a four months program, all the materials you will ever need will be found in this workbook.
Of course, thorough suggestions will be given on how to build intervention programs that will sort
maximum effect.
To make it easy to create your own program, the workbook will not be published in book form but as a
file folder with separate pages. By just taking out the pages you like best and arranging and rearranging
them, you will form an intervention program that is best suited to your organisation and your goals.
How to use the workbook effectively?

To use the workbook in an efficient way, an accompanying training manual will be made that may be
used to train professionals / street social workers the skills for discussing sensitive issues, personality
characteristics and sexuality with street boys. Through providing a training like this, we hope to ensure
the highest quality possible for a proper implementation of your sexuality intervention program for
teenage street boys.
We hope this workbook may become your guide to help prevent many street boys from getting a deadly
disease!
© Meindert Schaap, 2002.

Note that all these individual variables are strongly influenced by the special living conditions society imposes
upon these children. The mere fact that these boys have to survive in the streets, a rather hostile environment, very
much shapes their personalities. This is also the main reason why we believe there is a strong need for an
intervention program that is specifically catered to the lives of street children.

20 December 2002,
Dear Friends!

After some six months it is high time to give an
update to you all on my plans for developing a very
practical workbook and training manual 'sexual
health’ for teenage street and slum boys in (South)
India.
As most of you know, in 2001-2002 I spent some ten
months in BOSCO Bangalore collecting research
data on the psychological processes and variables
that influence sexual behaviour in street boys aged
11 to 17. Since a few weeks, I have started
processing these data while working as a research
consultant / child psychologist at Youth Incentives:
International Centre for Young People and Sexual
Health in Utrecht, The Netherlands.
In the coming 14 months I hope to analyse all
research data, translate the results into concrete
guidelines for intervention, organise a three-day
conference on sexual behaviour change in teenage
street and slum boys in India (to be held in
Bangalore, June / July 2003) and develop a first draft
version of the workbook and training manual.
In spring 2004, I hope to come to Bangalore once
again for the period of one year to test and finalise
the intervention program and to organise the first
trainings for workers. Developing and implementing
the intervention program will be done in close co­
operation with APSA Bangalore (Dr. Kshithij Urs) and
NIMHANS (Dr. Shekhar Seshadri).

Why am I doing this? The main reason is that I am
really very much touched by the beautiful characters
of the street boys I met during the one-and-half years
I lived in BOSCO’s open shelter in 1994 and 20012002. The idea that these children have to live in
horrendous circumstances and are at severe risk for
serious health problems such as HIV/AIDS to me is
so unjust that I decided some eight years ago that I
would like to use my skills and knowledge to try to
improve the lives of these “children in extremely
difficult circumstances”. Since then I have tried to
dedicate my life to street children, homeless youth
and other children in difficulties, in Holland as well as
internationally.
Though it will still take some time before concluding
the research analyses and start the actual develop­

ment of the intervention program, I would like to give
you some ideas regarding the character of the
intervention. The program intends to be:
•
fully adapted to the specific life situations of
street and slum boys, in content as well as
form (creative, interactive);
•
dealing with the issues of sexual health and
the prevention of STDs/HIV/AIDS, as well as
with the psychological processes and
characteristics of the child (risk and protective
factors);
•
aimed at small-group counselling (groups of 6
to 10 boys);
•
process-oriented: it entails at least 10 twohour sessions;
•
very practical and flexible: organisations will
be free to build their ’own’ intervention
program using the workbook guidelines;
•
accompanied by a thorough one-week
training for workers.
Thus far this introductory, first newsletter. In the next
newsletters I hope to be able to tell you more about
the contents and results of my research and present
some interesting background information on sexual
health issues.
I would like to conclude this letter with wishing you all
Happy Holidays and a Beautiful New Year!!

Meindert Schaap,
Youth Incentives
www.youthincentives.org

Health

Confidence and

pleasure in
relationships

and all aspects

of sexuality

What are the beliefs of Youth Incentives
Youth Incentives believes in a Rights based approach towards

young people’s sexual and reproductive health. Youth
Incentives believes that young people have the fundamental
rights to:

• Have access to information and education and the best

possible sexual and reproductive health services, including
contraceptives;

• Be involved in decision making in all work and pro­

grammes of sexual and reproductive health;
• Have confidence and pleasure in relationships and all

aspects of sexuality.

Who is Youth Incentives for
Youth Incentives aims to work with all professionals and volunteers intere­
sted in young people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights. This can

range from policy makers, programme planners, youth workers to peer

What is Youth Incentives

educators and peer counsellors. Youth Incentives primarily works with
organisations and individuals in developing countries and countries in

transition and their partners based around the world.

Conducts training for youth workers, programme planners and policy makers
involved in sexual and reproductive health issues of young people.

Youth Incentives is the International Centre for Young People and Sexual
Health.Youth Incentives is a non-governmental organisation funded by the

IMPROVING CAPABILITY OF ORGANISATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS:

Organises study tours and site visits to the Netherlands and other European

Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DG1S). Its purpose is to promo­

What does Youth Incentives do

countries.

te and disseminate best programmes for youth in the area of sexuality and

Youth Incentives works in three main areas:

Provides technical support in program design, implementation and evaluation

Acts as a resource centre and help desk on issues around young people’s

sexual health.
It does this through providing support to governmental and non-governmental

INCREASING AWARENESS OF SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS OF

organisations in developing countries and countries in transition. Youth

YOUNG PEOPLE:

Incentives aims to share and foster the Dutch approach to young peoples

Promotes the Dutch approach for young people’s sexual health through

sexual and reproductive health.

information provision, site visits and exchange programmes.

Conducts research - participatory, qualitative and quantitative - to provide infor­

Youth Incentives is a division of NISSO (Netherlands Institute of Social

Networks and promotes co-operation between youth organisations and youth

mation on issues around sexual health of young people.

Sexological Research) and is part of the Rutgers-NISSO group. The

sexual health.
IDENTIFYING AND PROMOTING BEST PRACTICES:

serving organisations world-wide.

Develops principles of good practice in sexual health programmes for all young

Rutgers Foundation, the Dutch Family Planning Association, is member of

Disseminates information of relevant youth-centred issues, materials and fact

people through partnerships and research.

IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation).

sheets aimed at issues ofyoung people and sexual health, both local and global.

Documentation of youth programs and activities.

Freedom of sexual expression: young people have the freedom to talk

What is the Dutch Approach?

about and express their sexuality, whether it is with someone of the same

The Netherlands is seen as one of the model countries with regard to sexual

or the opposite sex;

health and rights of young people. They have long-term experience in the

area of sexual health of young people. They have the lowest rate of teenage
pregnancies and the highest acceptance of^oritraception amongst young

people worldwide. Studies show that Dutch young people have adequate

■ Partnership: young people share responsibilities and decisions with adults.

Some facts en figures

knowledge about reproduction, contraception, HIV/A1DS and STI risks,

Young people all over the world are interested in sexuality and sexual

and have a positive attitude towards their sexuality.The quality of care, high

health, whether they are sexually active or not. However most young

level of services, information and education are the main elements contri­

people are not given the information, the means or the confidence to

buting to die Dutch success. In general, the youth policy is geared to incre­

ensure their sexual and reproductive health and rights, putting them at risk

ase young people's opportunities and preventing them from dropping out

of unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/A1DS

and being marginalised. It aims to promote self-reliance and to decrease

World wide the highest reported rates of sexually transmitted infections

dependence on care. The most important element of the youth policy is the

are found in young people aged 15-24 years;

emphasis on promoting confidence in young people's own strength and capa­

More than one million children under the age of 15 years are currendy

bilities. Assistance is offered whenever appropriate in a form which is matched

living with HIV/AIDS, and this number is increasing rapidly;

to the needs of young people and those who are responsible for them.

Complications of pregnancy, childbirth and unsafe abortion are the

The value of rights, responsibilities and respect underpins the social

major causes of death for women aged 15-19 years;

philosophy of young people’s sexual and reproductive health in such a way

Sexual violence and unequal power relations may make many young

that voting people are given a chance to shape their own lives and futures.

women especially vulnerable to unwanted sex, and limit the extent to which
they can influence when, where and how safely sexual relations can occur.

Who works for Youth Incentives
Youth Incentives has a team of researchers, educational specialists, trainers,
xoutn incentives oeneves tnac in oraer to respono to tne real nevus oi

consultants (medical and non-medical) and information specialists.

young people, anybody who works for and with young people needs to be

able to respect and understand their sexuality and their sexual behaviour
and act accordingly. This includes:

How to contact Youth Incentive
If you would like more information about Youth Incentives, our services

• Informed choice: young people need support to make informed and

and our activities, please contact us at:

responsible choices about their sexuality and sexual health;
• Respect for diversity: Young people are not a single group; there are

Youth Incentives

Email: info@youthincentives.org

different groups that have specific needs. Special approaches need to be

P.O. Box 9022

Website: wssfw.youthincentives.org

developed to reach all young people;

• Free from judgement: all young people, regardless of sex, background,

3506 GA Utrecht

The Netherlands

religion, colour, sexual orientation, mental or physical disability need to

Tel. (+) 31 <0)30 233 23 22

be accepted and live without fear or discrimination;

Fax (+) 31 <0)30 234 24 58

CHPage 1 of 1

' Community Health Cell

From:
To:

Sent:
Attach:
Subject:

"Meindert Schaap" <m.schaap@rng.nl>
<TGMSandfort@aol.com>; <apsa@bgl.vsnl.net.in>; <bosco@bgl.vsnl.net.in>;
<Freedom@bgl.vsnl.net. in>; <siyengar@bgl.vsnl.net.in>; <insaind@blr.vsnl.net.in>;
<Jeanet.vandeKorput@bvleerf.nl >; <tgs2001 ©Columbia.edu>; <Julie.Love@cordaid.nl>;
<Mariet.Mulders@cordaid.nl>; <cryinfo.blr@crymail.org>; <psu1 .blr@crymail.org>;
<maat.a@donbosco.nl>; <provinciaal@donbosco.nl >; <info@enscw.org>; <i.hutter@.frw.rug.nl>;
<s.baneriee@frw.rug.ni>; <je19@hermes.cam.ac.uk>; <r.nathan@hivos-india.org>;
<arvindnarrain@hotmail.com>: <ashokrau@hotmail.com>; <bin_ab@hotmail.com>;
<Cjstraver@hotmail.com>; <Janhoeks@hotmail.com>; <judy123123@hotmail.com >;
<karuna!aya@hotmail.com>; <swabhava_trust@hotmail.com>; <vinu228@hotmail.com>;
--vonpeter@hotmail.com>; <b.bos@kerkinactie.nl>; --c.de.vries@kerkinactie.nl>;
<kp_Everaerd@macmail.psy.uva.nl>; <op_Hoeks@macmail.psy.uva.nl>;
<j.rademakers@med.uu.nl>; <shekhar@nimhans.kar.nic.in>; <herbert.kohler@offenesseminar.de>; <cwc@pobox.com>; <koshy123@rediffmail.com>;
<shekharseshadri@rediffmail.com>: <m.schaap@rutgersnissogroep.nl>;
<vjwfrkoshy@sancharnetin>; <manohar@sangamaonline.org>; <spadorg@satyam.net.in>;
<ntetteroo@skn.nl>; --Franz.Schlecht@t-online.de>; <apsabangalore@vsnl.com>;
<breads@vsni.com>; <cwcblr@vsnl.com>; <dutchtouch@vsnl.com>; <ksccwblr@vsnl.com>;
<manasu@vsnl.com >; <sochara@vsnl.com>; <Gfk@vsnl.net>; <jagru@vsnl.net>;
<sangama@vsnl.net>; <j.reinders@wpf.org>; <anbuillam@xlweb.com>: <vputten@xs4all.nl>;
<manikarott@yahoo.co.in>; <claudia_ketting@yahoo.com>; <dr_kurs@yahoo.com>;
<ferry_vermeire@yahoo.com>; <gowda_blr@yahoo.com>; <jselladurai@yahoo.com >;
<mpillai65@yahoo.com>; <nickleson_diamond@yahoo.com>; <shibru_26272001 @yahoo.com>
Tuesday, April 22, 2003 8:01 PM
Newsletter-TWG-april2003.doc
Newsletter - 2: Street Boys’ Sexual Health

Dear friends,

Herewith 1 send you the second newsletter on the progress of the program for promoting street boys’
sexual health in India. Hoping to meet you all soon (maybe in July at the conference?!).

Best regards,

Meindert Schaap

Youth Incentives - Holland

Rutgers Nisso Groep
ph. t-t-31 (0)30 233 23 22
m. schaap@RNG.nl

4/23/03

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April 2003

Dear Friends!
W.tti this second Newsletter I’d like to update you once
again on my research, as well as the plans for developing a
sexual health intervention program for teenage street and
slum boys in (South) India. Some three months have
passed since the first Newsletter - three months with a iot
of work and quite some progress.
The research
With regard to processing and analysing the research data:
don't be afraid...! will not bother you with all the details of
scoring and analysing. Nor with the ins and outs of the
staiisiicai proceouies useu. Though these topics nave been
on my mind continuously tor the last tew months (up to the
point of giving me some sleepless nights). Since about two
weeks I feel that I have finally found most of the answers
on how to proceed best. Many acknowledged experts in
research, anthropology, psychology and sexual health have
helped me reach this stage. Though it will still take a
tremendous amount of hat d work, the aim Is to finalise the
|jrsi research findings before the end of June 2003! p/ease

wish me iuck..J!i.
Sexual health Intervention
Over the last two months there has been quite some
progress with regard to the plans for developing a sexual
health intervention program for teenage street and slum
boys in India. By now, the entire project Is really embedded
within Youth Incentives - Holland (where Mr. Jo Reinders,
senior technical advisor on Young People and Sexual
Health, has agreed to co-operate in the development). The
cc-cperation between Youth Incentives, APSA Bangalore
and Dr. Shekhar Seshadri (NIMHANS) has been
strengthened through a two-week visit to India in February.
Also during these two weeks thirteen organisations working
In the field of street and slum children or sexual health have
been visited and several presentations on the issue were
given. At die eno ol one ol these presentations, the
Bangalore Forum for Street and Working Children (a
consortium of 14 organisations) decided to Include the goal
of promoting sexual health of children in their annual plan
for 2003 In addition. APSA started their process of
initiating internet discussions on sexuality and children
within their own organisation. All together, some major
steps have bssn taken in broadening the process and
starting a kind of movement' of organisations that are
really willing to lase file sexual health of street aria slum
children senous.

Four-day Conference in Bangalore, July
In the end of July (21-26) a four-dsy conference on
sexuality & street children will be organised in Bangalore.
The first day of the conference will be open to some 80
representatives
from
street
and
slum
children
organisations, as well as teenage sexual health related

organisations from South India. On this day the first results
from my research will be presented. During days two. three
and four a smaller number of about 40 participants from
interested street and slum children organisations may
engage in a number of workshops on teenage sexuality,
intervention methodology, sexual health & sexual rights
and implementation.

A personal reflection: my two-week visit
One memory from my two-week visit to Bangalore last
February still sticks to my mind and I feel like sharing it with
you. One night I went back (after nine months of absence)
to the Shivajinagar area, hoping to meet some of 'my'
research boys there. And yes, my hopes were satisfied! All
of a sudden, several of the boys appeared from hidden
comers, ran towards me, jumping up and down, grasping
my hands, eager to see me. Intense joy ran through my
veins and I too was SO happy to see them again! Together
we walked through the area, meeting other boys, finally
ending up with some fifteen boys aged 10 - 18 trailing
behind me. For some two hours we had a really nice time
in which I took them for a nice dnner and we chatted using
hands and feet, recalling memories from the research, et
cetera. At the same time, however, this whole event made
me feel so sad; I knew I was going to leave them again,
fully aware of the fact that their lives would remain rather
miserable. While I feei I am 'evolving' each year, these
boys were still In exactly tne same conditions, still
ragpicking, still heavily addicted to solution and still without
real future perspectives. I realised once more that chances
are large that by next year, they would still be there, still in
the same situation, still without real opportunities to change
their lives for the better. Loving these boys very much, this
really hurt and still hurts me. Aaaarrggh... What to do?
Meindert Schaap,
Youth Incentives
www.vouthincentives.org

CHPage 1 of 1

Community Health Cell

From:
To:

Sent:
Attach:
Subject:

"Meindert Schaap" <m.schaap@rng.nl>
<TGMSandfort@aol.com>; <apsa@bgl.vsnl.net.in>; <bosco@bgl.vsnl.net.in>;
<Freedom@bgl.vsnl.net.in>; <siyengar@bgl.vsnl.net.in>; <insaind@blr.vsnl.net.in>;
<Jeanet.vandeKorput@bvleerf.nl >; <tgs2001 @columbia.edu>; <Julie.Love@cordaid.nl>;
<Mariet.Mulders@cordaid.nl>; <cryinfo.blr@crymail.org>; <psu1 .btr@crymail.org>;
<maat.a@donbosco.nl>; <provinciaal@donbosco.nl>; <info@enscw.org>; <i.hutter@frw.rug.nl>;
<s banerjee@frw.rug.nl>; <je19@hermes.cam.ac.uk>; <r.nathan@hivos-india.org>;
<arvindnarrain@hotmail.com>: <ashokrau@hotmail.com>; <bin_ab@hotmail.com>;
<Cjstraver@hotmail.com>; <Janhoeks@hotmail.com>; <judy123123@hotmail.com>;
<karunalaya@hotmail.com>; <swabhava_trust@hotmail.com>; <vinu228@hotmail.com>;
<vonpeter@hotmail.com>; <b.bos@kerkinactie.nl>; <c.de.vries@kerkinactie.nl>;
<kp_Everaerd@macmail.psy.uva.ni>; <op_Hoeks@macmail.psy.uva.nl>;
<j.rademakers@med.uu.nl>; <shekhar@nimhans.kar.nic.in>; <herbert.kohler@offenesseminar.de>; <cwc@pobox.com>; <koshy123@rediffmail.com>;
<shekharseshadri@rediffmail.com>; <m.schaap@rutgersnissogroep.nl>;
<vjwfrkoshy@sanchamet.in>; <manohar@sangamaonline.org>; <spadorg@satyam.net.in>;
•-ntetteroo@skn.nl>; --Franz. Schlecht@t-online.de>; <apsabangalore@vsnl.com>;
<breads@vsnl.com>; <cwcblr@vsnl.com>; <dutchtouch@vsni.com>; <ksccwblr@vsnl.com>;
<manasu@vsnl.com >; <sochara@vsnl.com>; <Gfk@vsnl.net>; <jagru@vsnl.net>;
<sangama@vsnl.net>; <j.reinders@wpf.org>; <anbuillam@xlweb.com>; <vputten@xs4all.nl>;
<manikarott@yahoo.co.in>; <claudia_ketting@yahoo.com>; <dr_kurs@yahoo.com>;
<ferry_vermelre@yahoo.com>; <gowda_blr@yahoo.com>; <jselladurai@yahoo.com >;
<mpillai65@yahoo.com>; <nickleson_diamond@yahoo.com>; <shibru_26272001 @yahoo.com>
Tuesday, April 22, 2003 8:01 PM
Newsletter-TWO-april2U03.doc
Newsletter - 2: Street Boys' Sexual Health

Dear’ friends,

Herewith 1 send you the second newsletter on the progress of the program for promoting street boys'
sexual health in India. Hoping to meet you all soon (maybe in July at the conference?!).
Best regards,

Meindert Schaan

Youth Incentives - Holland

Rutgers Nisso Groep
ph. -tt-31 (0)30 233 23 22

m.schaap@RMG.nl
m.schaap@vouthincentives.org

4/23/03

Four-Day Conference
on

Sexual Development and
Sexual Health
in

Teenage Street and Slum

Children
in India

context, seeking short-term
pleasures seems habitual.
As a consequence of
their life circumstances and
‘special’
psychological
INTRODUCTION
development, many street
children also show sexual
Street children are behaviours that are atypical
special people living in special for their age. Most become
conditions. They are outcasts sexually active at a very
from regular society, lack young age and engage in
almost all conventional high-risk sexual activities with
support structures and have distressing frequency. At the
only limited access to same time, they lack both the
information and services. On knowledge and life skills to
the other hand, they have avoid serious health risks or
easy access to alcohol, drugs abuse. Many street Children
and street sex.
are not very interested in
These life situations staying healthy either (“I don’t
have their impact on the care if I die tomorrow...”). It’s
psychology of the children. the short-term pleasures that
Most
show
adult-like count, rather than the health
behaviours at a very young risks.
age, have hardly any
With an estimated 1%
expectations for the future of the general South Indian
and are totally immersed in
day-to-day survival. In this

population being HIV-infected
already, street children are

extremely vulnerable to
contracting HIV/AIDS and
other
STDs.
Clearly
something needs to be done
and many organisations do
recognise this. But what is to
be done, and how?

SOME RESEARCH
PROJECTS
Many street children
are so attached to the streets,
the life they know best, that
attempts at rehabilitation in
more
conventional
environments regularly fail:
the children show continuous
relapses. It is such children
who are most at risk for health
problems related to sexuality.
To understand how to reach
these ‘pukka’ street children

and encourage them to adopt
more
healthy
sexual
behaviours, several studies
have been conducted
recently in Bangalore.
In these research
projects, both the children’s
(mainly boys’) sexual
behaviours £nd their ideas,
feelings and personality
characteristics have been
studied. The emphasis was
on discovering the underlying
processes and variables that
influence their sexual
behaviours. The goals were
to pinpoint risk and protective
factors and then translate
these into concrete guidelines
for intervention.
PLANS FOR
INTERVENTION
Now
that
the
conclusions of the research
studies are known, the idea

is to use these findings for a
targeted,
intensive

intervention program that
aims at reducing high-risk
sexual behaviours and
promoting sexual health.
Plans are underway
to develop a very practical
and user-friendly activity
workbook and staff training
manual, relevant to the
• specific life circumstances of
teenage street and slum boys
(and possibly at a later stage,
girls too) in India. A
description of these plans can
be found in a separate
brochure.
THE CONFERENCE

At this conference we
would like to share the recent

research findings on teenage
sexuality in street' and slum
children in India with you. We
would also like to discuss the
preliminary
ideas
for
interventions with as many
organisations as possible and
make sure the best ideas are
incorporated in the program.
The conference is the first
collaborative step towards
this goal.
F i n a I I y , t h e

conference may help to build
skills
for
effective
intervention. We hope this
conference will spur the
growth of a 'movement' or
network of organisations in
South India that are
interested
in
working
seriously towards the sexual
health of street and slum
children.

■

THE CONFERENCE
PROGRAM
DAY ONE:
PRESENTATIONS AND
DISCUSSIONS ON...

1.

Teenage sexual development

• the development of teenage
sexuality and intimate relationships - realities and
dilemmas;

•

the context of the 'sexuality' needs of street and slum
children in India;

2.

Sexual health

•

•

what is ‘sexual health’ and what are 'sexual rights’?;
a rights-based approach to sexual development in

children / teenagers;
Sexual behaviour of Indian street boys and girls

3.
•

recent research findings on the sexual behaviour of

street boys and girls in India (2003);

The sexual & psychological lifeworlds of street boys

4.

and girls: recent research findings
•

why are so many street boys and girls heavily involved
in (risky) sexual activities?;

•

the relationship between sexual behaviour and life
contexts, psychological characteristics, feelings,

thoughts, attitudes, norms and values;
•

what are the potential risk and protective factors that
may mediate sexual behaviour in street and slum boys

5.

and girls?;
How to intervene...? A presentation of some preliminary
ideas for intervention.

DAYS TWO TO FOUR: WORKSHOPS

1.

Workshop on ‘How to work effectively with teenagers

/ teenage street and slum boys and girls’: Attitudes

and Skills / Use of Creative Methods;
2.

Workshop on ‘Adolescent Sexuality', ‘Sexual Health’

3.

Workshop on ‘Approaches to Promote Behaviour

4.

Workshop on ‘Effective Sexual Health Interventions

and ‘Sexual Rights';
Change’: Counselling and Life skills;

for Teenage Street and Slum Boys (and girls)’:
possible forms and contents for the workbook and

training module;

5.

Workshop on ‘Implementation’: opportunities,

challenges and risks.

1.

(Interactive) plenary presentations and discussions

2.

Panel Discussions

3.

Small group exercises and (parallel) workshops

4.

Peer learning and role plays

5.

Creative methods

Tuesday July 22 to
Friday July 25, 2003

Day 1 (July 22):

Conference Hall of the Child Psychiatry Centre,

National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro
Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore

Days 2-4 (July 23-25):

Day 1

Fireflies, Bangalore rural.

The first day of the conference is open to a maximum
of 80 representatives from street/slum children

organisations and teenage sexual health organisations
(South India);

Days 2-4

There will be room for about 40 participants from
interested street and slum children's organisations at
the workshops (participation on all three days is
required).

Candidates should:
•
•

be project managers or senior/experienced field staff;

have reasonable fluency in English (the conference and all workshops
will be held in English);

•

(for days 2-4: the workshops) -> two persons per organisation

(compulsory, preferably one person from the managerial level and

one from the field staff level);
•

(for days 2-4: the workshops) -> participants must have attended

conference-day 1 (compulsory: this first day will provide the

background information needed for the workshops);
•

PRE-REGISTER BEFORE JULY 1 st (see registration form).

Day 1:

Free (conference handouts, tea/coffee and lunch
included; dinner not included);

Days 2-4:

Conference fees: Rs. 500 per organisation (for 2
persons), all-inclusive:

•

transport from Bangalore City to the venue (outside Bangalore)
and back;

•

accommodation for 3 nights;

•

3 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 2 dinners (no dinner on day 4);

•

2 evening sessions with cultural program: theatre & music.

Reimbursement of travel expenses for participants travelling from

outside Bangalore:
Travel by train (2nd class) or long-distance bus will be refunded up to a

maximum of Rs. 700 per person (return tickets)

This conference Is organized by

APSA (Association tor Promoting Social Action) Bangalore, Dr. Kshithij Urs,

Dr. Meara Pillai:
Dr. ShekharSeshadri, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS

Bangalore:

Youth Incentivas - The Netherlands, Mr. Meindert Schaap, Mr. Jo Relnders.
This conference Is sponsored by

Cordaid, The Netherlands:
Children at Risk (Churches In Action), The Netherlands:

Youth Incentives - Rutgers Nisso Groep, The Netherlands.

Four-day Conference on
Sexual Development and Sexual Health in
Teenage Street and Slum Children
in India

How to reduce high-risk sexual behaviours

July 22 - 25, 2003
Bangalore, India

.INTRODUCTION

Street children are special people living in special conditions. They are outcasts from regular society,
lack almost all conventional support structures and have only limited access to information and
services. On the other hand, they have easy access to alcohol, drugs and street sex.
These life situations have their'impact on the psychology ot me children. Most show adult-like
behaviours at a very young age, have hardly any expectations for the future and are totally immersed in
day-to-day survival. In this context, seeking short-term pleasures seems habitual.
As a consequence of their life circumstances and 'special' psychological development, many street
children also show sexual behaviours that are atypical for their age. Most street children become
sexually active at a very young age and engage in high-risk sexual activities with distressing
frequencies. At the same time, they lack both the knowledge and life skills to avoid serious health risks
or abuse. Many street children are not much Interested in staying healthy either ("I don't care if I cjflB
tomorrow.. ."j'. It's the short term pleasures that count, rather than the health risks.

With an estimated 1% of the general South Indian population being HIV-infected already, street children
are extremely vulnerable to contracting HIV/ AIDS and other STD’s. Clearly something needs to be
done and many organisations do recognise this. But what to do, and how to do it?

SOME RESEARCH PROJECTS
Many street children are so much attached to the streets, the life they know best, that attempts at
rehabilitation in more conventional environments regularly fall: the children show continuous relapses. It
is such children who are"mosTarrisk for health problems related to sexuality. To understand how to
reach these 'pakka' street children and encourage them to adopt more healthy sexual behaviours,
several studies have been conducted recently In Bangalore.

In these research projects, both the children’s (mainly boys’) sexual behaviours rind their thoughts,
feelings and personality characteristics have been studied. The emphasis was on discovering the
underlying processes and variables that influence their sexual behaviours. Goals were to pinpoint risk
and protective factors and then translate these into concrete guidelines for intervention.

PLANS FOR INTERVENTION
Now that the conclusions of the researches are known, ideas are to use these findings for a targeted]
intensive intervention program that aims at reducing high-risk sexual behaviours and promoting~sex~ual
health. Plans are underway to develop~avery i^iS^anaTBSiyriSncgract^agB' workbook And staff
training manual, relevant to the specific life circumstances of teenage street and slum boys (and
possibly in a later stage also girls) in India. A description of these plans can be found in a separate
brochure.

THE CONFERENCE

At this conference we would like to share the recent research findings on teenage sexuality in street
aCd slum children in India with you. We would also like to discuss the preliminary ideas for interventions
with as many organisations as possible and make sure the best ideas are incorporated in the program.
The conference is the first collaborative step towards this goal. Finally, the conference may help to build
skills for effective intervention. We hope this conference may spur the growOTofTrhoiehient' or
network of organisations in South,fgdja_that are really Interested in working seriously towards the sexual
heai'v -j' street and slum children.

THE CONFERENCE PROGRAM
DAY ONE: PRESENTATIONSAND DISCUSSIONS ON...

1.

•
.

Teenage sexual development
the development of teenage sexuality and intimate relationships - realities and dilemmas;
the context of 'sexuality' needs of street and slum children in India;

•
.

Sexual health
what is 'sexual health’ and what are 'sexual rights’?;
a rights-based approach to sexual development in children / teenagers;

•

Sexual behaviour of Indian street boys and girls
recent research findings on the sexual behaviour of street boys and girls in India (2003);

2.

3.

4.

The sexual & psychological lifeworlds of street boys and girls: recent research findings
why are so many street boys and girls heavily involved in sexual (risk) activities?;
the relationship between sexual behaviour and life contexts, psychological characteristics,
feelings, thoughts, attitudes, norms and values;
• what are the potential risk and protective factors that may mediate sexual behaviour in street
and slum boys and girls?;

•
•

5.

How to intervene...? A presentation of the preliminary ideas for intervention.

DAYS TWO TO FOUR: WORKSHOPS
1.

2.

Workshop on ‘How to work effectively with teenagers / teenage street and slum boys and
girls': Attitudes and Skills I Use of Creative methods;
Workshop on ‘Adolescent Sexuality’, 'Sexual Health’ and ‘Sexual Rights’;
Workshop on ‘Behavioural Change approaches ’: Counselling and Life skills;

4.

Workshop on ‘Effective Sexual Health Interventions for Teenage Street and Slum Boys (and
girls)': possible forms and contents for the workbook and training module;

5.

Workshop on 'Implementation': opportunities, challenges and risks.

THE CONFERENCE TRAINING METHODS

During the conference, the following training methods will be used:
1. (interactive) plenary presentations and discussions;
2. panel discussions;
3.
small group exercises and (parallel) workshops;
4.
peer learning and role plays;
5.
creative methods.

DATES:

Tuesday July 22 to Friday July 25,2003.

VENUES
Day one (July 22):
Days two-four
(July 23-25)

Conference Hall of the Child Psychiatry Centre, National Institute of Mental
Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore;
Fireflies, Bangalore rural.

PARTICIPANTS
Day 1:

the first day of the conference is open to a maximum of 80 representatives from
street/slum children organisations and teenage sexual health organisations (Sou
India);
1
during days two to four about 40 participants from interested street and slum children s
organisations may continue for the workshops (participation in all three days is required).

Candidates should:
be project managers or senior/experienced field staff;
have a reasonable fluency in English (the conference and all workshops will be held in English);
(for days 2-4: the workshops) -> two persons per organisation (compulsory, preferably one person
from the managerial level and one from the field staff level)’.
(for days 2 - 4: the workshops) -> have attended conference-day (compulsory; this first day will
provide the background information needed for the workshops)’,
PRE-REGISTER BEFORE JULY 1st (compulsory; see registration form).

FEES & FINANCES
Day 1:
Days 2-4:

Free (conference handouts, tea/coffee and lunch included; dinner not included);
Conference fees: Rps. 500 per organisation (for 2 persons), all-inclusive -»
• transport from Bangalore City to the venue (outside Bangalore) and back;
• accommodation for 3 nights;
• 3 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 2 dinners (no dinner on day 4);
• 2 evening sessions with cultural program: theatre & music.

Reimbursement of travel expenses for attendants coming from outside Bangalore ->
Travel by train (2nd class) or long-distance bus will be refunded up to a maximum of Rps.
person (return tickets).

THIS CONFERENCE IS ORGANISED BY
APSA (Association for Promoting Social Action) Bangalore, Dr. Kshithij Urs, Dr. Meera Pillai;
Dr. Shekhar Seshadri, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS Bangalore;
Youth Incentives - The Netherlands, Mr. Meindert Schaap, Mr. Jo Reinders.

THIS CONFERENCE IS SPONSORED BY

Cordaid, The Netherlands;
Children at Risk (Churches In Action), The Netherlands;
Youth Incentives - Rutgers Nlsso Groep, The Netherlands.
Media
SDA_RF_CH_9_SUDHA.pdf

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