ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AHS IN KARNATAKA
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- Title
- ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AHS IN KARNATAKA
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RF_DEV_11_SUDHA
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSEANDARY At® VETERINARY SERVICES, KARNATAKA
;
BANGALORE
ECONOMICS OF PEG JRCDUCTIO.N
Economics of Hg breeding is a very vital problem and has been
lately attracting serious attention of producers and extension workers
alike and that is important too as one would like to know the returns
he would get by undertaking this industry. Efforts has been made in this
paper to workout the approximate expenditure and expected returns. Some
suggestions have also been offered which are considered helpful in
improving the economics of this industry. The economics of pig industry
depends on:~
a) The cost of production of pigs
b) The return expected from sale of carcass, offals and manure etc
c) The cost of production depends on the following factors mainly:
The number of pigs produced per sow p.;r year
The efficiency with wiiich the pigs can convert meal
into meat
3) Other expenses (fixed costs)
1)
2)
The above is an over simplification of the problem since each of
the above factors can be successfully tackled, by the pig producer through
skill, and good management.
The other costs of production are relatively "fixed" and will
differ according to systems of raising. The fixed costs include labour,
overheads depreciation, veterinary aid etc., Now let us examine each
of those. .
1• The number of pigs produced per sow per year:In a well managed herd one can expect 1 .75 litters from a sow in
a year each litter consisting of about 8 piglets. Accounting for 25
percent mortality in sucklings, one can hope t.o have, about 10 weaners in
a year. The cost of maintenance of sow therefore, shall be distributed
on ten piglets^wiH be equivalent to the cost of 730 Kg. of feed
mixture. In other words each piglet will share cost of 73 Kg. of.feed.
In case, the farrowing index happens to be better than 1.75 or the
litter size bigger than 8 or mortality less than 25$ the farmer will
get more piglets and this will bring’down, the expenditure on each
piglet from sows’ account. Conversely if the producer gets smaller
number of piglets from a sow, there will be greater distribution of cost
of sows’ maintenance on each piglet
*
Cost of maintenance of boar:0n an average, 35 to Lfi litters can be expected to be produced in .
one year from a boar. The cost of maintenance of boar will, therefore
get distributed on 35 to 40 litters.
^hb efficiency with which the pj/'s can convert the meal into meat
The feeding cost is the chief factor affecting cost of production.
It involves about 75 to 80 percent of the total expenditure. If it gets
under control and in proportion of output there is hardly any tiling
standing between breeder and prosperity.
/_ On an average a breeding sow consumes 2 kg. of the food mixture
per day. Therefore the amount which has to be distributed on ten
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HK3EANDARY AND VETERINARY SERVICES, KARNATAKA
,
BANGALORE
ECONOMICS OF HG FRODUCTION
Economics of H.g broelLng is a very vital problem and has been
lately attracting serious attention of producers and extension workers
alike and that is important too as one would like to know the returns
he would get by undertaking this industry. Efforts has been made in this
paper to workout the approximate expenditure and expected returns. Some
suggestions have also been offered which are considered helpful in
improving the economics of this industry. The economics of pig industry
depends on:-
a)
b)
c)
The cost of production of pigs
The return expected from sale of carcass, offals and manure etc.
The cost of production depends on the following factors mainly:-
1)
2)
The number of nigs produced per sow p.ir year
The efficiency with which the pigs can convert meal
into meat
3) Other expenses (fixed costs)
The above is an over simplification of the problem since each of
the above factors can be successfully tackled, by the pig producer through
skill and good management.
The other costs of production are relatively "fixed" and will
differ according to systems of raising. The fixed costs include labour,
overheads depreciation, veterinary aid etc., Now let us examine each
of those. .
1 • The number of pigs produced rer sow per yeariIn a well managed herd one can expect 1 .75 litters from a sow in
a year each litter consisting of about 8 piglets. Accounting for 25
percent mortality in sucklings, one can hope to have about 10 wcaners in
a year. The cost of maintenance of sow therefore, shall be distributed
on ten piglets^will be equivalent to the cost of 730 Kg. of feed
mixture. In other words each piglet will share cost of 73 Kg. of.feed.
In case, the farrowing index happens to be better than 1.75 or the
litter size bigger than 8 or mortality less than 25% the farmer will
get more piglets and this will bring down, the expenditure on each
piglet from sows’ account
*
Conversely if the producer gets smaller
number of piglets from a sow, there wild, be greater distribution of cost
of sows’ maintenance on each piglet
*
Cost of maintenance of boar:On an average, 35 to 40 litters can be expected to be produced in .
one year from a boar. The cost of maintenance of boar will, therefore
get distributed on 35 to 40 litters.
ffhS-.effi-Plcncv with which the pi,7s .can convert the mead into meat
The feeding cost is the chief factor affecting cost of production.
It involves about 75 to 80 percent of the total expenditure. If it gets
under control and in proportion of output there is hardly any tiling
standing between breeder and prosperity.
Z_ On an average a breeding sow consumes 2 kg. of the food mixture
per day. Therefore the amount which has to be distributed on ten
ri-lcts...
- 2 -
The pigs excel nil, other farm animals in terms of their
efficiency in converting feed into edible meat. Because of this and also
because of greater efficiency in the utilization of food nutrients, they
make much more rapid gains in proportion to their live weights. The
amount of feed required per Kg. gain in live vreight is lowest for young
pigs and steadily increase as they grow older. Normally, in our country,
a pig is marketed to factory when it is about 70Kg. body weight Assuming
that the piglet was weaned at 12Kg. body weight, the pig gains 58Kg. from
weaning to market. To produce- this weight, the following quantity of
feed will be consumed taking the feed conversion ration to be 1:/•
i) Before weaning the suckling pig will consume creep feed - 6 Kg.
ii) From weaning to 70 Kg. live weight the pig will consume feed
-- 6 Kg. 243.6 Kg. & 237 Kg.
3) Quality of carcass:The quality of carcass produceed has also an impact on market value.
A good carcass should yield from 75 to 80 per cont of dressed weight. In
ill fed pigs having poor conformation, the dressed weight obtained will
be low and the carcass quality will also be inferior. The returns from
such a carcage will also be lower, similarly, a cracass having more lean
meat will bring better returns as compared to one having more fat.
4)
Other expenses
The expenditure on other item (fixed costs) will work to about 20
per cent. Thus the cost of production of pig to pork Market has been
calculated on feed mixture ranging in cost from Rs.50/- to Rs.90/- and
presented in Table No.1
RETURNS
Returns are expected from the carcass, offals and manure of pig.
The dressed weight from a well fed and high quality carcass is expected to
be from 75 to 78 percent inclusive of head. Dressed weight without head
comes to about 66 percent. Thus from a 70 Kg. carcass, we expect 46.0 Kg.
of meat approximately plus head and other offals like heart, liver, lungs,
stomach intestines etc., The cost of Z6 Kg. meat as per market price
of Rs.8/- per Kg, works out to be Rs.368/- The cost of head-.and offals
will fetch Rs.25/- approximately. Thus the receipts from one carcass works
out to be Rs.393/- per pig.
Approximately about h tonne of manure is produced by one pig in
a year which brings an additional income of about Rs.60/- per pig.
Thus the total-returns expected from one pig will be around
Rs.453/-only.
Profit and Loss;From the foregoing data it would be observed- that the- breeder will
get a return of Rs.453/- as against the cost of production worked out at
various feed costs in table 1. It would be apparent from the above comparision
that pig raising becomes uneconomical «.s soon as the price of feed mixture
goes beyond Rs.90/- per quintal• The margin of profits when the feed mi rhirn
costs from Rs.50/- to Rs.90/- per quintal may be as -fol1nm 1
The above profit have' been worked out on the presumption that the cost
of pork trill remain at Rs.8/- per Kg.
- 3 Cost of Production per pig upto 70 Kg. Live weight different market Rates for Pork Production
Cost of feed mixture when market rate is
Item
Feed
'onsuincd
Expenses incurred
Rs.50/~
P.Qtl.
Rs.55/P.Qtl.
Rs.60/~
P.Qtl.
Rs.65/P.Qtl.
Rs.70/P.Qtl.
Rs.75/P.Qtl.
Rs.80/’ P.QtL.
Rs.85/-
P.Qtl.
Rs.90/
P.Qtl
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs..
Rs.
Rs.
1. On feeding a sow to (>
produce on piglet
(
73 Kg.
36.50
40.13
43-80
47-45
51-10
54-75
58.40
62.50
65.7C
2. On feeding a boar to,
produce one piglot ';
■ 25 Kg..
1.25
1 -37
1.50
1.62
1.75
1.87
2.00
2.13.
2.25
3. On providing creep I
feed to piglot till I>
weaning
I
6 Kg.
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.0'
I
A- On feeding one
wcancr to attain 70Kgl
Live weight after
I!
weaning
I
243 Kg.
121.50
133.65
145.80
157-95
170.10
182.25
194.40
206.55
218.7C
Rs. 165.25
181.17
197.10
213-02
228.95
244.87
260.80
277.18
292.65
58.60
TOTAL
5.
Other Expenses at
the rate of 20%
Rs.
33.00
36.28
39-40
42.60
47.78
48.96
53.60
55.60
Total cost ef production J
one pig
j
Rs. 198.25
217-45
236-50
255-62
276.73
293-S3
314-40
332.73 ■ 351.2”
- 4 Recently, however; a trend on production of prices of maize and
ground-nut-calcc has been noticed. Whether this trend would continue
and if so to what extent is a different aspect. The situation however,
should not dishearten or discourage us but it should provide stimulus
to fixed ways and means to tide over the situation and allow the
industry to flourish. The following suggestions arc offered for consi
deration in this respect;
(1) Extensive use of the facilities of bears and sows of improved
breed distributed by the Animal Husbandry Department to the Farmers.
(2) By improving the genetic worth of pigs through proper sele
ction and systematic breeding at organised piggeries. The hcritability estimates of growth rate have been recovered to be 29 percent
while that for economy of gains at 31 percent indicating that if
properly selected and bred such improvement may be ma.de quicker as
compared to litter size or piglets weaned whose heritability is low.
Figs are like machines the better they are generally, the more
efficient shall be production.
- Comodity
Maize
Wheat Bran
Ground nut cake
Fish meal
Mineral Mixture
Calcium Carbonate
Farts
50 parts
27 parts
15 parts
6 parts
1-25 parts.
0-7
"
Market rate on
25.1.68
Cost
81.00 per Qtl.
32.00 per Qtl.
50.00 per Qtl.
100.00 per Qtl.
120.00 per Qtl.
22.00 per Qtl.
40.50
8.70
7.50
6.00
1.50
0.16
64.36 '
In this way growth rate in pigs can be improved and food
conversion ratio more efficient. This will decrease the cost of production.
3» The hybrid vigour generated by cross breeding may play an
important role in-the production'of Commercial pigs quickly and
e conomi cally.
Balance Feeding
4. It is necessary that pigs with good genetic material, arc given
adequate balanced feed for the genes to express properly. Nutritional
requirement of pigs has been worked out in many countries and is known in
terms of amino acid, minerals, Vitamins etc., It will not be difficult
to compa'et a well balanced ratio , for pigs, keeping in view of their
nutritional requirement.
Recently, emphasis is being laid on the production of a cheap
ration for pigs, Here, it may be cautioned that cheap food is not
always the most economical unless its conversion ratio also is superior,
as a pig will consume more of it to enable it to produce required gain
in live weight. ' '
5• While selective breeding, judicious feed and provision of
suitable housing my possibly be looked after by the breeders with the
assistance of technical personrol, there are certain aspects which are beyond
the scope of breeder's. It is for the Govt. to cone to the aid of the breeders
in providing feed mixture at economic price and subsidise the cost if nece
ssary. Evon in advanced countries the pig industry is subsidised. In England
this industry was subsidised by 39.7 "dllion pounds during 1965-66. Actually
ir Enrl-.n'l a very‘close watch is kept by the i’inistr’- cf .\'p?ic. 1 hire. ever r-l
- 5 -
A margin of 20 per cent profit is also added to the cost of
production and the Government fixes the price which the farmer should
get for his pig. Ls soon as the pig is brought to the Factory, the
Factory pays according to the cost of neat in the market. The gap,
if any, in the price is paid by the Government. In this way, Govt.
checks the increase in the price of pig meat in the market and on the
other hand gives due profit to the- pig farmer. The factory and the
I&nistry of Agriculture also pay premiums to better carcasess to
provide incentive to breeders to produce better pigs.
In Italy the issue of subsidizing the pig industry made a
news item in the papers. Italian farriers left about fifty sqcaling pigs
on the road to protect against the low subsidy rates for pig Farmers
and demanded higher Government, Assistance to make this proposition
profitable. In Denmark, production is very much controlled and pig
neat is the main foreign exchange earner for that country.
6. The other aspect where the State Government should cone
to the assistance of the Pig Breeders is the selection and provision
of high quality breeding animals. In England, pig industry Development •
Authority is religiously engaged in helping the farmers to maintain proper
records and improve the quality of pig Research on nutrition and
carcass quality has been taken up on a largo scale.
7• It is also essential that Training, Research and advisory
service nay be set up in each state for the guidance of the people
engaged in this trade. It is therefore necessary that in India, also
the central or State Government may consider the possibility of
making available food, at fair price to the breeders if necessary to
subsidize the cost of mixtures.
@ @ @
* /25-4-78
ns
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & VETERINARY
SERVICES IN MYSORE, BANGALORE
MODERN
PIG
HUSBANDRY
PIG FARMING
Latest Trends in Swine Husbandry
Introduction :
The population of the cities and towns is increasing
year after year due to industrialization, and concentration
of several educational, defence and other institutions. Con
sequently the demand for all food stuffs has increased
considerably while the production and supplies are- inadequate.
To meet the progressively increasing demand for food, every
effort is being made by all agencies to grow more and more
food through extensive- irrigation, improved and increased
supply of fertilizers and insecticides. Livestock breeding
policies arc being modified to augment milk and meat product
ion.
Out of the food animals, sheep and goats are getting
scarce, beef is mostly not accetable to the Indian Public on
religious grounds and poultry meat is comparatively costly
and hence out of reach for the common man. Under such condi
tions, pig, alone is the most useful and valuable animal which
on account of its prolific nature, rapid growth, early maturity,
letter size, food conversion efficiency. These arc the most
important economic factors in the pig industry. The pig
excells all other farm animals in the efficiency with which
it converts feed into edible meat. Pigs also yield a higher
percentage of dressed carcass. A large proportion of the
c.arcass is edible.
Pork is richer in energy than other meat,
because ofhighcr content of fat and slightly lower percentage
of water.
Other advantage of pigs in addition to their efficiency
in food production, being prolific is that they do not reauire
expensive buildings. Also they are especially suited to utilisefeed such as dairy by products., garbage, and, (vegetable garden
waste) that might otherwise be. wastc-cj. For this reason,
practically every farmer should raise some pigs to supply pork.
A sow, if properly managed, can be made to breed twice
a.year and drops from.8 to 14 piglets at each farrowing. The
piglets grow quite quickly and under good conditions of feeding
and proper care would attain in 24 weeks a. weight of approxi
mately 80 to 85 kgs. thereby'giving a good return to the
producer.
Unfortunately the pig industry has remained neglected
still, partly on account of ignorance about the potentialities
and qualities'of this animal, and chiefly due to its being
controlled and handled mostly by the people who kept them as
scavengers.
....2/-
2
Pigs can easily consume by-products of cereals, wastes
from agriculture farms, by-products of dairies and brcwarics^and
leftover "from kitchcs, hostels and restaurants and usefully
convert them intd nutritious protein-rich food for human con
sumption. Hence farmers if they raise some pigs along with
their cattle and chickens cannot only add to their income, but
assist at the same time the nation on the food front in a
significant way.
Breeds of Pigs :
There is no recognised breed of pigs in India.
The
indigenous white or black pigs commonly seen in villages arc
derived from the wild forest pig, after continuous domestication.
The Dcsi "Sukara" has slightly arched back with long thick
bristles directed upwards and backwards, a long face with narrow,
almost pointed snout, convex belly, coarse skin and usually a
hanging tail.' This breed is a good graizer and is very hardy.
, The slightly improved varieties now noticed in villages
and in blocks arc the breeds from large white boards and indi
genous sows. The important foreign breeds of pigs can be classi
fied as white breeds and coloured breeds.
Fxotic Breeds :
(1) The Large Wife - Also known as Yorkshire due to
its origion from the country of Yorkshire in England. This is
z the most popular breed in Britain and is also considered best
for our purposes.
It is very prolific, rapid grower, efficient
food converter, has- good milking capacity and grades much
better in carcass quality.
A typical large white pig has a light head and jowl,
short neck, pricked stand up cars, slightly concave- face,
large snout, level back, straight underline, at least 12 evenly
spaced teats, short glossy hair and a curled tail.
(2) The Land Race - This brc£d was developed in Sweden
and Denmark, and is superb for bacon purpose, The cars in this
breed arc dropping, and inclined forward parallel to the snout.
'3') Wessex Saddle Back. - This is black, lop cared pig
with a white belt extending from withers down to the feet on
both sides.
ihis is quite a popular breed in Britain and is
good for bacon purpose.
There arc- various other breeds of pigs also found in
Europe and America such as the middle white, the large black,
the Berkshire, Tom worth, Hamshirc, Fssex Poland, China,
Gloucester Oldspot but they need not be illustrated here.
Breeding and Management :
A gilt well fed and managed is usually ready for service
at the age of 8 to 9 months. She should also be about 90 to 100
Kg in liveleight at this age. The heat period in a snow lasts
3
2 to 4 days.
Mating should be done after the first day of the
onset of heat. Once service per male is quite enough. However,
if there are only few sows to be bred, a service both in the
morning and evening may be allowed to have better fertilization.
A boar is fit for service at the age of one year and one boar
is enough for breeding 15 sows.
Signs of Heat :
The female is off feed, wanders about to be close to a
boar, mounts other sows, becomes usually docile and permits
pressure on its back which is usually called "Haunch Test". There
may be redness and swelling of the lips of vulva and frequent
passage of urine in small amounts.
Mating :
It is advisable to take the sow to the boar and watch it
being mated properly as sometimes the Pernis is directed in the
rc-ctum instead of vulva.
Mating in sow, is not a quick process
of hit and' go as in cattle. A boar usually takes from 5 to 20
minutes to serve.
If the sow docs not return to service after
21 days, she is safely in pig.
Breeding Cycle :
•ir
The gestation period or pregnancy ranges between 112 and
116 days. Weaning, that is, separation of the litter from mother,
is usually carried out after 8 weeks of suckling.
Within 5 to 7
days after weaning, the sow normall'/ comes again in oestrum, when
she is remated.- ^hus the total time from conception to remating
takes about 175 to 180 days. Hence a sow has two full breeding
periods in a year-, if properly attended and cared for.
Farrowing :
The inn-pig sow, if possible, should be allowed somegrazing daily. This will not only supplement her with nutritious
greens but also keep her in good condition by providing adequate
exercise
A week before she is due to farrow, she should be washed,
scrubbed thoroughly, particularly in the- region of the teats to
remove any worm eggs sticking there and then put in the farroWing
house. Adequate soft bedding such as paddy straw or woo.d shavings
be- provided in the pen for the coming young ones.
Birth of piglings is usuaJLly a simple matter, as compared
to birth of lamps and calves and often the whole litter of 10 or
12 piglings is born within an hour or two. As soon as they are
born, the mother cleanses them by licking and then they are upon
their feet searching for teats to have their first milkfeed.
....4/-
After Care of the Litter :
After farrowing, the solied and damp bedding, should be
removed and replaced, by adequate clean straw.
The placenta when
expelled should also be properly disposed off. Quite a large
number of piglings are lost during the first few days of their
birth.
The main causes of this mortality are cold, direct
draughts, dampness of the house, insufficient milk of the mother
due to inadequate feeding and crushing through over laying by
the dam.
To avoid this loss, the sow should be well fed, parti
cularly during lactation and latter part of gestation. The
farrowing pen should be dry, warm, and well bedded with straw to
keep the young ones confortable.
Crushing and overlaying can be
prevented by fitting guard rails in the pen along the sides.
The following operations need be carried out after the birth of
the litter.
(i) Teeth Cutting - There are eight needle-sharp teeth
in the mouth of each pigling at birth, two on either side of the
upper and lower jaws. They must be cut with a tooth-gutter.
This practice prevents injuries being caused on the teats of the
mother and also wounds inflicted by suckling piglets while
fighting one another for teats.
(ii) Far Marking - To identify pigs and record their
future growth rates, it is essential to ear-mark them either by
notching or tattooinc. for notching small flaps of ear are cut
with a notching machine at specific position.
Tattooing is carried out by punching numbers individually
ofn thus ears with tattooing ink and forceps.
It is advisable to
tattoo both cars, one cn the inner side and the other on the
outer.
•
(iii) Weighing the Litter - The litter must be weighed
both at birth', at three and 8 weeks. This is important for
studying growth rates, feed converting efficiency and to assess
the milking capacity of the mother. A young pigling at birth
weighs from 1.25 to' 2 kg.
and a good litter as a whole should
weigh nearly 14 kg.
Creep Feeding :
The milk of the dam starts decreasing a month after
farrowing thus it becomes insufficient for the growing piglings,
whose appetite and thirst are on the increase.
It is essential
therefore, to provide some nutritious and palatable food in the
creep from 3 weeks onwards to keep pace with the rapid growth
of piglings and to ensure their growth unchecked. Thiq feed,
if .possible, should consist of flaked maize, dry skimmed milk,
white fish meal, molasses, and wheat bran. . Adequate clean
drinking water must always be available in the creep area.
5
Weaning :
Weaning means separation of the young ones from the
mother, when they start, leading an independent life. There
arc different opinions
to what age the litter be separated
from the dam.
In foreign countries early weaning is being
practised at 5 and 6 weeks through supplementation of nutritious
creep feeds. According to conditions as they are with regard to
foods in our country, the- best time to. wean the litter is 8 weeks.
There are a few important things which ought to be done at wean
ing as a routine.
ihese are :
(i) Weighing - Fach pigling should be weighed individually
with a view to study its later growth rate and feed converting
efficiency. A good weather should weigh at 8 weeks from 15-18 Kg.
(ii) Castration - All surplus males (boars) not required
for breeding may be castrated at weaning.
It is even preferable
to do this operation earlier at 3 weeks as the younger piglings
arc easily handled and the incision is to be small.
It is a
simple- operation for which two persons are needed. One man is to
hold the head and forelegs between his knees with belly upwards
and grasp firmly the hind legs one- in each hand. The ■. perator
then holds the scrotum with thumb and forefinger and gives a
bold incision on it in the centre. The testicle is removed by
pulling it out and an anaiseptic is applied. Healing of wound
usually takes place .in a few days.
(iii) Deworming - Worm infestation is quite- common in pigs
and it is a good practice- to d -worm pigs at weaning time. There
are various types of worms found in pigs but the most common is
the large round, worm, namely Ascaris. Piperazine is the most
effective anthelmintic against this worm and must be administered
in feed to all piglings at weaning time.
(iv) Swine Fever Vaccination - To safeguard pigs against
this serious disease of swine causing enormous losses, it is
essential to vaccinate all wcaners with lapiniscd swine fever
vaccine. This vaccine is quite safe to be administered at this
age and affords satisfactory immunity for a number of years to
the vaccinated stock.
Breeding record .:
To improve the stock it is essential to keep a proper
record of the performance of each sow such as date of service,
number of the boar used date of farrow, number of piglings born,
average birth weights, date of weaning, numbers weaned and theaverage weights at three weeks and at weaning.
These records
are a valuable aid in culling and selection of the breeding
stock.
6
Selection of the Stock :
Selection is based upon type and strain of the pigs and
their breed conformation.
For this purpose vc'xify and check up
the performance and progeny cards, birth record of growth rate
and feed, converting efficiency and decide accordingly.
For
body conformation points, look for good length, well developed
hams, light shoulders and head, fine glistening skin, short
glossy hair, level back, straight underline, twelve evenly
spaced teats on both sows .and boar and a curl in the tail.'The
stock should, of course, be from a disease-free herd.
Feeding :
Feed constitutes 80 per cent of the cost in pig product
ion. This aspect should, therefore-, be thoroughly understood
by all persons involved in pig, Hence- to make pig industry
profitable raising.
It becomes imperative to devise and compute
the ration in such a way that it is as cheap as possible and
has at the same time no adverse effect on the health and growth
of the- pigs.
Pigs unlike ruminants are single- stomach animals and areincapable of digesting highly coarse and fibrous foods and thus
need be fed concentrate rations for their upkeep and rapid growth.
They can however, make considerable use of bulky foods such as
grasses, tubers and roots during shortage of feeding stuffs as
is the- state in our country at present. But under these circum
stances they will have slow growth rate. Effective use should be
made of inferior cereals and their by-products not consumed by
the human population.
The common ingredients used in pig ration arc barley maize
oats, rice polish, wheat bran, molasses, groundnut cake, linseed
coks, fish meal, and bone meal. When compounding in rations one
should bear in mind that the younger the pig, the higher must be
the energy and protein contents of the- ration and lower the fibre
As the pig becomes heavier, the percentage of protein can be
reduced. To ensure economic use- of foods preferably three types
of rations for pigs need be computed.
TABLE - I
Rati.on for pregnant sows, nursing sows and weaners upto 40 Kg.
live weight
Ingredients
Composition
(per cent)
Available
Crude pro
tein
Available
Fibre-
Groundnut oil cake
15
6.00
1.05
Linseed cake
Fish meal
5
5
1.40
2.25
0.30
•-
Rice- polish
i'Theat Bran
20
20
3.00
1.60
2.00
5.
6.
7.
Broken Maize
Broken rice
15
1.50
20
1.20
0.30
0.10
100
16.95
6.15
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tote21
2.20
7
TABLF - II
Ration for pigs above 40 Kg. live-weight.to marketable weight,
gilts, dry sows and boars
1.
Groundnut oil cake
2.
Linseed cake
10
3. ■ Fish meal
4. Rice polish
5. Wheat bran
2
20
6.
Broken maize
18
7.
Broken rice
25
Total
'
4.00
0.70
1.40
0.50
0.90
3.00
1.92
••
2.00
2.64
1.80
0.36
20
1.20
0.10,
100
14.22
6.30
. TABLE' - III
The quantity of feed to be fed to different classes of pigs may
be as indicated below :
Age in mon-ths
0-1 month
1-2 months
Quantity required
per day
Requirement
from birth to
end of period
nil
nil
. 0.50 kg
1.00 kg
15.0 Kq
45.0 kg
1.25 kg
85.5 kg
4-5 months
5-6 months
2,00. kg
2.00 kg
187.5 kg
6-7 months and above
Adult boar
2.50 kg
3.00 kg
2-3 months
3-4 months
~
337.5 kg
There are other foods which pig producers can econo
mically make use of whenever available such as dairy by-products,
left overs from canteens, hostels, army camps, hospitals and
wastes from vegetable markets comprising carrots radish, cauli
flower and cabbage leaves etc.', etc.
Garbage :
The composition and feeding value of garbage vary
greatly from place to place and tend to vary with th?’ prosperity
of the people. Garbage from public eating places is usually
more nutritious than house hold garbage. This should be boiled
for one hour and then a little quantity of wheat bran and fish ■
meal may be. added as protein supplement.. Garbage is "messy" to
....8/-
8
feed, and it is difficult- to keep the feeding area in sanitary
condition. To do this two concrete feeding floors are required.
They are used on alternate days and are thoroughly cleaned after
each use. The refused garbage should be buried.
Housing . :
Housing is the r.ost controversial aspect of pig manage
ment. Some advocate elaborate buildings while- others feel that
ordinary open sheds and shades arc- an adequate protection from
sun, rain and cold to pigs. Though pig by nature is an outdoor
animal and does well undc-r natural conditions yet under present
day circumstances of pig husbandry some sort of housing accommo
dation is necessary particularly undc-r extremes of climate in
our country.
Housing requirements of pigs may be- divided into four
categories
1.
Dry and in-pig sows
2.
Sows with litters,
3.
Meaner and fattc-ners,
4.
Stud boars.
Dry and in-pig sows :
These animals are- quite tolerant and need only an open
enclosure made of barbed wire or pucca compound wall, 3^ feet high
with a covered shelter 8' x 10' in the centre. Portable feeding
troughs are provided in the open yard. Such an enclosure will
be enough of' 8 sows.
Sows with Litters :
ihis part of housing is Very important as the new born
certainly needs a dry, warm and comfortable accommodation. A
farrowing pen of 8’ r 8' is enough for both sow and litter, with
an open yard preferably br~ok lined measuring 16' x 8
.
*
It is
best to have a central passage 3-g- fc-c-t wide and farrowing pens
and weaner.
Pen on both sides to facilitate feeding.
Meaner and Fattc-ners Pens :
A weanc-r needs 5 to 6 square feet while an adult pit
8 to 10 square feet of floor space. Thus a pen measuring 12' x
8' is enough either for 16 weaner or 12 adults.
It is advisable
and economical to have- both farrow and weaner pens under one
roof on the sides of the feeding passage with open runs behind.
Boar house :
Stud boars must be kept separate one in each pen. A
simple enclosure made of thick wire of pucca brick compound wall
is quite enough with a shelter 6 ' x 7 1 at the back wall.
-: 9
Rig Diseases :
Pigs, like other animals are susceptible to quite a
number of diseases which cause significant losses both direct
and indirect to the pig farmer. The direct losses include the
value- of the animals and the cost of feed, etc., spend on
rearinci them, while the indirect is the resultant of poor
growth and performance of the pigs that survive. These lossc-s
can, however, be prevented to-a great c-xtent through better
sanitation, proper feeding and good care.
(A) Virus Diseases :
(i) Foot and.Mouth Disease - This is one of the
commonest contagious diseases of pigs and is communicable
from cattle to pigs as vice versa.
The characteristic symptoms are fever, partial loss'
of appetite, lameness followed by erruption of vesicles on the
feet which later burst leaving behind raw and red surface. The
lesions are mostly confined to feet but they have been noticed
oh the snout as well as in the mouth in some cases.
(ii) Swine Fever or Hog Cholera - This is the most
serious disease of pigs causing enormous losses. This disease
appeared in the country only a few years ago.
The mortality
rate is 90 to 95 per cent and all age groups are equally sus
ceptible .
The clinical signs arc dullness, loss of appetite, high
yi.se of temperature, gumming of eye,lids, purple discolouration
’-,nder the abdomen and inner side of legs, staggering gait and.
death in about 7 to 12 days. Vomition is seen in some cases and
some pregnant sows abort during the course of the disease.
The treatment lies only in the prevention of the
disease. Restrict movement of pigs, isolate the affected ones;
properly dispose off carcasses and thoroughly disinfect pig
houses. All healthy stock should be got protected with
lapinised swine fever vaccine. As a routine measure all young
pigs at the time of fc-aning should be inoculated with this
vaccine.
It is essential to notify the local Veterinarian
immediately, who will make arrangements for the vaccination of
herd as also give advice on.other control measures.
(iii' Virus Pneumonia - This is almost a chronic
respiratory disease of pigs with symptoms of sneezing, dry
non-productive cough, acceleration of respiratory movements,
appetite almost normal but there is loss of condition with
very poor growth.
Nc effective treatment is available. However, use of
Sulpha drugs and broad spectrum antibiotics shorten the course
of the cisease and lessen its severity. Good management can
play an important role in the control of this infection.
...19/-
-10 : -
(-) Bacterial Diseases :
(i) Pasteurellosis - This disease is usually secon
dary to some other infection such as swine fever, paratyphoid,
or infectious pneumonia but primary infection has been noticed
in individual cases with sudden deaths.
Chief symptoms are rise of temperature, discharge
from eyes, complete loss of appetite the cough, difficult'res
piration, swelling on the throat region, frequent drinking of
water in small quantity and inco-ordinating gait.
Treatment consists in giving larger doses of H.S.
serum 25 to 30 cc. to effected animals.
Immediate use of
sulpha drugs and antibiotics gives good results. Affected
carcass should be buried deep in the ground and premises tho
roughly cleaned and disinfected.
(ii) Abortion in Sows - Where many <-©ws abort or give
birth to litters of dead pigs, contagious abortion due to Brucella
organism is suspected.
Abortion may also occur as a sequence of
some serious disease like swine fever or as a result of some
mechanics, injury or a deficiency of vitamine-A. Prevention
consists of getting the breeding stock tested by ?ero-agglutination through a competent Veterinarian and disposing of the
reactors for slaughter.
Pregnant animals should be handled with
are and should not be driven hard or crushed together.
(iii') Swine Paratyphoid - This disease is caused by
Salmonella organisms and chiefly affects young pigs. Lowered
vitality, poor nutrition and management predispose the animal
to the disease.
Main symptoms observed are dullness, inappetence,
fever, constipation followed by dirty yellow coloured offensive
diarrhoea.
Treatment lies in giving broad spectrum antibiotics
and sulpha drugs. Terramycin intramuscular injections give
relief in about 75 per cent of cases, shorten the course of
infection and lessen the severity of the disease.
(ivj Anthrax - It is caused by an organism named
bacillus anthracis. The disease though' rot encountered in an
epidemic form, has been seen to occur in individual cases.
Apparently healthy looking animals drop dead show early
putrefaction, and the carcass looks tympanic.
No treatment is possible as usually the animal is
dead before any illness is noticed. The disease is communi
cable to human beings, hence all orifices of the carcass should
be plugged and the carcass buried deep into groupd. The pig
house should be thoroughly sterilized by burning st .'jw on the
floor.
11/-
11
(.) Parasites and Parasitic Diseases :
(i) Mange - The disease is caused by mange mites. It
is quite common in pigs and is usually associated with unhygienic
condition and low nutrition.
Affected pigs show itching scratching and rub the affected
parts against hard objects. The- hairs fall off and there is scale
and crust formation. The lesions.are usually confined to the root
of the tail and ears.
Complete recovery can be effected by the application of
sulphor oil, Ascabiol or 0.3 per cent solution of neguvon. Good
management and proper feeding play a great part in the control
of the disease.
(ii) Lice and Ticks - These blood sucking parasites are
quite commonly observed in local pigs. They not only cause drrhatitis and loss of condition but may act as carriers of diseases.
All insecticides like Gemmaxane, Negtvon and D.D.T. are
equally effective in destroying this pest. To avoid this riuisence,
pig stalls may be kept clean, and walls sprayed with one of these
insecticides.
(iii) Worms in pigs - There are a number of parasites
affecting pigs but Ascaris, the large round worm, is the most
common.
For treatment piperazine, is the drug of choice and should
be given in a dose of 0.2 gm. per kg. body weight in feed.
Preg
nant sows should be thoroughly washed with soap and water before
farrowing to remove any eggs sticking on their teats.
(D) Nutritional and other disorders :
(i) Piglet Anaemia - This condition accrues due to
deficiency of iron in the pigs diet and appears in young piglings
which are entirely dependant on mother’s milk and have no access
to the soil.
Clinical signs are diarrhoea, loss of appetite, pale
yellow colour of the skin and poor growth.
Affected pigs should be dosed individually with an
iron mixture made up of copper sulphate i ounce and iron sulphate
2-2 ounce dissolved in a gallon of water, in a dose of 1 tea
spoonful daily for a week. A single intramuscular injection
with an antianaemia preparation such as inferon 2 c.c. per pig
ling is very efficatious.
Provision of green food like berseem
and cabbage leaves alleviates anaemic condition.
CENTRAL POULTRY FARffl, HESSARAGHATTA
A Scheme for 100 and 200 layer farm!
PREAMBLE;
In rural parts of the Country multiple farming consisting
of Agriculture, Dairying, Poultry Farming is considered metre practicle
way of supporting the rural folk.
Under these circumstances a big
poultry unit is not possible to be looked after by the farmer.
He
requires a small unit of 100 or 200 layers which he can manage
besides conducting his routine agricultural operations and
dairying activities.
Therefore a scheme for starting a 100 ;layer
farm is given below.
A 100 or 200 layer farm are small units and it will be considered
as luxury if a separate labourer is appointed for the work.
The
farmer himself or the house wife or the children can look after the
poultry unit.
Construction of poultry houses should be made using cheap and
locally available materials.
Cost of land is not included in the schomo with a view that the
farmer will be able to take up poultry farming on any piece of his waste
land which is considered as unfit for cultivation.
No separate scheme is given for a 200 layer farm, because both the
schemes are subjected to similar financial implications.
A separate
scheme will usually be essential forthe big farms of 500 or more layers
units.
To calculate the financial statements of 200 layer farm the
figures given for 100 layer farm may be multiplied by 2.
P.T.O
12
(ii) Avitaminosis - A deficiency of vitamins in the
diet of pigs especially vitamins ’A’ and 'D' may cause mal
nutrition resulting in stunted growth, staring cost, partial
paralysis of hind quarters, blindness and general debility.
The feeding of properly balanced rations with a supply
of greens access to pasture and are the best safeguards against
vitamin deficiency.
If that is not possible a daily dose of
vitaminised shark liver oil may be given in a dose of
ounce
per day per head.
(iii) Rickets - This disease- generally affects young
pigs and is due to deficiency of minerals particularly calcium
and phosphorous and vitamin *D’.
Affected pigs exhibit pain and swelling in the joints
lameness and sometimes bent legs.
Treatment should be- preventive rather than curative.
The mineral content of the ration should be sufficient and where
necessary small doses of shark liver oil may be added to the
feed.
Good management and proper feeding are sure preventives.
(iv) Lactational Failure in Sows - Many a time, a freshly
farrowed sow either does not let down any milk at all or has very
insufficient milk for the young sucklings. This consequently
results in lossess of baby pigs on account of starvation.
Common causes are obesity excessive confinement during
the pre-partum period, hot weather, poor vc-ntilation, chilling,
mastitis, metritis, retained placenta and hormonal imbalanced.
Sows during gestation should be fed individually and
grazed on pasture if possible.
Sudden changes in diet and over
feeding should be avoided and farrowing pens should be well
ventilated. Treatment with antibiotics for a few days coupled
with anterior pituitary 2 cc. intramuscular has surprisingly a
marvellous effect in restoring milk supply in some cases. High
potency cortisons is also very efficacious and may be- given for
three days.
Sd/V.S. JANAKIRAM,
Piggery Development Officer,
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
Services, Bangalore
SONE TERNS USED IN PIG PRODUCTION
1.
sew
..
A female pig which has farrowed
2.
EOAR
..
An Adult entire kept for stud
3.
GILT
..
A female pig who has not yet farrowed
4.
STAG
..
A boar castrated after many services
5.
BARROW
..
A male piglet castrated while young
6.
FARROW
7.
LITTER
..
Young ones both male and female born
at one time
8.
WEANING
..
Separation of litter from mother after
suckling period
9.
CREEP
,.
An enclosure for the young ones within
the farrowing pen where the mother cannot
enter
10.
PORK
..
Fresh pig meat usually from an animal
slgghtered at 35 to 55 kg. body weight
11.
BACON
..
Cured sides of a pig slaughtered at 80
to 90 kg. body weight.
12.
HAM
..
Cured hind leg of a bacon pig.
13.
SAUSAGE
..
Minced pig meat along with some fat
rolled in intestinal or synthetic
casing.
The act of giving birth in pigs
pl> V - 11. (^
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SERVICES
State Poultry Farm
Hessarghatta,
Bangalore-.
"MYCHIX" is a pure strain of white Leg Horn Breed
specially bred for increased egg production and Egg Size at
STATE POULTRY FARM, HFSSARGHATTA.
Scientific Breeding Programme implemented since 1968
at the State Poultry Farm, has resulted in evolving a superior
high yielding strain of White Leg Horn named as "MYCHIX".
"MYCHIX" has stood the keen competetion of the Random
Sample Laying Tests conducted by Government of India from 1st
to 6th tests.
It has been the top bird in 6th Random Sample
laying test.
"MYCHIX" has been the strain of choice for conducting
experiments and improvement in other strains, due to its out
standing performance both at research stations and the field.
Disease resistance, early maturity, persistency in lay,
good egg size- and number (249 eggs for 11 months) are the out
standing features of this strain of White Leg Horn.
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
STATE POULTRY FARM, HFSSARGHATTA
»M Y C H IX'
For Egg Production
SI.No.
1.
2.
3.
Traits
% Hatch on all Eggs set
Mortality in 1st Week
Mortality up to 20 weeks
(a) Lymphoid Leucosis
(bj Other causes
4.
Feed consumption up to 20 Weeks
5. Average weight at Housing (18 Weeks)
6.
Age at first Fgg
7.
Age at 10% Production
8.
Age at 50% Production
9.
Hen housed Production (11 Months )
10.
Hen Day Production (11 Months)
11.
Total feed consumption per Bird in Kilos
from 20 weeks
12.
Average per Day
13.
Kilos of feed used per 12 eggs
14.
Kilos of feed usc-d per kilo eggs
15.
Average weight of Fggs laid
16.
Average Body weight of Pullets at the end
_______ of test
Performance
90
1.5%
Nil
3.5%
7.658 Kgs
1.22 Kgs
143 Days
147 Days
178 Days
239.9
248.9
44.68 Kgs
134 Grams
2.15 Kgs
3.47 Kgs
51.7 Grams
1.77 Kgs
2
Farmers can get their requirements of day old and
brooded chicks directly from the State Poultry Farm,
Hcssarghatta or the Regional Poultry Farms, in the state.
Special concession of 10% extra at day ■ old and
5% extra of brooded chicks are supplied free of cost to
the farmers.
Sexed Day Old Pullet Chicks are sold at Rs.2-75 per
chick and straight run at Rs.1-60
"MYCHIX" has been the bird of choice not only within
Karnataka State but also in all the- states in India where
"Co:-ordinatcd Research projects for eggs'.' are taken up.
This is the bird of choice for the Scientific Breeding
programme and strain cross work.
It is needless to say that it has reached a
prestige-ous position in the country, only on its merits.
@ @ @
For further de-tails contact:
SENIOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
STATF POULTRY FARM HFSSARGHATTA
BANGALORF (NORTH $562113.
Phone: 38377
25/4/78
*
ms
-it. 3
CENTRAL POULTRY FARM, HESSARAGHATTA
A Scheme for 100 and 200 layer farm’
PREAMBLE;
In rural parts of the Country multiple farming consisting
of Agriculture, Dairying, Poultry Farming is considered more practicle
way of supporting the rural folk.
Under these circumstances a big
poultry unit is not possible to be looked after by the farmer.
He
requires a small unit of 100 or 200 layers which he can manage
besides conducting his routine agricultural operations and
dairying activities.
Therefore a scheme for starting a 100 -.layer
farm is given below.
A 100 or 200 layer farm are small units and it will be considered
as luxury if a separate labourer is appointed for the work.
The
farmer himself or the house wife or the children can look after the
poultry unit.
Construction of poultry houses should be made using cheap and
locally available materials.
Cost of land is not included in the scheme with a view that the
farmer will be able to take up poultry farming on any piece of his waste
land which is considered as unfit for cultivation.
No separate scheme is given for a 200 layer farm, because both the
schemes are subjected to similar financial implications.
A separate
scheme will usually be essential forthe big farms of 500 or more layers
units.
To calculate the financial statements of 200 layer farm the
figures given for 100 layer farm may be multiplied by 2,
P.T.O.
POULTRY
ADVISER
Dr. K. VISWANATHA RAO
E.V«SC., ND .P.H.,P.G.(Australia)
Senior Asst. Director,
State Poultry Farm, Hesserghatta,.
Bangalore.
ROLE OF YOUTH IN POULTRY DEVELOP! ENT:
Agriculture is the backbone of development of our country. India
lives in villages and any development, programme without development of the
vi'll age cannot contribute to the development of the'nation. This is more
true as far as poultry development is concerned. The father of all modern
breeds of poultry is the jungle fowl, the bird to bo seen even today in the
villages of our country.
Despite all efforts made to improve the economy of India, much
remains to be done since the part played by the people in villages is far
iron satisfactory. The main cause is lack of interest and know-how of the
developments to be introducedThe aged could not bo moved to overcome the old
prejudices and religious faith which has stood against the developmental
schemes being implemented. The only way left is to educate the youth and
utilise the power of the rural youth to make development a real success.
India has vast youth power which' remains to be exploited for rural develop
ment. The present day problem of food shortage and protein deficiency
could be overcome to some extent if these rural youths could be induced to
take up scientific approach to the problems of more protcnecous foods.
Egg and chicken meat from tho most important and unadultratcd food of
high calbre value known to us.
Even today the jungle fowl has its place in rural economy. The
villager is still having tho country fowls to look after his family needs
for eggs and chicken meat. This could be exploited to maximum advantage
of both the farmer and the country
*
The eggs produced from a country
bird has bettor value and demand in these days also though it cannot
compete with the exotic breeds in production of both meat and eggs.
From time to time several schemes have been initiated to
improve the village flock of poultry .with little success. The main
reason is lack of co-opcration from the villagers. This could be overcome
if rural youths could be ma.de to take up the projects aimed at development
of poultry. Tho following arc some of the rural poultry projects which
could be implemented through rural youths who could be primarily trained
at any of the State Poultry Farms in the techniques of poultry management.
EXCHANGE OF COCKREIS;-
The value of a good bull is well lenown to the villagers. The same
principle applies for poultry also
*
Exotic breed cocks could be used for
upgrading the village poultry. This is quite simple and effective.
A simple survey must bo made to assess tho number of country
cocks available in the village. This is quite easy nowadays since the
farmer is keepting this as a flock isolated in a compound or room as he is
always afraid of thefts and predators. All such country cocks could be
collected and sold away for table in the nearest city or town whore there
is always good demand for such birds•
- 2 -
With the same cost exotic breed cocks could be purchased from
any of the State Poultry Farms and these cocks could be left with hens in
the village. This would help in grading up the local breed. The hatching
of eggs could be 1 oca'll y done using Broody hens. Such graded hens produced,
wil1 lay better eggs than their mothers and add more eggs to the income of the
farmer at no extra cost.
This scheme can be accepted wherever N <E .S . or Taluk Boards have
schemes for development of poultry. Rural youths have to take up interest'
in this scheme and restrict entry of country cocks coming into the village
because the use of country cocks will spoil the programme.
This is a simple and fast way to improve poultry in villages.
Even with the advancement of science and technology with exotic
breeds, rural poultry plays an important-role .in the economy of the country.
Out of the total poultry population, still 60% are country birds. This
number could be fully utilised with the help of rural youths.
REARING IN CONFINEMENT:
'
Experience and experiments have proved’ that with better feedirg
methods the egg production in country fowl could be improved considerably.
Many of the eggs'laid by the country fowl are lost or damaged since the
necessary facilities for safe egg laying arc not provided for the bird.
This could be made simply by providing a nest and birds be enclosed in a
shed type of construction. This shod could be constructed using all
locally available materials like bamboos and palm loaves. A shod of 1O'x15'
could house as many as 50 to 55 adult hens. Those could bo fed using the ’•
balanced foods now available in the market or could be made at village level
by using poultry concentrates which are available now. The surplus grains
produced by the farmer could be utilised for feeding poultry’ which in turn
will lay more Oggs for better profits.
This method should bo made acceptable. A model small shed could
be sot up under Rural Youth Programme (N .E 3 . Scheme can assist in this)
and this model project could later on be copied by other farmers. Such
backyard units raised in a village form pockets for better egg pro
duction .
Every year thousands of country fowls, arc wiped off due to
outbreak of Ranikhet .and Fowl Pox diseases which are harbouring the rural
areas. Very little is known to the villagers that these diseases could be
completely controlled.and eradicated. The department has been able to
produce effective vaccine which are supplied free for the benefit of the
Villagers. Rural youths could take up this project tp protect country fowl
from diseases. All that is needed is an organised method of periodical
vaccination which the department docs freo of cost. This can save a least
60-75% of the mortality among village flocks. This needs no money but an
effective team work which rural youihcan take up.
Effective marketing had been one of tho major ;handicaps in the
economy. This aspect could be well organised at village panchayat, or
service co-operative society level. The middleman who is making the max
imum profits could be avoided. Service Co-operative Society under the
leadership of rural" youths""can play an important role to got better price
for the eggs produced.
Backyard poultry using improved breeds of poultry for bettor egg
production have boon a great success in Kerala State.
This could be taken up in our State also. Massive support is
being given in? JJJ., M.F.A.L . Projects wherein subsidy and loan are
provided to start poultry units. These schemes could be implemented
through rural youths. Much remains to bo done in this. The begining
has been made.
Production alone will not meet the requirements of a country.
The utilisation of the produce is most important. The health of the youths
and child depend upon the nutrition standards. This has been stressed in
Applied Nutrition Programmes but had little effect. The effect of better
feeding of poultry products on health and mental aptitude of people could
well be stressed by organising camps by the rural youth to educate the
people of the village. Rural youth have ample scope in this field.
For development of our country, achievements of science and
technology should roach tho village level. Their requirements are to be
met. The only link'between the rural and urban area is the rural youth, '
who has tho/experience of urban area. His approach and action will
certainly help for bettor progress.
/ background of rural area and has the
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ECONOMICS OF BROILER PRODUCTION
Procurement of Stock
Commercial Hybrid d.ay-old chicks of superior quality available
from the following commercial hatcheries:
(2)
Byline:Uday Hatcheries,
34, Shivajinagar, Sangli.
(l)
Arbor Acres Farm Ltd.,
P.O. General Hospital,
Telegaon, Dist, Poona.
(3)
(4) Poona Pearls "Anak Broilers"
Ranishaver:
Starbro Chicks, India
225/9-A, Hadaps, Poona-28.
Poultry Farm, Vimala Building,
Bangalore-25•
(6) "Keggbro":
(5) UBRO Hybrids:
Komarla Hatcheries,
Poultry Farm, University of
Cid Tharagupet, Bangalore.
Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal,
Bangalore-24.
(7) Pilch Deklab,
P.B. N0.4S04,
Delhi - 110023.
(8) Thornber Studler Broilers,
Premier Poultry Breeders,
No-1, Keerthinagar, New Delhi.
Any of the above eight broiler chicks can be procured for broiler
production. Advance booking should bo made for procurement of day-old
chicks.
Management Practices
Housing: The house built should be having good ventilation and
able to maintain the temperature. If the old house is used, it should bo
thoroughly cleaned before the chicks arc brought in.
Brooding equipment: Electric bulbs (4) hovers or bamboo
basket with bulbs (4) may be used for brooding 200-250 chicks.
I
Feeders: GJ . sheet grill type feeders are durable and easy
to clean and there will be less feed wastage. About 2 inches liner
feeding space should be provided up to 10 weeks of age per bird.
Waterers: G.I. sheet waterers are the best for keeping wqter.
In the early stage two of 2 litre capacity for every 100 chicks and when
chicks grow two of 1 gal 1 on capacity for 100 chicks may be used. In the
beginning, a wooden board may be placed below the waterers to avoid
fnl11 ng of litter in the water.
Getting ready for the chicks:
(l) About 2-4 of dry absorbent litter (Paddy husk or saw dust)
should be spread on the floor.
(2) Precaution to be taken to cover the litter with old
newspaper for the first few days because the chicks are extremely
hungry and may eat the litter material before they learn to know the
feed to cat.
(3) Two days before the chicks arrive or to be brooded start the
brooders to malto sure they are in working condition to maintain proper
’teat required.
(4) Use chick-guard to keep the chicks confined to the brooders
at least a metre away from the brooders. Chick-guard may be used upto
8 to 10 days.
...2/-
- 2 -
(5) Few hours before the chicks arc to be brooded, water and
feed should be kept.
(6) Watcrers and fedsa?s should be placed at equal distance
around the brooder.
Care when the chicks arc received
(l)
Chicks should be taken to the brooder house immediately.
(2) Care should be taken not to got the chicks chi died while
transferring then fron chick boxes to the brooder.
(3) Chicks are let down under the hover where the heat is
there and to watch then fow minutes whether they find their way to the
water and feeders *
(4) During the first few weeks they should be looked after
with utnost care.
(5) Giving extra attention at this time help them to grow
vigorous, hcalthyand profitable broilers.
Brooder House Management
(l) Required a temperature control is very essential for good
brooding•
(2) Approximate temperature to be maintained at the edge of
the hover i.o., 2” off the floor is 95oF.
(3) This temperature should bo reduced about 5°F each week
until the chicks no longer require artificial heat (for 4 weeks)
(4) It is very essential to see the chicks are comfortable
for the first few days as their body temperature is not fully regulated.
(5) Another important thing is to keep the room temperature
of the brooder house aroung 70 to 75 F by covering the ventilators/
windows by gunny bags or plastic shoots.
(6) Feeding: First few weeks (0-5) broiler chicks should be
given broiler starter..mash having 22 to 23 per cent protein. After
this period i.e., 6 to 10 weeks broiler finisher mash having 18 to 19 per
cent protein should be fed. Feed wastage may be ...watched very carefully
and can bo avoided by filling 4 of the feeders 2 or 3 times daily.
Vaccination: General practice of vaccination is as follows:
Ranikhet - Day old - First time with F strain vaccine
*
Sixth week - Second vaccination F strain vaccine.
Fowl Pox - Fourth day - Pigeon - pox vaccination or 5th
week fowlpox vaccine.
Prevention of coccidiosis: Coccidiostats like bifuran or
Amprol feed additives should be used in the feed after two weeks of age as
recommended by the respective drug manufacturers. Inspitc of using
preventive dosos, if there is any out-break of disease, different coccidiostat other than used earlier namely Codrinal or Sulphemazathinc should
be used in the drinking water as recommended by the.manufacturers.
. • .3/-
- 3 -
PROJECT TO PRODUCE 1OOO COMMERCIAL BROILERS
Elan: 1,000 chicks will be started afresh bi-weekly, which
will be ready for sale at 9 to 10 weeks of age. There would bo 5 batcho
of 5,000 chicks during 3 months, with an interval of two weeks during
which time cleaning of the pen etc., will bo done. In a year, there
would bo 20,000 broilers raised from 4 lots of 5,000 ea»h.
A. Expenditure:
1 . Nonr-re curring:
(a)
Building: 6,000 sq. ft. including store room at Rs.8/- per sq.ft.
(Accommodation for five batches)
48,000-00
(b)
Equipments:
1. Brooders-floor 8 at Rs .200/2. Water fountain 50 at Rs .8/3« Chick feeders 4' length with grill 20 at Rs.20/4« Hanging feeders 40 at Rs-30/5. Miscellaneous
TOTAL (a+b)
1,600-00
400-00
400-00
1, 200-00
300-00
51,900-06
-
24 Recurring:
(a) Cost of chicks 1,050 day old at Rs.2-40 each
(b) Cost of feed (starter & finisher) 4 tons
at Rs. 1,450/- per ton
(c) Labcur/man-power at Rs. 100/p.m.
(d) Cost of medication at 25 paisc per chick
(e) Miscellaneous
(f) Cost of litter, electricity, watc-r etc.,
TOTAL
2,400-00
5,800-00
300-00
250-00
100-00
■466-OO
9/250-00
B'. Income
(a) Sale of 960 broilers (live birds) at Rs .12/pcr bird
(b) Sale of empty gunny bags at Rs .1-50 each
(c) Sale of litter as manure 2 tons at Rs.100/pcr ton
Total Receipts
minus Expenditure
NET
INCOME
Rs .2,530-00 x 5 flocks in a year
Miscollancous and maintenance of building, equipment
etc., per year
Net income per year
11,520-00
60-00
200-00
11,780-00
•''9,250-00
) 2,530-00 ■ '.<
12,650-00
556-66“
i2,6o6'-o6 ’
...v-
LET INCOME HZR BIRD Rs. 2-50
Suggested Feed Formulae for Broilers (in percentage)
i
*
Ingredients
“ • • •
................... 1
1
Broiler starter
(0-6 weeks)
I
Yellow maize
i 50
Tapioca flour
i —
1 13
Rice polish
Groundnut cake
13
II U
Scsane cake
j 10
i
Silk worn pupae ncalj 5
Fish seal
5
Mineral mixture
|
T -.... — —....... ... —- ------- 1
1
Broiler finisher
(6 to 10 weeks)
3
i
!
;
i
I
I!
;
n
! ui
40
t
!
1
1
10
12
10
i
!
;!
1
1
I
! u ;
I -- i
I
I 10 ;
;
!
;
Vitamin Jrcriijf
1
*
CoccidiostatM
50g ;
3
1
I
I
i
'50g ;
Neftin 150
*
[ 100g ; 100g ]
1
I
1
-----——----------------------- 1
I
I
II
53
28
11
;I
!
I
i
14
10
)
1
;
13
12
4
5j
6
3
’i
'i
10 ];
«’
15 ] .
I
— 1
1
3 '
3
1
;
i
3
1
!
I
3
1
1
35
—
1I
I
I
28
23
|
-
1
3
1
50g
100g
1
!
!
;
;
!
50g ;
100g I
!
*' 20g of vitablend ABg D or Rovimix AB^. ,D
kg. of rice polish, or'maize flour
* 50g of Arprol or Bifuran food supplement
!
I
I
I
I
I
15
20
HI
35
—
28
3
5
50g {
50g
100g j
I
100g-'
to bo nixed in one
THE ROLE Of CATTLE BREEDING AS ft KVEUJRWT TOOL W HURAL WAS
A brief analysis of tiw nature of the existing technology.
In ths transfer of tschnslogias to rural areas, it .has been cut cow an
ej^oriancs that when a tcahnulngy do>W)d8 a high level Of capital invest-
wait sne a wide contact with bureaucracy, industry anti urban cant res as
preconditions for its adoption, the benefits am usually siphoned off e:nongst
the already economically ant' socially powerful rural elite.
An argument often put forward .in defence of such transfers is that a pe®-
GO.lat5.cn effect takes .place which benefits ths wciker sections.
The frosh
inflow of investment helps in building up an agro-basod industrial infra—
atr-vciure which increases the employment potential.
However, the rate of
increase in the incurs of the rich and the poor is so disparate that the
econonic gap between Si® two is further widened. Tho poor bacon increasingly
dependent upon ths rich and less mastess of their own rit.atinies.
3ur attests at taking technology directly to tho undue-privileged groups
have encountered trnrentfou's obstacles. Tha rural elite, intent on retaining
thH.tr strangleholt’ on a semi—faudal economy, Fight te«th ;wic! nail gainst any
drastic changes in the ucorwe^it: and social hierarchy of ttwir society. The
bureaucracy remains inrlifFrsrrait.. Lack of finance inhibits investment and
limits access to moro remunerative! roarkotstf Industry often remains s ceptical
about eha ability of such gsoqas to successfully adopt □ technology which
t’&'-^ndc profjr/i
*
managemBnt.
tat us examine thia process although briefly and superficially at this etags,
with raftamnes to tho tachnology of cattle breeding.
A cross-bred cow can,
Pr^arod fay the Klshurs Sharati Gm«f>, P.O. fialhanwada., via Banktwdi, Diet.
’■bshffliitsbad, Hadhya Pradesh 461 9 ^1
■r> raoriified version of this not a Idas published in §£iyiCE_JTMjAY,Autjust 1977,
page S, under the titlu "Does cattle-brasding help ahe rural poor?'
*
■a 2 S.
in many ways, be segarded as a machine.
It coverta fodder Wba more
highly valued milk with an efficiency that earns a profit for it© owner.
If sillfully managed it nan becorao a regular income source and capital
accumulator for its ouner.
Seen in this light, a arose—bred caw in a
village can be visualised as a cottage industry.
Thu collective experience of using this cottage industry as a development
tool in rural areas h;»y shown that the cattle brooding technology too is
elitist.
For exartile, with regard to capital investment, present rends in
institutional financing out tho cross-bred cow beyond the reach a? the
following cat agar >.es “ the small and marginal farmer, tho landless agri
cultural labourer, the village artisan the petty shop-kmsper and the
tribals and adlvasis dependant on forest produce for a livelihood.
It
would be instructive to reflect that these categories constitute over seventy
percent of the rural population.
The sophisticated nature of’ this technology is further illustrated by the
technological tie-ups it demands.
Artificial insemination with frozen semen
requires foreign cel labortit ions for the supply of orsgany-tested semen and
liquid nitrogen containers for storing the notion. Ths intensive veterinary
care demanded by a crosa-brnd cow brings In the aharicaceut leal industry
for the supply of veterinary'formulations and preventive •jaccinra. Un
another level, when the market for milk is saturated, there is increasing
prt-ssura to convert ailk into milk products like but ter-mi Ik powder, choose
etc. Industry ornvides the conversion technology. kural areas thus became
increasingly dependant on .industrial expertise, technology and finance.
This dependence soon siphon:? off a significant portion of profits for the
maintenance of high-salaried dairy technologists and Managers.
large
marketing networks and intensive advertising coepaigna to sustain and widen
markets sat further into those Profits.
less for his efforts.
Ths ownereevme progressively earns
Given the more ronincrativs prices and greater demand for milk and milk
products in urban areas, the phenomenon of rural areas dependant upon and
producting for, urban areas soon becomes an unavoidable reality. In trying
.8 3
ta roach these markets frosh relationship
*
have to be created with the
bureaucracy of transport licensing and taxation offielain and veterinarians.
*'3olicy makers Ignore another important aspect of cattle breeding.
The
largo green fodder requirement of a croon-bred cow makes it necessary to
convert the much valued land under cereal production to the cultivation of
fodder and ingredients of concentrates. Expensive irrigation facilities and
scarce fertilisers too are diverted. In the process ttiere is a loss by a
factor of about Five in the total energy output tier aero of land.
The
argument that milk contains essential proteins for bridging the protein gap
in India is net valid,
'tot we lack is sufficient calories, not protein.
Hi Ik has no special advantages over a combination of cereal and dal with
regard to c-ilory end protein content.
Ths large farmer anti trader will, however. strongly lobby for the adoption
of this technology.
It io more remunerative and, therefore, in their interest,
Uith their greater buying power they soon increase the demand for unnecessary
consumer goods and thus perpetuate a pattern of industrial growth that is
irrelevant and damaging for the weaker sections.
Aj-e there alternative technologies available which can bring about an
economic and social equalising effect in rural areas?
Is there a possibility
of making crocs-b reeding morn appropriate and less dependant upon high
finance and industrial and urban collaboration?
Can one design and carry out
experiments to test possibilities like #
i) converting marginal land into rain-fad pastures
ii)
using liquid semon stored in coconut; water or other
cheap media in place of more expensive frozen semen
ill) evolving low~cdet refrigeration techniques For siilk
storage to replace expensive chilling units
iv) Improving and rationalising local veterinary medicines.
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