BREAKING DOWN THE WALLS Violence against Women as a Health and Human Rights issue Jodhpur, India, March 14-19, 1998
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BREAKING DOWN THE WALLS
Violence against Women as a Health and Human Rights issue
Jodhpur, India, March 14-19, 1998 - extracted text
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BREAKING DOWN THE WALLS
Violence against Women as a Health and Human Rights issue
Jodhpur, India, March 14-19, 1998
CONTENTS
Introduction
1
Violence Against Women: Defining The Walls
3
Understanding Violence As A Human Rights Issue
5
Understanding Violence As A Critical Health Issue
8
Strategies Against Violence Against Women
Direct Services
Legal Strategies
Organizing The Community
Using Culture And Religion
Public Education
Research
Networking And Building Alliances
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
Agenda
21
List of Participants
22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding support for the meeting held at Jodhpur was provided by the Ford Foundation’s
offices in China, India, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
This report was prepared by Bishakha Datta and Renuka Motihar. We wish to thank
Geetanjali Misra, Mallika Dutt, Renuka Agarwala, and Shreya Dave for their assistance
in completing this report.
INTRODUCTION
All over the a odd, women experience violence right from the time they are bom to the
time they die. In some countries, foetuses are aborted simply because they are female, and
female infanticide is common. In developing countries, girls are typically more
malnourished than boys. And in practically every comer of the world, young and adult
women experience a high incidence of sexual harassment, rape, domestic violence and
other forms of abuse, while widows are abandoned or thrown out of their homes.
Violence has traditionally been considered a women’s issue to be addressed through
mechanisms such as law, counselling, provision of shelters, and community organizing.
More recently, however, violence against women is being recognized as an issue that
concerns the health and human rights of women - and one that demands a response both
from health-care professionals as well as the human rights system.
What are the health consequences of violence against women? According to a report of
the Global Commission on Women’s Health, in addition to morbidity and mortality,
violence against women leads to psychological trauma, depression, substance abuse,
injuries, sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV infection, suicide and murder. Violence
during pregnancy is identified as a major reason for miscarriage and low birth-weight
children.
The World Bank, in its 1993 World Development Report, assessed the health
consequences of gender-based violence for the first time. Based on the limited data
available, it estimated that in industrialized countries, rape and domestic violence take
away almost one in every five healthy years of life of women aged 15 to 44. On a per
capita basis, the health burden of domestic violence is about the same for reproductiveage women in both developed and developing countries.
Violence against women is also a violation of women’s human rights. Human rights,
which arise from a fundamental notion of people’s humanity, are considered inherent and
inalienable to the very essence of being human. Not only does violence take away from
the right to be human, violence also impedes other fundamental rights. These include the
rights to life, to health, to security and bodily integrity, to political participation, and to
food, work and shelter.
Despite the overwhelming evidence, however, violence was not explicitly declared a
breach of women’s human rights until the 1993 United Nations World Conference on
Human Rights held in Vienna. Subsequent world conferences reiterated governmental
commitment to understanding women’s rights as human rights.
1
THE MEETING
A meeting, which brought together activists from six Asian countries, was held in
Jodhpur, India, from March 14-19, 1998 to deepen the analysis and understanding of
violence as an issue of both women’s health and rights. The meeting, which focused
mainly on sexual and domestic violence, in the overall context of violence against
women, had three objectives:
• To deepen the conceptual understanding of violence against women as a critical
health and rights issue
• To share experiences of addressing violence against women across the region through
a range of interventions
• To sharpen strategies to respond to violence more effectively at local, national, and
regional levels
The meeting consisted of four key actors working in health or violence from each of the
following countries: China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
These countries were selected on the basis of where the Ford Foundation programmes in
Asia on issues of violence against women. Stree Aadhar Kendra, a non-govemment
organization based in Maharashtra, India, collaborated with the Ford Foundation to host
the meeting. 1
Participants, with their rich accumulation of expertise, were the meeting’s primary
resource. In line with this thinking, only two external resource persons with specialized
experience were invited to the meeting. The meeting agenda, which was evolved in
consultation with participants, included presentations, small group discussions and
country exercises. The agenda was deliberately kept flexible to address the varying needs
of participants, including the need to exchange information with one another.
This report summarizes the regional meeting that took place in Jodhpur. It is our hope
that the report will contribute in a modest way towards raising awareness of the need to
address violence as a critical issue of women’s health and rights.
1 Stree Aadhar Kendra started its work in the area of violence in 1984 by providing legal aid to women in
distress. The organization organizes women around their concerns at the community level, and advocates
these concerns to policymakers. Over the years, Stree Aadhar Kendra has taken up several issues including
equal property rights for women, rehabilitation of widows and deserted women, and women’s political
participation. Violence against women continues to be a core work area for the organization.
2
Strategies typically used to address violence fall into the following broad clusters:
prevention, service provision, and broader gender-related interventions. Specific
strategies against violence include community organizing, research, documentation,
education, training, legal mechanisms, advocacy, counselling, awareness-building,
networking, and incorporating gender sensitivity into a wide range of programmes.
However, countries have adopted strategies that are specific to their context. In
Thailand, where there is a high level of prostitution, an attempt is being made to advocate
sex workers’ rights as human rights. In Indonesia, initiatives are focusing on re
interpreting religious texts in ways that are more sensitive to women. And in Vietnam,
where the movement against violence is in its early stages, initiatives are exploring the
linkages between mental health and violence, and sexual harassment at the workplace issues that have emerged much later in other countries.
Although there is broad awareness of violence as a health and human rights issue, this
understanding has yet to translate into concrete strategies against violence across the
region. In Indonesia, there is a move to develop a health and human rights network, and a
corresponding framework, to address violence. Organizations in the Philippines are using
human rights mechanisms such as CEDAW to address violence, and have trained health
workers on issues of violence. In this context, discrimination around women’s
reproductive health has been raised both as health issues, as well as forms of violence
against women.
4
UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE AS A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE
Women - and their rights - have historically been invisible in the discourse of human
rights. All over the world, human rights have traditionally been understood as rights that
are predominantly civil and political, such as torture, imprisonment, and lack of freedom
of expression. Human rights have also been seen as issues of state, acts of commission or
omission on the part of governments. Violence against women, which continues to be
seen as a private matter, has been considered outside the purview of human rights.
In the late 1980s, women’s advocates around the world started challenging the divides
between private and public, women s rights and human rights. The movement made
significant advances during the 1993 United Nations World Conference on Human Rights
held in Vienna, when member states finally conceded that “women’s rights are human
rights”. The conference also specifically recognized violence against women as a human
rights issue.
Using the human rights framework to understand and address violence
The concept of human rights provides useful ethical, legal and political frameworks both
for understanding violence and for organizing against violence at various levels.
Ethically, human rights arise from a fundamental notion of people’s humanity. These
rights are considered inherent and inalienable to the very essence of being human. Thus
violence is understood as eroding one’s sense of being human.
Politically, the notion of human rights is accepted as an international moral standard and
can be used to hold states and other actors accountable for actions or omissions that
violate these rights.
Legally, human rights usually refer to a set of rights, ranging from civil to economic, that
are described and explained in international and regional human rights instruments. Once
these instruments - usually treaties or conventions - are ratified by member states of the
United Nations, these states are required to report on their compliance with the provisions
specified in each instrument.
The usefulness of the human rights framework lies in using it at all three levels - as an
ethical basis, as a political tool, and the legal instruments it provides for action.
2 Several global conventions and agreements can be used to address violence against women. Foremost among these is
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. Two
subsequent treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1CCPR) and the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Economic Covenant), codified the provisions of the Universal Declaration in
1966.
There are several instruments that specifically address the rights of women, including treaties on prostitution,
maternity, political rights and nationality. Chief among them is the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Declarations from the United Nations conferences held at Vienna,
Cairo, and Beijing also contain provisions that can be used to address violence against women.
5
Using the human rights framework to address violence in the Asian context
The human rights framework can be used creatively in varying ways to address the issue
of violence against women. Ratification of a convention or agreement typically leads to
discussion, public education and awareness. Documents such as country reports can be
used to hold governments accountable. In many countries, women’s advocates and non
government organizations have prepared alternate country reports to critique state
policies and programmes. And specific provisions of international instruments have been
used while fighting cases under local and national laws.
Participants at the meeting shared experiences of using the human rights framework in
the Asian context. Participants also discussed common obstacles in using these
mechanisms and made recommendations to enable women’s advocates to use the human
rights framework more effectively to address violence against women.
In the Philippines, the Cordillero Task Force on Violence Against Women started their
work by focusing on rape and military abduction of women. Their campaign on violence
against women looks at the issue as a human rights violation; it advocates that human
rights should not be abused within or outside the home.
EMPOWER in Thailand has been lobbying to get the Thai government to recognize that
police rapes of Cambodian women migrant workers is a human rights violation. The
organization is also attempting to advocate sex workers’ rights as human rights.
The eastern Indonesian women’s health network JKPIT has developed a framework to
understand the linkages between health and rights. The framework analyzes how health
policies and programmes affect human rights and has looked at issues such as coercion
in the family planning programme, abortion laws, HIV testing and surveillance, among
others. The framework also examines how human rights violations — violations of civil,
political, social, economic, and cultural rights - affect women’s health status. Issues
range from domestic violence to inadequate health budgets. The network also builds
capacity, supports participatory research, and does grassroots organizing based on its
perspective.
Stree Aadhar Kendra, India, has successfully used provisions from CEDAW in district
level courts to address violence against women. An unexpected factor here is judicial
ignorance — judges have no knowledge of CEDAW’s existence, provision, or status, and
are willing to accept the organization’s interpretations of this instrument.
Participants identified the following obstacles in using human rights mechanisms:
• There is a lack of monitoring mechanisms such as regional law courts to translate
> accountability into practice
• Both mainstream human rights organizations and governments resist recognizing
either violence against women or violations of women’s health as a human rights
issue
• Several Asian countries have not signed international treaties and conventions
• The concept of ‘universal human rights’ is seen as alien to Asian values
6
The following needs were identified to make the use of human rights mechanisms more
effective in the Asian context:
• The need to build capacity and increase the skills of key actors in this arena
• The need to indigenize the understanding of human rights, which is seen as a western
concept
• The need to broaden the understanding of violence against women to include issues
of migrant sex workers, military violence, domestic violence, trafficking in women,
and child abuse. A deeper understanding of violence also needs to include factors
such as unequal division of work, polygamy, psychological and emotional violence,
and the concept of reproductive rights as human rights.
7
UNDERSTANDING VIOLENCE AS A CRITICAL HEALTH ISSUE
Although it is obvious that the violence that women face, particularly physical abuse,
must affect their health status, violence has yet to be seen as a critical health issue.
Violence against women and their health status are deeply intertwined at many levels.
At the most basic level, violence results in health consequences ranging from unwanted
pregnancy to homicide and suicide. At the next level, coercion indirectly puts women’s
health at risk by limiting their ability to use birth control, or prohibiting them from
seeking medical care without their partner’s permission. And the health care system which is often the first point of contact for survivors of violence - itself perpetuates
violence against women, both through abusive and humiliating treatment, and practices
such as forced sterilization.
The following example shows how an act of violence can affect a woman’s health,
including her reproductive health, in diverse ways. A woman who has been raped can
undergo physical injuries and emotional traumas, both of which erode her health status.
She runs the risk of becoming pregnant, or contracting STDs, including HIV, or starting
to fear sex. Women living in countries where abortion is illegal must live with the double
trauma of being raped and then having to bear the rapist’s child. And in some parts of the
world, rape can result in more violence due to the stigma sunounding the loss of
virginity.
Using the public health framework to understand and address violence
This section is based on a presentation made by Lori Heise of the Centre for Health and
Gender Equity, USA, who was a resource person at the Jodhpur meeting.
A public health approach is distinct from a medical approach. While the goal of medicine
is to cure, public health aims to prevent. In contrast to medicine, which is dominated by
physicians and seeks to treat illness and disease, public health has the following elements.
• Public health is multi-disciplinary, focusing on prevention, and working from a socio
political analysis of health
• A public health approach to violence starts with science (epidemiology and social
science) and ends at community mobilization and empowerment.
• Public health involves a range of community actors, not just health services and
medical personnel.
A public health approach focuses on prevention at three different levels.
Primary prevention
Aim: prevent the problem
Secondary prevention
Aim: prevent problem from
getting worse through early
interventions
8
Tertiary prevention
Aim: Treat problem to the
extent possible by
mitigating impact
For example, a public health approach might address the issue of HIV/AIDS at these
three levels through the following interventions:
Tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Taking drugs if infected to
Screening
women
for
pre
Promotion of condom use
natal care to reduce the rate make it less infectious for
others
of infection
Similarly, an intervention addressing violence against women - based on a public health
approach - might include the following components:
Tertiary prevention
Secondary prevention
Primary prevention
Treatment, incl therapy for
Support
groups
for
Grassroots human rights
survivors of violence
survivors of abuse
education for women
Protection orders for abused Training physicians to treat
violence survivors
women
A health-system response to address violence in the Asian context: a case study
This section is based on a presentation made by Dr Abu Hassan Asaari bin Abdullah of
Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, who was a resource person at the meeting.
The One-Stop Crisis Centre was established in 1994 in the emergency department of
Hospital Kuala Lumpur to respond to the growing incidence of domestic violence in
Malaysia. The Emergency Department, which is usually the first point of contact for
survivors of violence in a hospital setting, traditionally provided only medical treatment.
The One-Stop Crisis Centre also provides counselling, medical reports, and medico-legal
assistance.
The One-Stop Crisis Centre aims to prevent women from experiencing further abuse by
the medical system, provides immediate 24-hour shelter in the Emergency Department
and comprehensive quality care focusing on the patient’s needs, and sensitizes other
health providers to address violence more meaningfully.
The centre’s management strategy relies on the following components to achieve its
objectives:
• Establishing inter-agency networking between government agencies and non
government organizations
• Setting up a network of survivors
• Developing policies, protocols and guidelines at different levels of interventions
• Defining the role of each agency involved in the intervention
• Developing standard operating procedures
Non-government organizations, for instance, are expected to
• provide counselling to survivors of violence
• mediate between the survivor and the medical social worker
• ’ assist in addressing issues that arise in the person’s home environment
• provide shelter, emotional support, and a listening ear
9
Consensus meetings on managing violence survivors are held each year. Attended by
government and NGO representatives, these meetings are used to discuss problems, share
experiences, and raise challenging issues.
The success of the One-Stop Crisis Centre has led to the establishment of similar centres
in all general hospitals in Malaysia. The media publicity surrounding the centre’s
establishment has also contributed towards the passing of the Domestic Violence Act of
1994. The Act covers all forms of violence in family institutions including violence
against men - and includes provisions for interim protection orders, counselling, and
compensation for medical costs, economic losses, and shelter facilities.
The procedure followed at the One-Stop Crisis Centre consists of three stages of care,
which are illustrated in the box below.
Stage 1
The medical assistant meets the survivor of violence, who is then examined by the doctor.
• Physical examination and treatment of life-threatening injuries
• Case referral to relevant medical/surgical/orthopaedic/psychiatric medical officer
• Document interview
• In cases of severe physical trauma, forensic pathology assessment and documentation for
legal purposes
• Assessment of probability of serious injury if the woman returns home
Stage 2
• Referral to counsellor (medical social worker and volunteer counsellors from women’s
organizations)
• Arrangement of emergency shelter or 24-hour admission it needed
• Counselling to bring down emotional trauma, and to inform survivor of all available services
• Encouragement of filing of police report
• Medical report necessary for further police action provided free of charge
• Treatment for drug and alcohol abuse
Stage 3
•
Monthly meetings of case management committee - consisting of emergency department
members, medical social workers, and volunteer counsellors - to conduct case
studies/follow-ups of survivors
Although the One-Stop Crisis Centre has been successful in achieving its objectives, it
continues to face the following challenges: lack of funds, shelter homes, and volunteers
willing to make a continuous commitment; high turnover of medical personnel; lack of
gender training and sensitization programmes; slow percolation of policies down to
persons implementing the programme.
10
Using the health system to address violence: some issues
Participants identified the following issues in working with the health-care system to
address violence against women.
• The health system and medical professionals have not been neutral in addressing
violence. There is evidence to show that the health system has often helped offenders.
• Efforts at improving professional competence and efficiency must go hand in hand
with system reform and changes in attitude.
• There is a need to directly approach women who are health care providers to enlist
their support and participation in addressing violence.
• Efforts must be made to break the sexual division of labour that exists within the
health care system itself. This would involve elevating the role and status of nurses in
relation to doctors. This would also mean addressing sexist biases that exist in
medical curricula, textbooks, and practice.
• Issues of violence need to be included in training of community health workers.
• The health system needs to redefine its focus from “curing” to “caring”.
Using the human rights framework and the public health approach to end violence
The human rights framework and the public health approach complement each other and
can be powerful tools in the struggle against violence. While the public health approach is
useful in preventing violence, human rights mechanisms are effective in combating
violence after it has occurred. Both approaches can be used in diverse ways at local,
regional, national and global levels to address violence against women.
Lori Heise’s brief analysis of the advantages of the two frameworks is summarized here.
Human Rights framework
Concepts:
• Persuasive power of‘rights’ language
• Appeals to ‘bodily integrity’ and
‘security of person’
Public Health approach
Concepts:
• Focus on prevention
• Social analysis of health
• Inter-disciplinary approach
Tools:
• International law
• Human rights machinery
• Fact-finding and documentation
• Access to sanctions
• Experience with international
campaigns
Tools:
• Epidemiology
• Opportunity for early intervention
• Social science research
• Access to health services
• Experience with behaviour change
11
DIRECT SERVICES
The provision of direct services has played a key role in the struggle against violence. In
both the industrial and developing world, organized action against violence generally
began with isolated groups of concerned middle-class women and professionals psychologists, activists, lawyers - coming together to provide training, counselling,
information, legal services and other support for women.
Participants highlighted the following priorities for action in this area:
• Survivors of violence and abuse urgently need direct services, which must be
provided even as prevention work is carried out.
•
Intervention work - or the provision of direct services - is part of prevention work.
There is a need to see direct services as working hand in hand with advocacy.
•
The experiences of women who go to crisis centres, shelters, and health centres is
often the basis for advocacy. Both research and legal strategies need to be based on
the experiences of abused women and service providers. Data generated from crisis
centres needs to be utilized properly for advocacy.
•
Donor organizations also need to recognize the value of supporting direct services for
women.
•
There is a need to share strategies, culture-based interventions, and strategies related
to issues of sexuality. There is also a need for capacity-building and exchanges in the
areas of counselling and women’s mental health.
The experience of the Women’s Crisis Centre, which was established in 1989 in the
Philippines, provided a framework for much of the discussions. The centre is the first and
only crisis centre for women in the Philippines, and the first to have introduced the
practice of feminist counselling in the country.
The centre provides a comprehensive intervention programme that includes feminist
counselling, stress and tension reduction therapy, temporary shelter, a survivor’s support
group, medical and legal assistance. Counselling is done via a hotline, face to face with
individuals, and in groups. The centre also uses elements of dance therapy and meditation
to reduce stress. All workers at the centre undergo paramedical and paralegal training, so
that they can explain procedures and play a supportive role in these areas.
Over time, the centre has also entered the sphere of advocacy and public education,
research and networking. Research investigates the prevalence of family violence, and the
impact of violence on women’s health. The centre co-ordinates and supports the
implementation of a “Break the Silence” public education initiative, and is a member of
networks on migrant women, trafficking, children, and legislative advocacy.
12
LEGAL STRATEGIES
Although legal strategies have been widely used across the world by women’s rights
advocates in the struggle against violence, the legal system has not always been
responsive to the needs and interests of women.
Participants shared the following experiences of working with the legal system in
different countries.
In China, implementation of laws is a major problem, since the laws are often “emptily
worded”. A special sub-committee of the government’s Internal Affairs and Legislation
Committee frames all laws related to women and children, such as those involving
marriage, prostitution, trafficking, and the rights of women. The marriage law, which has
been revised, emphasizes gender equality and provides women more grounds for divorce.
However, implementation remains a major obstacle.
In India, despite the presence of laws that are pro-women, women still do not get justice
from the legal system. There is a need to lodge written complaints, and to make women
aware of the need to use specific words and terms to identify specific offenses. Related to
this is the need to devise a mechanism, such as a diary, that enables the survivor to
accurately recollect details of violent incidents in court.
In the Philippines, a new law has been passed against rape after a nine-year struggle to
change the earlier law, which included notions of chastity. However, there is little
knowledge of the provisions of this or other laws related to violence, such as a law
against sexual harassment that was passed three years back. There is a need to
disseminate such laws more widely to enable people to use them. A positive development
in the Philippines is the formation of a network of advocates, activists, researchers, and
friendly legislators, who review laws and lobby for reform. The network, which acts a
watchdog, is unique in that women themselves develop laws.
In Indonesia, violence against women is considered to be against ethics, and hence is
given a different implementation. Women’s organizations and lawyers find it difficult to
reform laws related to violence. There is also a need to reform customary laws, which
relate to indigenous tribes.
In this context, participants emphasized the need for a multi-pronged approach to legal
strategies, consisting of the following components:
• Legal reform
• Legal education and awareness
• Gender sensitization of police, lawyers and judges
• Legal enforcement
• Data collection and research
• Monitoring or watchdog groups
• Provision of direct services to help women get legal access
• Differential scales of payment for women’s access to legal services
• Ethical codes for lawyers and judges
13
ORGANIZING THE COMMUNITY
In many parts of the world, the struggle against violence has followed a certain trajectory.
The initial response is to provide direct services such as shelters, counselling, helplines
and crisis centres to women experiencing violence. As overwhelming numbers of women
swamp services, organizations inevitably feel the need to establish linkages with the law.
Training police officials leads on to sensitizing lawyers and judges. An insufficient legal
response typically leads to the understanding that laws alone will not solve the problem.
“You may have the most perfect law in the world, but in the end you need to draw on the
resources of the community,” said one participant.
Many activists now agree that community organization is an essential component of
efforts to stop violence against women. Lori Heise of the Centre for Health and Gender
Equity shared one approach of organizing the community to respond to violence. This
framework is presented below.
Objectives
1. Understand nature and
extent of problem
High resource, urban setting
•
•
2. Provide direct support
to women experiencing
abuse
3. Early identification of
abused women
Low resource, rural setting
Formal prevalence survey
Situation analysis
•
•
•
Community diagnostic
Community forum
Interviews with survivors,
providers, perpetrators
Women’s crisis centre
•
Support groups run by local
church or women’s groups
Trained community persons
•
•
Community awareness
campaigns
•
Systematic screening in
health-care centres
All-women police stations
4. Ensure safety of
violence survivors
•
•
Shelters/safe homes
Community patrols
•
•
•
Safety planning
Network of friends, relatives
Sanctuary churches etc
5. Create supportive
community attitudes
(intolerance of violence,
respecting women’s
choices, new visions of
masculinity)__________
6. Sanction behaviour of
aggressors
•
•
Media campaign
Workshops with men,
couples and adolescents
•
•
Street theatre
Poster campaign
•
•
•
•
Criminal prosecution
Protection order
Weekend detention
Anti-violence programmes
for men________________
Training for health workers,
policejudges, clergy etc
Co-ordinating council with
inter-institution agreements
Reform of professional
curricula for doctors,
lawyers, police etc
•
•
Community service
Public humiliation
•
Local co-ordinating
committee
Accompaniment strategy
Human rights
education/legal literacy
7. Improve institutional
response and co
ordination
•
•
•
•
14
•
•
Participants shared their experiences of organizing the community. Shramajibee Mahila
Samiti in India works with agricultural labourers in 150 villages. The organization creates
community awareness about violence through street theatre, village meetings, and
marches.
The salishe - a traditional system of local justice - is at the centre of the organization’s
strategy to address violence. This consists of a facilitated public hearing for the woman,
the man, and then the family, leading to a public discussion and debate. The facilitator is
a woman from the organization who tries to steer the argument in a pro-women direction.
The salishe is based on other community norms - feeling of community responsibility, a
tradition of public discussion and argument, feeling that the woman is not the other,
community concepts of privacy and individual rights.
The salishe consists of the following steps: public hearing; discussion and argument;
breaking tradition by introducing neutrality and new values; moulding public opinion;
providing legal background; shaming perpetrator; collective diagnosis of situation and
problem; facilitator finds mid-point; written agreement; forming local committee to
monitor situation for non-recunence; case follow-up. If the intervention through salishe
fails, the case is taken to court. Salishe is not used to address cases of rape and sexual
abuse, which are taken through the formal process of litigation.
The Women’s Union in Vietnam works in a small, impoverished municipal ward in Ho
Chi Minh City. Its strategy is to network with other mass organizations, and the
community, specially elders. A study has shown that 40% of the women who face
violence are very poor, while male alcoholism and gambling are a co-factor in 26% of
cases. The union addresses these underlying issues as well: poverty is addressed through
the initiation of credit schemes, while the collective force of women is used to deal with
alcoholism.
The union’s emphasis is on a family-centred reconciliation approach, where working very
closely with people means they do not feel the need to “raise noise” on these issues. The
union does not try to break the perception of violence as a private matter, but works with
this perception, by trying to address violence within the family.
Intra-familial communication is non-existent in families where there is violence - family
members do not even eat together. In many cases, the abused women and children group
together, while the husband or perpetrator is isolated - this creates triangles of separation
within the family. The union tries to promote communication within the family and get
the perpetrator to confront his problems. The benefit of this is that family privacy, as well
as the dignity of husband and wife is maintained, and a harmonious relationship is sought
to be created within the family. Only severe cases of violence, which are well beyond
reconciliation, are taken to court.
15
USING CULTURE AND RELIGION
Women’s rights advocates have rarely addressed issues of culture and religion while
organizing women around violence. However, culture and religion are societal building
blocks - they create, shape and influence the value systems that run through any society.
Each society contains cultural elements and ideologies that discriminate against women,
and in doing so, ultimately abet violence against women. But like every building block,
culture is not static; there are spaces within it which allow for change. Thus it is critical
for advocates of women’s rights to understand, address and negotiate around issues of
culture and religion while strategizing against violence.
Participant identified cultural ideologies in their societies that discriminate against
women and contribute to violence against women.
• In Vietnam, Confucian ideology divides society into superior and inferior. Men are
considered superior, women inferior, a division that promotes the patriarchal value
that men must protect women.
• In China, the culture sees women as untalented and incapable, and therefore
‘deserving’ of violence. There is a general belief that a woman is like a horse that a
man can ride and beat as much as he likes; thus battering is socially and culturally
acceptable.
• In Thailand, a belief in karma has translated into women being defined as people with
lower status; women are encouraged to marry to increase their status. Religion
encourages sons but proscribes daughters from becoming monks.
In several Asian countries, the sanctity of the family, which is prized over the individual,
and the cultural norm of “keeping peace in the family” has meant keeping silent about
issues of violence.
Given that culture and religion are inherently patriarchal forces, how can women’s rights
advocates find cultural spaces or re-interpret religions to the benefit of women? Equally
importantly, how can these avenues, once created, be sustained? Participants shared the
following issues and experiences in using culture and religion to liberate women:
• In Marxist countries like Vietnam and China, the new political value of ‘gender
equality’ can be used to challenge feudal notions of inequality. This political value
has translated into legal frameworks that can be strategically used. However, the old
emphasis on ‘family’ in feudal society has been replaced by an emphasis on ‘state’,
rather than on ‘individual’ in the new Communist value system.
• Women can be collectively mobilized to change religious norms. This has been
successful in India, when a group of women have demanded access into a mosque.
• In Indonesia, feminist groups are working to re-interpret the Koran.
• Advocates in several countries have built alliances with progressive religious leaders
and institutions and have utilized religious festivals and practices for this purpose.
• Studies show that societies with low rates of domestic and sexual violence include
protective factors such as: minimal differentiation between gender roles; strong
intervention in cases of violent behaviour; and roles for women outside the family
that are respected. There is a need to look at the cultural frameworks of such societies,
including indigenous communities, where there is little violence against women.
16
PUBLIC EDUCATION
Public education plays a critical role in preventing violence against women. But although
several organizations have attempted to create awareness through media and community
education, they face a number of common challenges. These include a denial and
rejection of the issue of violence against women; sensationalized media coverage; and the
ethics of news reporting, which has an impact on survivors of violence. Since men
dominate mainstream media, the media often projects a male point of view.
Participants shared their experiences of educating the public in different contexts. These
include using public media (radio, television, print), sensitizing media persons to gender,
organizing activities around events such as International Day of Violence Against
Women. Organizations also work to change gender stereotypes in textbooks.
Participants also discussed other ways of educating the public. These include: using
existing newspaper spaces such as ‘Letters to the Editor’, training journalists on how to
report cases of violence against women, disseminating research findings to media, and
using community-based mechanisms such as street drama, songs, theatre, and posters.
The need to use existing community structures (like labour unions) to create awareness
about violence was also emphasized. A key challenge is to make public education
programmes locally and culturally relevant.
While it is critical to promote the perspectives of women, it is also important to involve
men who advocate against violence on women. Some participants raised the issue of
educating men; the need to focus on men who could be potential offenders was
highlighted in this context.
Voices in 2001 - Breaking the Silence
Share your story, stop family violence
The National Family Violence Prevention Programme (NFVPP) in the Philippines was
launched in 1997 with a public education campaign called “Voices in 2001 - Breaking
the Silence Campaign.” This education campaign reaches 8 regions in the Philippines,
covering 19 provinces, 19 cities, 16 municipalities, 32 urban and 13 rural barangays.
The campaign is the social mobilization component of the NFVPP. People across the
country have been invited to send in their stories about family violence such as rape,
incest, battering, and forms of sexual, physical, emotional, psychological or economic
abuse - to finally break the silence. The stories will be treated with respect and
confidentiality.
Once they have been collected, thousands of these stories will be presented to
policymakers. “Why write your story?” asks a participant, who is involved in the
campaign. “We think these is power in our collective voices...We shall ask these
policymakers and people of influence to break their own silence and their voice to ours.
We want them to speak out against violence in the family; to provide resources to protect
and support us to promote legislation towards ending violence in the family.”
17
RESEARCH
Research has always played a critical tool in the struggle against violence, simply because
it has helped make the invisible visible. At the most basic level, research has helped
women’s rights advocates estimate the prevalence of violence in families, communities,
and societies. Qualitative research and case documentation has helped identify the
subtler aspects of abuse, and translate the coldness of numbers into the words, emotions
and realities of women’s voices. Campaigns based on such data have often been used to
push for legal reforms and to design effective interventions against violence.
The following issues are critical to consider when researching violence:
• Ethics: There is a need for researchers to make an ethical commitment to the issue of
researching violence. This would mean addressing issues of informed consent, and
the privacy, anonymity, safety and confidentiality of subjects. Mainstream researchers
need to involve women's organizations as active partners in the research process.
There is a difference between using organizations to get access to research subjects,
and engaging in a true partnership with groups where they are involved in helping to
set the research agenda as well as carrying it out. Related to this is the need to
understand the importance of feeding research findings back to the community.
•
Training: Researchers need to undergo specialized training on abuse and gender.
Researchers may themselves have faced abuse, so it is important to include time for
them to come to terms with their own experiences of abuse.
•
Methodology: There is a need to have a minimum sample size in a research study.
Doing interviews in pairs is one way to address issues of privacy - one researcher
interviews other family members, while the other interviews the subject. Participatory
exercises, including games, are good techniques to make subjects feel at ease, a
critical step in the research process.
•
Networking: Researchers often feel isolated in their work. In the Asian context, there
is a clear need to form a network where researchers can share methodologies,
experiences, and collectively evolve strategies.
At the regional level, participants highlighted the need to develop a mechanism for
sharing and exchanging information on the following areas: common issues; standards of
research; ethical issues; methodologies; findings; legal systems; health-care systems; and,
violence against women and sexuality.
Two organizations shared their experiences of researching violence in the Asian context.
Sakshi, a crisis centre in India, has worked on sexual abuse for more than 10 years. It is
currently researching the linkages between mental health and violence against women.
The study is being conducted with 1000 women in four areas. A preliminary analysis
shows that clinicians rarely ask women questions related to violence, there is often
misdiagnosis, and gender issues are rarely considered during treatment.
18
The Population Studies Centre in Indonesia has conducted research studies on various
aspects of violence since 1992. These include studies on sexual harassment in the
workplace, marital rape, domestic violence, media coverage of violence. The organization
now feels the need for national-level statistics and baseline data on the incidence of
violence against women. This research study is currently being designed. Findings will be
disseminated to policy makers and to women’s rights advocates.
NETWORKING AND BUILDING ALLIANCES
At some time or the other, organizations and individuals engaged in the struggle against
violence seek to build alliances with one another, both to strengthen the movement, to
increase the scope and reach of the movement, and to advocate the issue more effectively
at differing levels and among diverse constituencies.
The process of building and sustaining relationships inevitably raises a host of issues.
These include fundamental questions of the relationship between the women’s movement
and the larger community it seeks to represent. Who are we? Do we represent all women?
Other questions relate to issues of power in relationships. In a network, “who has the
net?” asked one participant. Participants agreed that building a network is a creative
process that requires effort, commitment, and support. Networks are only successful
when there is a common minimum agenda, a shared vision, and a sharing of resources.
Typically, problems arise because of the difficulty of sharing power in decision-making,
political differences, and disproportionate visibility of some network members. In
building a network, it is critical to recognize each organization’s skills and strengths, to
accept and address internal differences, and to explore issues of professionalism. “There
is a need to look within,” said one participant.
Negotiating power is a key issue for organizations attempting to build relationships with
government. It is important to work with the state both to challenge and redefine its
concepts, to hold it more accountable, to push for better laws, policies and programmes,
and to introduce concepts of empowerment within government. International conventions
such as CEDAW and documents emerging from international conferences are helpful in
working with governments: while the state can dismiss local organizations and
individuals working on specific issues, it cannot ignore international processes.
In an NGO-govemment relationship, who defines the relationship? The organization? Or
government? Who is the lead actor? There is a danger of the government setting the
standards for non-government organizations; related to this is the danger of NGOs
catering to the needs of government, rather than the needs of their own constituencies.
Relationships with government actors must also be forged against the backdrop of
continuous political changes and transfers, which poses its own set of challenges.
19
Participants shared experiences of building alliances with governments in different
political contexts. In Vietnam, for instance, where everything is run by central control,
organizations have no choice but to work with the government. However, after
discussions with social organizations, the government is formulating a law making it
compulsory for those working in ministries to have social work degrees.
In Thailand, the feminist movement has typically worked separately from government.
Five years back, organizations started working with government to increase
implementation of laws and to bring about a new constitution, which addresses violence
against women.
The Regional Meeting concluded with participants identifying follow-up action at the
regional level. These include:
• Information Exchange
A regional clearing-house, or a mechanism for an exchange of ideas, research and lessons
learned, would be useful. The mechanism should allow for information exchange on the
following: what has been done, case studies of community-based organizing on violence,
lessons learned from the National Family Violence Prevention Programme in the
Philippines and the One-Stop Crisis Centre, Malaysia. The clearing-house should also
provide information on training in counselling, and inter-regional capacity building.
• Joint Campaigns
Participants identified three possible areas for joint regional action:
-influencing governments and their regional bodies (such as ASEAN and SAARC) on
violence against women
-educating men
-accessing health services, including reproductive health services, in the context of the
economic crisis common to countries in the region.
20
Violence as a health and human
AGENDA
March 14-19, 1998
Jodhpur
rights issue
Saturday, March 14
Sunday, March 15
Monday, March 16
Tuesday, March 17
Wednesday, March 18
Thursday, March 19
Opening
Understanding
Violence Against
Women ^AW)
Violence as a health
and rights issue
Organising the
community around
VAW
Sharpening our strategies
Wrapping Up
Welcome
Conference objectives,
agenda: Bishakha Datta
Wrap up & feedback
Introduction
by participants
Defining Violence: A
collective exercise
Facilitator: Jasjit
Purewai, India
Locating VA W as a
health & rights issue:
Lori Heise, Centre for
Health & Gender
Equity, USA
Culture & Religion: Panel
Discussion
Facilitator: Kalpana
Kannibaran, India
Panelists:
• Le Thi Quy, Vietnam
• Chen Mingxia, China
• Triningtyasasih,
Indonesia
• Orawan Sriphim,
Thailand
Introduction to host
organisation Stree
Aadhar Kendra:
Neelam Gorhe and
Sulochana Harshe
Mapping violence: A
group exercise by
country
Facilitator: Jasjit
Purewai, India
Combatting violence:
Models of Intervention
Facilitator: Joan
Kaufman, Ford
Foundation
Presentations:
• Raquel Tiglao,
Philippines
• Surang Janyam,
Thailand
• Anne Marie Wattie,
Indonesia
Discussion
Wrap up & feedback
Community based
organising
Facilitator: Galuh
Case Study: One Stop Wandita, Indonesia
Crisis Centre, Hospital Presentations:
Kuala Lumpur:
• Anuradha Talwar,
India
Dr. Abu Hassan
• Nguyen Thi Thu
Abdullah, Malaysia
Ha, Vietnam
4 Aspects of Violence
• Lyda Canson,
as a health & human
Philippines
rights issue:
Facilitator: Bishakha
Small Group
Datta
Discussions
Presentations:
and Report back
• Purita Sanchez,
Philippines
Other Pending matters
• Amar Jesani, India
• Jasjit Purewai
Sightseeing
India
• Galuh Wandita
Indonesia
Small Group
Discussions
Recap of conference:
Mallika Dutt, Ford
Foundation
Human Rights
Framework: Mallika
Dutt, Ford
Foundation
Networking and
Building Alliances:
Neelam Gorhe, India
Discussion
Public Education and
Awareness
Facilitator: Purita Sanchez,
Philippines
Presentations:
• Supawadee Petrat, Thai.
• Lynn Madalang, Phil.
• Chen Yiyun, China
Small Group Discussions
Country
Recommendations
forfollow-ups at
regional level
Facilitator: Galuh
Wandita, Indonesia
Evaluation
Parallel Group Discussions
Legal Strategies: Nur, Indoru
Research: Anna M, Indon.
Direct Services: Raquel, Phil.
Conference Wrap up
-I'Ve)
21
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PARTICIPANTS
CHINA
Ms. Joan Kaufman
Program Officer, Reproductive Health
The Ford Foundations
Suite 501, International Club Office
Building
21 Jianguomenwai Dajie
Beijing 100020, China
Ph: (86-10) 6532 6668
Fax: (86-10) 6532 5495
email: J. Kaufman @fordfound.org
Ms. Chen Mingxia
Institute of Law
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
J Jianguommnei Dajie
Beijing 100732, China
Ph : work (86-10) 6405 4242
home (86-10) 6841 2187
Fax : (86-10) 6401 4045
Ms. Wang Xingjuan
Beijing Red Maple Counselling Centre
127 Di’anmendong Dajie
Beijing 100009, China
Ph: work (86-10) 6403 3881
Fax: (86-10) 6512 1748
E-mail: maple@public.fhnet.cn.net
Ms. Chen Yiyun
Institute of Sociology
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
5 Jianguomennei Dajie
Beijing 100732, China
Ph : work (86-10) 6524 1030
home (86-10) 6522 7688
Fax : (86-10) 6527 6209
Email: chenyy@hns.cjfh.ac.cn
Ms. Ge Youli
UNDP
2 Lianmahe Nanlu
Beijing 100600, China
Ph: work (86-10) 6532 3731
Fax: (86-10) 6532 2567
E-mail: gyl@public.un.org.cn
INDIA
Ms. Renuka Agarwala
Secretary, Reproductive Health
The Ford Foundation
55, Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110 003, India
Ms. Bishakha Datta
Point of View
2 New Pushpa Milan
Worli Hills
Mumbai 400 018
Maharashtra, India
Ph : (91-22)493 4478,411 3512
Fax/Ph : (91-22) 493 4560
Email:datta@bom3.vsnl.net.in
Ms. Shreya Dave
Program Assistant, Reproductive
Health
The Ford Foundation’55, Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110 003, India
Ph : (91-11)461 9441
Fax : (91-11)462 7147
Email: S. Dave@fordfound.org
Ms. Mallika Dutt
Program Officer, Rights and Social
Justice
The Ford Foundation
55, Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110 003, India
Ph: (91-11)461 9441
Fax: (91-11)462 7147
email: M.Dutt@fordfound.org
Dr. Neelam Gorhe
Stree Aadhar Kendra
2 Chandrasheel Apartment
1202/15 Ghole Road, Near Hotel Surya
Pune 411 004
Maharashtra, India
Ph: (91-212) 321017; 376135
Fax : (91-212)352172
Ms. Sulochana Harshe
Stree Adhare Kendra
2 Chandrasheel Apartment
1202/15 Ghole Road, Near Hotel Surya
Pune 411 004
Maharashtra, India
Ph : (91-212)321017
Fax : (91-212)352172
Dr. Amar Jesani
CEHAT
519 Prabhu Darshan
31 SS Nagar
Amboli, Andheri West
Bombay 400 058, India
Ph: (91-22) 625 0363
Fax : (91-22) 620 9203
E-mail: amar@cehat.ilbom.emet.in
22
Ms. Kalpana Kannabiran
ASMITA Resource Centre for Women
House no 45, Road no 2
West Marredpalli
Secunderabad 500 026
Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Michael Koening
Program Officer, Reproductive Health
The Ford Foundation
55, Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110 003, India
Ph: (91-11)461 9441
Fax : (91-11)462 7147
email: M.Koenig@fordfound.org
Ms. Geetanjali Misra
Program Officer, Reproductive Health
The Ford Foundation
55, Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110 003, India
Ph: (91-11)461 9441
Fax: (91-11)462 7147
email: G.Misra@fordfound.org
Ms. Renuka Motihar
Independent Counsltant
17A/15 W.E.A.
Off Pusa Road
New Delhi 110 005, India
Ph: (91-11)572 7262
Fax: (91-11) 576 5283; 5785283
Email: renukam@del2.vsnl.net.in
Ms. Jasjit Purewal
SAKSHI
B-67 South Extension Part 1, First
floor
New Delhi 110 049, India
Ph: work (91-11)462 3295
home (91-11)617 9485
Ph/fax: (91-11)464 3946
Email: jasjit@sakshi.unv.emet.in
Ms. Anuradha Talwar
Shramajibee Mahila Samiti
C/o. Jana Sanghati Kendra
324 Basunagar, Madhyamgram
24 Parganas North 7423275
West Bengal, India
Ph : (91-33)538 4779
Fax : (91-33) 552 3162; 538 4779
INDONESIA
Ms. Nursyahbani Katjasungkana
Indonesian Women’s Association for
Justice
JI. Radar AURI No. D-5/4
Cimanggis 16952, Indonesia
Ph: work (62-21) 872 5383
home (62-21)871 5778
Fax: (62-21) 872 6343
Email: apiknet@nusa.or.id
Ms. Rita Serena Kolibonso
Yayasan Penghapusan Kekerasan
terhadap Perempuan
(Foundation for the Elimination of
Violence Against Women)
JI. Tebet Barat Dalam I-i No. 29
Jakarta Selatan 12810, Indonesia
Ph/fax: (62-21) 829 8421
Ms. Galuh Wandita Soedjatmoko
Consultant
Oxfam Australia, JI Monginsidi II No 7
Walikota
Kupang, NTT 85227, Indonesia
Ph/fax : (62-380) 26712
Email: gws@kupang.wasantara.net.id
Ms. Triningtyasasih
Rifka Annisa Women’s Crisis Centre
JI. Kenari No. 10
Demangan
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Ph: (62-274) 518 720
Fax: (62-274) 566 171
Email: Rifka@yogya.wasantara.net. id
Dr. Vikri bin Dato’Zainal Abidin
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
50586 Jalan Pahang
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ph: (603) 290 5016
Fax: (603) 291 5230
Dr. Mohd Alwi bin Abd Rahman
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
50586 Jalan Pahang
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ph: (603) 290 5016
Fax: (603) 291 5230
PHILIPPINES
Ms. Lyda Canson
Executive Director
Development of People’s Foundation
Bathaluman Crisis Centre
Kilometre 5
Bajada
Davao City, Philippines
Ph/Fax : (63-82) 227 7714
Dr. Nikki Jones
Program Office
Human Development and
Reproductive Health
The Ford Foundation
3E Corinthian Plaza
121 Paseo de Roxas
Makati City 1226, Philippines
Ph : (63-2) 892 8311
Fax: (63-2) 811 3109
Email: N. Jones@fordfound.org
Ms. Anna Marie Wattie
Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Bulaksumur G-7
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Ph : (62-274) 563 079
Fax : (62-274) 582 230
Emai 1: psc-gmu@yogya.wasantara.net. id
Ms. Lynn Madalang
Executive Director
Cordillera Task Force on Violence
Against Women
362 EDNCP Bldg.
Magsaysay Ave.
Baguio City, Philippines
MALAYSIA
Ph : (63-74) 443 7328
Fax : (63-74) 442 2432
Email: cmjw@bgo.cyberspace.com.ph
Dr. Abu Hassan Asaari bin Abdullah
Consultant Traumatologist and
Head of Emergency Dept
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
50586 Jalan Pahang
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ph: (603) 290 5016
Fax : (603)291 5230
Email: ahasaari@tm.net. my
Ms. Purita “Babes” Sanchez
Project Corrdinator
Kauswagan Community Social Centre
Talamban
Cebu City, Philippines
Ph/Fax : (63-32) 84550
E-mail: mysan@mozcom.com
23
Ms. Raquel Edralin Tiglao
Executive Director
Women’s Crisis Centre
7th floor, Medical Centre
East Avenue
Quezon City, Philippines
Ph : work (63-2) 926 7744
home (63-2) 724 0942
Fax: (63-2) 924 9315
Email: wccphil@pworld.net.ph
THAILAND
Ms. Surang Janyam
EMPOWER Foundation
EMPOWER Concrete House, 2nd
Floor
57/60 Tivanondh Rd
Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Ph: (662) 526-8311
Fax : (662) 526-3294 ; 236 9272
Email: empower@mozart.inet.co.th
EMPOWER Foundation
Building 3
Soi Patlong
Surawong Road
Bangruk
Bangkok 10500, Thailand
Ms. Supawadee Petrat
Director
Women’s Right Protection Centre
Friends of Women Foundation
386/61-62 Soi Chalermsuk
Raschadaphisek Road
Chatuchak
Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Ph : (62) 513 1001
Fax : (662) 513 1929
Email: fow@mozart.inet.co.th
Ms Orrawan Sriphim
Gender and Development Research
Institute
The Association for the Promotion of
the Status of Women
501/1 Moo 3,
Dechatungka Road
Don Muang 10210, Thailand
Ph : (662) 929 2087 to 89; 5663481
Fax : (662) 929 2090
Email: suteera@sala.net
Ms. Wanna Thongsima
Women’s Studies Centre
Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Ph : (6653) 943-572 or 943-573
Fax:(6653)219-245
Email: virada@cmu.chiangmai.ac.th
USA
Ms. Le Thi Quy
Centre for Family and Women’s
Studies
Add. 6 Dinh Cong Trang St
Hanoi, Vietnam
Ph : (844) 934 2216
home (844) 754 0004
work (844) 826 3088
Fax : (844) 933 2890
Email: LIQUY@IVETNAM.ORG.VN
Ms. Lori Heise
Centre for Health and Gender Equity
(formally Health and Development
Policy Project)
6930 Carroll Ave.
Suite 430 Takoma Park
Maryland 20912, USA
Ph; (301) 270 1182
Fax: (301) 270 2052
Email: lheise@igc.apc.org
VIETNAM
Ms. Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
Women’s Studies Department
HCM Open University
97 Vo Van tan
District 3
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Ph : (848) 832 3006
Fax : (848) 932 0086
Email: Phunuhoc@bdvn.vnmail.vnd.net
Ms. Le Thi Phuong Mai
Program Officer, The Population
Council
37A Van Mieu
Hanoi, Vietnam
Ph : (844) 733 0577
Fax : (84) 733 0588
Email: PCHanoi@netnam.org. vn
Ms. Nguyen Thi Minh Phuoc
Social Work Consultant
50/5c Huong Lo 70
Ap Chanh, Xa Tan Xuan
Hoc Mon
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Ph/fax : (848) 891 5035
24
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