BASICS OF HEALTH
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- BASICS OF HEALTH
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BASICS
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The Foundation for Research in
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Community Health
nmiti B Apts., 85, Anand Park, Aundh, Pune - 411007
Tel: (020) 25887020, Fax: (020) 25881308
ma".- frchpune@gia3pn01.vsnl.net.in
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BASICS OF HEALTH
INDEX
1.
Functions of the body
2.
We and Our Health
3.
The Structure of the Body
4.
The Relationship between Structure and Function of the Body
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The body - AComplete/Whole Unit
Cell and Tissue
Joints and Fluid Tissues
The Circulatory System
The Digestive System
10. Introduction to the Respiratory system
11. The Respiratory System
12. Glossary
01 -08
09-13
14-21
22-28
29-35
36-42
43-50
51-63
64-72
73-81
82-89
90-90
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Lesson 1
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Functions of the body
Summary
.1) The body produces energy with the l._,r
help of food material and oxygen. Energy is used to do
the basic functions of the body (digestion < ' ' ■
- i of food, respirations, heart beat etc). But human
creation of literature er"'|r9y ^°r other tasks like construction of buildings, scientific inventions,
creation of l.terature and finding out remedies for illnesses. The body works like a factory.
natUr6 ' environment with the helP of sense
} orXn^SyeT'nose7 skin6^
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whenev r neCe
ThiS information is *^d in the mind. It can be recalled
wnenever necessary. The mind works faster and better than any computer.
3) The body takes care of itself. It fights against attacks.
4) The body keeps itself fit and fine. It grows new skin over an injured part of the body.
he body reproduces to preserve the human race through new generations.
6) Internal balance.
7) The various systems (digestive,
respiratory etc.) coordinate with each other to keep the body
alive. The body processes, m
organs and the smallest unit namely the cell need a stable environment
to function.
is5 created t0 controlling temperature, amount of water minerals
etc
Snrhr- This
ri- stability
u-
. o™st
“2 XXX"several sys,ems inc“n9 ,he neTOUS system
8) Illness disturbs the internal balance of the body.
Aims
Reading this lesson will make you
1.
2.
understand.
The functions of the body
How the body works as a unit
Knowledge
You will get to know
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How the body functions
Skill
You will learn
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How to simplify
difficult ideas
Perspective
You will realize
How to spread information
and awareness among people,
How the body works as a
whole / single unit.
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Introduction
When you talk to people in their language, it is easy for them to understand and this
makes the health worker’s task easy.
In this lesson we will come to know how the body
functions.
This morning Radha’s neighbour asked Ayushi to
come to Radha’s house. Radha is Ayushi’s friend. Radha
had high fever. Ayushi gave her medicine, wiped her
body with a cold, wet towel. Just when she was wiping
her body, Radha’s mother-in-law scolded her, saying,
What is she doing? Do you wish to kill my daughterin-law? Has any one ever heard of wiping the body with
cold water during fever?" Ayushi informed her that she
was doing exactly what she was taught in the primary
health center during training.
But Radha’s mother-in-law said that she would not
allow her to do such things. Ayushi felt very bad but she
was more worried about Radha, in case her fever rose higher creating some difficult problem.
Just then Asha, Radha’s 10-year-old daughter came and told her grandmother that Ayushi
is doing the right thing. The school-teacher had also taught
them the same thing. When Radha’s mother-in-law
scolded her, she said, “Grandma, if you wish you can
open my school book and read for yourself.” Grandmother
complained that Asha was purposely mentioning the
schoolbook because she knew she couldn’t read.
Asha questioned grandmother why would Ayushi be
taught wrong things during training. She wondered
whether she could have cured so many patients with her
medicines if she had learnt anything wrong. She also
added that if mother didn’t get better even two hours
after Ayushi's treatment, she would take her to the
government hospital.
Grandmother couldn't do anything against her, so Ayushi got a chance to give her treatment.
Radha’s fever came down.
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But this experience taught Ayushi that when children
it quickly because they are not prejudiced.
from^XT' sth0U9fh 1 r
the vacation
are given information they grasp
ShS W°U'd 9iVS inf0rmati0n about the human Physiology to children
SUmmer vacat'on. She informed the school before
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many womo
Wt,en ,he childre"
lhis * bome
many women sent messages that they would also like to know more about the body.
rea»zeXhtihdeC;des “
diSCUS8'°n8 "* ,heSe W°men
She
realized that her task would become easier when people were given information by her.
womehn alOyUSbhi ‘'T? ‘he "“b6" ,0
'b6 Sama) Ma"*
old
women also showed interest. Ayushi welcomed them too. But they all had some suspicion.
t0 XT' 'T ,hem ,0 'e“ b6r ab°Ut ,heir
Kusum chachi said." , am not able
to read or write, can I learn anything about the body?”
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Radha’s mother-in-law said, "Whatever you are
learning about this body, this will turn
into dust again; talk about the soul and God. Talk about after death.”
But Kusum chachl wanted Information about the body. She didn't have any children and
XToZ t Z Ia™d h“ b°dy '°r
She Wa",ed (° kn°”' "b3' her ^rtcoming
was. So she told Radha s mother-in-law "Bhabhi, if you don't want to learn, don't come
But I must know about my body which is my identity".
Kusum chachi asked Ayushi whether she had any difficulty in learning about the body,
sh h
307 Pr°blem beCaUSe her mother was a mid-wife and
ShS dldn t
he science
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Childh°Od- But manV
fiends got upset while studying
the science of the body when they heard names like urine, stools etc.
Kusum chachi said, "This body i:
IS a terrible thing. It is the source of illness, it is unhealthy
but we must know about it.
However, Ayushi felt that our body gives us a
we hesitate to know about it?”
lot of joy not just sorrow, so why should
.k
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some oXom
TT""8’ Y°U
theT ocatlZ s th
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their bod
,
lx™" 8
W°nder ’h»
oo'lect this Information. Sit with
Wha' 'he b°dy '8 mad<! °f' Ca"
'bo" a
na™ ^0 o^ans and
“y? How de they took after
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Answers to these questions will lead to many more questions. This will form a picture
about the body in front of you. This will contain many beliefs.
If we analyse the above conversations, we will realize that the following are the issues
in getting information about the body -
• The body is very complex. You need education to understand it.
• What is the use of knowing about the body which is perishable, since we know only
the soul is in imperishable?
• Repulsion towards the fluids and the excreted materials
of the body.
Your list may contain some more points. There may
be a positive point of view towards the body.
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On the first day Ayushi tried to remove the women’s
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prejudice against the body being very difficult to
understand. To remove their fear, she asked them to
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explain the functions of the body. They said, "How do
we know what our bodies do? She said, “Tell me, what
have you done since morning ?” This was the list.
- Cleaned the teeth.
.
- Had a bath.
- Swept and mopped the house
- Cooked food
- Cleaned utensils
- Washed clothes.
- Worked in the field.
- Had meals.
- Got the children ready, etc.
Ayushi asked, “ Is there any one who has not given out waste materials from the body?
Did anyone forget to breathe? Is there anyone who did not see or hear anything today?”
The women began to laugh and questioned whether seeing or hearing is “work”? They
wondered how breathing could be a “function" of the body.
Ayushi asked them. Why they didn't consider these things as genuine tasks done by
the body?. Surekha felt that these actions happen by themselves and do not use any energy.
Ayushi reminded Surekha that she scolded her son for tiring his eyes when he read
too many books on one day. This meant that eyes work and need rest. The same is true
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of the ears. And what would happen if breathing stops? . Everyone knows.
This shows that the body is constantly working. Our heart continues to beat and we keep
breathing even during sleep.
Then Ayushi asked, “What does a bus need to keep running?” “Diesel” was the answer;
just as a fire needs wood. This means that fuel is necessary to produce energy. We also
require energy to sweep and mop, to clean utensils. How then, is energy created in our
body?
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The body burns food with oxygen, to produce energy. This energy is used to carry out
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different activities. That is why the body works well if it gets proper food and there is no
fatigue.
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Then Ayushi enquired, “Kusum chachi, you learnt embroidery from your mother. But she
has been dead since 20 years, then how can you still do embroidery?”
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Kusum chachi wondered whether anyone stops embroidery work after one’s mother’s
death!
No, clarified Ayushi, What ‘I meant, is, now who tells you how to do embroidery?”
Oh replied Kusum Chachi, My mind! Our mind stores all information and we remember
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it whenever we need it.”
Radha who sat next to her, added, “ If our mind didn’t work, we would forget to eat,
how to do farming, how to move about, in fact everything. No one tells us daily
how to
cook the vegetables or how to work in the fields. Why are you asking us?”
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“Right”, said Ayushi, ”We get all this information through our ears, eyes, nose, taste and
touch. We collect it in our mind. There must be some system in the body to do all this,
to order which activity is to be done when and in what way, etc. So the body uses a simple
airangement which we make in our kitchen. When the tins containing salt or grains become
empty, they show us that we need to buy those items. When the containers are full, we
know that we don’t require anything from the market. This is called positive and negative
channel.
Ayushi’s daughter Shubha came there. Looking at her, Ayushi said, “We preserve the
human race by giving birth to children. This too, is a function of the body. “
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Nirmala (Radha’s mother-in-law) asked, Haven’t the activities of the body been covered/
completed yet?” Ayushi informed them that 2 or 3 tasks yet remained.
Is
If you fall ill do you take medicines immediately? Don’t you get well even without medicine?”
Nirmala replied that she had taken medicines only twice in her life of 50 years. “Medicine
is not necessary for ordinary ailments.”
Ayushi explained, That means the body can itself fight against disease. If there is a
small cut or a wound, the body heals it on its own”
Radha wanted to know,
If the body has the capacity to cure, why does it take so long
for fever to come down?"
Ayushi clarified, “If an ordinary person like me comes and slaps you, you can hit me
back. But if a stronger person strikes you, or if many of us together attack you, can you
defend yourself? Whoever is more powerful, wins. In the same way, if the illness is more
powerful than one’s energy, the body needs outside help to get well again.”
As in farming, we all know that if you want a good crop, the rainfall should be neither
too much nor too little. If plants get the correct amount of water, minerals and sunlight, they
grow well. If they do not get it, they will wither. Similarly, the body has to maintain a limited
temperature, pulse rate, breathing etc. to live and remain healthy.
In the end Ayushi concluded, “ We will recapitulate what we have learnt today, and meet
again next Friday. Pay attention to your body, and observe it. We will discuss your observations
next time.
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Self-assessment
1. How is energy created in the body?
2. Give the significance of internal balance / control
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3. Discuss the ideas and notions about the body with five women and write what
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common people think.
4. Write in your own words the new information received by you. (Knowledge gained)
reading this lesson / chapter.
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Exercise
Choose the correct alternatives
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1) Which of these helps our body to produce energy ?
i) Blood
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ii) Air
iii) Food material and oxygen
iv) Oxygen
2) Information about the body should be given to people
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i) For teaching
ii) To take preventive measures
iii) To understand causes of diseases /illness
iv) To develop a positive attitude towards the body.'
Fill in the blanks with the following
1. Nervous system 2. body temperature, pulse rate and rate of breathing 3. disease
4. internal control.
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1.
The various processes, organs and cells maintain the
2.
The systems of the body are controlled by.
3.
---------------------------------- - is caused by internal imbalance.
The body has to maintain
to remain alive.
4.
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of the body.
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Answers:
(Blanks)
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1-4,
2-1,
3-3,
4-2.
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Lesson 2
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We and Our Health
Summary
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Man and other units of nature are interdependent. None are great or small. All are
equally important.
Nothing is wasted in Nature. However we create a lot of garbage in the world. Wherever
we go, we find plastic bags lying around. The soil cannot absorb this waste.
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There is balance in Nature.
OBSERVE:
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How do you feel when you walk or work in the hot sun?
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How do you feel while harvesting your grain in the field or working very hard?
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What happens when you fast?
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What happens if you cannot fall asleep for a day or two?
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Aims
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On reading this lesson you will understand
1. The basic principles of health
2. Our basic relationship with health
3. Should morals be accepted while giving information about any subject
Knowledge
You will know about
• The principles of health
• The relationship between our health and us
Skill
• You will learn to observe
Perspective
You will understand that.
•
Body language can be understood with a little effort
The destruction of our health results in our destruction
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Introduction
In this chapter you will realize that the activities of our body are similar to the activities
of nature (or - the activities of our body are similar to those in nature). That is why the
saying “ Aham Bramhasmi" meaning thereby that if you know yourself, you know the world.
Observation is necessary to understand oneself. We have to learn this fully. This lesson
will also tell us how we are related to nature.
The number of women who came the next Friday was less than expected. There were
many reasons for this. Some forgot to come, some had guests in their house; some felt
the information was of no use. Ayushi was disappointed. Kusum chachi suggested, Ayushi,
if you are calling the women every Friday, why don't you narrate some religious story about
a god or goddess before anything else? This will attract the women.
Ayushi wondered whether it would be right for a health worker to talk about religion.
But the women felt there was nothing wrong.
Savitri was the daughter of a great king. She was
very intelligent and talented. It was difficult to find a
suitable groom for her. So the king sent a minister with
her to select a suitable husband of her own choice. She
travelled through many states but didn’t approve of any
particular one. While passing through a forest, she
noticed Satyavan. She was attracted to his life with
nature and got married to him.
Satyavan’s parents were blind. He himself fell ill. He
had just one more year left to live. Savitri looked after
the whole family. She made efforts to search for medicinal
plants in the forest to treat Satyavan’s disease. Finally,
with her wisdom, she succeeded in saving her husband's
life from the clutches of ‘Yama’ i.e. death.
We must think about a princess selecting a husband with a life in the forest. Savitri,
being sensible, had realized that we are part of nature. Our health improves when we are
in contact with nature; we find happiness in that. Ayushi reminded them that life had started
on earth long before man. Plants and animals were already existing on the planet before
man came into being.
Our body has a structure that needs plants and animals to survive. Without plants we
can neither breathe, nor get food to eat. May be, that is why our ancestors began worshipping
plants and animals. They wanted us to remember that we are dependent on them and to
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remain grateful to nature. But we forgot this important
fact. We just continued rituals of worship on the one hand
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and destroyed them on the other.
One of the rules of nature is that all its units remain
connected with each other. If this balance gets disturbed,
some plants and animals become extinct forever e.g.
If carnivorous animals like the tiger get reduced in
strength,
the
herbivorous animals
like deer will grow in
number. More grass
and plants will be
eaten, leading to
soil erosion. While there will be a constant increase in
the number of deer etc, the amount of flora will keep
diminishing, soon these animals will also disappear.
Nature tries to maintain a balance.
Our body also maintains-its balance of constant
temperature, amount of oxygen etc. If this balance is
disturbed, we fall ill and a person may even die.
Organization and re-use of units
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Nothing is useless in nature, e.g- fruits, though trees
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don’t use their fruit, animals and human beings eat them.
Similarly, the excretions of men and animals feed plants
in the form of manure and gases. Since we are a part
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of nature our waste products are part of the food cycle/
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chain in nature.
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Interdependence: - All beings in nature depend upon
each other. No unit exploits the other. Plants need their
seeds to be dispersed into the soil by those who eat
their parts. Man and animals require food prepared by
plants. Thus everyone in nature is interdependent.
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We have seen that the same rules that operate in
nature are also found in the functions of our body. Man feels very proud that he has conquered
nature. But we must realize that we can be safe only if we protect nature. This will make
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us humble before nature.
Kusum chachi enquired why Ayushi was saying all this instead of giving information about
the body. Ayushi clarified, “This is the relationship between nature and the body. Unless
I explain how the body is a gift of nature, how can we understand about it?
Ayushi told them that the next time they would first discuss these questions and then
she would narrate the story of Mahishasur.
- Why do you think Ayushi revealed the name of the next story?
- What can be the reason for scheduling the story in the middle and not at the beginning
for next time?
- What do you feel?
We think that she wants to make the women eager to come to listen to the story.
Also till they wait for the story to start, they can be involved in the earlier discussion.
- Do you think this is the right approach?
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Self-assessment
1. List the festivals related to the worship of nature in your community.
2. Which of our actions cause damage to nature?
3. Find out and explain some examples of interdependence in Nature.
4. Make the observations suggested by Ayushi.
Exercises
Fill in the blanks
1. Know the world by knowing yourself, 2. Self-observation, 3. Interdependence, 4.Nature.
1. All the units of nature are related to each other by
2.
We are all units of
3. We need to carry out
4.
The meaning of ’Aham Bramhasmi ' is
to understand others.
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Answers
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Lesson 3
The Structure of the Body
Summary
own'bX iXZiT ,ha‘ O,bSerVa“On Of
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be able to fmd out
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Aim
On reading this lesson
you will understand
1- The aim and method of observing the body
2. The structure of the body
Knowledge
You will know about
•
1 he location of the parts in the body
•
Their names
The importance of observing the body
Skill
You will learn
•
To observe
A simple way to give information to people
Perspective
You will understand
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The body is not too difficult to understand
All people can
understand the parts of the body
veryone has some knowledge about the body
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Introduction
In the last lesson we saw the work done by the body and the method used by it to
run functions smoothly as one unit. Here we will study the different parts and organs briefly.
We will also understand the structure from a cell to the system.
Many women had come this Friday. All were eager to listen to the tale of Mahishasur
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Ayushi was also determined to narrate it after the discussion. She began by recapitulating
what was learnt in the previous discussion.
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We are a part of nature.
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The simple rules of nature are also followed in the human body
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The body carries out several functions like producing energy, remembering, offering
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resistance, reproduction etc.
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There are two systems or channels to conduct all these activities.
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The body sends positive or negative messages about the quantity of chemical or
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secretion to be produced by the organ.
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Internal control : The body maintains its balance of temperature,
, amount of minerals,
alkali and acid to keep alive cells and keeps the system stable enough to
)work efficiently.
Ayushi suggested that they all share their experiences of observing
Ayushi : Since we were sowing paddy in our fields
rainwater and bend a lot while working so
the body.
, we had to stand continuously in the
we have a lot of bodyache.
Kusum Chachi : I was fasting on Tuesday Each time I am on fast, I get a headache later
and feel relieved only after vomiting.
Nirmala : This time we didn’t have
a good crop. So whenever I think about how we will
make the two ends meet this year, I get headache or palpitation and I can’t sleep.
Radha : I couldn’t sleep a whole night because my son was ill. Naturally I felt tired throughout
the day
and was in low spirits.
Sunita : When I go out to the fields to work, I don’t drink the water outside. Therefore
i suffer constipation the next day.
Archana : My father-in-law is an alcoholic so
Rama : I love spices and pungent food but
Lajo : I enjoy fish. Nowadays
very happy.
he always has stomach-ache and looks ill.
now it gives me a stomachache.
we get fish or crabs everyday in the paddy fields. So I am
Ayushi asked whether they had
any problems while making observations.
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Sunita : We faced no difficulty but couldn’t understand
what you expected.
! ajo: I havA been experiencing all the matters discussed
here even before, but was not aware that these were
called observations.
Radha: We always spoke about our conditions but did
not relate them to our activities. Like Rama, only now
sould she state that her stomachache was caused by
unita: I knew my father-in-law is suffering but only when
discussed it with my mother-in-law, did I realise that
drinking was the factor responsible for his problem.
Kusum Chachi: I now understand what makes me happy. I always wanted to study since
childhood and the information received during the last
t two weeks delighted me.
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Nirmala: Studying in old age is useful because it is
never too late to get a job.
Kusum Chachi: I don’t know if people learnt only for getting jobs
or for knowledge,
Radha: Getting information i:is useful to understand the body and thus identify illness <
on
time.
Sunita: Understanding the health problems would help in treatment.
Kusum Chachi : Ayushi should teach not just the women but also the children. It would
benefit them all.
This discussion convinced Ayushi that she had succeeded in
in them to understand and observe the body. She declared
arousing enough curiosity
that now they would always
make observations.
She had to fulfil her promise of telling the story.
There was a demon named Mahishasur. He meditated very hard, appealing to Bramha.
Finally Bramha was pleased and blessed him with a boon. Mahishasur wanted eternal life.
Bramha reminded him that in nature every being that is born had to die, that his death
was certain.
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Mahishasur was worried that his meditation would
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be wasted. So he made a plan and asked for death
at the hands of a woman. He thought that he was so
mighty that no woman could kill him.
Feeling very proud, Mahishasur started harassing
people. He thought that no one could oppose him. At
last, Durga was born. She developed her strength and
studied the body carefully. She wanted to find out the
weak points which could be attacked.
Finally she was victorious and was able to destroy
Mahishasur. We worship her as the “incarnation of
strength”. But do we try to grow strong like her? Do we
try to understand the body?
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At the end of the story, Ayushi started gathering details about where the parts of the
body are?
What is inside the head? The brain
What is within the chest? Heart and lungs
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Head/skull
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Face
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Mouth
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Liver
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Stomach
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Abdomen
Reproductive'
organs
Knees
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Heart
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Groins
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What lies in the abdomen? Stomach, intestines
What parts lie below the stomach? Reproductive
organs
The women knew quite a lot but the list was incomplete. Ayushi filled it up on the blackboard
Head/skull
Brain
Backbone
Face
Spinal Cord
Eyes, nose, mouth etc.
Chest
Lungs, heart,, wind pipe, food-
Abdomen
Stomach, pancreas, spleen, I
Small - Intestine , part of large intestine, kidneys,
urinary bladder
Lower abdomen
Parts of large intestine
rectum, urinary bladder,
overies in case of womer
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Then Ayushi drew the structure of the body with
Rangoli and showed each organ in the diagram.
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She explained the locations with a poster. She asked
Jyoti to remove her kurta and drew the organs on her
body with a chalk.
each otberJ
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bedyZt em
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Whe'e
“,h Cha,k- Tte
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sai<i
inV0'''e<i-
'he b^when they had any Dai„
AyUSh' e’‘p,a'"Ki
The structure of
^eture et the
the body
Three hollow areas are created by bones, they are
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joined by the back bones. The bones of the hands and
legs are connected to this.
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The enclosure
i the top part (head) is called skull,
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The next hollow area is the chest and then the lower
abdomen (hips)
The bony cases protect the delicate important
organs of the body.
Skull
Brain
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Chest
Heart & lungs
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Abdomen
Reproductive organs and urinary bladder,
The digestive organs of the body consist of flesh and skin. They are in the abdomen
That ,s why they are made of tough trssues/cells. The advantage of not having hollow bony
cases for all organs is that the body is not too heavy, is -flexible- and it can bend turn
twist etc.
’
'
he smallest unit that makes up our body is the cell just as a brick makes the wall
A cell contains all the features required by the body, for example, producing energy, selfefence and reproduction. These are the fundamental functions of a cell. A cell cannot be
expected to function if broken down any further because it is a complete whole.
Ayushi asked the women whether they would like to meet again next Friday. When they
(
consented, she informed them that they would dissect a hen and observe the parts of its
body She would g.ve some information too. When asked about the name of the story she
(
wou
<
narrate, she kept it a secret for those who would attend the next time!
(
(
Self assessment
(
(
(
(
1. Draw a ("
diagram of the human body showing the following organs - brain,
lungs, heart, stomach, uterus.
2. What is the role of the hollowness of bones?
(
(
3. Why should the body be observed?
k
4. Write down your observations.
(
5. Show the villagers the chart of the human body. Ask them to show where
different organs are and write a report of this activity.
»
20
Exercise
1. Functions of the body, 2. Reproduction, 3. Hollowness of bones
1.
is a function of our body.
2.
helps in reducing our body weight and facilitates free
movement.
3.
Observing the body gives us information about
Match the following :
1. Cell
1. Spinal cord
2. Stomach
2. Chest
3. Back bone
3. Small unit
4. Heart
4. Abdomen
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1
21
Answers to exercises
Blanks
1-2,
2-3,
3-1
Correct pairs
1-3,
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(
(
(
(
(
i.
L.
(;
2-4,
3-1,
4-2
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22
Lesson 4
The Relationship between Structure and
Function of the Body
Summary
cannol'be^eSte'
for chewing^ood, th^ca^rbl'^aced^afte? She Jomach!mean‘
(
We should use our knowledge about the body in our <'
be packed such that the book needed in the first periodday-to-day life. The school bag should
:i must be placed right at the top.
t
Aim
On reading this lesson you will understand that
1. The structure of the body is related to its functions
(
2. Information about the structure of the body
f
village-level.
(
can be exchanged and discussed at the
Knowledge
(
You will know about
f
How the structure and functions of the body are inter-related
The organs and their functions
Skill
You will learn
•
How to relate to the people while doing one's work
•
How to converse while receiving or seeking co-operation from people.
Perspective
You will understand that
• A village consists of people
with varied capacities. Their qualities should be
recognized and identified.
•
Children too can be well-informed and often
to them.
1
it is easier to impart new knowledge
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Introduction
r
c
parts of the body to the women. In this chapter she is
(
going to pass on the information to the school children,
In the previous lesson Ayushi introduced the different
as suggested by Kusum Chachi. She will tell them how
(
c
the body is a combined whole from smaller units.
Ayushi conveys her intention of giving the school-chil
dren some information about the body. The teacher asks
<
her the purpose of doing this. When she explains that
her aim is to remove misinformation about the body from
Lx/.* ’ol
V/ 0
o
their minds, he suggests that she should start with the
1
children in the fifth and sixth standards.
When Ayushi began talking to the children, she realised that they knew the names of
many systems and organs. She thought about the ways and means of increasing this
knowledge.
With the teacher’s permission, she called Javed the local butcher and asked him to
show the children the internal organs of a chicken carved by him. The teachers felt they
could have dissected a mouse or frog in the school. But
Ayushi felt that children were more familiar with the fowl
as they had them at home and knew about the parts
of their bodies.
Ayushi pointed to the bag-like organ called the
gizzard (crop). She explained that the fowl eat stones
and seeds to help in grinding their food in this bag. Our
teeth do the same function.
Ayushi: Children, feel this bag with your fingers.
Alok: Its thick.
Amit: And quite hard
Asha: If you look carefully you will notice the teath within mesh with each other.
(
(
(
Ayushi: What you say is right about this action. Its purpose is to grind the food. That’s
why you see it expanding and contracting again and again.
Then they were shown two tubes. Ayushi explained that the one against the skin was
Hi
I 24 |
the wind-pipe which has a firm structure so that it wouldn’t get compressed easiy by external
force.
When the wind-pipe goes into the chest, it divides into two branches leading to the
lungs. Ayushi asked them to describe the lungs.
Jyoti: Soft and pinkish red in colour
Ayushi: They look like the nest of the weaver bird.
Teacher: The lungs look pinkish red because they contain
a lot of blood.
Ayushi: The tiny sacs in the lungs contain the fresh air
inhaled from outside. This is given to the blood and the
unclean gases from it are given out of the body through
the lungs. Do you the function of the bony cage around
the lungs? It contains a muscle called the diaphragm.
This is a pressure muscle. When it contracts, the chest
expands. The inner air is reduced and outer air enters.
When the diaphragm is relaxed, the chest box is reduced
which increases the pressure of the air inside. Now the
air is sent out.
Teacher: What is function of the chest box?
Amit: To protect the lungs and heart.
Chacha Javed: I’ll show you the heart. It is a triangular firm bag, reddish in colour. Why
is it firm?
Children: Because it has to expand and contract repeatedly. The heart supplies blood con
taining oxygen to the body. Blood containing carbon dioxide is sent to the lungs.
Then Chacha Javed showed the stomach to the children. It resembled the English letter
‘J’. It is connected to the food-pipe at the top and the intestine at the bottom.
Ayushi: Why is the stomach shaped broader in the middle, do you know? Because food
should stay in it for about two hours Since the ends are narrow it will not return to the
food-pipe; it should directly move into the intestine. The muscles at these ends are circular.
If necessary the outlet can be relaxed to push the food out of the stomach.
>
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»
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;
Ayushi showed them how the stomach is to the
left below the ribs.
Uncle Javed showed them the liver on the right
side. Many children said they loved the liver. Some
stated that it was also offered to gods. Uncle Javed
explained that it contained a lot of strength because
it was the godown of the body. It stored vitamins,
sIM
iron and fat to be used when necessary.
Javed Chacha: Can you see this greenish bag
below the liver? This has to be thrown away before
a
cooking the chicken. Otherwise it gives a bitter taste.
Alok: Why is that so?
. •
Ayushi: It stores bile to digest fat. This juice is bitter
Sometimes we taste it when we vomit.
Then uncle Javed showed the long and soft tubes called intestines. Ayushi explained
that food is digested inside them. Just as sugar-cane is crushed to give a glass of juice,
the digested food matter fills up the blood. The remaining waste-matter is thrown out of
the body. The small intestine is longer because it has to absorb the digested food. The
f
large intestine is broader because it has to absorb the water before it excretes the unwanted
refuse.
(
(
Chacha Javed turned back the hen to show two kidneys shaped like beans.
Ayushi explained that kidneys work likes sieves. They sift the waste from the blood and
v
throw it out with the water. Ayushi promised to return to the school a month later. Till then
(.
she asked them to spread word to their families about the parts of the body systems and
(
the functions of the organs.
(
(
■
-ftd
r 261
Self-assessment
1. What is the function of the lungs?
2. Why is the stomach strong?
3. What is the function of the kidneys?
4. Why is the small intestine long?
5. What is the function of the liver?
6. Write your observations about this lesson with reference to the following points.
a.
body?
(
!
Does a health worker need to know the structure of the human
b.
Should more information be given?
c.
Is it difficult to convey information about health to people?
d.
You may give other examples or write about your difficulties.
7. How and why did Ayushi use resources at the village level?
(
(
(
f
i
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I 27 |
Exercise
A. Fill in the blanks
1.
1. Bile
■st
2.
2. Acid from the stomach
3. Pancreatic juice
4. Blood
Digested food is absorbed in
1. Small intestine
3.
digest fatty food.
is necessary to
2. Large intestine
3. Liver
4. Spleen.
3. Spleen
4. Small intestine
Vitamins/lron/Fats are stored in the
2. Stomach
1. Liver
4. The structure of organs of our body is according to their
1. Weight
2. Shape
3. Function
4. All
of three
B. Fill in the blanks from the list below :
1.
Lungs and heart are inside
2.
The heart is
3.
The shape of the stomach is
in colour.
4. The godown of our body-is
(
5.
The colour of the gall bladder is
1. Liver
2. Red,
3. Green
4. Like the letter ‘J’
5. The bony cage
C. Match the following
f
f
1. Diaphragm
1. Pink colour
2. Lungs
2. Godown
3. Liver
3. Reaching pure blood/oxygen to the body
4. Heart
4. Absorbing digested food
5. Stomach
5. Bean shaped
6. Kidney
6. Like the letter ‘J’
7. Small intestine
7.
(
(
(
*
In contraction and expanding the chest box
I
I 28 |
Answers
A. 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, 4-3
B. 1-5, 2-2, 3-4, 4-1, 5-3
C. 1-7, 2-1, 3-2, 4-3, 5-3, 6-5, 7-4
(
»
29
»
Lesson 5
f
The body - A Complete/Whole Unit
»
r
Summary
e
<
Our body has different systems in it. They are all interdependent. So a problem in one
organ affects the whole body. We should try to understand this inter relationship.
(
< ■
Aim
<
(
(
■ On reading this lesson you will
•
be able to describe the symptoms in case of any complaint/problem with the body.
•
know that even if one organ has a problem, symptoms may be noticed in other parts
•
too.
be able to give the names of the different systems of the body with their parts.
<
(
Knowledge
(
(
I
You will know about
•
The condition of the organs of the body and their interrelationship
•
Different systems with their units
(
(
(
Skill
You will learn
■>
(
(
•
The use of local language to inform common people
•
Use of local resources.
•
Use of local customs to attract people to attend.
i
Perspective
(
(
(
<
You will understand
•
The body as a unit
•
Necessity for information about the body.
£
A.
30
Introduction
Our body works as a unit. The digestive system absorbs food essential for the whole
body. The blood carries oxygen to all the parts. No organ or system is more important
than the rest (All are equally important!) All are interdependent. They work in coordination,
not competition. Therefore in case of any problem, its effect is seen on the whole body.
We will remain healthy only if the body works well.
Its Friday today, Ayushi had informed Javed Chacha in the morning, about dissecting
a chicken during the women’s meeting. She was wondering, which tale to narrate.
By the time the women gathered in the afternoon, most people had come to know how
Ayushi had discussed the parts of the body by demonstration
Ayushi said that she would recapitulate her conversation
1.
of the bird’s organs.
with the children briefly :
The body has a defence mechanism as follows:
•
The skin prevents the germs from entering the body.
The hair inside the nostrils prevent dirt and dust from entering the nose. The
fluid produced in the nose also obstructs dirt.
•
An acid produced by the stomach destroys germs.
A network of nerves (tiny branches connected to each other and to the brain
spread all over the body) gives us the sensations of heat/cold, pricking, burning
etc. from the environment and helps us react to our environment.
Our body defends itself very well. But many times we eat the wrong things
or our life style causes some proolem in our body. Our body tells us that
something is wrong. The means used by the body to indicate a problem are
* Pam * Fever * Swelling, redness, lumps * extra production of secretions
* vomit * fast breathing * fatigue * palpitation * reduction or discontinuation
of the function of some organ * feeling sad, lack of will to work * not being
able to concentrate on anything etc.
When Javed Chacha cuts open the bird today, observe carefully where the
organs are located. Note the interrelationship between them. It is necessary
to know this in order to understand which other organs will be affected in case
of some problem in one part of the body.
For e.g. - patients of ioose motions have a problem in their intestines which
occupy a lot of space, giving them the feeling that the stomach is aching
If germs attack the wind-pipe or lungs, the outer cover of the lungs is affected
causing pain in the chest as a whole.
•
In case of appendicitis, the pain begins in the navel.
)
)
31
>
>
• v During menstruation, the covering along the wall of the uterus gets detached
and flows out. Cycles of female hormones cause this by contraction and ex
pansion of the uterus. The female organs are located below the navel, pain
is felt in the lower back and thighs.
• -Blood circulates in the whole body. It carries food and oxygen to the cells.
It contains red cells which have iron in them. If the quantity of iron in the body
is reduced, we feel fatigue, palpitation and cramps in the hands and feet. This
illness is called anaemia.
•
(
During typhoid, germs reach the intestine
and grow there. So there are loose mo
tions with pain. There is fever and sharp
f
(
headache. Many times lungs get infected.
C
Germs cause pneumonia which causes
r<> * oj
♦ <>/•
pain in the chest.
(
Ayushi asked Javed Chacha to dissect the chicken
(
in a way suitable to show the digestive and respiratory
tracts. He followed her instructions and showed the
(
women the organs. After this, Ayushi explained the
(
systems with the help of posters. Sunita asked the
(
meaning of “system”. Ayushi explained that when differ
(
ent organs coordinate to complete one process, the ac
(
tivity is called a “system”.
There are many different systems in our body. According to their function, they can
be classified as follows:-
1.
The system of movement
All the organs connected to movement e.g. - muscles, bones and joints together make
this system.
2.
Circulatory system
This consists of blood vessels, blood, heart and glands
3.
Digestive system
The digestive tract, organs and glands constitute the digestive system
4.
Respiratory system
Inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide involves the respiratory tract,
lungs, and alveoli form the respiratory system.
5.
Urinary system
All the organs forming urine and excreting it from this system.
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6.
Nervous system
Collecting sensations from all parts of the body, sending commands according to
them and controlling the functions of the organs together, constitutes the
7
nervous system. This involves the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves.
Sensory system
8.
Reviewing perceptions from the environment by the sense organs like, ear, nose,
eyes, skin and tongue is the sensory system .
Endocrine system
This consists of glands located in different parts of the body to control different functions.
Then, Ayushi went on to explain that the systems are connected to each other although
they are independent.
•
The respiratory system obtains oxygen but the circulatory system carries it to
all parts of the body. Similarly the carbon dioxide produced by cells is carried
by blood to the respiratory organs which then throw it out.
®
The network of nerves receive the hot/cold sensation obtained by touching
and command us to move away from it. Thus they defend the muscles, skin
and bones etc.
Ayushi explained that in this way we have to look
at the body as one whole unit. She thought she would
narrate the story of Vanadevi that day.
She introduced it with idea of having different gods
and goddesses in each area. In the same way, Vanadevi
(Goddess of the forests) is there to protect the forests
and we worship her. Long ago, all kings hunted wild
animals for sport. The goddess Vanadevi was pained
to see this. She requested Adishakti for protection of
wild animals. She said that if tiger strayed into human
civilization by mistake once in a while, she could tolerate
its killing for defence. But no animal should be killed
for game. If man destroyed tigers without reason, trees would soon vanish. The water in
the forest is safe due to the presence of tigers. Otherwise, men would rush freely into the
forests and cut trees, grass and other creatures. Bit by bit, the forests would disappear.
Though she had the creative energy, forests cannot be created as fast as man destroys
them.
Adishakti remarked that man had become too proud to understand anything. She wanted
to punish him. But Vanadevi begged to preserve humanity because all life is interdependent.
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33
She decided to free man from the
haveT8
Z be'n9 ab'e ,0 reC09nize his 'nner voioe
She declared that man would
have to work hard fer a living. His efforts wouid give him
the vision or life and this would also bless him
with strength.
(
Ayushi reminded everyone that we all are ■ "
suffering today because we don't look at
Z ZZS
,Ola“Z We mUS' understa"« that whenever
(
the whole ,s disturbed in relation to it.
r
■ one part of a unit is affected,
(
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---------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------- - ----------------------------------
Self Assessment
a- Fill in the blanks
1. White blood cells destroy
2. Acid produced in the stomach kills
3. The pain of appendicitis starts
b.
c.
/
d.
!
(
e.
What symptoms will suggest that t^~^em
the
suggest that there is
Cve some examp,es
examples o,
of the
the defence
defence mechanism ot the body
names of the
escnbe an experience when you as a femiiy member, suffered during iilness
affecting the whole body and not just o
I
(
3
34
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks
1.
Our body works like a
1. Unit
2.
2. System
There is a relation of
2. Competition
3. Dependence
Appendicitis causes pain in the
1. Navel
4.
4. all the above.
in all our systems.
1. Coordination
3.
3. Cell
2. Stomach
3. Abdomen
4. Small intestine
The organs in the system of movement are
i.
Hands, legs, knees, muscles.
ii.
Bones, skin, blood vessels, muscles
iii.
Muscles, bones, joints.
iv. All the above.
B. Fill in the blanks 1. Nervous system,
2. Circulatory system
i.
(
1. The heart, blood vessels, blood and glands together form the
(
2. The spinal cord is a part of the
(
C. Match the following
1. The nervous system
1 Skin
2. Sense organs
2. Perceiving sensations
3. Heart
3. Unit
4. Body
5. Glands
6. Lungs
4. Circulatory System
5. Respiratory system
6. Endocrine system
7. Green motions
7. Appendix
8. Pain at the navel
8. Typhoid
9. Pain
9. Pain below the navel
10. Menstruation
10. The expression of the body
i
35
*
Answers
»•
f
(
(
(
<
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
A
B
C
1-1, 2-1, 3-1, 4-3
1-2, 2-1
1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3, 5-6, 6-5, 7-8, 8-7, 9-10, 10-9
»
36
Lesson 6
Cell and Tissue
Summary
1.
The one-ness of the body -’A single cell carries c
. all the functions carried out by an
out
organism.
A
minute
part
of
the
body
conducts
the
. , ..
, .
- ...j same activities that are carried out
by the whole.
2. Nature has created the body very wisely. While hard bones protect the inner delicate organs
where eyer necessary other parts are left flexible and free for movement. Thus the body
is stable as well as flexible.
7
3' anrl
f
Ce"S
A" Ce"S
0Ut the baS'C functions
and transform themselves for particular activities.
A'though we all are human beings, each one looks different and has different likes and
oisiiKes. Thus, we are similar
—
but different. We must respect this diversity in our lives
too. Even if some people believe in different religion's
> or belong to different groups, we
continue to share our unity as human beings.
4. Types of tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Muscle Tissue
3. Connective
(
c
(
c
(
(
i
4. Nerve Tissue
Aims
On reading this lesson you will understand
1. The structure of the cell
2. What a tissue is and types of tissues.
Knowledge
You will know about
•
The parts and functions of a cell
•
The purpose of cell differentiation
Skill
You will learn the
•
Use of local resources to help children or villagers.
Perspective
You will understand
•
Inspite of outward differences things in nature are basically similar.
•»
11'."
’
37
Introduction
In the last chapter we saw that Ayushi describes the structures and systems of the body
briefly to the women. In this chapter we shall observe how she extends her discussion with
1
the children and informs them about different groups of cells.
Ayushi had asked the children to write the names of the organs of the different systems.
They handed her the lists.
Today she will discuss with the school children again. She saw the textbooks of class
£
(
six and seven. Then she thought that since they are familiar with the cells, they would be
benefited by adding to their information.
Ayushi reached the school. She carried some leaves and an onion with her. She dem
f
onstrated the skin of the onion under a microscope to the children. They saw it looked
f
different through the microscope. Many tiny rectangles
were seen in the peel. Ayushi also showed them the
leaves under its lens. Here too, the children observed
(
little rectangles.
t
Ayushi told them that the tiny rectangles seen were
i
cells. These were the units of which all living beings are
c
formed.
(
Some organisms consists of a single cell. Among
(
these, the cell does all the functions of digestion,
(
production of energy, resistance and reproduction. Nature
(
first created single-celled beings and then multi-celled
(
organisms. If we consider the example of a factory or
{
business, in the beginning only one person does all the
tasks of production, marketing, accounting and cleaning etc. More people are involved
in the business as necessity arises. Then there is division of labour. Some do the production
work, some keep accounts, some look after the cleaning and some selling etc. Multi-cellular
living beings have a
similar arrangement.
The total work done by a single cell is managed by one organism. Therefore the work
is divided among cells. They are transformed according to function, leading to structural
differences.
Every cell consists of protoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria lysosome, along with golgi bod
>
IL
I 38 |
I
I t ...
■ nucleus
apparatus
r
chromatin
nuclear sap.
' nuclear membrane ■
/ 04
ground cytoplasm
j
---- -----
77/
centrosome
-^•■^mitochondria
endoplosmic reticulum
J"-,:
ies and endoplasmic reticulum. Every cell is self-sufficient.
I
(
Nucleus / centre of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Cell membrane
The Parts of a cell
The following are the different parts of a cell
(
1. Cytoplasm, water, minerals, organic compounds (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) con
stitute a cell.
2. New cells are created by division of chromosomes in the nucleus
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum - It absorbs proteins, digestive juices and other substances
which are sent to different parts of the cell.
(
4.
5.
6.
7.
Golgi Apparatus transform proteins and carbohydrates.
Lysosome breaks down waste products, often it can also destroy the cell itself.
Mitochondria - It creates energy in the cell.
Ribosomes - They recreate proteins.
We have already seen that structures of cells vary according to their functions. Thus
there are 4 main types of cells in our body.
1. Membranes
2. Nerves
3. Muscular/Fleshy cells
4. Connecting cells.
No cell can complete a particular function alone. Similar cells acting together are called
tissues. 4 types of cells form 4 kinds of tissues. Cells having the same structure and function
II
I
39
form a unit.
Particular tissue and their functions
Epithelial Tissue (Covering Tissue)- Our skin is formed of this tissue. Hollow/Empty spaces
are also covered with it. Its main function is defence.
1. Protects the inner parts of the body from injury.
2. Prevents the inner fluids of the body from oozing out.
3. Prevents absorption of outer liquids coming in contact with skin.
4. Prevents germs from entering. There is an inner tissue lining organs. This inner tissue
lining is named differently according to its location.
Mucous membrane (this produces a |
'
protective fluid). Mucous is found in the digestive,
respiratory and reproductive systems as well as in some
- ...-------) organs.
Synovial membrane - This covers joints of bones. It creates the sinovial fluid. This prevents
(
friction in joints, making movement easy.
(
(
The children didn't understand the meaning of friction. Ayushi explained to them that friction
is what makes it difficult for us to walk on sand. If we don't oil our bicycle, friction obstructs
(
its smooth movement.
(
(
Serous Membrane - Some organs have a double lining. This becomes necessary because
t ey have to contract and expand. A serous fluid occupies the space between the two
ayers. This membrane is found around the following organs; lungs, heart, some organs of
e alimentary canal lying below the chest but above the hips.
1.
When this membrane covers the lungs it is called Pleura.
(
2.
The membrane around the heart is called Pericardium.
3.
The Peritoneum covers the organs of the digestive system.
Ayushl hinted that she would describe 3 more tissues next time, namely the muscular
tissue, the connective tissue and nervous tissue.
Your responsibility as health workers
1. Spread information among people.
2. Find out simple ways of giving information.
3. Remember that it must reach all classes of people
4. Not to hesitate giving information thinking that it is difficult.
I
.3*
I
Rol
I
Self
Assessment
1.. What are the different parts of the cell?
2. Name 4 types of tissues.
3. Give the functions of the Epithelial Tissue
4: Serous membrane is found in
I
5. Where is the Synovial membrane found
6. Name the location of mucous membranes
7. Give examples of unity in diversity in nature
t
Muscle, Nerve, Joint, Tissue
I
(
I
f
(
<
)
41
>
Exercises
1.
The smallest part of our body is
1. Cell
2.
3.
4. Nerve
Proteins are recreated by the cell in the
1. Nucleus
f
3. Organ
2. Tissue
3. Lysosome
2. Ribosome
4. Golgi body
A tissue is
1. A group of cells
2. Nucleus
3. Cell fluid
4. Ribosome
f
f
4.
Which of the following is made of epithelial tissue in our body ?
1. Skin
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2. Organ
3. Cell
4. Bones
(
(
5.
1. Mucous
(
(
(
(
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Which membrane contains the Synovial fluids?
6.
2. Serus
3. Synovial
4. Epithelial
What is the function of Serus membrane?
1. Preventing friction between organs.
2. Producing protective fluid.
3. Help in contraction and expansion of organs
4. Prepare fluids.
i
Match the following
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t
1. Serous Fluid
1. Prevention of friction in bones
2. Synovial fluid
2. Serous membrane
3. Pleura
3. Pericardium
4. Heart
4. Lungs
*
42
Answers
Correct alternatives
1-1, 2-2, 3-1, 4-1, 5-3, 6-3
Correct pairs
1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3
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43
Lesson 7
Joints and Fluid Tissues
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Summary
(
1. Tissues are of 4 different types.
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2. Blood is a type of connective tissue
3. Deficiency of red blood cells causes Anaemia
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4. Blood fights germs to protect our body.
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Aims
On reading this lesson you will understand
1. The parts and functions of cell
2. The main 4 types of cells in our body
3. The parts and functions of blood
Knowledge
You will know about
•
Parts and functions of cell.
•
Parts and functions of blood
•
The causes of Anaemia
•
How white blood cells protect the body
Skill
You will learn
•
The symptoms of anaemia
•
Simple methods of giving information
to people
Perspective
t
(
You will understand
• A single person cannot keep all available information
Information can be gathered as needed.
(
I
Introduction
In the last chapter, we studied the structure of the cell,
its different parts and the types
Of tissues. This chapter is about connective tissues. You might wonder whether all this
information is necessary.
Today, there is an explosion of information about every subject. No one can go through
all of ,t in one life. That's why it is rather difficult to decide how much information we need.
If we think that we should gather only as many details as is useful for our work we
will be wrong. Many times we realise that the work we are doing is beyond our knowledge,
so we need a specialist. That's why our information should not he limited according to our
functions but should also include areas that enable us to recognise the framework of our
duties, its references.
The information given in this chapter may not help us in our day to day work, but it
will increase our understanding.
Ayushi described the structure of a cell briefly. She compared it with the structure of
a house. Just as different locations inside the house are used for particular functions i.e.
ood is cooked in the kitchen, people bathe inside the bathroom, guests are received in
the drawing room and plants are grown outside the house in the garden, the regions of activities
are definite.
The functions of the organs of our body are also definite i.e. we walk with our legs,
see with our eyes, hear with our ear etc. This definiteness can also be observed in our
cells.
Ayushi introduces them to the different parts of tissues by pointing out the references
shown in the poster. (Fig. 1)
Th!s is the cell-wail. Just as our body is covered with the skin, this covering gives shape
1
nucleus
golgi apparatus
r
chromatin
nuclear sap.
i nuclear membrane •
ground cytoplasm
*
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centrosome
J*^5^mitochondria
endopiosmic reticulum
o
ribosomes
cell membrane
Fig. 1
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>
45
>
to the cell. The cell-wall is porous so that some material enters through it into the cell, while
unwanted substances are given out. The size of the pores determines which matter can
pass through them. The area inside the cell-wall is full of fluid parts which form the cell.
t
This is called the protoplasm which keeps all the constituents together and allows exchange
of substances among them.
The nucleus lies at the centre of the cell. Chromosomes occur in it, just as songs are
recorded on a cassette. Chromosomes contain all the instructions needed for the functioning
of a cell. The nucleus undergoes division to create many new cells.
The endothelial reticulum and golgi apparatus are parts of the cell that resemble a kitchen.
Here the food is converted into a form that can be absorbed.
#■
The mitochondria is the area of generation of energy. The energy is used for the basic
functions.
The lysosome is the part which destroys the unwanted material from the cell. This is
similar to the production of compost in our fields.
<■
There are 4 main types of tissues in our body€
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
<
4. Nervous tissue
<
(
We need tissues with particular structures for certain functions. That is why the 4 types
(
of tissues differ from each other.
-------- Just
—t as a house may have two rooms, the kitchen needs
(
an outlet for smoke whereas the bathroom needs an outlet for waste water; our tissues
(
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have also differentiated themselves as required.
There are connective tissues in our body. They resemble the role of women in families
who maintain the bonds, between members and relatives Every tissue has a common structure
(
and function.
(
(
Following are the types of tissues.
(
1. Areolar Tissue
(
2. Elastic Tissue
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3. Lymphoid tissue
4. Mucoid tissue
5. Adipose tissue
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6. Fibrous tissue
7. Cartilaginous tissue
8. Bone tissue
1. Areloar Tissue - This is found below the skin of the body. It covers the blood vessels
muscles, nerves and other organs (like liver, stomach intestines)
2. Elastic tissue - This is found in the pipes or tubes (circulatory, respiratory tracts) and
muscular groups. It makes the parts flexible.
3. Lymphoid tissue - It consists of lymph cells. It produces resistant substances to destroy
germs. In this way it protects the body.
4. Mucoid tissue - It is found in the eyes and the umbilical cord. It lubricates the organ.
This tissue clings to other parts and minimizes friction between organs.
5. Adipose tissue - It occurs below the skin. It contains fat and water. It supports the organs
and maintains their condition. It helps to create energy and to maintain the body temperature.
6. Fibrous tissue - It supports the organs to which it is connected. Bones are wrapped
by this tissue and so are muscles.
7. Cartilage - This is bluish-while in colour, hard but not as much as the bone. It occurs
in joints and along the longer bones. The backbone contains it and so do the nose and
ears.
8. Bone tissue - This is the toughest tissue. It is of two kinds - 1. Compact Bones and
2. Cancellous Bones. Compact bones can be seen among long and flat bones. Cancellous
bones are spongy and can be seen at the ends of long bones and between two layers
of compact bones. All these tissues give shape to the body. The significant among them
are 1.
Bones
2.
Ligaments
Blood
Today we shall discuss a fluid tissue called ‘Blood’.
Blood flows through our whole body. It consists of Red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets and plasma.
Plasma
It occurs in the form a fluid. The blood cells and platelets float in it. It consists of water,
proteins and other nutrients.
(
>
-
47
»
Protein retains water in the blood cells. It maintains blood-pressure in the vessels. If we
»
are deficient in proteins, water oozes out of the vessels, causing swelling. Children lacking
»
protein have swellings but mothers think they are fat and healthy.
I
Platelets
They are shaped like discs. Platelets cause clotting whenever the body suffers a cut
I
or an injury by which blood starts flowing out of the vessel. The clot prevents the blood
from leaving the vessel.
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White blood cell
White blood fight germs and function in 2 ways -
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1 - by surrounding the germs, breaking them
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2- by creating agents to kill the germs.
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These agents are called anti-bodies.
Red blood cells
They are red m colour as suggested by the name. They are minute and round. Their
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up and engulfing them
life span is about 120 days. They are constantly being created and destroyed. They are
created ms.de the bones and destroyed in the spleen.The red blood cells contain red particles
consisting of protein and iron, called haemoglobin. It carries oxygen. Deficiency of haemoglobin
causes less oxygen to be carried. Shortage of oxygen causes fatigue, dizziness, loss of
appetite and palpitation. This condition is called anaemia. A nutritive diet can improve it
y creating red particles with iron through food like green leafy vegetables, jaggery, moong,
dates, meat, liver, egg-yolk, apples etc.
(
Sometimes the red blood cells, are sickle-shaped instead of round. This is a hereditary
disease which destroys red blood cells faster than production. This causes an acute condition
I
of anaemia called sickle-cell anaemia. Some tribals in our country suffer from this disease.
It is the main health problem in such areas.
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When Ayushi completed giving this information,
eat to overcome the deficiency of blood. Ayushi
i.e. green vegetables, jaggery and nutritive
The women insisted on listening to a
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the women asked what they should
reminded them about the iron-rich food
organs of animals like liver and heart.
story after the information. So Ayushi narrated
the tale of Kali Mata.
the
Th 3 Td ki"9 "amed SbUmbha' Si"Ce he Was vefV P°»erfu|. "e
three worlds - the earth, heaven and hell. He had two generals In his army, Chand and
Munda. Shumbha had meditated long and hard to win
a boon that a single drop of his blood on the ground
would create many forms of himself.
/
I
He drove the Gods out of heaven. They took refuge - \
in the Himalayas and prayed to Goddess Durga. She
appeared before them as Ambika and offered a blessing.
The Gods asked her to destroy Shumbha.
Chanda and Munda were keeping a watch over the
Gods. They found Ambika beautiful enough to be their
queen. They reported her great beauty to Shumbha.
He asked them to fetch her. They presented his
proposal of marriage before Ambika. She replied that
she had vowed to marry the one who was brave enough to defeat her in war. They explained
to her that he was known to be valiant. But she remained firm.
Chanda and Munda fought against her with their army. Then Kali came to her aid. When
Shumba came to fight, Ambika attacked him and blood flowed from his body to the ground.
Many versions of Shumbha were created from it. Kali told Ambika to kill him while she
drank his blood. Thus Shumbha was destroyed.
Ayushi called on the women to support each other just as Kali supported Ambika.
She added that Shumbha must have been a creature that spreads through blood. That’s
why his blood had to be destroyed.
Self Assessment
1. Write the names of 4 kinds of tissues
2. List the constituent cells of blood.
3. Why is swelling caused in the body?
4. Explain the condition called Anaemia
5. Explain how white blood cells defend the body.
.
>
>
49
!
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1
Exercises
•>
Choose the correct alternatives
1. The red blood cell survives for
1. 120 days
_ days.
2. 100 days
3. 100-120 days
4. 120-130 days
2. Meaning of anaemia
1. Plasma 2. Shortage of platelets 3. Less red blood cells
4. Deficiency
of white cells
3. Protein Deficiency causes swelling because
1. Amount of blood increases
2. Water flows out of blood vessels
3. Drinking excess water
4. All the above
/
Fill in the blanks
1. Bones, 2. White, 3. golgi apparatus, 4. mitochondria, 5. Areolar , 6. elastic, 7. adipose
1- ----------------------- creates energy in the cell.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2tissue is found beneath the skin.
3- ----------- ------------- tissue occurs in blood vessels
4- -
tissue stores fat and water
5-
is the kitchen of the cell
6- ----- ------------------ cells resist germs and produce antibodies
7. Red cells are formed inside the
Match the pairs
1. Adipose tissue
1. Muscle
2. Fibrous tissue
2. Fat/water collection
3. Ligaments
3. Back-bone
4. Abnormal red cells
4. Like a disc
5. Platelets
5. Protein and iron
6. Haemoglobin
6. Sickle-shaped
>
50
Answers
Right alternatives
1-1, 2-3, 3-2,
Fill in the blanks:
1-4, 2-5, 3-6, 4-7, 5-3, 6-2, 7-1
Match the pairs
1-2, 2-1, 3-3, 4-6, 5-4, 6-5
(
(
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51
5
Lesson 8
The Circulatory System
it
Summary
Blood carries food and oxygen to all parts of the body. It takes waste materials formed
1.
in the cells and carbon dioxide to the excretory organs which are lungs, skin and kidney,
f
2.
The heart and blood vessels together carry out circulation.
3.
If you do not understand any unnatural symptoms you should take the patient to the
doctor.
4.
Our life style can often be responsible for causing heart attack e.g. smoking, tobacco
abuse, over eating, lack of exercise, tension and stress.
Aims
On reading this lesson you will understand
•
The circulatory system.
•
Where and how to check the pulse.
•
The symptoms of ailments regarding circulation.
•
The lymphatic system
Knowledge
You will know about
•
The structure and function of the circulatory system
•
Illnesses related to circulation and their symptoms.
The relationship between lymphatic and circulatory system.
I
i.
Skill
You will learn and
I
•
Understand when to send a patient to the doctor after observing the symptoms
■(
$
Know how to check the^ pulse
Perspective
You will understand that
<A
•
Often lifestyle is the cause of illness.
•
Illness is not caused by ghosts or spirits
0S141
, or magic or spells
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Introduction
In the previous chapter Ayushi gave information about the units of blood.
There was a death in the village that week. Kishorilal had died at the age of 40. The
whole village was in mourning.
The women gathered for the Friday meeting.
■
Ayushi: We have had a tragedy in the village. We all must try and help Kishorilal’s wife
and two children.
a;
Nirmala Mausi: A woman who gave birth only to female children and also couldn’t keep
her husband alive doesn’t deserve any help.
Ayushi: Kishorilal died of a heart-attack.
Radha: The women’s saving group should help her to
start some business.
Kusum Chachi: What exactly had happened to the man
who died.
Ayushi: Whenever there is bleeding, a person
experiences weakness. This is because he loses energy
through blood. Blood contains energy.
Savitri: The energy is given to blood by God since birth.
Shabana: Why energy tablets are required if Allah
provides energy.
Madhuri: When I take tablets during pregnancy,
she stopped suffering from fatigue.
Renuka: We can increase the energy of blood.
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Ayushi: Right, you can increase the energy in
our blood. Please tell me what are these blue
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lines on our arms and legs.
Urmila: These are blood vessels.
Ayushi explained that blood flows through vessels in the whole body. If it comes out,
Blood contains a yellow-coloured substance called ‘fibrinogen’ that is made of protein.
In case of damage to the blood vessel, this is converted into ‘fibrin’. The platelets
are caught in its strands and a clot is formed on the wall of the blood vessel. It prevents
further blood from flowing out.
>
53
it clots. This is a good example of how nature finds solutions for self-defence. If there is
bleeding, energy will be reduced. So the blood contains substances that prevent it from
flowing by clotting whenever the blood vessel is ruptured. Just as we prevent the flow of
water by raising a bund, the blood forms a 'bund' at the injured point. This stops blood
from flowing out.
Nirmala Chachi: You say blood has energy required for our work. Where is the source
of wanted to know the source of energy in our blood ?
(
4
Ayushi: Blood contains materia! that creates energy and not the energy Itself. Blood carries
this material to the cells. Energy is produced inside the cells using It.
(
Nirmala Chachi: How does this material enter the blood ?
Ayushi: The food we eat is digested just as juice is extracted from sugarcane. Digestion
(
no only extracts juices and material from our food but also transforms it into suitable chemicals
(
through reactions.
(
Nirmala Chachi: What is the meaning of chemical reaction ?
<
Ayushi: What happens if you add lime juice to iodised salt ?
Shabana: It will turn blue.
(
Ayushi: A new substance is created by a chemical reaction. This is different from ordinary
P ysical changes caused during freezing of water to ice or grinding something into powder
chemical change makes a change in the basic structure of the substance.
Nirma.a Chachi: Is making pickle a chemical change ?
XU5tbp N S' H iS'
f00d iS Ctan9ed b01h Physfeally and Ohemiral1*in
This is In 71
'ItranSP0,1e<l ,0 311 lhe ce“s
This is called the circulatory system. It can be compared
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clean water to every home and drainage system
carries away the waste water. Our blood behavi
the water in the village pipe.
The parts of the circulatory system are
1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels
3. Blood
The position of the heart
1. Heart - It is shaped like a conical bag. It works like
a pump, so it is made of strong muscles. It is located
behind the breast bone within the chest between the two
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body through the blood vessels.
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lungs, one-third of it is on the right-side and two-thirds is on the left side. It is constantly
expanding and contracting.
The heart reaches upto the 5th rib on the left. It is about 12 cm long, 8/9 cm broad
and 6 cm thick. A strong septum divides it into two halves- right and left. The impure blood
is collected in the right part and pure blood in left part. The two are always kept apart
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
AORTA
------ PULMONARY ARTERY
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PULMONARY VALVE
PULMONARY VEINS
LEFT ATRIUM
RT ATRIUM
TRICUSPID VALVE
MITRAL VALVE
LEFT VENTRICLE
RT VENTRICLE
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Another division divides each part into 2 sections. Thus the heart has 4 sections.
(
1.
Right Atrium
(Right top portion)
2.
Right Ventricle
(Right lower area)
3.
Left Atrium
(Left upper area)
4.
Left ventricle
(Left lower portion)
The Aorta arises from the left ventricle. Just as the main pipe line brings water to a
Village and its branches and sub branches carry it to each road and every house, the arteries
and capillaries of the aorta carry blood to each cell.
While the Aorta is large in size the arteries are smaller. Capillaries are very fine.
While arteries carry pure blood, veins carry impure blood. Capillaries have porous walls.
Water, oxygen and food material passes through them into cells. Carbon dioxide and other
unwanted material from the cells enter the capillary from the cell. Just as the waste water
from each house flows into the gutter and then into the common drainpipe of the village,
the impure blood goes to Vena Cava. From there, it enters the right atrium. Then it is sent
to the lungs so that carbon dioxide is given out and oxygen is taken in. The oxygenated
blood comes into the left atrium though the Pulmonary veins, then from left ventricle into
the aorta which sends it to the rest of the body. This circulation continues constantly.
■
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55
>
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Factors affecting blood pressurei)
Heart Rate - Normally the heart beats 60-90 times per minute.
ii) Volume of blood- We have about 5-6 litres of blood in our body. Whenever
there is bleeding inside or outside the body the volume and pressure of blood
is decreased.
;
Hi) Size of blood vessels - Many times cholesterol present in the blood sticks
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to the walls, thereby reducing the size of the vessels. This compressed size
increases the blood pressure.
iv) Consuming excess of salt makes the body retain more water in it. This in turn
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leads to higher blood pressure.
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Just as we squeeze a bottle to squirt water, the sections
(
of the heart transports the blood into the lower section
k''
and then into the blood vessel.
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When the blood returns to the heart, the heart expands
<
in the same way as we release the handle of syringe
slowly outside, increasing the inner size. The blood is
(
then drawn into it.
(
The upper section of the heart contracts first, to send the
(
blood into the lower parts. When the lower section, contracts,
(
blood enters the blood vessel. To prevent it from going back
f
to the atrium there is a valve to control movement. If the
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valve is damaged, the flow can go backward. This reverse
movement can be heard with the help of a stethoscope.
(
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(
(
Pericardium and Myocardium
The heart is covered with a double layer called pericardium. There is a fluid between
the two layers to prevent friction. The heart muscle is called myocardium which is
involuntary.
(
<
(
Blood Pressure
The pressure of the blood flowing through the vessels is called blood pressure. When
the blood enters arteries on contraction of the heart, it has a higher pressure which is called
(
systolic pressure'. The walls of smaller blood vessels are muscular and have their own
L
pressure.
4.
(.
This pressure which prevents the blood from going out of the vessel is called 'diastolic
pressure'. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. It can differ according to age.
□El
Less than standard pressure (90/60 mm mercury/Hg) or more (140-90 mm mercury/Hg)
can be a symptom of illness.
Pulse - When the heart contracts, blood goes out of the heart with greater pressure. This
pressure is transferred to the arteries. When an artery passes over a bone or below the
skin, we can feel the sensation of pressure by touching it. This wave of pressure is called
pulse.
The pulse can be checked as follows -
The index finger, middle finger and ring finger are to be used. The first one gives
pressure to the blood vessel, the second one senses the pressure thus increased behind
it, as the blood tries to rush ahead. The third one allows it to go forward. The thumb and
the little finger are not used.
The pressure wave is measured for a period of one minute. The normal heart rate
ranges from 60 to 90 times per minute and so the pulse rate will also be the same. A
faster or slower pulse rate indicates illness. This rate changes according to age.
1. Infants - about 140/m
2. 1 year old - 120/m
3. 1- 2 years - 110/m
4. 2- 5 years - 96-100/m
5. 6-10 years - 80-90/m
6. Adults - 60-90/m
Bleeding
If an artery is ruptured, pressure will cause the blood to flow out fast and with force.
It doesn’t come out continuously, but in spurts. When the heart contracts, it flows out with
force. If the Vena Cava is cut, it will bleed continuously with low pressure and less speed.
In this case we should press the injured point with a clean cloth.
But if an artery is bleeding, we should press the area just above the injured point to
stop the flow. It is necessary to seek medical aid in case of haemorrhage of artery.
Coronary Artery
There are two coronary arteries supplying blood to the muscles of the heart- the left
and the right coronary artery. If one of these or their branches get obstructed, the blood
will not be able to reach that part of the heart. Consequently that part will be deprived of
oxygen and food and will start getting damaged. The working of the heart will be affected.
A
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57]
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If a large area of the heart doesn’t receive oxygen, the person may even die. This kind
of a death is called a heart - attack. Often the left coronary artery gets obstructed.
Ayushi concluded that Kishorilal had suffered the same illness. (Heart attack)
Nirmala Chachi asked why heart attacks occur? Ayushi explained that it is due to the coronary
artery
getting obstructed. As mentioned before,
cholesterol found in fats often gets deposited along the
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inner lining of blood vessels. Other reasons are smoking,
sedentary life style or excessive consumption of fatty food.
All these can cause a heart attack.
E. C. G.
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This is the short form of the word Electro Cardio
p
Gram. It is the graph of the electric waves emerging
t
from the heart. The heart continuously contracts and
(
expands, which creates
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electric waves. These are
recorded graphically. This graph tells us -
(
lb!
(
f
•
Whether the heart rate is normal.
•
Whether the heart has any disorder
Though the heart works by itself sometimes the nervous system also instructs it to
(
beat faster as for example when we are frightened, we can hear our own heartbeat.
(
Here are the symptoms which tell us that we must go to the doctor.
(
1.
(
High blood pressure - indicated by headache, palpitation, breathlessness,
giddiness, pain in the chest, hazy vision.
2.
Low blood pressure - indicated by fatigue
3.
Valve disorders - indicated by breathlessness while working, sudden
or dizziness.
breathlessness during sleep at night, feeling of suffocation, palpitation, cough,
repeated respiratory disorders among children.
4.
Heart attack - indicated by sharp pain in the middle of the chest, pain spreading
to the left arm, sudden breathlessness, palpitation, sweating, unconsciousness,
getting a death-like feeling.
5.
Reducing of
Heart Function
If the heart functions less than normal, the body gets less oxygen. Less amount
of blood returns to the heart. This frequently leads to swelling of legs. This condition
may be noticed also in other heart problems like high blood pressure, prolonged
breathing ailments, pericarditis and myocarditis etc.
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58
Other indications are swelling on legs, breathlessness, giddiness, hazy vision,
turning blue, chest infections.
6.
Pericarditis - The outer layer of the heart’s covering may be affected. Symptoms
are chest-pain, turning blue in the face, breathlessness, swelling on legs, fever,
low blood pressure.
7.
Myocarditis - Fever, chest pain, breathlessness and increased heart rate are
the symptoms of this disorder.
Pulmonary oedemaThis is also called cardiac asthma. It is a symptom of disorder of the left side
of the heart. Some blood returns to the left atrium, increasing its pressure. This
pressure is passed on to the blood vessels of the lungs, forcing some blood back
to the lungs. In turn the capillaries of the lungs develop greater pressure which
pushes out water into the lung-sacs. This is pulmonary oedema or swelling of
the lungs. Its symptoms are - breathlessness, cough, wheezing cough with pinkish
phlegm, breathlessness while sleeping at night, suffocation, fatigue, turning blue,
limbs getting cold, respiratory infections. Swelling in the lungs Disorder of the left side of the heart
(
Heart unable to pump al blood to body vessels
f
Blood retained in left atrium
I
Increased pressure in left atrium
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Increased pressure in vessels from heart back to lungs
I
v
(
Increased pressure in pulmonary veins
I
Rushing of fluid from lung vessel to lung sac
I
v
i
Swelling of the lungs
(Pulmonary oedema)
Excessive administering of saline
(
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can also cause pulmonary oedema.
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59
Ascites
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4.
Blood containing food material comes from the intestines to the liver through the Portal
Vein. It reaches the liver cells through capillaries where the food is absorbed to create energy.
If the liver has a disorder, the cells will not successfully absorb all the food. This increases
pressure in the capillaries of the liver. This transfers the force to the intestines where water
is given out from the capillaries. This water causes swelling of the abdomen. This is called
ascites. It may often be accompanied by swelling on the legs too. There are many other
causes of ascites.
Lymphatic System
This consists of the lymph glands, lymph vessels and spleen. Cells have fluids all around.
It enters tiny vessels called lymph vessels. They carry the lymph to lymph glands. From there
it is carried to larger vessels. The Thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel. It is connected
to the superior Vena Cava. From there, the lymph goes to the heart and forms a part of
the circulatory system. Lymph glands are scattered all over the body.
Lymph glands prevent germs from spreading in the body. The germs are trapped in
the glands. So many times, a wound to one’s finger leads to a swelling in the arm-pit or
a leg injury causes a swelling near the groins.
The spleen is to the left rear of the stomach. Its functions are -
1. Disintegration of old blood cells.
2. Producing antibodies to destroy germs
/
3. The spleen cells engulf germs
The Lymphatic system and Circulatory system
f
are inter related.
(
Alter giving the information, it was story time.
(
Pandu was the father of the Pandavs. He had two
(
queens Kunti and Madri. He was brave and loved
hunting.
I
Once he went to the forest. He sent an arrow in
(
the direction of a sound. It hit a Rishi when he was
(
with his wife. He cursed Pandu that he would die
the moment he touched his wife. Pandu got disturbed.
He lost his appetite. He spent sleepless nights and
got tired easily. His face turned pale. He had get
anaemia. The illness got its name related to him as
3
Feon
—
“Pandu Rog” (Anaemia) i. e. the illness which Pandu had. He lived in the forest with his
wives and sons.
One day he happened to touch Madri. The next instant he died. Madri felt guilty and
insisted upon giving up her life as ‘Sati’, with her dead husband. People held her responsible
for his death, but is it right?
Kunti tried to dissuade her but Madri remained determined to finish herself.
Kunti treated Madri’s children with the same care as she did her own. It is a good
example of women having strong ties with each other.
Criticizing without knowing the cause of anyone’s illness is wrong.
Your role as a health worker
1.
If you notice any abnormality in the pulse rate or blood pressure of your patient,
you should send him/her to the doctor.
2.
Check the blood pressure of people above forty regularly.
3.
Inform people about illnesses related to the heart and circulatory system.
4.
Tell people to abstain from smoking. Explain the ill-effects of consuming excess
of salt.
5.
Describe the importance of physical exercise to people.
Self Assessment
pulse rate of adults is
per minute
1.
The normal
2.
The normal blood pressure of adults is
3.
List the symptoms of heart attack.
4.
Give the reasons for High blood pressure.
5.
What is the difference between the bleeding of Aorta and Vena Cava? Explain
how to treat them
_ mm Hg.
Answer Briefly
(
(
’
6.
Describe the circulation of blood.
7.
The reason why a cut to the finger leads to a swelling in the arm pit.
;Wi'.
61
Exercises
c
Correct alternatives
f
1.
ECG means
<
1. The graph of the heart rate
c
2. The graph of the electric waves of the heart
4
3. The graph of the pulse-rate
V
4. The amount of blood.
I
2.
v
The symptoms of headache, palpitatii
ion, breathlessness, giddiness hazy vision indicate:
1. Low blood pressure
2. High blood pressure
3. Valve disorder
4. Pulmonary oedema
3.
Which illness is indicated by
1. Pericardiatis
2. Bronchitis
3. Ascites
4. Valve disorder
4.
The type of pain in a heart attack.
(
1. Like pricking
2. Slow flowing of blood
(
3. Sharp pain
(
4. Dull pain
5.
(
(
an enlarged stomach and swollen legs?
The meaning of blood pressure
1. Amount of blood
2. Pressure of blood entering the heart
(
t
3. The pressure of blood flowing in the vessels.
(
4. The pressure of the blood leaving the heart
Fill in the blanks with one of the following:
1. Disintegration of old blood cells
2. Producing antibiotics
3. Destruction of germs
4. Heart, blood vessels.
5. Like a cone
i
■4P
1
62
6. Pump
7. Septum
8. Right
9. 5-6 L
10. Pure
11.120/80 mm Hg
12. Impure
13. 60-90 m
Fill in the Blanks
1- ------------ are the organs of circulatory system.
2. The shape of the heart is
3. The heart works like a_
4'
------- ------------ section of the heart receives impure blood.
5' ---------------- keeps pure and impure blood apart.
6. The Vena Cava carries
blood
7. Our body contains
blood
8. The aorta carries
blood
9. The normal heart rate is
10. The normal Blood pressure is
11. The function of the spleen is
Match the pairs
1. Kidney
2. Heart
1. Help to stop blcod flow
2. Abdominal swelling
3.
Ascites
3. Blood circulation
4.
Sickle cell anaemia
4. Sickle shaped RBC
5.
Fibrinogen
5. Excretory system
f
’i
F
I
«Wft1
J
63 |
Answers
Correct
1-2,
alternatives
2-2,
3-3,
4-3,
5-3
3-6,
4-8,
5-7,
Match the pairs
1-5,
2-3,
3-2,
4-4,
5-1
Fill in the blanks
1-4,
f
(
(
(
f
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2-5,
6-12, 7-9,
8-10, 9-13, 10-11, 11-3
-st
3
64
Lesson 9
The Digestive System
Summary
1. Complex chemical compounds, are 1
transformed into glucose, amino acids and fatty
acids. Cells can absorb these (latter) materials.
2. The diet should be simple and fibrous.
3. One should drink 8-10 glasses of water everyday.
Aims
On reading this lesson you will understand and
•
Name the organs of the digestive system
Explain the functions of the glands related to the digestive system.
Knowledge
You will know about
•
The process of digestion
and understand the chemical and physical reactions.
Skill
You will learn
How through digestive system ingested food reaches upto the cells ?
Perspective
You will understand
i.
The relationship between one’s mind and the digestion of one’s food.
•
How certain serious illnesses are connected with the digestive system?
-
65
Introduction
In this chapter we will learn about digestion. We will follow what happens to the food
we eat and how the juices / extracts of our food reach the cells. We will know the organs
of the digestive system with their functions.
Ayushi told the school children that they would revise the organs shown by Javed Chacha
earlier to them. They wrote the names on the black board.
Salivary gland
Food Pipe
(Oesophagus)
i
Liver
Stomach
l ‘ - Pancreas
Large Intestine
(
■ Small intestine
—Rectum
Anus
t
(
Organs of Digestive System
The Alimentary Canal
Mouth
Food Pipe
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Glands
Salivary Gland
Liver
I
| 66 |
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Helping Organs
Teeth
Tongue
All of you know the organs of the digestive system. So first let us understand about
the Glands. What is their function? To produce a fluid and carry it upto the organ for which
it is created, by a duct. Some glands are ductless and transport secretions through blood.
They are called endocrine glands. Glands having ducts are called exocrine glands.
The Glands related to digestion are exocrine. They all carry their secretions by ducts
to specific points and are important.
There are two types of actions on food during digestion.
1.
2.
Physical
Chemical
The physical action changes the form e.g. extraction of fruit juice in a mixer-blender
(physically) or like grinding green spices into chutney using stone. Ayushi explained that
such physical change is not sufficient to digest food. We need to change the basic chemical
structure so that the food can be absorbed by the body. Everything is made up of parts,
whether living or non-living.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Atoms combine to form molecules which in
turn form compounds. Our food is composed of combinations of atoms of carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen, iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. The compounds are
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
4. Vitamins
They have to be broken up into simpler forms for our cells.
Cells can absorb only glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Exocrine glands help in
the breaking up of complex compounds from our food.
Carbohydrates - Wheat, bajra, rice, potatoes
Proteins - Lentils, beans, fish, meat.
*
Fats - Oil, ghee etc.
1*
$
67
1.
Carbohydrates are converted into sugar.
2.
Proteins are converted into amino acids.
3.
Fats are converted into fatty acids.
The chemical reaction begins in the mouth. Saliva from the salivary glands contains
ptyalin which reacts with carbohydrates. That is why chewing a potato leaves a sweet taste
m the mouth. Teeth break food physically into small bits which pass through the food pipe
in o he stomach. The food pipe is behind the wind-pipe. The muscles of the stomach are
very strong and churn the food after it reaches there, till it becomes fine and liquid The
s omach produces an acid which destroys germs that the food contains. The stomach is
below the left nbs of the chest. If excess of acid is produced there, the stomach gets inflammed,
becomes reddish and causes pain.
This condition is (called
" ' gastritis. It may be caused by consuming excess of spices, drinking,
smoking, mental stress or taking pain-killers. The symptoms
i are pain in the upper abdomen,
vomiting and indigestion.
iges ion - oated feeling, gases, nausea, sour belches etc. These symptoms can be
bserved among pregnant women, people with loose motions or excessive smokers obese
people or those with mental stress. This condition may be created by consuming cabbage
PP es, onions, cucumbers, cold-drinks or alcohol. These should be avoided. If the indications
or complaints persist, medical help is necessary.
The small intestine looks like letter 'C from the stomach which then coils like a snake
Its C shaped part receives secretions from the liver and pancreas.
*
it in J the'Zst5
3
Bi'e Pr°dUCed
11 C°,leCtS in thS 9311 bl3dder Which sends
into the intestine by a duct. It digests fatty foods.
v
K
V
gall bladder,
The pancreas creates different types of di
gestive secretions, which digest carbohydrates
and proteins. The digestion is completed in the
small intestine. The Vena Cava has a network
of capillaries and veins in the small intestine. It
i
iW
absorbs the digested food material.
The Water and the undigested food matter
\
r'
goes into the large intestine. Water and minerals
jr4—
pancreas
stomach
are absorbed here. The remaining useless
material is excreted.
bile duct,
duodenum,.
i
4V
>
S
If you drink less water, it will be difficult to give out the solid waste. So you should drink
6 to 10 glasses of water everyday. Also, you should eat sufficient fibrous foods like vegetables
and fruits. Fibres also help in pushing out the excreta just as sandy soil helps to push
clay soil out of a rubber tube.
The food remains in the digestive tract for about 24 hours. It is pushed forward, gravitation
elps its downward movement. The movement to pass food downward is called "peristalsis"
I ere .s contraction and relaxation along this tract. When the upper part is compressed
the lower one .s expanded so that food from above goes below. Later the alternate parts
repeat the procedure and food proceeds in the downward direction like a wave. This peristaltic
movement can be heard on the stethoscope.
If we don't consume sufficient water and fibrous food, the waste products create high
pressure on the edge of the anus. This causes some capillaries to swell and emerge from
the opening end. This condition is called 'piles'. If food is chewed well till it becomes fine,
it is easy to give it out otherwise the digestion will be difficult.
Eating excess of spices or chillies can destroy the cells along the walls of the intestines
I his can cause ulcers.
"W leads to improper chewing which agatn obstructs proper digestion. That is why
we should be calm when we eat and pay attention to our food.
Stomatitis
If your mouth suffers from ulcers, the cause may be tobacco, alcohol, spicy or pungent
food deficiency of nutrients like B complex and iron, infection or due to sharp teeth. One
should apply Gentian Violet for this.
Functions of the liver
1. Storing of different vitamins
(
(
and nutrients to be released into the blood from time
to time.
2. Processing
r
of toxic material in the blood to be given out with food waste.
_3 P£oduction of vitamin "K" required for clotting of "blood'
Cirrhosis
"■
-------------------
This's a serious illness of the liver in which its functions are reduced drastically The
am cause is alcoholism. The symptoms are lack of appetite loss of weiqht rest
stager'edudionrf'Sd - "i9eStrori’ swellinS of
jaundice. In advanced
is t?emh
k b'!J'
c ' n;J capaci|y causes blueness of injured parts There
tremblrng of Unrbs and blood in vomiting. Other indications are discontinuation o°
menstruation among women or infertility.
>
I 69 |
Gall Stones
Sometimes the bile juice forms stones. These <cause sharp pain, fever, vomiting
pecially after eating fatty food. The pain spreads upto the right shoulder.
A
es-
- This ailment is more common among women, specially obese women or those
who have indigestion. It may occur around the age of 50.
B
- Murphy's indication - The patient is made to lie or sit down. Some pressure
is exerted by the hand below the right ribs as the patient is asked to take a deep
breath. If the pain is felt while breathing, it is Murphy’s indication of gall stones.
(
Often stools are white in this condition.
t
(
Stones in the Pancreas
t
I
Excessive drinking of alcohol may cause stones inside the pancreas. The symptoms
are great pain in the middle of the abdomen. This is experienced after heavy meals or
drinking alcohol. The pain spreads at the back, upto the waist. It is accompanied by vomiting,
fever and chest pain. Two other important indications are turning blue of the area around
the navel and waist. This condition needs medical attention.
Self Assessment
I.
1. The function of acid produced by the stomach is
a-
b)
2. The bile digests
(
3. Ptyalin acts on
(
I
I
I
Explain the meaning of 'exocrine glands’ and name them.
III Describe briefly 1. Pancreas 2. Liver and gall bladder 3. Stomach
IV Describe how the food is absorbed and reaches the Liver.
V Give the symptoms of the following disorders.
1. Loose motions
2. Piles
3. Gall stones
4 Ulcer
5. Cirrhosis
70
Exercises
i.
These are the organs of the digestive tract
a. Mouth, food pipe, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
b. Mouth, nose, throat, stomach, intestine, anus.
c. Mouth, windpipe, oesophagus, intestine, anus
d. Mouth, wind-pipe, liver, anus
2.
This gland is a part of digestive system
a. Tonsil
b. Pancreas
c. Lung
d. Stomach
3.
Pain in the upper area of the stomach with vomiting and indigestion is a symptom
of a.
b.
c.
d.
{
4.
Excessive consumption of pungent
or spicy food may damage this organa. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Pancreas
d. Liver
5.
A person suffering from unbearable pain after eating, with vomiting and pain spread
ing upto the right shoulder may be an indication of
a. Cirrhosis
b. Gall stones
c. Stones in the Pancreas
d. Appendicitis
(
(
(
I
i
Gastritis
Stomatitis
Cirrhosis
Ulcer
6.
If an alcoholic suffers from lack of appetite, fatigue, indigestion and enlarged
abdomen, this may be an indication of a. Cirrhosis
b. Gall stones
c. Appendix
d. Stone in Pancreas
9
71
Fill in the blanks
*
1. Carbohydrate / protein
2. Liver
3. Bile & Pancreatic
5. Fatty Acid
6. Amino acid
7. Physical
9. Endocrine
10. Exocrine
1.
4. Acid
8. Chemical
Glands that transport their secretions to organs through blood are called
glands.
2.
glands help in digestion.
3.
Breaking up of food into small pieces/bits for digestion
4.
Converting carbohydrates into glucose is a
5.
Proteins are converted to
6.
Fatty foods are broken up into
(
7.
The stomach has
(
8.
/•
(
is a
change.
in it to destroy.
and
---------are secretions that help in digestion.
9.
Bile is produced in the
10.
Pancreatic secretion digests
and
(
(
Match the following pairs.
(
(
1. Stomach
1. Fatty acid
(
2. Fatty food
2. Gastritis
3. Peristalsis
3. Gall stones
4. Vitamin K
4. Pushing the food in the alimentary canal
(
(
(
(
(
(
(<
(
(
c
5.
White stools
change.
5. Liver
I
72
Answers to exercises
Correct alternatives :
1-q, 2-b, 3-a, 4-a,
5-b, 6-a
Blanks
1-9,
2-10, 3-7,
4-8,
Correct pairs
1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-5, 5-3
I
5-6,
6-5,
7-4,
8-3,
9-2,
10-1
>
P3
Lesson 10
Introduction to the respiratory system
-—
!
I
(
(
(
(
Aims
On reading this lesson you will be able to understand
1. List the organs of the respiratory system in their order.
2. Tell which chemical action goes on inside the cell and which substances are produced.
• 3. Explain our relationship with plants.
(
(
(
(
4. Describe the connection between pollution and the direction of development.
5. Give the reasons causing disorders of the respiratory system.
Knowledge
You will know about
•
The structure and function of the respiratory system.
•
Cellular respiration.
Skill
You will learn to
■
Describe the condition in case of inflammation of different parts of the respiratory
system.
Perspective
You will understand
■
The significance of the respiratory system and its functions.
74
We all know the differences between the living and non-living. Living beings can produce
energy for their own development as well as to grow grains, run industries, for welfare activities
and even for destructive purposes. But the body cannot create energy without oxygen (O2).
We take oxygen from the atmosphere to produce energy. During this production of energy,
carbon dioxide (CO2) is also produced, which is given out into the atmosphere. Plants
use this CO2 and sunlight to prepare their own food. The O2 created during their production
of food is released into the atmosphere. We use this to create our energy. In this way we
have a very close-knit relationship with the plants and atmosphere. Though this cannot be
seen, we will be unable to survive if it breaks down.
We worship plants. Because our forefathers have been giving importance to this re
lationship since time immemorial . The Tulsi, Banyan and Peepal plants are connected to
our rituals. We offer particular leaves and fruits to various gods and goddesses. Human
beings are used to caring for plants in nature. But today we have forgotten this relationship
due to our rat-race of development. Today our idea of progress is limited to sky-scrapers,
industries, roads, vehicles and money. We are destroying nature while increasing all these
things. We have neglected an important cultural value of ‘live and let live’ . Gandhiji had
taken this value further by using not just ‘live and let others live’ but adding ‘and help others
to live’, to it.
Unfortunately modern man lives like a master of nature. He is destroying plants and
animals that have been living on the earth even before mankind! If this damage continues,
our destruction is inevetable.
Constructing new roads, buildings, factories and vehicles has polluted, even our air, water
and food. We cannot live without food beyond a few months, without water for a few days
but without air just a few minutes! New bom babies and infants are being forced to breathe
in polluted air. We will realize the significance of clean and pure air only if we understood
how we use this air to produce energy.
Our body is multi-cellular. A cell of the body is like the brick of a building - the smallest
unit. We need energy to create the cell, its growth, its production of internal secretions and
maintaining the body temperature. The cell conducts the burning of food material and oxygen
to produce energy.
Blood carries oxygen and food material to each cell and take away the CO2 to the
lungs and waste products to the rectum.
If polluted air enters the respiratory system, the respiratory organs are damaged. This
reduces the amount of oxygen in the air.
75
f
f
Atmosphere
t
*
Respiratory tract
(
>
t
t
Air
>
Urine
Oxygen(O2 )
Sidney) Urinary bladder
Blood
Waste
Cell
(
(
Respiratory system
Blood
A
Oxygen
+
Food material
Burning action
A
r
Waste
CO2
Carbon
n
Energy
1.
2.
J.
Food material + O2
>
~ maintain body temperature
To
To produce secretions
For functioning etc.
CO2 + waste + Energy
The Respiratory System
Let us find out about our respiration. It begins with
t
he nose. The tiny hair inside the nostrils filter the dust
from the air. The fluid in the nose makes the air moist
and prevents germs and dirt from passing through.
Through the nose, the air enters
our pharynx. The
either side of the inner part
of the tongue. They protect us I
from being attacked by
germs. They produce white blood
-J cells. The tonsils are
our main weapons of resistance due ti
o them the germs
don’t attack the r
organs.
We can feel them if we touch
tonsil glands are present on
the outer area of our throat. If th
which are delicate organs.
ey are not working properly, the germs may reach the lungs
3
76]
The adenoid glands are situated behind the nose.
The air enters the wind-pipe, also calls trachea. It is
situated in the neck in front of oesophagus. It is made
of strong flexible muscles which are not compressed by
slight pressure applied outside it.
At the second rib, the trachea is divided into two
parts - right and left bronchus which enter the lungs
on either side. Each bronchus is divided into smaller
branches called bronchioles. The lungs consist of tiny
sacs called alveoli
which contain air.
Fine
capillaries
have
a
network
around them. There is a continuous give and take action
here. Oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon
dioxide from the blood. The oxygen is carried to every
cell by the blood, while the CO2 is given out through the
respiratory tract. Oxygen reaches cells through blood.
•'3
Right since birth, the lungs of a person have to con
tinuously expand and contract to continue the exchange
of gases. Therefore lungs need pure air to remain fit.
The lungs have a double layered cover called pleura which
contains a fluid to prevent friction.
f.
Atmosphere
t Nose
T Pharynx
i
* O2
1
Trachea
T i
Bronchus
I
T Bronchiole
4
f
$
i
i
1
t Blood
Whole body (CO )—> <.L
I
Alveoli
2
t
77
The Breathing Action
Air always moves from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. If we have to
breathe in air from the atmosphere, we have to change our pressure because the atmosphere
pressure is constant. Our lungs carry out this function of bringing about change of pressure.
To breathe in, our chest expands, the lungs and their covers also expand. The air pressure
r
inside the lungs is reduced as the atmospheric pressure is high and air is drawn into the
body. When the lungs contract, the air pressure inside is increased and the air rushes out
into the atmosphere.
(
(
The respiratory tract has an inner covering called mucus membrane which produces
a fluid to moisten the air. T
Dust and germs are also trapped in it, to be thrown out through
(
the nose. This is one of the way of protection.
(
If some foreign body enters our body, that portion produces a greater amount of fluid
(
the organ swells up and appears reddish. This is our natural way of resisting infection. The
(
illness caused is identified by adding ‘itis1 to the name of the organ as shown below:
(
Common name
Scientific name
Name of illness
Rhine
Rhinitis
Throat
Pharynx
Pharyngitis
Tonsils
Tonsils
Tonsillitis
Wind pipe
Trachea
Tracheatis
(
Branch of wind pipe
Bronchus
Bronchitis
(
Fine branch of wind pipe
Bronchiolus
Bronchiolitis
(
Lungs
Lungs
Pneumonia
Covering of lungs
Pleura
Pleuritis
Nose
~
(
■
(
■(
Reasons for inflammation
1.
Germs
2.
Dust
3.
Pollen
4.
Chemicals
Inflammation caused by germs
1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Worms
■>
78
Our body has a structure which is always equipped to fight illness. Germs reach many
people through air but all of them don't fall ill, when the body is healthy, the resistance is
also good.
Conditions to keep the body healthy
1. Sufficient nutritive diet
2. Living in clean, fresh air
3. Doing regular exercise
4. Working regularly
5. Staying in a stress-free atmosphere, and enjoying some means of entertainment.
In our country, is it possible for all the people to fulfil the above conditions?
As health workers, it is our long-term goal to provide all these things to people along with
education. But in the meanwhile people should be told how to save themselves from falling
ill. Lets refer to some tips regarding keeping a healthy respiratory system.
Balanced diet
(
Use of smokeless stove at home.
i
Proper ventilation in the house (doors, windows, facing each other)
(
Doing 'pranayama' exercise.
0
Keeping some indoor plants especially in the kitchen, to reduce pollution
Lesser intake of spicy and pungent food.
Ensure that industries like stone-crushing, brick-kilns or those involving pollutants
follow guidelines to maintain the health of workers.
Responsibilities of health worker
• Provide information about the respiratory system
to the school children.
• Discuss with people how development work should be done.
79]
Exercises
Correct Alternatives
1)
Which gas is needed for breathing
1. Hydrogen
2. Nitrogen
33. 0
O2
4 CO
(
f
f
2)
What do we need most to remain alive?
2. Water
1. Food
3. Air
4. CO2
(
3)
(
The smallest unit of our body is
1. Cell
(
3. Organ
2. Tissue
4. Blood
(
4)
{
Burning is conducted inside this
1
v
Cell
2. Blood
3. Heart
4. Lung
<
5)
I
6)
The organs of the respiratory system
are
1.
2.
Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles lung
3.
Nose bronchus, lung
4.
Nose, mouth lung
Nose, mouth, trachea , alveoli
Functions of tonsils
1. Helping to swallow food
2. Producing white blood cells
3. Producing white blood cells, resisting infections
4. AH the above
7)
and CO f TT9 0Xy9e" and f0°d
a" Ce"8' WaSte aftsr
and CO2 to the lungs is carried out by
T
8)
Blood
2. Cells
3.
Heart
4. Respiratory system
While breathing ■
T Oxygen
is absorbed and CO2 is exhaled
2. CO2 is taken in and Nitrogen is given out
3. Oxygen is taken in and Nitrogen is given out
to lhe kibney.
&
[so
9) Meaning of inflammation
1. Pain in an organ
2. Swelling
3. Fever
4. Swelling, turning red and painful due to infection
Fill in the blanks
(inflammation, pleuritis, tonsil, resistance, pleura )
<
t
(
1. The covering of the lungs is called
2. Swelling, redness, pain and excess secretion in a part is called
3.
helps to fight illness.
4. In the respiratory system,
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helps to resist infection of germs
5. Inflammation of the outer layer of lungs is called
Match the following
1. Bronchitis
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon dioxide
4. Polluted air
1. Oxygen
2. Inflammation of bronchus
3. Planting trees
4. Necessary for plants
5. Inflammation of pharynx
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Answers
Correct Alternatives
1-3,
2-3,
3-1,
4-1,
5-2,
4-3,
5-2
Fill in the blanks
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1-5,
2-1,
3-4,
Match the following
1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5
6-3,
7-1,
8-1,
9-4
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Lesson 11
The Respiratory System
Aims
On reading this lesson you will understand and
1. Learn how to enquire about the case history for ailments of the respiratory system.
2. Be able to tell what related information needs to be collected about the respiratory
system.
3. Interpret the information obtained by description and identify what it suggests.
Knowledge
You will know about and
Necessary basic points while questioning the patient.
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Skill
You will learn and
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Know how to question a patient of the respiratory system disorders.
•
Know about the method of conversation
Perspective
You will understand that
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Complete enquiry about the patient is important for diagnosis and treatment of patient.
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Introduction
We have to take care not to give any suggestion or indication to the patient while asking
about description of the case . Otherwise the patient may give a particular point great attention
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thinking it is important.
You have only to prepare the patient to
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narrate the symptoms and not point out any
particular symptom yourself.
If you ask whether the patient has cough, he/she may think it is a necessary symptom
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Cough may occur even without illness, due to dust or smoke. But your question may make
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the patient think it is the main indication and focus
—------ ; on it all the time while answering you.
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In fact we need the symptoms which disturb the patient more.
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So, what you should do is merely ask the patient about what problems he/she has.
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Another factor to be careful about is the sense of pain. Since there is no way of measuring
pain the patient should be allowed to describe what type of pain or how much pain he
feels, in his own way. This chapter will tell you which questions to ask regarding the respiratory
system and how to ask them.
Diagnosis of ailments related to the Respiratory system.
Description
*
I.
About the patient
What is your name?
What is the name of your town/village
What is your address?
How old are you?
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Sex
Education
Marital Status
a. Married
b. Unmarried
c. Widow/widower d. Divorcee
Financial Status
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About your house What kind of a roof does your house have?
Does your house have a chimney?
Bathroom/Toilet
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Use of fuel1. Wood
2. Coal
3. Stove using rock-oil
4. Gas
Nature of work
Where do you work?
1. In the fields
2. At home
3. Do a job
What kind of work do you do?
II.
Previous history of illness
Immunization of children
Whether allergy to any medicine or food
III.
About the present diagnosis- description
A patient suffering form same respiratory ailment is likely to have 3 main symptoms
1. Phlegm/Cough
2. Difficulty in breathing
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3. Pain in the chest
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If the patient complains of any on these, it should be considered the main indication
of which the description must be obtained
I.
Cough
When a patient comes with a complaint about cough, he should be asked the following
group of questionsSince how long/how many days have you been suffering from cough?
How is the cough? What type?
When (at what time/period) do you cough the most?
If the cough is wet
what is the colour of the phlegm?
Is the phlegm thick or watery?
It is necessary to know the period (duration) of cough.
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Cough may be caused by germs, pollution or allergy
•
Cough induced by infection is cured on its own within 8 to 1o days. If the cough/cold
persists even after a week in spite of giving antibiotics, consider the 5 diseases- Tu
berculosis, cough due to cancer, cough caused by worms, by smoking and farmer’s
cough.
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What type of cough do you have?
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(Dry Cough)
This may be caused by allergy, worms In the abdomen or Infections caused during farming.
(Wet Cough)
Phlegm coming up from the lungs through Bronchioles is thick while that from the upper
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respiratory tracks is watery. The thick phlegm is greenish yellow, caused by bacteria Watery
phlegm is caused by virus.
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When does the patient cough the most?
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A patient with a chronic respiratory problem gets more
cough in the mornings The amount
of phlegm, may be from a teaspoon, right upto a cupful.
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II. Breathing problem - Ask for the following details if a patient complains about breathing.
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1. What exactly do you suffer while breathing? The patient may mention chest pain
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or breathlessness.
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2. In case of breathlessness - It is natural for all human beings to get breathless during
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exercrse but the condition gets controlled after some time. If a person often suffers
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unng in a ling or exhaling, there is a disorder in the respiratory system. The condition
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is serious if the problem occurs while lying down (horizontal position) or
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continuously. This may be caused by heart trouble and the patient must be sent
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to a doctor
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3. What action gives you relief?
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3 respiratory disorder' nothing gives relief to the patient
When the breathing ls disturbed by heart trouble, the patient gets relief in the sitting
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position.
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4 Since when are you suffering from breathlessness'. Is the problem growing or reducing?
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"nd Telar d wrder CaUSeS breath"19 PrOb'ems' 'he sufferir,g lncreases
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and the patient faces it by changing his life style.
5 S° .h,^Sh\Sh0U'd be asked whether he/she can still do al! the activities that he
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could do the year before?
II.
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If the Patient complains of chest-pain, he should be asked the following group of questions
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should describe the nature of the pain in the chest in his own words
Inflammation of the covering of the lungs causes a sharp cutting pain.
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Heart trouble causes a heavy pain that feels like a weight on the chest. Where does
the patient feel the pain?
Pneumonia causes pain in the lungs at definite points. The location of the disease is
closely connected to the place where pain is felt. If chest pain is caused by heart trouble,
it may spread to the left, upto the shoulder. This is not accompanied by fever. But pain
caused by TB or pneumonia is accompanied by fever.
The trachea is situated in the middle of the chest. Therefore inflammation of trachea
causes pain at the centre of the chest.
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Swelling of pharynx, tonsils or larynx causes pain in the throat. If pain in the larynx increases
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by touching the outside of the throat, it may be caused by inflammation of the tonsils.
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1. Tonsillitis
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Pain while swallowing
2. Inflammation of larynx
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Increased pain on pressing throat
3. Inflammation of bronchus
Pain in the middle of the chest
4. Pneumonia / TB
Sharp
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5. Heart trouble induced
pain
Feeling weight, pain from chest spreading to
left shoulder and arm.
Ask the group of questions related to the main complaint of the patient. Then ask him
2 other sets of questions. In addition, get the following details from the patient.
1. Do you have fever and rigors (shivering)? These can be caused by bacterial infection
2. Are you taking any medicine?
3.
Are you allergic to any medicine?
Allergy can also cause breathlessness.
4. Do you feel tired all the time?
5. Are you losing weight?
It the answer is yes to the last two questions, you can see that the illness is not
sudden. Probably the cause is TB, heart trouble, anaemia or emphysema. The patient
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must be sent to a doctor.
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6.
Do you smoke?
Smoke increases inflammation of the respiratory tract , causes cough. Find out about
domestic pollution, which fuel does the patient use at home.
7.
What work do you do ?
Dust or fine particles go in while breathing in case of certain occupations. This may
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cause inflammation of the respiratory tract or ailments like fibrosis
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f’
The following trades damage the respiratory system
•
Stone workers
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Workers engaged
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Those working with cotton.
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Traffic police
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*
8.
in making slate pencils.
Does any family member have the same complaints?
inhere Is a TB patent at home, there is a chance that others may also get it. Children
of asthma patents are likely to develop the same disease.
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Exercises
Correct Alternatives
1. The patient with respiratory disorder must be asked about his/her occupation
a. To know how much he works.
b. To know about the method and habits of working
c. To known means of treating the patient/about income.
d. The patients complaints are likely to be related to his occupation.
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2.
If a person is a smoker, is losing weight, has cough with thick phlegm and fever for
a long time, he is likely to suffer from
1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Allergy
4. Worms
3.
A person feeling pressure at his chest, is likely to suffer the diseases of
1. Pneumonia
2. TB
3. Heart trouble
4. Asthma
4.
Breathlessness in lying position may be caused by the disease of
1. Pneumonia
2. Heart
3. TB
4. Bronchitis
5.
Breathless or dry cough due to dust may be
s
1. Asthma
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2. Allergy
3. Pneumonia
4. Cough
Fill in the blanks
1. TB, cough, breathlessness, chest pain, 2. Virus, 3. Bacteria, 4. cutting sharp, 5. inflammation
of trachea
1.
2. There is pain
is the main symptom of respiratory disorder.
_________ in pneumonia
3.
infection causes thick greenish yellow phlegm
4. A patient having cough accompanied by pain in the middle of the chest may have
5. Cough caused by
stops by itself
6-is an infectious disease of the respiratory system.
Match the following
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1. Dry cough
a) Breathing difficulty
2. Asthma
b) Allergy
3. Cough
c) TB
4. Thick reddish phlegm
d) Infection of respiratory system
5. Wet cough with greenish yellow phlegm
Symptoms of serious heart trouble
6. Difficulty in breathing when lying down
Bacteria
e) Pneumonia
f) Bronchitis
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Answer
Correct alternative:
Fill in the blanks:
1-d, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4,5-2.
1-2, 2-5, 3-4,4-5, 4-6, 5-3, 6-1.
Match 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-e, 6-f
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Key
Glossary
Tonsils :
Two glands O'ccurring in the pharynx. Prevents germs entering through nose.
Gland :
A delicate soft organ that produces secretions.
Signs :
Information obtained by health worker that is useful for diagnosis by examination.
Symptoms:
Information about the patient’s complaints
Diagnosis is made with signs and symptoms
Fibrosis :
Disorder caused by production of fibrous tissue in an organ
Diphtheria:
An infectious disease causing a layer along the pharynx and its glands.
Inflammation :
Redness or swelling of a part of the body along with fever.
Stomach
Organ containing gastric juices
Stomatitis
Cuts inside the mouth
Appendix
A part in the digestive tract
Appendicitis
Inflammation of appendix
Valve
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:
A structure controlling one-way flowing of blood
Aorta
A blood vessel
Ventricle
A cavity inside the heart
Atrium
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Gall bladder
Cavity inside the heart
An organ below the liver storing bile juice.
Pancreas
•
An organ secreting digestive juices
Gastritis
•
Inflammation of mucous membrane of the stomach
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