EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT MOTIVATION & LEADERSHIP TRAINING PROGRAMME OF INDO-GERMAN SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY, DELHI

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Title
EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT MOTIVATION & LEADERSHIP TRAINING
PROGRAMME OF INDO-GERMAN SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY, DELHI
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MOTIVATION & LEADERSHIP TRAINING

' EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME OF INDO-GERMAN SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY, DELHI.
CHAPTER

I

BACKGROUND
I. 1

The Catholic Church and Development in India -

Within

the

has played a leading part
(

organisation

participation

of the

fisherfolk

training programmes set up by

India,

the Catholic Church

organisation and motivation

the

The

1970s.

early

in

the weakest segments

people from

of

perspective

historical

of

society, as far back as the

of

Catholic

and

in Kerala,

the

of

Indian

priests

in

the

the motivational

Social

Inst.

also

date

back to this period.
The
i

Indo

motivation
motivation

I

German

Service

Society

training courses even as
course

Multi-Purpose

Multi-Purpose

community

of

Social

Sanction

1979.

Social

Service

itself

far

back

development

Rs. 20,000/--

Social

Service

was

given

Society

sponsored

1979

e.g.

of . the

22nd

Society from

for

as

has

to

to

under

the

KumbccKOnam

27th

January

Kumbcv Konam

the
grant

Sp(Tn-242)
78-104 of 9th January 1979. Again under their letter 343 dt. 30th

August,
on

note

the

Indo-German Social Service Society circulated a
’Development,
and
Community
Motivation
DeveJopment

1979

Leadership

Training

Social

Service

measure

to

the

Programme’.

Society

assist a

proposed

selected

field of development,

In

this

note

as

an

interim

small

the

Indo

and

erman

immediate

number of project holders in

motivation and

community

development

leadership training with small amount so that, atleast, a few and
most deserving of such of those project holders, who have already

made

some

preparation

for

the

N.A.E.P.,

and

awaiting approval of the Government, may be able

who

to

are

still

initiate

the

implementation of this important programme in a modified way.

. .2.

u

I

J

J...'
r’w •



,• ..n

I

: 2

1.2

The DMLTP as introduced by LG.S.S.S.

While

this

original

was

programme

linked

to

Education programme of the Government of India, at a
I.G.S.S.S.

approached Misereor for

programmes

of

development,

later

funding fpr coverage
leadership

motivation,

Adult

National

the

stage

of

100

training

throughout India and set up a budget amounting to Rs.85,000/- for
each of the projects.
1 secular projects. 1Misereor cut

The suggested mix was 2 church :
down

the

100

from

number

and reduced

church / secular organisations,
(

85,000/-

for

provision

existed

for

for

the budget from

Rs.

survey.

socio-economic

a

for

also cut back a

Misereor

Rs.75,000/- each,

to

2: 1

of

at the same ratio

60

to

As

consultations

training programmes,

request

provision

no

the

etc. ,

DMLTP

I.G.S.S.S. suggested that Rs.2,500/- be
o_
held back from each of these orgnisations to cover such costs.

Advisory Committee of

311 of 18.6.1985 Misereor e.V. and

According to

I.G.S.S.S.

note:

Zentralstelle

through

I.G.S.S.S.

Dioce ses

the

sanctioned fund is exhausted,

conducting

to

implement

According to this note once

two years only,

the DMLTP for

future

local

DMLTP,

40

assist

financially

20 non-church related organisations

and

be used for

would

the

financial resources may

if

needed

.

While

some

groups had requested it for DMLTP type programmes, even prior to

the Misereor sanction, these were comparatively few, and in order
to

the

open

field

others

to

who

were

not

possibilities of such support from I.G.S.S.S

workshops

development,

for

I.G.S.S.S

of

the

held two

and/or

training

groups

in

the

leadership

training

programmes,

The

introducing

motivation,

aware

first was in Bhopal in 1984 and the second in Shillong in 1985.

The Bhopal workshop was set up for providing orientation to DMLTP
project

holders

in the Northern Region.

besides providing orientation,

North-Eastern Region,
the

region was

rather

as

Th.e

included other

Shillong workshop,

Dioceases

from the

the members of DMLTP project holders in

low,

in

the

hope

of

promoting

greater

interest in DMLTP.
. .3.

3

1.3

The status of DMLTP,

As of 11th April,
REGIONS

as on 11th April 1986.

1986 the position of DMLTP was as folows:-

NO OF STATES

DMLTPs UPROOT

COVERED

Southern

North-Eastern

4

17

(yet to start)

1

2

3

7

(on going)

13

1

14

(yet to start)

2

3

5

(on going)

9

4

13

(yet to start)

1

2

3

30

16

55

5

44

Total yet to start

11

is

against

Total.

13

Total on going

It

Secular

(on going)

5

Northern

Diocease

this

background

that

the

evaluation

of

DMLTP

programme of the I.G.S.S.S. was set up.

. .4.

J
CHAPTER

II

FOLLOW

UP

II.1 DMLTP documentation

The

note

'An

development,

effective

training programme'

(DMLTP)'

on

the

pages

8

and

9

Number

point

motivation and

311

of

"What

-

leadership

18.6.1985'

should

be

lays down
type

the

of

follow-up and documentation required for an effective DMLTP?"

The points laid down are :
n

1.

Follow-up of DMLTP is very

important

as

the utility of

the

awareness

created among the people, groups etc. cannot
be otherwise ensured. The follow-up steps to be taken will depend
on
the
type,
hopes
and
aspirations
aroused
among
the
critical

people/participants,

be

could

considered

participants

to

expected

needs expressed by

are

drawn

keep

as

need

etc.

the

areas

f rom

where

The project holder

is,

therefore

about

the

I.G.S.S.S.

particularly about its impact,

2.

of

the participants, which

informed

the

programme,

by means of periodical reports.

During the implementation of DMLTP, continuous monitoring of

DMLTP should be done through progress reports of project holders
using standardised programme.

3.

The members of the

involved

in monitoring

DMLTPs Advisory Committee would
the DMLTP Projects,

holders would also be assisted and guided

also

be

and the DMLTP project

for

self-evaluation of

their DMLTP.
4.

• An

impact evaluation of

DMLTP

should

be

undertaken

at the

end of 18 months of operation of DMLTP in India. To facilitate
this impact of evaluation, the project holders of DMLTP should be
encouraged to undertake base-line survey in their areas before

the

implementation of projects.

Committee

would

play

greater

The

role

members
in

the

of

DMLTP

Advisory

impact-evaluation of

DMLTP.
. .5.

u
5
A.

A

the

DMLTP

'pre test' and 'post test' design can be

programme

undertaken,

using

For

India.

in

an appropriate

this a

used

to

base-line

interview-schedule

evaluate
survey

be

the

before

beginning of the programme, by each project holders.

implementing

After

the

programme for say,

one year or two years,

another survey be undertaken using the same

schedule.

The

responses

are

difference

suggested

or

similar

between

'pre-test'

reflect

the

to

and

changes

interview

'post-test'

brought

in

by

group

of

the

DMLTPs.

B.

To

canvas

potential

all

of

the

interview-schedule,

Learners/Trainees

them,
them,

or

be

all

the

used,

be

some of them usincr
using

recommended to cover

time

should

a

a

target

either

as

to

cover

sampling technique.

It is

Learners/Treinees

potential

the

at

entering of this programme. The interview schedule is to

of

both

administered,

Thus ,

programme.

the

before

subjects

the

of

programme

the

and

af ter

the

'pre-test' and ’post-test'

design would also act as control-group.
Despite

the

methodological

limitations

of

this

it

design,

is

suggested to adopt this design because of the ease and low costs
involved.
C.

The key concept of evaluation of the DMLTP programme at each

of the project sites are :
*

analysis

political
*

of

social

reality

in

terms

of

social,

cultural.institutional structure.

awareness of oppression and exploitation perpetuated by

one caste/class against others.

problems solving through self-help / mutual help.

. . 6.

u
• 6 :


such

values

of

practise

and

sharing

equality,

economic

of

implementation

the

in

co-operation

as

programmes which generate as a result of DMLTP.

5.

be held with all the project
the two year programme. The

An evaluation workshop should

DMLTP

of

holders

recommendation of

at

end

the

of

the evaluation workshop should help to decide

about the continuation of the programme beyond two years. fi

an effective

‘what would be

The same paper answers the question

DMLTP' that could be adopted at the Dioceasean / regional / local
level as under :

"An

effective

that

DMLTP

would

be

the

at

adopted

Diocesan /

regional / local level would include the following :

1.

is

it

envisaged

the

that

and

related

Church

through DMLTP would provide in-puts

development project holders,

for development education, development motivation and

ensure

to

training

responsible

peoples

involvement in their development project.
there

that

and non-institutional

institutional
projects

feeling

strong

a

is

taken,

under

are

other

leadership

participation

DMLTP

&

a must since
large number of

is

while a
socio-economic

developement

by church-related and other

project

holders, not much is being done for developmental
motivation and organisation of the people concerned.

education

awareness,

2.

The

training

organisation
continuous
the

f ield

of

programme

the

reflection.

of

should

generate

social

and

concrete

action,,

people,
To

development

achieve

would

this ,
be

all

exposed

with

a

those

concerned

in

a

process

of

to

reflection and study in a training programme. The people at the
grass-roots, need to go through a critical awareness building
programme in order to become deeply aware of their attitudes. For
this

those

who

catalyse

this

reflection

and

study

process,

namely, core group of village leaders has to be trained•
. .7.

7
leaders,

men and

women,

community,

in which

the

3.

These village

f rom

among

the

will be initiated.

should

be

development

of

process

selected

This should be done only by prolonged contacts

with the community and enabling the community to identify the apt

persons from amongst them.

core

These

groups

village

of

leaders

should be then given an intensive training and responsibility for

a

community growth.

and their

be

leaders

not only should people be sensitized,

Thus ,

but

trained,

also

the Animators

should

be

given training.
Similarly, training should be given to Priests and immediate

4.

personnel who also work as Animators.

Other

5.

social

Diocese,

action

cell

in

congregations,

and

Parish

such exposure.

The training will

the

amd members

Directors

as

such

support groups

the

religious

Priests,

Parish

of

and other Priests, would also be given
vary according

role

the

to

and

the level of the different groups.

The programme should start at the level of the people.

6.

would

come

the

community

process

leaders,

non-heirarchical
those

involved

at

the

to

training

programmes are

in

congregations,

to

Priests

Parish

and members

all

level

are

development.

community

necessary for

that

so

local

/

regional

Diosesan

approach

democratic

a

would follow the training of these

Then

support groups like Directors
religious

them

with

identifying the

them and

a preparatory training is needed

attuned

this

living with

working

manner.

leaders. Obviously,

of

First

of

the

Hence,

and

Social

other

Action,

Parish and other groups, as well as for

the Animators of community development workers.
7.

An

indegenous

orientation

community

leaders

& the
their own development.”

community

The

document,

311

same

i . e.

of

at

that

the

also

aimed

itself

become responsible for

is

18/6/1985

also

so

puts

down

the

vision and values connected to DMLTP.

. . 8.

i
I

"a)

The

ingredient of

first

8

is

course

any training

study of

a

and understanding of the social reality in which the people live.

This

will

economic

an

necessitate

and

cultural

analysis

a

should be
their

,

the goal

efforts

reflection

on

towards

which

for

development.

the

various

If this

it will necessarily

in depth,

for and clarifying
clarifvina of a

searching
searchina

political,

structures prevalent in the areas.
areas.

is done with seriousness and

to

social,

the

of

vision of what

all

should

Consequent

approaches

on

and

lead
society

be

striving

in

this

will

be

a

methods

needed

to

achieve this goal.
b)

In this search for a vision of total human development there

will

necessarily be

the giving of

the

some

good

and moral inputs through

philosophical

of

news

justice

equality

and

and

the

denouncing of injustice and exploitation.
c)

is

A very important requirement of the training for development

that

it must internalise in the participants the values which

differ totally from

social

under-pinning

these

namely profit motive,

system,

ism. Values cannot be taught,

(

training will

Hence

the

find

in

the

real

community

leaders

and

the

people.

equality,
to

team-spirit,

learn

present

prevalent

and individual

competition

---- 3 4-1
----- ----they----are----acquired
through
practice,

incorporate

all

development

These

honesty,

others

from

the

even

the values we expect to
community

the

workers,

are values of sharing,

cooperation and

though

they

justice,

open-mindedness

are

socially

and

economically weaker.The flowering of such values is essential for

the

people,

so

that they may bring

society in which

they exist.

about a

real

change

in the

These values are not only preached

about, but excercised and acquired during the training programme,

thus

creating new

trainers,

to

act

energies

in the

trainees

with conviction and

as

courage

well
in

as

their

in

the

various

struggles at different levels.

. .9.

9
the
If
training
programme
patterned
on
democratic,
is
participatory and non-heirarchical lines, it will already set the
foundation for the acquisition and internalisation of many of
these values.

d)

Another requirement of training will be for inter-personal
relationships and communications. These are important for the
village leaders, the Animators and those in the support groups in
P
order to ensure acceptability
by the people and solidarity with

them.
e)

An important point to be borne in mind is that the training

programmes envisaged will carefully avoid the imposition of any
rigid methodology. While it is necessary for those involved in
development to have more or less clear understanding of why they
are working in this field, and what they want to do, it is not
right to force a particular methodology on others, nor to blindly
accept any one prevalent methodology as perfect and fully
satisfactory for all times and situations. But it is necessary
that the trainees hold to some essential common elements of all
values committed to justice. To start with, all should be

justice and freedom, and to make a
clear judgement of the present socio-economic system as unjust,

committed to up-hold equality,

oppressive and unequal. They must acquire the conviction that the
(

evils of injustice, poverty and oppression, can only be removed
by a basic restructuring of the whole society and false values on
which it is built. They must realise that the restructuring of
society can only come through the grass root people working in a

coordinated manner as a united force.
If training
f)
skills for
f or economic programmes is to be
included in the training , as might be felt necessary according
to the local situation, the right orientation to these economic
programmes must also be given in the training. The trainees must
be led to see that first of all, any economic programme must not

. . 10.

10
be

an

end

in

but

itself,

liberation of the community in the

process

of

political

and

whole

the

in

stage

a

socio-economic,

cultural fields.

Second,

they

unless

that

values

the

are

solidarity

collaboration,

cooperationz
ex ^rcised

realise

must

integrated

projects will

in these programmes economic

sharing,

of

and

the

have

opposite effect of creating more inequalities than justice.

To combat effectively mass poverty and to establish a human
g)
and egalitarian society the collaboration of all individuals and

organisations

committed

understanding

is

social

justice,

of the

being

to the

of

people

an

such

Any seeking of

the movement
cause

of

one

to

at

ideal

servant

a

is

essential.

to society stiving for

interest or

self

Self

isolation from

large would be counter productive

liberation as well

to

as

its

own

for

mission

setting free the downtrodden and of serving the growth of kingdom
of justice,

love and brotherhood."

Against this definition of the DMLTP the objectives,
methodology of evaluation have

been laid down

in

content and
’2 ’

document

dated 11.4.1986.

"OBJECTIVE
a)

To assess the impact of the DMLTP,

b)

To

identify

the

problems

faced

during

implementation

of

DMLTP and the related solutions.

c)

To make

recommendations

for

financing

continuation

of

the

existing DMLTPs, and starting new DMLTPs.

. . 11.

u
11

CONTENT
The specific aspects

to be

looked

into while making on the spot

evaluation are :

a)

what were the specific short term and long term goals of the

DMLTP, and to what extent have these been achieved.

b)

how clearly the information

imparted on

the

DMLTP

has

been

retained by the participants in the training.

c)

how well

the

participants

in

the

DMLTP have understood the

information imparted.

d)

to what extent the DMLTP has been applied and practised, and

what are

the

results

achieved,

not only

in setting up groups ,

but also in terms of positive and negative

changes

in

the

areas

where programmes have been conducted.

e)

the various action programmes

undertaken

/ planned / to be

planned, and the extent to which the local resources have

been

/

will be tapped to meet the costs of such programmes.

f)

problems

faced during the

implementation of the

DMLTP and

how they have been solved.

g. i)

whether

f inancial

assistance

will

be

required

for

the

continuation of the programme.

g.2) if financial

assistance

is required for the continuation of

the programme, what modification is /are required in the cost and
finance plans of the programme.
g.3) requirement of assistance - for what period (one, two,

three

years).

. . 12.

J

?•

12

could
benef iclaries
and
holder
g.4) whether
the
project
if yes,
contribute towards the cost of continuing the programme
to what extent and what items.

METHODOLOGY
assessing the information already with I.G.S.S.S. FROM THE
a)
BASE LINE SURVEY AND progress reports received f rom programme
implementers.

b)
gathering information from programme implementers through
another questionnaire to be designed by Mr. Patel.

conduct 1-^ to 2 days pre-evaluation consultation in each of
c)
the three regions. With programme implementers of the respective
region - to explain the need, objective and methodology of the
evaluation - together with as much information as possible on the
points listed under l.a to l.c above - to make the process of

evaluation a participatory one.

d)

visit to selected DMLTPs and interviewing :
those who are in charge of the DMLTPs.

those who are covered under the DMLTPs.
those
(outsiders)."

who

are

not

covered

under

the

DMLTPs.

II.2 Analysis of the structure to be changed through DMLTP :
this point it would be important to attempt an analysis of
this kind of societal structure which the DMLTP proposes to
keeping
a historical
perspective
on
developmental
change,
efforts. In the 1950s and 1960s development efforts changed from

At

. . 13.

13

The

orientation.

programmes,

improved

agricultural

training to provide

economic

the

problems

development

eg.
eq.

employment,

problems

up

of

equipments

f or

setting up of

the

or

practices

setting

the

not

the

upward

technical

while

looking

look

at

the

social

mobility

of

the

weaker

programmes which,

did

the

in

moved

basic

provision of

the

prevented

which

in

perspectives,

and

training

at

working

groups

economic

of

directions

charity to the perspective of goal and target

of

the perspective

really

segments of Indian society.
In

early

the

of

kinds

two

70s,

development

existence, the first were youth groups with

and

the

the

second

were

one

can see

retrospect,

liberation

leftist orientation,

theologians .
theoloqians

failings of both these

the

into

came

groups

However,
However,

in

groups

and

these must form part of such an analysis.
The

wing groups

left

following Marxist dogma,

f ailed

to

see

that the class definitions of Marx were enormously complicated in
a

country

facts

India

by

the

they failed

to

recognise

like

of

caste,

ethnicity

and

religion.

Similarly,

that the legislation turned
the flaw

out by the Government of India was largely socialistic,
not

being

in

the

implementation.
legislations,

attempts

to

the

legislation

itself

as

much

as

in

there
there

were
were

examples

of

faulty

Ofcourse,
Ofcourse,

as in the case of the agricultural policy where,

grow

more food,

in

technologies were used which were

actually counter-productive for the small

farmers,

and marginal

while they increased the profitability of the medium and

large

farmers.
Again Government programmes were normally status
sense

that

they

focussed

more

on

quoist

substistence than

in

the

long term

assets creation for the poor. The few programmes that did have an
inbuilt

structure for asset - creation at village

level

did not

. . 14.

Ja

neediest G

to

machinery

effective

an

provide

these

creamed

off by the

there were

consequently,

the

to

assets

supply

already

existing power groups at village level.
its

and

Government

The

class

down as

laid

were

representatives

enemies. This frequently prevented the groups from getting social
justice for the weakest segments of society by enlisting the aid
of

the

more

Collector. On the

(Government), they frequently

the

of

representatives

as

enemy

class

could

somebody who

lost

the

as

such

confrontations

by starting off with

contrary,

Collectors

the

with

neutral Government officials

less

or

intervene

for the people they represented in cases of social injustice.

While

out

it

is

that

true

ends

normally

corruption

behind

up

the good Collector

responsibilities ,

tries to totally stamp

who

Collector

the

recognises

corruption as a

fact of life & uses it in negotiating for a fairer
neediest.

the

It

is

all

to keep

deal

for

the

in contact with

the

reach

benefits

maximum

the

that

ensure

to

Collectors

necessary

more

the

real

no

with

desk

a

neediest.

The

liberation

between

the

South-East-Asia,

where

controlled by and aimed
expense

the

of

policies

the

in favour

masses

theologians failed to recognise

the

India.

parts

of

Government

are

at

the

and

the

small

a very

of

that of

of

distinctions

make

to

America

Latin

of

Governments

failed

also

theologians

group

Again,

the

liberation

in

India

caused by

problems

fact that unlike in Latin-America etc., there is no unifying
factor of Christianity in India. This of ten exposed them to
the

charges

that

their

was what led to the

primary motives were proselytisation and this

diffusion

of

confrontations which they were

trying to bring about by organising people.

Over

the

last f ew years,

matured to a

however,

point where they

a

lot

of

are making a

these

groups

have

distinction between
. . 15 .

15
the

classic

anti-poor

Government,

and

the

policies

of

the

Government of

India.

projects

are

trying to use the system and its plus points in the

cause

social

of

social

justice
India

of

reality

This means

that more

through

legal

to be

has

grass

and more

means.
means.

looked at.

roots

again,

Here

the

certain

While

a

amount of freedom exists to pursue legal methodologies

to

obtain
social justice in large parts of India, particularly in the South

and parts of

the Central Indian area of Maharashtra and Gujerat,

f rom Orissa through Bihar, U.P., parts of M.P.
the feudal belt from
and Rajasthan, still do not provide small grass root groups, the
freedom to fight for social justice without repression from the
feudal lords and the Govt. Machinery.
The question then
DMLTP would be.

arises

as

to what

the

ultimate

Pragmatically, this should mean

objectives of

that

programmes

meant for the weakest segments of society should be accessible to
them. However, in practical terms, one must realise that the
programmes

drawn

up

for

the

weakest

segments

of

society

are

frequently drawn up without consulting them at all, and this is
one of the reasons why such programmes go astray, and infact,
help

the

segments of society to grow stronger still, As
country-wide programme for cross-breed cows as

stronger

an example

the

supplimentary income source for the rural economy is particularly
ill-conceived. It presupposes a certain resource availability to
the small and marginal farmers, which they do not have i.e.

adequate
virtue

fodder and feed.

Without

these

resources,

the

cow,

by

having to repay a loan, becomes more of a liability
than an asset.
If before such a scheme was drawn up, an adequate
knowledge base was created amongst those who were supposed to
benefit from it, they would surely modify it adequately to make
it work.

Similarly,

without the necessary knowledge,

a

lot

of

the rural poor are involved in programmes drawn up by the Khadi
and Village Industries Commission, whose costings are invariably

out of date, and whose programmes,

therefore

do not provide

the

support they are drawn up to do.

. . 16.

16

Considering these deficiencies in these systems it becomes almost
inevitable that at some point or the other, in the quest for
social justice, groups of the weakest segments of society wil run
into situations of confrontation, either with the authorities or
with the socially stronger elements of their society. This
background is necessary to understand the 1 ines of thinking of
the evaluation.

. . 17 .

CHAPTER

III.

The Evaluation, questions raised and findings

III. 1
The

Basis :

first objective

of

the

assess the impact of the

impact,

the

evaluation has

DMLPT.

a

As

been put down as;

pre-requisite

to

assessing

to

it was

felt necessary to find out whether the DMLTP
was understood in the same way at all levels from I.G.S.S.S. down
through

the

document,

betwen

participants

311

of

the

in

field.

The

primary

DMLTP

18/6/85 recognises the need for differentiating

economic

development
programmes
development programmes, This is primary to

the concept of DMLTP

and

difference

unless

providing
whereby

participants
economic

economic

programme

could

can

recognise

the

to

and providing

resources

are

resources

be

socio-economic

and

a

few

considered

a

a

system

the

DMLTP

Primary to

this,

many,
many,

to

available

non-starter.

is the need for people who are participating

again,

between

in

the

at all levels,

DMLTP
to be able to analyse the situation of poverty not

only

country

in

our

but

also

especially

in

their

structures.

Such an analysis would

serve

the purpose,

determining

the

DMLTP

by

of

understanding

people and gauging the impact of the DMLTP.

an

analysis,

the evaluation

also needed

various

Besides,
to

local

both,

of

levels

of

making such

see whether,

if an
anlysis. was made, the participants were putting it into practise.
As an example while

in many

instances

could be noted

that

a
the group which was oppressing the

vilage

head-man

weakest

people of the village,

was part of

it

the project personnel had

close

and friendly contacts with such head-men, without bringing up the
problems
created
by
the head-men's alignments.
Before the
commencement of the evaluation, it was felt that with two years
DMLTP, there would be some impact at the general level
of active DMLTP,

of

the

villagers,

discussions.

It

was

which

could

also

also

felt

that

be

elicited

possibly

by

interviews

group
with

. . 18.

18
i . e.

non-officials of DMLTP,

the

DMLTP

programmes,

people who had not participated

in

would also result in some feed back on the

effect of DMLTP.

During the course of the evaluation,

it was found that it was too

high an expectation, and therefore this third group

thinking on

In the original

the

of

the

organisation

dropped.

evaluation it was felt that the

impact and understanding could be
heads

was

checked at

the

as

such

three

levels;

Bishops,

the

Dioceasan

Directors or Boards of secular organisations; secondly, the DMLTP

participants and workers, meaning the extension

as

well

7

people

the

had

who

participiated

level iworkers

in

DMLTP

training

programmes; and thirdly the general public such as panwallas,

level

Government

where

DMLTP

involved

who

etc.etc.

were

living

in

low

areas

had been conducted but were not directly

training

the

in

officials

as

training

As

process.

mentioned

earlier,

this

third group was dropped on the basis of early experiences.

The pragmatic part of the evaluation as laid down in document 311
of

18/6/1985

on page

9.

’pre-test and post-test'

i. e.

survey information, was found

a

defective

one

and was

base line
therefore

not usable. The base-line survey report format was found unusable

for

three

reasons.

Firstly,

most

unclear on when and how it should

had

them

filled

it up

the

of

be

the

filled up,

given. Secondly,

were

not

responses
group

it was

not

information conveyed

base-line

were

number

of

therein was

of

survey

format

possible to co-relate the information

the problems of finding this kind of information

apparently

clear

would probably be

leaders.

Although a

used.

little significance. Where more than one
was

project-partners

In

through

out.

In

coloured by the

individual

situations

a

group

situation

responses given

it

would

take

by

a

tremendous amount of man power to find out answers to the various

questions

asked

collating them.

in

the

It would

base-line format from individuals, and
be even more difficult repeating this .

. . 19.

19

the

with

Thirdly,

sending

out

months,

of

the

routinely

every

III ,2

The Regional ConsuItations :

base

line

was even
clarity on when and how it should be filled.

Prior

to

the

six

visits

to

the

there

field

projects

survey

greater

f ormat

lack

of

the course of the

in

evaluation, regional consultations were held in each of the three

regions, starting with the South, going to the

North

and finally

to North-East as under :

Southern Region

Kerala, Tamilnadu,

Karnatakkand Andhra

Pradesh.

Northern Region

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh,

Punjab and

Delhi.
North - Eastern Region

Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and North

Eastern States.
In

each

of

evaluation,

nature of

the

its

outlook

the evaluation

groups and were involved

topics.

The

first

apart;
apart

consultations,

was

and

methodology

explaining

from
f rom

and

the
participants

the

itself, the attendees were broken into
in group discussions on four dif ferent
the

of

impact

DMUTP,

the

second,

the
problems in implementating DMLTP and related solutions, the third
on

continuity of DMLTP,

outside

financial

rnodif i cat ions

would

discussing the

assistance
be

would

required

in

financing plan etc. and in the fourth,
of DMLTP to

questions

as

to whether

be

required

and

what

the

programme,

cost

and

the question of continuity

discuss questions on requirement of assisatance, for

what period, contribution by project holder and beneficiries etc.
While the reports of consultations

are

attached

as

annexures

to

. .20.

20
report,

this

few points which

a

came out in the discussions are

shown below :

In the group discussion on

III.2.i
social

field,

the

impact of

the

DMLTP

in

the

South and the North both made specific mention

of caste problems and problems of women,

while the North-East did

not.

In

of

terms

mentioned

impact

in

reduction

of

fields,

economic

malpractises

the

and

North

specif ically

corruption,

which

the

other two regions did not.
)

impact,

In the field of political

North-Eastern region for

the

some reason included womens development. The North-Eastern region

also

included

role

through role-play,

cultural

taking an initiative

women

fields

important

play an

gatherings

social

dramas,

to

etc.

in

the

as

part of

signficant was

that

both

conf rontation

was

put

down

as one of the negative impacts of

DMLTP.

the

North

and

the

Again

political

leaders

and

the positive impact, what was rather

in

The

South

conf rontation

negative factors in so far as
concerned.

North

the

significance

the
of

felt

with

South,

social

opposition

group

the politicians were
impact

political

this must

the

and

be

of

noted

DMLTP was

in so far as

the understanding of DMLTP is concerned.

III.2.ii

of
the

In the

"Problems

the discussions

f ear

of

one

transf er

of

faced
of

and

related

solutions'*

the significant common

trained

staff,

section

factors was

particularly

in

the

agreement

was

Diocecan structure.
III.2.iii In

group

discussion

three,

while

the

general that DMLTP should continue, what was significant was that
while the South stated that the DMLTP target groups would be
according
the

to

the

target groups

documentation on the DMLTP,

of

people

should

be

the North felt that

lay-leaders

f rom

rural
. . 21 .

(c> < library

i oi

a q
(
AND
1 r
documentation ) r

21

areas, children, most vulnerable section of the society, and
DMLTP groups, and the North-East group felt that women, local
leaders like Sarpanch and Mukhias, and Government officials like
Block development officers should also be included. The questions
of structure were tackled in three different ways by the three
different regional groups. The South felt the existing structure
should be retained with an addition of local advisory committees,
at central level for coordination between groups working for
similar objectives. The North felt that the socio-economic

structure of the community should be identified and the existing
structure should be simplif ied. And the North-East felt that
detailed information of the various Government schemes for
assistance should be included.

III.2.iv

In

the

group discussions continuity of DMLTP f inance
etc. (discussion 4) there seems to be uniform thinking that ca. 3
years extension is necessary for the DMLTPs.

Comments 8 suggestions based on the Regional Consultations are
included in the Chapters on Analysis 8 Recommendations (Chapters
IV & V).
III.3

Field visits :

The field visits were made by the Chief Evaluator

Accompanied by : Mr.
Reddy of I.G.S.S.S.

M.O.

Peter,

Mr.

as under :

Vincent George,

Mr.

Inna

In Alleppy Diocese from 13th to 16th June 1986 covering the
Diocese dif Chellanam South,
Khandakhadav ,
(East),
Manacadem
Manassery,
Velapally,
Omanapuzha (incl.
(incl. Thanpoly,
Pollathic,

Vallor), Arthuntal (incl Azheekal 8 Ottamassery),
Punnapra South, Vadaikaul, Vattal.

Punapra North,

. . 22 .

I

22

1

of I.G.S.S.S.

Accompanied by Mr. P.Gasp?-^

June

From 17th to 20th
i)
(also on
Vahaikkulam

Chinna

Kurullikulam,

18.6.86),

Rural

staff, and discussion with Fr.

ii)

the Malarchi

Trust

Meenakshipuram ,

Vappankulam,

discussions with Prabhakaran,

Vahiakkulam,

Nettur,

and Mujib

Murli

covering

1986

centre,

Diocesen

Palayyankottai

Kalandai Raj.

From 21st to 2nd June 1986 - Vellore Diocese covering M.C.H.

Group,

Arockiaswamy,

Fr.

Vaddakamedu

(leprosy

patients),

Christianpet women group and Kondakuppam Sri Lanka refugees.
From 23rd to

24th

June

1986

-

Vellore

Diocese

covering

DMLTP

contact person meeting, Allikadepatti , Fr. Arockiaswamy.
iii) From

25th

Archdiocese

June

27th

to

Swantatra nagar,

June

covering

the

Bangalore

REDS, Ozur Pandai.

Covering the Northern area visits Accompanied by Mr. M.B.Fernandez of I.G.S.S.S.
From 11th July 1986

Jose Malakkal,

to

12th

Fr. Thomas,

July at the Agra Archdiocese

Fr.

Fr.

Ignatius, St. Peters College.

Accompanied by Mr.

M.B.Fernandez & Ms. Amita Chakravorthy (15 th

only) of I.G.S.S.S.

:

From 15th July to

16th

Sweeper colony,

July -

Gram Niyojan Kendra

covering the

Jatwara and discussions with women motivators.

Accompanied by Ms. Annie Jayaraj and Ms.

Succowrine Albuqerque of

I.G.S.S.S.

On

17th

July

-

Archdiocese

Delhi

-

covering

Nandnagar,

Trilokpuri, Pratiksha office and Jehangirpura .
. . 23 .

5

23
Covering the North-Eastern areas visited Accompanied by Mr. L.D.

Rozareo

Bhagalpur Diocese from 25th to 28th July -

i)

Parish,

Chakai

Parish,

Family

Convent,

Avila

Convent

Parish,

covering

Harimora Parish,
Parish,

Mt.

Bhawan,

Convent,

Periyat

Clarist
Mercy

-

Giridih

Carmel School, Holy

Hospital,

St.

Joseph's

Godda
Godda,,

Dakoita,

Mangare, Dakoita (Santhals), Bishop Urban Me Garry.
From the

ii)

29th

covering Rajaun,
- Bhawanipur,

to

July

of

Patwa,

31st

July

-

Bhagalpur

Sewa,

Dhoraiya, Habipur, Manoharpur,

-

Sharjapur

Raghopur Tikai and discussions with Sewa staff.

iii) From 1st to

-

3rd August

Tura area

covered

Tura ,

Mendal

Shillong - Bosco Reachout and Nangpoh.

During the Alleppy Diocesan visits a project visit report format

was worked out covering

the

questions

raised

the

original

visit

reports

in

questionnaire which is also attached as an annexure.

III .4

Questions arising from the field visits :

Besides

have

giving

the

information these

primary

following questions

understand the

causes

about

project

poor;
poor;

the

of poverty? What

do

How

the

group

do they see the possible

approaches are to overcome these? What do the group think DMLTP
stands for? What do they see as the ultimate objective/ target
group of DMLTP? What do they see as
do

they see

as

the

short comings

improving

DMLTP?

regarding

support f rom

Besides

of the evaluating

the

I.G.S.S.S.

person

same

format

the

staff members

form

Evaluator

of

this,

was

the

approach

and what ways do they see for
achievements

and

the

a part of

assisted

I.G.S.S.S.

of DMLTP? What

and

and

information

comments and analysis

this

report.

Using

the

with evaluations made by

the

coverage

by

these

is

given below :

I


u
I

. . 24 .

2^

Mr . M.O.Peter and Mr. Vincent George :

Project

:

0athery Diocese

f rom 21st

Chingeri

wards),

Kolagappara,

(5

to

25th

Cheeral

86 covering :

June

Parish

(5

wards),

Kallonikernnal Mahila Sama jam 8 Kammana (5 wards).

Mr. M.O.Peter :
Project : Chanda Diocese - covering Koprali and Ambala

Mr. P Gasper

Project - Madkere Parish from Sth August to 11th Aug 86. covering
Mercara,

Parish,

Kaushalnagar

Chamrajnagar

8

Yediyur

Sonwarpet,

Thomayarpallayam

Parish,

parish,

Mangala

parish,

Cowdalla

parish and meeting with Fr. Becket D'Souza.
Mr . B.Inna Reddy

Pro ject

Grama

Community

Sir i

19th

f rom

organisers

15

June

v i11ages

eo

21st

Pedda

June

86

covering

Polugavaripalam

(5

villages 8 11 villages).

Project

:

Sambalpur Diocese

f rom
from

3rd Aug

to

4th Aug covering

Ruglinnal Tholakotta DMLTP functionaries

Ruglinnal Tholakotta Non DMLTP group

Badamal

DMLTP functionaries

Badamal

non DMLTP group.

Dr. L. D'Rozario

Project

Dibrugarh Diocese

8th Aug

Disc. with Fr. Sebastian

. .25.

25
Project

Bangiya

Unnayan

12th

Parishad

Aug

Mr.

-Disc.

Mukherjee.

MR.M.B.Fernandes

Project Goa Archdiocese - 25th Aug 86 - Pernem
16 th Aug

86

Bavda,

Project : Jabalpur Diocese - 26th Aug

86

Motinala,

Project

Ra jkot

Diocese

Raithanpur

8-

Bhu j.
Kurela

and

Balpur.

III.5

Compilation of field visit reports :

The findings reported in the fiald visits are compiled below :
The poor :

A.

How does the group understand the causes of poverty?

1.

Politics cause and sustain poverty.

2.

Industrialists and businessmen cause and sustain poverty.

3.

Not enough work for all.

4.

Only seasonal work availability.

5.

Laziness

6.

Lack of leadership to guide poor.

7.

Lack of awareness of rights and facilities.

8.

Lack of equipment needed for employment.

9.

Lack of education.

10 .

Alcoholism.

11.

Superstition .

12.

All Government and bank resources go to the rich.

. .26.

26
13.

Surp1us labour.

14.

Small holdings without irrigation/drought prone areas / poor

soil.
15 .

Overpopulation.

16 .

Large-scale corruption.

17 .

Fate .

18.

Exploitation

officials,

rich

by

bank

(including

of f icials,

contractors,

middlemen)

and

other

Government
religious

groups.
19.

I1Iness.

20 .

Non-remunerative price of agricultural products.

21 .

Frequent crop failure.

22.

Indebtedness 8 concurrent exploitation by money lenders.

23.

Extravagance in social functions.

24 .
25 .

Non-implementation of Govt. programmes e.g. minimum wages.
Caste discrimination.

26 .

Lack of self confidence.

27.

Rising costs of living.

B.

//hat do they see as the possible approach to overcome these?

1

Organisation of the poor.

2

Setting up of work opportunities.

3

Using Government programmes for the poor.

4

Good water availability for farmimg.

5

Facilities for (higher) education.

6

Drought relief programmes.

Adult and non-formal education.

8

Population control.

9

Supplementary income sources.

10

Setting up adequate health facilities.

11

Setting up (centralised) collective marketing of

agricultural produce.

. . 27 .

21

12 .

Storage

facilities

for

produce

(e.g.

agril

produce,

f ish

etc.) for optimising prices.

13 .

Small savings programmes.

14.

Acquiring 8 developing land for the poor.

15.

The teaching of improved agricultural practices.

16.

Self-employment schemes.

17 .

Adequate

legislation

(against

hoarders,

etc. )

and

its

a

view

to

enf orcement.

D.M.L.T. P.
C.
1.

What do the group think DMLTP stands for?

creation

Awareness

in

the

masses

to

learn

with

organisation.

2.

Getting

people

together

about

employment

programmes.

3.

Imparting knowledge aimed at improving economic situation of
the poor.

4.

Leadership training.

5.

Adult education.

6.

Improving the situation of the poor.

7.

A programme to help people to help themselves.

8.

Total integrated development of the people.

9.

A programme for forming labour unions.

D.

What do they see as the ultimate objective/target group of
DMLTP.

1.

To

give the

poor equal opportunities for development in the

future.
. . 28 .

T

u
28

2.

To help the poor to find work/funds.

3.

To improve the survival situation of the poor and needy.

4.
5.

To continue adult education particularly for women.
To organise village Sangams.

6.

To build a just and peaceful society.

7.

To provide
society.

8.

To redeem the situation of poverty.

9.

To form labour unions 8 consumer co-operation.

10.

To bring about a situation of self-sufficiency.

E.

What do they see as the approach of DMLTP.

1.

To

teach

all

people

round

to

development

understand

of

the

situations

individual

before

and

tackling

them.

2.

To provide information on Government employment schemes.

3.

To put up finance for employment schemes.

4.

To motivate people to realise and link up with others having

similar problems.

5.

To train people to form groups which can then gain access to
resources and become responsible.

6.

To bring the poor together for discussion leading to action.

7.

To build awareness among the poor.

8.

To reach the poorest of the poor.

9.

To organise cultural activities.

F.

What do they see as the shortcomings?

1.

It is a slow process and some immediate relief is necessary.

2.

Non provision of finance for employment creation.

3.

Women animators are not provided.

. .29.

H

29
4.

It is of too short a duration.

5.

Animator training is inadequate.

6.

Lack of time for the trained local leaders to extend DMLTP.

7.

Lecture

methods

are

inadequate

to

motivate

the

semi

literate.
8.

G.

1.

There are no concrete programmes built in.

What ways do they see for improving DMLTP?

To

some

provide

immediate relief for which the organisation

is being formed and strengthened.
2.

To provide finance for creating employment opportunities.

3.

To have more training/exposure .

4.

To consciously include women.

5.

To include adult education inputs.

6.

To provide lady animators.

7.

To provide technical expertise and materials

such

as

audio-

visual aids.
8.

To provide periodic refresher training.

9.

To appoint more paid animators.

10.

To provide support for action programmes.

11 .

To set up dernonstrations/demonstration plots.

H.

Achievements

1 .

Building of wells.

2.

Obtaining

Government

and

bank

loans

and

subsidies

for

the

poor.
3.

Setting up information centres.

4.

Setting up credit unions.

5.

Housing for poor.

6.

Building of latrines.

30.

u
30

7.

Vocational training for girls as well as boys.

8.

Career guidance centres.

9.

Rehabilitation programmes for natural calamity victims,
for natural
Provision of work centres/production units

10.

calamity victims.
11 .

Formation of labour unions.

12.

Formation of co-operatives.

13.

Legal aid.
Taught administrative skills to poor (quarry workers).

14.
15.

Obtaining

community

from

resources

Government

and

other

resource organisations.

I

16.

Increased wages (quarry workers).

17 .

Formation of village groups (Sangams).
Village administration in hands of DMLTP trained youths.

18.

19.

Starting co-operative grain stores.

20.

Helping landless get land.
Women demanding and receiving equal wages as men.
Formed all caste village advisory committees/ reduced

21 .

caste

22.
differences.

25 .

Running adult and' noni formal education centres.
social evils (alcoholism, gambling etc.).
Reduction of i-----Reduction of corruption.

26.

Organised group action.

27 .

Setting up of grain banks.
Gaining access to Government schemes (TRYSEM,

23 .
24 .

28 .
I.

IRDP etc. ) .

Support from I.G.S■S.S.(current and suggested) for the
future.

1.

I. G . S . S . S .

should

provide

more

finance

f or

employment

related schemes.
2.

i.G.S.S.S.

should

provide

more

training

inputs

and

support

to

infrastructural supports.

3.

I.G.S.S.S.

should

provide

solidarity

and

strengthen women's groups.

4.

I.G.S.S.S. should extend the terms of the DMLTP.
. . 31 .

I.
»

’u

31

5.
6.

I.G.S.S.S. should provide more inputs and guidance through
field staff visits.
I.G.S.S.S. should make more provision for payments of T.A.,
D.A. and honorarium to volunteers.

■j

CHAPTER IV

IV,1 The

the

In

Regional Consultation:

Consultations,

Regional

come

points

few

a

forth quite

clearly.
Firstly,

was

there

substantial

between

disparity

The

on their understanding of DMLTP.

participiants

the

various

'Role Model’

exercise in the Southern Regional Consultation brought this out
clearly,

and

idea was

the

These

presentations (commented upon earlier),
on target groups,

in the Group Discussion

substantial

included

questions

stipends to be given to participants coming to

DMLTP training sessions,

what

and

constitute positive

negative

impact of DMLTP etc.
Secondly,

and to

the need for

quite

extent

some

I.G.S.S.S.

clearly

a corollary to the first point,

as

clarify

to

inputs

This also gives

expressed.

these

rise

to

problems

was

questions

of

it

in

largely

by

what groups should be supported for DMLTP, and, to look at

a

positive

information,

Thirdly,

which

light

groups

need

support,

dialogue and analysis at a pre-DMLTP stage.
there

whi le

was

total

unanimity

the

on

need

for

continuation of support for DMLTP, the question of duration needs

to

be

considered.

year

extension

It

is questionable whether

suggested

an

was

honest

the

two

to

three

expression

of

self-sufficiency, probability, or was coloured by what the groups

This

evaluator

because,

at

is

local

inclined

(improbable

objectives of

DMLTP)

local

,

to

feel

getting

level,

local "haves”,

enough

expectation of the funding group,

a probable time

felt would be

that

it

was

the

latter

support for continuation from

though this might be, considering the

would

be

self-defeating;

and

creating

economic growth amongst the poorest of the poor to

support the programme is also improbable.

. . 33 .

I

33
IV.2 Field visits

In the course of the evaluation two common factors came to light.
The first was

in the

that

of evaluating

course

particular

the

project area, a certain pattern emerged and it could be discerned
the

within

first

two

days

three

of work.

The second

was

there was a great commonality in the information coming

in

that

f rom
What came through very strongly right

the various field visits.

from the onset was the fact that the analysis of the situation o<
poverty, and particularly consideration of the social factor?.

in the

involved

socio-economic

very shallowly made,
the

visits

Since this was a

the

made,

situation of

common factor

being

exceptions

certain groups was

in

the

individuals (but not in the case of groups),

to

take a closer

case

of

of

a few
necessary

It became
ir

look at the expectations in the original DMLTP

programme. The first point that

question

of

whether

the

time

supposed

to

perform

was

a

pertinent

in most

question

attitudinal changes

frames

in

which

realistic one.

is

one

because

as

deserves to be looked at,
This

trying

demanded by DMLTP

the

in

is the

DMLTP

becomes

was

a

very

to

bring

two

year period,

a

and this is very unrealistic considering that there

are

about
least

at

5000 years of recorded history to show how the attitudes had been

built and maintained.
of inputs available

1

”We

All”

Secondly,

through all

one must consider the question

persons

involved

in the

DMLTP.

include

the staff of I.G.S.S.S. at all levels, members
of the Governing body of I.G.S.S., Members of the DMLTP Advisory

and

Committee

related

to

seeming

contradictions

programme

and at

staff

In

specific

in

ov/n futures
same

I.G.S.S.S.

the

terms,

in which people

the

of

who

are

not

to

be

paid

Some attention does need

DLMTP.

I.G.S.S.S.

their

other

is

policies

feasible

are being involved

by optimising

time,

it

programme

the

use

making resources

of

directly

in

to

resources

many cases duplications of resources which should

be

the

within

promote

trying

available,

to

a

to find

available

which

are in

provided

to

people by existing organisations like the Government, Banks, etc.

s
i

1

. . 34.

34

To delve a bit deeper into this, one must consider whether
project support is concurrent with the aims and
additional
objectives of DMLTP. A change in the socio-economic conditions of
the downtrodden, using mass organisation and mass movements can
be approached in three ways: One approach would be to try and
change the system from within; for example, getting the Sarpanch
or Gram Savak to perform his or her task in favour of the weakest
segment of their village. Second is to approach the core problem
on an issue basis; for example, getting people freed from bond or
getting them minimum wages. A third approach would be to use a
service for people as an entry point and ultimately development;

as an example Mahila Mandals formed and encouraged to start a
kindergarten whose financing would be
taken
over
by the
Government after successfully running it for a year, would
require, apart from the organisational costs, a small input for

the service of kindergarten to be run for a year or two till the
women.’ s group can induce the Government to take over its running.
The first approach has its obvious limitations, and has not yet,
to this Evaluator's knowledge been effective anywhere in the
country. The second case, while the issues can be tackled by mass
organisation, organised on the
theme of the issue, the failure
rate has been high because the causes from which the issues arise
have not been tackled. As an example of this, freeing people from
bond has sometimes had a very negative effect because without
creating a structure which will help the people meet their needs,
the next time they have a financial crisis, the people would
then have to go back to a money lender, and this would be putting
them in a position even worse than the one, they were originally
in. Experience has shown that the third approach has usually been
the most effective because it has allowed the organisation to
grow strong on simple victories, to a point where it can tackle

more difficult ones, with confidence. The other approach, which
is non organisational and by which people’s needs are met by an
organisation other than the one,

whose

job it is to meet those

needs, prevents people from gathering strength and bring about
change by themselves, and this is the issue which will have to be
thought through, at length in policy making.

Ii

II
I

. . 35 .

3

' • -.Si? " ’•I’- <;v

■■■■- '•

• ><.

•3

35
IV.3 Roles of I.G.S.S.S and DMLTP projects :
The next question in this analysis would be the question of who
would be providing the kind of inputs necessary to the DMLTPs
reaching a point where local leaders can make their own analysis
effictively and act on them.
Obviously, this would have to be
the three tier system; the I.G.S.S.S.’s with adequately trained,

motivated and supported staff, who would then go to the second
level which is the groups which are being supported under
DMLTPs., and pass on the benefits of information, knowledge,
training, etc. to them; and they would, in turn, pass this on to
the identified local leaders, which is the primary objective of
the DMLTP in any case.
Within the frame work of the observations and analysis, too, one
.hould see the very positive factors which have emerged from the

first two years of the DMLTP. In a number of the organisations
involved in the DMLTP, two very positive first steps have been
taken: that of getting people to come together, especially the
neediest, and discuss and find solutions to their own problems;
^d that of helping them to fulfill their actual immediate needs
even though the perspective may be short term. Considering this,
and considering that within the problems of time frames mentioned
earlier, a fair bit of good has emerged from the programme, the
first two years of DMLTP support should be seen in the nature of
Influx of
a starting point, and not in the nature of ’the end’,
These
motivation and changes in attitude have many variables.
should be realised and care should be taken that the DMLTP
programme does not in fact become a ’formulae’ programme, but has
built within itself, enough flexibility to permit variations on
the primary theme of leadership creation and attitudinal change
creation of analysis and action.

Attached to this report are two annexures, the list of analysis
in the case of one non-church programme and one Diocesan

. .36.



36
programme

seen

in

annexures 2
a negative

and

light,

3.

The

but

case

studies

should

not

be

the

grounds

for

largely

point

out

a

to

should provide

future directions of the DMLTP programme.
IV. 4 General:
While

the

problems

earlier

of

sections

of

planning

and

DMLTP

this

chapter

execution,

there

is

need

examine the past,, present and future scenarios, Had there been no
DMLTP programme of I.G.S.S.S., a few of the current projects
would have run a DMLTP programme with funds from other sources.
a number of projects are already doing so, and
and have
have been
done earlier to the I.G.S.S.S.programme, without having been part
Indeed,

of the

I.G.S.S.S.

-

DMLTP.

Some of the

current

DMLTP

projects

actually started their work before the formal programme, and the
formal programme has helped them to continue. The introduction of
the DMLTP by I.G.S.S.S. has, however, brought in a number of
groups who were not yet committed to this approach and this needs
to be seen as a very positive contribution.
The present position is one in which a number of DMLTP programmes
are being watched and discussed by groups who are not yet
committed one way or the other, who are open to the idea.

It is the future, however, which shows the greatest potential
by
virtue of its coverage of the country through the various Church
groups, and by extending its work to cover the secular,
and more
particularly

grass-root groups.

I.G.S.S.S.

is

in

a

position

to

evoke a nation wide movement not only by direct support but also
by facilitating a networking of DiMLTP type programmes, throughout
the country, The poor can have access to their rights , only if
they are organised in sufficient number to have a voice
in
receiving these, With rights go responsibilities, and these need
to form a very necessary part of DMLTP and networking
efforts to
avoid replacing one oppressive group by another new
group of
oppressors.

. . 37 .

!

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

V. 1

Conclusions

The

objectives

in

document

assess

and the content of evaluation have been laid down
' 2 ’ dated 11.4.1986. The f irst objective was to
In many ways the impact of DMLTP in

impact of DMLTP.

the

The

terms of material change has been very good,

however,

have been

in terms

from' the

problem arises

DMLTP had very different

of attitudinal

fact that

the

change,

various

comings,

short

Part of the

participants

in

of what the objectives of DMLTP,

ideas

both, short and long term were. This Evaluator feels

that within

the time frame and within the scope of change from normal methods

work to the methods

of

of work and directions

shown

by

DMLTP,

there is more than enough justification for extending the work of
DMLTP programme and strengthening it. As mentioned earlier in
this report, the time frame is something which really requires
in
looking at. When one is working with the poorest people
society,

both

in

economic and

social

terms,
terms, one would be having

totally unrealistic expectations if one were to feel

that

in

two

years time :-

a.

The

attitudes

of

the down trodden be changed to an attitude

of coming together and gaining what is theirs by right;

b. That within this process enough of an economic change would be
brought to allow them a better economic standing within their own

community group.
c.

That

this

attitudinal

social

combination

of

economic

change

and

would

and

economic

change,

be

adequate

to

or

provide

finance for the support of the continuation of the programme like

DMLTP.
Some

of

the

recommendations

being made

below

are

specif ic,

and

some are general.
. .38.

. . 38 .

I

38

:

It would be upto the Board and Management and Staff of I,

,S.S,S.

to assess them and implement them.
V. 2

General Recommendations :

1. As

I.G.S.S.S at the policy making

earlier

mentioned

level

would really need to make hard decisions on how committed

to dmltp,

the

If

stance

DMLTP.

is one of support to the DMLTP, it would be

necessary to provide the inputs needed for an

of

across

putting

and

understanding

members of I.G.S.S.S. at all levels.
that

is

and in relations to this, what kind of other programmes

supports are compatable with the concept of

2.

it

a

such

is

process

accelerated by certain

not

a

tools.

the

project to

the

in

the

Staff

From experience one knows

very

fast

example,

For

improvement

one,

but

from

time

it

can

be

time

to

certain cases of social injustiadkvery openly manifest themselves

within

the

together
recent

It would be worthwhile for the Scaff to get

country.

and discuss the

Muslim

Women’s

issues

Divorce

involved.

Bill

As

an

should have

been

should be debated for its rightness and wrongness,

of the Staff judged,

and

the

still

and the stance

as well as their attitudes in a situation of

terms of training for

this nature. Direct inputs in

situations

example,

of oppression and poverty,

as well

as

analysis

of

supplimentary

inputs to discussion groups as mentioned earlier could be some of

the tools in use.

3.

DMLTP in the field would then require to receive the inputs,

which the trained staff can provide.

This would

mean,

to

a very

large extent, decentralisation of staff to provide field support.
Such

staff would

between project

also need

to be

support which

is

able

valid

to make

in

the

the

distinction

context

of

DMLTP

and that which is. not.

4;

Both

the

Church groups and non-Church groups have their own
stf&ngth and weaknesses. The Church groups have as a strengthen

. . 39.

I

39

organisation

encompassing

covering

almost

all

of

India fairly
thoroughly. Their shortcomingis that they are largely aimed at
the Catholic population of the country and therefore,
are
f requently thin on the ground in areas with a low Catholic
population, but where a great deal of work is necessary. On the
other hand the nOn-Church organisations as a strong point usually
cover all the needy. Their short coming arises from the fact that
they

poor

have

organisation,

limited

geographical

areas

and
not enough in terms of men and material to cover the
needs of DMLTP. Ideally, the Church groups should be encouraged
frequently,

to

include non-Church groups

within their fold in DMLTP support

programmes. This would not mean depriving the non-Church groups
of their independence and integrity, but rather providing them
the net-working which the Diocese can afford to do and to a
certain extent access

Church can

also use

to their resources .

the

On the other hand the

inputs which they provide.

Within

the

Church structure also there would be two recommendations :
(i)

That

the

Church

not

see

DMLTP as a programme which must
encompass the entire Church covered area, but limit it to those
areas where the Church staff have the necessary committment,

understanding and desire to work on the programme.
DMLTP is not
repeat not
a programme which can be run like a factory, Its
success or failure depends entirely on the motivation and
committments of the persons who carry it out.
(ii) Once

such

persons are found within the Church structure,
they be allowed to stay on and carry out this work without fear
of transfer for atleast a three year period.
5.
faced

The heads

with

inclusion

in

of

the
the

Church or

possible

non-Church groups should be clearly
consequences of DMLTP before
their

DMLTP

programme is finalised, although on more
than one occassion the field level people felt that even
without
the support from the top they could mobilise enough people's

. .40.

I

40

5 ’

support at this point,

to face any problems which might

crop

up,

support from the top is always better.
6.

should

I.G.S.S.S

also

one

as

include

of its objectives the

net-working of groups who are involved in the DMLTP programme,

that a smaller group can be the core of a

Facing the social

realities

of the

so

larger mass movement.

country real development and

real change can only come about if there

is enough

of

a mass

in

Political will can only be created by the

support of such change.
masses.

While the

7.

document

311

is

18.6.1985

of

very

clear

on both

the objectives and methodologies of DMLTP, it is apparent Trom
field work experience that this document has not. been properly

analysed and absorbed, by the groups involved in DMLTP.

handled,

I-

.t- ■ ;

•.

3 •

This clarification should be taken up on a priority basis.
the lack of co-ordination

On going through various material,

8.

the

between

administration
participiants

frequently

correspondence

provide a

project

division,

accounts,
accounts,

and
the

of

analysis

one

project

between

two

division,

show ; themselves.

number of such examples.

DMLTP

&

I.G.S.S.S.

An

Key personnel

and project also show a certain amount of confusion when

persons

from project group one visited project group two programme just,
after say, a visit by a project group two staff member. This

should be minimised and.co-ordination increased.
seems

There

9.
While

a

formats have

tendency to

reduce

their advantages,

in

f ormat.

everything

to

a

case

of

programmes

the

like DMLTP,

they really great ly reduce the information inflow. A

lot

very

of

the

interesting,

inf ormation
information

available

from ..field

visits could equally have been conveyed in the form of reports if
formats would not be observed.

base-line

survey

lack

Similarly,

in

the

of clarity on the contents

case
of

of

the

the format

. . 41 .
J

41

and its uses came in the way of

its being

included' in

group

the

of the current evaluation.
10.

Finally, when the financial implications of DMLTP extensions

are

being

available

drawn

up,

cover

to

enough

all

the

financial

inputs

points

mentioned

earlier.

should

be

made

The
feels that it is not within the scope of evaluation to
actually draw a Budget.

evaluator

V. 3

Specific Recommendations :

i)

The

DMLTP

programme

of

programme

I.G.S.S.S.

should

be

continued

as

a

Board of

the

I.G.S.S.S.

and

the

primary
and accorded the highest priority within

the organisations.

ii)

The members of

the

DMLTP

advisory committee

should go into all the implications, analyse
and assess these. The overall implications in terms of the
possibilities of repercussions from an outside the organisation
as DMLTP begins to succeed should be clearly understood. Unless
I.G.S.S.S.

stands

behind

the

programme

totally,

the

programme

cannot succeed.
The implications within the organisation are manifold :

a)

The

the

concept of

programme
the

support policy should

linked to
Any programme support should first be

DMLTP.

tested

to

see whether

access

to

the

it

be directly

diffuses

the

concept of

the

people’s

existing resources to which .they have a right, and
whether it increses the existing disparity in assets and power of
the 'haves and have-nots'.

. . 42 .
I
I
i
j

42

b)

If I.G.S.S.S

believes

the existing oppressive

internal

structures

non-heirarchical

in

the need

policies.

structure,

DMLTP

it needs

structures ,

and

for
As

to

break

down

to analyse its own

an

example,

daily

allowances
flexible enough to

standardised, modes of transport
the right to be heard universalised.

in

a

should
suit

be

needs,

This may sound rather
but
theoratical
the recommendation is to initiate a process of
attitudinal change as a pre-requisite to actual changes.

c)

Decentralisation should mean a growth in field staff, with
enough in-built flexibility but also adequate in-built controls,
■i

to optimise a nationwide coverage of DMLTP. While this evaluator
feels that the field staff at present are of excellent quality,
their number needs to be strengthened. Selection of the field
staff

should

masses

of our country, their analytical capacity,

be

more

based

on

their

identif ication

with

the

their capacity

for learning and communication, rather than paper qualifications,
The selection process should be designed to evaluate the above

factors rather than exclusively book knowledge.
d)

Concurrent

continuous

with

in-service

organisation.

Such

institutions

such

movements etc.

there

training

training

as

communications),

I.G.S.S.S.

this,

both

is

in

necessary

of all

staff
Bill ' ,
'The

the

analysis)

periodic meetings

Voluntary Agencies Bill',

without

social

process

Divorce

of

(for

in the

Women's

and

programme

resource

staff

Muslim

within

a

involve

I.S.I.

also

be

could

participiation

It

should

to

involve

discuss

The

Code

all levels

could

questions
of

implications of

or

CENDIT(for

workshops/seminars

and one means

to

persons

and

of

be to have

like

the

Conduct for the
the large outlay

for voluntary agencies in the Seventh Five Year plan' etc.
e)

I.G.S.S.S.

if

seriously considers decentralisation in terms
of a larger field force, should also seriously consider the
merging of all the field tasks at f ield level. This becomes
necessary to avoid conflict of interest.

...43.

I
I

1
At

f)

f ield

training

: 43 :

level

as

well

to

be

supplemented

needs

This would mean regional

as

as

Central

at

well

level,

the

need

f or

by

the need for

networking.

as

central

level

workshops/

seminars / training programmes. At the early stages they would be

in

more

of

terms

DMLTP

understanding

(as,

even

during

the

evaluation, a number of groups were not aware that DMLTP training
could be considered for follow up to earlier training programmes,
for

the

same

groups

or

smaller

groups

selected

from

earlier

participants) .

A small

but vital point in training programmes would be the role

of Government organisations in social justice. This would include

not only questions as to what

segments

of the

be contacted,
IRDP,

ICDP,

the

but

also what

programmes

of

Public

interest

legislation

etc.

Government

should

Government,

are

i . e.

conducive

to

f or

in

DMLTP growth and how.

iii) Considering

the

above,

the

funding

pattern

DMLTP

future should consider :

a)

Training cost for I.G.S.S.S.

b)

Support costs for Central and field staff.

c)

Support for one national

staff.

level, tcbo

regional

level

meetings

including input components per year.
d)

Longer term support of DMLTP programmes. The need to promote

atleast a modicum of security (five years atleast) for animators,
project

staff to

ensure quality of local DMLTP workers should be

obivious. Numbers of local staff will also need to be considered.
e)

Costs for inputs of documentations and communicative aids at

all levels.
f)

Support

costs

for

small

service entry points

for

people's

organisation.

I

. . 44.

44

This

evaluator would

I.G.S.S.S.

like to put on record his sincere thanks to

for affording him

the opportunity to participiate

in
this very interesting and educative evaluation. Particular thanks
are
also given to the various
individuals.
Mr.
M.0.Peter,
Mr.P.Gasper,
Mr.

Mr.Vincent

L.D.Rozario,

Ms.Aroita
trips.

George,

Ms.Annie

Mr.Inna

Jayaraj,

Ms.

Reddy,

SuccoUrine

Chakravorthy who accompanied me on
Lastly, my thanks to the President

I.G.S.S.S., the

Mr.M.Fernandez,

Albuqerque,

the

various

and

the

Board

DMLTP advisory committee members,

the

Mise reor

field
of

Resident

Representative, the Executive Director of I.G.S.S.S. ,
other I.G.S.S.S. staff and of course the managements and staff of

the projects who made the regional consultations and field visits

so instructive and interesting.

(A.D.PATEL)
(

PUNE
30.9.1986.

. .45.

I

i


Annexure 1,

DMLTP EVALUATION
PROJECT VISIT REPORT FORMAT

Visit of
Village :

Co-ordinator :
Secretary :

Parish Priest :
Treasurer :

Members No.:

Women :

Area Information :

Population of Catholics :

Others :

Work Area (percentage)
Agriculture :
Industry :.

Fishing :
Other :

:

THE POOR :

How does the group understand the causes of poverty?
What do they see as the possible approach to overcome these?
DMLTP

What do the group think DMLTP stands for?
What do they see as the ultimate objective/target of DMLTP?
What do they see as the approach of DMLTP?
What do they see as the shortcomings?
What ways do they see for improving DMLTP?
ACHIEVEMENT :

(Please see list)

SUPPORT FOR I.G.S.S.S.

:

(Current and suggested for future)

COMMENTS/ANALYSIS OF EVALUATING PERSON

Signed :

DATE

I
J

...46.

ANNEXURE:

2

A CASE STUDY - a voluntary organisation working in South
India
with Child Labour in the match industry.
The organisation

covers

five

villages with

a population of 725
families, an average family size of 7. 35% are Christians,
ca. 2%
Naidus, and the remaining 63% Harijans.
The organisation has

education
primarily

two

kinds

of

programmes,

a

programme

at

village
level
and a programme of DMLTP
aims at the child labour involved in the

of

which

match
industry. Their interest is in fighting the exploitation of child
labour by the match factory owners who are largely from Madras
and North^n India and who have a mix of
Hindus, Christians and
Muslims
amongst
them.
them.
However,
the
staff
member
who
is
responsible primarily for the DMLTP programme is of the opinion
that no child labour should be allowed at all. The Director of
the trust who works with the workers in the field feels
that
within the economic situation of this part of India atleast,
child labour is a necessity. The objective they quoted was
to

f orm

'sangams'

in

order

bring

to

owners;

to provide higher wages
industry.

to

pressure on the match industry

the

children working

in

the

On being questioned as to what the objective was , they said the
objective was to provide the children with a childhood. Af ter
some

hesitation it

was interpreted to me
children should have
an opportunity for recreation, education and health care ,
besides
the work which they are doing. The children at the moment are
being picked up by buses sent around by the match factory at ca .

4.30 to 5.30 in the morning and dropped

back

between

6

5

7

p.m.

When asked how high wages would solve the problem of the children
not getting

their

childhood,

after some prompting

they

there was

came

up

wi th

a bit of rethinking, and
the idea of forcing the

factory owners to provide them the same: wage for much less work
time , so that this time could be used f or education,
recreation

1

I

. . 47 ,

47
and health.

30

to 40

Currently,

per week,

rupees

to them,

according

the children who earn

support the parents who get work

in

stone-quarries , earning about 10 Rs. per day for 10 to 15 days in

a month.

the

Although almost all

When the workers

land it is dry and unproductive,

were

Harijans in the area also hold

asked what they would be asking for

as

of

the

agency

the increment from

the match factory owners, they said they were not sure. They were

asked if they had made an analysis
of the work,

but found

places at which the

of profits

that they had not.

expenditure

occured,

at various

So,

they

listed

the

in

the

transport

and

result

which

stages

final price of paise 25 per box any where in India.

These include :
1.

Cost of the empty boxes,

2.

The

cost

of

the

including transport.

match

including

stick,

breakage.

i

3.

The cost of the labourers,

4.

The cost of the chemicals involved in making the matches.

5.

The labour component for sticking lables on the match boxes,

for putting the match heads,

including transport.

for wax dipping and

for

sticking

of

the excise labels.

6.

The cost of transportation all over India.

7t

The margins to the wholesalers and retailers.

8.

Including the 10 paise as excise to the Government.

9.

The profits to the owners of the factories.

s

. . 48.

I

•i

I
i

J
48
While

to

out

the costings,

for

excise,

they came

an item
which surprised them - the greatest exploiter was the Government,

who

trying

what-so-ever.

demands,

paise

10

took

work

They

therefore

should go

these

doing

without

any

work

said that when they presented their
both,

to

to

the

factory

owners

and

the

Government itself.
When

further

questioned

they

found

that

the

area

had

had

a
proposal for coverage under an irrigation programme mooted under

the British Raj

in

1936.

Before

the plans were completed second

world war started and they were shelved.

This

Kriyan dam scheme

was put up again in 1952 and squashed by the match industry.

This

analysis

showed

Child labour all

having got
a

that

probably the best way to stop

together would be

to pursue

the dam,

irrigation for the working force of the area,

position where

labour

them

the family could support

and

once

come to

itself without

child
from the earnings from their farms in the farming season,

horticulture

with

coconut

palm

etc.,

and

supplimentation

by

quarry work in the'dry season.

This basic absence of analysis and working without very clear cut

not necessarily an indictment of the project itself.
This seems to be the norm, and the project does have strength in
the way it has brought the village population together, However,
thinking

is

it underlines the need for a proper perspective and this is where

the DMLTP and I.G.S.S.S.

can provide a lot of help.

. . 49 .

1
!•

b.

50
area anj-they destroy plantation,

making areas they have fished,
barren for sometime to come. Service boats were earlier owned by
the richer people, and the crews were hired with a catch division
of 50% for the crew members and the major percentage for the

owner. By helping a few people to buy their own boats, they are
converting the exploiteds into the exploiters, because they too
give only the same low percentage

of the catch to

their

crew.

Again, the imported outboards can only be overhauled and repaired
by only a few ’agents’, and the economics of even the ring
service boats become untenable at some points. Support programmes
for the families of the

similar
the

traditional

reasons

traditional

for

fisher-folk include

crafts.

the

of

crafts,

replacement

etc.,

the

these

raw materials

and

very real one that the

traditional

industry will

flat on

its face due

to

only to fall
obivious

programme

and

However, no real analysis is made of

decline

by synthetic

kora grass mats

possibilities

cold

be

of

fear

is a
rejuvinated

lack of market.

Even the

regulate

fish prices, i.e.
and have not been analysed for
to

storge and ice factories
reasons of earlier failures and long term possibilities.

Both in the case of more efficient fishing crafts and equipments
and in the case of revival of traditional craft, long-term
perspectives remain unanalysed, For instance, what will be the

future

of

boats

increases

the

fishing

adequate harvest?

ten

yields

fold?

Similarly,

when the number

Will

the

sea

be

of

ring

service

able

to

provide

who will buy the traditional crafts

and to what extent?

Leaving these apart, one also needs to look at the effects of the
policy of total coverage of the Dioceses Parishes under DMLTP.
DMLTP being by nature a motivational
programme
is
totally
dependant on the motivation and skills of those who organise it.

Improperly

used,

such programmes

set back development

by years.

Is

can do

it

incalculable harm,
then, consistent with

and

the

. . 51 .

u
i
ANNEXURE:3
Case study - of a Diocfean, DMLTP efforts in South India
under
the I.G.S.S.S. programe

One

of

the

Dioceses

in

South

India which was covered
course of the evaluation offers a good case study.

in the

The

Diocfisan head felt that the DMLTP Programmes,
should cover
the entire Diocfise — all the Parishes inclusive,
Accordingly, the
programme was orgnised to cover all the
Parishes under three
Co-ordinators.

The Objectives were:
i)

to form societies at Parish level.

ii)

to set up credit unions.

iii) to have

programmes

information

and

resources

centres

to disemminate

available

through

information

Government,

on

Banks,

etc.

iv)

to

help

the

people

to

actually

have

access

to

such
the organisational end of the programe is very
well set up, the work does not come from
a proper analysis of the

programmes.

While

social and economic causes of poverty in the area.
area. The majority
of Catholics are in the coastal area, and
involved in fishing,
The fishing Industry at- this point works at four levels; the deep
sea trawlers; the power boats working with purse service; the
power boats working inshore using ring nets, and non power craft
doing inshore fishing.
The deep sea

trawlers have the obivious

advantage of reach to
outlying fishing areas and have the power endurance to locate and
follow the schools of fish. The purse-service fishing boats have
two major disadvantages. They usually cover all the fish
in an

I

I

. . 50 .

“Il

I

51

DMLTP idealogy to entrust the programme to those who have not the
slightest motivation, far less, the skills to make the programme
work, in the interest of 'coverage' ?
This case is certainly not an indictment of the ef* f orts of the
Dioceses concerned. On the contarary, the organisational work
seen was excellent. What needs to be emphasised is the need for
def inate and on-going monitoring and inputs for proper analysis
and therefore proper working and effectivity of the DMLTP.

.o■

*

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