MBBS CURRICULUM
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- Title
- MBBS CURRICULUM
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JAWAHARLAL
INSTITUTE
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.
-OF
POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
.. •
AND
RESEARCH
II
MB B S
CURRICULUM
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Complied by
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National
Teacher Training Centre
JIPMER, PONDICHERRY
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mself/hers
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Departmental
Objectives
And
Course contents
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ANATOMY
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wartmental objectives
The MBBS students, at the end of the course in Anatomy, should be able to:
point out and state the gross anatomical features of various structures and organs
of the human body.
recognise and state the histological features of various tissues and organs of the
human body with functional correlation.
state the development of various structures of the human body, differentiate
abnormal development and interpret the formation of various congenital anoma
lies.
state the basic principles of genetics and understand the basis of genetic disor
ders.
point out the features of various appearances of the normal human body in skia
grams after routine radiological investigations.
outline the internal structures in relation to the external or surface features of the
body.
state the features of normal postnatal growth and recognise any variation.
apply the basic knowledge of anatomy in the practice of medical sciences and
demonstrate an interest in continuing to learn advances in anatomy and apply
the same in medical practice.
stain a paraffin section of any tissue or organ with hematoxylin and eosin and
interpret the observations.
embalm and preserve the dead body.
identify the prominent anatomical structures in the living human being and draw
inferences for the purpose of anatomical diagnosis of the disease.
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10. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MUST KNOW:
chromosomes, classification, karyotype,
Nucleus, DNA,
aberrations.
chromosomal
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Pathogenesis of chromosomal aberrations and their effects, recombinant DNA.
11. GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
L
MUST KNOW:
Definition of embryology; gestation period: subdivisions; definition of gonads: gj
testis, ovary/; definition of gamete: sperm, ovum; definition of gametogenesis;
migration of primordial germ cells into indefinite gonad; spermatogenesis;
structure of sperm, oogenesis; structure of ovum; growth of ovanan follicles.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Sperm in the male genital tract; sperm in the female genital tract; activation and j
capacitation of sperm ovum in the female genital tract; events of uterine and |
ovarian cycles.
(FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT)
MUST KNOW:
Definition; process of fertilisation - approximation, contact and fusion of
gametes (sperm and ovum); formation of zygote; cleavage division; formation of
morula; formation of blastocyst; site of implantation; formation of decidua - its
subdivisions.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Results of fertilisation; state of endometrium - preimplantation changes of
endometrium; in vitro fertilisation; types of implantation; abnormal sites of
implantation.
f,
I
(SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT)
MUST KNOW:
Differentiation of embryoblast and trophoblast; changes in the embryoblast bilaminar germ disc; changes in the trophoblast; formations of cytotrophoblast,
syncytiotrophoblast, amniotic membrane, yolk sac, extra embryonic mesoderm
and extra embryonic coelom and connecting stalk; formation of chorion,
amniotic cavity, primary yolk sac cavity; appearance of prochordal plate.
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(THIRD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT)
i MUST KNOW:
ch—J
secondary yolk sac intraembryomc coelom; formation of allantoic diverticulum
derivatives of ectoderm, endoeferm and mesoderm.
diverticulum,
ombinant DNA.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Formation of nerorenteric canal.
'nition of gonads: I
(FOURTH TO EIGHTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT)
)f ametogenesis; I
s :™atogenesis; I MUST KNOW:
-nan follicles.
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Formation of somites; formation of neural tubes; cephalocaudal folding- lateral
foldings; f°rma^n.of a cylindrical body, stomadeum, pXtodeumg’xi? and
vitelline duct, subdivisions of gut into foregut, midgut and hindgut.
’ S
t; activation and
s f uterine and DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Reversal of structures, ducts, head fold and tail fold; changes in external body
form to human appearance.
(THIRD TO TENTH MONTH OF DEVELOPMENT)
< d fusion of
)n; formation of
o decidua - its
MUST KNOW:
Maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth of body.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
oil changes of
lormal sites of
Estimation of age; horizons of development.
| MUST KNOW:
(PLACENTA)
of ThXVfronXm deformaSinf f?rm.atio" of chorionic villi - formation
embryoblast placental circulation; functions of placenta
featUreS °f plaCenta;
/t^rophoblast,
n mesoderm I DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
i xzf chorion, I
1 plate.
I
Abnormalities; placental barrier; ultrastructural features; types of placenta.
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(UMBILICAL CORD)
MUST KNOW:
Formation of umbilical cord; features of umbilical cord.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Abnormalities.
(AMNIOTIC CAVITY)
MUST KNOW:
Amniotic cavity and membrane; amniotic fluid - functions;, expansions of
amniotic cavity and fusion with chorion; chorion laeve with decidua capsularis;
decidua capsularis with parietalis; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities;
function or fused foetal membranes to dilate cervical canal.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Abnormalities; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities; abnormalities of
chorion.
MUST KNOW:
Formation of twins: types.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Arrangement of foetal membranes. Conjoined twins.
(TERATOLOGY)
MUST KNOW:
Genetical and environmental factors for congenital malformations.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Mode of actions of teratogenes, critical periods.
12. SYSTEMIC EMBRYOLOGY
MUST KNOW:
Normal development of each system.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Developmental abnormalities; pathogenesis of the anomalies.
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MUST KNOW:
Development of the individual organs of digestive system, genital system,
urinary system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system and
special sensory organs and endocrine glands and mammary gland.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Development of skeletal system, muscular system and derivatives of coelemic
cavities.
MUST KNOW:
Formation of the congenital anomalies of various organs.
isions of
ipsularisjj
cavities; DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Pathogenesis of the anomalies.
MUST KNOW:
ilities of
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Development of face and the pharyngeal arches and the associated congenital
anomalies.
&
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
1
Development of lymphatic system; development of the integumentary system.
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13. SPECIAL SENSORY ORGANS
MUST KNOW:
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Gross Anatomy and Micro Anatomy of eyeball, ear, nose, skin and tongue.
I DESIRABLE TO KNOW<■
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Anatomy of the various nerve
tracts and pathways concerned with these five
sensory organs.
14. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
MUST KNOW:
Gross :anatomy
y of the different groups of the lymphnodes of the body and
structures drained by each
specially about tborac'ic ta aKhnwlLr'0’’’1' °f 'he m*j°r l:'mPhi“ics
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15. MICRO ANATOMY
MUST KNOW:
General Histology. Study of the basic tissues of the body.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Functional correlation of the structural components of the organs.
&
MUST KNOW:
Systemic Histology. Structure of the organs of the various systems. To identify
the structural components of the above after haematoxylin and eosin staining
under compound light microscope. Electron microscopy of glomerulus. To stain
the given tissue or organ of paraffin section with H&E and identify' the features
of the same.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Identification of the cellular components in an electron micrograph.
16. MEDICAL GENETICS
MUST KNOW:
Clinical Genetics. Pedigree charting, dermatoglyphics, buccal smear, Down’s
syndrome, Klinefeller syndrome, Turner syndrome, genetic markers.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Genetic counselling. Population genetics. Practical genetics.
17. POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
MUST KNOW:
Meaning of the terms like growth, development etc.; principles of growth and
development; types of postnatal growth, periods of growth and development and
factors influencing them. Assessment of growth ana development.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Milestones of development. Growth and development during adolescence.
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18. RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
MUST KNOW:
Identification of normal anatomical features in skiagrams.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Identification of the normal anatomical features in special investigations.
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19. SURFACE ANATOMY
. To identify!
o: i staining I MUST KNOW:
iu To stain I
the features I
Study of the surface features of the body and projection of the outline of heart,
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lungs, pleura and important blood vessels and nerves.
I DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
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Location of the various arterial pulses in the living.
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20. SECTIONAL ANATOMY
1 MUST KNOW:
a
Down’s
Anatomical features at the following vertebral levels - transverse section
cervical 5&7, Thoracic T2, T4, T7, T10, T12. Lumbar 1,5. Sacral 3.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Median sagittal section of head and neck; median sagittal section of brain; hori
zontal section of brain at the level of IVth ventricle roramen. Coronal section of
cerebrum at the level of the central sulcus and splenium.
growth and
>p ent and
ntc.
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SKILLS
1.
Location of arterial pulses of the superficial temporal artery, common carotic
artery, axillary artery, brachial arteiy, radial artery, femoral artery, poplitea
artery, posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery.
Palpation/location of great auricular nerve, ulnar nerve and common peronea
nerve.
3.
Palpation and identification of the bony prominences around shoulder, elbow,
wrist, hip, knee and ankle.
4.
H & E staining of paraffin sections.
5.
Buccal smear examination for sex chromatin.
6.
Identification of normal and abnormal Karyotyping.
7.
Identification/location of internal jugular vein, median cubital vein, dorsa
venous arch of hand, great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein and dorsa
venous arch of foot.
8.
Location and surface anatomy of scrotal part of vas deferens, lungs, heart, liver,
spleen and kidneys.
9.
Identification of the structures in exposed parts of the eyeball, nose and ora
cavity.
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AREAS FOR INTEGRATED TEACHING
o mon caroti
7, poplite^
Area/Subject
Collaborating departments
<0.
1 1. Anatomical basis of birth control measures
J
Hi
}n peroned
I
o der, elbow]
. vein, dorsal
in md dorsal
Postnatal growth and development
Paediatrics and Community
Medicine
3. Antenatal growth and development
Obstetrics & Gynaecology
2.
4.
Genetic disorders
Various clinical departments
5.
Medical genetics
Biochemistry
6. Neuro-anatomy
Physiology
Sex differences and age changes in bones
, L?art, liver,
i
ose and oral!
Obstetrics & Gynaecology,
Community Medicine & *
Surgery
8. Normal and abnormal cells (cytology)
Forensic Medicine
Pathology
9.
Anatomy of some important and
common clinical syndromes
Various clinical
departments
10,
Kinesiology - Movements at various
joints
Orthopaedics
11.
Embryological basis of important and
common congenital anomalies
Pediatrics and
Obstet & Gynaecology
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PHYSIOLOGY
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JEPARMNTAL GBJEGIIVE8
At the end of training in Physiology, the student should be able to:
.1
describe normal functions, their physio-chemical principles and the regulatory
mechanism of the various organs and systems of the body.
apply those principles in understanding the maintenance of constancy of internal
environment (Homeostasis).
. .3
analyse the physiological responses under different environmental stresses such
as heat, cola, low and high atmospheric pressures, ionising radiations and indus
trial pollutants.
4
correlate knowledge of physiology of human reproductive system in relation to
National Family Welfare Programme.
.5
correlate physiological functions with the disease processes and apply these
principles to diagnosis and management ofc diseases.
i .6
develop intellectual skills in self learning and problem solving and to continue to
learn the advances in the subject and to apply the same in relevant medical prac
tice as and when warranted.
.7
integrate and coordinate knowledge in other disciplines with that in Physiology.
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3.
demonstrate the habit of making careful and exact observations and skill in
performing purposeful experiments for elucidation of various physiological
phenomena.
develop proper attitudes and reactions in understanding the importance of physio
logical experiments and investigations.
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COURSE CONTENT
1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Neurc
effick
neuro
DESIRABLI
MUST KNOW:
Homeostasis, concepts of physiological norms, range and variations, active
passive transports, Relationship between stimulus and response.
Effect
nerve
EMG
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Inexubrane channels.
MUST KNO
2. CELL AND FUNCTIONS
MUST KNOW:
Structure of cell membrane, resting membrane potentials, cellular receptors
intercellular communications.
Funct
stoma
motili
hormc
motili
DESIRABLI
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Effect
and i
treatrr
Cell inclusions, their functions.
3. BODY FLUIDS, BLOOD
MUST KNOW:
MUST KNO
Blood: Composition, principles of estimation, functions of plasma proteins,
cellular elements of blood, their formation and regulation, haemoglobin anc
functions, jaundice, anaemias and their classification, haemostatic mechanisms,
blood groups, Rh incompatibility, anticoagulants, blood transfusion and ESR
basic mechanisms of immunity with respect to lymphocytes and functions ol
WBCs, lymph.
Struct
kidne;
functi’
blood
DESIRABLI
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Changes in body fluids in disease, oedema. Hypo-proteinaemia. Replacement oi
body fluid loss.
Functions of thymus, structure of immunoglobulins •
Autoimmunity, effects of lymphatic obstruction, AIDS.
4. NERVE AND MUSCLE
Meeh:
disord
MUST KNO
Functi
tempe
MUST KNOW:
Electrical, mechanic^
Classification, structure of nerve and muscles,
properties. Mechanism of muscle contraction and its molecular basis
17
1
debt,
effici~^
neuro-transmitters, Wallerian degeneration,
mechanical
properaes’ nerve supply.
Desirable to know:
iriations, acrid
investigations for
comers, details of chemical changes in muscle contraction.
EMG.
5. GASTROINTCSTLNAL TRACT
IUST KNOW:
I
stomach, smS^^Steft^ne^and0 lli-g^Vntesdne^^Igu??0" offsalivary. glands,
of P^Son a°nfd TcS^S
u
receptors
motility.
P ysi0I°glcal basis of investigating disorders of secretion and
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Tver'LSf1010?'^ b5?“
ulcer
7 ^soraers, liver function tests, diarrhoea and its
treatment.
6. KIDNEY
proteins,
lobin and !
n^chanismsj
n and ESR
h crions o|
MUST KNOW:
kidney in wate^ and^lectrolyte^
*n frin? formation. Role of
blood flow, structure id inuervatio^Sctundon,"!l^Sgrai'5""’' R,!naI
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
lacement ol
globulins -
disorders8of mic^uritFon^'diUretlCS’ renal faiiure> principles of artificial kidney,
7. SKIN AND BODY TEMPERATURE
must know:
role of skin in
n hanical
ar basis.!
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heart rate,
cerebral, J
Changes i
gravitation
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Hyperthermia, fever, heat stroke, cold injury.
DESIRABLE TO
8. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Principles.
pathophysi
MUST KNOW:
General principles in regulation of endocrine glands. Hormones - function;
regulation. Experimental and clinical disorders of anterior and posters
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and endocrin
pancreas. Stress and hormones. Physiology of growth. Investigations.
MUST KNOW:
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Synthesis and transport of hormones, receptors and blockers. Functions of locc
hormones - pineal, cellular mechanism of hormonal action.
9. REPRODUCTION
Functions
Lung corr
capacity.
Regulatiot
during mi
therapy, a
DESIRABLE TC
MUST KNOW:
Spermatogenesis, regulation, functions
ejaculation, testicular normones, puberty.
of testis,
constituents of semen.
Hyaline
disorders.
therapy, r
Critical changes in ovary, uterus, cervical mucus, vagina in menstrual cycle
Hormonal regulation. Ovulation and its detection, fertilisation, implantation
physiological changes during pregnancy, parturition, placenta, Physiology o:
lactation, menopause.
MUST KNOW:
Physiological basis of contraception in males and females, principles of use o:
oral contraceptives, safe period, rhythm and other methods or contraception.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Biochemistry of semen, abnormalities of testicular function, sex determinatior
and differentiation.
Foetoplacental unit, composition of milk, colostrum, nutritional needs of mother
and child during pregnancy and lactation, investigations for fertility.
Organisat
the spina
their lesi
and phys
spinal cc
cerebellu
cortex,
functions
brain bar
DESIRABLE T
10. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
MUST KNOW:
Heart: Functional anatomy of heart, prop<►erties of cardiac muscle activity
Cardin
electrical and mechanical changes in caroiac cycle, normal ECG. Cardia^
’
•
3 01
output: measurement in man, physiological variations, regulatory mechanisms
c
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Evoked
autonom
dorsalis,
neurotra
heart rate, cardiac output and blood pressure. Regional circulations: coronary,
erebral, skin and foetal - normal values, measurement of and regulation.
Changes in CVS during muscular exercise, hypovolemia, postural changes,
aravitational forces,hypoxia and cardiomulmonary resuscitation.
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Principles of electrocardiography and cardiac catheterisation. Arrhythmias,
pathophysiology of cardiac failure, hypertension, valvular disorders.
11. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1UST KNOW:
Functional anatomy of respiratory system. Mechanics of normal respiration.
Lung compliance. Alveolar ventilation, ventilation perfusion ratio. Diffusing
capacity. Pulmonary function tests. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
Regulation of respiration. Hypoxia, cyanosis, asphyxia. Respiratory adjustments
during muscular exercise, hypoxic, hyperbaric conditions, principles of oxygen
therapy, artificial respiration, pulmonary blood flow measurement.
IDESIRABLE TO KNOW:
mei
Hyaline membrane disease. Pathophysiology of obstructive and restrictive
disorders. Pulmonary oedema, decompression sickness, hyperbaric oxygen
therapy, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, dyspnoea.
il ycle
an cation
12. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
)losy a
||MUST KNOW:
f use ffl
Organisation of central nervous system. Functions and neuronal organisation at
the spinal cord level. Synaptic transmission. Motor and sensory systems and
their lesions. Reticular system in brain stem, sleep, wakefulness, EEG waves
and physiological changes in EEG. Clinical lesions and experimental sections at
H
spinal cord, brainstem and sub-cortical levels. Physiology of basal ganglia,
-ni itioo
cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal lobe and cerebral
cortex. Speech and its disorders. Autonomic nervous system, formation and
functions of CSF. Neurotransmitters of various levels and functions. Blood
n thi
brain barrier.
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jjDESIRABLE TO KNOW:
I
Evoked potentials, desynchronising
f
and synchronising mechanism of EEG,
autonomic pharmacology,
ology, hemispheric specialisation, syringomyelia, tabes
dorsalis, disorders of CSF' formation and circulation, memory disorders, recent
neurotransmitters.
Zardiac
-si j of
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13. SPECIAL SENSES
EYE
MUST KNOW:
The folk
Jditional
exper
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Image formation on retina by various refractory media. Errors of refraction
functions of aqueous humour, intra-ocular tension. Mechanisms 0
accommodation, dark adaptation, pupilary reflexes, functions of retina, role c MUST KNOW:
visual cortex in perception, optic pathway and lesions. Field of vision. Colon
vision. Movement of eyeballs.
Principles
of blood
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
while blc
identificat
Structure of photoreceptors, generator potentials of rods and cone:
specific g
Electroretinogram, organisation of lateral geniculate body, neurotransmitters r
rate, haer
retina.
classificat
MCHC, J
AUDITORY APPARATUS
DESIRABLE TC
MUST KNOW:
Functions of tymphanic membrane, middle ear, cochlea, auditory receptors an:
its pathway. Deafness and its causes.
Methods
platelets
estimatior
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Microphonic potentials, audiometry, theories of hearing, endocochlear potential
MUST KNOW:
and their relation to hair cell stimulation.
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
MUST KNOW:
Mosso's t
fatigue or
ergometrj
DESIRABLE TC
Division, functions, connections and lesions, nystagmus.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Demonstr
duration
(demonstr
Tests of vestibular functions, nystagmus, mechanism of habituation.
2.1 EXPERIM
TASTE AND SMELL
MUST KNOW:
Receptor, pathways and cortical and limbic areas associated with taste and smell
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Disorders of taste and smell perception.
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DESIRABLE TC
Study of
frog^s ga'
effects of
fatigue; e
and free 1
r
COURSE CONTENT (PRACTICALS)
The following list of experiments and demonstrations is not exhaustive,
dditional experiments can be included as and when feasible and required.
i Yactioi
1. HAEMATOLOGY
anisms ||
.n- role i 1USTKNOW:
o Colot
Principles of microscopy and method of using microscope; general examination
of blood under microscope; enumeration of red blood cells; enumeration of
while blood cells; eosinophil count; preparation and staining of blood films;
identification of blood cells in a stained film; differential leucocyte count;
nd con(
specific gravity of blood; fragility of red blood cell; erythrocyte sedimentation
is itters
rate, haematocrit value; blooo grouping; estimation of haemoglobin; laboratory
classification of anaemias and determination of absolute indices like MCH,
MCHC, MCV, colour index; bleeding and clotting time.
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
:ei ors ai
■r
*ai
Methods of blood collection; Arneth count; enumeration of reticulocyte and
platelets (demonstration); viscocity of blood (demonstration); blood volume
estimation (demonstration); bone marrow smear (demonstration).
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2. NEURO-MIJSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
otentia
1UST KNOW: Human:
I
Mosso's ergography; effects of prolonged voluntary activity, rest, motivation,
iatigue on human muscle contractions and calculation of work done; bicycle
ergometry and treadmill, mechanical efficiency of human body.
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Dejnonstration of electromyography; velocity of nerve impulse and strength
curation curve in humans (demonstration); Compound action potential
(demonstration).
1 EXPERIMENTAL MUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
siw
I
Study of laboratory appliances in experimental physiology and dissection of
S ^a^r.ocnernjus “ sciatic muscle nerve preparation; simple muscle curve;
c tects of increasing strength of stimuli; effects of temperature; genesis of
atigue; effects of two successive stimuli; genesis of tetanus; effect or after load
ano tree load on muscle contraction and calculation of work done; velocity of
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---- nerve impulse in sciatic nerve
determination of resting length.
of the frog; isometric contraction an:
2.2. SMOOTH MUSCLE EXPERIMENTS
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Demonst
pressure
factors c
on hemo
in man.
Recording of contraction of frog's rectum; recording of movements of sm£
intestine (rabbit) and effects of ions, drugs, temperature.
MUST KNOW:
3. EXPERIMENTS ON METABOLISM, BODY TEMPERATURE
AND KIDNEY
MUST KNOW:
Recording of body temperature and effects of exercise on body temperature.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Basal metabolic rate in humans; water excretion test.
Pulmona
respiratc
response
DESIRABLE 1
Demonsi
mechani
and the
and anal
4. EXPERIMENTS ON ENDOCRINES AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
MUST KNOW
Demonstration of vaginal smears of rats; identification of the phases of the estni;
cycle; pregnancy diagnostic tests; effects of adrenaline, posterior pituitar
extract on uterine muscle; examination of semen - sperm count, sperm motilitj
(demonstration); Demonstration of slides showing the proliferative and secreton
changes in the endometrium.
5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Examine
cxamina
DESIRABLE :
Demons
motor,
spinal 1
autonorr
MUST KNOW:
Clinical examination of cardiovascular system; sphygmomanometry: exercise of
blood pressure; effect of posture and exercise on B.P.; radial pulse cold-presso:
test; Electrocardiography.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Experimental cardiogram: effect of warmth and cold on sinus venosus anC
ventricle; extra systole and compensatory pause; stannius ligatures; properties 0'
cardiac muscle; effect of acetylcholine, adrenaline, nicotine and atropine on
heart; perfusion of blood vessels of frog; perfusion of mammalian heart an^
effect of drugs on it; perfusion of frog’s heart and effect of ions on it.
MUST KNOW
To stud'
vision; t
DESIRABLE r
Demons
Purkinje
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3I
ontractionlJ
Demonstrations'. Echocardiography; cardiac output in dogs; record of blood
pressure, venous pressure, repiration in animals (dog) and effects of various
factors on it; phonocardiogram; effect of passive tilt on B.P.; effect of exercise
on hemo-cardio-respiratory system; Cardiac function tests; Cutaneous circulation
in man.
ts of
6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UST KNOW:
T E
Pulmonary function tests including spirometry; clinical examinations of
respiratory' system; stethography; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; respiratory
response to exercise.
perature. :
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Demonstrations'. Compliance and surfactant; Donder’s model to demonstrate the
mechanism of respiration; Dog/cat: intrapleural and intraoesophageal oressures
and the effect of various influences on them; Muller's manoeuver; collection
and analysis of respiratory gases; uses of Douglas bag.
SYSTEM
7. NERVOUS SYSTEM
4UST KNOW:
or Tie esto
Examination of motor functions, sensory functions and
ic pituita
examination; examination of reflexes of normal subject.
eiiu motila
nd secretq ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
cranial
nerves
Demonstrations'. E.E.G., E.M.G., and nerve conduction studies: sensory,
motor, compound action potential; decerebrate rigidity in cat; reaction time;
spinal frog and reciprocal innervation; decerebrate frog; examination of
autonomic functions.
exercise
old-presj 4 UST KNOW:
8. SPECIAI. SENSES
fo study the model of eye; perimetry; acuity of vision - distant and near; colour
vision; tests on smell ana taste; tuning fork tests.
n us a
operties
ne on fr
f irt a
ESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Demonstrations'. Principles of ophthalmoscopy and
Purkinje-Samson images.
retinoscopy; audiometry;
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AREAS FOR INTEGRATED TEACHING
SI.No.
Area
Collaborating Departments
1.
Endocrine glands
Biochemistry and Medicine
2.
Family Planning and Welfare
Anatomy and Obstetrics &
Gynaecology
3.
Echocardiography
Cardiology
4.
Basic life support (module)
Anaesthesiology and Anatomy
5.
Patho-physiology of hypertension
Medicine
6.
Intraocular tension and retinoscopy
Ophthalmology
/.
Audiometry and vestibular tests
Oto-rhino-laryngology (ENT)
25
g,.
artments
''fedicine
:s &
i A natomy
?y (ent^
BIOCHEMISTRY
i
I)
-
I
B4RTMENTAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the learning period of one year in Biochemistry, the student
11 be able to:
state the gross biochemical functions of the various systems of the human body.
recognise and state the correlation of the. anatomical and physiological features
of the human body with biochemical functions.
state the biochemical basis for the normal and abnormal functioning of the
human body.
point out the nature of biochemical defects in various disease states commonly
encountered in clinical practice.
apply the biochemical knowledge so acquired in the practice of medical sciences.
continue to learn advancements in biochemistry and apply the same in medical
practice as and when warranted.
develop an attitude to arrive at a provisional diagnosis of various biochemical
disorders that can be encountered in clinical practice and motivate the affected
persons in the community for proper management on the basis of the biochemi
cal knowledge so acquired.
to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances of biochemical
importance in the human system and interpret the results.
26
COURSE CONTENT
1. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE
MUST KNOW:
ceiiuJar
Cellular comp<
compartments - cellular environment - organisation and composition:
eukaryotic cells, functional role of subcellular organelles and membranes.
2. CARBOHTTDRATE CHEMISTRY
5. 5
MUST KNOW:
Oxygen tr
of physiol
role of
and diseas
Collagen .
sification i
Structure t
MUST KNOW:
Definition, classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates, structure (
glucose, biological importance and properties of glucose, fructose,-galactose mtsTKNOW’
lactose, ,maltose,,
maltose, sucrose, ribose starch, insulin, glycogen, aminosugars,
ami
lactose,
deoi ''
sugars, heteropolysaccharides, carbohydrates of cell membranes.
Definition
constituen
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
their sign,
importanc
Sialic acids, blood group substances.
a)
En
mechanisr
3. LIPID CHEMISTRY
organisati
factors in)
MUST KNOW:
b)
Co
Definition, classification, nomenclature of lipids, biological importance an
of co-en
properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, tnacylglycem
significan
phospholipids, glycerol, sterols, steroids, glycolipids, prostaglandins
eukotrienes, thromboxanes, iodine number, rancidity.
c)
Vi
requiremc
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Riboflavi
Pyridoxir
Structure and functions of biological membrane, liposomes.
DESIRABLE T(
4. PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
MUST KNOW:
Isolation,
enzymes,
penoxida
Definition, classification, composition of proteins, aminoacids, thev
classification and properties, protonic eauilibria of amino acids, separator)
techniques for amino acids and proteins - oiologically important small peptides MUST KNOW:
conformation of proteins - levels of structural organisation.
Mechanic
DESIRABLE TO KNOW: Structure of amino acids.
lipids, j
absorptic
27
1
5. STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP OF PROTEINS
VST KNOW:
gen transport proteins - myoglobin structure and function - structural basis
|
Oxvgen
ihvsiological functions of nemoglobin - co-operative binding, Bohr effect,
2.3 Diphosphoglycerate, fetal haemoglobin, modification of Hb structure
*
1 of
F9
and disease-glycated haemoglobin, HbM, HbC, Thalassemias, HbS.
ipnsition
nCollagen structure and function; Lipoprotein - structural characteristics, clas
sification and biological importance.
Structure and functions of immunoglobulins.
6. NUCLEIC ACIDS
ri ture
• ^alactos C'ST KNOW:
ars, deo:
Definition, structural description and functions of nucleic acids, their
constituents and derivatives in our body. Biologically important nucleotides and
their significance - synthetic analogues of punnes and pyrimidines or medical
importance.
a)
Enzymes: General characteristics of enzymes, enzyme3 nomenclature,
■—.z kinetics,
mechanism of enzyme catalysis, enzyme
kinetics, enzyme inhibition,
ulation
enzyme activity in vivo,
organisation of multienzyme systems, regulation of
or e:
factors influencing enzyme activity, clinical enzymology.
ti :e ai
/Iglycero
a, ' indin
b)
Co-enzymes: Definition, concepts of cosubstrate, second substrate, role
of co-enzymes in group transfer reactions, classification and biologica
significance.
c)
Vitamins: Definition, classification, occurence, sources
daily
requirements, functions, deficiency manifestation. A, D, E, K, Thiamin,
Rlooflavin, Niacin, Pantothemic acid, Biotin, Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin,
Pyridoxin, PABA and antivitamins, hypervitaminosis.
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Isolation, nomenclature and regulation of enzyme activity. Structure of co
enzymes. Structure of vitamins and antivitamins; free radicals; lipid
penoxidation and overview of anti-oxidants.
s, thei
operator
p >tides tfJST KNOW:
7. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
Mechanism of digestion and absorption in gastrointestinal tract of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, aminoacids, vitamins, factors influencing digestion and
absorption, role of dietary fibre.
28
■
j
•ILS
.0- .4.!!
.. .
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Alterations in mechanisms of digestion and absorption leading on to diseas
process.
8. LNTRODUCTION TO INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
MUST KNOW:
Definition, bioenergetics - solid state, entrophy, free energy (G), coupled reac
tion, high energy (P) compounds, oxidation-reduction reactions - definition
redox potential, electron carriers, compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways j
cells and the biologic advantage of sucn compartmentalisation.
Stages of catabolism of molecules:
i)
breakdown with no energy trap
ii)
breakdown with some force energy trap
iii)
final pathway CMP consisting of TCA, electron transport chain
and oxidative phosphoxylation.
Phosphorylation at the substrate level; mitochondrial electron transport an:
oxidative phosphorylation. Description, localisation, organisation of electro:
transport and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, basic concepts c:
mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
e)
N
formatio
breakdo;
diagnosi.
and de
magnesi
g) - E
requiren
respiratc
of energ
formula^
malnutri
h)
C
desirable '
Free rat
metab ol
related
involves
prostagl
metabol
disorder
hyperur
manifes
and fort
a)
Carbohydrates (without stress on structures):
An overview an:
regulatory steps of glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
HMP shunt, uric acid pathway, interconversion of hexoses, metabolism o: iv)
Compo
fructose and glactcse, blood glucose homeostasis, overview of commo:
disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and their clinical significance, diabete.1 MUST KNOW
mellitus and relevant biochemical investigations, oral glucose tolerance test.
c
a)
b)
Lipids: Overview of fatt ' acid synthesis, oxidation, ketosis, fatty liver,
t
cholesterogenesis, biochemical ( asis of arteriosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemias
obesity, role of adipose tissue. Lipotropic factors and nypolipioemic drugs
I
b)
v
Metabolic rate of cholesterol.
c
c)
Proteins and amino acids: Basic concepts of disposal of nitrogen,
z
transamination, deamination, urea cycle, overview of disposal of carbon skeleton
c)
e
of amino acids, formation and biological significance of special compounds from
amino acids - glycine tiyptophan, tyrosine, phenylamanine, histidine, sulphur
1
containing amino acids. Common inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.
r
of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids.
common metabolic pathway (TCA cycle).
3Integration
- .
d)
29
-
d)
I
(
i
I
Si
n to dis*
C ISM
I
1
I, oupled
ns - definitic
)1‘ pathways
Neucleotides, purines and pyrimidines: Origin of constituents in the
formation of purines, pyridimines and nucleotides, regulatory influences,
breakdown of purine and pyridimines, biochemical basis and laboratory
diagnosis of gout.
f)
Minerals: Sources, daily requirements, absorption, biochemical functions
and deficiency manifestations of calcium, phosphorus,, iron, fluoride,
magnesium, copper, zinc, iodine, sodium, potassium and chloride.
Energy and nutrition: Calorie requirements, qualitative and quantitative
requirements, specific dynamic action, BMR, factors influencing BMR,
respiratory quotient, biological value of proteins, formulation and computation
of energy requirements for a medical student, balanced and adequate diets,
formulation of diets in health and diseases, protein and protein energy
malnutrition, obesity, starvation.
*1
j
h)
Outline of detoxication mechanisms in human body.
JeSJRABLE TO KNOW:
hain
transport
on of elecl
2 :oncepts
Free radicals, lipid peroxidation;
Methods of investigations of intermediary
metabolism; detailed aspects of metabolism of carbohydrates, rare disorders
related to metabolism including glycogen storage disease; Detailed steps
involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, lipoproteins,
prostaglandins, leucotriene and thromooxanes. Rare disorders related, to lipid
metabolism; Detailed steps in the breakdown of amino acids and rare inherited
disorders related to amino acid metabolism; Purine salvage pathways secondary
hyperuricemia; Metabolism of chromium, cobalt, selinium etc. toxicity
manifestations; Food toxins and additives; adulteration of foods, nutrification
and fortification of foods; Basic concepts of total parenteral nutrition.
c jrview a
uc neogenesi
metaboTism )
Composition and formation of urine, normal and abnormal:
f conuni
a, e, diabet 4UST KNOW:
ance test.
Constituents in urine, renal function tests, concept of clearance
a)
if fatty live
tests.
oteinemia
idemic drug
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance,, disorders associated
b)
with laboratory parameters in. diagnosis of fluid and electrolyte
disorders. Oral rehydration solution.
of nitrogei
ir »n skeletc
c)
Acid base balance, blood buffers, regulation of blood pH, role of
n unds froi
erythrocytes, lungs and kidneys in regulation of acid base balance,
dine, sulphu
acidosis/ alkalosis of respiratory and non-respiratory origin,
tbnlism.
laboratory parameters in diagnosis of acid base disorders.
a....no aci<
d)
of jaundice,
Breakdown of hemoglobin,
biochemical basis
classification and their importance, bile pigments and their
porphyrias, hepatoimportance; overview of biochemical basis or porphy
biliary function tests.
30
e)
Gastric and pancreatic function tests and laboratory diagnosis t
common gastric and pancreatic disorders.
6.
Principi
urea, ci
f)
Thyroid function tests.
7.
Princip
results.
g)
Endocrinology:
hormones.
8.
Princip
of a chi
h)
Biochemical changes in pregnancy, imetabolic requirements durir
pregnancy, biochemical basis or contraception.
9.
Princip
of
Mechanism
action
metabolic
and
role
t
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Synthesis of hemoglobin, its enzymatic control, detailed knowledge of porphy
ias; Role of radio isotopes in Medicine; Fetoplacental unit; biochemical tests c
fetal maturity and abnormalities.
v)
SI.No.
Immunology and Molecular Biology:
MUST KNOW:
a)
Basic biochemical concepts of immunology.
1.
b)
Overview of cell cycle, DNA replication, transcription and protei
of recombinent* DNbiosynthesis, mutations, general
g------ 1 "principles
r--- /
Outline c
” *
in medicine.
technology and its practical applications
biochemical basis of carcinogenesis.
2.
j
DESIRABLE TO KNOW:
Immunodiagnostic methods: Regulation of genetic expression in eukc /otes
Inhibitors of protein synthesis, post translational modifications, DNA amaj
and repair mechanisms, blotting techniques; gene therapy.
PRACTICALS
1.
Spectroscopic examination of haemoglobin and derivatives.
2.
Qualitative analysis of gastric juice and bile; principle of Vandenberg test. Intel
pretation of gastric analysis with correlation to diseases.
3.
Qualitative analysis of milk and common food stuffs.
4.
Qualitative analysis of normal and abnormal constituents of urine and interpret
tion of results of such analysis.
5.
Principles of colorimetry.
31
n
\ «.v°c
.
yy
£
£ A N G ‘Xv
;^r ■;?/' •
...
...
Principles of estimation and interpretation of results of estimation of glucose,
urea, creatinine, proteins, bilirubins, calcium, cholesterol in blood.
y diagnosj
>c
Principles of estimation of urea, creatinine in urine and the interpretation of
results.
role*
Principles of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques and interpretation
of a chromatogram and electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins.
e snts dur
Principles of radioactive tracer techniques.
■■
g- of porphl
lemica! testsl
I
and prol
b* ent Di
Outline
AREAS FOR INTEGRATED TEACHING
:i So.
■)
Area
Collaborating Departments
Medical Genetics
Anatomy
Endocrine glands
Physiology & Medicine
euk:aryotes
Xi damal
y
st. Ini
i interpret
i
j
I
32
ANATOMY
EXAMINATION SCHEME
A.
40 marks
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:
(Notified test: 30 marks
Records:
I 10 marks)
Notified tests are being conducted periodically with regular intervals and the
average of best 3 test performances are taken into account for 30 marks of internal
assessment.
Histology record and Gross Anatomy record are being maintained by the stud
ents and 10 (54-5) marks are awarded for the same.
The pre-University or Send^up examination marks are also taken into account for
computing internal assessment. Minimum 4 notified tests are being conducted.
B.
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION:
I.
Written Examination: Time: 3 hours; Total marks: 80.
a)
Types of questions and allocation of marks for each:
Recall
type
Understanding
type
Application
type
Long answers (10 marks)
10x2 = 20
Short answers(3 marks)
3x2
= 6
3x4 = 12
3x4 = 12
Very short answers (2 marks)
2x7
= 14
2x4 = 8
2x4 = 8
150
?■
-
■
.-.U„,J
................ :
■
....
-
-
f
b)
Allocation of marks for each sub-division of the course contents:
PART-I
1.
General anatomy, general histology,
general embryology
10 marks
2.
Medical genetics
10 marks
3.
Upper limb
10 marks
4,
Lower limb
10 marks
5.
Abdomen and pelvis, concerned embryology
and histology and anatomical basis of
birth control and family welfare measures
40 marks
n.
The question paper should have four sections called Section I, II,. III,. IV and
each section shall be answered in separate answer book. Each section is to be evaluaied by one examiner.
ni.
(Total 4 examiners - one section for each).
Allocation of subjects in various sections:
Section - I - Item No.5 and 3
Section - II - Item No.5 and 1
Section - III - Item No.5 and 4
Section - IV - Item No.5 and 2
PART - H
1.
Thorax: concerned histology and embryology
20 marks
2.
Neuro anatomy: concerned histology and
embryology
20 marks
Head and neck: concerned histology and
embryology
30 marks
Postnatal growth and development
10 marks
3.
4.
80 marks
1
1
151
x-
<5 <+ si
> oj
rcrr ubraRY
QC
AND
r-
OOCUMENTAT1ON
k
uN<T
-Z'
) d
Allocation of subjects in various sections:
Section - I
Section - II
Section - III
Section - IV
Thorax
Neuro anatomy
Head and neck
Head and neck and Postnatal growth and
development
The model question papers have been provided.
II.
40 marks
Oral Examination:
10 marks
10 marks
10 marks
10 marks
Osteology
Embryology
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
I, W and
e <aluat-
III.
40 marks
Practical Examination:
20 marks
Gross Anatomy practical:
!
Part I: Limbs
Abdomen and pelvis
- 10 marks
- 10 marks
Part II:Neuro anatomy and thorax - 10 marks
-10 marks
Head and neck
For Gross Anatomy practical, the students are examined after providing
the dissected specimens.
20 marks
Histology practical:
(Common to both Part I and Part II)
Histology spotters
i
- 10 marks
Staining of paraffin section
with H&E and identification,
followed by discussion
- 10 marks
100/200 is being considered for passing Anatomy in each Part-I and Part-II.
152
p
I
MODEL QUESTION PAPER IN ANATOMY
I M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
FIRST SEMESTER - PART-I
Time: Three hours.
Max. Marks: 80
Each section to be answered in separate answer book.
Illustrate the answer with suitable diagram.
6.
SECTION I
1.
2.
3.
7.
Marks
Write briefly on:
a)
The role of serratus anterior muscle in abduction of arm
b)
The lymphatic drainage of female breast in respect of its role
in malignancy of breast
3
3
Briefly explain why
a)
in infection of palm there is swelling on the dorsum of hand
2
b)
injury to ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle of humerus
causes tlattening of hypothenar exminence and prominence of
metacarpal bones
2
Describe the gross anatomy and histology of pancreas.
8.
5
a
7 + 3 = 10
SECTION II
4.
5.
b
Write briefly on:
c,
a)
Role of arterial anastomosis
b)
Structure and functions of three types of simple columnar
epithelial cells
3
c)
Difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
2
d)
Functions of articular discs of synovial joints.
2
3
d;
9.
E:
a)
b)
Briefly explain:
c)
a)
Formation of congenital polycystic kidney
2
d)
b)
Applied anatomy of lobes of prostate with reference to structure
and relations
3
e)
153
W'
f.
j
■ V
c)
-V
S':
N
d)
Applied anatomy of hepato renal pouch with reference to
boundaries and relations
2
Obstruction to inferior venacava causing prominence of veins
of anterolateral abdominal wall
3
rksao
SECTION - III
6.
i
arfa
J
3
3
Describe the boundaries and list the contents of the perineal
pouches in both the sexes
5+5 = 10
Write briefly on:
a)
Mechanism of formation of varicose veins in lower limb.
3
b)
Effects of ininury to common peroneal nerve at the level of
neck of fibula
la
3
c)
Role of popliteus muscle in movements of knee joint
2
d)
Blood supply to neck of femur
2
2
SECTION - IV
2
8.
0
3
9.
3
2
Write briefly on:
a)
Theory of dosage compensation
3
b)
Physical and chromosomal defects in Cri-du-Chat syndrome
3
c)
Mendel's First Law
2
d)
Genetic markers
2
Explain briefly:
a)
Formation and features of Meekel's Diverticulum
2
b)
Course and relations of Vas Deferens with reference to
contraception
2
c)
Anomalies of uterus with reference to sterility
2
d)
Formation of ectopic testis
2
e)
Why right gonadal vein drains into inferior venacava while left
gonada vein drains into left renal vein
2
2
2
re
3
154
p
MODEL QUESTION PAPER IN ANATOMY
I M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
SECOND SEMESTER - PART-II
(Head and Neck,
Histology, Embryology,
<, Thorax,
thorax, Neuro Anatomy, Histolog'
Postnatal Growth and Development)
Time: Three hours.
Max. Marks: 80
4.
Each section to be answered in separate answer book.
Illustrate answers with suitable diagrams where necessary.
5.
SECTION -1
1.
Marks
Explain briefly why/how
a)
Collateral circulation will be established when superior vena
cava is obstructed above the entrance of the azygos vein.
3
b)
Atrial septal defect occurs.
3
c)
An inhaled foreign body is more likely to pass down the right
bronchus.
2
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks round the ligamentum
arteriosum.
2
d)
6.
What is the origin of the coronary arteries? Name the branches
2+4+4 = 10
and area of supply of each of these arteries.
SECTION - II
3.
Why do the facial nerve fibres go around abducent nerve
nucleus?
3
b)
How is the Calcar Avis formed? Where is to be found?
3
c)
Why is the sensory cortex known as the granular cortex?
2
d)
Wh y are signs of motor dysfunction found on the same side of
the body in the case of unilateral cerebellar hemisphere lesions?
3
e)
Why will the leg be affected if the anterior cerebral artery
is ligated or cut?
2
What is a commissure? Name the parts of the Corpus Callosum.
2
a)
0
e
7.
<
■S: -
155
i
g)
List the afferent and efferent connections of the following
thalamic nuclei:
i)
iii)
h)
Ventrolateral (ventral intermediate)
Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
Medial geniculate body
3
What is the histological appearance of the posterior root ganglion? 2
SECTION - III
i irks: 80
4.
How is
i the tongue developed? What is its microscopic anatomy?
What is its blood
•a supply and nerve supply?
3+34-2-1-2 = 10
5.
a)
How is it that a pituitary tumour may cause bitemporal
hemianopsia?
3
b)
Why is the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle known as the most
important single muscle in the larynx?
2
3
c)
Draw and label a diagram showing a typical intercostal nerve.
3
3
d)
What is meant by the mediastinum? How is it subdivided?
2
SECTION - IV
2
1
o,
Give reasons why/how.
In surgical removal of the thyroid gland, the inferior
thyroio artery is ligated or tied away from the gland.
2
Why damage to the stellate ganglion can result in ptosis or
drooping of the eyelid.
3
Excessive bleeding may occur from the tonsillar fossa after
removal of the palatine tonsil.
3
a)
What is the effect of damage to the lingual nerve as it lies
near the lower third molar tooth?
2
2
b)
What changes take place in the respiratory system of the child
after birth?
2
3
c)
What are the stages in post natal growth?
2
d)
What is the importance of the "Road to Health" card?
2
e)
Write briefly on the eruption of the milk or deciduous teeth
in the child.
2
f)
How is the adult height reached from childhood?
2
2
a)
4 = 10
b)
c)
3
7.
3
s';
2
ir
2
156
r
W1
■
•
■
PHYSIOLOGY
4
I
+'^- -
PHYSIOLOGY
■
EXAMINATION SCHEME
A.
B.
EVTERNAL ASSESSMENT:
40 marks
(Notified test: 30 marks
Record
: 10 marks)
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION:
I.
Theory (Written)
II.
Oral
III.
Practical
80 marks
..
40 marks
40 marks
.. 200 marks
Total
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETTERS
Key: R = Recall type; I = Interpretation (understanding) type; A = Application type
Types of questions and allocation of marks and subjects for each section:
PART-I
SECTION -1
Q.l. Essay - Physiology of blood
Q.2. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
Blood
General^physiology/Body fluid
R :
2
I :
6
2+6
R :
R :
2
2
2
2
2
2
2x6 = 12
4
4
4
4
2
2
4x5 = 20
I :
I :
A :
-do-do-do-
A :
8
SECTION - II
Q.3. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
R :
Muscle and Nerve
-doKidney and Urinary bladder
-do-do-
I :
I :
I :
I :
A :
157
r
■■
SECTION - m
Q.4.
Essay - Physiology of Endocrines
R:
Q.5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Endocrines
-do-do-doMale reproduction
Male reproduction
I :
I :
I :
I :
A :
I :
I :
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2+6 =
Q.l.
8
Q.2.
2x6 = 12
SECTION - IV
Q.6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
R :
Physiology of G.I. tract
-doReproduction female
I :
I :
R :
A :
-do-
Total marks
4
4
4
4
4
Q.3.
i
t
4x5 = 20
c
80
d
e
Q.4. E
Q.5. a}
b}
c)
dl
e)
0
Q.6. a)
b)
c)
__
■<
158
I
. ■
d)
e)
PART - II
SECTION -1
Essay - Cardiovascular system
Q.l.
R :
2
6
2+6 =
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2x6 = 12
I :
Q.2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
0
Cardiovascular system
-do-
R :
R :
A :
-do-do-do-dc-
I :
I :
I :
A :
8
SECTION - II
Q.3.
a)
Cardiovascular system
R :
I :
b)
Respiratory system
R :
c)
-do-
d)
e)
-do-do-
R :
A :
I :
I :
I :
I :
2
2
2
2
1
3
4
4
4
4x5
20
I :
2
6
2+6
8
R
I
I
I
R
A
A
2
2
o
2
1
1
2
2x6 = 12
I :
4
R :
R :
A :
4
1
3
4
4
SECTION - III
Q.4.
Q.5
Essay - Central Nervous System
a)
b)
Central Nervous System
d)
e)
-do-do-do-
f)
-do-
c)
R :
SECTION - IV
Q.6. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hypothalamus, limbic system,
autonomic nervous svstem
*
Body temperature regulation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Special senses
-do-do-
I :
I :
Total marks
159
4x5 = 20
= 80
MODEL QUESTION PAPER IN PHYSIOLOGY
FIRST M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
PART-I
Max. marks: 100
Time: 3 hours.
Each Section to be answered in a separate answer book.
Illustrate the answer with suitable diagrams.
SECTION-1
Marks
Name two immediate precursors of erythrocytes. Describe how
erythropoiesis and erythrocytes; are altered by the following conditions.
1.
a)
b)
High altitude.
Vit.B-12 deficiency
(24-3+3)
4.
Nap
thei
5a.,
Mer
b.
Mer
c.
Mer
d.
Des
of n
e.
Mer
old
f.
Des
6a.
Whi
Enu
8
2x6 = 12
2a.
Name any two anticoagulants and mention their mode of action.
b.
Mention the normal values tor sodium and potassium in extra
cellular and intracellular fluids.
c.
Describe the effects of ouabain on sodium potassium pump and
contractility.
d.
Describe the immediate effect of intravenous hypertonic mannitol
infusion on intracellular fluid compartment.
b.
Brie
ston
e.
Describe the effect of lymphatic obstruction in a limb and explain.
c.
Dra
horr
f.
Describe the effect of hyperkalaemia on resting membrane
potentiality and excitability of a cell.
d.
Nan
e.
Des
SECTION - II
3a.
4x5 = 20
Draw and label a schematic diagram of neuromuscular junction
of skeletal muscle. Name any two neuromuscular blocking agents.
b.
Draw a schematic diagram of a sarcomere. Mention the role of
calcium in contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle.
c.
d.
e.
the ■
Describe the role of physical factors that determine effective filtration
pressure in the glomeruli. Describe how ureteric obstruction affects
glomerular filtration.
Graphically correlate plasmaa concentration of glucose and insulin
with their excretion in urine, Indicate the value of renal threshold for
glucose in the graph.
In diabetes insipidum, the daily urine output is 201 in spite of’a
glomerular filtration of 1801. Explain the mechanism of reabsorption
of water for the remaining 1601 filtrate, indicating the sites.
160
1-
t
e.
SECTION - III
4.
ir-ks: loo
■
5a.
b.
Name the hormones of posterior pituitary gland. Describe how
their secretion is regulated.
2+6 = 8
Mention the effects of iodine deficiency on thyroid gland.
2x6 = 12
Mention the effects of aldosterone on extracellular fluid volume.
Mention the effect of insulin deficiency on blood glucose level.
Mart
1
>:
Describe the effect of deficiency of paratharmone on excitability
of neive.
Mention four effects of administration of testosterone in a 20 year
old female.
:
= 8
Describe the difference between emission and ejaculation in male.
1x6 = 12
SECTION - IV
?a.
4x5 = 20
What are the products secreted by parietal cells of stomach?
Enumerate the endogenous substances which can directly stimulate
the parietal cells.
b.
Briefly explain the effect of fatty diet on the motor functions of
stomach and gall bladder.
Draw a labeled diagram correlating endometrial changes with ovarian
hormonal levels during a menstrual cycle.
•i
Name four hormones acting on breast and mention their functions.
Describe the effect of oral contraceptives on ovulation.
x
= 20
161
■
■■
r
.'W-v.
MODEL QUESTION PAPER IN PHYSIOLOGY
FIRST M.B.B.S. EXAMINATION
4.
Dra
5a.
List
b.
Exp
mid'
c.
Writ
d.
Des<
e.
Nan
f.
Men
lobe
6a.
Desc
beha
b.
Desc
c.
Defi
d.
Wha
freqi
PART-n
Max.marks; IOq
Time: 3 hours.
Each Section to be answered in a separate answer book.
Illustrate the answer with suitable diagrams.
SECTION-I
1.
JMarh
Define systolic, diastolic, mean and pulse pressures. Explain the 24-34-31=8
changes in heart rate and blood pressure in the following conditions:
a.
b.
Moderate exercise
Rising from recumbent to erect position.
2a.
Draw ECG as obtained in standard limb lead-II. Give normal
value of P-R interval.
b.
Give the normal value of coronary blood flow. Draw a diagram
showing ECG changes following coronary thrombosis.
2x6
c.
Explain the mechanism of flare in triple response in skin.
d.
Give the effect of increased venous return on cardiac output.
e.
Explain why myocardium cannot be tetanised.
f.
Describe the mechanism by which catecholamines improve myocardial
performance.
12
e.
SECTION - II
3a.
Enumerate 4 causes of hypovolumnic shock. Explain in brief how
Explain in brief how body reacts to hypotension in shock.
b.
Draw oxygen dissociation curve. How does severe exercise alter it?
c.
Define vital capacity. What is the effect of section of spinal cord
at C6 on it?
d.
If surfactant production in lungs is decreased, how does it influence
respiration?
e.
What are mechanisms of respiratory changes in asphyxia?
sens
of s
lesic
Expl
durir
4x5 = 20
162
■
9
SECTION - ni
: 4.
I
narks: 100
t
Draw a schematic diagram illustrating pathway for temperature
sensation. Describe the sensory disturbances following nemisection
of spinal cord below the level of lesion.
5a.
List any four differences between upper and lower motor neuron
lesions, in a tabular form.
b.
Explain the physiological basis of decerebrate rigidity in a cat after
midcollicular section.
4+4 = 8
2x6 = 12
!
Marfa
-3+3 =8
2
Write m brief the mechanism of production of physiological nystagmus.
d.
Describe any four clinical features of unilateral cerebellar disease.
e.
Name any superficial reflex. Describe its clinical significance.
Mention any two sensations that should be tested in lesion of parietal
lobe giving reasons.
= 12
SECTION - IV
5a.
b.
Describe the role of hypothalamus in food intake and feeding
behaviour.
Describe the composition and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
Define accommodation in eye. Explain how is it altered in old age.
x
d.
What is the role of basilar membrane in discrimination of sound
frequencies?
e.
Explain the physiological basis of changes in visual acuity and pupil
during adaptation to darkness.
= 20
163
4x5 = 20
I
!
BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOCHEMISTRY
EXAMINATION SCHEME
i
I
The evaluation of students in Biochemistry will be based on (i) Internal Assess• -ent and (ii) University Examination.
University examination will consist of Part-I examination at the end of first
ijademic year and Part-II examination at the end of second semester.
Allotment of marks for each part (Part I & II) examination in Biochemistry will
as Nilows:
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT:
a.
b.
30 marks.
10 marks.
Periodic assessment
Practical record marks
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION:
80 marks.
40 marks.
40 marks.
Theory' examination
Practical examination
Viva voce
200 marks.
TOTAL MARKS (A-t-B)
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
•nternal assessment shall be computed on the basis of notified theory; practical,
•iva •• :.ce tests conducted by the department.
A minimum number of five notified tests including terminal and send-up exami"ation will be held in Biochemistry for each part (Part I 'Sc II). Average marks secured
jv the candidate in the best out of three tests will be converted to the denominator of
T)
in case the student is absent at a test for any genuine reason, he will be given
consideration while computing the marks. Niarks for all tests and the internal
^sessment shall be notified.
Students who fail at the University examination can submit the application for
^provement of the internal assessment to the controller of examination. For this
^rpcse, they will be required to appear in at least three more tests including send up
-Amination. Average or these tests will be taken into account for computing internal
dsses3m.ent for 30 marks.
Practical record marks will be added to the internal assessment calculated as
?lven above.
164
^RITTI
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
IT-
There will be total of two examiners in Biochemistry: one internal and one
external from other Universities.
Th-
The University examination will consist of following components for each pan
(Part I and Part II).
a)
Re
Ur
THEORY:
Ap
Each paper of 80 marks will comprise of four sections (Section I, II, HI & IV • of
20 marks each. Break up details for theory paper and model question paper is enclosed
separately. Each examiner will evaluate two sections.
Th
each secti
PAPER SETTING: Paper setting shall be entrusted to the external examiner
according to the guidelines laid down. Preferably the paper setter should also be
examiner for practical and viva voce examination.
Eac
Section I
MODERATION: To avoid discrepancies in question setting as per laid down
instructions, one internal examiner should be appointed as moderator.
Section II
b)
PRACTICAL AND ORAL EXAMINATION: 40 b 40 marks.
Details of practical examination are enclosed,
conduct practical in two batches.
Section III
All the two examiners will
Maximum time - 3 hours for practical.
Maximum of 25 students will be evaluated per day.
Section IV
Practical examination will be conducted in the morning and viva voce in the
afternoon.
Eac
Eac
c)
PASS MARKS:
The distrit
A candidate shall be declared to have passed if he secures:
SEC
Ene
Det?
-50% in university examination.
- 50% in theory, practical, viva voce and internal assessment taken together.
SEC
Biol
and
For awarding distinction, a candidate should have passed each part of the exami
nation at the first attempt and secured a total of 75% or above marks in Part I and
II combined together.
SEC
Intei
When a candidate has failed in any part of University examination, he will
required to subject himself to the entire examination again in the subject of Biochemis
try.
SEC
Acio
and
No student shall be permitted to join paraclinical/clinical group of subjects unUj
he has passed in all the pre-clinical subjects for which he will be permitted not mo
than four chances (actual examination) provided four chances are completed in 3 ye^-
165
J
j
I
J
^rjUTTEN EXAMINATION:
The written examination shall be of 3 hours duration and carry 80 marks:
al and 01fc
The question paper shall conform to the following pattern:
r vdeh pan
r MV) of
nclosed
40 marks
Understanding type (Interpretation)
20 marks
Application type (Problem solving)
20 marks
The question paper shall carry 80 marks and have four sections I, II, III & IV?
each section
action carrying 20 marks.
J caminer
iL also be
j
Recall type of questions
Each section shall have questions and marks distribution as below:
Section I
Long answer question of 10 marksxl
Ver/ short answer question of 3 marks & 2 marks
10 marks
10 marks
Section II
Short answer question of 5 marks x 2
Very’ short answer question of 3 marks & 2 marks
10 marks
10 marks
Section III
Long answer question of 10 marks x 1
Very short answer question of 3 marks & 2 marks
10 marks
10 marks
Section IV
Short answer question of 5 marks x 2
Very short answer question of 3 marks & 2 marks
10 marks
10 marks
d down
niners will
'oce in the
Each section of the question paper shall be answered in separate answer book.
Each examiner shall evaluate two sections.
The distribution of topics to each section shall be as follows:
SECTION I:
energy metabolism, nutrition, vitamins and chemistry (function and properties)
Detoxication.
;e *r.
SECTION II:
Biological oxidation, bioenergetics, enzymes, digestion and absorption, genetics
and methodology or techniques, molecular biology.
the examind Pad
SECTION III:
Intermediary metabolism and immunology.
I will be
B chemi*-
SECTIONIV:
Acid base, fluid and electrolyte balance, hormones, minerals, special products
and tissues, function tests.
b :ts until
f jt motf
n 3 years-
•A.
166
• ■
4
'J
t
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION:
The practical examination shall be 3 hour duration carrying 50 marks (25
Th
eat
evi
(c)
All
stud-
The practical examination shall have the following exercises to test the abilit'
of the students:
es
Qualitative exercise
Quantitative exercise
Spotters
Urinalysis
Problems
(b)
SE
15 marks
12 marks
5 marks
5 marks
3 marks
Enr
fun
SEi
AU the two examiners shall assess the performance of the candidates in the pratical examination.
F v'
Bio
ogy
ORAL EXAMINATION:
SE(
The oral examination shall carry 40 marks and all the examiners will conduct th*
oral examination for the candidates.
Inte
SEC
PASSING AND GRADING:
Ack
proc
A candidate who scores 50% minimum in written, oral and practical examination
and 40% in internal assessment shall be declared to have passed the examination.
A candidate who scores 75% or more in first attempt in written, oral, practical
put together and internal assessment shall be awarded distinction.
A candidate who passes in the written examination but fails in practical examina
tion or vice versa shall appear for the whole examination in the next sitting provided he
also improves his internal assessment marks by attending classes regularly.
GUIDELINES FOR THE QUESTION SETTER IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Time: 3 hours.
(a)
Max. marks: 80
Types of questions and marks for each:
Long answer (10 marks)
x
Short answer (3 marks)
x
Very short answer(2marks) X
Total marks
Recall *
type (R)
Understanding* Application*
type (V)
type (A)
2 Nos. = 20
2 Nos. = 6
7 Nos. = 14
x 4 Nos. = 12
x 4 Nos. = 8
x 4 Nos. = 12
x 4 Nos. = 8
40
20
20
*The marks allocation to various types are only guidelines, but minimal deviations frothe suggested level are permissible, like 30, 23, 18 or 42, 20, 18, etc.
167
fl jK-
I
I
fl
ftj
'
The question paper should have 4 sections called Section I, II, III and IV and
each section snail be answered in separate answer books. Each section shall be
evaluated by one examiner (Total 2 examiners - two sections for each).
S ^5 stud-
j
he abilities
; (c)
Allocation of subjects in various sections may be as follows:
SECTION I:
Energy metabolism, nutrition, vitamins and chemistry (structure, properties and
function).
SECTION II:
Biological oxidation, enzymes, digestion and absorption, genetics and methodol
ogy or techniques.
in me prac-
SECTION III:
Intermediary metabolism, function tests.
c duct the
SECTION IV:
Acid, Base and Fluid and electrolyte balance, hormones, minerals, special
products and tissues.
elimination
Uion.
aJ practical
:a sxaminapxwvided he
P .Y
arks: 80
(-)
Jc = 12
Jos. = 8
20
vdations fronl
168
i
MODEL QUESTION PAPER IN BIOCHEMISTRY
FIRST MBBS
Time: 3 hours.
Max.marks: 80
Each section to be answered in separate answer books.
All sections carry equal marks.
SECTION-I
Marks
2x2 = 4
la)
When an Indian doctor participates in the Antarctic Expedition,
what would happen to his BMR? What is its relevance?
b)
Why do certain fats become rancid?
2 a)
Calculate the daily calorie requirements for an Indian medical
3x2 = 6
student aged 22 years, height 162 cms and weight 55 Kg, the surface
area 1.55 sq metres. His BMR is 41 cal/sq.m/hr.
b)
Dextran infusion substitutes plasma infusion. What properties of
dextrans are made use of in this.
3.
What are the dietary sources of Vitamin A? How is it involved in
vision? What structural changes does it undergo in the visual cycle?
10
SECTION-II
r
1
Give one example each for endorganic and exorganic reactions.
b)
Why do some patients of jaundice develop intolerance to dietary fat?
c)
Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenease. How will you increase
the enzyme activity without removing malonate?
d)
Write down the different types of electrophoresis you know of.
e)
What is the role of messenger RNA in protein biosynthesis?
f)
Write down the sites of ATP production in the electron transport chain?
g)
What is the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?
5a)
Milk consumption leads to abdominal pain, cramps and diarrhoea
in some oriental adults. What substance in milk is responsible for
this? How is it caused?
b)
Carboxypeptidase is more efficient in the protein hydrolysis in the
later stages of digestion than the initial stages. Explain.
169
i
2x7 = 14
4a)
3x2 = 6
1
SECTION-III
larks: 80
Marla
2x2 = 4
3
=6
2x2 = 4
6a)
Why does the administration of aminopterin inhibit the
biogenesis of purine nucleotides?
b)
A person suffers from polyuria with the specific gravity of
unne as 1.00017. What is the biochemical disorder?
7a)
The gastric analysis of a person revealed a large volume of
resting juice having altered blood and a combined acidity of
30 clinical units. Explain the probable cause of this.
b)
When an athlete runs, which metabolic process supplies energy?
Why is only that process supplying energy at that time? What
happens to the end product of that process, when he rests later?
8.
Why is tricarboxylic acid cycle known as common metabolic
pathway? Illustrate diagrammatically.
3x2 = 6
10
SECTION-IV
10
9a)
A person has serum albumin level of 1.5 g/dl and suffers
from edema. Correlate the findings.
b)
On fasting the pancreas elaborates more glucagon. How does
glucagon immediately restore blood glucose level?
c)
Why does renal ammoniagenesis go up dun ng prolonged
starvation?
d)
A person having albumin is vulnerable to sun-burns. Why?
e)
Enumerate four important factors that influence the
absorption of iron in the G.I. tract.
0
What are the factors regulating the level of serum
calcium in our system?
g)
List the four special products formed from tyrosine.
10a)
Which tissue produces GABA? How? Why?
b)
Why are people with deficiency of glucocorticoids
unable to excrete water normally?
x7 = 14
.?
3:
=6
170
2x7 = 14
3x2 = 6
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