RROMOTION OF SANITATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
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IND/87/WES/021
PROMOTION OF
SANITATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
SPREAD THE WORD
A virtual "revolution" in child survival and development is now possible IF
countries and peoples of the world commit themselves to a series of
opportunities that could save the lives of half of the 40,000 small children—
who now die every day from readily preventable causes—and could slow
down population growth as well
There is an immediate opportunity for low-cost priority action in primary
health care for child survival as a resuit of advances in technology and
broad social progress in mass communications and community-based
services
These actions include:
1.
Growth monitoring through the use of such measuring devices as growth
charts to enable the mother to delect early signs of malnutrition and
deal with it.
2.
Oral Rehydration Therapy consisting of a simple treatment with salts and
glucose in water for a child suffering from diarrhoeal dehydration the
number one child killer,
3.
Breastfeeding to nourish and protect the young infant from infection and
good weaning practices during the transition to family food, a period of
high risk from malnutrition.
4.
Immunization against tetanus, measles, polio, whooping cough,
diphtheria and tuberculosis which cripple and kill millions of children
every year.
Join the Child Survival Revolution by spreading the word.
unft
United Natiq
°MMUnJ!TY HFA’T” -c-'
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.
5.1
5.2
6.
6.1
6.2
7.
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Apendlx A
Form A.1
Appendix B
Table B.1
Form B.1
Form B.2
Appendix C
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Introduction
Approach
Why School Latrines?
The Programme
Formulation of the Scheme
Sanitation Education & School Teachers Orientation
Construction of lavatory
Maintenance.
Types of latrines
Waterseal latrine
Dry latrine
Design considerations
Size of Sludge pits
Risk of domestic water pollution
Cost estimates
Material requlrementforWaterseal School Latrine with clay brick
superstructure
Material requirement for Waterseal School Latrinescum-Urinals with
clay brick superstructure
Material requirement for Dry School Latrinescum-Urinals with clay brick
superstructure
Formulation of the scheme
Survey of water source In primary schools and proposed
School Latrine Maintenance
Orientation of Headmasters/Teachers on School Sanitation Programme
Tentative Time Table for Primary School Teachers Orientation Course
Checklist of completed units
Monthly Monitoring Form
School latrine maintenance chart
School latrine (Waterseal single unit)
School latrine (Single unit sectional details)
School latrlnes-cum-urlnals (Waterseal unit)
School latrlnes-cum-urinals (Sectional details)
School latrlnes-cum-urlnals (Reed Odourless Earth Closet)
Selection of distance between latrine pits and water supply
Installation
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PROMOTION OF
SANITATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
United Nations Children's Fund
New Delhi
1988
Published by:
United Nations Children's Fund
Regional Office for South Central Asia
73, Lodi Estate, New Delhi-110003
First Published 1985
Revised August 1987
Reprinted August 1988
Reprinted November 1989
Cataloguing information
UNICEF
Promotion of Sanitation in primary schools 1985. Revised August 1987. Reprinted August
1988. UNICEF, New Delhi 28 pp (Publication No. IND/87/WES/021)
Index terms:
1. School Sanitation, India, 2. India sanitation education, primary schools,
3. Author 4. Title
IF YOU ARE PLANNING FOR A YEAR
SOW RICE
IF YOUR ARE PLANNING FOR A DECADE
PLANT TREES
IF YOU ARE PLANNING FOR A LIFETIME
EDUCATE THE PEOPLE
1
1.
INTRODUCTION
In India, the high Incidence of mortality and morbidity, particularly among
children, is largely attributed to unsafe water supply, poor personal hygiene
practices and insanitary environment. During the last decade, considerable
progress has been made in the provision of water supply and for which UNICEF has
actively collaborated with the Government. However, progress in sanitation has
been slow due largely to a combination of factors, namely, poverty, lack of
awareness, conservatism and low priority given to it.
In response to the UN sponsored Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Decade (1981-1990), the Government of India has set targets of achieving 80 per
cent sanitation coverage of the urban and 25 per cent coverage of the rural
population by 1990.
The purpose of this document is to indicate one possible strategy for UNICEF
cooperation in promoting sanitation in primary schools, including the construction and
use of sanitary facilities.
2.
APPROACH
The country has a huge network of rural schools offering primary education to
nearly 55 million children. The rural school system offers a vast readymade
infrastructure of enormous potential to exert a profound influence, not just on the
children within its four walls, but also on the community at large. The promotion of
personal hygiene and environmental sanitation through the construction and use
of lavatories in schools will help inculcate good habits among children from their
impressionable and formative years of childhood.
3.
WHY SCHOOL LATRINE?
Each and every school should have adequate water supply and sanitation
facilities.
The Ministry of Health (l).as far back as 1949 recommended the provision of latrines,
urinals and water in all day-schools. The minimum postulated requirements were one
urinol for every 60 members, one latrine seat for every 100 members and at least a well
or other source of water supply within 40 meters. The Fourth All India Educational Survey
(1982) showed that 38 per cent of the rural schools have water facilities within the
school compound compared to 68 percent in the urban areas, while only 11 and 55 per
cent have lavatory facilities respectively, thereby indicating the need for such basic
requirements.
The provision of a lavatory in schools is aimed at achieving the following
objectives:
(a) Changing the engrained habits of people from the practice of open
defecation to the use of a latrine which can be best achieved through
motivation and education. Children are more receptive to new ideas and
therefore the school is a suitable institution for such a scheme.
(1) "Report of the Environmental Hygiene Committee". Ministry of Health. 1949
3
(b)
The school curriculum on hygiene and sanitation always emphasises the need
for sanitary disposal of excreta and the dangers caused by its absense.
However, no theoretical education on health and sanitation will carry credibility
unless it is backed by concrete example. The effective way to get the
message across is through the provision of lavatories in each school for use by
children and teachers.
(c)
The experience and knowledge gained by the children through the use of
lavatories in school and sanitation education imparted by the teachers
should be passed on by the children to their parents and other children who
may not have the benefit of a formal education.
4.
THE PROGRAMME
As part of UNICEF cooperation In India, project support for the provision of sanitary
facilities to primary schools can be promoted. The immediate objective is to
collaborate with the State Governments to implement some schemes on a
demonstrational basis in selected areas. Priorities should be given to areas where
the joint GOI-UNICEF Nutrition and Health Education Projects are being
implemented through the Rural School System (NHEES) and where the success of
such schemes are potentially high due to the interest of the school staff. This will
provide the basis for the development of a long-term strategy at the state level
aimed at the provision of sanitary facilities as an integral part of a primary school.
The present objective can be promoted through a dialogue between the
concerned state officials and UNICEF Zone Offices.
4.1 Formulation of the Scheme
Formulation of the scheme will involve decisions on the size of the programme,
project area, funding pattern, including contribution from community unit design
and implementing agency for construction. Orientation of Headmasters/
Teachers from the identified schools, to ensure proper usage and maintenance of
the units, will be an integral part of the project. The steps for the scheme
formulation are outlined in Appendix A
4.2 Sanitation Education and School Teachers Orientation
Education on personal hygienic habits and sanitation is a part of the primary
school curriculum. Under the NHEES Project launched by the Government of India,
UNICEF is funding the production of education material for the children.
The school teacher provides education to the children and can in fact play an
important role in the all-round development of the village by reaching out to the
community. A two-day orientation on sanitation to better equip the school teacher
for imparting sanitation education as well as for proper usage and maintenance
of the school latrine is an Important component of this scheme. A programme for
the orientation of headmaster/teachers is given in Appendix B.
4
Experience todate by some States in conducting the orientation course with
UNICEF collaboration has highlighted the necessity of such courses. A cell
comprising officers of the Education, Health and Engineering Departments at the
District and Block levels must be created and they should be the resource persons
for the course. Education materials to support the school teachers in imparting
sanitation knowledge are vital. Todate UNICEF has produced sets of flash cards on
sanitation (1) and a School Sanitation booklet (2).
UNICEF will collaborate with the respective State Governments to develop further
educational aids as necessary.
4.3
Construction of Lavatory
The most appropriate agency for the construction work will vary from area to area
and has to be decided after discussion with the officials concerned. In the case of
new schools the same agency or Institute involved in the construction of the school
could be used to install the lavatory; in the case of existing schools, the work can
be executed by local labour under the supervision of, for example, the Block level
engineer, or an appropriate government engineering department.
4.4
Maintenance
The success of the whole scheme will depend on the proper maintenance of the
lavatories. A workable maintenance system including provision of funds for basic
tools (i.e. bucket & broom) should be evolved before the project is launched. The
users, i.e., pupils and teachers, should ensure that the lavatory is being properly
used; in this connection, a school lavatory maintenance card designed to be fixed
at a convenient place, e g., the school verandah wall, is given in Appendix C.
A daily cleaning of the lavatory before or after school hours is recommended.
A sweeper can be employed part-time by the local education authorities or
panchayat. Alternatively, wherever possible, the school children can be organised
on a class-room basis, say, to keep the units clean; prizes can be awarded to the
best working group as encouragement.
Since the easy availability of water for cleaning of toilets, and personal usage
including washing of hands is vital, a storage tank with a capacity of at least 200
litres should be provided as shown in the attached drawings (Figs. 1 & 3).
Alternatively, in case where piped water source exists within the school or nearby,
then this can be extended into each toilet; UNICEF will assist through the provision
of pipes and fittings.
(1) A set of Flash cards entitled "Towards Better Health' covering six sanitation topics—by UNICEF.
1987
(2) School Sanitation—by UNICEF, (1987).
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5.
TYPE OF LATRINES
For schools having upto 75 children, a single latrine may be provided for use by
both sexes (Figure 1). If the number of children ranges from 75 to 150, then two
single units consisting of one each for boys and girls are proposed. Separate urinals
will not be necessary. When the number of children is between 150 and 250,
a separate latrine and urinal for boys and girls is recommended, (Figure 3). For
children well above 250, construction of additional units may be considered.
Two categories of latrines are in current use in India, namely waterseal and dry
latrines. The waterseal units are suitable in areas where water is available, and
people use water or soft materials for anal cleaning.
For the purpose of obtaining an indication of the cost of construction, as dealt with
in section 6. the use of clay bricks as building materials has been considered.
However, the choice of other materials will be dictated by local availability.
suitability, costs and the skills of the local masons.
5.1
Waterseal Latrine
A Waterseal Latrine has the advantage of being odour, fly and insect free. A
dual pit system is proposed as it has the advantage that each pit is used
alternatively and emptied after a maximum retention of two years. During this
period, the pit content is converted to odourless and rich organic humus which
can be used as fertiliser and handled safely.
A long pit service life has the advantage of less frequent emptying but at the
expense of a deeper and hence more costly pit. In the present design, pit service
life of three years is recommended to keep the cost low and to demonstrate to the
school children, the recycling of the waste as manure for school gardening.
Waterseal pans and traps which require no more than 2 litres of water for flushing
are recommended. The main characteristics are a steep base slope and a
minimum waterseal.
5.2 Dry Latrine
The Reed Odourless Earth Closet (ROEC) is described here and its essential feature is
a chute which directs the excreta into an offset pit. The chute can be of metal or
PVC pipe of 150 to 200 mm diameter placed during the construction of the
squatting slab (as shown in Figure 5) or cast as part of the toilet pan.
The chute is set at a steep angle of 30° to the vertical to facilitate the discharge of
excreta into the pit. However, the chute can still be fouled and will require
cleaning with water regularly, using a long hand brush, to discourage fly breeding.
6
6.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Some of the pertinent design aspects are discussed below:
6.1
Size of sludge pits
In the case of a single unit the sludge accumulation is computed on the basis of
75 children with the assumption that 15 per cent of the children will use the latrine
daily. The sludge accumulation per child has been taken as 60 per cent of that for
an adult (l.e. 0.60 x 0.045 M3 per year) Taking into account the duration of school
hours and vacations, the period of usage in a year will be about 9 months. For a
waterseal latrine having a pit service of three years, the sludge volume of each pit
Is 0.6 M3, Hence a pit size of 1 0 M diameter and 1.0 M depth including a
freeboard of 0.2 M is recommended. On the same basis, for the latrine-cum-urinal
complex accommodating the needs of about 250 children, the recommended pit
size is 1.5 M diameter and 1.5 M deep, allowing a freeboard of 0 2 M
A pit service of ten years has been considered for the dry latrine as indicated in
figure 4. In this case, the pit requires desludging after the effective pit volume has
been filled up.
6.2
Risk of Domestic Water Pollution
Safe excreta disposal at the expense of polluting water sources for domestic
purposes should be avoided. In clay and sand formation, and where the water
table is more than 2 meters below the pit bottom, the distance of the pit from the
water well should not be less than 10 M With higher water table, the distance
should be inceased to 15 M In rock formation where the pit bottom is more than
5M above the water table, a separation of 15 M is recommended. For higher water
table, alternative design should be considered More detailed guidelines are
provided in Figure 6.
7.
COST ESTIMATES
For illustrative purposes, cost estimates of material and labour requirements for the
waterseal and ROEC units using brick super-structure have been worked out based
on New Delhi 1986 prices and given in Tables 1 to 3 respectively.
The summarised costs of materials are as follows:
(a)
Waterseal Single Unit
Rs. 1700/-
(b)
Waterseal Latrine-cum-Urinals Unit
Rs. 6600/-
(c)
ROEC Latrines-cum-Urinals Unit
Rs. 6850/-
The choice of construction materials will van/ between project areas depending on
the availability of materials and the local construction skills.
7
Table 1 : Material and Labour requirements for waterseal School
Latrine with clay brick superstructure (75 Children)
Unit
Item
Qty.
900
Cost/Unit(1) Amount
Rs.
Rs.
0.45
405.00
Bricks
No.
Cement
Bag
5.0
55.0(2) 275.0
Sand
M3
0.9
60.0
54.0
Brick ballast
M3
0.13
75.0
9.75
Aggregate
M3
0.2
110.0
22.0
Mild Steel (pit cover, lintel and roof slab)
Kg
11.0
7.0
77.0
Door (including fittings)
No.
1
200.00
200.00
Fibre glass pan & trap
No.
1 set
100.00
100.00
White lime
Kg
2.2
7.00
15.40
Colouring material
Kg
0.25
5.00
1.25
Mason
man-day
5
50.00
250.00
Unskilled labour
man-day
6
zlJ.OU
IzU.UU
Sub Total
1529.40
10% contingencies
153.00
Total
1682.4
Say
1700
Note:
(1) New Delhi prices 1986
(2) Rate based on Govt. Dept, price.
8
Table 2: Material and Labour requirements for waterseal School
Latrines-cum-Urinals with clay brick superstructure
(for 250 children)
Unit
Item
Qty.
Cost/Unit(1)i Amount
Rs.
Rs.
0.45
1478.25
Bricks
No.
Cement
Bag
20.0
55.0(2) 1100.00
Local sand
M3
3.05
60.0
183.0
Coarse sand
M3
0.44
53.00
23.30
Brick ballast
M3
0.83
75.0
62.25
Stone ballast
M3
0.43
110.0
47.3
G.l. corrugated sheet (size 6'*3')
26 gauge for doors
No.
4
120.00
480.00
AC corrugated sheets (size 8'*3')
No.
3
125.00
375.00
M.S. bars and angle iron for chaukats
Kg
29.00
7.0
203.00
Mild steel holdfasts
No.
8
4.00
32.00
Angle iron for doors (size 30*30*3 mm)
Kg
32.00
7.0
224.0
Paint
Ltr
2.00
20.00
40.00
Plastic reinforced fibreglass pan and trap
No.
2
100.00
200.00
Damp proof course 20 mm thick
M?
1.70
30.00
51.00
3285
Mason
man-da/
20
50.00
1000.00
Unskilled labour
man-da/
25
20.00
500.00
Sub Total
5999.10
10% contingencies
Note:
(1) New Delhi prices, 1986
(2) Rate based on Government Department Price.
9
600.00
Total
6599.10
Say
6600.00
Table 3 : Material and Labour requirements for Dry School Latrines
cum-Urinals with clay brick superstructure (for 250 children)
Item
Bricks
Cement
Bags
20.0
55.0(2) 1100.00
Local sand
M3
2.7
60.0
162.00
Coarse sand
M3
0.4
53.00
21.20
Brick ballast
M3
0.6
75.0
45.00
Stone ballast
M3
0.6
110.0
66.00
G.l. corrugated sheet (size 6'*3')
26 gauge for doors
No-
4
120.00
480.00
AC corrugated sheets (size 8'*3')
No-
4
125.00
500 00
M.S. bars and angle iron for chaukats
Kg
39.00
7.0
273.00
Mild steel holdfasts
No-
8
4.00
32.00
Angle iron for doors (size 30*30*3 mm)
Kg
32.00
7.0
224.0
Paint
Ltr
2.00
20.00
40.00
PVC Pipe 150 mm dia for chute(3)
M
1.60
90.00
144.00
AC Pipe for 100 mm dia for vent Pipe
M
3.00
41.00
123.00
Fly screen for vent pipe
No-
2
10.00
20.00
Chute covers
set
2
5.00
10.00
Mason
man-day
20
50.00
1000.00
Unskilled labour
man-day
27
20.00
540.00
Sub Total
10% contingencies
6220.20
622.00
Total
6842.20
Say
6850.00
Note;
(1) New Delhi prices. 1986.
(2) Rate based on Government Department price.
(3) Provision made for 2 meters but actual length required is 1,6 m.
10
APPENDIX A—FORMULATION OF THE SCHEME
The following procedure ore suggested:
(i)
Discussion at state level between Government counterparts (Education
Department) and UNICEF on preliminary details such as the size of the
programme, the project area, the funding pattern, possible implementing
agency for construction etc. to reach agreement in principle.
(ii)
Discussion between Government counterparts (e g. the District Collector,
District Education Officer) and UNICEF on the details of the scheme including
the designation of a Project Coordinator.
(iii)
Filling up of survey questionnaires by headmasters to enable finalisation of the
list of project schools (Survey format given in Form A:1).
(iv)
Planning the schedule of activities for the orientation of headmasters/school
teachers and the training of junior engineers and masons.
(v)
Visit to project areas and to a sample of selected schools; formulation of the
methodology for maintenance of the units, and finalisation of the design
including cost estimates. (The cost can be revised after the demonstration
unit has been constructed during the masons' training camp).
(vi)
Finalisation of plan of action.
(vii)
Training of the engineers and masons.
(viii)
Two-day orientation of one teacher/headmaster of each project school on
issues relevant to the scheme. (Refer Appendix B for details). Participants can
be recalled for one day for follow-up after 3-6 months after completion of the
unit depending on rate of implementation.
(ix)
Selection of site for the latrine should be done by the implementing agency
in consultation with the school headmaster. The unit should be located at a
convenient distance close to the school building, keeping in view the safe
distance from the water source to avoid water pollution. (Refer section 6.2
of main text for details on water pollution).
(x)
Start the construction of the sanitary units.
(xi)
Monitoring of the progress of implementation through monthly reports and
field visits by the Project Coordinator.
Form A-1 : Survey of Water Source in Primary School and Proposed
School Latrine Maintenance
Name of primary school:—------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------
Village:Block:District:------------------- State:------------------Name of Headmaster:Mid-day meal: VES/NO
Number of pupils: Boys
Girls
(If more than one shift, specify numbers per shift)
Number of teachers:
Type of water
source in or near
school compund
YES NO Distance from
school in mts.
Months water
not available
Remarks
Pond or stream
Open Well
Tube-well/Hand-pump
Piped water
Is a latrine cum-urinal necessary for the school? YES/NO
If NO.give reasons
If a latrine cum-urinal is constructed, how will it be maintained?
(a)
By students/teachers:
YES/NO
(b)
By Sweeper:
YES/NO
Do you have a sweeper in your school:
YES/NO
If NO, how will money be raised to employ one?
Betterment committee/Parent Association/Panchayat/Other------------------------(c)
Brush/broom:
YES/NO
(d)
Bucket:
YES/NO
If NO,who will provide?
School/Betterment committee/Parent Association/Panchayat/Other
Signed by Head master
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APPENDIX B—ORIENTATION OF HEADMASTERS/TEACHERS ON SCHOOL
SANITATION PROGRAMME
The Orientation Programme will be planned with the participation of District/Block
level officials from the Education. Health and Engineering departments. A resource
team consisting of one representative from each of the above departments is
recommended for conducting the orientation course. A typical two-day
programme is given in Table B-1 . Salient features of the programme are
given below:
1.
Materials for distribution to resource persons and school headmasters/teachers
prior to orientation
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2.
Booklet on School Sanitation
Set of Flip Charts on Sanitation
Checklist of completed units (Form B.1)
— to be filled in by the headmasters/teachers and sent to
District Education Officer.
School latrines/urinals Maintenance Form
Monthly Moniroting Form (Form B.2)
— to be filled in by the headmasters/teachers and
sent to District Education Officers.
Design drawing of the proposed sanitary latrine.
(local language)
—do—
—do—
—do—
—do—
f)
Syllabus for Resource Persons:
a)
Representative from the Medical Department (Preferably the District/PHC
Medical Officer) who will:
— explain diseases affecting children, particularly those related to personal
hygiene and environmental sanitation, with emphasis on diseases more
prevalent in the local area;
— make use of the Flip Charts on Sanitatation and Disease. Personal Hygiene,
Home Sanitation and Vector Control as also the booklet on School
Sanitation, for the content of his talk and subsequent discussions.
b)
Representative of Engineering Department (Preferably the District/Block
Engineer) who will explain:
— concept of a latrine from the users point of view, with emphasis on following
aspects:
odour free; fly free; no sight of excreta; concept of two pits; use of digested
excreta as fertiliser.
— Pan and water seal:
steep slope and small water-seal; just two litres of water for flushing.
— Design plan and essential construction features of proposed unit with
special reference to—
drain connections; inspection chamber; pit lining and pit covers; soakage
pit for urinals.
— Use and maintenance of the unit, preventive measures to avoid chockage
of the unit; education of children not to throw stones, sticks etc. into
pan/water seal.
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— Construction of sookoge pit for waste water disposal in school compound;
construction of drain for discharge of water; use of garbage pit.
The following Flash Cards would be relevant:
Disposal of Human Excreta.
Waste water and Cattle Dung/Garbage Disposal.
c) Representative of Education Department (Preferably the District Education
Officer) will cover the following:
— Importance of children at the school level being introduced to aspects of
personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, relating to inculcating the
practice of using sanitary toilets.
This should be seen as an integral part of the health education elements
existent in the curriculum.
— regular use by students and teachers alike;
— the need to leave latrines open during school hours. The teachers should
explain and show to each class, in turn, the functioning of the latrines once
they return from the orientation programme;
— system of filling the tank with water, preferably with the involvement of the
school children.
— enlist the cooperation of the villagers, school betterment committee,
parent-teacher association etc. both to acquaint them on the importance
of training children to use toilets, and to ensure that the units are not
tampered with by the village community;
— need for regular maintenance of the units;
— reaching out to the community for promotion of sanitation (School
Sanitation booklet relevant)
b) District Collector and Block Development Officer
— Participation of the Collector and the BDO, who are in-charge of rural
development activities at District and Block levels, to impress upon teachers
their role as motivators in creating awareness and better environmental
conditions for the community.
3.
Involvement of Participants in Orientation Programme
While the Orientation Programme will consist of inputs from the various resource
persons as indicated above, mainly in the form of lectures and discussions, it is
strongly recommended that there should be active involvement of the participants
themselves, as suggested below:
a) Cleaning up of surroundings where orientation programme is to be held, by the
school children with active involvement of teachers.
The headmaster of the school should be briefed prior to the orientation with
regard to this activity.
b) Preparation of soakage pits, simple drains and garbage pits. Engineer to visit the
school and arrange for demonstration to be carried out as part of the
orientation.
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Table B.1-TIME TABLE FOR SANITATION ORIENTATION OF PRIMARY
SCHOOL TEACHERS
Day 1
Morning
0900-0930
0930-0945
0945-1000
1000-1015
Registration of the participants.
Inauguration address
TEA BREAK
Objectives of the orientation
1015-1045
1230-1330
Roles of teachers and pupils in promoting sanitation in the
school and in the community. Need for interaction with
village leaders to avoid misuse/damage to latrine.
Sanitation and diseases transmission, sanitation and health.
personal hygiene, home sanitation, food hygiene and
protection of drinking water.
Sanitary facilities for disposal of human excreta (sanitary
latrine), wastewater and garbage/cow dung (soakage
pit/bathing cubicle, garbage pit). Explanation of the design
and functioning of these facilities and smokeless chulha
Discussion
1330-1430
LUNCH BREAK
1045-1145
1145-1230
Afternoon
1430-1600
Demonstration on construction of soakage pit and smokeless
chulha, bathing platform and garbage pit
1600-1800
Field visit to observation of school and village surroundings
Day 2
Morning
0900-1040
Based on School and village surrounding observation, discuss
sanitation problems, supervise students to clean up school
compound.
1040-1110
Role of School Betterment Committee, formulation of
activities for reaching out to the community for promotion of
sanitation.
1110-1140
Latrine usage and its maintenance (Demonstration)
Formulation of methodologies to create awareness among
children/parents and motivation of community.
Slide show/film show
LUNCH BREAK
1140-1300
1300-1330
1330-1430
Afternoon
1430-1500
Monitoring and evolution of sanitation activities
1500-1600
Immunization and diarrhoea management including
preparation of oral rehydration solution
1600-1615
Closing remarks
15
Form B.1—Sanitary Latrines in Primary Schools
Quality Checklist of Completed Units by the Headmaster
Village
Name of School
Block
State
District
Name of Headmaster__________________Date Latrine completed____________
Date of Survey_____________________
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Door satisfactory
Door frame fixed properly
Door closes properly
Door latches fixed properly
Locks provided
2.
Outside (Front Sides)
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
a. Overall wall construction
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
4.
Outside (Pack Sides)
Overall wall construction
Inspection chamber provided
Is the inspection chamber
constructed properly?
Does the inspection chamber
have a cover?
Are pit covers breaking?
Are the edges of the two pit
covers covered with earth?
Soakage pits provided?
Connection to soakage pit
constructed?
Latrine
Boys
Urinal
Boys
YES/NO |
Latrine
Girls
Urinal
Girls
.......
~ ~
|
I
|
|
GOOD/BAD
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
YES/NO
Inside
Urinal
Boys
Latrine
Boys
Latnne
Giris
Urinal
Girls
a. Hoor rinisn
GOOD/BAD
b. Urinal dram properly sloped
YES/NO
—
c. Pan clean during handover
to Headmaster
YES/NO
—
d. Has Headmaster checked by pouring
water that no blockage of pans
YES/NO
—
e. Has Headmaster checked by pouring
YES/NO
• wafer that no blockage of urinals
5.
Water Tank
YES/NO
a. Steps to tank provided?
YES/NO
b. Walls of tank have good finishing?
YES/NO
c. Leakage of the tank?
Signed by Headmaster __________
16
Form B.2—School Latrines—Monthly Report
Da te
Yea r
Name of School
District
State
No. of pupils
Block
Girls-------------------------
Boys
Source of water : Piped water/open well/handpump
Wdter carried by : Pupils/cook/sweeper/
Name of teacher incharge
Latrine
1. Usage
Week of the month
No of
users
1
Students
2
3
Urinal
4
1
2
3
Boys
,
Girls
Teachers
Total
2. Maintenance
Water tank
in
morning
full
half full
empty
Clean
Not clean
Sweeper
present
absent
Blockage of
drain
YES
NO
Note
(1) Conduct the survey at (say) every Wednesday of the week. For frequency of
usage, a handcount in the classroom of users of the previous day suggested
(2) Please forward the form at the end of each month to
District Education Officer/Principal. BTI/Director. Public Instruction
17
4
APPENDIX C —SCHOOL LAVATORY MAINTENANCE
Date of installation:
A.
Usage and Maintenance
1
Provide for each latrine a container with capacity of 2 litres for the user's self
cleaning and latrine flushing requirements.
2
Fill up the water storage tank every morning and replenish at mid-day or earlier
if empty.
3
Wet pan with water Pefore use. This helps in the flushing of the excreta
4
Ensure that excreta falls into the pan by positioning the feet properly on the foot
rests
5
Flush pan after use.
6.
Clean urinals and latrines before and after school hours.
7.
Do not throw sticks, stones or solid materials into the pans or urinals.
8.
After toilet usage, wash hands with sodp dnd water
B.
Putting Things Right
1. Blocked drains. This could be due to (a) accumulation of excreta in the drain
pipe or (b) solid materials in the pan or (c) the pit having filled up
(i) In the case of (a) open the inspection chamber and unblock using a
flexible bomboo.
(ii) In the case of (b). the solid material should removed Do not push them
through the water seal forcibly or the seal unit will break
(iii) In the case of (c). remove the leach pit cover for inspection Check
whether the pit is filled up with water or excreta. In the first case which is due to
water logging, report to Block Engineer for advice. In the second case, close first
pit and divert excreta to second one.
2. Repair works. All repair should be carried out promptly. For advice contact Block
Engineer.
C.
Latrine History Book
Keep a record of significant events related to the latrine/urinals e.g. repoir.
changing of pits, blockage or drains etc.
APPENDIX 'C
SANITARY LATRINE
SIDE VIEW SECTION
19
FIG. 1
DUAL
PIT WATER SEAL LATRINE
NOTES
1
2
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION VARIABLE TO
SUIT SOIL CONDITIONS
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE.IN mm
UNICEF
NEW DELHI
20
FIG. 2
SECTION - PIT LINING
110
CROSS
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF PIT COVER
1
2.
PROVIDE HANDLES TO PIT COVERS
( USING 6mm DIA. BARS )
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
PLAN
NEW DELHI
75mm R CC SLAB
d:2:4)
CROSS SECTION OF PIT LINING
REQUIRED FOR WEAK SOIL FORMATIQN
FIG.4
G.L
TOP 2 LAYERS FULL LINING
BRICKWORK IN CEMENT
MORTAR 1:6
-77^5-
110mm FULL BRICK
— LINING (C MORTAR 1:6)
__ HONEYCOMB LINING
(C.MORTAR 1:6 )
4 TH. 8TH 8. 12TH
LAYERS FULL LINING
SECTION A-A
SECTION C-C
HONEY COMB BRICK
LINING IN CEMENT
MORTAR 116
BOTTOM 2 LAYERS FULL
LINING BRICKWORK IN
CEMENT MORTAR 1:6
12 mm CEMENT —
PLASTER 1000 mm
HIGH
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF PIT COVER
SECTION B-B
FOOTREST
75mmRAISEDPLATFORM
-DAMP PROOF
COURSE (20mm)
150
150
_i.75
------ 75
AC CORRUGATED SHEET OR 50mm
REINFORCED CONC (PRECAST)
SECTION
LINTEL
E-E
HONEYCOMB JALI
’225x 225mm
BRICKWORK IN
CM ( 1?6)
DOOR 1500x600
12mm CEMENT
PLASTER 1000 mm
HIGH
FLOOR (25mmTHK )CEMENT CONC.1:2:4
OVER 75mm THICK
CONC.(1*6)
BALLAST
1
SECTION D-D
BGO —
SECTION
200.
------ 860
SECTION A-B
150
150
75
'0 0 9
CEMENT CONC
1.6:12
50-ir
1
75
75
75mm RAISED
PLATFORM
1
9NOS. 6mm DIA. BARS
AT 200 C/C
200 150
DAMP PROOF
.CfMENT
PLASTER
150
6 NOS 6mm DIA
BARS AT 150 C/C
12 mm CEMENT—s
PLASTER 1000 mm
HIGH
STEP 200mm
HIGH
F-F
,780 , no
SECTION G-G
UNICEF
NEW DELHI
SCHOOL
LATRINES-CUM -URINALS
SECTION
F-F
NOTES
1
2
3
4
DESIGN
FOR
250 STUDENTS
FLOORS TO BE PROPERLY SLOPED TO FACILITATE
WASHING AHO DRAINAGE 01 WATER
DEPTH Of FOUNDATION WILL VARY OF.PNOING ON
SOIL CONDITIONS
ALL OIMESIONS ARE IN mm
UNICEF
WESS, NEW DELHI
Figure 6
SELECTION
OF DISTANCE
BETWEEN
LATRINE
PITS AND
WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS
NO
NOTE ;
UNCONSOLIDATED
( SILT - SAND )
CONSOLIDATED
NO
MEANS SOILS
AND SEDIMENTS
MEANS SOFT AND HARD
25
ROCKS.
SCHOOL LATRINE AND URINAL
ORIENTATION OF SCHOOL TEACHERS
26
CHILDREN CARRYING WATER TO REPLENISH WATER TANK AT LAVATORY
CHILDREN CARRYING GARBAGE TO GARBAGE PITS
27
List of UNICEF publications on the promotion of sanitation
Title
Type
Language
1. Promotion of sanitation In Primary School
Booklet
English
2. Promotion of Sanitation In Anganwadls
Booklet
English
3. School Sanitation
Booklet
English, Hindi, Telugu,
Orlya, Marathi, Kanada
and Bengali
4. Anganwadi Sanitation
Booklet
English, Hindi, Telugu,
Orlya, Bengali, Marathi,
Urdu and Gujarati
5. Use and Maintenance of
Waterseal Latrine
Booklet
English, Hindi, Telugu,
Tamil, Orlya, Marathi,
Bengali, Gujarati,
Kanada, Malayalam and
Urdu
Pamphlet
English
II) Waterseal Latrine (Technical Details)
Booklet
English
III) Smokeless Chulha
Booklet
English
Iv) Sanitation and Diseases
Flashcards
English, Hindi, Telugu,
Tamil, Orlya, Marathi,
Bengali, Gujarati,
Kanada, Malayalam,
and Urdu.
.No.
6. Towards Better Health Series
I) Waterseal Latrine (for potential
beneficiary)
v) Waste Water and Cattle
Dung/Garbage disposal
vl) Disposal of Human Excreta Sanitary
Latrine
vil) Personal Hygiene
••
••
vill) Vector Control
•»
••
lx) Home Sanitation
..
WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION SECTION
UNICEF, NEW DELHI
PUBLISHED 1985
REVISED AUGUST, 1987
unicef (®>
United Nations Children’s Fund
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA
73 Lodi Estate. New Delhi-110 003
INDIA
A
IND-1189-WESS-021-E-9.9W008-9846 R3
- Media
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