MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION SAMPLE SURVEYS OF CURRENT INTEREST IN INDIA
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MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION SAMPLE SURVEYS
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CURRENT INTEREST
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SAMPLE SURVEYS
OF
CURRENT INTEREST
IN INDIA
FORTY FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1993
( ENTRaL NI.A’i IS I K al ORGANISaHON
DE PA K 'I’M F NI 01 SI ATI S Fl <
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND
PROC RAMME IM PIGMENTATION
GOV ERNMENT OF INDIA
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ISSN 0073MS163
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With the compliments of
D ERECTOR GENERAL
CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning
and Programme Implementation
Sardar Patel Bhawan, Sansad Marg,
New Delhi-110001, India
1 KJ1\ T, 1993
CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NEW DELHI
ISSN 0073 —6183
>i<w ah
SAMPLE SURVEYS
OF
CURRENT INTEREST
IN
INDIA
—FORTY FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1993
CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
department of statistics
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND
PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NEW DELHI
PREFACE
This is the fortyfourth report in the series “Sample Survey of Current Interest
in India”, being brought out by Central Statistical Organisation since 1949-50.
Hindi version of this publication is also being brought out from 1979 onwards.
2. The information given in this publication relates to the latest 32 important
sample surveys reported to have been initiated/continued during the preceding
year by various agencies of Central and State Governments, research institutions
and universities. It provides information on the objectives, coverage, survey design,
organisational aspects, data collected and other related details.
3. The surveys have been arranged by broad subject groups, such as agricul
ture; animal husbandry; rural development; health, family welfare and vital
statistics; industry, trade and finance; labour, employment and wages; and socio
economic aspects to facilitate easy reference. An agency-wise index of surveys is
given in the Annex. Besides, there are other regular surveys like crop estimation
surveys, surveys for estimation of major livestock products, etc., which have not
been reported in this volume as there has been no material changes in their
coverage, survey design or methodology7.
4. This Organisation wishes to express its appreciation to all the agencies for
their cooperation in supplying the information needed for the preparation of this
report. Suggestions regarding possible elaborations and other improvements in the
presentation and coverage of the publication are most welcome.
5, The report was prepared in the Sample Surveys Unit of the Organisation,
under the guidance of Shri P. R. Dongre, Director, who was ably assisted by Shri
R. D. Mishra, Joint Director (S.G.) and Shri S, D. L. Srivastava, Assistant
Director. Shri Dharam Pal, Junior Investigator and Smt. Arvinder Chemalia,
Stenographer, provided secretarial assistance.
Dr. S. N. RAY
Director General
CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION,
Department of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning &. Programme Implementation,
Government of India,
New Delhi.
April, 1994.
CONTENTS
Sample surveys conducted during 1992
SI. Subject head and survey agency
No.
Title of the survey
Page
2
3
4
1
I :
AGRICULTURE
Input Survey, 1991-92.
1
2. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya
Pradesh, Bhopal.
Socio-economic Benchmark Survey of Gwalior Ayacut Area.
2
3. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Mahara
shtra, Bombay.
Training and visits programme of agricultural extension in
Maharashtra.
3
4. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute,
New Delhi
Pilot sample surveys for evolving a sampling methodology for
estimation of area and yield of cultivated foddi r crops other
than Jowar and Berseem—Cost of Production and Cultivation
practices thereof.
4
1.
Deoartmcnt of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
New Delhi.
II :
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
5. Department of Dairy Development, Uttar Pradesh,
Lucknow.
Survey to estimate the availability of milk forsalcin the areas
covered under Dairy Unions.
3
6. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute,
New Delhi.
Pilot Sample Survey for developing a sampling methodology for
estimation of post-production loss of milk in rural areas.
5
7.
Pilot survey to study the economics of Angora Rabbits.
5
Do.
Ill:
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
8. Ministry of Rural Development, Government
of India, New Delhi.
Concurrent Evaluation of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1st Round).
«
Concurrent Evaluation of Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP)—jVth Round.
7
10. Department of Labour and Employment,
Haryana, Chandigarh.
An Assessment Study of Development of Women and
Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA).
S
11. Directorate of Economics & Statistics,
Maharashtra, Bombay.
Quick Evaluation Study of Sanjay Gandhi Swawlamban Yojana.
9
9.
Do.
under
12.
Do.
Evaluation Study of Construction of percolation tanks
Employment Guarantee Scheme.
13.
Do.
Quick Evaluation Study of Nehru Rozgar Yojana.
10
Evaluation Study of 'Self-Employment to Educated Unemployed
Youth' and 'Self-Employment Programme for Urban Poor,'
Schemes.
11
14. Gokhalc Institute of Politics and Economics,
Pune.
9
IV : HEALTH, FAMILY WELFARE AND VITAL STATISTICS
IS. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govern
ment of India, New Delhi.
National Family Health Survey.
12
16. Economic and Statistical Organisation, Haryana.
Chandigarh.
Evaluation Study of T.B. Control Programme in Haryana.
14
2—606 CSO/94
(iv)
2
1
3
17. Population Research Centre,
Patna-
Patna University,
IS. Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pane.
19.
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Science,
Vadodara.
V :
Da.
22. Directorate of Economcs
Bhubaneswar.
Statistics, Orissa,
23. B ireu i of Applied Ecan ernes and Statistics,
West Bengal, Calcutta.
24
Reserve Bank of India, Bombay.
VI :
Promotion of Family Planning and Maternal and Child Health
(MCH)Cere through Dairy Cooperatives in Rural Bihar—■
Baseline Survey.
15
CurrentEvaluationof Family Planning and Maternal and Child
Health Care Programme in Rural Areas of Sindhudurg District,
1992-
16
Determinants of Infant M ertality in Gujarat and M tharashtra —
A Perspective Study.
16
INDUSTRY, TRADE AND FINANCE
20. Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of
Planning and Programme Implementation,
Government of India, New Delhi.
21.
4
Enterprise Survey (Mining & Q tarrying and Storage &
Warehousing)—1992-93.
18
Annual Survey of Industries (AS1)—1990-91 and 1991-92.
21
Mechanised and Non-Mechanised Transport Study in the
Private Sector in Orissa, 1992.
21
Survey of Earners by Specified Industrial Activity—-1991-92.
23
Survey of Foreign Currency Non-Resident (FCNR) and NonResident External Rupee (NRER) Accounts—July, 198b to
June, 1991.
24
LABOUR. EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
25. Lab ear B iron i, Ministry of Labour, Shimla.
Survey of Working and Living Conditions of Workers engaged
in Toys and Dolls Industry in India.
26.
Do.
Socio-Economic Conditions of Scheduled Tribe Workers
employed in Industrial Establishments in Urban Areas of
Nagpur.
25
27.
Do.
Occupational Wage Survey (Fifth Round).
26
24
vn : SOCIO-ECONOMIC
28. National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry
of Planning and Programme Implementation,
Government of India, New Delhi.
Survey on Land Holdings &. Livestock Holdings and Debt <S
Investment—NSS 48th Round.
27
29. Directorate of Economos & Statistics, Nagaland,
Kohima.
Family Budget Enquiry—1992-93.
30
30. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Deonar, Bombay.
Sociological Impact of Total Literacy Campaign—the case of
Midnapore, West Bengal.
31
31.
Girl Child and the Family.
32
Evaluation Survey of National Programme on Improved Chulha.
34
'
Do.
32. National Council of Applied Economic Research,
New Delhi
ANNEX
36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NEW DELHI
Input Survey, 1991-92.
Introduction
1.1 As part of the Central Sector Scheme on
Agricultural Census, which is being implemented in
the country in each of the Five Year Plan periods
since 1970-71, an Input Survey was planned and
organised, for the first time in 1976-77, to collect,
inter alia, information on application of various inputs,
such as fertilizers and manures, pesticides, irrigation,
livestock, agricultural implements and machinery etc.,
by different categories of land holdings. This survey
was repeated in 1981-82 and 1986-87 with sample
size, at the primary selection stage, increased from
two per cent of villages in 1976-77 to seven per cent
of villages in the latter two periods with a view to
obtaining more reliable estimates at the District level.
The scope of the survey was also expanded in 198182 to collect information on agricultural credit flowing
to different land holdings through various institutions
and also on fertilizers consumed, individually for
some major crops. The current Input Survey, being
fourth in the scries, was conducted with the reference
period 1991-92 (1st July, 1991, to 30th June, 1992).
The primary objective of the survey was to provide
levels of consumption of various inputs, namely fertilizers, HYV seeds, pesticides, farmyard manures/
compost, agricultural implements & machinery and
credit, by major size classes of holdings. Informa
tion was also collected on the extent of fragmentation
of holdings. For the sake of convenience, only five
classes of operational holdings conforming to marginal
(below 1 ha.), small (1-2 ha.), semimedium (2-4
ha.), medium (4-10 ha.) and large (10 ha- and
above) were taken. This information is, inter alia,
required for planning the production, imports, distri
bution and stocks of critical inputs such as fertilizers,
pesticides, credit, etc.
The survey covered the whole country, and the
data were collected in respect of all types of indivi
dual and joint operational holdings except institutional
holdings, from the resident cultivators of the selected
villages. However, resident cultivators of the urban
areas wera not covered in the Input Survey. For the
purpose of this survey, ‘operational holdings' is de
fined as “all land which is used wholly or partly for
agricultural production and is operated as one techni
cal unit by one person alone or with others, without
regard to the title, legal form, size or location”. The
technical unit has been defined as “that unit which is
under the same management and has the same means
of production such as labour force, machinery and
animals”. It would be seen from this definition that
the actual cultivator and not the owner is the unit for
collection of data.
Under the Input Survey, information were collected
on number of parcels; multiple cropping, separately
for irrigated and unirrigated areas; use of chemical
fertilizers, organic manures and pesticides separately
for irrigated and unirrigated areas under major crops
(area covered and quantity used); livestock, (num
bers); agricultural machinery and implements; and
agricultural credit by size-class of operational holdings;
The data were collected in two visits separately for
kharif and rabi seasons 1991-92 immediately after
the agricultural operations for kharif and rabi were
over in order to minimise inaccuracies due to infor
mant’s memory lapse.
Sampling design
1.2 In each State, a sample of seven per cent of
the total villages was randomly selected with Tehsil/
CD Block as the stratum from amongst the 20 per
cent villages already selected for Agricultural Census,
1990-91. In a selected village, all the operational
holdings were grouped into five size classes, viz-,
bcolw 1 ha., 1 to 1.99 ha., 2 to 3-99 ha.. 4 to 9.99
ha., and 10 ha- and above. Four operational holdings
were selected separately from each of the above five
size classes of operaional holdings following simple
random sampling technique. If in a particular size
class the total number of operational holdings were
four or less than four, then all the holdings of that size
class were covered.
For rabi survey, enumerators were required to
cover the same operational holdings which were
covered - in kharif season.- In case the size of .a
a
Kolected holding changed during the reference period,
the area obtaining in kharif season was required to
be taken as standard. For example, if a particular
holding ‘X’ in the size group 1 to 1.99 ha. (small
holding) is divided into smaller holdings in such a
way that the adjoining subdivided holdings belonged
to different size class (marginal holding), then the
enumerator will select another holding randomly from
the same size group of 1 to 1.99 ba. in place of ‘X’The required information for rabi season was also
collected for that substituted operational holding.
Field work
1.3
It was provided that the Input Survey would
be conducted by the State Governments through their
statistical functionaries, viz., District Statistical Offi
cers, Taluk Statistical Assistants, Progress Assistants,
etc., depending upon the existing administrative set
up in each State. After selection of villages, the list
of such selected villages were submitted to District
authorities who, in turn, were required to allot these
villages to the primary workers (Investigators/
Patwaris) as per time frame of the survey. The
schedules and instructions were despatched to the
State authorities connected with the survey during
September, 1991. According to the programme,
selection of villages and of holdings was to be com
pleted by November, 1991. The field work in respect
of kharif season was expected to be completed by
January, 1992 and that for rabi season by 30 June,
1992. The training to the field staff and supervisory
staff was given by the end of November, 1991. The
supervisory level staff were trained on the various
aspects of the survey, namely objective and method
ology, concepts and definitions, coverage of crops,
fertilizers and pesticides, etc. For the field level func
tionaries, the training was given on selection of
samples, filling up of the schedules and concepts and
definitions. The Patwaris were required to list out
the operational holdings in the villages and the statisti
cal enumerators took these lists and selected the
sample of operational holdings in these villages for
canvassing various types of schedules. The super
vision was done in most of the cases by the District
Census Officers, Taluk Census Officers, Revenue
Inspectors, etc. The District Census Officers were
required to check various aspects of the field work in
respect of at least five villages selected for the survey
in the District- The Taluk Census Officers were re
quired to inspect 25 per cent of the villages. The
Revenue Inspectors were required to inspect cent per
cent work of the Patwaris in all the villages under
their circles. In addition, senior functionaries of the
Revenue, Land Records and Statistical Departments
of the State, were also supposed to supervise the field
work done by the Statistical Enumerators. Eight
types of schedules were canvassed for eliciting infor
mation including listing of operational holdings in the
sample village. The survey envisaged that no fresh
listing schedule for resident operational holdings be
prepared. Instead, those prepared for the Agricul
tural Census, 1990-91, may be used. This may suit
ably be updated by the enumerators.
Data processing
1.4 The data collected through various schedules
were processed and tabulated by the States themselves.
DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS
MADHYA PRADESH, BHOPAL
2.
Socio-Economic Benchmark Survey of
Ayacut Area
Gwalior
Introduction
2.1 The Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Madhya Pradesh, conducted this ad hoc survey at the
instance of the State Ayacut Command Area Develop
ment Authority. The survey was taken up with the
main objectives of : (i) evaluating the impact, of com
mand area development programme as an agent of
economic change in the command area, (ii) assessing
the actual existing socio-economic situation of the
region at the time of the survey, (iii) reviewing the
policy regarding fixation of water rates with special
refrence to the Gwalior Ayacut Project, (iv) finding
out the nature of benefit expected to flow from the
project (with special reference to the problems likely
to be faced by the small and marginal farmers in
taking benefits of the irrigation project), (v) review
ing the availability of infrastructural facilities and the
level and pattern of private investment in agricultural
and allied activities \vithin the command area, (vi)
studying the change in cropping pattern, cropping
intensity, input-output structure, field level saving and
investment patterns, (vii) finding out the level and
pattern of development of other associated activities,
such as dairying, poultry, certain processing industries
and trade in agricultural commodities and (viii)
assessing the pattern of employment, income and cop
sumption amongst the selected households. The
3
geographical area covered by the survey was about 122
villages falling in the command area of the Gwalior
Ayacut in the districts of Gwalior. Datia, Bhind.
Shivpuri, Guna and Tikamgarh. The broad subject
heads on which the information was collected were
pattern of land use, cropping pattern, size of land
holdings, production and disposal of agricultural pro
duces, income, expenditure, indebtedness, inventory of
agricultural implements, number of mandays and
bullock days used in various agricultural operations
and use of agricultural inputs, etc. Data were col
lected with reference to agricultural year 1988-89 for
agricultural statistics and for household income and
crop-wise production and sale with reference to the
financial year 1988-89.
Sampling design
2.2 A two-stage stratified sampling design, with
villages as the first stage units and household possess
ing land as the second stage units, was adopted for the
survey. At the first stage, from amongst the villages
falling in the command area, 122 villages were selected
following simple random sampling technique- At the
second stage, all the households in the selected villages
were grouped into operational holding size classes.
These were (i) marginal farmers having land upto
1 ha., (ii) small farmers having size of holdings
from 1 to 2 ha., (iii) semi-medium farmers possessing
land over 2 ha. to 4 ha-, (iv) medium farmers having
land above 4 ha- to 10 ha., and (v) large farmers
having land above 10 ha. From each selected village,
five households were selected, i.e., one household from
each category. The total sample size thus selected
consisted of 122 villages and 610 cultivators possess
ing operational land holdings.
Field work
2.3 The field work was conducted during 21
March, 1990, to 20 May, 1990, by spending 1,792
mandays. Data were collected through field enume
ration method by seeking oral information from
respondents. The primary data were collected with
the help of five investigators and 34 block level
investigators. The supervision was done by senior
level officers including seven Assistant Statisticl Offi
cers, one Deputy Director, one Divisional Deputy
Director and two Assistant Directors. Before the start
of the field work, onc-day training was imparted to
the field workers and the supervisors. Data were
collected through four types of schedules and on an
average two to three hours were spent for filling in
a schedule besides
the time taken for the listing
schedule.
Data processing
2-4 Pre-tabulation processing of data was done by
ten persons—eight for scrutiny jobs and two for edit
ing jobs. About 120 mandays were spent at the
central office for pre-tabulatiOin processing of data.
The tabulation work was done manually with the help
of facit and electronic calculators. 120 mandays were
spent on tabulation of data. With a view to ensuring
accuracy in tabulation, hundred per cent verification
was done. The first set of tables were completed in
August, 1991. and the report was expected to be re
leased by December, 1992. The survey was expected
to cost about Rs. 70.000/-
D1RECTORATE OF ECONOMICS AND STATIS
TICS. MAHARASHTRA. BOMBAY
3. ‘Training and Visits’, Programme of Agricultural
Extension in Maharashtra
Introduction
3.1 The Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Maharashtra. Bombay, conducted this ad hoc survey
at the instance of the Planning Department of the
State. The main objectives of the survey were (i) to
find out as to how far the cultivators were aware of
-the modern agricultural practices and were induced to
bring them into practice and how many of them were
presently using the modern agricultural techniques,
(ii) to assess the awareness of new research in agri
culture by Agricultural Extension Officers along with
the basic objectives of the implementation of the
scheme, (iii) to find out how far the objectives of the
3—606 CSO/94
scheme had been achieved, (iv) to investigate the
shortcomings, if any, in the scheme and the remedical
measures for solving them, (v) to find out if the
scheme has helped in increasing production, producti
vity and general economic conditions of the cultivators
covered under the scheme. The broad subject heads
covered by the survey were the functions of implemen
ting agencies of the scheme, agricultural messages
delivered to the farmers and the effects of utilisation
of modern agricultural technology under the scheme.
The reference period in respect of data on expendi
ture incurred under the scheme were 1983-84 to
1989-90 and in respect of number of meetings held
by the District Technical Commitee it was 1985-86
to 1989-90.
4
Sampling design
32. At the first stage, out of the list of agricul
tural sub-divisions in the 29 Districts selected, 81
agricultural sub-divisions were selected for the survey.
Thereafter, three villages from each sub-division were
selected circular systematically- From each selected
village, 12 farmers were selected following random
sampling technique. The total sample size thus
selected consisted of 29 districts, 81 agricultural sub
divisions, 243 villages and 2,714 farmers.
Field work
3.3 The field work was conducted during
the
period August-October, 1990. The data were col
lected through field enumeration method by seeking
oral information from respondents and by going
through office records. The field work was done by
the regular staff of the Directorate of Economics and
Statistics placed at divisional and District level. The
supervision of the field work was done by Research
Assistants, Research Officers and the District Statisti
cal Officers posted at regional and District offices.
Data processing and Report
3.4 Data collected through 3,776 schedules of
different types were processed. The pre-tabulation
processing and the tabulation work was done by the
regular staff at the headquarters. The tabulation work
was done manually except in case of beneficiary
schedule which was done with the help of computer.
The first set of tables and draft report were ready by
April 1992. The final report entitled “Training and
Visits Programme of Agricultural Extension in Maha
rashtra’’ was yet to be published at the time ef
reporting the survey.
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI
4. Pilot Sample Survey for Evolving a Sampling
Methodology' for Estimation of the Area and Yield of
Cultivated Fodder Crops other than Jowar and
Bcrseein—Cost ef Production and Cultivation Prac
tices thereof.
Introduction
4.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New
Delhi, with the main objectives of (i) evolving a
sampling methodology for estimating, with reasonable
precision, the area, yield and production of fodder
crops in the region, (ii) enquiring and collecting data
on cultivation practices along with the cost of cultiva
tion, and (iii) studying the cost of fodder crops. The
survey was conducted in Ghaziabad District of Uttar
Pradesh. The broad subject heads of data collection
were the general information about selected villages,
fodder fields cultivated, yields of the selected field/
plot, agricultural practices followed, and the cost of
cultivation. The data were collected on seasonal
pattern during sowing and harvesting seassons.
first stage, was done proportionately from each stra
tum with probability proportional to size with replace
ment. From each village selected at the first stage,
about 10 to 15 fields of the fodder crops were selected
during each season as the second stage units following
PPSWR technique. Thus, a total of 75 villages were
selected at first stage. The number of fields selected
differed from season to season.
Field work
Sampling design
4.3 The field work was commenced in July, 1991,
and completed in September, 1992, by spending about
330 mandays. Five field investigators collected data
on various aspects of the survey under the supervision
of senior level officers. The field staff were imparted
necessary training before their deployment in the field.
Data were collected through field enumeration method
and by actually conducting crop cutting experiments.
Direct measurement and oral information were used
for filling up the schedules. Each field worker was
assigned 15 villages and was required to canvass
necessary schedules for these villages. About 3,000
schedules were canvassed during the course of survey.
4.2 A stratified multi-stage sampling design was
adopted with tehsils as
strata, villages in each
stratum as primary units, the fields in the selected
village as the second stage units and the plots 5 of speci
fied size in the selected fields as the ultimate sampling
units. Tn the District of Ghaziabad, all the five tehsils
were taken as strata. The selection of villages, at the
Data processing
4.4 Three persons were engaged on pre-tabulation
processing of data. It took about two months to
complete the pre-tabulation processing of data. The
tabulation and other associated work was still in prog
ress when the survey was reported.
s
DEPARTMENT OF DAIRY DEVELOPMENT
UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW
5. Survey to Estimate the Availability of Milk for
Sale in the Areas Covered under Dairy Unions.
5.1 The survey was earlier reported at SI. No. 10
in the 43rd Annual Report for surveys conducted in
the Districts of Lakhimpur Kheri, Jhansi, Bahraich,
Sidharth Nagar, Maharajganj, Greater Noida and
Rainpur. During the year under reference, the De
partment of Dairy Development, Lucknow, conducted
this survey, following the methodology adopted earlier,
in the Districts of Azamgarh, Mau, Tehri, Pauri,
Pithoragarh, Lalitpur, Sonbhadra, Mirzapur and Pratapgarh, in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The survey
was conducted in different phases.
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW DELHI
6. Pilot Sample Survey for Developing a Sampling
Methodology for Estimation of Post-Production Loss
of Milk in Rural Areas.
6.1 This was earlier reported at SI. No. 8 in the
43rd Annual Report for survey conducted in the
7. Pilot Survey to Study the Economics of Angora
Rabbits.
Introduction
7.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New
Delhi, under ICAR with the main objectives of (i)
obtaining reliable estimates of cost of rearing and
maintenance of rabbits and (ii) estimating the cost of
production of rabbits with a reasonable degree of pre
cision. The survey was conducted in Kullu tchsil of
Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh. The broad sub
ject heads under which the information was collected
were quantity and composition of feed, mortality,
health services, labour input-both paid and unpaid
and service details of rabbits.
Sampling design
7.2 A uni-stage random sampling design was adopt
ed for the survey with rabbit farms as the unit of
sampling for estimates of rearing costs. From a total
of 67 rabbit farms in the Kullu tchsil of Himachal
Pradesh, 18 rabbit farms were selected randomly for
the detailed study. Information on all rabbits in the
selected farms were collected at regular weekly inter
vals during the course of the survey.
The farms
selected were kept fixed for the entire period of de
tailed enquiry.
For estimating the maintenance cost of adult rabbits,
the already selected 18 farms formed the fiist stage
units and the adult rabbits as the second stage units.
The selection of second stage units was done with
Rohtak District of Haryana. The survey was started
in July, 1991, and by the end of March, 1993, the
data collection work was completed. At the time of
reporting the survey, analysis of data was in progress.
equal probability without replacement. A sample
of ten rabbits (five females and five males) from each
first stage unit was drawn. Thus, a total of 180 rab
bits were selected for estimating the maintenance cost
of rabbits.
Field work
7.3 The field work was started in the month of
June, 1992, and was expected to be completed in
November, 1993, by spending about 940 mandays.
Data were collected through field enumeration method
by seeking oral information from respondents and by
actual observations. The field work was conducted
by the field investigators under the supervision of pro
ject leader and field officer who conducted concur
rent and post-enumeration checks in the field. The
field staff were imparted necessary training before the
commencement of the survey. Data were collected
through two types of schedules—one for complete
enumeration and the other for collection of informa
tion on maintenance and rearing cost from the sampled
units. On an average, four to five hours were taken
for filling up the schedule for the detailed study.
Data processing
7.4 The data processing in respect of schedules can
vassed during the course of survey was being done by
two Technical Assistants at the headquarters of the
Institute. The tabulation was being done by the
Institute staff with the help of calculators and personal
computers. The total cost of the survey was expected
to be around Rs. 7.8 lakhs.
6
MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
NEW DELHI.
8. Concurrent Evaluation
Yojana (1st Round)
of
Jawahar
Rozgar
Introduction
8.1 The .Ministry of Rural Development. New
Delhi, conducted the first round of the Concurrent
Evaluation of the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) dur
ing 1992 with the main objective of assessing the im
pact of the scheme on the target population. The
broad subject heads under which the information were
collected under the evaluation programme was identi
fication particulars of the panchayat, members of the
panchayat, population of the panchayat, annual in
come of the panchayat, allocation of funds to the pan
chayat during 1991-92, unspent balance of previous
year, total expenditure during the year, details of
works proposed to be undertaken under the JRY dur
ing the current year or included in the Annual Action
Plan of the panchayat, technical approval of the block
before the execution of the works, identification parti
culars of the JRY workers, occupational background.
household size of the workers, total annual income of
the family from all sources, actual wages paid per
day, periodicity of the payment of the wages, num
ber of mandays of employment generated during the
last 30 days, etc. The reference period for collection
of information differed from item to item. Thus, for
example, for population of panchayat 1990-91 census
figures were utilised, for income of panchayat the
financial year 1990-91 was the reference period, for
receipts of funds the reference period was the financial
year 1991-92 and for other major items information
was collected as on the date of survey.
Sampling design
8.2 A stratified three stage sampling design was
adopted for the survey to be conducted for the Con
current Evaluation of the JRY. The Districts, Blocks
and village panchayats formed the sampling units at
the three stages respectively. The survey envisaged
to cover all the Districts in the country in rotation.
Selection of sample Districts were to be done after
stratification according to State boundaries, geographi
cal contiguity and workload distribution among the
participating institutions.
From each District, a
sample of two Blocks was drawn on random basis.
From each sample Block, five village panchayats weic
selected randomly. The selection of the Districts and
Blocks was done at the central level. The selection
of village panchayats was done by the institutions asso
ciated with the survey, using the random number table
provided by the centre. In each selected village pan
chayat, ail JRY works which were taken up during
the current financial year were covered for the detailed
study. The total sample size consisted of all JRY
works undertaken during the current year in about
4,500 village panchayats (comprising five panchayats
per Block in each of the two Blocks selected f>'om
about 450 Districts for the survey). Besides collect
ing details about JRY works, a sample of five
labourers who have been the beneficiaries of JRY
employment were interviewed in each village pan
chayat covered under the survey.
Field work
8.3 The field work was conducted during JanuaryDecember. 1992, by reputed institutions in different
States. The data were collected through field enume
ration method by seeking oral information from res
pondents, by going through office records and through
independent research. The field work was to be done
by the institutions involved in the programme by their
own field worker deployed locally. The supervision
was also done by their own senior officers. As a
training programme, the Ministry of Rural Develop
ment organised training conference for all the research
institutions who further imparted training to their
various functionaries. The manual of instructions and
schedules were supplied by the Ministry. The super
vision of field work was also done by the senior offi
cers of the Ministry of Rural Development from time
to time. A total of 4,510 panchayat schedules and
22,250 worker schedules were canvassed during the
course of die survey.
Data processing and Report
8.4 The data processing in respect of information
collected through a total 26,760 schedules was still in
the process of tabulation, etc., in the Ministry of Rural
Development, through computer. One Programmer
and four Data Entry Operators were engaged on the
data processing and tabulation jobs. The preliminary
report had already been brought out in April, 1993
and the final report was still in process.
7
9. Concurrent Evaluation of Integrated Rural Deve
lopment Porgrsmme (IRDP)-IVth Round
Introduction
9.1 I'hc Ministry of Rural Development has been
conducting concurrent evaluation study of JRDP since
1985 with the help of reputed research institutions
situated in different parts of the country. The first
round of the survey was undertaken during tjic 12
months period October, 1985 to September, 1986,
the second round during the 12 months period Janu
ary-December, 1987 and the third round during
January-December, 1989.
Thus, this was the
fourth round of the survey which was conducted with
the main objectives (i) to streamline and improve the
pace of implementation of the Integrated Rural Deve
lopment Programme, (ii) to assess the impact of the
programme and (iii) to assess the present status of old
beneficiaries surveyed during the third round of the
programme. The entire rural population of the coun
try was covered under the survey. The broad subject
heads under which information was collected were the
identification particulars of beneficiaries, provision of
assets, details of benefits received, details of loan.
current status of assets (for old beneficiary), insurance,
Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
(TRYSEM), training (other than TRYSEM), linkages
and after care, beneficiaries’ indebtedness (for old
beneficiary), income from assets (for old beneficiaries),
etc.
Sampling design
9.2 The sampling design continued to be a four
stage stratified sampling with District, Block, village
and beneficiary family respectively as the first, second,
third and fourth stage units for the survey. The coun
try was divided into 39 strata each consisting of 12
Districts. The programme envisaged the selection of
38/39 Districts, every month from the 39 strata. One
District from each stratum was selected at random
every month so that all the Districts were covered in
12 months.
From each District, two Blocks were
selected centrally using the revised Directry of Blocks.
The frame consisted of the list of Districts in the
States, list of Blocks under the Districts and list of
Block-wise IRDP beneficiary families.
From each stratum, one District was selected at the
first stage and at the second stage two Blocks were
selected at random from each selected District. Nor
mally, the two Blocks selected in the fourth round
were different from those surveyed in third round of
the survey. If the number of Blocks was less than
three in a District, no selection of Blocks was done.
4—606 CSO '94
The list of Districts and Blocks selected at the head
quarters of the Ministry of Rural Development were
communicated to the participating institutions who
carried out the job of selection of villages and bene
ficiary families. The beneficiaries consisted of two
sets of families : (i) old beneficiary families, who
were assisted/provided the assets during the third
round of the survey, i.e., during January-December.
1989, or were given subsequent doses of assistance to
cross the poverty line, and (ii) new beneficiary fami
lies who were assisted/provided the benefits for the
first time during the last six months period preceding
the date of survey.
For selection of two Milages/
village clusters separately for old and new beneficia
ries, villages- village clusters were arranged in des
cending order of the number of beneficiary families.
From the list only those villages/village dusters
which consisted of five or more beneficiary families
were considered for sample selection. Villages were
selected separately for old and new beneficiary fami
lies. Out of the total number of villages/village
clusters having five or more old beneficiary families
two villages^ village clusters were selected at inndom
for the survey of old beneficiary families. Similarly.
another set of two villages village clusters were select
ed at random for studying the new beneficiary fami
lies. The beneficiary families, to be selected at the
fourth stage, were selected following liner systematic
sampling procedure from a selected village/village
cluster. For this purpose, separate lists for old and
new beneficiary families were prepared in the selected
villages/village clusters according to the order in
which their names appeared in the Block register.
From these lists, ten old beneficiary families were
selected from two sample villages/village clusters at
the rate of five from each village and ten new bene
ficiary families were selected from the other two
sample villages/village clusters again at the rate of
five from each sample village. Thus a total of 20
beneficiary families (old and new put together) were
selected from one sample Block. Another 20 fami
lies were selected from the second sample Block. In
all, 40 beneficiary families were selected from eight
villages from the two Blocks in a District.
Thus, for
every month, normally 760 old and 760 new benefi
ciary families were envisaged to be covered from 76
selected Blocks in 38 Districts covered for the survey.
Field work
9.3 The field work of the survey was conducted by
44 research institutions during the period SeptemberOctober, 1992, to August-September, 1993. The in
formation was collected by field enumeration method
through prescribed schedules and by going through
the record of IRDP/Blocks/banks and by seeking oral
8
informalion from the IRDP beneficiary families. '1 he
field work and supervision was done by the staff en
gaged by the institutions involved in the programme.
However, central staff also conducted surprise checks
of field work from time to time.
Before the actual
field work was undertaken, the Ministry of Rural
Development organised a training conference for all
the research institutions and schedules to be canvassed
were supplied by the Ministry. The data were col
lected through household schedules each for new and
old beneficiary families. A total of 19,000 schedules
were expected to be canvassed during the course of
the survey.
Data processing
9 4 The data processing and tabulation was yet to
be taken up by the Ministry of Rural Development.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR AND EMPLOY
MEN!. HARYANA, CHANDIGARH
10. An Assessment Study of Development of Women
and Children in Rural .Areas (DWCRA)
Introduction
10-1 The Development of Women and Children in
Rural Areas, a sub-scheme of Integrated Rural Deve
lopment Programme (IRDP), was started in 1982-83
by the Government of India with the assistance of
UNICEF. The primary objective of the study was
to focus attention on the women members of rural
families below poverty line with a view to providing
them with opportunities of self-employment on sus
tained basis. The women members of DWCRA form
groups of 10-15 women each for taking up economic
activities suited Io their skills, aptitudes and the local
conditions. The group strategy was adopted to moti
vate the rural women to come together and to break
social bonds which had denied them income genera
ting and self-fulfilling opportunities. The group ap
proach has been extended to all Districts in the coun
try for greater coverage of women under IRDP with
effect from January, 1991. Initially, the scheme of
DWCRA was started in 50 selected Districts, as a pilot
project and since then, the programme has been ex
tended to more Districts in a phased manner- As on 31
December, 1990, DWCRA was being implemented in
1 87 Districts all over the country. The Government of
India decided to cover all Districts under DWCRA
by the end of the Eighth Plan and for this purpose
50 additional Districts arc added to the coverage of
the scheme beginning with 1991-92.
The scheme visualises an on-going participative
evaluation of the programme to be conducted by the
Gram Sevika, Mukhya Sevika and members of the
group.
The Government of Haryana conducted this study
in six Districts pamely
Sonepat,
Gurgaon, Sirsa,
Rohtak, Rewari and Mahcndragarh.
Sampling design
10.2 A list of DWCRA groups functioning as on
30 June, 1991, was procured from the concerned
District Rural Development Agencies and a sample of
ten per cent was drawn keeping in view that, the maxi
mum number of trades were taken and due represen
tation was given to all the Blocks in a District. Due to
this consideration, the total sample in some Districts
came to more than tc.n per cent. From each selcc'ed
group, at the first stage, two beneficiaries were inter
viewed for detailed information.
Field work
10-3 The field work was started in the month of
April, 1992, in Sonepat and Rohtak Districts; in May,
1992, in Gurgaon, Mahcndragarh and Rewari Districts;
and in June. 1992. in Sirsa District. The field work for
Sonepat and Rohtak was completed in October and
November, 1992 respectively; for Sirsa, Gurgaon and
Mahcndragarh in December, 1992; and that for
Rewari in January, 1993. The mandays spent in the
Districts of Sonepat, Rohtak, Gurgacyt and Rewari
were respectively 28, 10, 60 and 20, and 55 each for
Sirsa and Mahendragarh. Data were collected through
field enumeration method by going tlirough office
records, by seeking oral information from respondents
and by mail
questionnaires despatched
to various
agencies. Whereas the Assistant Project Officer com
pleted the questionnaires themselves, those for Gram
Sevikas, group organisers and beneficiaries were can
vassed by the field staff of the Manpower and Eployment Coordination Cell of the Department of 1 abour
and Employment. Tn each District, one field investi
gator was appointed, who. did the field work ;n addi
tion to his other regular jobs. Supcrvison of the field
work was done by Manpower and Employment
Coordination Officer, by Research Officer of the
Coordination Ceil and by the District Statistical officers
at District level. About 220 schedules were canvassed
duri.ng the course of field investigations which consis
ted of 6 schedules for Assistant Project Officers, 36
schedules for Grant Sevikas, 59 schedules for group
organisers and 119 schedules for beneficiaries.
Data processing
10.4 fhe data processing was done by one Assistant
Research officer and was completed in 130 mandays.
The tabulation work was done manually. The report
on the study vyas at the drafting stage when the survey
was reported.
DIRECTORATE OI ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS.
MA 11A RASHTR A, BOMBAY
11. Quick Evaluation Study of Sanjay Gandhi Swawalatnban Yojana
Introduction
11.1 This was an adlioc survey conducted by the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra,
at the instance of the Planning Department of
the
State- The main objectives of the survey were to study
(i) whether the scheme wzas implemented as per the
procedures laid down and. if not, the bottlenecks in
the implementation, (ii) whether the beneficiaries fulfill
the norms required for receiving assistance and whe
ther the assistance received was fully utilised and (iii)
whether there has
been any improvement in
the
economic conditions/standard of living due to selfemployment created by the loan assistance offered to
beneficiaries under the scheme. The period of refere
nce for collection of information was 1985-86 to
1991-92 for number of beneficiaries; 1989-90 to
1991-92 for receipt of applications and sanction of
assistance; 1990-91 to. 1991-92 for utilisation of assis
tance availed; 1990-91 for employment generated due
to assistance availed; and the date of survey for the
repayment of loans overdue, etc.
Sampling design
11.2 From tjie list of Districts in the State, seven
Districts were selected at the first stage. At the second
stage, from each selected District, one tehsil, which
had the highest number of beneficiaries during 1989-90
and 1990-91 taken together, was selected- In case of
urban area, Karvirr tehsil was selected. At the third
12. Evaluation Study of Constrution of Percolation
Tanks under Employment Guarantee Scheme
Introduction
12.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra
at the instance of the Department of Planning in the
State. The main objectives of the study were to find
stage, from the tehsil, one village, having the highest
number of beneficiaries during the years 1989-90 and
i 990-91 taken together, was selected for the survey.
From each selected tehsil, for the rural area, one
Municipal Council was selected at random. In each
village selected in a District, ten beneficiaries were
selected. In the urban areas, a total of 40 beneficiaries
were selected. Thus, a total of seven Districts, seven
tchsils in the rural area and one tehsil in the urban
area, and 110 beneficiaries were selected for the
survey.
Field work
1 1.3 The field work was done during 8—25 June,
1992. The data were collected through field enumera
tion method by seeking oral information from respon
dents and by going through office records. The field
work was done by the regular staff of the Directorate
under the supervision of senior level officers- The data
were collected through three types of schedules, namely
Schedule-1 for eliciting information from implementing
ageficy at the District level, Schedule-2 for details from
tchsils and Schcdule-3 for eliciting detailed informa
tion about beneficiaries of the scheme.
Data processing
11.4 All the schedules canvassed during the course
of the survey were processed by one Research Assis
tant a.nd one Statistical Assistant. Tire tabulation work
was done manually by the same set of officials under
the supervision of senior level officers.
out (i) the present conditions of the tanks constructed.
(ii) expenditure incurred o,n construction, capacity of
the tanks and actual storage, (iii) present status of
maintenance and repairs of these tanks, and (iv) the
proportional increase in the irrigated area in the com
mand area of the tanks and benefits derived by the
beneficiaries. The survey was conducted in 13 Districts
covering all the Divisions of the State. The broad
10
subject heads under which the information was collec
ted were the complete and incomplete status of the
percolation tanks, expenditure incurred on the ccftstruction of percolation tanks, storage capacity of the
tanks, maintenance and repairs and cropping pattern
and increase iji the production of crops. The data
were collected with reference to 1971-72 to 1988-89
lor position of works undertaken, complete or
incomplete, and potential created; 1985-86 to 1988-89
for expenditure incurred on works and status of works;
1988-89 to 1992 for capacity of water storage in the
tanks; 1988-89 to 1990-91 for maintenance apd
repairs; and 1990-91 for changes in the cropping
pattern and increase in production.
Sampling design
12-2 A mixed sampling design was adopted for
selection of sampling units at various stages. Thus,
for selection of Districts and tehsils purposive sampling
was adopted; systematic sampling was adopted for
selection of tanks; and random sampling technique was
adopted for selection of beneficiaries.
The frame for selection of percolation tanks consis
ted of those tanks which were taken up for construction
during the years 1971-72 to 1988-89. The construc
tion of percolation tanks under the Employment
Guarantee Scheme were taken up mostly in drought
prone areas, and accordingly, selection of Districts
was done from such areas only- Thus, three Districts
each from Pune and Aurangabad Divisions, one
District from Konkan Division (as the {number of
percolation tanks was very small), and two Districts
each from the remaiping three Divisions of the State
were selected- In all, 13 Districts of the State were
selected at the first stage. From each District, three
tehsils having the highest number of completed works
were selected at the second stage. From the three
tehsils in each District, a sample of 13 completed and
seven incomplete ta.nks was drawn at the third stage
by using systematic sampling method. If the number
of completed and incomplete works was found to be
less than 13 or 7 in the three t.chsils, all of them were
selected. Thus, 155 completed and 75 incomplete
works were taken as the total sample for the survey.
In the command area of completed works, two
strata were formed with equal parts considering the
13. Quick Evaluation Study of
Yojana
the Nehru
Rozgar
Introduction
13.1 This ad hoc survey was conducted at the insta
nce of the Planning Department of the Government
distance of the bund and the boundary- of the com
mand area where the map of the command area was
available, and one village from each of the two strata
was selected at random. In case the map was not
available, the command area was divided into two
parts; the first part with the area falling within a dista
nce of 2 km. from the tank and tho second part falling
bewteen 2 to 4 km. from the ta.nk. The selection of
villages was on the same pattern as that for the area
having maps. At the last stage, three beneficiaries
(cultivators having wells) each were selected by using
randam sampling technique from the selected villages
of each stratum. The total sample size thus selected
consisted of 13 Districts,
155 completed
and 75
incomplete percolation tanks and 801 beneficiaries
having irrigation wells.
Field work
12.3 Die field work, was done during 15 February16 April, 1992- Data were collected through field
enumeration method by seeking oral information from
respondents and by
going through
establishment
records. The data collection was done by the regular
staff ol the Directorate of Economics and Statistics
under the supervision of senior level officers. The data
collection was done through four types of schedules,
namely Schedule-1 from executive engineers of the
different, conunapd areas; Schedule-2 for selected
tanks; Schedule-3
from village level officials
and
Schedule-4 for beneficiaries. The total number of
schedules canvassed respectively for the four types
were 25, 230. 169 and 801.
Data processing
12.4 All the 1,225 schedules canvassed during the
course of field investigation were processed by one
Research Assistant and one Statistical Assistant of the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics. The tabula
tion work was done manually by the staff of the
Directorate. Since both pre-tabulation processing and
tabulation work was done along with other official
assignments of the staff, separate figures could not
be arrived at for the mandays involved on these pro
cesses.
The tabluation and other data processing
jobs were supervised by the senior level officers of the
Directorate.
of Maharashtra by the Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Bombay. The main objectives of the survey
were (i) to study the lacuna in the implementation of
the scheme, (ii) to find out the proportion of urbap
people who were assisted under the micro enterprises
scheme, (iii) to ascertain types of assets created under
11
tjie urban wage employment scheme, (iv) to study the
employment generated under the urban wage employ
ment scheme, and (v) to study the socio-economic
conditions of the beneficiaries. This was a State level
survey conducted in 29 Districts of the State.
The
broad subject, heads under which the information was
collected were types of assets created, proportion
of urban people benefitted and socio-economic back
ground of the beneficiaries. The data on employment
were collected with reference to the year 1991-92 end
on assets with reference to the years 1989-90 to
1991 92.
Sampling design
13.2 From each of the 29 Districts, where the
survey was conducted, one Municipal Council, which
incurred the highest expenditure under the two
schemes, namely, urban micro enterprises scheme and
urban wage employment scheme during the years
1989-90 to 1991-92, was selected. At the second
stage, from each Municipal Council, out of the bene
ficiaries under urban micro enterprises scheme, ten
beneficiaries were selected following simple random
sampling technique. Similarly from each selected
Council, out of the beneficiaries who secured employ
ment under the urban wage employment scheme during
the year 1991-92, ten beneficiaries were selected fol
lowing simple random sampling technique. The total
sample size thus selected consisted of 29 Municipal
Councils, 290 beneficiaries under the urban micro
enterprises scheme and 245 beneficiaries under the
urban wage employment scheme.
Field work
13.3 The field work was conducted during MayJune, 1992, and information on various aspects of
the schedule were collect,cd through field enumeration
method by seeking oral information from respondents
and by goyig through office records- The field work
was conducted by the regular field staff of the Directo
rate of Economics & Statistics placed at the Divisional
and District level. The supervision of the field work
was done by the Research Assistant, Research Officer
and District Statistical Officer posted at Regional and
District Offices. No norms for supervision of the field
work was, however, decided in view of the fact that
both the field work and the supervision were done
akyig with other official assignments of the officials
engaged on these jobs. There types of schedules were
canvassed : Schcdule-1 for Municipal Councils;
Schedule-2 for beneficiaries under urban micro enter
prises scheme; and Schcdule-3 for beneficiaries under
urban wage employment scheme.
Data processing and Report
13.4 A total of 29 Schhedule-1, 290 Schedule-2
and 245 Schedule-3, canvassed during the course of
the field investigation, were involved in the data
processing.
The pre-tabulation processing of data
was done by one Deputy Director, one Research
Assistant and two Statistical Assistants at the Central
Office. The tabulation of data was done manually at
the headquarters.
The first set of tables were ready
by October. 1992. and the report entitled “Quick
Evaluation Study of Nehru Rozgar Yojana in Maha
rashtra” was yet to be published.
GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND
ECONOMICS, PUNE
14. Evaluation Study of ‘Self Employment to Educa
ted Unemployed Youth’ and ‘Self Employment Pro
gramme for Urban Poor’ Schemes
Introduction
14.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Gokhale Institute of Politics and- Economics, Pune,
at the instance of the Bank of Maharashtra, Pune.
The main objectives of the survey were : (i) to
assess the general performance of the schemes; (ii)
to assess the recovery performance of the beneficia
ries of the schemes: and (iii) to identify the prob
lems, if any, and suggest remedial measures.
As
far as the Bank of Maharash'ra was concerned. 80
per cent of the beneficiaries under both the schemes
were in the State of Maharashtra and of the rest 20
5—606 CSO/94
per cent. 8—10 per cent beneficiaries were in the
State of Madhya Pradesh.
Hence the Bank of
Maharashtra decided to sponsor the survey in the
two States only. The estimates were required at
District and State levelThe broad subject heads
under which the information on various aspects of
the survey was co’lccted were (i) primary as well as
personal information of beneficiaries, (ii) informa
tion about vcntures/activities for which the benefici
aries have availed of the loan facilities, (iii) infor
mation about loan taken, (iv) information about
difficulties faced by the beneficiaries and (v) repay
ment performance.
A pilot survey was conducted
at Aundh in Pune District for finalisation of various
proformac and questionnaries used for collecting
data on various aspects of the survey.
The refe
rence period for most of the items in the question-
12
nairc was July, 1991—June, 1992. In case of
repayment performance, the reference period was
the period beginning with the opening of the
account to 31st March, 1992.
the inception of the schemes in the two States. The
beneficiaries were selected from the two schemes
following systematic sampling technique.
Sampling design
14.3 The field work was started in the month of
July, 1992. and was completed by June, 1993. About
450 mandays were spent on the field work.
Data
were collected through field enumeration method by
seeking ora! information from respondents and by
going through office records.
The field work was
done by seven Investigators under the supervision of
one senior level staff of the Institute. Investigators
were also deployed on local and ad hoc basis, where
ver necessary.
They were given one week’s training
before their deployment in the field.
Data were
collected through a single type of questionnaire, can
vassed for both the schemes.
On an average, each
Field Investigator was to conduct five interviews per
day.
It took about 30 minutes to collect data in
one questionnaire. In case of non-availability of
the respondents, revisits were made to ensure maxi
mum response.
14.2 A three-stage sampling design was adopted
for the survey and Districts, bank branches and
beneficiaries under the two schemes were the sampl
ings units respectively at the three stages.
For proper geographical representation, it was
decided to cover two Districts in each of the regions
of Maharashtra,
namely Western
Maharashtra,
Konkan, Marathwada, and Vidarbha and two Dis
tricts from Madhya Pradesh.
It was. however,
ensured that backward and developed regions should
simultaneously be represented in the selection of
Districts at the first stage.
In case of Maharashtra,
however, since the coverage by the scheme ‘Self
Employment Programme for Urban Poor’ in and
around cities like Pune, Nagpur and Aurangabad
was sizeable, these Districts were selected for the
survey.
The other Districts selected from Maha
rashtra were Kolhapur, Thane, Ratnagiri, Parbhani
and Yavatmal.
Tn Madhya Pradesh. Indore and
Chhindwada Districts were selected.
For selection
of two bank branches from each of the District, at
the second stage, it was decided that one of the
branches should be in the vicinity of the District town
or in the District town itself, and the other should
be in the semi-urban area.
These branches were
also selected with the consideration that they served
sufficient number of beneficiaries under the two
schemes. In order to net adequate number of sam
ples of branches at the second stage, more than two
branches had to be covered in certain Districts. For
selection of beneficiaries at the third stage, listing of
beneficiaries under the two schemes was done since
Field work
Data processing
14.4 The pre-tabulation processing of data was
done by five persons, one each engaged on scrutiny/
editing and coding and three on data entry/programming. About 75 mandays were spent on prc-tabulation processing of data. The tabulation was done
with the help of personal computers and about 350
machine hours and 88 mandays were spent on data
tabulation. The verification of data tabulated was
done on hundred per cent basis. Validation checks
were also used in order to ensure correctness of infor
mation tabulated. The report on the survey was still
under preparation at the time of reporting the
survey. The survey was estimated to cost about Rs.
2.5 lakhs.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY. FARE, WELFARE,
NEW DELHI
15.
National Family Health Survey
Introduction
15.1 The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
lhas sponsored the development of 18 Population Re
search Centres (PRC) which arc located in Univer
sities and Institutes of national importance throughout
the country. In 1990-91, the Ministry initiated the
project to strengthen the survey research capabilities
of the Population Research Centres with financial
support from the Government of India and United
13
Sates
Agency for International
Development
(USAID). The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is being undertaken as one of the important com
ponents of the PRC project.
The NFHS covers the population in 23 States and
the Union Territory of Delhi covering about 97 per
cent population of the country. It is a household sur
vey with an overall sample size of approximately
90,500 ever-married women in the age group of
I 3—49. Because of the scale of this undertaking, the
survey is being implemented on a State-by-State basis,
in three phases, in 1992 and 1993. The Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare has designated the Inter
national Institute for Population Sciences (UPS),
Bombay, as a nodal agency responsible for providing
coordination and technical guidance for the NFHS.
The PRCs arc conducting the survey in collaboration
with a number of Indian consulting organisations.
Each consulting organisation is responsible for facili
tating survey activities in one or more S'atcs covered
by the NFHS. Technical assistance in the programme
is provided by the East-West Centre, Honolulu,
Hawaii, U.S.A.
female literacy and selection was made following
probability proportional to size (PPS) systematic
sampling technique. In order to have sufficient gains
from the implicit stratification, it was decided to select
about 7-11 villages from each stratum. At the second
stage, roughly a constant number of 30 households
were selected from each selected village following
systematic sampling technique, keeping the final samp
ling self-weighting (except for the posiblc over-samp
ling in urban areas).
In urban areas, the cities and towns were divided into
three strata, namely (i) self-selected cities; (ii) Dist
rict headquarter towns and (iii) other towns. The big
cities in the urban areas were grouped into self-selected
stratum and the selection! was done using specified pro
cedure giving due consideration for their size. For this
stratum, a two-stage sampling was adopted. At the first
stage, appropriate number of blocks, in proportion to
their size, were selected systematically after taking into
account their geographical locations. At the second
stage, 10-15 households were selected systematically
from each selected block. A similar procedure was
followed in case of District headquarter towns falling
in stratum-2. However, in stratum-3, comprising
other towns, a three-stage sampling design was adopted.
The towns were arranged according to their geographi
cal location and selection of required number of towns
was made following probability proportional to size.
At the second stage, 3-4 blocks were selected syste
matically from each selected town and finally at the
last stage, 10-15 house-holds were selected from each
selected block following systematic sampling techni
que.
The main objectives of the NFHS were (i) to pro
vide Slate level and national level estimated on fertility,
family planning, maternal and child health care, and
infant and child mortality; (ii) to collect information on
health related aspects such as immunisation, breast
feeding and ante-natal check up; and (iii) to study the
socio-economic corrcla’es of fertility, family planning
and maternal and child health. The information thus
collected would be a tool for policy makers and prog
ramme administrators in planning the strategy for imp
roving population welfare.
Field work
Sampling design
15.2 The sampling sizes for the smaller States with
population less than or equal to 25 million was 3,000
households and for larger States with population more
than 25 million was 4,000 households. The sampling
design for the rural areas of a State was essentially a
two-stage stratified sampling with villages as the pri
mary sampling units. The villages in a State were
stratified into 9-15 strata considering the following
two broad categories of stratification : (i) geographi
cal location and (ii) structural variables, such as (a)
distance of village from nearest town, (b) size of
village, (c) availability of Government health facilities
in a village, and (d) percentage of males engaged in
non-agricultural activities. The variables for each
State were considered separately. For each State, a
few important variables were selected for the purpose
of stratification. The selection of variables was done
using principal component analysis. Finally, villages
in a stratum were ranked according to their level of
15.3 The field work was conducted by the agencies
involved with the survey. The field investigators and
supervisory stall were engaged by the agencies either by
deploying their own staff or through locally employed
staff. Other arrangements like supervision and train
ing, etc., were to be done by the agencies conducting
the survey. Data were collected through three types of
questionnaires, namely: (i) household questionnaire;
(ii) woman's questionnaire; and (iii) village level ques
tionnaire. The overall content and format of the ques
tionnaires was determined in a Questionnaire Design
Workshop during 1991 at Pune.
In addition to a
standard set of questionnaires in all States, it was
decided at the Workshop that the individual States
could recommend a number of State-specific questions
which would be formulated after considering the
issues of importance in a State. The house-hold
questionnaire was used to list all usual residents of
each sample household plus visitors who slept in the
house-hold on the night before the interviw. Basic in
1
formation relating to characteristics of each listed
person, including their age, sex, marital status, rela
tionship with the head of the household, education
and occupation, were collected through the household
schedule. This information was used to identify the
women eligible for collection of data through the
woman’s questionnaire. The woman’s questionnaire
was used to collect information from all eligible wo
men, usual residents of the household as well as visi
tors who slept in the household the night before the
household interview.
The questionnaire broadly
covered the information like background, characteris
tics. marriage, reproductive history, knowledge and
use of contraceptives, pregnancy and breast feeding,
immunisation and the health of children and fertility
preferences. In addition, the weights and measure
ments of heights of all the sample women’s children
born since January, 1988, were also recorded by the
field investigators.
ECONOMIC AND STATISTICAL ORGANISA
TION, HARYANA, CHANDIGARH
16. Evaluation Study of T.B. Control Programme in
Haryana
Introduction
16.1 This was an ad/ioc survey conducted by the
Economic and Sta'istical Organisation, Haryana, with
the main objectives (i) to study the performance of
T.B. Control Programme at, different level of medical
and health institutions, covering the availability of staff,
equipments and medicines at these centres; (ii)to find
out reasons for patients leaving the hospitals/T. B. Cen
ters in-between treatments; (iii) to find out the various
sources from which the patients came to know of the
availability of treatment for T. B. at the health institu
tions; and (iv)to ascertain the weakncsses/bottlenccks
of the programme and to suggest remedial measures
for making improvement therein. It was a State level
survey conducted in selected Districts. The broad sub
ject heads on which the information was collected were
the details of infrastructural facilities, requirement and
availability of medicines, equipments and other mate
rials, stall position, treatment given to patients and in
vestigations carried out, and expenditure incurred in
running the centre. The data were collected with refrcnce to the financial year 1991-92 and on the date of
survey. In the case of data collected through secondary
sources, the reference period was the years 1989-90
to 1991-92.
Sampling design
16.2 A multi-stage sampling design was adopted
wherein at the first stage, four District T.B. Centres in
the State which had the maximum number of cases for
detection of T.B. were selected. At the second stage,
subject to the availability of community centres and
primary health centres in each selected District, two
community centres and four primary health centres
were selected. At the third stage, from the opera
tional area of the sampled community health centres
and primary health centres selected at the second
stage, a maximum of five patients currently undergo
ing treatment and five patients who left the centres
during treatment were selected. With a view to seek
ing opinion of multipurpose health workers, two multi
purpose health workers were selected from each sam
pled community health centre and primary health
centre. The total sample size thus selected consisted of
four District T.B. Centres, eight Community Centres
and 15 Primary Health Centres, 44 multi-purpose
health workers, 101 patients undergoing treatment and
88 ex-patients.
Field work
16.3 The field work was done during NovemberDecember, 1992 by spending about 75 mandays in the
field. Data were collected through field enumeration
method by seeking oral information from patients, by
going through the establishment records and through
discussions with officials of Health Directorate. The
data were collected through four types of schedules,
namely Schedule A for details about infrastructural
facilities and other details of T.B. Centres, Community
Centres, Primary Health Centres and patients
undergoing treatment, etc; Schedule B for seeking the
views of multi-purpose health workers and Schedule C
and D for seeking the views of current and ex-patients
respective!}' regarding the treatment/facilities received
by them. The primary field workers consisting of one
Assistant Research officer, one Statistical Assistant and
one Junior Field Investigator, were all regular and full
time employees of the Economic and Statistical Organi
sation. The supervision was done by the Deputy Eonomic and Statistical Adviser and one Research Officer,
A total of 260 schedules comprising 27 Schedule A,
44 Schedule B, 101 Schedule C and 88 Schedule D
were canvassed during the course of survey. On an
average, each primary worker was required to canvass
one Schedule A, five Schedule B, C and D. It took
about six hours for filling up Schedule A, and 11
hours each for Schedules B, C & D. The field wor
kers faced some difficulties in collecting informatipn
15
due to poor record keeping by basic functionaries in
the rural areas, in the location of respondents and their
inability to spare time for interviews and the hesitat
ing nature of patients in divulging the information
regarding T.B. disease.
Data processing
J 6.4 All the 260 schedules were processed by a team
consisting of one Research Officer, one Assistant Re
search Officer and one Statistical Assistant.
The
tabulation was done manually by the same team with
additional assistance of one Junior Field Investigator.
With a view to maintaining the accuracy of data tabu
lated, internal checks were also carried out. The first
set of tables were ready by February, 1993, and the
final report entitled ‘Evaluation Study of T.B. Control
Programme in Haryana’ was still awaiting the appro
val of the State Government.
POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRE
PATNA UNIVERSITY, PATNA
17. Promotion of Family Planning and Maternal and
Child Health (MCI!) Care through Dairy Co-operalives in Rural Bihar—Baseline Survey
Introduction
17.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Population Research Centre, Patna University, Patna,
at the instance of the Population Council, New York.
flic main objectives of the survey were (i) to generate
reliable baseline data on levels of use of contraception
and other MCH services for the intervention area and
frequency and quality of contact with agencies provid
ing health and family welfare services, and (ii) to make
an assessment of facilities and quality of health and
family welfare services provided both by the public and
private sources in the intervention area.
The survey
was conducted in Samastipur District of Bihar. Only
the rural areas of the District was covered. The broad
subject heads on which the information was collected
were (i) the socio-economic profile of the population.
(ii) knowledge, attitude and practice of family plan
ning, and (iii) quality of family planning services.
Sampling design
17.2 In the District, 61 villages where family plan
ning activities were going on through Dairy Coope
rative Societies were purposively selected at the first
stage. The list of households in the selected villages
served as the sampling frame for second stage sampiling unit. The allocation of the size of households
tito be selected was in proportion to the population of
tthe village.
The sample households thus decided
were selected following systematic sampling techni
que. All the eligible women in the households de
fined as ‘currently married woman’ (in the age group
olf 15—49) Were interviewed for eliciting detailed
iniformation. The total sample size thus selected
eoonsisted of 61 villages, 2,463 households and 2,329
eliigible women.
«6—606 CSO/94
Field work
17.3 The field work was started on 7th July,
1992, and completed by 13th September, 1992, by
spending about 690 mandays in the field. Data were
collected through field enumeration method by seek
ing oral information from respondents. The field
work was done by ten female interviewers deployed
on a temporary and ad hoc basis under the supervi
sion of two regular staff of the Population Research
Centre. Before the start of the survey, in-depth
training for 14 days was imparted to the supervisors
and the field staff. During the course of field work.
regular supervision and spot checks were conducted
by the senior staff of the Population Research Centre.
Three types of schedules were used for eliciting
detailed information, namely : (a) couple schedule,
(b) village schedule and (c) PHC schedule. On an
average, each interviewer was required to canvass
six schedules per day. It took about one hour to fill
in a schedule. A total of 2,463 household schedules
and 2,329 eligible couple schedules were canvassed
during the course of survey.
Data processing
17.4 Pre-tabulation processing of data collected
through the three types of schedules was done by ten
persons each engaged on scrutiny, editing and coding
and four persons were engaged in analysis of data.
The tabulation of the data collected was done with
the help of computer at the Central Office, BarodaThe preliminary draft report had been completed in
the month of June 1993 and till the time the survey
was reported, the release of final report was await
ed.
16
GOKHALE INSTITUTE OF POLITICS AND
ECONOMICS, PUNE
18. Current Evaluation of Family Planning and
Maternal and Child Health Care Programme in
Rural Areas of Sindhudurg District, 1992
Introduction
18.1 The survey was sponsored by the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, and conduct
ed by the Population Research Centre, Gokhale Ins
titute of Politics and Ectnomics, Pune, on ad hoc
basis. The main objectives of the survey were : (i)
to evaluate the functioning of the family planning and
Maternal & Child Health (MCH) Care programme in
the rural areas of Sindhudurg District; (ii) to examine
the characteristics of the acceptors and non-acceptors; (iii) to estimate the impact of family planning
performance on the birth-rate; and (iv) to study the
pattern of out-migration, which is a special feature
of the District. The survey covered the rural areas
of Sindhudurg District. The broad subject heads on
which the information was collected were the various
family panning and MCH Care programmes and their
assessment, details on characteristics of the acceptors
of family planning programmes and the impact of
family planning on birth rate. In addition, detailed
information was also collected on the pattern of out
migration.
Sampling design
18.2 A three-stage sampling design was adopted
for the conduct of the survey where tehsils, Primary
Health Centres and villages formed the sampling
units at the three stages. From amongst the list of
tehsils. four tehsils were selected at the first stage with
probability proportion to size. At the second stage,
from each sampled tehsil, the oldest Primary Health
Centre was selected purposively. At the third stage,
from each Primary’ Health Centre, two villages arrang
ed in the order of distance from the Primary Health
Centre were selected systematically. In certain cases.
adjustment in selection of villages had to be made in
order to net at least 50 sterilisation cases from one
PHC. In the selected villages of each PHC, all the
households were interviewed for collection of detailed
information on the various aspects of family planning
and MCH Care programme. Finally, 2,IOC house
holds were interviewed during the course of the entire
survey.
Field work
18.3 The field work was started in the month of
May, 1992, and completed by the end of April, 1993
by spending about 16 man-months in the field. Data
were collected through field enumeration method by
seeking oral information from respondents and by
going through the records of the Primary Health
Centres. In all, four Field Investigators conducted
the field work under the supervision of one senior
level official. Both the supervisory and the primary
field workers were imparted necessary training before
their deployment in the field- Data were collected
through five types of schedules. As a work-load
norm, each Field Investigator was required to inter
view six households per day.
Data processing
18.4 The schedules in respect of all the 2,101)
households were in pre-tabulation processing stage
when the survey was reported.
POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRE
FACULTY OF SCIENCE, VADODARA
19. Determinants of Infant Mortality in Gujarat
and Maharashtra—A Perspective Study
Introduction
19.1 This was an art hoc survey conducted by the
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Science,
Vadodara, at the instance of International Develop
ment Research Centre, Canada. The main objectives
of the survey were to (i) determine tire causes of in
fant deaths based on lay reporting and to quantify
the extent of each cause separately during neo-natal
and post-natal periods; (ii) identify various demogra
phic, socio-economic, cultural, environmental, nutri
tional and health factors associated with infant morta
lity at the individual, household and community
levels; and (iii) understand how these variables ope
rate through certain proximate variables to influence
infant mortality. The survey was conducted in selec
ted Districts of the States of Gujarat and Maharash
tra. The estimates on the basis of the survey were
to be made available at the State level. The broad
subject heads on which the information was collected
were pregnancy record including infant survival sta
tus, details of household and of couples under the
target group and other details of villages covered
under the survey. Schedules for the survey were
pretested in 25 households each in Gujarat and Maha
rashtra and necessary modifications were made. The
data were collected with reference to a period of 27
months beginning from November, 1992.
Sampling design
19.2 A two-stage simple random sampling techni
que was adopted for the study, and the Districts and
the villages where Primary Health Centres were loca
ted, were the sampling units at the two stages respec
tively.
From each State, one district from each of the
geographical divisions were selected at the first stage.
Thus, in Gujarat, Bhavnagar from Saurashtra, Sabarkantha from North Gujarat and Surat from South
Gujarat were selected. In Maharashtra, similarly,
Nasik from Bombay, Pune from Pune, Aurangabad
from Aurangabad and Akola from Nagpur regions
were selected. At the second stage, from each of
these selected districts, ten villages, where Primary
Health Centre was located, were selected randomly
to enumerate the pregnant women in the last trimester
during the reference period of 27 months beginning
from November, 1992. The survey was expected to
cover about 3,900 and 3,600 households in Gujarat
and Maharashtra respectively wherein births result
ing from the reference period pregnancies had taken
place.
Field work
19-3 The field work was started on 1st November,
1992, and was still in progress when the survey was
reported. The data were being collected through
field enumeration method by seeking oral information
from respondents, focus group discussions and anthro
pometric measurements. Data were collected by
three Investigators in Gujarat and four Investigators
in Maharashtra. Tn each State, one Supervisor was
appointed to supervise the field work done by the
field Investigators. In addition, four Research Offi
cers and two Principal Investigators from the Popula
tion Research Centre were also associated with the
field work. The Field Investigators were given neces
sary training by the Research Officers to conduct
household level survey for collecting information on
the couple questionnaire by contacting each woman
who had given live birth, resulting from the reference
period pregnancies enumerated by the Auxilery
Nurses-Midwives (ANMs) in the selected study areas
of the two States. The supervisors were expected to
conduct cent per cent checking of the filled in sche
dules. To ensure quality of data, the Principal Inves
tigators of the Research Centre stayed with the field
staff in the initial period in each of the seven Districts.
The Research Officers stayed with the team through
out the period of the first round data collection by
which time the teams were fully trained and the qua
lity of data collected was found to be very satisfac
tory. Both the Principal Investigators and Research
Officers also made periodic visits when the team was
in the field to ensure smooth functioning and to solve
problems which the supervisors could not have solv
ed. Simultaneously, periodic meetings with the
Primary Health Centre staff in the presence of the
District Health Officers in each of the seven Districts
by the Principal Investigators and the Research Offi
cers were held to ensure completeness of data and to
resolve problems faced by the ANMs and their super
visors in carrying out the project activities as well
as to clarify doubts. Data were collected through
four types of schedules, namely : (a) pregnancy re
cord, (b) infant survival status record, (c) Household
and couple schedule, and (d) village schedule. On
an average, each Field Investigator was supposed to
canvass five household and couple schedules per day
and to check the records maintained by the ANMs.
Approximately 20 minutes were taken to fill up a
schedule by each Investigator.
The training of the Primary Health Centre staff
could not be carried out within the stipulated time
frame because of the non-availability of the State
Coordinator and concerned District Health OfficersAs a result, the initiation of data collection by the
ANMs, registration of women in the third trimester
of pregnancy and recording of details of ante-natal
care availed was delayed by one to two months. In
addition, the complete enumeration of pregnant
women in the third trimester in the initial stages could
not be carried out by the ANMs because of several
other reasons. Firstly, the ANMs found it difficult
to identify women in the third trimester of pregnancy
for collecting ante-natal care information and by the
time they could contact them, some of the women in
the last month of gestation had already delivered.
These women could not be included for follow-up.
under the study because their ante-natal care informa
tion was missing. Further it was noticed in many
cases that tthe ANMs had not taken some or all of the
anthropometric measurements of 7 to 9 months preg
nant women or had not estimated the Hb level at the
stipulated time. These cases were also dropped from
the study. In view of the above problems, the Research
Centre found it difficult to meet the expected number
of live births resulting from the designated one year
reference period pregnancy as well as expected num
ber of infant deaths during the follow up period. To
overcome this situation, the Centre was contemplating
to extend the reference period of enumerating the
pregnant women by about 2 to 3 months time
18
CENTRAL STATISTICAL ORGANISATION
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTATION, NEW DELHI
20. Enterprise Survey (Mining & Quarrying
Storage & Warehousing)—1992-93
and
Introduction
20.1 The Central Statistical Organisation has been
conducting the Economic Census and follow up sur
veys for collection of relevant data needed to fill up
vital data gaps in the unorganised segments of nonagricultural sector of the economy since late seven
ties.. The 1992-93 Enterprise Survey was conducted
by the CSO covering activities mainly classified
under ‘mining & quarry’ and ‘storage & warehous
ing’ as the last round of the current series of the fol
low up surveys. While the survey on ‘storage &
warehousing’ was covered for the third time since it
was covered last in 1983-84 along with other sectors.
that for ‘mining & quarrying’ was covered for the
first time since the start of the programme. As in
other years, the present survey also envisaged collec
tion of detailed information on employment, emolu
ments, expenditure, receipt, inventory' of assets, out
standing loans, input, output, etc., in respect of all
enerprises. selected on the basis of objective samp
ling design, from, the enterprises engaged in activities
primarily classified under these sectors. The prog
ramme of integrating the two unrelated sectors as the
topics of enquiries in this round was mainly with a
view to completing the third series of the follow up
surveys. This was also done with a view to net ade
quate number of sample enterprises belonging to
these two sectors since the sample enterprises in res
pect of these sectors netted through broad based en
terprise enquiries of earlier rounds was not consider
ed adequate to give reliable estimates at State level.
The activity of ‘mining & quarrying’ covers under
ground and surface mines, quarries, wells and in
cludes extractions of minerals and also all the sup
plemental activities such as dressing and beneficiation
of ores and other crude materials, like crushing,
screening, washing, cleaning, grading, milling, flota
tion, melting, pelletising, topping and other prepara
tions carried out at the mine site, which are needed
to render the materials marketable.
The activities under ‘mining & quarrying’ have an
important bearing in the economy by way of produc
ing and providing initial inputs and raw materials for
processing in the secondary sector. Though the num
ber of enterprises engaged in this sector is not size
able arid the contribution of this sector to the national
income is only about 2.5 per cent, it was taken up for
survey’ because of its importance as basic industry.
Whereas data in respect of ‘major minerals’ constitut
ing the so-called ‘organised’ segment in this sector arc
available through statutory' returns, those in respect
of the ‘minor minerals’ arc inadequate and scanty.
The scope of the present enquiry was thus limited to
‘minor minerals’ only. The present survey proposes
to cover only those enterprises which were engaged
in mining/extraction activities pertaining to the
‘minor minerals’ as declared by the Central Govern
ment under Section 3(e) of the Mine and Minerals
(Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. All those
enterprises under private or cooperative category
engaged in extraction and distribution of ‘minor mine
rals’ and in services rendered to make the minerals
marketable, trading and consumption were covered
under the present survey. Enterprises run/owned by
Central and State Governments, corporations/undertakings, etc., and all enterprises registered under the
Factory Act, 1948, under Section 2m(i) and 2m(ii)
and covered under tire Annual Survey of Industries
were excluded from the present survey.
The activities under ‘storage & warehousing’ were :
(i) warehousing (NIC-740), (ii) cold storage (NIC741), and (iii) rest of storages (NIC-749). Enter
prises engaged in providing storage & warehousing
facilities in respect of grains, oilseeds, other agricul
tural commodities like cotton, tobacco, jute, etc.,
other food articles and providing refrigeration facili
ties for potato, fruits, dairy products, etc., on hire/
rental services and facilities for storing all manufac
turing products belonging to private sector including
cooperatives were covered. However, farm products
stored by the owner of the farm in his own godown
or a manufacturer storing his commodities in his own
godown or warehouse was excluded from the scope
of this survey. ‘Storage & warehousing’ on hire to
the farm producer, dealer, trader, processor and
manufacturing enterprises (including general public)
were included. Enterprises managed by the public
sector and the Government, like Central and State
Warehousing Corporations, and such warehousing
facilities provided by marketing societies, statutory
bodies, were outside the purview of the survey. The
scope of the survey was thus restricted to all the
storage & warehousing enterprises under private and
cooperative ownership without any restriction on size
of employment. However, lockers in commercial
banks and in other types of enterprises for safe sto
19
rage of precious articles were excluded. Storage faci
lities offered by drycleaning and laundering enterpris
es were excluded. However, the storage & warehous
ing run by local bodies were to be included as a
special case, especially the community grain golas/
dharma golas maintained/run by the village panchayat/coopcrativcs.
A survey in this sector was taken up first in the
present programme during 34th round of NSS (July,
1979—June, 1980) covering non-directory establish
ments (NDE) and own-account enterprises (OAE)
while the CSO was entrusted with the survey covering
the directory establishments (DE). The results in
respect of NDE and OAE parts were brought out by
the NSSO but those in respect of DE were not re
leased due to inadequate sample size. Thereafter,
the results of the enterprise survey 1983-84, conducted
by CSO covering all the parts of DE, NDE and OAE
of the unorganised activities under ‘storage & ware
housing’ were brought out. During this survey, it
was proposed to maintain the same scope and coverage
of this sector as in the last 1983-84 enterprise survey
covering all the three parts, i.e., DEs, NDEs and
OAEs, engaged primarily in the activity of storage &
warehousing.
The mining activity is carried on along with other
activities as pre- or post-mining activities or any other
activity. In such cases, the activity pertaining to
mining would be covered as enterprise irrespective of
whether this forms a major or minor source of income
All the relevant particulars of this activity alone were
to be collected.
Similarly, the activities under storage & warehousing
were undertaken as a mixed activity by an enterprise
along with substantive or auxilary activities in respect
of trade, manufacture or transport. In all such cases
of mixed activities pursued by the sample enterprise,
the relevant particulars about the activity of storage &
warehousing only were to be collected.
The survey envisaged to collect detailed information
on major characteristics of enterprises involved mainly
in ‘mining & quarrying' or in ‘storage & warehousing',
like emoluments, receipts and expenditure, inventory
of fixed assets, outstanding loan, details of various
inputs, etc. The scope of the survey covered both
‘own-account enterprises’ and ‘establishments’ avail
able in these segments. The survey covered the
whole of Indian Union, except (i) Ladakh & Kargil
Districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) 768 interior
villages of Nagaland located beyond five kilometres
from the bus route, and (iii) 172 villages in Andaman
& Nicobar Islands which lie inaccessible throughout
the year.
The survey was of one year duration, commencing
on 1st October, 1992, and ending on 30.h September,
1993, spread over four sub-rounds, each of three
months duration.
Data on average employment; salaries, wage,
allowances, etc.; input consumed; and output of minor
minerals were collected with reference to last account
ing year and last month by the enterprises maintaining
books of account. In respect of enterprises not
maintaining books of account, data were collected
with reference to last 365 days/last 30 days preceding
the date of survey. For fixed assets and outstanding
loan data were collected with reference to last
accounting ycar/last 365 days.
Sampling design
20.2 The frames for selection of -the sampling
units consisted of (i) 1991 census villages in rural
areas in which latest economic census 1990 was done,
(ii) list of Enumeration Blocks (EBs) formed in
urban areas during Economic Census 1990, (iii) list
of EBs formed during 1980 Economic Census for
urban areas, (iv) Urban Frame Survey (UFS) Blocks
which were updated in 1987-88 in 64 towns in case
Economic Census was not conducted and/or results
were not available, and (v) list of Economic Wards
in all other townsThe sample size for mining & quarrying and storage
& warehousing at the all-India level was decided
keeping in view the manpower resources available
for the field work, the number of enterprises engaged
in the two sectors and the adequacy of requirements
of a sample size for having dependable estimates of
various charactcristrics.
It was observed that eight States, namely Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh,
contributed more than 90 per cent of the total pro
duction of minor minerals in the country. The
remaining 24 States/UTs contributed less than ten per
cent of the total production.
In view of this, Districts were categorised into two
groups, namely
‘minor minerals
concentration
(?.1MC), Districts and ‘non-mijror minerals concentra
tion’ (NMMC) Districts. The Districts were treated as
basic strata for sample selection. In case of mining
& quarrying activities, a dual approach was adopted,
namely (i) preparation of a list of licences issued by
various State Departments/Statutory bodies/local
bodies and using it as a frame for selecting the re
quired number of licences, and (ii) capturing the
activity using area sampling and then selecting the
enterprises engaged.
20
In case o£ storage & warehousing, only the area
sampling approach was adopted in all the Districts.
For each of the eight States mentioned above, only
a sot of five principal minor minerals (which may
vary from State to Stale) were specified based on their
importance in terms of total production during 198990/1990-91 depending upon the availability of data.
Districts which accounted for about 90 per cent of
the total production in a State in each of the five
principal minor minerals, when arranged in descend
ing order of their contribution were classified as MMC
Districts. The Districts other than MMC in a State
were treated as Non-MMC!, Districts. In case of
other Stales and UTs, those Districts whose minor
mineral production was more than 1J times of the
average minor mineral production in a District of the
State, were considered as MMC Districts. If none
satisfied the above criteria, then the first two Districts,
which contributed most to the minor minerals produc
tion, were treated as MMC Districts and the remain
ing were treated as Non-MMC Districts. Thus, there
were at least two Districts in each State marked as
MMC Districts.
The sample size for the survey on mining & quarry
ing at all-India level was aliocaled to the sets of
respective States/ UTs in proportion to their respective
shares of total minor minerals production. Similarly,
the sample size was further allocated to various
Districts for each category (MMC and Non-MMC) in
proportion to its contribution to the total minor
minerals production, keeping in view the minimum
number of sample of each sub-stratum (one for each
five principal minor minerals and one for the rest of
minor minerals), workload under ‘storage & ware
housing’ schedule and the requirement of minimum
number of licences to be canvassed.
Sample selection in MMC Districts
Each of the MMC District was treated as an inde
pendent stratum. Each such stratum was further
subdivided into six sub-strata. In each of these
Districts, the list of licences issued and in operation
during the last one year for each sub-stratum were
iaken as a frame and a pre-assigned number of
samples (enterprise) was selected using circular sys
tematic sampling technique.
In case of storage & warehousing, area-sampling
technique was adopted and a District which was taken
as a stratum was subdivided into two sub-strata,
namely Stratum-1 consisting of all villages in case of
rural area, enumeration blocks/UFS blocks in case of
urban area having at least one enterprise engaged in
storage A. warehousing, and Stratum-2 consisting of
all other villages/ EBs/UFs blocks which did not con
tain any enterprise engaged in storage & warehousing.
The first stage units in the sub-stratum-1 were selected
following probability proportional to size, size being
the number of enterprises available and engaged in
storage & warehousing. In sub-stratum-2, the first
stage units were selected following simple random
sampling with replacement. All enterprises available
in these first stage units were covered for the survey.
Sample selection in Non-MMC Districts
In Non-MMC Districts, a District or group ol
Districts constituted a stratum. Each stratum was
further subdivided into three sub-strata in both rural
and urban areas separately, namely sub-stratum-1
consisting of all those villages/EBs/UFs blocks hav
ing at least one enterprise in mining & quarrying, sub
stratum-2 consisting of all those villagcs/EBs/UFS
blocks having no enterprise engaged in mining &
quarrying but containing at least one enterprise en
gaged in storage & warehousing, and sub-stratum-3
consisting of all other villages/EB/UFS blocks- A
pre-assigned number of FSUs were selected using pro
bability proportional to size sampling, size being the
number of enterprises in the sub-stratum 1 & 2. In
the sub-stratum-3, a simple random sampling was
followed for selection of first stage units. Thereafter,
all the enterprises available in the FSUs were covered
for the survey.
The total sample size in MMC Districts consisted
of 16,000 sample enterprises and in case of NonMMC Districts, first stage units consisted of 7,020
samples. In all about 16,000 enterprises engaged in
mining activity and about 15,000 enterprises engag
ed in storage & warehousing were expected to be
covered during the course of survey.
Field work
20.3 The survey was started on 1st October, 1992,
and was completed by the end of September 1993.
The data were collected through field enumeration
method by seeking oral information from respondents
and by going through office records. Four types of
schedules were canvassed for collection of data on
various aspects, namely : (i) Sch. 0.01 for listing all
enterprises (mining & quarrying and storage & ware
housing), (ii) Sch. 0.02 for listing all enterprises en
gaged in mining & quarrying only in MMC Districts,
(iii) Sch. 2.6 for mining & quarrying 1992-93 (minor
minerals), and (iv) Sch. 2.34 for storage & warehous
ing 1992-93.
21
The primary field work was conducted by 190
Assistant Superintendents under the supervision of 30
Superintendents of NSSO. Both the primary and
supervisory staff were fully trained for the field work.
However, they were imparted necessary training for
the present survey before their deployment in the
field. The Superintendents were required to inspect
the work of each Assistant Superintendent once in a
month. Assistant Directors of the regions were also
required to inspect and supervise the work of each
Assistant Superintendent during the survey period. As
a workload norm, each Assistant Superintendent was
required to cover 37 samples and 84 enterprises during
the whole period of the survey. On an average, it
took about six hours to fill in a schedule.
The field staff faced the problems in identifying the
selected enumeration blocks because of non-availabi1'iy of proper details in respect of these EBs from the
different concerned authorities. In certain cases,
licensees were not the actual operators in the mining
enterprises as they had leased out their licences to
several sub-contractors. The non-availability of these
sub-contractors at the time of survey also created some
problems to the field staff-
21. Annual Survey of Industries (AST) 1990-91 and
1991-92
The survey for the ASI 1990-91 was concluded in
June, 1992, with an overall completion of 60.841 out
of the net allotment of 65.675 factories. The re
maining 4,834 factories or 7.4 per cent of the net
allotment were treated as non-response cases for
various reasons. The completed returns in respect of
the factories already covered had been sent to the
tabulating agencies.
Data processing
20.4 The data entry scrutiny is being done by six
staff member of CSO. The data entry is being done
by the Computer Centre in the Department of
Statistics.
21.1 This is a continuous survey being conducted
annually by the National Sample Survey Organisation
at the instance of the Central Statistical Organisation
(CSO) in the Department of Statistics, Ministry of
Planning and Programme Implementation. New Delhi.
The survey was earlier reported at SI. No. 20 of 43rd
Report, 1992.
Tn both the surveys, data continued to be collected
on capital structure, employment, consumption of fuel
and lubricants, raw materials and other inputs and
outputs, value added by manufacturing, labour statis
tics and characteristics of factories/cstablishments for
the CSO; on labour turnover and absenteeism for
Labour Bureau, Shimla,
under the Ministry of
Labour; and on construction of residential accommo
dations for employees by factories for the National
Buildings Organisation.
The sampling design, organisational arrangements
and coverage has not been changed during the year
under reference. Consequent to the revision effected
in the specific industry blocks on the basis of NIC
1987, an exercise for revising the format for reporting
material inputs and outputs including providing item
codes had been taken up during the year under
reference.
Field work of ASI 1991-92 was started in July,
1992. and upto the end of December. 1992, 17,865
or 23-5 per cent of the net allotment had been com
pleted. Completed returns in respect of 7,499 fac
tories. i.c., about 42 per cent of the above completed
factories, had been despatched to the tabulating agen
cies.
To meet the growing demands for results expedi
tiously, a decision to have quick tabulation of key
characteristics had been taken up. For this purpose,
large output units employing 200 or more workers
were considered and the priority tables were generated
through personal computers installed at the FOD
headquarters. For ASI 1990-91, the work for such
quick tabulation was taken up in the month of Sep
tember. 1992, and completed by December, 1992.
The quick tabulation in respect of ASI 1991-92 was
in progress when the survey was reported.
DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS AND STATIS
TICS, ORISSA, BHUBANESWAR.
22. Mechanised and Non-Mechanised Transport
Study in the Private Sector in Orissa, 1992
Introduction
22.1 The Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Orissa, Bhubaneswar, conducted this ad hoc study at
GjsN
the instance of Planning and Coordination Department
of the State with the main objective of estimating the
value added to the State income from the private
mechanised and non-mechaniscd transport sector.
The whole of the State was covered for the survev.
The survey covered the transport enterprises engaged
I
ZoV^libraRY
Oh-3 2- £
g°C
■'
ANO
nOCUMeNTATtON
' £
)
in carrying passenger and goods from one place to
another by means of cither mechanised or non
mechanised transport. The enterprises engaged in
such activities were divided into Directory Establish
ments and Non-Directory Establishments. The Direc
tory Establishments for the survey were those which
had six or more workers witli at least one hired wor
ker. The non-directory, on the other hand, covered
those establishments which had less than six workers
with at least one hired worker. The enterprises that
operated without the help of any hired worker, but
exclusively by the household workers were termed as
Own-Account Enterprises. The following activities
were covered under the survey :
(a)
Passenger transport by bus service (NIC701);
Passenger transport by other motor vehicle
(NIC-702);
(c) Freight/goods transport by motor vehicle
(NIC-703);
(d) Transport by hackney carriage, bullock
cart, ekka, tanga, etc. (NIC-704);
(c) Transport by animals, like horses, elephants,
mules, camels. (NIC-705);
(f) Transport by men, including rickshaw pullers,
push-cart operators, etc- (NIC-706).
(b)
The following activities were, however,
from the coverage of the study :
excluded
(i)
(ii)
All public sector vehicles;
All non-commercial private cars, jeeps, etc.,
which are exclusively used for own purposes;
(iii) Air transport;
(iv) Railway transport;
(v) Water transport, inclusive of ocean and
coastal water transport (NIC-710) and in
land water transport (NIC-711);
(vi) Goods transport owned and operated by
companies/corporations located outside the
State;
(vii) Carriages registered in the State and ope
rating outside the State.
The broad subject heads on which information was
collected were the identification particulars of the
enterprises, employment particulars of the persons
ennaeed. receipts, inventory of fixed assets exclusively
used for the enterprise, expenses incurred, etc. The
data were collected with reference to last 30 days and
the preceding 365 days from the date of visit by the
field worker to the unit in respect of receipts and ex
penses incurred and with reference to the date of
survey in case of inventory of fixed assets.
Sampling design
22.2 For the purpose of this study, the State’s 16
regional transport districts were taken as strata for
both passenger and goods transport. The entire
transportation system was divided into two parts,
namely passenger transportation and goods transpor
tation. Each of these sub-divisions were further divid
ed into mechanised and non-mechanised sectors. The
mechanised passenger sector covered buses, mini
buses, contract carriages, matador/trekker/standard20, pick-up vans, taxis and three wheelers. The mecha
nised goods transportation sector covered trucks, longtrailer carriers, tankers, mini-trucks (0.5 to 3 MT),
station wagons and delivery vans, three wheelers car
rying goods, and tractor trailers. In the non-mechanis
ed passenger sector, carriages driven by single or more
than one animal, rickshaw, carts driven by single or
more than one animal were covered. On the other
hand, carts driven by single or more than one animal
carrying goods, trolleys (cart-type and rickshaw-type)
were covered under the category of non-mechanised
goods transportation.
A multi-stage sampling design was adopted for the
survey. At the first stage, from each stratum, three
samples conforming to two single fleet owners and
one multiple fleet owner were selected on simple
random basis from each category of the mechanised
passenger/goods transport. In the case of non
mechanised transport, in the urban sector, three
samples available on the spot from each category were
covered from one Municipality and one Notified Area
Committee (NAC) from each stratum- In case there
were more than one Municipality/NAC in a stratum,
selection of one Municipality/NAC was done follow
ing simple random sampling technique.
In the mral sector, two samples, one each from
every category available on the spot, were covered in
two selected gram panchayats of the 50 per cent of
blocks selected for the purpose. Both the gram pan
chayats and the 50 per cent of the blocks were also
selected following simple random sampling technique.
The t.otal sample size thus selected consisted of 389
samples in the mechanised transport and 821 samples
in the non-mechanised transport sector.
Field work
22.3 The field work was started on 9th August,
1992, and completed on 25th November, 1992, byspending 2,025 mandays in the field. Data were collec
ted through field enumeration method by seeking oral
information from respondents and by going through the
records maintained by the establishments- The field
23
work was done by 20 primary data collectors under the
supervision of seven supervisory staff of the Directorate.
In addition, all District Statistical Officers, Deputy
Directors of Ranges and two Assistant Directors from
the Ad Hoc Survey Section of the Directorate of Econo
mics and Statistics; headquarters were also cjitrusted
with tjic work of inspection and supervision of the
survey work. The field workers were given necessary
training before their deployment in the field. The data
were collected through a single type of schedule- A
total number of 1,210 schedules were canvassed during
the course of the survey. On an average, each investi
gator was required to canvass two schedules per day.
About, four hours were spent for canvassing a schedule
in respect of one enterprise.
The field workers faced difficulty in collection of
data as most of the owners of the selected establish
ments were reluctant to part with relevant information
for the schedules.
Data processing
22 4 Ten persons were engaged on pre-tabulation
processing of data collected through 1,210 schedules
canvassed during the course of field investigations.
About 500 mandays were spent at the central office on
pre-tabulation processing of data. The tabulation was
being done manually and with the help of facit and
electronic calculators, when the survey was reported.
The first set of tables were expected to be produced by
the end of August, 1993.
BUREAU OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND
STATISTICS
WEST BENGAL, CALCUTTA
23. Survey of Earners
Activity-! 991-92
by
Specified Industrial
Introduction
23.1 This ad hoc survey was conducted by the
Bureau of ?\pplied Economics and Statistics, West
Bengal, Calcutta, with the main objective of assessing
the extent of contribution to the State income by the
wage earners in different sectors of industrial activities
and occupations. The survey was conducted at State
level covering both rural and urban areas. The data
were collected with rcfeience to the date of survey in
respect of size of household and number of earners in
the household and with reference- to one year preceding
the date of survey for income of earners by specified
industrial activity.
Sampling design
23-2 A stratified two-stage sampling design was
adopted. In the rural areas of the State, eight strata
were formed on the basis of size class of population as
per 1971 Census. I,n the urban areas, seven such strata
were formed comprising five strata obtained on the
basis of size class of population as per 1981 Census
and one stratum each for Calcutta and Howrah. In
the case of urban areas, the first-stage sample units
were NSS blocks
and in the case of rural
areas,
mauzas formed the first-stage units. In
the rural
areas, the number of mauzas 1.o be selected from
different strata was based on proportional allocation
bf mauzas in each stratum. In the case of urban areas,
a fixed percentage of first-stage units were selected
from each stratum. The first-stage units in both rural
and urban areas were selected at random without
replacement in the form of two yiter-penetrating sub
samples within each stratum. All the earners and all
the households in each first-stage units were comple
tely enumerated and their principal and subsidiary in
dustries and occupations recorded. The main indus
tries group for selection of earners at the second-stage
was, however, restricted to principal/subsidiary acti
vities in certain specified industry' groups, namely :
(i) education;.! services; (ii) research and scientific
services; (iii) medical and health services; (iv) busi
ness services, like catering, advertising, decorating
etc.; (v) legal services; (vi) recreational and entertain
ment services; (vii) personal services: and (viiij repair
services. Ten per cent of earners, subject to a mini
mum of two, were selected linear systematically
within each specified industry group within each firststage sample u,nit. The total number of first-stage
units in the rural and urban areas respectively were
442 and 238.
Field work
.
.
23.3 The field work was started in Jaunary, 1991,
and at the time of reporting the survey, whereas the
work in the rural sector had been completed, that
for urban areas was still in progress- Data were
collected through field enumeration method by going
through office records and by seeking oral informa
tion from respondents. Two hundred and fifty
primary field staff conducted the field work under
the supervision of 38 inspecting staff and 17 super
visors under the overall charge of the respective
District Statistical Officers and Divisional Assistant
Directors. The field stall, both primary and super
visory, were regular, full-time and well experienced
in conducting such surveys from time to time.
However, necessary training and feed-back were
provided to them as and when required. Spot and
post-enumeration checks were conducted for ensuring
quality of
data collected- Data
were collected
through two sets of schedules-one used for listing
and the other for the detailed survey. On an average,
each field worker was to list out GO specified earners
and canvass two detailed schedules per day. Il took
about three hours to canvass detailed schedules for
one sample unit.
RESERX E BANK OF INDIA
BOMBAY
24. Survey of
Foreign
Currency Non-Resident
iFCNR) and Non-Resident External Rupee (NRER)
Accounts—July, 1988 to June, 1991
24.1 This survey was conducted on ad hoc basis
by the Department of Statistical Analysis and Com
puter Services, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, with
the main objective of generating estimates of (i)
deposit amounts, (iij payments of interest and
principal amounts, (iii) balances outstanding, (iv)
deposit amounts
pledged as secmity for
bank
advances, etc., and (v) repayment obligations arising
from repatriation of balances in respect of Foreign
Currency Non-Resident, (FCNR) and Non-Resident
External Rupee
(NRER) fixed deposit
accounts
opened during the period July, 1988 to June, 1991.
The broad size subject heads under which the informa
tion was collected, reference period, sampling design,
etc., and the arrangement for data collection, had al
ready been discussed in detail at SI. No. 21 in die 43rd
Annual Report under this series.
During the course of the survey, started in
the
month of November, 1991, about 2,365 schedules
were- canvassed- The data collected through these
schedules were processed by ten staff members at the
central office of the Reserve Bank of J.ndia by spend
ing about 2.000 mandays. The data were tabulated
on the main frame computer of the RBI and the job
was completed by spending about 600 mandays at
the central office. The first set of tables were ready
by July, 1993,
and final report was likely to
be
published by the end of December, 1993.
LABOUR BUREAU
MINISTRY OF LABOUR
SH1MLA
25. Survey of Working and Living conditions of
Workers Engaged in Toys and Dolls Industry in
India
Introduction
25.1 Labour Bureau, Shimla, conducted
this
survey on an ad hoc basis. The main objective of the
survey was to study the working and living condi
tions of workers engaged in toys and dolis industry
in India. The survey was conducted in major centres
of concentration of this industry, namely, Bombay,
Madras, Bangalore, Delhi and Calcutta. The broad
subject heads under which information was collected
were employment, earnings, wage rates, hours of
work, leave and holidays, welfare facilities, social
security, health and safety and industrial relations
lot studying the working conditions, and demogra
phic charnel/eristics of the workers, family income
and receipts, qualitative standard of living, housing
conditions and indebtedness for studying the living
conditions of the labourers. The data were collected
with reference to last mo,nth preceding tlic dat.e of
survey for employment, earnings, family income,
qualitative standard of living, and with reference to
the date of survey for hours of work, welfare facili
ties. housing conditions, household assets and inde
btednessSampling design
25.2 A two-stage sampling design was used where
the first-stage units consisted of establishments and
the workers working in these establishments as the
25
second-stage units, 'l ite frame for selection of
sampling units was very old and un-updated in view
of the fact that the units under this industry were in
the unorganised sector. However, the frame was
updated by the staff of the Labour Bureau with the
help of various Departments in the States. The
sample size, both for the first-stage and the secondstage units, were fixed keeping in view the resource
constraints. First-stage units were selected following
systematic random sampling and the second-stage
units were selected from each first-stage sample units
following simple random sampling technique with
out replacement. The total sample size thus selected
consisted of 177 first-stage units and 192 secondstage units.
Field work
25.3 Field work started on 5 February, 1992,
and was completed on 8 March. 1992, by spending
286 mandays
in the field. Data
were collected
through field enumeration method by seeking oral
information front respondents, by visual observations,
by going through
establishment records and
by
direct measurements. Te,n investigators at the junior
level were deployed for field work under the supervi
sion of one Investigator at senior level. Both the
primary workers and the supervisor were regular and
experienced staff of the Labour Bureau- However,
necessary training was also imparted to them before
26. Socio-Economic Conditions of Scheduled Tribe
Workers Employed in Industrial Establishments in
Urban Areas of Nagpur
Introduction
26.1 Labour Bureau has been conducting ad-hoc
surveys under this series. The last one conducted
for urban areas of Bailadila in Madhya Pradesh has
been present,ed at SI. No. 24 of the 43 rd Report- The
present survey was conducted in industrial establish
ments in the utba.'i areas of Nagpur. Main objective
of the survey was to collect comprehensive data on
important socio-economic
characteristics of
the
Scheduled Tribe workers which could be helpful in
formulating realistic programmes and policies to
help improve the plight of such workers. The city
municipal limits
of Nagpur town in Maharashtra
formed the geographical area for the coverage of the
survey. The broad subject heads under which the
information was collected were employment, wages
and earnings, working conditions, welfare amenities,
social security, industrial relations, etc., to study the
working conditions of workers and on family and
family characteristics, qualitative standard of living
and dietary habits, assets and income, indebtedness.
the start of the survey. Assistant Director in-charge
of the survey also supervised the field work. Filled
-in schedule; were scrutinised and necessary rectifica
tions made by the supervisory officer in the field
itself. As a workload norm, each Investigator was
required to conduct one interview with employer for
recording the data on schedulc-I meant for informa
tion relating to the working conditions, and canvass
one schedulc-ll for eliciting information from selec
ted workers for collecting data on living conditions
of the workers. On an average, three hours were
spent to fill i,n a schedule. The extent of non-res
ponse in the industry was very high due to incom
plete and old addresses of the industrial units, due
to change in the line of production, and closure of
units in certain cases. However, substitution >,n such
cases was done to complete the sample size. In
certain cases, the field staff also faced non-response
from management as also from workers. However,
such problems were resolved with the help of various
Government Departments.
Data processing
25.4 All the 177 unit level schedules end 192
worker schedules were processed by ten members of
the staff at the headquarters of the Bureau by spend
ing about 225 mandays. The tabulation of data was
still in progress when the survey was reported.
housing conditions,
forced labours, awareness
of
welfare schemes, migration, sickness and attitude
towards social customs and beliefs for studying the liv
ing conditions of workers. Tn addition, specific infor
mation having direct bearing on the living conditions
in the localities predominantly inhabited by Scheduled
Tribe workers were also collected on aspects like
location
of
inhabitants.
environment
and
surroundings, types
of houses, conditions
of
roads, lanes, drains, lighting system, public convenie
nces. sources of drinking water, transport facilities.
medical care, social, cultural, educational and other
amenities/services, ellc. Data were Collect,ed with
reference to 31st Match. 1992, for employment,
preceding calendar month from the date of survey
for income oyd consumption pattern, preceding
calendar year from the date of survey for leave and
holidays, maternity benefits, sickness, etc., and as on
the date of sutvey for demographic particulars, social
security, household goods possessed, indebtedness,
migration, employment status, etc.
Sampling design
26.2 Sampling frame was not rendilv available
and had to be prepared with the help of various
?8
sources, like Chief Inspector of Factories, Inspector
of Shops and Commercial Establishments, etc- In
certain cases, reliance had to bo placed on the version
of the management. A two-stage simple random
sampling technique was adopted and establishments
and workers were
the sampling units at the
two
stages. Out of the total of 154 units employing
Scheduled Tribe workers, 70 units accounting for
roughly about 45 per cent Scheduled Tribe workers,
were selected at the first stage- At the second stage,
from a total of 2.941 workers in these units, a total of
270 workers, ‘accounting for about nine per cent.
were selected at the second stage.
Field work
26.3 Field work was conducted during 13lh April5th May, 1992, by spending 264 mandays (including
prclcminary work done during 25 Nov. to 13 Dee. 91)
in the field Data were collected through field enumera
tion method by seeking oral information from respon
dents and by going through office records. Two types
of questionnaires, namely (i> unit level questionnaire
for eliciting information from employers on working
conditions, and (ii) worker level questionnaire for
eliciting information from respondents and for recor
ding information through visual observations,
were
used for the survey. In addition, locality/area ques
tionnaire was canvassed for seeking the views of
important persons in the locality. The field work was
done by five Investigators at junior level under the
supervision of one Investigator at senior level. The
supervisory as well as primary field workers were the
regular and full-time employees of the Bureau and
were well versed in such types of
surveys.
However, necessary theoretical training at the
headquarters and practical training in the field
was also imparted to them before the start
of the field work. The Investigator at senior
level conducted hundred per cent checking of the
filled-in schedules. In addition, post-enumeration
checks were also done to ensure the correctness of the
data collected. In all 70 unit-level questionnaires,
270 worker-level questionnaires and two locality/
are;, questionnaires were canvassed during the course
of survey. On an average, each field worker was to
canvass one unit-level questionnaire, about 2-3
worker-level questionnaires and one area/locality
level questionnaire per day. The field workers faced
tire problems of eliciting information due to relucta
nce of the informants to come out with information
on some sensitive items, like income- consumption of
liquor, indebtedness, etc. In certain cases, language
problem was also faced by the field workers.
Fata processing and Report
26.4 .All the 342 questionnaires canvassed during
the course of survey were put to pre-tabulation pro
cessing which was completed by spending about 20
mandays >,n rhe field and 100 mandays in the central
office. The pre-tabulation processing was done by
13 regular members of the staff of the Labour Bureau.
The tabulation of data was done manually and with
the help of electronic desk calculators. It took about
80 machine hours and 400 mandays to complete the
tabulation work- In addition, to ensure correctness
of data tabulations, cent per cent checking was resor
ted to at every stage. The firsti set of tables were
ready in October, 1992, and the Report was expected
to be published in October, 1993. The survey was
to cost roughly about Rs- 7.2 lakhs-
Occupational Wage Survey (Fifth Round)
wing the same survey methodology as adopted in
earlier surveys. During this round. Labour Bureau
proposes to cover 57 industries which would account
for about. 51 per cent of the manufacturing sector, 82
per cent of the mining sector and 95 per cent of the
plantation sector. Out of the 57 industries, 41 indus
tries will be those which were covered in all the pre
vious rounds, 4 covered for the first-time during the
Third Round, 7 in the Fourth Round and 1 relating
to manufacture of plastic articles which was earlier
covered in the Third Round. Four additional in
dustries. which have been added in this round are
Railways, public motor transport undertakings, Ports
and Docks, and electricity generating and distributing
establishments. Out of the four industries, the last
one was covered during the First, Second and Third
Rounds of the Occupational Wage Survey while the
other three are being covered for the first time in the
Fifth Round.
,
27.
27.1 Latour Bureau, Shimla. has been conducting
the occupational wage survey periodically,
since
1958, to collect data for construction of wage rates
index numbers and for analysis of intra-industry
differentials in pay-roll earnings. The last round
(Fourth) of the survey was started during 1985, as
a Seventh Plan scheme and was covered in five
phases. During this round. 53 industries wer cove
red. These comprised 45 industries from manufactu
ring sector. 5 from mining sector, and 3 from planta
tion sector. The details in respect of this were given
at SI. No. 19 in the 42nd and at SI. No. 23 in the
43rd reports under this scries.
During the year under reference, after completing
the fifth and final phase of the fourth round, Labour
Bureau started the Fifth Round of the survey follo
27
NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ORGANISATION
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTATION
NEW DELHI
28. Survey on Land Holdings & Livestock Holdings,
and Debt & Investment—NSS 48th Round
Introduction
28.1 The enquiries on Land Holdings and Lives
tock Holdings (LHS) and Debt & Investment form
the core of the 48th Rou.nd programme of the. NSSO.
The enquiry on land holdings was first taken up in
the NSS 8th Round as part of an FAO programme
of World Agricultural Census. It was repeated in
16th and 17th Rounds of the NSSO. An All-India
Rural Credit Survey, as a forerunner of the All-India
Debt & Investment Survey (AIDIS) was conducted
by the RBI for the first time in 1951-52 with a view
to obtaining information for formulating banking
policies regarding the rural credit,. The survey on
rural debt and investment was again conducted by
the RBI in the year 1961-62 for obtaining reliable
estimates of debt, borrowings, capital formation,
etc. The next survey on the subject was entrusted to
the NSSO by the RBI and was integrated with the
survey on land holdings conducted in the NSS 26th
Round. The NSSO again conducted this survey in 37th
Round (1982). The present Round is a repetition of
the NSS 37th Round with some modifications made
in the sampling design and formats of the survey
schedules. The main objectives of this survey were
thus (i) to collect information on la,nd holdings and
livestock holdings and debt and investment; (ii) to
collect information on deeper aspects regarding opera
tion and management of land and livestock hold
ings, c.g., on their ownership, tenancy relationship,
type of farming, resource availability, cropping pat
tern, etc.; and (iii) to obtain quantitative information
on the incidence of indebtedness, capital formation
and other indicators on rural/urban economy which
would be helpful in developing credit structure in
particular and
obtaining other allied information
required in the field of planning and development.
Besides tjic core subject, regular annual survey of
consumer expenditure and employment and unemp
loyment was also conducted in two sample households
from each selected village/block. I,n addition, rural
retail pi ices were also collected once in every month
from 419 old and 600 new villages as a part of the
48th Round survey programme.
The survey covered the whole of Indian Union
except (i) Ladhak and Kargil Districts of Jammu &
Kashmir, (ii) 768 interior villages of Nagaland, situa
ted beyond five Kms. of a bus route, out of a total of
1,119 villages, and (iii) 172 villages in Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, out of a total of 520 villages, remain
ing inaccessible throughout the year. A pilot enquiry
to estimate the time required to canvass different
types of schedules was carried out. The data were
collected will: different reference periods depending
upon the nature of information. Thus, information
on ownership of holdings and inventory of livestock
and agricultural machinery was collected as on the
date of survey; information pertaining to operational
holdings were collected with reference to kharif and
rabi seasons of the agricultural year 1991-92; infor
mation on ownership and exploitation of trees were
collected with reference to the date of survey and
365 days preceding the date of survey; with reference
to 30 days preceding the date of survey for purchase
and consumption of goods a,nd services for domestic
consumption, etc., for household consumer expendi
ture.
Sampling design
28.2 A two-stage stratified sampling design was
adopted for the survey with the first stage uni's iFSUs)
as census villages/urban blocks, and second stage units
as the households.
The list of 1981 Census villages
constituted the sampling frame for rural sector in most
of the Districts. However, in Assam (where 1981 Cen
sus was not conducted) and in a few Districts of other
States (where the available list of villages as per 1981
Census was incomplete), 1971 Census frame was used.
For urban sector, the list of NSS Urban Frame Sur
vey (UFS) blocks were considered as the sampling
frame in most cases.
However, 1991 housclisting
enumeration blocks fEBs) were considered as the sam
pling frame in some of the new towns which were de
clared as urban areas in the 1991 Population Cen
sus.
Stratification
For construction of strata, the States were divided in
to regions by grouping contiguous Districts similar in
respect of population density and cropping pattern.
In Gujarat, however, some Districts were split for the
purpose of region formation considering the location of
dry areas and the distribution of tribal population in the
State.
28
In the rural sector, within each region, each Dis
trict with 1981 Census rural population of less than
1.8 million were treated as separate stratum. Districts
with larger population were divided into two or more
strata, depending on population, by grouping con
tiguous tchsils, similar, as far as possible, in respect
of rural population density and cropping pattern. In
Gujarat, however, in case of Districts extending over
more than one region, the part of a District falling in
each region constituted a separate strat.um, even if the
rural population of the District, as a whole was less
than 1.8 million. In Assam, the strata formed for the
earlier NSS Rounds on the basis of 1971 Census
rural population exactly in the above manner, but
with cut off point as 1.5 million population were uti
lised in this Round also.
In the urban sector, strata were formed again with
in the NSS region,
on the basis of 1981 (1991 in
some of the new towns) Census population size
classes of towns. Each city with population of ten
lakhs or more formed separate stratum. Further with
in each region, different towns were grouped to form
three different strata on the basis of the 1981 (1991
in a few cases) Census population.
Allocation of Frist Stage Units
The total all-India sample of FSUs determined on
the basis of investigator strength in different States/
UTs and the expected workload per Investigator, was
allocated to different States/UTs in proportion to the
strength of central field staff in the respective States/
UTs.
The States/UTs sample size thus obtained was
allocated again to its rural and urban sectors consider
ing the relative sizes of the rural a,nd urban population
with almost double weighing© to the urban sector.
Within each sector of a State/UT, respective sample
size was reallocated to the different strata in propor
tion to the stratum population. Allocation were adjus
ted such that the sample size for a stratum was at
least four or a multiple of four for the rural and urban
sectors separately. The only exception was Daman &
Diu, in which case a minimum of two samples were
allocated for the rural sector.
Selection of First Stage Units
The sample villages in the rural areas were selected
with probability proportional to population with re
placement and in the urban aeras sample blocks were
selected following simple random sampling technique
without replacement. The selection in both sectors
was done in the form of two independent sub-samples.
In the rural areas of Arunachal Pradesh, the proce
dure of cluster sampling was adopted.
The field
staff were supplied with a list of nucleus villages of
each cluster and were required to select the remain
ing villages of the cluster according to a set procedure
provided to them. The nucleus villages were selected
circular systematically with equal probability in the
form of two independent sub-samples.
Larger villages and blocks were sub-divided into
suitable number of hamlet groups and sub-blocks res
pectively in the rural and the urban areas having equal
population content.
Two hamlet groups were
selected from large villages whereas only one sub
block was selected from larger blocks.
The criterion
for deciding the number of hamlet groups to be form
ed in larger villages was different from that for decid
ing the number of sub-blocks to be formed in larger
blocks.
Selection of households for schedule 18.1 on land and
livestock holdings and for 18.2 on debt & investment
in rural areas
Two sets of eight and nine sample households were
selected respectively for Sch. 18.1 and 18.2 by group
ing the households in different sub-strata.
For Sch.
13.1, the households of each sample villagc/sclcctcd
hamlet group were divided into four land & livestock
holdings survey (LHS) sub-strata, by their area of
land possessed. Households possessing no land or land
less than 0.005 acre formed LHS sub-stratum-1, the
remaining households were first arranged in ascending
order of area of land possesed by them and then divid
ed into three sub-strata by determining two boundary
points (say X and Y) for each village such that the
total area of land possessed for each sub-stratum was
nearly the same. The households in the size
class of land possessed 0.005 to X, X to Y, and Y
and above respectively constituted the LHS sub-strata
2, 3 and 4.
From each of these sub-stratum, house
holds were selected circular systematically with a
random start after arranging the households in each
sub-stratum on the basis of the size class of land
possessed by them. The sample size for Sch. 18.1
from LHS sub-strata 1, 2, 3, and 4 were respectively
1, 3, 2, and 2.
For Sch. 18.2, the households for each sample
village/hamlet group were subdivided into seven All
India Debt & Investment Survey (AIDIS) sub-strata
on the joint consideration of ‘land possessed and in
debtedness status’ of the households. Each of the LHS
sub-stratum 1 and 2 were divided into “indebted” and
‘not indebted’ groups to form AIDIS sub-strata 1 to
4.
AIDIS sub-strata 5 to 7 were formed by first
merging LHS sub-strata numbers 3 and 4 and
then subdividing the merged group in(o thice size
classes, namely (a) indebted to institutional agencies,
with or without being indebted to non-institutional
agencies, (b) indebted to non-institutional agencies
alone, and (c) not indebted. From AIDIS sub-strata
1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, one sample household each was
29
selected and two households each were selected from
sub-stiata 4 and 7 .From each of the A1D1S sub
strata these samples were selected circular systemati
cally with a random start.
Selection of Households for Sch. 18.1 <& 18.2 in Urban
Areas
in the urban sector, both the Schedules 18.1 and
18.2 were canvassed in the same set of sample house
holds. Altogether, nine households were selected
from seven sub-strata formed by considering the
monthlj per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE)
and the indebtedness status of the households. Thus,
there were three mpce classes, namely less than A, A
to B, and B and above.
The cut off points were
determined at the State level on the basis of mpce
obtained from the survey on consumer expenditure,
NSS 43rd Round, such that the mpcc classes 1, 2 and
3 respectively were constituted by bottom 30 per cent,
middle 60 per cent and top 10 per cent of urban popu
lation of the State. These mpce classes were further
subdivided by indebtedness status of the households
to form seven AIDIS sub-strata. The composition of
the seven sub strata along with the allocation of sam
ples to the different sub-strata are given below ;
Composition of sub-Strata in Urban Sector
Sub
stratum
No.
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Composition of the sub-stratum
Allocation of samples
2
3
indebted households belonging to mpce class-1..................................................................................
Not indebted households belonging to mpce class-1
.........
Households indebted to institutional agencies belonging to mpce class-2.....................................
Households indebted to non-institutional agencies only and belonging to mpce class-2
.
.
Not indebted households belonging to mpce class-2
.........
Indebted households belonging to mpce class-3 ..........
Not indebted households belonging to mpce class-3.
................................................................
From each of the sub-strata, required number of
sample households were selected systematically with a
random start.
For collection of data on consumer expenditure
survey, two households were selected circular syste
matically in both rural and urban areas from the
frame of all households in the village/urban block
(surveyed hamlet groups/sub-block).
Total sample size in the central sample consisted
of 4,328 villages and 2,484 blocks, besides the cus
tomary price villages. The sample sizes of the States
and Union Territories which participated at least on
an equal matching basis consisted of 4,724 villages
and 3,076 blocks.
The survey envisaged the visit to each sample unit
on two occasions.
In the first visit, listing schedules
(Sch. 0.1 and 0.2) were canvassed and in the sample
households Sch. 18.1 (Schedule for the first visit) and
Sch. 18.2 (first visit Schedule) were canvassed. Since
the workload of the first visit was more, it was expected
that the first visit was to continue till the end of
October, 1992.
During the second visit, which was
to start from September, 1992, and to end in Decem
ber, 1992. Sch. 18.1 and 18.2 meant for the second
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
visit were canvassed by making a revisit to the sample
households already visited during the first visit.
The
survey period of the round was divided into two
sub-rounds.
Sub-round-1 was to consist of the first
half of the survey period of each visit and sub-round-2
of. the remaining period.
The period of the whole
round was 12 months (January to December, 1992).
Field work
28.3 The field work was started on 1 January,
1992, and was completed by 31 December, 1992.
74.932 mandays were spent on the field work.
Data
were collected through a set of schedules by seeking
oral information from respondents and by supple
menting the information through the records wherever
available. A team of full-time regular and trained staff
of the NSSO. comprising 891 Investigators and 426
Assistant Superintendents, were deployed in the field
work. The field staff was thoroughly trained on con
cepts and definitions and operational
procedures
followed in the conduct of survey. The field work in
each of the first stage units was inspected by the first
level supervisory officers, i.e., Assistant Superinten
dents, supplemented by supervision by higher level
officers. The total (number of schedules canvassed was
30
1,47,152 for sch- IS.I on land & livestock holdings
and 1,22,616 Sch. 18 2 on debt & investment. It took
about 11-12 days to canvass the schedules from a
sample in the first and second visits taken together.
About two to three hours were consumed to canvass
each type of schedule. The extent of non-response at
household level was insignificant. However, if a
sample could not be surveyed due to being not
idcntificablc, not traceable or not accessible, the same
was substituted.
Similarly, if a sample household
could not be surveyed due to temporary absence of the
respondents from sample or refusal, etc. it was substi
tuted with the household having next sampling serial
number, provided if had not been already surveyed.
directorate of economics and
STATISTICS. NAGALAND, KOHIMA
29.
Family Budget Enquiry-1992-93
Introduction
29.1 The Family Budget enquiry, inter-alia, envi
sages providing necessary data base for construction
of index of consumer prices at two different points of
time of a fixed basket of goods and services repre
senting the consumption level (or the level of living)
of a designated class of people. The first such survey
was conducted by the State Govt, of Nagaland dur
ing 1980-81 with limited purpose, pursuant to the re
quirements of the Nagaland Pay Commission during
1980.
The scope and coverage of the enquiry was
restricted to six District headquarters and one sub-divi
sional headquarter and a sizeable sample was drawn
at random from amongst the Class III and IV em
ployees in the public sector.
The consumption
pattern of these employees was studied carefully for a
period of three months, which was too short a period,
to reflect any seasonal and secular fluctuations.
However, this served as the basis for determination of
the weighting diagram for the Consumer Pircc Index
Numbers with base 1980-81.
In view of the base year being ver}' old and also
because lots of social and economic transformations
had taken place during this period, the State Govern
ment decided to shift the base year from 1980-81 to
1992-93. With this end in view the fresh Family
Budget Enquiry was taken up on ad hoc basis with
effect from September, 1992.
The main aim of the Family Budget Enquiry was to
have data base for providing weighting diagram for
construction of the cost of Jiving index for urban nonmanual employees. The enquiry was conducted in eight
towns, namely Kohima, Dimapur, Mon. Tuensang,
Mokokchung, Zunheboto, Wokha and Phck. Of these,
the last centre was declared census town only during
1991 Population Census.
All together 86 items had been selected for the
enquiry which were considered to be most essential
items and truly representative of the tastes, habits,
customs and necessities of the people to whom the
index number would relate. These items were group
ed into five broad heads, namely (i) food articles, (ii)
clothing, (iii) fuel and lighting, (iv) rent and taxes,
and (v) miscellaneous.
Sampling design
29.2 Family Budget Enquiry had basically a twostage s’ratified sampling design. First stage units were
the urban frame survey blocks for Kohima, Dimapur,
Mokokchung. Tuensang. Wokha, Mon. Zunheboto, and
the 1991 houselisting enumeration blocks for the new
town Phck, added in the 1991 Population Census
The second stage sampling units were the households in
the selected first stage upits- Each of the eight census
towns had been taken as separate stratum and the UFS
blocks/EBs were selected independently for each
stratum. From each stratum, two UFS blocks/EBs
were selected circular systematically with a random
start independently giving each block an equal pro
bability of selection. The second stage units were
also selected circular systematically. From each of
the first stage units, six households representing nonmanual workers were selected randomly.
A total of 14 sample blocks, two enumeration blocks
and 96 households were surveyed during the period of
enquiry. The size of the sample had been kept at a
minimum based on the consideration of the strength of
the investigating staff available with the District Statis
tical Offices.
Field Work
29.3 Field work was started on 1st September, 1992,
and completed on 31st December. 1993, by spending
8,328 mandays in the field.
The State of Nagaland adopted the same method
of data collection of daily consumer expenditure as
adopted by the State of Punjab in their Family Budget
Enquiry.
Under this system, the head of household
(housewife or any adult member of the family in the
absence of the head) was appointed as Data Recorder
for a period of 12 months commencing from Septem-
31
cies in the two sets of data were reconciled with the
help of the Data Recorder and the Investigator. Both
the primary field workers and the supervisors were
given proper training before their deployment in the
field-
bcr, 1992. The head of the household was required to
enter in the register provided to him/her the data on
consumer expenditure on the concerned date and the
week of the month. In order to make the data re
liable, the head of the household was provided an
incentive in the form of an honorarium of Rs. 20 per
month.
A total of 4,956 schedules were canvassed during
the course of field investigation.
The Investigators conducting the field work were full
time employees of the Directorate of Economics and
Statistics. They visited the Data Recorder once a week
invariably and collected data through a schedule from
the register maintained by the latter on the first day of
the following week. The work of the investigators was
supervised by the District Statistical Officers. The Dis
trict Statistical Officer was required to carefully scruti
nise the entries made by the Investigators.
He was
also required to make surprise checks of each one of
the 12 sample households of a town invariably once in
a month and compare the entries made by the Investi
gators with the Data Recorder’s register. Inconsisten
Data processing
29.4 Data collected through the 4,956 schedules
were were processed by two staff membres of the
Directorate of Economics and Statistics. About 136
and 16 mandays were spent respectively in the central
office and in the field office on pre-tabulation proces
sing of data. The data were tabulated manually by
the Directorate's staff and completed in about 720
mandays. The report entitled ‘Family Budget En
quiry 1992-93’ is expected to be released sometime by
the end of 1994. The cost of survey is roughly about
Rs. 85,000.
TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEONAR, BOMBAY
sample of 3,050 neo-literates and 950 illiterates
(altogether 4,000 respondents) for the survey. The
main samples of the neo-literates and the illiterates
were equally distributed among all the sub-divisions
of the District.
Out of a total of 54 blocks and 11
urban blocks in the District, a total of 21 blocks were
selected at the first stage.
As the educational per
formance of the blocks under the different, sub
divisions was not uniform, these were grouped into
three categories, namely (a) educationally advanced,
(b) educationally average, and
(c) educationally
backward.
The categorisation was based on the
particular block's performance range in effective lite
racy rate as per 1991 Census. Thus, blocks having
the effective literacy rate of 728 and above were cate
gorised as 'advanced'; those having effective literacy
rate between 648 and 728 were categorised as ‘ave
rage'; and those below 648 were categorised as ‘back
ward’. The choice of the typo of blocks and their
allotment to a particular sub-division was made on
the basis of the proportion of each category of blocks
in each sub-divisionThe sample of neo-literates
and illiterates were equally distributed among the 21
blocks selected from all the seven sub-divisions of
the Districts.
In order to select the villages within
the blocks, block level functionaries were requested
to indentify the villages that were very successful in
the literacy campaign.
Accordingly, 116 villages
were identified in the 21 blocks. A sample of 3,087
neo-literates was drawn from those villages. Similar-
30. Sociological Impact of Total Literacy Campaign
—-The Case of Miduapore, West Bengal.
Introduction
,
30.1 Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay,
conducted this ad hoc survey at the instance of
Madinipur Saksharata O Rog Pratishod Samiti. The
main objectives of the survey were to study (i) the
content of literacy beyond the three R’s, (ii) the
impact of Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) o,n colictive consciousness of the people involved in the cam
paign as well as the learners, and (iii) the impact of
the campaign on political and social awareness of the
neo-literates.
The whole District of Midnapore in
West Bengal comprising 153 villages in the seven
sub-divisions, were covered for the survey.
Broad
subject heads on which the information was collected
were collective consciousness, social awareness, poli
tical consciousness and scientific temper of the ncoliierates.
The data were collected with reference to
the date of the survey.
Sampling design
30.2 A multi-stage sampling design was adopted
for the survey. Blocks, neo-literates and illiterates
were the sampling units at the different stages. Look
ing into the huge number of learners of about 3,01,327
by the end of December, 1991, who had completed a
particular stage of learning and in view of financial
and manpower constrains, it was decided to take a
r
i'
library
-s
f
*N0
.-< \ nOCUMfUTATtON
J r"..
32
ly, from the 49 villages identified with poorest pcrfomancc in the literacy campaign a sample of 902
illiterates was drawn.
The total number of villages
worked out to be 153 because in 12 villages both
nco-literatcs and illiterates were selected as samples.
Field work
30.3 Field work was conducted during 3rd—14th
February, 1992, by spending about 1,260 madays in
the field.
The data were collected through field
enumeration method by seeking oral information
from respondents and by visual observations.
The
primary field workers consisted of 84 Investigators
who conducted the field work under the charge of 21
team leaders.
All these workers were full-time and
worked in the field for 12 days.
Before their de
ployment in the field, intensive training was imparted
to both Investigators and the team leaders.
The
Project Director also made concurrent checks of the
data collected by the Investigators.
Two types of
schedules, namely interview schedule and village
schedule, were utilised for collecting details on variout aspects of the survey.
On an average, each
Investigator conducted five interviews per day. About
an hour was spent for filling of one schedule.
The
extent of non-response was of the order of about two
to three per cent.
Data processing and Report
30.4 The prc-tabulation processing and the tabu
lation work in respect of date collected through all
31.
Girl Child and the Family.
Introduction
31.1 This was an ad hoc survey conducted by the
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay, at the ins
tance of the Central Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Department of Women and Child Wel
fare, New Delhi.
The main objectives of the survey
were (i) to identify the strengthening and weakening
factors in the upbringing of girl child in a family and
(ii) to observe the significance of economic, cultural
and educational variables in the situation of the girl
child.
The survey was conducted in the rural areas
of two selected Districts of the State of Maharashtra
and selected urban wards in the urban area of
Bombay metropolis.
The broad subject heads on
the 3,989 schedule;, was done by the Project Dire
ctor with the help of personal computersAbout 30
days each was spent on prc-tabulation processing
and tabulation of the data.
The first set of tables
were ready by 10th April, 1992, and the final report
was made available by the end of May, 1992.
The major findings of the report were :
1. The views expressed by major political par
ties, District administration, panchayat, etc.,
show that the Total Literacy Campaign has
generated a sense of collective consciousness
among all concerned; especially the neo
literates have been able to achieve high level
of political consciousness, social awareness
and scientific temper and functionality.
2. Sociological impact was much greater in the
case of women.
3.
The impact was lower in ease of artisans and
similar backward classes.
However, Schodulcd Castes/Schcdulcd Tribes have shown
higher level of consciousness and thus bene
fited more out of the literacy campaign.
4.
Within blocks and villages, in some eases,
the neo-literates from
educationally back
ward blocks and socio economic backward
villages have performed much better than
their counterparts in the advanced blocks
and developed villages.
which the information was collected were religion,
caste, occupation, income and marital status of each
member of the household, type of housing facilities,
consumption pattern etc., collected through house
hold schedule; education, health, socialisation, etc.,
collected through girl child schedule; and education,
occupation, income, opinion on size of her family,
health condition, pregnancy details, ideas of upbring
ing of male and femal children, awareness about
immunisation facilities and family planning devices
collected through mother schedule.
Sampling design
31.2 A multi-stage sampling design was adopted
for the survey and Districts, villagcs/urban wards,
households and girl child were the sampling units at
various stages.
The development of Districts was
33
decided as the criterion for selection of Districts in
the rural areas.
For this reason, the Districts in
the State were categorised as developed and under
developed based on economic index (1985) prepared
by the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy,
Bombay.
Thus, rural Districts representing positive
development were treated as developed and those
with negative development were treated as under
developed Districts.
From the two categories of
Districts, Kolhapur District was selected from top 25
per cent Districts (representing positive development
index) and Osmanabad District from the bottom 25
per cent Districts (representing negative development
index).
For selection of villages/urban wards, the
female literacy level was taken as the criterion.
For
this purpose, the villages in the two Districts were
arranged in descending order of their female literacy
level.
From each of the two Districts, one village
with higher female literacy level and one with lower
literacy level was selected at the second stage. Thus,
from Kolhapur District, Shiye and Dhanod villages
were selected to represent respectively the top 25 per
cent villages and the bottom 25 per cent villages.
From Osmanabad. however, three villages, namely
Sindphal, Vadgaonlakh and Khandela, were selected
wherein Sindphal village represented the top 25 per
cent villages and the remaining two villages repre
sented the bottom 25 per cent villages.
In the urban area of Bombay metropolis, Ganeshmurtinagar was selected to represent high female
literacy in the low socio-economic strata location (50
households) and ‘transit camp’ representing high
fomale literacy in the middle socio-economic strata
location.
Both these areas were part of ward ‘A1
of Bombay.
Indiranagar was selected to represent
low female literacy in the low socio-economic strata
and Deonar Municipal Colony was selected repre
senting low female literacy in the middle socio-econo
mic strata location.
For selection of households in Osmanabad District,
the frame thrown up by the ‘survey on literacy levels’
conducted by the Zila Parishad Schools was utilised.
For Kolhapur District, the frame was made available
through the Panchayat records. For the urba.n area in
Bombay metropolis, the house numbers allotted by the
Municipal Corporation served as the sampling frame.
In Deonar Municipal Colony, the household list pre
pared by the Deonar Municipal Maternity Home served
as the sampling frame. After identifying the house
holds with girl children in the age group of 17-18
years, 100 households were selected from each village
in the rural areas. From each household, one girl
child along with the mother of the girl child were inter
viewed to collect detailed information on various as
pects of the survey. In case the household had more
than one girl child, one girl child was selected by simple
random sampling method. In case of urban areas, from
each of the localities, namely Gancshmurtinagar, tran
sit camp, Indiranagar and Deonar Municipal Colony,
50 households were selected, and from each house
hold a girl child and her mother was selected as for
the rural area.
Field work
31.3 The field work was done during December
1990, and April, 1991. Data were collected through
structured schedules, through visual observations and
measurements. Establishment records available from
various sources like Panchayats, schools, Zila Parishads,
taluka offices, ward offices, hospitals and Revenue
Department, were also consulted to supplement the
data requirement. The field work was done by a team
consisting of one Project Director, One Research Offi
cer and six Research Investigators- The primary data
collection was done by six Research Investigators under
direct supervision of the Research Officer. The Re
search Officer accompanied the Research Investigators
in the field and provided feed back whenever neces
sary. Field workers were provided with adequate tra
ining before their deployment in the field. A total
of 600 household schedules, 600 mother schedules
and 600 girl child schedules had been canvassed dur
ing the course of survey. A minimum of three inter
views and a maximum of five interviews were pres
cribed for each Investigator for a day. About two
hours were spent on collection of data through a sche
dule. The non-response was of the order of 30 per
cent.
Data processing
31-4 All the 1,800 schedules were processed by
seven pcrsc.ns (one deployed on scrutiny and six on
coding). The tabulation of data was done
by
electro-mechanical method. At the time of reporting
the survey, preparation of report on the survey was
still in progress. The total cost of the survey was
estimated to. be Rs. 1.75 lakhs.
34
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF APPLIED ECONOMIC
RESEARCH. NEW DELHI
32. Evaluation Survey of
Improved Chulha
National Programme on
Introduction
32. This was an ad-hoc survey conducted by the
National Council of Applied Economic Research,
New Delhi, at the instance of the Central Ministry of
Non-Convcntional Energy Sources. The main objec
tives of the survey were (i) to evaluate the working.
non-working and uncommissioned chulhas, (ii) to eval
uate the National Programme of Improved Chulhas
(NPIC) in terms of fuel savings and reasons for non
adoption of the improved chulhas, (iii) to find out 'he
efficiency of the improved chulhas in field conditions
relative to traditional chulhas, (iv) to assess manage
ment information system adopted at different levels
and suggestions for improvement, (v) to assess the
availability of trained personnel including SEWs for
implementing the chulhas programme and the role of
technical back up units, (vi) to assess the present
level of involvement of voluntary organisations and
suggestions for their further involvement, and (vii)
to examine the infrastructurual availability at present
at State/District/Block level for implementation and
suggestions for improvement. The whole of the
country was covered for the survey and the estimates
were required at regional and all-India level. The
broad subject heads under which the information was
collected for beneficiaries of improved chulhas were
family size, food consumption, caste, education of
the head of the household, type of chulha, income
Region
North
South
East
North East
West
Central
range, status of improved chulhas as on 1st April,
1992, i.e., whether working, not working, not instal
led, not being used, etc., implementing agencies
(Government/voluntary agency/Khadi and Village
Industries Commission), intensity of use during the
reference period 1991-92. current, fuel pattern, fuel
pattern before installing improved chulha, qualitative
information on attitude of households on usefulness
and their perceptions, problems, etc- The subject
heads on which the information was collected from
non-users of improved chulhas were family size,
food consumption, caste, education of the head of the
household, type of chulha (traditional, open/closcd,
etc.), income range, current fuel pattern, awareness of
the programme of NPIC. whether intend to install
improved chulha, and the reasons for non-acceptance.
Data were collected with reference to Apirl, 1992,
for status of the improved chulhas ?,nd with reference
to the financial year 1991-92 for fuel consumption
pattern and the annual income range.
Sampling design
32.2 Based on the experience of the other evalua
tion studies of target-oriented schemes, the Council
decided that a well-spread sample of 16.000 house
holds would provide reasonable estimates at regional
level. The country was accordingly divided into six
zones for the purpose of selection of different sample
units. The classification of the States by regions is
given below :
States/Union Territories included in the Region
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Puniab
and Delhi'
.
.
/ndhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala.Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Laksha
dweep.
.
.
Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Sikkim, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
.
.
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, Nagaland and
Tripura.
.
.
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa.
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Thus, in all, 29 States and Union Territories have
been covered for the study.
A multi-stage stratified sampling desig,n was used
for selection of sample households of improved
chulha owners
while a purposive sampling
was
adopted for selection of households of non-users of
improved chulhas, keeping in view that the tradi
tional chulha owners have similar characteristics with
regard to family size, income, type of food and fuel
use. To provide adequate coverage of spread of
sample households within a State, a large number of
Districts were selected at the first stage. It was felt
that a sample of households spread over ono out of
every three Districts would provide an adequate
coverage at .national level. While selecting Districts
at State level, the same ratio was maintained except
in case of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu &
Kashmir, Nagaland, Manipur, and Sikkim, because
of inaccessibility and terrorist activities in some of
these States. However, the shortfall in the number
of Districts selected in these States was made up by
selecting more Districts in some other States at the
regional level- A t.otal of 173 Districts, forming
35
about 39 per cent of the total Districts, were selected
at all-India level for the survey. These Districts were
selected independently from each State with proba
bility proportional to the total number of improved
chulhas installed in the District during the last three
years, i.e., 1988-89, 1989-90 and 1990-91. At the
second stage, from each selected District, one to three
blocks were selected depending on the availability of
improved chulhas in these blocks for all the three
years and of different agencies. At the third stage, a
random sample of villages were drawn independently
from these clocks after stratifying the villages by year
of installation of unproved chulhas and by agencies.
At the fourth stage, from each village, eight bene
ficiaries of improved chulhas and two non-users of
improved chulhas were selected following simple ran
dom sampling procedure. An additional sample of
ten per cent of beneficiaries (owner of improved
chulhas) was selected and kept in reserve list so that
the households could be replaced if it was found not
owning an improved chulha to get sufficient users of
improved chulha. Thus, a total of 1,622 villages
were selected for tjie study. This included 118 villa
ges where an attempt was made to estimate the fuel
efficiencies from households using improved chulha
under field conditions relative to the conventional
chulha through actual weighing. A total of 16,167
households and 12,956 beneficiary households, were
selected for the study.
Because of non-availability of a complete frame
of beneficiaries for the year 1991-92, a representa
tive sample of 1991-92 could not be drawn randomly
and so a few extra households of improved chulhas
already installed in 1991-92 were selected pur
posively for this study and the results were presen
ted separately. This was done because whereas a
probability sampling technique was adopted for selec
tion of households of beneficiaries of 1988-89,
1989-90 and 1990-91 a non-probability sampling was
adopted for the year 1991-92 and these could not be
combined to. get overall results.
Keeping in view one of the objectives of the survey
to estimate the fuel efficiencies of installed unproved
chulhas under the field conditions relative to traditional
chulhas, a sample of households from 118 villages
were selected to record data on consumption of fire
wood and other fuels through actual weighment.
Field work
32.3 The field work was started on 15th April, 1992,
and completed on 30th June, 1992, by spending about
15,000 mandays in the field.
Data were collected
through field enumeration method by seeking oral in
formation from respondents in the selected households
and through village officials. Establishment records,
wherever available, were also taken into consideration
for supplementing the: information.
Primary data
were collected by ad hoc staff appointed by the Council.
Supervision was exercised by the permanent staff of
the Council. On an average, for six primary workers
one Supervisor was deployed.
Both the primary and
supervisory stall were given fifteen days training be
fore their deployment in the field. The Supervisors
were required to check questionnaires filled-in by pri
mary worker on the spot. Two types of question
naires were canvassed during the course of survey.
For the purpose of estimating the fuel efficiency of
installed improved chulhas under field conditions
relative to traditional chulhas in lio villages, con
sumption of firewood and other fuel was collected
through actual weighment. The households using im
proved chulhas and ncn-users of improved chulhas
were contacted in the evening and requested to keep
aside the piles of firewood/crop wastes, etc., that they
planned to use the following day. The pile was
weighed using balance and recorded. The primary’
worker also ensured that households concerned used
the fuel from the same pile the next day. On the third
day, the unburnt w'ood as well as the leftovers of the
pile was weighed and recorded. The difference bet
ween the two was recorded as the day’s consumption
of fuel. Alongwith this, the usual questionnaires for
user/non-uscr households was also canvassed with the
additional information on the actual quantity of foodcooked on that particular day, number of cooking etc.
Thus, from 1 18 villages, 722 user households using
fixed chulhas and 49 households using portable chul
has other than households using traditional chulhas
where the same method was adopted to record the
day’s fuel consumption, were covered for tins part of
the study.
The data collected t(trough households were sup
plemented with village schedule filled-in after detailed
discussions with village elders, village level w’orkers,
etc. Data were also collected through secondary
sources like Statc/District/Block and other Depart
ments on physical targets, achievements, staffing pat
tern, etc.
Data processing
32.4 Data collected through 16.167 household
questionnaires and 1,622 village level questionnaires
were processed by 40 persons. Tabulation of data
was done with the help of computer. In order to
ensure accuracy of data tabulated, consistncey checks
were adopted. The draft report has been submitted
to the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
and was still awaiting approval when the survey was
reported. The survey was estimated to cost around
Rs. 37 lakhs.
ANNEX
AGENCY-WISE LIST OF SURVEYS
SI.
No.
Serial number and title of the survey
Name of the survey agency
2
I
3
Page
No.
4
CENTRAL MINISTR1ES/DEPARTMENTS
Input Survey, 1991-92.
I. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
New Delhi.
1
■)
15 National Family Health Survey.
12
25 Survey of Working and Living Conditions of Workers
Engaged in Toys and Dolls Industry in India.
24
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Govern
ment of India, New Delhi.
3. Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour. Shimla.
I
4.
Do.
26 Socio-Economic Conditions of Scheduled Tribe Workers
Employed in Industrial Establishments in Urban Areas of
Nagpur.
25
5.
Do.
27 Occupational Wage Survey (Fifth Round).
26
20 Enterprise Survey (Mining i Quarrying and Storage &
Warehousing). 1992-93.
18
Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) 1990-91 and 1991-92,
21
6. Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry
of
Planning and Programme Implementation, Govern
ment of India, New Delhi.
7.
21
Do.
8. National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry of
Planning & Projramms Lnpltmj t.a'.io.i, G rvcr.tment of India, New Delhi.
28 Survey on Land Holdings & Livestock Holdings and Debt
& Livestmi.it-NSS 43th Round.
Ministry of Rural Devel spmj it, Govor.imi.it of
India, New Delhi.
8 Ca.ioarw.it Evaluation of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1st
Round).
9
10.
9 Concurrent Evaluation of Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP)—IVth Round.
Do.
11. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute,
New Delhi.
4 Pilot Sample Surveys for Evolving a sampling methodology
for estimation of area and yield of cultivated fodder
crops other than Jowar and Berseem—Cost of production
and cultivation practices thereof.
27
6
7
4
12.
Do.
6 Pilot Sample Survey for developing a sampling methodology
for estimation of post-production loss of milk in rural
areas.
5
13.
Do.
7 Pilot Survey to study the economics of Angora Rabbits.
5
STATES/UNION TERRITORIES
14. Department of Labour and Employment, Haryana,
Chandigarh.
10 An Assessment Study of Development of Women &
Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA).
8
15. Economic and Statistical Organisation, Haryana,
Chandigarh.
16 Evaluation Study of T.B. Control Programme in Haryana.
14
36
4
2 Socio-Economic Benchmark Survey of Gwalior Ayacut
Area.
2
3
Training and Visits Programme of Agricultural Extension
in Maharashtra.
3
Do.
11
Quick Evaluation Study of Sanjay Gandhi Swawlamban
Yojana.
9
Do.
12 Evaluation Study of Construction of Percolation Tanks
under Employment Guarantee Scheme.
9
Quick Evaluation Study of Nehru Rozgar Yojana.
10
16. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya
Pradesh, Bhopal.
17. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Mahara
shtra, Bombay.
18.
19.
13
Do.
20.
21. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Nagaland,
Kohima.
29 Family Budget Survey—1992-93.
30
22. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa,
Bhubaneswar.
22 Mechanised and Non-Mccnanised Transport Study in
the Private Sector in Orissa, 1992.
21
23. Department of Dairy Development, Uttar Pradesh
Lucknow.
5 Suvrey to Estimate the availability of Milk for sale in the
areas covered under Dairy Unions.
S
24. Bureau of Applied Economics & Statistics, West
Bengal, Calcutta.
23 Survey of Earners by Specified Industrial Activity—1991.92,
23
OTHERS
25. Reserve Bank of India, Bombay.
24 Survey of Foreign Currency Non-Resident (FCNR) and
Non-Resident External Rupee (NRER) Accounts—July,
1988, to June, 1991.
26. National Council of Applied Economic Research.
New Delhi.
32 Evaluation Survey of National Programme on Improved
Chulha.
27. Tata Institute of Social Sciences,
Bombay.
30 Sociological Impact of Total Literacy Campaign— the
case of Midnaporo, West Bengal.
28.
29.
Deonar,
Do.
Population Research Centre, Patna University,
Patna.
30. Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune.
U0
32
Population Research Centre, Faculty of Science,
Vadodara
31
Girl Child and the Family.
17
Promotion of Family Planning and Maternal & Child Health
(MCH) Care through Dairy Cooperatives in Rural Bihar—
Baseline Survey.
14 Evaluation Study of •Self-Employment to Educated
Unemployed Youth- and 'Self-employment Programme for
Urban Poor’ Schemes.
18 Cunent Evaluation of Family Planning and Maternal and
Child Health Care Programme in Rural Areas of
SindhudurgDistrict, 1992.
19 Determinants of Infant Mortality in
Maharashtra—A Perspective Study.
Gujarat and
peso 12.XL1V
400-1994 (DSK-III)
qr ysEwr ftr<5R>,
, *b<tar«ii< ^rt
fttRft ^rt surfer, 1995
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, FARIDABAD,
AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, 1995
- Media
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