Strengthening Civil Society: Contribution of Support Organizations in South Asia
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- Title
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Strengthening Civil Society:
Contribution of Support Organizations
in South Asia
- extracted text
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Contributions
of Support
Organizations
in South Asia
Strengthening Civil Society:
Contribution of Support Organizations
in South Asia
Year of Publication April 1995
Material can be used with proper acknowledgement
Published by
Society for Participatory Research in Asia
42, Tughlakabad Institutional Area New Delhi-110 062
Phones :6989559, 6981908 Fax : 011-6980183
CONTCNTS
Section - I
Historical Context
5
Section - II
Support Organizations In South Hsia
9
Section - III
Major Contributions Of Support
Organizations
23
Section -IV
Future Challenges
27
05075
Strengthening Civil Society: Contribution
of Support Organizations in South Asia
PR€FAC€
This report marks the culmination of a five year period of collaboration
between PRlfi and IDA to strengthen NGO support organizations concerned
with providing information, technical advice, training, and organizational
capacity-building assistance to the NGO sector. This Program began with a
conference that brought together support organizations from the Asia region
in New Delhi in March 1990 and then offered a workshop on organizational
strategy and capacity-building for support organizations in December 1990.
In response to feedback from participants, the Program then emphasized
work with support organizations in specific countries to develop national
strategies and capacities for sector development. In India, for example,work
centered on PRIR's successful effort to create a national network of regional
support organizations that could expand initial support activities to a wider
range of regions and languages. In Bangladesh, IDR and PRIR worked closely
with the Participatory Rural Initiatives Program (PRIP/PRCT) which sought to
develop human and organizational resources to strengthen small NGOs, local
support organizations, and NGO networks and forums. That program of
activities is producing materials for assessing NGO effectiveness and programs
for training NGO consultants in participatory organizational diagnosis and
development. In Sri Lanka and Nepal, PRlfi worked closely with local support
organizations to develop a participatory needs analysis process to develop a
shared diagnosis of sector needs, and then worked with relevant partners to
develop training programs and educational activities to meet those needs.
In Pakistan, PRlfi worked with local support organizations to make materials
available and to adapt programs to fit the Pakistani context so that a few
dynamic new support organizations could have widespread impact in a short
time. The organizations involved in these national.initiatives made up the
bulk of the participants in the 1994 Kathmandu Conference on Support
Organizations.
During May 10-12, 1994, a conference in Kathmandu, Nepal brought
together leaders of NGO support organizations from South Asian countries to
review their activities of the last several years and to consider the future
plans and capacity-building needs of support organizations in their countries.
This conference was designed to build on the deliberations of NGO support
organizations that attended the 1990 Conference on Support Organizations
1
in New Delhi, os reported in “Strengthening the Gross-roots: The Nature and
Role of Support Organizations" (IDR/PRIA, October 1990).
The 1 994 Conference brought together more than twenty organizations
from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Some of these
organizations participated in the 1990 Conference; others had emerged as
support organizations in the interim period. The 1 994 Conference was focused
on South Asian countries In large part because NGO communities In those
countries had been particularly Interested In strengthening support
organization activities during the past four years.
While many of the organizations participating In the 1990 Conference
offered support services as a supplement to their primary tasks of providing
services to grass-roots populations, the 1994 participants were virtually all
organizations dedicated primarily as providing support to NGOs and grass
root organizations. LUe were quite impressed with how much the "support
organization" concept had become a living reality in South Asian countries,
especially in areas where little or no such support was available four years
earlier, such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. In each of those countries,
participants suggested that emerging support organizations were playing
important roles in the rapid development of NGO communities.
UUe noticed some important differences in the thrust of support
organizations of South Asia during this Conference, in comparison to 1 990. In
some important ways, these differences represent the growing maturity and
impact of Support Organizations (SO) over these years.
For example, SO participants in 1 990 were concerned about articulating
their own strategies and developing capacity-building programs that would
establish their bona fides with potential NGO clients. By 1994 the participants
were concerned with meeting expanding demands for more diverse and
advanced services from an expanding population of NGOs. The relevance of
support organizations to NGO communities was no longer an issue.
In terms of relations with government agencies, in 1 990, policy analysis
and advocacy were seen as a critically important capacity. By 1994 the
participating organizations were conceiving their needs in less adversarial
terms, such as skills for cross-sectoral relations and dialogues. They were
also concerned with a wider range of external constituents : competitors and
donors as well os government actors and other support organizations.
A third shift in emphasis has been an increasing concern with support
2
organizations' capacities to innovate, to build new perspectives on complex
issues, to develop advanced competencies in key areas, and to take advantage
of stoge-of-the-art" technologies (such as new Information technologies). This
concern with advancing knowledge and practice in the NGO sector is very
consistent with the emerging roles of support organizations as key players in
the evolution of the voluntary development sector - a role that was less
articulated or understood as a possibility four years ago.
In.short, the Kathmandu conference suggested that the role of support
organizations - newly emerging In 1990 - has broadened and deepened In
the last four years. The participants in this conference were more clearly
focused on support organizations programs and problems, more balanced and
thoughtful about the roles of their and other sectors, and more sophisticated
about future possibilities for catalytic action by NGOs and other institutions
of civil society. Many of the participants in the 1990 Conference had used
the ideas and opportunities presented at that Conference to take bold
initiatives in their own national contexts. We were impressed with the
possibilities for similar initiatives that might grow out of this meeting as
well.
In the next several years, we expect this program to expand in several
ways. IDR and PRIR expect to provide continuing support to many of these
support organizations as they develop the programs and expand their activities
to include new programs and NGO groups. We have also begun to work with
support organizations in other regions, such as Eastern Curope and Southern
Africa, where the lessons learned In Asia may have relevance to newly emerging
NGO communities. It has also become clear with the rise of International
networks like €1 Taller and CIVICUS that there are large potentials for Joint
learning and mutual strengthening in contacts among support organizations
across national and regional boundaries. UJe have begun to develop with
colleague support organizations from many regions ideas about how more
sharing can be accomplished across these boundaries.
This report presents a detailed account of the context of Kathmandu
Conference, the evolution of SOs in different countries of South Asia and the
emerging challenges for SOs in the coming period. UUe hope that the Report
can stimulate other Support Organizations to link up with this process in South
Asia in order to address issues globally.
UJe are grateful to Ford Foundation, PRIP/PACT, World education, SAP,
Sri Lanka, ASPBAC and many others who have actively supported this Conference
and the Program over the past five years. Special thanks are due to Ms.
3
Moria Lourdes Filmazan-Khan in assisting in the planning, conducting ond
documenting this Conference; Ms. Carmen Madrinan Rtwood for her assistance
in drafting the report of the workshop.
I Dave Brown
President:
Institute for Development Research
Boston
U.S.Fl.
January 1 995
4
Rajesh Tandori
Executive Director
Society for Participatory
Research In Hsia (PRIR)
New Delhi
INDIR.
Section - I
Historical Context
The development of Voluntary Development Organizations and NGO
movements throughout the Rsia-Pacific region is deeply embedded in the
particular historical developments of each of their nations. They do, however,
share common visions of social change with other popular movements outside
their borders as they are often linked by similar philosophical and Ideological
threads.
Critical of development strategies which are based on unlimited growth
models and which discount long term social and environmental consequences,
popular voluntary movements share the common mission of building a more
equitable society through alternative strategies. The political space within
which these movements function contributes to their unique character and
their form, scope and direction. This has given great diversity and vigour to
the voluntary sectors of the Rsia-Pacific region.
Testimony to the viability and relevance of these organizations is found
in the degree in which they have grown and flourished. Over the last five
years their operations have become more complex: many have federated into
larger formations, and quite a few have expanded their scope from village
concerns to provincial, even national levels. Many have taken on more
specialized functions in technology development, natural resource
management, alternative finance and trading, disaster-preparedness and
management, among others. They engage in policy research and seek broad
based consensus on alternative development policies and paradigms. They
have become active contenders in the development debate and a significant
force in the economic, political and social arenas.
This movement of popular initiatives has found various expressions and
institutional formations. One which emerged in the mid-80's was the
support organization.
Support Organizations (SOs) historically have shared, the same roots
and motivations that inspire other types of NGOs. They have, however,
evolved into institutions whose myriad functions are primarily aimed at
assisting and solidifying the initiatives of grassroots groups and their
constituencies. Their work has focused on training, research, documentation,
advocacy, networking, and in some cases, funding.
5
Identified with grass-roots groups and sharing with them a search for
alternative strategies for more equitable participation and distribution of
resources for the poor and marginalised, Support Organization linkages and
initiatives have focused on building the professional capacity of individual
NGOs and on creating inter-organizational collaboration for more effective
action.
fit the outset, support organizations were viewed with suspicion and
cynicism. Some felt such organizations were too removed from direct work
with the people. Others believed they would abuse opportunities to represent
local groups and play advocacy roles. The support organizations themselves
faced uncertainty and confusion regarding their nature, role and relations
with other development actors. There were no precedents for this type of
NGO function and much of the conceptualization of their role and scope of
work was painstakingly formulated through a series of participatory discussions
that required considerable time.
These consultations helped crystallize wider appreciation on the mission
and role of support organizations. They helped to reassert the link of support
organizations with the broad popular movement of NGOs, people's
organizations, individuals and groups engaged In defining visions of an
alternative society and global community; they helped to place the work and
identity of support organizations firmly alongside other popular movements
in a partnership relationship; they helped to focus support organizations on
strengthening the over-all capacities of development NGOs and people's
organizations.
lastly, they assisted in Identifying the critical support functions as:
information-sharing and dissemination; documentation; research and
evaluation; technical assistance; training and human resource development;
organizational capacity-building;networklng among NGOs; linkages to donors
and government agencies; and policy advocacy and influence.
It is interesting to revisit the definition of Support Organizations
generated in 1 990:
"These ore the organizations which do not necessarily work at the
grass-roots level alone, directly with the poor and marginalised. These
organizations support other grass-roots NGOs in a variety of ways
through research, training, documentation, advocacy, networking, and
so on. Support organizations are part of the broader movement of
6
voluntary development NGOs in a given context, country or region;
they have a world-view of their own; they have a vision of a new
society and they share some of the philosophical and ideological
underpinnings which guide the voluntary development NGO movement
in many of our countries and the region. They are inspired by a
vision of social change and it is within this vision that they see a
role for support functions. Therefore, the manner in which they carry
out the support function, the relationships they build with the
recipients of that support is consistent with this broader framework
and vision of social change and its philosophical underpinnings. Thus
support organizations are not mere service-providers; they are
partners in the broader movement of social change. They have
philosophical principles and futuristic aspirations similar to those to
whom they provide this support. This does not mean that support
organizations do not offer competent services. They are meant to
provide certain types of support services on a professional and
competent basis. This professlonalisation of the support function
need not necessarily Imply commercialisation of their perspective and
approach. This distinction is critical in understanding the nature of
support organizations that are being discussed In this report."
(Strengthening the Grass-roots; Nature and Role of Support
Organizations. PRIR/IDR 1990).
UJe hove said that the "political space" of each nation profoundly affects
the evolution of the NGO sector and its support organizations. Vet even
when political space is restricted, groups of the civil society are utilizing
opportunities to forge alliances of peoples groups which can Join in the building
of an alternative society. The role of support organizations in providing needed
inputs to these NGOs and peoples organizations and in assisting in the
creation of horizontal linkages among them has been firmly articulated and
legitimized over the last several years. Rs they amplify their position in "the
middle", support organizations face new issues and challenges.
7
Section - II
SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS IN SOUTH ASIA
Participants in the conference made detailed presentations of their context
and work. These presentations revealed the vigour of voluntary sector in the
region, their expanding role in their societies, and the important place that
support organizations occupy.
Pakistan
The tradition of individual social work in Pakistan goes back to figures
such as Sattar Gdhi and Miskin Jahan Khan Khoso. Its organizational form,
however, is of more recent origin. Having evolved from Rnjuman forms of social
welfare which provided immediate assistance to the needy in the form of
medicines or books, NGOs today remain primarily welfare-oriented.
The availability of donor assistance for groups and institutions outside
the traditional partners or aid agencies (i.e., government institutions or
bodies) led to the rapid proliferation of NGOs. UJithin a relatively short period
of time, their numbers grew so that today it is estimated that there is one
NGO for every 5,000 persons in Pakistan.
Most Pakistani NGOs continue to pursue welfare-oriented activities.
They operate with few professional skills and competencies and often lack
the organizational and human resources to address more complex development
problems. More than half of the NGOs in the country work at the community
level and seventy one percent of all NGOs are urban-based. Only twenty
eight percent work on a district level, and a mere five percent are working on
development issues at the national level.
fit the community level most NGOs have functioned as project
implementors. Due to their limited experience and poor institutional support,
these organizations have not always been able to effectively plan and carry
out their programs. Reflection on the accumulated experience of NGOs has
led some organizations to identify capacity building for NGOs and building
9
linkages among community-based groups as key priorities for the future.
Recognition that providing NGOs with financial and material resources is
insufficient to establish them as effective and sustainable players in the social
arena has inspired the creation of support organizations in Pakistan.
NGO Resource Centre of the Rgci Hhan foundation (NRD-AKF) : mas established
in 1990 to provide support to NGO's in Pakistan. Their key strategies include
information dissemination, liaising and networking; partnership through dialogue
and policy research, and advocacy, They provide assistance through training and
other capacity-enhancing activities, based on the needs and requirements of their
partners. The NRD/RKF works with 18 partner NGOs in Karachi, and is currently
expanding to include community-based NGOs in rural areas.
The Centre actively liases with government, and advises specially on
policies directly affecting NGO development and promotion. They undertake
policy research and advocacy on key issues in Pakistan and disseminate their
information to community based groups and NGOs.
Strengthening Participatory Organizations (SPO) : in its early years, functioned
as an intermediary NGO for a bilateral aid - assisted government infrastructure
programme in rural areas of the country, like a number of NGOs in Pakistan,
SPO was created to channel financial and material support to villages and
communities. Three years into the programme, SPO realised that the provision
of resources to communities and their groups cannot be sustained without
complementary capacity-enhancing mechanisms that would enable the
community themselves to manage, control, maintain and develop these
resources. SPO thus refined its strategy to focus on the training of its partner
CBOs, especially in the areas of project management, financial management,
human resource management, and gender sensitization. SPOs deliberate policy
of mobilizing and training women has resulted in the formation of the first
community-based women's organization in Sindh.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh is home to a large number of NGOs. Within this NGO
network there exists tremendous variety in function and purpose. The NGOs
in Bangladesh may be divided into welfare-oriented NGOs, community-based
organizations (CBOs), and development-oriented groups or private voluntary
10
development Organizations (PVDOs). The former would be inclined towards
service-delivery and material/resource support to communities; the latter,
towards social mobilization, awareness-raising and local advocacies. Another
distinction may be drawn between foreign-funded and locally-funded NGOs.
Some sections of the NGO community in Bangladesh reject funds from foreign
donor agencies as inconsistent with their philosophical persuasions or as
threats to their independence. Inspite of this, the number of foreign-funded
NGOs in Bangladesh has risen from 400 to 800 In recent years. Many of
those which are locally-funded are religious-based (Islamic), such as the
assistance to the Rohinga refugees from Burma.
There are approximately 10 large, 60 medium and 700 small NGOs in
Bangladesh. Rmong the big NGOs are BRRC, PROSHIKA, Grameen Bank and
CARB. Tension between the large and small NGOs has grown over the last
few years. Big NGOs have grown larger, capturing more donor funding. Smaller
NGOs as a result have become more marginalised. Dependency on donor
funding has grown and again smaller NGOs have- found themselves at a
disadvantage vis a vis bigger NGOs who are better positioned and equipped
to gain diversified funding or self-financing and sustainability.
NGOs operate throughout Bangladesh, now covering areas previously
outside the reach of voluntary organizations. After the 1991 cyclone, for
instance, NGOs began working in the South-east region of the country where
NGO presence was previously sparse. New NGOs have also emerged and
many more have become women-led. UUith the growth and development of
indigenous NGOs, many international NGOs operating in Bangladesh have
shifted roles from implementing programs to providing support functions.
Previously disparate or loosely-connected,NGOs In Bangladesh today
participate in systematic networks. Several issue-based NGO networks have
emerged, such as the NGOs involved in the Bangladesh Flood Action Plan,
those involved in education and literacy, or those working on regenerative
agriculture, aquaculture and credit. It is now possible to speak of distinct
NGO movements in the country, conscious of their collective character and
potential.
Restrictive government measures mounted in 1 992 and growing threats
of fundamentalist attack have made NGOs more conscious of the need for
public education about their work. These changes also emphasize the
importance of promoting dialogue with other significant sections of
Bangladeshi society, such as, business, government, political parties,
parliamentarians, and the media. NGOs have come to realize that to survive
11
and thrive, they need to educate different segments of the society about
their work and build multiple support for their operations. NGO linkage
building and networking is aimed at exploring possibilities for collaborative
work and mutual support.
Participatory Rural Initiatives Programme (PRIP) : is a support organization
created in cooperation with PACT. PRIP provides various forms of assistance
to NGOs in Bangladesh in order to enhance the effectiveness of PVOs at the
grass-roots. PRIP conducts trainings on leadership and group formation, and
on participatory methodologies of research, training and evaluation.
Complementing their training, PRIP offers o facility for small grants directed at
funding projects for 'experience-building' or learning by application.
PRIP promotes the Interaction and collaboration of similarly motivated
NGOs. They assist In the formation of NGO networks and provide secretariat
support to these networks. It specially supports RDRB, the apex body of various
NGOs In Bangladesh. Finally, PRIP actively promotes NGO relations with
Government, business and other sections of civil society. Recently, PRIP
facilitated a dialogue between a group of NGOs and representatives of the
business community for an initial attempt at acquaintance, trust building and
exploratory discussions on future avenues of cooperation.
Campaign for Popular education (CAMP€) : was one of the first efforts at
NGO networking In response to the call for Total eradication of Illiteracy In
Bangladesh. It was an attempt among NGOs to revive the spirit of volunteerism
In addressing the problem of Illiteracy In the country when government-initiated
efforts in building a literacy movement failed.
CAMPB offers training support to NGOs and assists In curriculum and
materials development, documentation and information dissemination on
literacy. They provide financial support to strengthen local grassroots
initiatives.
CRMPC coordinates with donors, government agencies and the media
to facilitate literacy campaigns. They have sponsored journalist forums in
different parts of the country, bringing together NGOs and media personalities
from different regional newspapers. Issues regarding the role of the media,
its potential in the campaign to eradicate illiteracy and its capacity to promote
non-formal education, are discussed in these fora. Through sustained
coordination with various development actors in the country, CAMP? has
successfully promoted an integrated approach to literacy.
12
CRMP€ also conducts policy research and actively influences policy
makers in the areas of adult and nonformal education and literacy. They played
a key role in the formulation of the governments' Continuing education Strategy.
CRMPC has membership in the Nonformal education Committees of the
government of Bangladesh and of the UJorld Bank.
Forum for Regenerative Rgriculture Movement (FORRM) find Bangladesh Rural
Reconstruction Association (BARRA) : FORRM/BRRRR is an NGO network of
groups promoting the development and practice of sustainable agriculture
through research, training and exchange. They work with a diverse set of
groups- big NGOs and small NGOs, community based groups and government
agencies. They train project managers, community women and key NGO staff
on regenerative agriculture techniques. Their programs combine training,
research and demonstration. They have 381 demonstration sites at the farm
level in 31 9 villages throughout the various districts of Bangladesh. In addition
they compile and document technical information on regenerative agriculture
and in particular have given attention to studying indigenous agricultural
practices and knowledge. Through their newsletter they disseminate technical
information and encourage sharing of practical experiential learning. R library
and related support services facilitates research and access to a wide network
of regional and international resources in this area.
Aquaculture And Fisheries Forum In Bangladesh (AFFB) : The RFFB brings
together NGOs in Bangladesh involved in aquaculture promotion or the
development of coastal communities. They sponsor training programmes among
their members, conduct research, pilot alternative techniques, and provide
technical support and assistance to their affiliates. R special concern of the
network has to do with identifying possibilities for maximizing NGO resources
to generate income and reduce their dependency on donors.
The RFFB conducts study tours and exchange visits to allow for collective
sharing and validation of new technologies and emerging strategies. Regular
meetings among the network's member organizations are convened to provide
opportunities for discussions on relevant social and technical issues.
The RFFB maintains decentralized, regionalised operations. They
encourage the setting up of regional coalitions to address the concerns and
issues peculiar to these areas. This allows for a greater reach of the network
and more involvement of groups outside the centre (Dhaka).
UJomen's Development Forum (UJDF) : designs and promotes training and
capacity enhancing methodologies which enhance the sensitivity and
13
responsiveness of organizations to women's special needs and realities. They
work with women's organizations at the grassroots, implementing
organizational development, group formation and leadership training. Over
the years, they have convened leaders of various women's organizations for
joint action on identified issues.
They also seek to popularize and mainstream discussions on women's
issues and problems. They have conducted gender focused discussions with
various NGOs, political parties, government agencies and donors to bring
more attention to the issues facing women in Bangladesh. WDF has recently
produced a conceptual paper on women and self-governance underscoring the
profound contributions of women in the development of their communities and
the need to ensure their genuine and direct participation in policy making.
provides legal education and
assistance specially in the areas of women's rights and the rights of minors.
They have campaigned actively against sexual trafficking, revisions in divorce
laws of Bangladesh (i.e. to allow women to initiate divorce against their
husbands), changes in dowry laws, and for the promulgation of laws protecting
minors from child marriages.
Institute For Law And Development (ILD) :
Bangladesh Development Partnership Center (BDPC) : is devoted to disaster
related training and networking. It trains personnel of all levels for disaster
management. Emphasis of research and technical training is evenly directed
towards prevention, preparedness and response to disaster. They network
extensively with other groups in the region and internationally who are involved
in disaster training and management. Some of their partners include the Asian
Disaster Preparedness Center, The Citizens Disaster Resource Group, PACTXPRIP
as well as UN agencies, UNICCF/UNDP.
Nepal
Before the ’Democratic Revolution' of 1 990, NGO activity in Nepal was
tightly controlled by government through its Social Welfare Council. NGO
activity and other popular initiatives were not encouraged and the registration
of local NGOs was highly restricted. Civic work or grass-roots development
initiatives were largely facilitated through international aid agencies and
14
NGOs who functioned os implementing agencies of development projects and
programs, even at the village level. Action Aid, PACT, SAP, SNV mere started in
Nepal as project implementors in the absence of viable local partner
organizations.
LUith the 'freedom of association' enshrined in Nepal’s new Constitution,
NGOs and CBOs proliferated. To date, there are about 4,000 registered NGOs
operating throughout the country. Some have been initiated by the
government, or donor agencies, others by individuals, groups, or families.
'Freedom' in Nepal has created 'political space’ for the voluntary sector and a
tremendous increase in the number of NGOs.
Many of the nem groups that have come into existence lack experience
in running programs and managing the resources nom available to them. Due
to their limited capacity for program planning and development they have
been unable to articulate appropriate strategies and approaches for their
communities. The adoption of top-domn development models or donor-driven
programs has masted resources and produced fem results. Some NGOs have
expanded far too rapidly, coaxed by the euphoria of ’democratic space’ and
the availability of donor assistance.
In this nem context, international NGOs have started moving amay from
an implementing function to a support function. Thus support organizations
started emerging in Nepal in the 1990s in response to the unfolding challenges
and needs facing the groming NGO community.
UJorld education - Nepal: began mork in Nepal in 1 978, through a collaboration
mith His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education and Culture
(MOCC), in its National Literacy Programme. UJorld education assisted the
Ministry in developing and implementing this programme - an attempt to
address the glaring problem of illiteracy in the country. To date, UJorld
education continues to provide technical assistance to the MOCC, to further
improve on and expand the reach of its literacy Programme.
Since 1991, several NGOs in Nepal have started implementing literacy
and non-formal education (NFC) programmes all over the country. LUorld
education runs an NGO Strengthening Programme - a training programme
geared towards improving the technical and managerial capacities of Nepali
NGOs involved in literacy and NFC. They have further developed a programme
to encourage and equip NGOs to implement functional literacy programmes
for women. In cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Nepal, they have
trained women community health volunteers and village level 'Mothers Groups'
15
. :-o Implimerit health, nt -.r ..icn, amity pfenning and i-.come gen■
ng
activities for women. World Education conducts periodic evaluation and
continuing research to appraise the impact of literacy and NFC programmes in
Nepal and to ensure their continuing relevance and effectiveness.
World education has also launched a programme on 'Community
education in Support of Democratic Structures' - an education programme
designed to promote community invoivemerin maximizing the space of the
country's democratic structures and processes.
World education regularly liases with local and international NGOs,
government departments, and aid agencies in the conduct of its work.
Action Rid-Nepal : offers financial, management and technical assistance to
voluntary organizations in Nepal. It focuses on supporting NGOs involved in
education through curriculum development’ teacher training, educational
evaluation methodologies and action research strategies. Regional resource
centers assist in documentation and networking among partner NGOs.
SAP-Nepal : Participates in the consortium of Canadian NGOs, the Canadian
International Development Rgency (CIDfi), and South Asian countries of
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka known as South Asia Partnership
(SAP). The aim of SAP-Nepal is to enhance decentralized and participatory
NGO-bosed grassroots development in rural Nepal. It works in cooperation
with 150 NGOs in the areas of management, social forestry, watershed
management, cooperatives development and renewable rural energy
alternatives, education, training, documentation and communication form
the core of its strategy. In addition it has given considerable attention to
building and supporting linkages among its NGO and CBO partners at the
national and regional level.
SNV-Nepal : The Netherlands Development Organization works with number
of NGOs in Nepal. It focuses on supporting NGOs working with poor landless
rural populations and the urban poor through a combination of education and
technical support, long term follow-up and co-management. Technical assistance
is primarily in the areas of mini-project technology, sustainable building and
water schemes, management and evaluation.
In the recent period SNV has initiated a number of workshops to address
the opportunities and challenges that NGOs face in Nepal as a result of recent
political changes and to explore further the possibilities for building alliances
among area-based, issue-based and regional NGOs.
16
There have been significant developments in the NGO community in Sri
Lanka over the last few years. Many have progressed from promoting short
term welfare-oriented programs to planning and implementing long-term
sustainable development initiatives. One example comes from NGO groups
who are promoting capital formation through group savings mobilization and
credit extension programs, thus accelerating and solidifying the process of
financial sustainability of local projects. This shift from a 'loan culture’ to a
‘credit culture’ among NGOs and their partners is significant. Other NGOs
have been working to expand their reach, building horizontal partnerships
with other groups working at the grassroots level, and organizing and
mobilizing more women from marginalised communities. Rs a result, in recent
years there has been a distinct increase in women's participation and decision
making power in development activities at the grassroots.
Poverty-alleviation has been another key focus of NGOs in Sri Lanka.
The Government has supported this effort by setting up a Jana Savya Trust
Fund to finance poverty-focused activities of NGOs and CBOs. This has resulted
in the mushrooming of organizations all over the country. There are
approximately 1 00,000 CBOs in 35,000 villages of Sri Lanka.
SAP Sri Lanka : The association of Canadian and South Asian Voluntary
Organizations was initiated to foster self reliant integrated development by
supporting and strengthening the capacities of small, people-based
organizations in Sri Lanka. Initially it provided financial grants for community
based projects but subsequently developed a strategy that focuses more on
capacity building of partner NGOs and on 'cluster development’. Recognizing
the importance of building links among people and communities, its program
is directed towards establishing linkages among neighboring village
organizations to form cluster groups for effective participation and action in
development. The foundation of the Cluster Development Program of SRPSRI
rests on a blanket training program that covers aspects of social and
organizational development and on mobilization of group saving strategies
and investment.
Peoples Rural Development Association (PRDA) : provides support services to
small enterprise development projects in the rural sector of Sri Lanka. Its
17
program consists of technical training and education in the development of
group savings and revolving fund credit schemes for small enterprises. In
addition, the Association has elaborated formal links uuith local banks to
facilitate loans for medium scale projects and identified entrepreneurs who
serve as advisors on enterprise development, financing and marketing. They
research and promote the use of local materials in enterprises. They have
developed an extensive network to explore alternative financial mechanisms
and links to international markets.
India
The global developments which have shifted power relations throughout
the world have had profound implications for all sectors of Indian society. India
and its NGO community are grappling to find new strategies for addressing the
manifestations of these developments: increasing globalization of markets, shifts
in aid allocation and donor priorities, escalating threats of violent reassertion of
ethnic and cultural identities, and the continuing spectre of poverty.
The forging of new global political alliances has been accompanied by
a supportive commitment of funds. As aid budgets are used for strengthening
countries newly entered into the democratic fold and the market economy,
the competition for an ever-shrinking fund of development assistance mounts.
In this climate NGOs are increasingly challenged to prove their effectiveness
and accountability and to address donor priorities tied to funding. Donor
agencies interested in maximizing their aid assistance through NGOs' are
gravitating toward large and medium-sized NGOs who can provide better
accountability and extend their reach more rapidly. This emerging trend in
India concentrates donor assistance in medium and large NGOs. The result
has been a phenomenal increase in the number of medium-sized NGOs in the
country over the last five years.
Financing for the operations of NGOs in India, like most of the NGOs in
the region, is dependent on donors (mostly foreign), little has been done to
top indigenous funding sources or income-generating potential, although there
is a growing recognition of the need to do so. Despite this, inter-sectoral
relations (NGO-NGO, NGO-Business, NGO-church) have remained informal and
sporadic. There are relatively few NGOs engaged in networking, advocacy
and policy research.
18
Over the last few years, the role of support organizations in the Indian
context has been solidified. UJith the increasing demand for NGOs to prove
their effectiveness and accountability, support organizations have been called
upon to assist in capacity-building activities (information technologies,
organizational development, strategic planning) of their partner organizations.
Donors have also called upon support organizations to assist in the planning
and evaluation activities of small grassroots based NGOs.
Clear on the role they play within the NGO community and in the
development arena in general, SOs in India continue to work to forge alliances
among peoples' organizations and with other sectors. In doing so, they face
many challenges which require their sustained and in-depth deliberation.
Janamitra- Peoples Learning Centre : is an organization working with NGOs in
the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It provides training
in participatory methodologies of evaluation and training and develops and
produces supporting materials in regional languages for use in the field. It
trains NGOs to utilize popular cultural forms for consciousness raising and
social change through a unique program that combines modern street theater
techniques and folk arts.
Centre for Communication Resources Development (CCNCORCD) : has been
involved in developing non-formal education materials for adults and children
in the state of Bihar. It works with a wide range of NGOs in the state but has
focused its attention on tribal areas over the last five years. In particular
they have concentrated on the development of educational materials which
reflect a respect of tribal cultural and social traditions and which facilitate
two-way communication.
Their bilingual- bicultural materials for literacy
training and education are a major contribution. They have also been actively
involved in training local panchayat level functionaries in microplanning and
decentralized participatory development.
Centre for Collective Learning and Action (SAHAVI) : was established with the
express mission of serving as a support organization to NGOs in the state of
Kerala. Its programs include training on organizational management, group
formation and group dynamics as well as workshops on participatory
methodologies for training, evaluation and appraisal. Sahayi also offers NGOs
programs in book-keeping, accountancy and reporting. A special program has
been designed to develop womens' competencies to enhance their
participation in the political space opened by the Panchayat Raj institutions.
This program includes components on motivation and leadership training,
networking and advocacy.
19
Several research projects have been initiated by partner NGOs with
the assistance of Sahayi. A study of Mahila Samajams in Kerala is currently
underway. Finally, Sahayi acts as a clearing house for information on issues
and actions relevant to the work of NGOs in Kerala and publishes materials
for use in the field as well as a quarterly news bulletin in Malayalam.
Sahbhagi Shikshan Kendra (SSK) : works with partner NGOs in Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. It provides educational support in areas of program
planning and proposal conceptualization and writing, accounts and financial
management, leadership training, and training of trainers. It is also active in
environmental education and training for natural resource management. SSK
works closely with other NGOs to coordinate activities in the three states
where it works and further extends its network of training and communication
through publication of field manuals and two periodicals, Sakhi Varta and
Spandan.
Organization for Development education (UNNATI) : seeks to extend
educational support to grassroot development organizations through training
in areas of staff development, team building, programme documentation,
gender sensitization and perspective building. It disseminates information
and convenes grassroot activists to mobilize action and research on policy
issues of national and international importance. UNNATI also prepares popular
educational materials which complement their training and strengthen the work
of NGOs working in isolated environments to revitalize village level
institutions.
Society for Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA) : has worked with a wide
network of NGO partners all over India in the area of participatory training
and evaluation. It has pioneered training programs in the development of
organizational mission, strategy and structure to strengthen NGOs.
In
addition PRIA has initiated national and regional level workshops to provide
NGOs with an opportunity to reflect on the changes they are experiencing,
plan strategies of action, and forge partnerships that strengthen their work
and increase their effectiveness on issues of importance. The above listed
SOs and PRIA together form a Collaborating Network of Regional Support
Organizations in India.
Center for Health education, Training and Nutrition Awareness- (CHCTNA) : has
developed a variety of innovative educational projects and materials which
focus on women and child health. They work with functionaries and supervisory
personnel of NGOs and government organizations to build their knowledge
and technical capacity to address educational issues of women's and children's
20
education and health. Its support function to other organizations takes place
through two resource centres. The Child Resource Centre (CHCITAN) and the
UJomen's Health find Development Resource Centre - (CHRITRNYRR). Cheitan
utilizes a child centered approach in its comprehensive program. It includes
training and materials in preschool education and early childhood care and
development as well as interventions with school age-children and adolescents.
Chaitanyaa's programs are in reproductive health, occupational health,
psychological dimensions of health, women's nutrition and adolescent health.
Their focus is advancing the empowerment of women to gain control over their
own health and development concerns. Chetna works with a wide range of
partner institutions. Their collaborations with other NGOs have directed them
into programs and activities on traditional medicine and practice, indigenous
science of nutrition and water and sanitation projects.
International
In the last five years many international agencies have turned to NGOs
and civil society as important development actors, at least in part because of
disillusionment with the performance of the institutions of the state and the
market as agents of sustainable improvements in the lives of the poor. Interest
on the part of bilateral and multilateral development agencies in turn has
focused attention on the importance of capacity-building for civil society
organizations, and on international support organizations that can serve as
bridges between the concerns and resources of Northern development agencies
and Southern organizations that provide support to grassroots NGOs and CBOs.
One consequence of this interest has been the rise of regional support
organizations that provide information, training, and research support to
national and subnational support organizations. Such agencies include the
International Institute for Rural Reconstruction in Manila, which serves a network
of organizations around the world, or MUJCNGO in Harare, which was
constituted to be a reflection and support center for NGOs in (Eastern and
Southern Africa. In addition global support networks and organizations that
serve many different regions, such as the International Council for Adult
education (ICAC) or €1 Taller, which provide services to NGOs and CBOs
worldwide, are beginning to emerge.
0507$
Institute For Development Research (IDR),Boston : has been carrying out
research and education to strengthen civic organization (especially NGOs),
support organizations and civic networks for the last ten years. It
has
worked with national and regional partner support organizations in Asia,
Eastern and Southern Africa, Europe, and North America focusing'on leadership
development, strengthening strategic management capacities, promoting
relations across institutional sectors, and building problem-solving alliances
across international boundaries.
It has generated new knowledge on strategic roles of NGOs, grassroot
efforts to influence national and international policies, and intersectoral
partnerships to solve intransigent development problems. In addition, it has
pioneered the creation of a collaborative research model that enables
combining Northern and Southern perspectives on critical development issues.
22
Section - III
Major Contribution Of Support Organizations
Support organizations throughout th® region have played a critical role
in the process of conceptualizing and preparing the NGO sector for the
adaptations which they have had to make in response to a rapidly changing
economic and political environment. NGOs everywhere have had to assume
more complex roles, and expand their functions in response to the emergent
needs of their growing constituencies. They have been assisted by partner
support organizations who have enhanced their capacities in several ways.
The key contributions of support organizations in South-Rsia seem to be many.
1.
Perspective-Building
In Sri Lanka and Pakistan, support organizations have Initiated efforts
within the NGO community to review and re-thlnk current NGO perspectives
and strategies. They could be partially credited with sparking the emerging
shifts In NGO strategies from ’welfare' to ’development'.
In India, support organizations have been at the center of the effort to
establish conceptual clarity on the role of NGOs in development. Their
contributions in these processes of reflection have sharpened the debate on
alternative paradigms of partnership and collaboration among various sectors
of society and asserted the relevance of civil society as a key player in the
development processes.
Support organizations have also actively promoted a greater gender
consciousness among NGOs. Through gender sensitization workshops and
training, NGOs have increasingly integrated a gender perspective in the
planning and implementation of their work. More women NGO and CBO leaders
have emerged in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh over the last years. In Pakistan,
these efforts of support organizations have encouraged the formation of more
women's organizations at the grass-roots level.
2.
Knowledge and Skills Development
Support organizations have continued their efforts to enhance the
capabilities of NGOs. They have sponsored more specialized and advanced
training along the areas of savings and credit, sustainable agriculture, natural
resource management, para-legal assistance and gender sensitization. They
launched courses geared to strengthen the institutional capacities of NGOs,
23
e. leadership/ management training, planning, monitoring and evaluation,
i.
financial administration and management, among others.
In Nepal and Pakistan, support organizations assisted nascent
grassroots NGOs to plan and implement development projects, discouraging
the proliferation of short-lived project- driven development NGO initiatives.
In India and Bangladesh where the NGO community is more developed, support
organizations adapted and promoted the use of several management tools
and techniques to enhance NGO effectiveness: Impact evaluation, strategic
management, organizational development, financial monitoring etc.
Throughout the region, support organizations continued to pursue
research to enrich the knowledge base of the NGO community. They
disseminated information relevant to the requirements of their NGO and
grassroots constituency through Journals, periodicals, newsletters, films as well
as more traditional communication media
3.
Recess to Resources
A sizable number of support organizations In South Asia continued to
assist NGOs and CBOs financially. Although an equally large number still
maintain clear policies against funding of their partners, preferring instead
to build capacities for accessing funds and partner liaisons with various grant
making institutions - private, government, multilateral and bilateral aid
agencies. Thus they ensure greater accessibility of funds,especially to small,
grass-roots-based groups. In several cases (like In Srilanka, Nepal and
Bangladesh), support organizations have provided small grants to their NGO
partners to Implement ideas and skills they have required through various
training programmes. Such small grants are seen as an important contribution
to strengthening capacity of grass-roots groups.
Cognizant of the role support organizations have played in assisting
CBOs and other grass-roots organizations In their fund-sourcing and fund-raising
efforts, even donor agencies have started looking towards support
organizations for assistance in more effectively carrying out their donor
function. A few have involved support organizations in their project
development, monitoring and evaluation activities. Private donor agencies,
unable or unwilling to maintain full-time infrastructure in countries where they
provide assistance, have begun to see in support organizations, the potential
mechanism for their in-country project appraisal, Impact evaluation and process
documentation activities which could make for their timely, more relevant and
cost-efficient intervention.
24
4.
Networking
Recent events In South Asia have prompted the collective response of
otherwise isolated and competing NGOs: the rising tides of fundamentalism,
ethnic conflict, natural disasters and concern for the environment and
sustainable life systems. Several NGO networks and coalitions have been
forged in response to these concerns; many have developed towards more
long-term, strategic partnerships.
Support organizations encouraged these networking efforts - providing
opportunities for different NGOs to meet and plan for collective action, lending
infrastructural (e.g., secretariat) support and assisting in resource generation
for coalition activities.
In 1993, for example, PRIP/PACT Initiated a dialogue between
representatives of NGOs and the business community in Bangladesh.
Participants were encouraged to talk candidly about their work and their views
on development. Bias and misconceptions surfaced and were discussed,
opening the way for a dialogue about possible areas for collaboration. PRIP/
PACT views this as the start of a series of efforts to expand the arenas for
partnership between NGOs and the business sector of Bangladesh.
5.
Advocacy and Public Education
Support organizations have successfully advocated policies guaranteeing
wider spaces for NGO activity in their respective countries. In Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Nepal, SOs have advised their governments on policies for
NGO registration, monitoring and control. In India they have advanced the
role of the NGO sector in macro-level policy research, thus enhancing the
participation of the voluntary sector at the local, national and international
policy levels. Indian support organizations have also engaged in systematic
public education efforts.
25
Section - IV
Future Challenges
The debate in Kathmandu identified a number of significant, new and
important challenges facing support organizations in the coming period. These
challenges are qualitatively different from the ones stated by support
organizations in similar analysis in March 1990. This shift also reflects the
growing maturity and deepening impact of support organizations in South
Asia.
1.
Expanding Demands on Support Organizations
In March 1990, many participants felt that legitimacy of support
organizations was yet to be established In many countries of Asia. The distinct
roles of support organizations within the fraternity of NGOs and voluntary
organizations of different countries was yet to be fully appreciated. That
situation has changed significantly. There Is no longer any. question about
the value and legitimacy of the contributions of support organizations in
countries of South Asia. In fact, the phrase support organization is easily,
regularly and commonly used as if the concept were much older than its actual
age. The kinds of support services that support organizations have been
offering have increased in scope and intensity, in part due to the growth in
the community of NGOs. The expansion has also been a response to a wider
range and more intensive demand from NGO's and CBO's. The frequency and
depth of demands has increased in many countries of South Asia. Many support
organizations find it very difficult to fulfill all the requests that they receive.
2.
Roles of Perspective-Building
A significant emerging role of support organizations is their contribution
in perspective-building. Support organizations have catalyzed and facilitated
intellectual engagement around emerging complex issues for NGOs in South
Asia. During the last five years, the national and international scenario has
thrown up new questions about established approaches, frameworks and
ideologies. As a result, clarity of perspective among NGOs and CBOs has
become a new and significant requirement. Many NGOs/CBOs continue to
engage in programme implementation without perspective on important
contemporary issues facing their societies, even when these issues raise
serious questions about the efficacy of their programmes. Support
organizations have often risen to the challenge of identifying emerging issues
and facilitating response by NGO communities, be it in relation to political
27
environments globolly, to new regional blocks, to the new trade and aid
regimes, to new technology, ethnic and other tensions, and to new
opportunities for decentralized self-government. UUithin the framework of such
emerging issues, the role of support organizations in perspective-building has
become a distinctive contribution in South Asia.
3.
Relations to the Other Sectors
In 1 990, support organizations were seen as a support service to grass
roots NGOs/CBOs. The role of support organizations in relation to other sectors
of society was not yet articulated. The experience of the last five years has
clearly demonstrated that many support organizations in South Asia have
engaged in facilitating linkage building, advocacy and networking with other
sectors of society. This has been particularly so In relation to the State and
Its agencies. Providing services to government departments, agencies and
actors has become an integral part of the function of many support
organizations. Creating dialogue, building opportunities for partnership and
collaboration around concrete Issues between government agencies and actors,
and NGOs/CBOs has been an Important contribution of support organizations
of South Asia.
Similar initiatives have emerged with other sectors, like the corporate
community in the market economy. In some countries, support organization
have initiated a dialogue between the NGOs/CBOs and Institutions of the
market. In other countries, initiatives have been taken to build linkage
between academia and NGO/CBOs; relationships with media have been
another area of work by support organizations. UUhat has clearly emerged is
that support organizations have a role in building the relationship between
civil society, on the one the hand, and other sectors of society, on the other.
4.
Relations within Civil Society
One of the important contributions of support organizations in the last
five years has been to help build relations with the various actors of civil
society. Civil society actors in South Asia are diverse and range from NGOs,
community based organizations, citizen groups, people's movements, cultural
groups, academia, consumer groups and various other socio-political
formations. Historically, there has been no link between NGOs and other
actors of the civil society, except local communities where they work. It has
become increasingly important to strengthen wider relationships in response
to the issues facing societies at large in South Asia. Support organizations
have played an important role in bringing various actors of civil society to a
common platform around issues such as secularism, democracy, dignity, peace
28
and sustainable life style, that have become visible in the last five years.
Thus support organizations even play a pivotal role in strengthening relations
in civil society.
5.
Networking among Support Organization
In 1 990, little Information about other support organizations within the
country or across countries in the region was available. Since then, networking
across support organizations has increased substantially expanding information
exchange and discussion of common concerns. The initiatives carried out by
PRIA and IDA in strengthening support organizations in Asia have also Increased
networking among support organizations. It has become clear that Inter-support
organization relationships In the coming period is critical to sharing resources
and to building capacities and strategies to respond to the increasing
demands. In response to this challenge, participants of the Conference decided
to formalize the process of networking among support organizations in South
Rsia and to build a South Asian database. They requested PRIA to play a
coordinating role in building and maintaining this network.
6.
Coming to terms with the Information Revolution
The new information technology and access to information globally has
also reached South Asia in the last few years. As a result, knowledge and
competence building functions of the support organizations need to contend
with the new information technology and its potential impact. Information
dissemination functions critical to the basic activity of support organizations
have now incorporated the new information technology and its enormous
potential in accessing, processing and disseminating information. This capacity
for use of new information technology in a democratic and decentralized manner
is the growing challenge for support organizations in South Asia and worldwide.
7.
Cscolating Requirements for Support Organization Competencies
In light of these challenges and the discussions in Kathmandu, it is
becoming obvious that support organizations themselves require strengthened
capacities. Their staff require more skills, for example, in information
technology, communication, and ability to network inside and outside civil
society. Beyond the list of competencies generated in 1990, which focused
largely on research, training and documentation, support organizations now
need many new capabilities to respond to emerging opportunities and
challenges.
29
The future contributions of support orgonizotions in South Asia will
largely depend on their ability to continue to learn, to build their staff
competencies, and to enhance their horizons uuith a stronger base of
mutual cooperation, regionally in the short term and globally in the
medium term. South Asian support organizations have much to learn
from and much to teach to their cousins in other regions. Building a
truly global civil society uuill offer major challenges and exciting
opportunities to support organizations all over the world during the
next few years.
30
South Asian Workshop of Support Organizations
May 10-12-1994
8.
Dr. Rajesh Tandon
Participants List
S.No. Nome
1.
Dr. Binod K. Sinha
Organization
(Office name & address)
Centre for Communication
Resources Development
(C6NTORCD)
'Shyama Bhawan’
West Boring Canal Road
Patna - 800001, Bihor, India.
Phone
Maria Lodes Almanzan
Khan
PAIR
42, Tughlakabad Institutional
Area, New Delhi-110062,
India
3.
Dr. Om Shrivastava
ASPBA6
C/o. 39 Kharol Colony,
Udaipur (Raj), 313001, India
4.
Ashok Singh
Sahbhagi Shikashan Kendra
4/487, Vivek Khand,
Gomatl Nagar, Lukhnow
-226010, Indio.
5.
6.
7.
Indu Capoor Centre
Binoy Acharya
G. Placid
Centre for Health education,
Training ond Nutrition
Awareness (CH6TANA)
Lilavati lalbhai Bungalow
Civil Camp Road, Ahmedabad
380004, Gujarat, India
UNNATI
G-l, 200 Azad Society,
Ahmedabad ■ 380015
SAHAVI
T.C. 5/805(3)
G.C. Nagar - 2nd Street
Mannamoola Perookada. P.O,
Trivandrum - 695005, Kerala,
South India
91-11
6981908
6989559
28/49/5
Pvnganur 5172117, Chittoor
A.P., India
(08581)3081
28/49/5
Punganur 5172117, Chitoor
.A.P., India
(08581)3081
ADAS, 1/3
Block - F, lalmatia,
Dhaka - 1207, Bangladesh
327424
91-11-698
0183
Fax
9.
10.
Rukmini. S.
Kamal M.
264858
11.
2.
PRIA
42, Tuglakabad, Institutional
Area, New Delhi - 110062
India
91-116981908/
6989559
91-116985819
91-294560348
91-294
25539/
25959
12.
Franscisco U. Noble
M.Habibur Rahman
646145
91-079866513
Sharif Abdullahel Kafi
2/3 Block A, lalmatia,
Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
88-02317687
14.
Aroma Goon
C/o. PRCT/PRIP House 56
Road - 16 (New) Road
Road 27 (Old) Dhanmondi
-R/A, Dhaka-1209,
Bangladesh
815953/
324091
15.
Richard Holloway
House 56, Rood 16,
Dhanmondi, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
16.
Raokiya Kabir
Bangladesh Nori Progati
Sangha
House -225. West Dhanmondi
Rd No. 10A (Old -19),
Dhaka, Bangladesh
91-272468201
17.
0471-434664
815769
13.
0522-393559
91-079866695/
866658
Campaign For Popular
education
4/6, Block - D. lolmatio,
Dhaka - 1209, Bangladesh
Anwar Hossain
BARRA
1/9, Tajmahol Road
Block-C, Mohammadpur
Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
880-2863495
880 - 2 815953
811323
ADAB/PRIP
815847
880-2813095
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Khan Dr Ashe jur
Rahman
yeke
Padma Rat
Susil H. I
Ghulam
'narachchi
jstafa Baloch
Qodeer Baig
Ramesh Singh
Rajesh Bhakta Shrestha
Jan Volet
Rohit Kumar Nepali
Sherman Grinnell
I. David Brown
369 Outer Circular Road
Rayarbagh, Dhaka
Bangladesh
South Asia Partnership
10, Rosmead Place,
Colombo 7, Sri lanka
412505
692180
00-9458071
64, Horton Place, Colmbo 7
Sri lanka
94-1-695481
S.P.O. Sindh
A-31, Block 1
Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan
92-0221654725
NGO Resource Centre Ga
Khan Foundation
D/77/1, Block 4, Scheme 5,
Kahkashan Clifton, Karachi,
Pakistran
587-0975
Behind Sangrila Hotael
Lazlmpat, Kathmandu
410929,
419115
419718
SNV - Nepal
Kumari Poti, logankhel
Patan, Nepal
09-977523444.
524597
523155
SNV-Nepal
Kumari Pati. lagankhel,
Lalitpur, Nepal
977-1523444
977-1523155
226440
977-1223050
IDR
210 Lincoln Street,
Boston, USA
617-4220422
617-4220494
IDR 210 Lincoln Street,
Boston, Massachusetts
0211 USA.
617-4220422
617-4220494
SRP-Nepal
Kamaladl Ganesthan,
Kathmandu, Nepal
92-0221652126
- Media
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